text
large_stringlengths 1k
155k
| id
large_stringlengths 47
47
| dump
large_stringclasses 95
values | url
large_stringlengths 16
401
| file_path
large_stringlengths 125
155
| language
large_stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
0.99
| token_count
int64 500
36.8k
| score
float64 2.52
4.72
| int_score
int64 3
5
| raw_reasoning_score
float64 0.3
3.25
| reasoning_level
int64 0
3
| interpretation
stringclasses 4
values | topic
stringclasses 23
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Today, 27 April 2018, South Africans celebrate Freedom Day, which marks the start of our hard-won transition from Apartheid to Democracy and Freedom.
However, after twenty-four years of freedom South Africans still struggle to correct and change the inequalities of Apartheid. Racism, poverty, unemployment, unequal land distribution, as well as a lack of housing and quality education, are but a few of the social challenges that perpetuate the cycle. As a nation in constant transition, we understand that effective change requires time and dedication. We are a nation with unlimited potential and as such we acknowledge that required changes are NOT happening fast enough.
For this reason, South African citizens have increasingly been venting their frustrations and have been taking to the streets protesting, picketing, and marching to voice their dissatisfaction with local and national government’s lack of effective service delivery.
The MJC wants to remind ALL South African citizens that in our quest to have our basic needs and rights afforded to us, as guaranteed in the RSA constitution, we cannot resort to violence, looting, and the destruction of property and our precious resources.
At the same time, we strongly urge the RSA government both locally and nationally to urgently address the disparities that exist in our society and to remove all red-tape that may be hampering the process. We further urge the government to address their needs urgently and adequately and fulfil the rights of our beloved citizens.
On a positive note, today is a day in which we celebrate our constitution that enshrines the right to freedom of religion as stipulated in Chapter 2 of the constitution. We need to remember that with this freedom comes immense responsibility. We urge all citizens of our country and especially our Muslim community to become active citizens and participants in all spheres of life to develop, grow, and transform our country into one that will leave a proud and positive legacy for generations of South Africans to come.
On this day we should also NOT forget the iconic words of our anti-Apartheid Revolutionary and Former President, Nelson Mandela when he said: “South Africa will NOT be free until Palestine is free”.
This year marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of the Zionist State of Israel and the direct violation of International law. Palestinians, including Arabs, Christians, and even certain ethnic Jews are being forced out of Palestine and even massacred for protecting their freedom to live in their country and place of birth. Yet, these gross violations are met with silence by the International community.
In South Africa, we will continue to support the Palestinian issue and champion their just cause for freedom, liberation, self-determination, as well as their right to return to their land. We cannot ignore the grossly inhumane treatment (and massacres) of people in Palestine, Yemen, Syria, Rohingya, Sudan, Somalia, and many other countries.
We beseech Allāh Almighty to ease their burdens and grant them justice, peace, and freedom, Āmīn. We remind ALL Muslims and fellow South Africans, that as we celebrate Freedom Day today, we should continue to earnestly strive to gain ultimate freedom and emancipation from Hell-fire, Āmīn.
|
<urn:uuid:f244579f-3e11-42a1-9e11-28a675eda560>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
|
http://mjc.org.za/2018/04/27/mjc-congratulates-south-africans-on-freedom-day/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159006.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923035948-20180923060348-00266.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952051 | 644 | 2.515625 | 3 | 2.960335 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Politics
|
1.1 Definition and Scope of Study
Dietary supplements are foodstuffs that provide an additional benefit to the body in the form of a concentrated source of nutrients. They are marketed in dose form to supplement the diet. They can contain various ingredients (vitamins, minerals, plants and herbs) and be marketed in different formats (capsules, tablets, powder), to meet a wide range of needs and fulfil a variety of purposes: fight against stress, fatigue, digestive disorders, slimming, skin beauty, hair beauty and sports performance.
However, they are neither food nor drugs, not being able to claim a therapeutic action but being recommended, especially by health professionals. The uncertainties surrounding food supplements are further reinforced by the warnings regularly issued by scientific committees on certain components of supplements. This is why we have to take into account the fact that some people question the benefits of these drugs and even denounce cases of side effects.
The global market is expected to grow by 8.2% per annum between 2020 and 2027 thanks to people's awareness of the importance of their health and the acceleration of life rhythms, which are driving the demand for effective and vitalizing products. The sector is largely dominated by the United States.
On the production side there are many specialized or multi-purpose players. On the distribution side, sales are divided between pharmacies, parapharmacies, supermarkets and direct or online sales.
Like the wider food industry, dietary supplements are now affected by the natural and customization trends. This leaves the door open for new small players to enter this renewing market. In a developing market, players are looking to diversify their offer and capture the most promising segments. This study deals with food supplements as a whole, a specific study exists however on food supplements for sports purposes.
1.2 A well-focused global market with good growth prospects
Synadiet estimates the size of the global market at $***.* billion in ****, up *.*% from ****.
More optimistic forecasts predict a CAGR (***) of *.*% per year between **** and **** with a market expected to generate approximately $***.* billion globally by ****, an increase of **% in * years.
Size of the global dietary supplements market World, ****-*****, in billions of ...
1.3 The US Vitamins and Dietary Supplements Market, an overview
As it can be seen in the previous section, the United States is the dominant world market for what concerns vitamins and dietary supplements.
The size of this market has grown at a *.*% CAGR between **** and **** reaching a peak of USD **.* billion in ****.
Size of the vitamins and dietary supplements market US, ...
1.4 Vitamins: the most popular dietary supplement in the US
Having established that Vitamins and minerals are, by far, the preferred category of food supplements in the US, it is useful to have a closer look at consumption habits of Americans when it comes to this category.
The following graph shows the penetration of the Vitamins, Minerals and Natural (***) supplements category ...
1.5 International Trade
In the absence of exhaustive data on imports and exports of the general category of food supplements, we decided to focus on the US's international trade of Vitamins, which, as we have established, is the most popular type of dietary supplement.
In order to present the following graphs, we used the ...
1.6 COVID-19 Impact
The COVID-** pandemic had the main effect of making people more attentive to and responsible with their health and wellbeing. As a consequence of this, the consumption of dietary supplements has increased significantly. The nutritional supplement industry indeed observed its highest growth in over * decades, with a **.*% increase in **** [***].
The Council ...
2.1 Overview of the Demand
Demand for VMN supplements is mainly driven by occasional customers, which we define as those customers who buy the product once or twice a year. On the other hand, purchasing by heavy buyer groups who buy the product * to * times a year has been pretty much flat over the period between ...
2.2 Consumer Profile
Age and Gender
The category penetration of VMN supplements has increased over the past years organically over different age groups and genders. However, there are some differences worth noticing. Looking at the graphs below, which picture the category penetration by age and gender, it is easy to realize how the segment ...
2.3 Consumer Preferences as Demand Drivers
The demand for dietary supplements is inevitably connected to the habits and the preferences of the consumers, especially for what concerns their attention to health and wellbeing and for the specific use they need these products for. The main two endogenous drivers we have identified are:
Attention to Health
Customers’ awareness ...
2.4 Exogenous Factors Influencing Demand
Other than consumer preferences for the specific products, which can be considered an endogenous factor, there are some exogenous factors mainly linked to demographics which directly influence demand for dietary supplements. The main ones we have identified are:
The intake of food supplements and vitamins can also be though ...
2.5 Geographic Distribution of Dietary Supplements Users
Geographic distribution of dietary supplements usage, by census region
US, ****, in %
Even though the range of the different percentage usages is not too wide, we can still identify the fact that the southern states of the US are the ones that consume more dietary supplements with respect to the other ...
3.1 Structure of the Market and Competition
In the market for dietary supplements, different players exist and interact. These players span from general practitioners to specialists and can be mainly divided into:
Pharmaceutical Companies: one of the biggest shifts in the dietary supplement industry has been the entrance of pharmaceutical companies. They are opening supplement divisions and launching ...
3.2 Value Chain
In the first instance, ingredient suppliers produce raw materials, i.e. the nutrients, but also the flavours or colouring that will make up the food supplements.
Producers use these ingredients to make dietary supplements. There are two types of producers: processors who supply supplements to several companies that will market ...
3.3 Stages of the Production of Dietary Supplements
The process of manufacturing dietary supplements shapes the structure of the market for these products, and it is made of ** consecutive steps [***]:
Step * The Formula: by formula we mean the mix of appropriate doses of raw materials which allow the producers to make the required structural and functional claims. Step * Selection ...
3.4 Distribution Channels
The three broader categories which can be identified as distribution channels for dietary supplements in the US are: mass market, speciality stores and e-commerce.
The dominant category is surely the first, as it can be seen from the graph below. However, considering the period between **** and ****, this category experiences a de-growth ...
3.5 Revenues of the Main Players
In order to understand the competitive landscape of the market, we are going to look at the revenues of the main players active in it. More precisely, we are going to focus on the revenues of the best-seller brands of each company.
To do so, we are going to use a ...
4.1 Dietary Supplements Formulations and Classification
Food supplements are in various packages, sizes and types, depending on how they are taken. More precisely, they can be taken in any of the following forms [***]:
Oral pills or powders for relatively quick absorption; Sublingual drops or oral disintegrated tablets, for ease of intake and to limit the damage to ...
The website Drug Store News published the results of a survey conducted by IRI in **** which highlighted the price ranges for different types of dietary supplements.
All types of supplements present a rather wide price range, spanning from really cheap options to pricier ones. The last category offers the ...
4.3 What Does the Science Say?
We have identified the different categories of dietary supplements. But, what do scientists have to say about them and their effectiveness [***]?
Vitamins and Minerals: Research shows that the vitamin D plays an important role in bone health, immune function, and maintaining cardiovascular health. Recent studies have also found an association between ...
4.4 Stress SOS
**** and, overall, the past ** years have been filled with stressful and revolutionizing events which have taken a tool on many people's mental health. All age groups have indeed experienced an increase in stress and stress related issues. The share of people who experienced stress in March-April **** reached **%, up from **% in a ...
5.1 Federal Regulations on Dietary Supplements
Dietary supplements are products intended to supplement the diet. They are not medicines and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure diseases. The FDA is the federal agency that oversees both supplements and medicines, but the FDA regulations for dietary supplements are different from those for prescription or ...
- Procter & Gamble
- Nestlé Group
- Abbott Laboratories
- Alacer Corporation
- Post Holdings
- Bountiful Company
Um mehr zu erfahren, kaufen Sie die komplette Studie.
What is in this market study?
- What are the figures on the size and growth of the market?
- What is driving the growth of the market and its evolution?
- What are the latest trends in this market?
- What is the positioning of companies in the value chain?
- How do companies in the market differ from each other?
- Access company mapping and profiles.
- Data from several dozen databases
This market study is available online and in pdf format (30 p.)
- Consult an example PDF or online
1 Sektor analysiert
in 40 Seiten
chargé d'études économiques, Xerfi
PhD Industrial transformations
Ross Alumni Club France
Analyste de marché chez Businesscoot
Amaury de Balincourt
Project Finance Analyst, Consulting
Etudiante en Double-Diplôme Ingénieur-Manager Centrale
Market Research Analyst
Market Research Analyst @Businesscoot
Market Research Analyst @Businesscoot
|
<urn:uuid:b80ffc20-432e-41d7-b0c6-c7c8006fcf30>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://www.businesscoot.com/de/marketstudie/the-food-supplements-market-united-states
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362918.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203182358-20211203212358-00068.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92378 | 2,363 | 2.53125 | 3 | 2.891536 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
Reimagining Mongolian Music in China
Beijing, once capital of the Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty in the thirteen and fourteenth centuries, has become a center of Mongolian music in China in recent years, with an increasing number of young musicians moving in from the Inner Mongolian Prairie. From the “long song” to Mongolian hip-hop, you can find a wide spectrum of musical life of the Mongolian people in the city.
Ih Tsetsn, meaning “broad, inclusive, and wise,” is one of the more traditional musical groups. They play the morin khuur (horse-head fiddle) and topshuur (two-stringed plucked instrument), and perform khoomei throat-singing and long song, two genres that have been inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Khoomei throat-singing is a style in which a single performer produces a diversified harmony of multiple voice parts. Mongolian long song is so called not because of the length of the song, but because the singer extends each syllable of the lyrics. The chant, believed to be 2,000 years old, is characterized by an abundance of ornamentation, wide vocal range, and free compositional form.
The River Herlen by Khongorzul and Baterdene
Although classically trained, the musicians of Ih Tsetsn are of a generation who are fully aware of the globalized world in which they now perform. They have studied not only Mongolian music but various other genres as well. As a result, Ih Tsetsn is able to perform traditional music in a more contemporary ensemble form. As drummer Baoyin says, “I’m a Mongolian. I’m also a Chinese and a global villager.”
Ih Tsetsn has toured extensively in China as well as in Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, and Japan. When they are not busy performing, many of them still return to their farms in Inner Mongolia to herd animals.
The group is about to add the United States to their list of tour destinations, as they will be traveling to Washington, D.C., to perform at the Folklife Festival’s China: Tradition and the Art of Living program. Through its performance, Ih Tsetsn will lead us into the spiritual world of Mongolian people.
Mu Qian is a music curator and producer based in Beijing, China. He is currently researching world music production in the United States through an Asian Cultural Council fellowship while interning with Smithsonian Folkways Recordings and the Folklife Festival’s China program.
|
<urn:uuid:41cb18d9-fe02-4920-a722-2829783bf599>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
https://festival.si.edu/blog/2014/reimagining-mongolian-music-in-china/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746386.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120110505-20181120132505-00128.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94787 | 566 | 2.625 | 3 | 2.507748 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Entertainment
|
Suggested essay topics and study questions for j b priestley's an inspector calls perfect for students who have to write an inspector calls essays. I did a essay about the play and i got a f/g so embrassing because some girl got a a and its coursework aswell but the teacher allowed us to rewrite and. Year 10 want to see an example of a grade 8 (a) essay on an inspector calls your wish is our command the essay below was written in response to the following. We will write a custom essay sample on an inspector calls play birling operates more and answers the inspector’s questions more fully. Gcse (9–1) english literature an inspector calls – candidate style answers 2 contents script a – level 5 3 script b – level 4 7 script c – level 3 12.
Tips for how to answer essay questions for english literature unit 1 inspector calls is set in 1912 an inspector calls was written in 1945. Complete an essay answering the following question: priestley criticises the selfishness of people like the birlings what methods does he use to present. An inspector calls: high band answer – paper, section a (english literature) additional information about an inspector calls essay questions gcse. We provide excellent essay writing service 24/7 essay answers an inspector calls enjoy proficient essay writing and custom writing services provided by professional.
“an inspector calls” gcse exam-style essay questions: you will be given a choice of either a passage-based question (the passage will be printed in the. An inspector calls essay print reference this effect of massiveness and intimidation which is the same effect that the inspector is of all answers ltd. An inspector calls: high band answer - paper, section a (english literature) how to write an essay on an inspector calls.
An inspector calls essay questions to create a checklist for your an inspector calls answer in the exam and to create an example pack to revise from. An inspector calls by j b priestly essay making clear to the inspector that he has friends in high places birling … i was an alderman for years - and. An inspector calls essay questions - 100% non-plagiarism guarantee of exclusive essays & papers order a 100% original, non-plagiarized dissertation you could only.
The role of the inspector in an inspector calls the role of the inspector in an inspector calls essay he already knows the answer to an inspector calls. ‘an inspector calls’ by jb exploring inspector goole in an inspector calls english literature essay being around him you have to answer with.
|
<urn:uuid:732a9f59-6d85-4a3c-8f37-ad198dd81f15>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-34
|
http://hipaperjdad.blinkingti.me/inspector-calls-essay-answers.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209980.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815063517-20180815083517-00157.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.905889 | 535 | 2.625 | 3 | 2.331317 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Literature
|
Hannibal, (247–183 B.C.), a Carthaginian general. He was one of the greatest military geniuses of ancient times. A master of deception, ambush, and surprise attack, he devised maneuvers that have been copied ever since. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal made a remarkable march across the Alps to invade Italy, where he wiped out three Roman armies. Rome eventually won the war, but Hannibal's skill made the victory costly.
Hannibal was the son of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca. In 237 Hamilcar transported an army from Africa to Spain and started a campaign of conquest. Nine-year-old Hannibal accompanied his father.
In 221 B.C. Hannibal succeeded to the command of Hamilcar's well-trained army and took over control of the conquered territory. Distinctive features of the army were its cavalry units, and the war elephants from whose backs javelin-throwers made their attacks. Hannibal made further conquests in 220, and in 219 took Saguntum (Sagunto), a city of eastern Spain allied with Rome. A Roman protest to Carthage was ignored, and in 218 Rome declared war.
In May of 218 B.C. Hannibal started north from New Carthage (Cartagena) with about 40,000 men and a corps of 37 elephants. Crossing the Pyrenees Mountains, he began to meet opposition from the Gauls. Forcing his way along the Mediterranean coast, he reached the Rhōne River and moved up its valley without meeting the Roman army that had been sent to intercept him. In early autumn Hannibal took his army—including the elephants—across the Alps. Besides attacks from the Gauls, there were landslides and early snowfalls to increase the hazards of the march. Hannibal reached the Po River in late September with only 26,000 men and a few elephants.
The first encounter with the Romans came almost at once, at the Ticinus River. In a battle involving mainly cavalry, the Carthaginians won a quick victory. The bulk of the Roman army was still intact, however, and Rome sent a second army north to join it. In early December Hannibal lured the combined force into a trap on the Trebia River near Placentia (Piacenza) and destroyed it.
Over the winter Hannibal made alliances among the Gauls, and in the spring marched south. Near Lake Trasimeno he ambushed and destroyed a Roman army. The Carthaginian army continued south and the Romans prepared to defend Rome against assault, but Hannibal had no wish to besiege a walled city. In August, 216 B.C., he met the Romans at Cannae. Greatly outnumbered, Hannibal used an enveloping movement to surround the Roman forces and cut them to pieces.
After Cannae, many Italian cities joined Hannibal's cause. The Romans, under Fabius Verrucosus, avoided further direct conflict with Hannibal's forces. Their tactics of cautious harassment and delay resulted in 10 years of indecisive maneuvering. (Such a policy of caution and delay has come to be called “Fabian,” after Fabius.) Gradually Rome won back the disloyal Italian cities. Hasdrubal, Hannibal's brother, had meanwhile left Spain with an army, marched across the Alps, and entered Italy to come to Hannibal's aid. The Romans learned of Hasdrubal's plans through captured messages and met him in battle at the Metaurus River (207) where he was defeated and killed. His head was tossed into Hannibal's camp.
In 204 B.C. Publius Scipio (later called Scipio Africanus the Elder) launched a campaign in Africa against Carthage itself. Hannibal was called home, and landed in Africa in 202. At the Battle of Zama Hannibal's comparatively untrained troops were routed. Carthage accepted Rome's peace terms. Hannibal was named by the Carthaginians to govern the country, but Rome soon became alarmed and accused him of conspiring against the peace. Hannibal escaped to Asia Minor.
In 195 B.C. Hannibal found refuge with the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, at Ephesus. Antiochus was persuaded by Hannibal to make an attack on Roman-held Greece. The campaign was disastrous. Hannibal, in charge of the fleet, was defeated, and Antiochus lost battles at Thermopylae (191) and Magnesia (190 or 189). Hannibal escaped to Bithynia and fought in a war between Bithynia and Pergamum. When Rome intervened, and Roman agents arrived in Bithynia to seize Hannibal, there was no place left to flee. Hannibal committed suicide by taking poison.
|
<urn:uuid:aed187a0-7d00-4239-9a89-f94108f6a7f1>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-40
|
http://history.howstuffworks.com/ancient-rome/hannibal.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736672441.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215752-00126-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971403 | 974 | 3.8125 | 4 | 2.987592 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
History
|
Countries are spending more and more to science today. According to reports, U.S spent $368 billion on 2012. 18 percent of this number is spent for basic research. Science and human questioned basic questions and science answered them. Main aim of these basic researches is solving practical problems but some basic researches in the history changed the world. Some of the scientists tried to change the world by basic researcher but some of them made it unwillingly or results surprised them completely. How many science experiments are there those changed the world?
Most popular basic research changed the world in the close history is Stanley Milgram’s experimental research on 1960. It’s also accepted as one of the most controversial research in the history of science. Milgram collected ordinary people from society and made the volunteers. There was a fake electricity control panel in front the volunteers and they asked questions from microphone to scientist’s assistant in the closed door. When assistant couldn’t answer the question, an authority commanded them to increase the level of electricity. When electricity level is higher, fake moans and voices were coming from assistant inside. With authority’s command, most of the volunteers turned the level up to 450w. Many authorities found the research very dangerous but only a few of the volunteers found it dangerous for themselves. Research showed that humanity is very naïve in front of authority.
Another popular basic research is Ivan Pavlov’s psychology tests on behavior which are known as “Dog Days” He was working on ”canine digestion” but he noticed the strange behavior styles of dogs while making research. While he was making the research to find connection between stomach and salivation, he noticed that digestion is not starting if there’s no salivation on dog. He understood that autonomic nervous system behavior is needed to do it and he realized how the reflex is working. His research on dogs resulted with much important knowledge on reflexes and changed the world.
British physician Edward Jenner’s research on smallpox was also changed the world. It was 18th century and one of each ten children in Russia, France and many European countries were dying because of smallpox. Only treatment way was taking the smallpox and surviving the infection but most of them were dying by smallpox. Edward Jenner made researches on smallpox and noticed that many cowgirls in his town are often became infected with cowpox but it’s not strong as smallpox and they are surviving from it. But the result is surprising because these girls were not infecting by smallpox when they survived from mild cowpox. He produced vaccination from cowpox virus and vaccinated it to children. They were now immune to smallpox. He noticed that smallpox and cowpox viruses are so similar that immune system couldn’t distinguish them and attacking to virus.
Today’s Charles Darwin’s theory about evolution is controversial but in his life, it was not an important or controversial topic. Also he didn’t do only research about evolution. One of the researches he made and changed the world is known as “Darwin’s Flowers” He made researches on HMS Beagle and its journey. He found many answers about adaptation of animals. He understood that animals, insects and flowers are adapting themselves to live more. He found many important results about gene and its system.
Thomas Young’s and A.A. Michelson’s experiments on light were also leading today’s modern world. They made researches to find speed of light. Their results were so important that many researchers used their inventions to discover more about light and its usage areas in daily life.
|
<urn:uuid:e6cc43e3-9fc0-4ce1-b104-8e3b8da0d984>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.howmanyarethere.net/how-many-science-experiments-are-there-changed-the-world/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103270.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817111816-20170817131816-00572.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979354 | 754 | 3.046875 | 3 | 2.799241 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
cause skin cancer, injure eyes, harm the immune system, and upset the fragile balance of an entire ecosystem.
Although, two decades ago, most scientists would have scoffed at the notion that industrial chemicals could destroy ozone high up in the atmosphere, researchers now know that chlorine creates the hole by devouring ozone molecules. Years of study on the ground, in aircraft, and from satellites has conclusively identified the source of the chlorine: human-made chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that have been used in spray cans, foam packaging, and refrigeration materials.
Ozone is a relatively simple molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms bound together. Yet it has dramatically different effects depending upon its location. Near Earth's surface, where ozone comes into direct contact with life forms, it primarily displays a destructive side. Because it reacts strongly with other molecules, large concentrations of ozone near the ground prove toxic to living things. At higher altitudes, where 90 percent of our planet's ozone resides, it does a remarkable job of absorbing ultraviolet radiation. In the absence of this gaseous shield in the stratosphere, the harmful radiation has a perfect portal through which to strike Earth.
Although a combination of weather conditions and CFC chemistry conspire to create the thinnest ozone levels in the sky above the South Pole, CFCs are mainly released at northern latitudes—mostly from Europe, Russia, Japan, and North America—and play a leading role in lowering ozone concentrations around the globe.
Worldwide monitoring has shown that stratospheric ozone has declined for at least two decades, with losses of about 10 percent in the winter and spring and 5 percent in the summer and autumn in such diverse locations as Europe, North America, and Australia. Researchers now find depletion over the North Pole as well, and the problem seems to be getting worse each year. According to a United Nations report, the annual dose of harmful ultraviolet radiation striking the northern hemisphere rose by 5 percent during the past decade.
Although, two decades ago, most scientists would have scoffed at the notion that industrial chemicals could destroy ozone high up in the atmosphere, researchers now know that chlorine creates the hole by devouring ozone molecules.
During the past 40 years, the world has seen an alarming increase in the incidence of malignant skin cancer; the rate today is tenfold higher than in the 1950s. Although the entire increase cannot be blamed on ozone loss and increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, there is evidence of a relationship. Scientists estimate that for each 1 percent decline in ozone levels, humans will suffer as much as a 2 to 3 percent increase in the incidence of certain skin cancers.
Like many lines of scientific inquiry, research leading to the prediction and discovery of global ozone depletion and the damaging effects of CFCs followed a path full of twists and turns. Investigators did not set our to determine whether human activity affects our environment nor did they know much about chemical pollutants. Instead, they began with basic questions about the nature of Earth's atmosphere—its composition, density, and temperature distribution.
|
<urn:uuid:44f70aee-f687-4fb5-b23a-7e9c277d1b29>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9042&page=2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394024787620/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305130627-00025-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941497 | 624 | 3.71875 | 4 | 2.973884 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
John Suler's The Psychology of Cyberspace
This article created May 96; revised Jan 97, Jan 99 (v1.7)
Lingo defines a group and makes communication more efficient. These two basic principles are true for all groups - and are especially important in cyberspace where there is a plethora of newly developing groups and technical jargon. The unique lingo that an online group adopts gives the group a unique identity among the hordes of other online groups. Learning the language is a socialization process. Insiders who know the lingo feel like they belong. The group's vocabulary - especially its technical vocabulary - also has a more practical purpose: it makes communication more efficient. If you say "He's flooding the room" you don't have to explain what that means. Everyone knows. Sometimes the terms are written right into the software; sometimes they develop as a result of the community dynamics.
Listed below are explanations of some of the words often used in the multimedia (avatar-driven) communities collectively known as "Palace." The Palace language is a hybrid collection of commonly used internet terms and other words unique to the Palace community. These words were collected specifically from conversations at the "Main" Palace site, the oldest and one of the largest, now maintained by Electric Communities, which develops the Palace software. Some of the terms (mostly those related to the social structure) are unique to that particularly community - different even from other Palace communities. The vocabulary at Main breaks down into some basic categories that are typical of many online groups:
ACTIONS - words designating actions that can be taken towards the environment (like "clean") or towards other users. The actions towards other users are either communication terms (like "whisper") or power terms (like "kill" and "pin"). Often these terms are determined by the software.
LOCATIONS - words indicating places to go within the community. For example, at Main "Harry's" refers to the room "Harry's Bar" while "DT" refers to the "Deep Thoughts" mailing list.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE - words indicating different groups and classes of people within the community. Some of these terms are determined by the software (e.g., "wizards") because having that status entitles you to special software powers. Other terms (like "snert") evolve within the social context of the community.
ACRONYMS - abbreviations that make communication more efficient, like "brb" and the ubiquitous "LOL."
Here are some of the words in the Palace language:
animate - a prop editing feature that creates moving avatars (flying, waving, dancing, etc.
avatar ("av") - the icon or graphic used to represent oneself. Guests are limited to a standard set of avatars, mostly the "smiley" faces. Members can create their own avatars. See prop.
ban - a command used by wizards and gods to prevent misbehaving users from connecting to a Palace site. Bans vary in length from hours to ... eternity.
bot - an avatar/prop that runs entirely on scripts and is not manned by a user. Bots may perform simple chores, like displaying information text when cued by a specific word - or complex tasks, like fetching a wizard from another site when paged.
brb - A widely used internet acronym for Be Right Back, indicating that a user is still connected to the site but is busy doing something else and probably won't respond to anything you say. Similar to "AFK" (away from keyboard), although this acronym is rarely used at the Palace.
client - the Palace software and interface that allows users to connnect to Palace sites.
clean - a script/command that removes all props (not avatars) from a room. The clean command will not work in rooms where scripts are turned off (such as Harry's at Main).
clone - to copy someone's avatar (an ability available only to wizards)
crash (as in "the server crashed") - when the machine running the Palace server software throws a fit and refuses to work.... temporarily. Users get knocked off the server and can't sign back on until the server returns to normal consciousness.
cybersex - an exercise in collaborative dirty talk and pornographic prop display. Skill at one-handed typing is a distinct advantage.
cyborg file - the iptscrae file that contains the routines used to automate aspects of your avatar's behavior online.
DT - the EC sponsored "Deep Thoughts" e-mail list which is devoted to a wide range of social and political discussions.
EC - Electric Communities, the company that now develops and sells the Palace software, as well as runs several Palace sites, including Main and Welcome.
ESPing - to communicate with a person who is in another room at the Palace. What one types to that person cannot be seen by other users. Sometimes referred to as "paging," although true pages can only be seen by wizards.
finger - a command that enables the user to display basic information about another user (assuming that other user has included that information in his or her finger script)
flame - a derogatory message. Considered poor netiquette
flooding - when the user rapidly sends a series of commands to the server, as in changing avs quickly or running multiple scripts. The server may automatically disconnect the user for this excessive activity, called "flooding out."
gag - a wizard's ability to silence a user in that the user's typing will not appear on the screens of other users. The Heimlich manuever does not solve this problem.
ghost - an avatar that remains on your screen even though the user of that avatar is no longer connected to the site. Ghosts will not move or respond to anything around them - they're working on unfinished business from their past lives. Fingering a ghost will produce nothing (unlike fingering a live/manned avatar that is simply motionless).
ghost prop - a translucent prop (not the same as a "ghost")
god - roughly equivalent to "sysop" (system operator).
guest - before the Palace client became free, guests were users who has not yet paid for their software. Guests could not create their own avatars or props and were limited in what they could do and where they could go at Palace sites.
hehe - an expression indicating a giggle: it indicates that the user finds something humorous, but not humorous enough to deserve a LOL, ROFL or LMAO. Also written as "hehehe," "hehehehe," "hehehehehe" (etc.) ... or simply as "heh" for the tired or somewhat unenthusiastic user. Sometimes mispelled as "heheh," or "hheh" or "hehhe" etc.
hosts - longstanding members who assist newcomers and, if necessary, discipline unruly users with "pins" and "gags." Unable to "kill," they are not as powerful as wizards.
IMHO - In My Humble Opinion
iptscrae (also spelled "iptscray") - the programming language for writing scripts. A difficult word to spell.
It - an unfriendly way to refer to a guest (unregistered user).
kill - the ability to disconnect (or "boot off") a user from the server. Only wizards and gods can kill other users. Wizards also can be killed, but not Gods.
lag - the excessive delay sometimes experienced between typing words and the appearance of those words on one's screen. Lag is usually due to excessive activity on the server and/or the networks connecting the user to the server. Complaining about lag is a favorite Palace pastime, although it's a great excuse for not responding to other users
LMAO - acronym for Laughing My Ass Off. Scientific research has not yet proven whether users typing a LMAO are actually emitting any sounds from their mouth.
log - the running text record of whatever conversation you happen to witness during a Palace session
LOL - acronym for Laughing Out Loud, a reaction to something humorous. Not as strong a reaction as ROFL or LMAO.
LTNS - Long Time No See
Magus - the organization of experienced Palatians who served as "helpers." The Magus organized many major Palace events, including the historic "24 Hours on the Palace." Members of the Magus were identified by the "?" in front of their names.
Main - the "Mansion" that is the oldest and one of the most populated Palace site.
member - a user who has registered his/her software. He or she can create their own avatars and props and have access to all rooms at the Palace.
Members - an EC site devoted to registered users (members).
mute - a script whereby a user can silence another person so that a muted person's typing will not appear on the screen of the user doing the muting. A useful defense against a persistent snert.
page - to call for a wizard's assistance
phone - usually posted as a "sign" balloon, indicates that the user is (duh) on the phone.
pin - a wizard's ability to immobilize misbehaving users by pinning them into the right corner of the screen. The victim's av is forced to a generic smiley and "chains" appear around it. As evident by some victims' exclamation, "Oooo, that feels good!", wizards occasionally pin as a playful activity.
prop - similar in meaning to "avatar" and often used interchangeably. However, some users reserve the word "prop" for (a) graphics that are moved about the room (e.g., a glass of beer, flowers, a sign), and/or, (b) graphics that are added to the avatar that represents oneself (e.g., a hat or roller skates added to your Bugs Bunny av).
propgag - a command that forces a user into the default smiley avatar. Used by wizards to control naughty avs.
PUG - the Palace Users Group; unrelated to those so-ugly-they're-cute dogs that snort.
purge - to reduce the size of the file which contains all the props that your client software has seen. The prop file can grow quite large otherwise.
register - downloading the Palace client software and thereby becoming registered with a Palace user identification number.
ROFL - acronym for Rolling On Floor Laughing
satchel - the briefcase where you store your props and avs. Also, a good trumpet player.
server - the actual machine the Palace program is running on and/or the software that interacts with the client software to allow users to do everything they do.
scripts - programs written in iptscrae that allow the user to automate activities such as moving one's prop, displaying graphics, and responding with a text message to other users words or actions. There are standard scripts that come with the Palace program. Users who learn iptscrae can write their own scripts.
site - a virtual "place in cyberspace" located at a specific address. Sites may be located on different servers.
Skaters - a group of users (some say a "gang") that use a skater avatar to designate their membership.
snert - an obnoxious, unruly user. The term originally applied to teenagers who were sexually annoying people ("snot-nosed-eros-ridden-twit"), but the current use of the term applies to any user who abuses others. You'll immediately recognize a snert when you meet one.
spam - a widely used internet term that usually refers to a person's attempts to repeatedly post the same message to an e-mail list or message board. Also, a word for an unpleasant meat-like substance in a can.
Sparkey - the name attached to the smiley faces (an historical tidbit - also the name of the first version of Palace that ran on IRC).
spikeys - the "excited" text balloons
spoof - placing a text balloon over the avatar of another user, thereby putting words into that person's mouth.
TPI - The Palace Incorporated, the company that sold and developed the Palace software after Time-Warner.
EC sites - Palace sites (servers) directly under the control of Electric Communities, including Main, Members and Welcome.
TW - Time-Warner (Incorporated), the original company that owned and developed the Palace software.
warp - using a script to jump to another Palace site.
whispering - to speak privately to another user in the room. What one types to the other user cannot be seen by anyone else in the room, including wizards. Whispered text appears in italics. As if in Some Enchanted Evening, everyone else in the room will fade into shadows.
Welcome - the Welcome Mansion Palace site that is the default setting in the client program. New users usually wind up going here first.
wizard - a user who has been selected for special duties at the Palace. Wizards meet with the "gods" to discuss and make changes in the Palace, and also enforce rules by disciplining unruly users - if necessary, by using their "pin," "gag," and "kill" abilities. Each Palace site has its own collection of wizards. At the Main site, only wizards can place an asterik (*) in front of their name - which is intended as a badge to make them easily identifiable by users who may need their help. Most wizards prefer not to wear the badge!
zap - to direct a laser-like flash with an appropriate sound at somebody; use it too often, and you will be labeled as a kid. Zap is a standard iptscrae script.
back to the Psychology of Cyberspace home page
|
<urn:uuid:676fc379-c62e-4890-b249-07927277a833>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
http://users.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/pal_lang.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347385193.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200524210325-20200525000325-00301.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942511 | 2,884 | 3.046875 | 3 | 2.113461 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Software
|
This story is excerpted from the MT Lowdown, a weekly newsletter digest containing original reporting and analysis published every Friday.
Marked declines in trout populations across several of Montana’s iconic fisheries have led a group of anglers, fishing guides and community members to launch a “Save Wild Trout” initiative in hopes of better understanding the cause of those declines.
Wade Fellin, co-owner of Big Hole Lodge, announced the launch of the privately funded effort on June 22. Save Wild Trout seeks to develop science-based solutions to the problem, which Fellin described as an “ecological emergency” affecting salmonid species in the Big Hole, Ruby, Beaverhead and Jefferson rivers.
“We are near or at historic lows throughout the basin, with very few recruitment numbers for younger trout — and no one knows exactly what’s causing the crash,” Fellin said in a video posted to the recently unveiled website. “It’s an emergency situation for one of the last intact, cold-water wild trout fisheries with Arctic grayling and westslope cutthroat in the Lower 48.”
Fellin added that Montana’s Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks has yet to conduct testing on dead fish it collected last year, and while there are theories about the collapse of rainbow and brown trout populations — fungal diseases and bacterial outbreaks among them — the cause could lie in a confluence of factors. Nutrient pollution, algal blooms, angling pressure, and warmer, lower streamflows wrought by earlier snowmelt have been suggested as possibilities.
Fellin, who has fished rivers in the Jefferson basin for the better part of two decades, said his hunch is that it’s a “death by a thousands cuts” scenario, but better data could help establish key factors contributing to the fisheries’ decline.
Anglers come to Montana in droves for the abundant wild trout. But this summer’s rising temps, dropping flows and declining brown trout populations could harbor clues about the future of the state’s celebrated cold-water fisheries.
“We can’t manage what we don’t know,” he said.
Part of the reason guides and conservation groups are so troubled by dismal trout counts is that the Big Hole isn’t in the midst of a poor water year. As of April 1 — when snowpacks tend to hold the most water — the Jefferson basin was sitting at about 167% of its 30-year April 1 mean, according to the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s water supply outlook. Recent U.S. Geological Survey streamflow measurements show that the Big Hole near Melrose is a tad bit low relative to the 99-year median but still well within the typical range for this time of year.
According to Mike Duncan, FWP’s acting Region 3 fisheries director, the department’s electrofishing surveys are really only able to count larger fish, which could help explain why the Big Hole’s 2022 and 2023 trout counts are so low, even though both were decent water years. Duncan said the Big Hole’s trout population could still be recovering from 2021 — a uniquely terrible year for cold-water fisheries in the state — and any population gains wrought by higher streamflows the past two years won’t be reflected in their electrofishing data until next spring.
Fellin said outfitters who’ve joined Save Wild Trout have committed to protective measures to protect the fishery (e.g., catch-and-release angling only, stowing double-barbed hook lures, nixing grip-and-grin photos, and calling it quits for the day when stream temperatures exceed 68 degrees).
The economies of rural communities such as Wise River, Melrose and Twin Bridges are also threatened by the declines, Fellin said. The fisheries that help sustain those communities demand that “we act boldly and decisively,” he said. A release about the launch of Save Wild Trout also noted that concerned citizens and organizations have for three consecutive years pitched Gov. Greg Gianforte on the development of a cold water fisheries task force composed of experts in biology, water quality and water quantity — to no avail.
Brian Wheeler, executive director of the Big Hole River Foundation, said his organization is stepping up to fill in research gaps to supplement FWP’s data. For three years, he’s been collecting water quality samples to measure nutrients in the Big Hole and garner information on its dissolved oxygen levels. (Dissolved oxygen is critical both to trout and the aquatic invertebrates that sustain them.)
Wheeler said he’s appreciative that the agency has committed to starting a mortality study to better understand what trout are succumbing to and hopeful that samples he’s collected will provide a fuller picture. For now, he said, he’s appreciative of the “nimble” approach that can be leveraged by a private effort like Save Wild Trout. He said he’s also hopeful that better research can answer questions posed by both population data and on-the-ground observations reported by those in the southwest Montana angling community.
In a June 23 conversation with MTFP, he raised several such questions. He wondered why rainbow trout haven’t risen as brown trout decline, why the fishery appears not to have recovered from a 2017 saprolegnia fungus outbreak despite a few decent water years in the ensuing period, and if some of the decline might be attributed to increased recreational pressure, particularly from do-it-yourself anglers. (The number of summertime outfitter days on the Big Hole was capped years ago, but there does appear to be an increase in non-outfitted anglers wetting a line in the Big Hole, he said.) If increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus play a role, he’s curious if an impairment designation might shift the fishery’s trajectory.
Wheeler said he’s also perplexed that the Big Hole is being hit so hard since other rivers with similar streamflow trends — not to mention significantly more recreational pressure — aren’t being affected the way the Big Hole is.
“There’s something unique going on,” he said. “Fisheries biologists are not seeing disease-riddled fish in other watersheds that have these problems.”
For its part, the state Fish and Wildlife Commission voted June 8 to adopt angling restrictions on stretches of the Big Hole, Beaverhead and Ruby rivers. Though summertime “hoot owl” (afternoon) closures are common on those rivers, they aren’t typically implemented this early in the season. The restrictions were triggered by population data showing that stretches of the Big Hole River, for example, have dipped well below the 25th percentile in terms of trout-per-mile counts.
The restrictions adopted by the commission vary from river to river, and even within different stretches of the same river. Details are available here.
A lack of access to navigators in rural locales to help Medicaid enrollees keep their coverage or find other insurance if they’re no longer eligible could exacerbate the difficulties rural residents face.
Three intervenors joined the ongoing litigation over House Bill 562 this week, arguing that the currently blocked law is critical to their plans to open specialized choice schools in their communities.
Nearly three months after a Montana Rail Link train derailed near Reed Point, releasing 419,000 pounds of asphalt into the Yellowstone River, state agencies began advising anglers this week not to eat any fish caught on a nearly 50-mile stretch of the river.
|
<urn:uuid:3f96afc5-8eba-43e8-aa6a-cbe4a7c527b8>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://montanafreepress.org/2023/06/26/declining-trout-population-in-southwest-montana-prompts-research-and-advocacy-push/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00509.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949768 | 1,608 | 2.59375 | 3 | 3.024681 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
Suddenly, one day your teacher, instead of the usual home assignments, assigns you a science fair project. How do you go about it? Your parents might be helping out with your homework but they may not be of much help in developing winning science fair project ideas. Panic is the last thing you should do.
Science fair projects are now very much a part of most school curriculums. You cannot escape them. Far from dreading them you will find such projects educative, creative and most of all great fun because, usually, choice of the project is all yours. There are plenty of science fair project ideas for junior, middle or senior level school students. Here are some tips for idea hunting.
Where to source ideas
First, find out the science categories that interest you most, then zero onto a subject. For instance, if it is agriculture, you could choose dry land farming, needed very much in Africa. Check the science section of your school library, browse through the books to help choose a project of your liking.
Go through science magazines or encyclopedias. Some recommended magazines are National Geographic, Discover, Popular Science, Popular Mechanics and Mother Earth News. Surf the Internet. You can even check out your town library. Current events, newspapers, TV as well as checking out the tall claims of some TV commercials can all give you good ideas.
Projects are generally shown in science fairs as a display or on posters. By and large there are two project types. Display projects and experimental projects.
Display projects are just displays and are more suitable for junior level students. Here creativity lies in the way the display is shown. Examples of such displays are;
- How door bells work
- How heat produces electricity
- How to weave and sew
- How electromagnetism works
- The solar system
- The various phases of the moon
Experimental projects are for the advanced students. Here an experiment is displayed to show the process as well as the outcome. Remember to follow good safety practices when dealing with fire or chemicals. In such projects it would be advisable to keep records of the processes you followed and the results obtained, since they influence grading.
Some advanced science fair project ideas can be:
- How electric current is affected by the material conducting it
- How fluorescent lights compare with standard lights affect in consumption and illumination
- How does the amount of oxygen affect the rate of burning of different substances
- How do magnets work
- How does salt affect the freezing and boiling points of liquids
Finally, don't forget that having winning science fair project ideas could earn you a place in higher-level competitions or scholarships.
|
<urn:uuid:bb8b369b-c0b7-43af-a03c-88215ff94760>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://www.learninghaven.com/articles/science-fair-project-ideas.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189474.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00274-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935911 | 541 | 4.34375 | 4 | 1.609715 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
New Haven County, Connecticut
New Haven County is a county in the south central part of the U.S. state of Connecticut. As of the 2010 census, the population was 862,477 making it the third-most populous county in Connecticut. Two of the state's largest cities, New Haven (2nd) and Waterbury (5th), are part of New Haven County.
|New Haven County, Connecticut|
|County of Connecticut|
|County of New Haven|
Location in the U.S. state of Connecticut
Connecticut's location in the U.S.
none (since 1960)|
New Haven (before 1960)
New Haven (population)|
|• Total||862 sq mi (2,233 km2)|
|• Land||605 sq mi (1,567 km2)|
|• Water||258 sq mi (668 km2), 29.9%|
|• Density||1,427/sq mi (551/km2)|
|Congressional districts||2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th|
|Time zone||Eastern: UTC−5/−4|
County governments were abolished in Connecticut in 1960. Thus, as is the case with all eight of Connecticut's counties, there is no county government, and no county seat. Until 1960, the city of New Haven was the county seat. In Connecticut, towns are responsible for all local government activities, including fire and rescue, snow removal and schools. In some cases, neighboring towns will share certain activities, e.g. schools, health, etc. New Haven County is merely a group of towns on a map, and has no specific government authority. The county Sheriff system was abolished by voters and replaced by State Judicial Marshals in 2000. As a result, the state judicial system in New Haven County has three judicial districts: New Haven, Ansonia-Milford, and Waterbury.
Following the process of unification of New Haven Colony with Connecticut Colony in 1664-65, cohesion could be improved. New Haven County was constituted by an act of the Connecticut General Court on May 10, 1666, along with Hartford County, Fairfield County, and New London County. The act establishing the county states:
- This Court orders that from the east bounds of Guilford
- vnto ye west bounds of Milford shalbe for future one County
- wch shalbe called the County of N: Hauen. And it is
- ordered that the County Court shalbe held at N: Hauen on
- the second Wednesday in March and on the second Wednesday
- in Nouember yearely.
As established in 1666, New Haven County consisted of the towns of Milford, New Haven, and Guilford. The town of Wallingford was established in 1670 in unincorporated area north of New Haven and formally added to New Haven County in 1671. In 1675, the town of Derby was established north of Milford. In 1686, the town of Waterbury was established, but was assigned as part of Hartford County. Waterbury was transferred to New Haven County in 1728. In 1722, most of northwestern Connecticut (except for the town of Litchfield) was placed under the jurisdiction of New Haven County. Eight years later, in 1730, the eastern half of northwestern Connecticut was transferred to the jurisdiction of Hartford County. By mid-1738, with the exception of the towns of New Milford, Sharon, and Salisbury, the entire territory of northwestern Connecticut was under Hartford County. In 1751, Litchfield County was constituted consisting of all the towns in northwestern Connecticut. Between 1780 and 1807, several more towns were established along the northern boundary of New Haven County, resulting in the alteration of the limits of the county. The final boundary alteration leading to the modern boundary resulted from the establishment of the town of Middlebury on October 8, 1807.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 862 square miles (2,230 km2), of which 605 square miles (1,570 km2) is land and 258 square miles (670 km2) (29.9%) is water. It is the second-largest county in Connecticut by total area.
The terrain is mostly flat near the coast, with low hills defining the rest of the area, rising significantly only in the north of the county. The highest elevation is close to the northernmost point in the county, found at two areas of approximately 1,050 feet (320 m) above sea level in the town of Wolcott. The lowest point is sea level.
- Hartford County (north)
- Middlesex County (east)
- Fairfield County (west)
- Litchfield County (northwest)
New Haven county is bounded on the south by Long Island Sound.
National protected areaEdit
Government and municipal servicesEdit
As of 1960, counties in Connecticut do not have any associated county government structure. All municipal services are provided by the towns. In order to address issues concerning more than one town, several regional agencies that help coordinate the towns for infrastructure, land use, and economic development concerns have been established. Within the geographical area of New Haven County, the regional agencies are:
- South Central
- Central Naugatuck Valley (partly in Litchfield County)
- The Valley (partly in Fairfield County)
The geographic area of the county is served by the three separate judicial districts: Ansonia-Milford, Waterbury, and New Haven. Each judicial district has a superior court located, respectively, in Milford, Waterbury, and New Haven.
Law enforcement within the geographic area of the county is provided by the respective town police departments. Prior to 2000, a County Sheriff's Department existed for the purpose of executing judicial warrants, prisoner transport, and court security. These responsibilities have now been taken over by the Connecticut State Marshal System.
Fire protection in the county is provided by the towns. Several towns also have fire districts that provide services to a section of the town.
Founded in 1937, New Haven County has a county-wide fire-protection agency called "New Haven County Fire Emergency Plan" based in Hamden to "Coordinate Mutual Aid - Radio Problems, assist members of county at major incidents if requested, provide training".
Water service is provided by a regional non-profit public corporation known as the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority. The Regional Water Authority supplies water to most of the towns within New Haven County, excluding the Waterbury area and the towns of Guilford and Madison. The Regional Water Authority is one of only two such county-wide public water service providers in the state.
Boston Post RoadEdit
U.S. 1 is the oldest east-west route in the county, running through all of its shoreline cities and towns. Known by various names along its length, most commonly "Boston Post Road" or simply "Post Road", it gradually gains latitude from west to east. Thus U.S. 1 west is officially designated "South" and east is "North".
The start of Interstate 91 begins at the interchange in New Haven with I-95. It runs parallel to U.S. Route 5 as it heads towards Hartford and Vermont.
The western portions of Interstate 95 in Connecticut are known as the Connecticut Turnpike or the Governor John Davis Lodge Turnpike in New Haven County and it crosses the state approximately parallel to U.S. Route 1. The road is most commonly referred to as "I-95". The highway is six lanes (sometimes eight lanes) throughout the county. It was completed in 1958 and is often clogged with traffic particularly during morning and evening rush hours.
With the cost of land so high along the Gold Coast, state lawmakers say they don't consider widening the highway to be fiscally feasible, although occasional stretches between entrances and nearby exits are now sometimes connected with a fourth "operational improvement" lane (for instance, westbound between the Exit 10 interchange in Darien and Exit 8 in Stamford). Expect similar added lanes in Darien and elsewhere in the Fairfield County portion of the highway in the future, lawmakers and state Department of Transportation officials say.
Wilbur Cross ParkwayEdit
The Wilbur Cross Parkway or Connecticut Route 15, is a truck-free scenic parkway that runs through the county parallel and generally several miles north of Interstate 95. It begins at the Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Bridge and terminates at the Berlin turnpike. The parkway goes through Heroes Tunnel in New Haven.
Interstate 84, which runs through Danbury, is scheduled to be widened to a six-lane highway at all points between Danbury and Waterbury. State officials say they hope the widening will not only benefit drivers regularly on the route but also entice some cars from the more crowded Interstate 95, which is roughly parallel to it. Heavier trucks are unlikely to use Interstate 84 more often, however, because the route is much hillier than I-95 according to a state Department of Transportation official.
|U.S. Decennial Census|
At the 2000 census, there were 824,008 people, 319,040 households, and 210,566 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,361 per square mile (525/km²). There were 340,732 housing units at an average density of 563 per square mile (217/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 79.40% White, 11.32% Black or African American, 0.25% Native American, 2.33% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 4.51% from other races, and 2.16% from two or more races. 10.09% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24.5% were of Italian, 12.3% Irish, 6.0% Polish, 5.7% English and 5.6% German ancestry according to Census 2000. 8.73% of the population reported speaking Spanish at home, while 2.05% speak Italian.
There were 319,040 households of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.60% were married couples living together, 13.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.00% were non-families. 28.20% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.08.
The age distribution was 24.50% under the age of 18, 8.70% from 18 to 24, 30.00% from 25 to 44, 22.40% from 45 to 64, and 14.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.70 males.
The median household income was $48,834, and the median family income was $60,549. Males had a median income of $43,643 versus $32,001 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,439. About 7.00% of families and 9.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.00% of those under age 18 and 7.70% of those age 65 or over.
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 862,477 people, 334,502 households, and 215,749 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,426.7 inhabitants per square mile (550.9/km2). There were 362,004 housing units at an average density of 598.8 per square mile (231.2/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 74.8% white, 12.7% black or African American, 3.5% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 6.0% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 15.0% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 24.0% were Italian, 17.5% were Irish, 9.3% were German, 8.5% were English, 7.6% were Polish, and 2.0% were American.
Of the 334,502 households, 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.5% were non-families, and 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age was 39.3 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $61,114 and the median income for a family was $77,379. Males had a median income of $56,697 versus $43,941 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,720. About 7.9% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.
Demographic breakdown by townEdit
Metropolitan Statistical AreaEdit
The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated New Haven County as the New Haven-Milford, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area. The United States Census Bureau ranked the New Haven-Milford, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area as the 62nd most populous metropolitan statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.
The Office of Management and Budget has further designated the New Haven-Milford, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area as a component of the more extensive New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area, the most populous combined statistical area and primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.
Education in the county area is usually provided by the individual town governments. Several less populated towns have joined together to form regional school districts. Bethany, Orange, and Woodbridge are part of Region 5; Middlebury and Southbury are part of Region 15; and Beacon Falls and Prospect are part of Region 16.
New Haven county serves as a center of advanced learning, with several noted educational institutions located within its borders centered on the city of New Haven. These include:
- New Haven
- West Haven
Villages are named localities within towns but have no separate corporate existence from the towns they are in.
- "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- "CCR: Volume 02, Page 39". Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
- Newberry Library -- Connecticut Atlas of Historical County Boundaries Archived November 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- CFPC: New Haven County Fire Emergency Plan. Ct.gov (October 17, 2002). Retrieved on 2013-07-26.
- Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
- "National Register of Historical Places - CONNECTICUT (CT), Fairfield County". National Park Service and United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
- "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- Language Map Data Center. Mla.org (April 3, 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-26.
- "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
- "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
- "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
- "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
- "SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- "OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). United States Office of Management and Budget. February 28, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". 2012 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2013. Archived from the original (CSV) on April 1, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- "Table 2. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". 2012 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2013. Archived from the original (CSV) on May 17, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
|Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about New Haven County, Connecticut.|
- New Haven County Sheriff's Department at the Wayback Machine (archived October 9, 2000)
- New Haven County Marshals Association
- New Haven County Fire Emergency Plan
- National Register of Historic Places listing for New Haven Co., Connecticut
- New Haven County Bar Association
|
<urn:uuid:96d11c46-b42f-4a81-85b7-28218629021f>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_County,_Connecticut
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516480.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023153446-20181023174946-00215.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.919531 | 3,977 | 2.671875 | 3 | 1.772545 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
History
|
A Celebration of Black Female Athletes
The 20th century is marked with passionate black athletes who asserted their civil rights and defied segregation to play professionally. To celebrate Black History Month, here is a look at some of the black female athletes who have risen to the top and the women who helped pave their way.
Florence Griffith-Joyner Florence Griffith-Joyner, or Flo Jo, as most people know her, still holds track and field world records 10 years after her untimely death at age 38. From her six-inch long fingernails to one-legged unitards, she brought an edgy look to the track that we're sad to say we've not seen since.
Before there could even be a Flo Jo, there was an Alice Coachman. In 1948, Coachman became the first black woman to win gold at the Olympics.
Vonetta Flowers How's this for notable? In 2002, Bobsledder Vonetta Flowers became the first black woman in the world to win gold at the Winter Olympics.
Wilma Rudolph Wilma Rudolph worked through her pain of a sprained ankle, and in 1960 became the first American woman to win three gold medals in track and field during a single Olympic games. In 1994, Wilma was diagnosed with brain and throat cancer, passing away later that year as a result of her illnesses.
Venus and Serena Williams The stats speak for themselves. As a team, the sisters have captured US Open, Australian, and Wimbledon doubles championships -- they also have five Olympic gold medals between them. Individually, and on multiple occasions, both Venus and Serena have been ranked as the number one female tennis player in the world.
The Williams sisters follow in the footsteps of Althea Gibson -- the first black woman to compete on the world tennis circuit. During her career in the 1950s, Gibson held several Glad Slam titles.
Jackie Joyner-Kersee Jackie Joyner-Kersee has some serious bling -- the track and field star has a whopping six medals from the Olympic games! Sports Illustrated for Women voted Jackie as being the greatest female athlete of the 20th century, and she has also been called one of the top female collegiate athletes for her basketball career at UCLA.
Dominique Dawes Dominique Dawes, also known as Awesome Dawesome, was part of the "Magnificent Seven," the 1996 US Olympic women's gymnastics team that took home gold. Dawes also has an individual medal for her performance in the floor exercise.
|
<urn:uuid:df7f1279-1fb3-49d3-8b41-528bb83ef5b8>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
https://www.self.com/story/a-celebration-of-black-female
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671249.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122092537-20191122120537-00270.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977401 | 518 | 2.875 | 3 | 1.854596 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Sports & Fitness
|
By Wayne Jebian
It quacks like racism, at least in the short version.
Three social studies teachers, who are black, were planning lessons for Black History Month at Howard University Middle School of Mathematics and Science, a predominantly black charter school on a Historically black college campus in Washington, D.C. Given pink slips in front of their students, these teachers’ sudden dismissal upset parents and moved the students to stage a demonstration of their displeasure. According to news reports, the students stood on the lawn of the main quad of Howard University. Blogs reported the students chanting:
“We Want a School, Not a Business.”
The NAACP has launched an investigation of the incident, but paying attention to the students’ words, the important question about the event is not “did a black school make a racist call?” but rather, “can a charter school not make a racist call?”
The problem is the business model. The kids nailed it.
In the business model of education, you might be working with a particular supplier of a curriculum, and therefore be reluctant to go off menu to teach about Marion Barry, for instance. Howard Charter made a point of defending its curriculum in a statement paraphrased by the Washington Post. In a business model, competing lesson content will always be just that, competition, and will be received hostilely.
The crush of competition and all of its unforeseen consequences may be close to the top of the “Stupid Business Tricks” list, but it has company. At-will termination and lack of free speech protections are bad enough separately, while the combination becomes combustible when racial content is involved. That certainly was the case at Howard this year, and it has been for years.
In 2007, according to the Los Angeles Times, charter school administrators in that city stopped students from reciting the poem “A Wreath for Emmett Till” during a Black History Month program. The students circulated a letter of protest, and two teachers, Marisol Alba and Sean Strauss, were fired for signing it. The Times described a school administrator explaining that Emmett Till was inappropriate subject matter to celebrate because he had whistled at a woman.
After Emmett Till, a young black teenager visiting the south in 1955, allegedly whistled at a white woman, he was murdered and his body mutilated. His mother’s decision – to have an open coffin and put the full horrors of lynching on display — is credited with jumpstarting the Civil Rights movement. The lesson of Emmett Till to school administrators is that social studies and history aren’t pretty, but they have a value greater than the white-washed curriculum being peddled by the next corporate officer in the chain of command.
Marion Barry may not be pretty, but for the middle school students of Washington D.C., there could be a significance that an outsider has no business judging (and no curriculum publisher thinks of including). So until charter operators find better ways than off-the-shelf answers and corporate compliance to grapple with the issues on the ground that matter to their students and their communities, charters will continue to be viewed as racist institutions that fail to deliver the variety and quality of education our teachers of color an dour students of color deserve.
|
<urn:uuid:e51e55b1-0362-4a7b-87d5-3ee38676fe1c>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
https://thewarreportonpubliced.com/2015/02/12/howard-charter-firings-racist-error-or-business-as-usual/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987803441.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022053647-20191022081147-00318.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963595 | 683 | 2.515625 | 3 | 3.006948 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
The D10V syntax is based on the syntax in Mitsubishi's D10V architecture manual. The differences are detailed below.
The D10V version of as uses the instruction names in the D10V Architecture Manual. However, the names in the manual are sometimes ambiguous. There are instruction names that can assemble to a short or long form opcode. How does the assembler pick the correct form? as will always pick the smallest form if it can. When dealing with a symbol that is not defined yet when a line is being assembled, it will always use the long form. If you need to force the assembler to use either the short or long form of the instruction, you can append either .s (short) or .l (long) to it. For example, if you are writing an assembly program and you want to do a branch to a symbol that is defined later in your program, you can write bra.s foo. Objdump and GDB will always append .s or .l to instructions which have both short and long forms.
The D10V assembler takes as input a series of instructions, either one-per-line, or in the special two-per-line format described in the next section. Some of these instructions will be short-form or sub-instructions. These sub-instructions can be packed into a single instruction. The assembler will do this automatically. It will also detect when it should not pack instructions. For example, when a label is defined, the next instruction will never be packaged with the previous one. Whenever a branch and link instruction is called, it will not be packaged with the next instruction so the return address will be valid. Nops are automatically inserted when necessary.
If you do not want the assembler automatically making these decisions, you can control the packaging and execution type (parallel or sequential) with the special execution symbols described in the next section.
; and # are the line comment characters. Sub-instructions may be executed in order, in reverse-order, or in parallel. Instructions listed in the standard one-per-line format will be executed sequentially. To specify the executing order, use the following symbols:
Sequential with instruction on the left first.
Sequential with instruction on the right first.
The D10V syntax allows either one instruction per line, one instruction per line with the execution symbol, or two instructions per line. For example
Execute these sequentially. The instruction on the right is in the right container and is executed second.
Execute these reverse-sequentially. The instruction on the right is in the right container, and is executed first.
Execute these in parallel.
Two-line format. Execute these in parallel.
Two-line format. Execute these sequentially. Assembler will put them in the proper containers.
Two-line format. Execute these sequentially. Same as above but second instruction will always go into right container.
Since $ has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.
You can use the predefined symbols r0 through r15 to refer to the D10V registers. You can also use sp as an alias for r15. The accumulators are a0 and a1. There are special register-pair names that may optionally be used in opcodes that require even-numbered registers. Register names are not case sensitive.
The D10V also has predefined symbols for these control registers and status bits:
Processor Status Word
Backup Processor Status Word
Backup Program Counter
Repeat Start address
Repeat End address
Modulo Start address
Modulo End address
Instruction Break Address
as understands the following addressing modes for the D10V. Rn in the following refers to any of the numbered registers, but not the control registers.
Register indirect with post-increment
Register indirect with post-decrement
Register indirect with pre-decrement
Register indirect with displacement
PC relative address (for branch or rep).
Immediate data (the # is optional and ignored)
Any symbol followed by @word will be replaced by the symbol's value shifted right by 2. This is used in situations such as loading a register with the address of a function (or any other code fragment). For example, if you want to load a register with the location of the function main then jump to that function, you could do it as follows:
ldi r2, main@word jmp r2
|
<urn:uuid:be6ec87e-0f88-40cf-b84a-dc7bf57586b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-40
|
http://web.mit.edu/rhel-doc/3/rhel-as-en-3/d10v-syntax.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738663202.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173743-00260-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.894452 | 937 | 3.1875 | 3 | 2.146903 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Software Dev.
|
FOUNDATION STAGE (EARLY YEARS)
This first learning period is divided into two academic years: Nursery (3-4 years old) and Reception (4-5 years old).
An efficient development of the curriculum during Early Years is very important as it establishes the basis for future learning.
The main curriculum areas of the Foundation Stage are:
- Personal, social and emotional development
- Communication, language, reading and writing
- Mathematical development
- Knowledge and understanding of the world around us
- Physical development
- Creative development
Here in The English School we take care to stimulate and motivate our students so that they can develop these skills and abilities in a relaxed, safe and pleasant atmosphere.
In each Foundation Stage classroom two staff members make sure that the children receive the care and attention required for their age. Thanks to this, our youngest students’ school life takes place in a rewarding learning atmosphere, which will allow them to be independent from an early age and develop a sense of responsibility and respect.
This learning period is divided into two stages: Key Stage 1 (5-7 years old) and Key Stage 2 (7-11 years old)
- Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
- Physical Education (PE)
- Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE)
The distribution of the timetable in Primary is organised so that the core subjects (English, Maths and Science) and the rest of the subjects (History, Geography, ICT, Art and Design, Music, PE and PSHE) receive the necessary time in order to develop the objectives and content according to the Curriculum.
We place special emphasis on the creation of an organised, relaxed and pleasant work place, so we can offer our pupils a stimulating learning process. It will provide them the adequate learning strategies for the acquisition of new concepts, and a series of routines and values required for their personal growth.
Secondary is divided into 3 stages: Key Stage 3 (11-14 years) Year 7 to 9; Key Stage 4 (14-16 years) Year 10 to 11 and Sixth Form (16-18 years) Year 12 and 13. For the academic year 2018-2019 the school offers places up to Year 11.
In accordance with the “National Curriculum for England”, the subjects studied in Key Stage 3 are:
- English Language
- Physical Education
In Key Stage 4, pupils begin to prepare for the IGCSE (International General Certificate of Secondary Education) examinations, which they will take at the end of Year 11. These are external examinations, which are marked by independent examining boards based in The United Kingdom.
- Science (Double Award)
Although pupils will not be examined at IGCSE in Music, Physical Education and PSHE, these subjects are also taught in Years 10 and 11, according to the requirements of the National Curriculum.
|
<urn:uuid:7e2dcb3d-4f27-4a53-bad1-2f2c20ef8d6f>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://www.theenglishschool.es/studies/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573052.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917040727-20190917062727-00261.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930559 | 597 | 3.609375 | 4 | 1.807258 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
Despite humanitarian food assistance, 15.9 million people in Yemen are facing severe acute food insecurity, including 63,500 people facing catastrophe.
Yemen is the country with the highest number of people suffering from hunger due to conflict.
Yemen and six other countries account for almost 50 million people suffering from hunger due to conflict, climate change or a combination of both.
8 December 2018: The continuing conflict in Yemen has pushed 15.9 million people into acute food insecurity over the last year. An additional 4.2 million people depend on humanitarian food assistance (HFA) to avoid sever acute food insecurity. Despite HFA, 63,500 people are facing catastrophe, including elevated risk of mortality. Without HFA, this number would be more than three times as high, affecting 238,000 people.
The 2018 report on the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World highlighted climate change and conflict as the main drivers of a recent reversal of the trend in global hunger leading to an increase of global hunger to 821 million in 2018. The latest updates on the food security situation in Yemen and several other countries published by the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) provide concerning evidence of how these factors continue to drive hunger in many regions of the world.
The IPC Food Security Phase Classification uses five “Phases” to evaluate food insecurity, including Phase 1 (minimally food insecure), Phase 2 (people in Stress), Phase 3 (People in Crisis), Phase 4 (people in Emergency), and Phase 5 (People in Catastrophe). “Severe acute food security” describes the number of people facing Phase 3 conditions or worse. In Yemen, 15.9 million people (53% of the population) faced severe acute food security in December 2018. Without HFA, this number would increase to 20.1 million (67% of the population).
Any disruption in access to food could bring a quarter of a million people in Yemen to the brink of death.
The increase in the number of people depending on HFA to avoid catastrophe is particularly alarming according to Lisa Grande, Humanitarian Food Coordinator for Yemen. She stated that, for a quarter of a million people in Yemen, “any disruption in their ability to access food on a regular basis will bring them to the brink of death.”
Yemen currently has the highest number of people facing hunger because of armed conflict globally, but conflict and climate change also drive hunger in other countries. As of December 2018, five additional countries are identified by IPC as countries of “highest concern:”
- Afghanistan: 9.8 million people facing severe acute food insecurity (43.6 % of the rural population)
- Central African Republic: 1.9 million (40% of the population)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo: 13.1 million (23% of the rural population)
- Somalia: 2.7 million people (18% of the population)
- South Sudan: 6.1 million people (59% of the population)
In these countries alone, conflict, climate change or a combination of both have pushed almost 50 million people into severe acute food insecurity over recent years. [FAO Press Release] [WFP Press Release] [IPC Acute Food Insecurity Analysis: Yemen] [IPC Website and Analysis Portal]
|
<urn:uuid:0ca0e4c1-e1b3-447b-9c75-dbc695847c5b>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
http://sdg.iisd.org/news/conflict-exposes-20-million-people-to-severe-acute-food-insecurity-in-yemen/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986682037.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018104351-20191018131851-00250.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943334 | 682 | 2.703125 | 3 | 2.913928 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
“Food for the body is not enough. There must be food for the soul.”
My daughter asked me yesterday, ” What really is the ‘soul‘?” Her intellectual brother-in-law quipped it was part of a shoe, and his partner added that it was the Capital of South Korea! But I knew what ‘soul’ she was referring to, but I’d never really explained it in simple terms before, so I was momentarily speechless.
Each time I tried to define that immaterial part of a human; that spirit self which we might deem to constitute a soul, I found it was difficult to explain without using some kind of religious reference. And I am not religious!
In order to find clues that might point to an explanation of such existential matters, I turned to the traditional proverbs and sayings. As usual, they were a good source of information.
Some proverbs intrinsically link the concept of a soul with nationhood and language, identitiy itself, perhaps. This appears to occur across a variety of the world’s cultures, and ones as diverse as Scottish Gaelic and Irish, to Malay, Spanish and Indonesian.
Bahasa jiwa bangsa. Bahasa menunjukkan bangsa.Indonesian Proverb
Language is the soul of a nation. Language represents the nation.
Apparently, King Solomon tied the concept of a ‘soul’ to personality traits and interactions with others:
“Your own soul is nourished when you are kind;
it is destroyed when you are cruel.”
Whilst Aristotle is thought to have said:
“The soul never thinks without a picture.”
the Mexicans contrastingly focused on what nourished the soul:
Conversation is food for the soul.
and it was the Polish that thought mostly of its expression:
Conscience is the voice of the soul.
What does the concept of the ‘soul’ mean for you?
Do the sayings reflect the relevance of the meaning of the word today?
Does one’s soul play an intrinsic part of your identity, or is it significant in determining your values, or life’s purpose?
Or is it rather only an ethereal, mystical entity of which you feel detached from, in real life?
I invite you to join in the discussion by leaving a comment.
Everyone’s opinion is important. What is yours?
Mostly anonymous, proverbs are a portal through time to generations past and echo a diverse range of cultures. They speak of the experiences of many lessons learned and the wisdom from thousands of lives already lived. They offer us knowledge; knowledge that is passed to us in much the same way relay runners might pass a baton.
Once it’s handed over, it is up to us what we do with it and how we pass it on.
Quotes, like proverbs, make us think more deeply about something.
|
<urn:uuid:0d6acf9d-720b-41d3-b9ba-65d7e3621ca8>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
|
https://forestwoodfolkart.wordpress.com/2019/07/07/sunday-sayings-the-soul/?like_comment=19833&_wpnonce=8ce66cc5ca&replytocom=20050
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894175.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027111346-20201027141346-00363.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956669 | 629 | 2.734375 | 3 | 2.819592 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Religion
|
Hot Spot Prevention Saves Puppies From Suffering
Hot spot prevention—why should a new dog parent to a puppy care about it? Although most puppies don’t get hot spots (unless they get truly horrible puppy care), all puppies can be susceptible to dog hot spots as they begin to grow up. Learning hot spot prevention now can save your puppy (and you) misery later.
Otherwise known by vets as staph infections, eczema, ALD or lick granulomas, dog hot spots can cause pure misery for canines. And once a dog breaks out in dog hot spots, it can be tough to get the problem under control.
Preventing hot spots begins with understanding what causes hot spots. Although there are many situations, chemicals, and illnesses that can lead to hot spots, hot spots have four main triggers:
--Toxins and allergens. Substances that are toxic to puppies or to which puppies can become allergic can be found in poor-quality dog food or treats. Toxins are also found in a puppy’s environment (like dog parent’s cigarette smoke, for instance), and in topical pest-control chemicals.
--Suppressed disease. Diseases that were not treated well and never cured (for example, a treatment merely covers symptoms but doesn’t address the cause) can sometimes erupt and discharge through the skin.
--Vaccinations. Routine vaccinations, often unnecessary, can induce immune disorders in some dogs.
--Psychological factors. Boredom, anxiety, anger, and frustration aren’t often the starting trigger of skin problems, but they exacerbate other causes.
Understanding the causes of dog hot spots can help with hot spot prevention.
Canine hot spots can usually be prevented with good care. But even basic good dog care or good puppy care may not be enough. You really need to give great puppy care to be sure your puppy never has to suffer the pain of canine hot spots.
Here are six steps you can take to save our puppy from hot spots:
1. Feed your dog a high quality dog food.
2. Give your dog pure water.
3. Keep environmental toxins down to a minimum.
4. Be sure your dog is given plenty of exercise and mental stimulation to avoid boredom licking.
5. Don’t get unnecessary vaccinations.
6. When possible, use natural pest-control methods like tea tree oil and garlic.
Canine hot spots are no fun for puppies or dogs, nor are they much fun for dog parents, who, of course, hate to see their canine kids suffer. Part of being a good new dog parent is taking the right steps for hot spot prevention.
About the Author: Andrea Rains Waggener, author of Dog Parenting—How to Have an Outrageously Happy, Well-adjusted Canine, offers puppy care help at http://www.puppycarehelp.com.
|
<urn:uuid:88484805-80be-4062-a576-c32a3240087d>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://articles.whmsoft.com/index.php?get_videos_links=0&videos_subject=Pets&identifier=49-article-15622.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423787.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721162430-20170721182430-00129.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930531 | 605 | 2.5625 | 3 | 2.041178 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Health
|
If accepted by the other Montreal Protocol Parties, the proposal would deliver climate mitigation equivalent to preventing over 100 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions. This is 10 to 20 times the mitigation under the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period (see graph) assuming full compliance.
The Federated States of Micronesia submitted a similar proposal on HFCs last night as well. This is the fourth year in a row the tiny island nation has lead efforts to strengthen climate protection under the Montreal Protocol.
'HFCs are a big target that can be eliminated through the world's best environmental treaty, and at a very low cost-maybe $4 billion,' said Durwood Zaelke, President of the Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development. 'The North American Parties know that eliminating one of the six Kyoto gases will give us the fast mitigation we need to avoid passing tipping points for abrupt and potentially catastrophic climate impacts,' he added. 'That would be one down, and five to go. But first we need to bring the rest of the Parties on board.'
The Montreal Protocol has already phased out nearly 100 dangerous gases and chemicals, reducing climate emissions by up to 222 billion tonnes of CO2-eq. and delaying climate change by up to 12 years. Because HFCs have the same uses as earlier chemicals controlled by the Montreal Protocol, the treaty is ideally equipped to ensure a cost-effective, efficient, and orderly phase-down of HFCs.
'We appreciate the leadership shown by the North American countries,' said Ambassador Masao Nakayama, Micronesia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations.. 'A fast HFC phase-down could buy a decade of delay in equivalent CO2 emissions and give the world the time we need to phase down all other greenhouse gases.'
The phase-down of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol is essential for achieving the science-based goal of over 100 countries to reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases to 350 ppm and limit temperature increases to a global average of 1.5°C. For low-lying islands and other vulnerable countries, 'failure to achieve these goals will threaten our homes, way of life, and, in some cases, our very existence,' said Ambassador Nakayama.
'Uncontrolled growth of HFCs will offset the benefits of reducing carbon dioxide,' said Zaelke. 'The only way we can gain ground is by phasing down HFCs and other non-CO2 greenhouse gases and aerosols, along with aggressive CO2 cuts.'
More than 40 Parties expressed their support for taking action on HFCs by joining a declaration by Micronesia at the last Montreal Protocol meeting in November 2009. However, a series of challenges kept the Parties from reaching consensus on the HFC proposals.
Last year, the HFC phase-down was considered premature by some Parties, who wanted to first agree on the funding for the accelerated HCFC phase-out agreed to in 2007. Earlier this month, the funding issue was resolved when guidelines were agreed upon for releasing the $490 million for phasing out HCFCs. The decision was made by the Executive Committee of the Montreal Protocol's funding mechanism, known as the Multilateral Fund.
The Multilateral Fund also agreed to pay a 25% premium for climate benefits when phasing out HCFCs, above and beyond the ozone-only cost-effective thresholds, where the project will provide climate benefits. This provides an incentive for countries to choose energy efficient, low‐global warming potential (GWP) replacements instead of high‐GWP HFCs when phasing out HCFCs.
This is the first time any treaty has taken this innovative approach. This year, there is also more information available about a growing choice of alternatives for at least half of HFC use, including for mobile air conditioning, representing one-third of global HFC use, and foams, representing one-fifth of use. Companies are motivated to avoid HFCs.
Another issue last year was the insistence by some Parties that a phase-down of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol should wait for the Copenhagen climate negotiations to play out.
With many of these issues now resolved, the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and Micronesia are optimistic that the Montreal Protocol Parties will be ready to phase down HFCs this year.
'This could be the single biggest climate play this year,' added Zaelke. 'Passing it up would be Planetary negligence. The U.S. has taken the first big step in the right direction, but success will require follow-through, including Presidential leadership in the run-up to the annual meeting in November.'
In addition to phasing down HFCs, the U.S. and rest of the world should also be taking action on the other short-lived climate forcers, like black carbon, methane, and tropospheric ozone. These 'fast-action' strategies will be critical to avoiding the tipping points for abrupt climate change in the near-term.
|
<urn:uuid:1b67d1d4-8227-4672-a445-c1a89258a8d9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
https://www.agriculture-xprt.com/news/north-american-countries-target-super-greenhouse-gases-166160
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721355.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00258-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936494 | 1,023 | 2.84375 | 3 | 3.038096 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
What does Water Temperature Really Mean?
It’s one thing to hear that the water temperature is 65 degrees, but it can be quite another to put your feet into it and really feel how cold it is! It can be hard to understand just what exactly water temperature means without firsthand experience.
Fortunately, we’re here to help! We have looked at several different water temperature ranges and have put together the following guide to help you understand what you’re getting into when you go for a cold water swim.
Note: The descriptions provided below are what will happen if you jump into the water, unprotected and without any training. If you practice swimming in water of increasingly colder temperatures, you will find it all the more bearable because of it.
Above 77 Degrees
If you’ve ever stepped into a pool and the water didn’t feel cold on your feet, you probably stepped into water where the temperature was over 77 degrees. This is actually the temperature they use for the pools the Olympic Athletes compete in! They do this to keep the athletes at their best. Cold water can affect your breathing and be a shock to the system, so when you are swimming competitively, you definitely want the water to be as warm as possible.
77 Degrees - 70 Degrees
This is likely the range most of the water you have swam in was. While it’s not as immediately comfortable to swim in as something above 77 degrees, this is certainly by no means uncomfortable or dangerous. However, your breathing can be negatively affected by this temperature, though not enough to be harmful.
70 Degrees - 60 Degrees
Now things are getting chilly! This water temperature is, unless you are accustomed to it, probably uncomfortably cold. Your breathing will be harder to maintain in this temperature, and you won’t be able to hold your breath nearly as long as you would otherwise. You may not think you’ll need it, but a good wetsuit will go a long way toward keeping you swimming in this kind of water.
60 Degrees - 50 Degrees
This water temperature, if you jump right in, can lead to hyperventilating if you aren’t careful. If you are unaccustomed to cold water, you might find yourself going into shock. Shock brought on by cold water does not change depending on the coldness of the water that causes it, so if you go into shock at 50 degree water it will be just as powerful if the water was 35 degrees.. While the actual temperature in which you will go into shock will vary from person to person, you should always be careful.
That’s not to say you can’t swim in these temperatures, but it is recommended that you not only prepare physically but that you have the proper protection needed to ensure a safe and enjoyable swim. Wetsuits and other protections are a must, and you should never swim in these temperatures alone.
Below 50 Degrees
If you jump into water colder than 50 degrees without any protection, the coldness in the water will be painful and a huge shock to your system. You may go into shock and lose control of your breathing. Protection is, again, required and you should train your body long before jumping in so that you arr more prepared for the plunge!
As the water temperature gets colder, such as 40 degrees or even 35, the effect on your body does not change all that much. You will go into shock at the same speed in 50 degree water as you will at 40. Thus, you should take similar precautions. Wetsuits, gloves, booties, and so on.
Before you swim in colder water, you should definitely take the time to acclimate your body to water of such temperatures before jumping right in. It can take time for your body to adjust to these waters, but if you work at it, a little at a time, you will start to find the water much more bearable.
There are some health benefits to swimming in cold water, so if you want to take advantage of these benefits, make sure that you train your body and mind for it first.
|
<urn:uuid:d44873e3-41bc-45c9-8301-cf07f8191ada>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://www.swimoutlet.com/blogs/guides/what-does-water-temperature-really-mean
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585209.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018190451-20211018220451-00419.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957342 | 857 | 2.765625 | 3 | 1.65514 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Sports & Fitness
|
BRAIN TRAIN: The Muse headset from InteraXon is a 4-sensor headband that measures your state of mind. It has 2 sensors on the forehead and 2 behind the ears. It can help you maintain concentration and focus by alerting you to when your mind is drifting off-topic or by helping you to relax or sharpen your mind. The headband comes with a brain-training app and an SDK for others to create their own applications. The headset connects via wireless or Bluetooth to various common smartphones and computers and includes a rechargeable battery. Imagine schoolkids with access to these headbands. See video here.
WALK THIS WAY: A team at Glasgow Caledonian University are using 3D printers to quickly make orthotic devices that are more supportive than traditionally made devices. In the past a foot mould was created in plaster then plastic was added around it by hand.
The whole process took several weeks. In the new process motion sensor cameras measure the exact proportions of the leg or foot then a 3D printer builds up layers of plastic to create the insole or splint. And it would be easy to produce spares, or orthotics in various colours.
SHAKE IT OFF: Scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are using carbon nanotubes to create material that repels chemical and biological agents. The fabric is intended for military uniforms. To stop soldiers from becoming overheated the fabric in their uniforms needs to be able to breathe. But that openness makes them vulnerable to attack by chemical or biological agents. The new fabric will block biologic agents with a small pore size on the nanotubes, though chemicals could still slip through. An agent on the fabric will respond to chemical threats by closing the pores and also by shedding a layer of the fabric. Like a dog, a good shake and they could be safely on their way.
HARBOUR RUN: When it comes to driving warships new recruits aren't let loose on the real thing. At the Britannia Royal Naval College in the UK trainees are immersed in real-world harbour scenarios through almost a gigabyte of actual photographs displayed on 180 degrees of wrap-around screens. A graphics specialist spent 5 days and nights photographing every aspect of Portsmouth Harbour in various conditions to create a scene that's so realistic trainees forget they're on a training bridge rather than the real thing. 10 high-spec computers drive the simulation which can also recreate a lookout's view through binoculars. Which makes you wonder how they were trained in the days before computers.
BAGS OF RUN: The Urban Crew backpack from iSafe aims to protect you from assailants. Pull a cord and it sets off two 125-decibel sirens and a set of flashing strobes. The sirens are loud enough to cause hearing damage, and painful enough to make an assailant flee. Two batteries power the siren for 2 hours and the strobes for up to 60 hours. Perhaps it should include emergency earplugs for the owner. See video here.
|
<urn:uuid:bd356833-47da-4fd3-b5ee-f46c1347bfe3>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-06
|
http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10842731
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121744242.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174904-00013-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946595 | 615 | 2.734375 | 3 | 2.106822 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
- This procedure describes the process for combining quiz sets into an assessment. To create a pool of questions from which a subset will be drawn see Link this, Course Assessments - Creating a Question Pool
- Begin at the Learning Object Repository , on the leftmost toolbar
- Click on a repository name (e.g. Library Repository Pullman or your own personal repository)
- Navigate to Assessments / Course Assessments
Obs.: Collaboration with courses will span multiple semesters. A clean shared space will be maintained by using the following structure in the Course Assessments directory:
Course Name / Course Name Semester Year / content. e.g.: World Civ 111 / World Civ 111 Fall 2011 / World Civ 111 Quiz.
- Click on "Add Content"
Click "Folder" to create a folder for the course
- All assessments, quizzes and essays for the course are to be placed here
- Name the folder according to the course name, e.g. "Geology 101"
- Click on "Add Content"
- Select Assessment
Fill in page settings
- Title: create a name for the assessment
- Click on "Advanced" radio button to enable the HTML editor
- Add quiz instructions to the "Page Text" area. These will be visible to the student before beginning the assignment. E. g.: "This quiz is included as part of your grade for the course. Each question has only one correct answer"
- The "View Restrictions" start and end dates control what appears to the student. It does not make an assessment or tutorial able to be interacted with, that function is controlled using the Interaction tab.
- It is recommended to leave the start and end dates in the "Access" tab alone
- In "View Restrictions" section, set the "Viewable By" option to Members
- Do not modify "Delivery settings" at this point, they will be assigned once the assessment has been published into a course
"Display Settings" section
- Select "Question at a time"
"Question Set Defaults" section
- Check "Randomize the order in which questions are delivered"
- Check "Randomize the order of each question's answer options"
"Submission Settings" section
- Set the number of Attempts Allowed
- Deselect all feedback options except Overall score, as displayed below
- Content tab
Select "Add Question"
- Do not click "Add Question Set"
- Select Copy Questions from an assessment (there are other options available, though this should be the standard one)
Use the Choose Assessment dropdown box to select the appropriate quiz set
- Click "Go" button
- Select the questions that you need to copy or use the "select all on this page" option
- Click "Ok" button
- To combine questions from additional sets, repeat steps 12-16
|
<urn:uuid:d997bc91-0168-40ee-ba1f-f205107f7ae1>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://wsulibs.wsu.edu/content/angel-documentation-course-assessments-combining-tutorial-quiz-sets-assessment
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164575861/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134255-00077-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.837452 | 603 | 2.6875 | 3 | 1.514137 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
Growing Old in America: Expectations vs. Reality
Overview and Executive Summary
Getting old isn’t nearly as bad as people think it will be. Nor is it quite as good.
On aspects of everyday life ranging from mental acuity to physical dexterity to sexual activity to financial security, a new Pew Research Center Social & Demographic Trends survey on aging among a nationally representative sample of 2,969 adults finds a sizable gap between the expectations that young and middle-aged adults have about old age and the actual experiences reported by older Americans themselves.
These disparities come into sharpest focus when survey respondents are asked about a series of negative benchmarks often associated with aging, such as illness, memory loss, an inability to drive, an end to sexual activity, a struggle with loneliness and depression, and difficulty paying bills. In every instance, older adults report experiencing them at lower levels (often far lower) than younger adults report expecting to encounter them when they grow old.1
At the same time, however, older adults report experiencing fewer of the benefits of aging that younger adults expect to enjoy when they grow old, such as spending more time with their family, traveling more for pleasure, having more time for hobbies, doing volunteer work or starting a second career.
These generation gaps in perception also extend to the most basic question of all about old age: When does it begin? Survey respondents ages 18 to 29 believe that the average person becomes old at age 60. Middle-aged respondents put the threshold closer to 70, and respondents ages 65 and above say that the average person does not become old until turning 74.
Other potential markers of old age–such as forgetfulness, retirement, becoming sexually inactive, experiencing bladder control problems, getting gray hair, having grandchildren–are the subjects of similar perceptual gaps. For example, nearly two-thirds of adults ages 18 to 29 believe that when someone “frequently forgets familiar names,” that person is old. Less than half of all adults ages 30 and older agree.
However, a handful of potential markers–failing health, an inability to live independently, an inability to drive, difficulty with stairs–engender agreement across all generations about the degree to which they serve as an indicator of old age.
Grow Older, Feel Younger
The survey findings would seem to confirm the old saw that you’re never too old to feel young. In fact, it shows that the older people get, the younger they feel–relatively speaking. Among 18 to 29 year-olds, about half say they feel their age, while about quarter say they feel older than their age and another quarter say they feel younger. By contrast, among adults 65 and older, fully 60% say they feel younger than their age, compared with 32% who say they feel exactly their age and just 3% who say they feel older than their age.
Moreover, the gap in years between actual age and “felt age” widens as people grow older. Nearly half of all survey respondents ages 50 and older say they feel at least 10 years younger than their chronological age. Among respondents ages 65 to 74, a third say they feel 10 to 19 years younger than their age, and one-in-six say they feel at least 20 years younger than their actual age.
In sync with this upbeat way of counting their felt age, older adults also have a count-my-blessings attitude when asked to look back over the full arc of their lives. Nearly half (45%) of adults ages 75 and older say their life has turned out better than they expected, while just 5% say it has turned out worse (the remainder say things have turned out the way they expected or have no opinion). All other age groups also tilt positive, but considerably less so, when asked to assess their lives so far against their own expectations.
The Downside of Getting Old
To be sure, there are burdens that come with old age. About one-in-four adults ages 65 and older report experiencing memory loss. About one-in-five say they have a serious illness, are not sexually active, or often feel sad or depressed. About one-in-six report they are lonely or have trouble paying bills. One-in-seven cannot drive. One-in-ten say they feel they aren’t needed or are a burden to others.
But when it comes to these and other potential problems related to old age, the share of younger and middle-aged adults who report expecting to encounter them is much higher than the share of older adults who report actually experiencing them.
Moreover, these problems are not equally shared by all groups of older adults. Those with low incomes are more likely than those with high incomes to face these challenges. The only exception to this pattern has to do with sexual inactivity; the likelihood of older adults reporting a problem in this realm of life is not correlated with income.
Not surprisingly, troubles associated with aging accelerate as adults advance into their 80s and beyond. For example, about four-in-ten respondents (41%) ages 85 and older say they are experiencing some memory loss, compared with 27% of those ages 75-84 and 20% of those ages 65-74. Similarly, 30% of those ages 85 and older say they often feel sad or depressed, compared with less than 20% of those who are 65-84. And a quarter of adults ages 85 and older say they no longer drive, compared with 17% of those ages 75-84 and 10% of those who are 65-74.
But even in the face of these challenges, the vast majority of the “old old” in our survey appear to have made peace with their circumstances. Only a miniscule share of adults ages 85 and older–1%–say their lives have turned out worse than they expected. It no doubt helps that adults in their late 80s are as likely as those in their 60s and 70s to say that they are experiencing many of the good things associated with aging–be it time with family, less stress, more respect or more financial security.
The Upside of Getting Old
When asked about a wide range of potential benefits of old age, seven-in-ten respondents ages 65 and older say they are enjoying more time with their family. About two-thirds cite more time for hobbies, more financial security and not having to work. About six-in-ten say they get more respect and feel less stress than when they were younger. Just over half cite more time to travel and to do volunteer work. As the nearby chart illustrates, older adults may not be experiencing these “upsides” at quite the prevalence levels that most younger adults expect to enjoy them once they grow old, but their responses nonetheless indicate that the phrase “golden years” is something more than a syrupy greeting card sentiment.
Of all the good things about getting old, the best by far, according to older adults, is being able to spend more time with family members. In response to an open-ended question, 28% of those ages 65 and older say that what they value most about being older is the chance to spend more time with family, and an additional 25% say that above all, they value time with their grandchildren. A distant third on this list is having more financial security, which was cited by 14% of older adults as what they value most about getting older.
People Are Living Longer
These survey findings come at a time when older adults account for record shares of the populations of the United States and most developed countries. Some 39 million Americans, or 13% of the U.S. population, are 65 and older–up from 4% in 1900. The century-long expansion in the share of the world’s population that is 65 and older is the product of dramatic advances in medical science and public health as well as steep declines in fertility rates. In this country, the increase has leveled off since 1990, but it will start rising again when the first wave of the nation’s 76 million baby boomers turn 65 in 2011. By 2050, according to Pew Research projections, about one-in-five Americans will be over age 65, and about 5% will be ages 85 and older, up from 2% now. These ratios will put the U.S. at mid-century roughly where Japan, Italy and Germany–the three “oldest” large countries in the world–are today.
Contacting Older Adults
Any survey that focuses on older adults confronts one obvious methodological challenge: A small but not insignificant share of people 65 and older are either too ill or incapacitated to take part in a 20-minute telephone survey, or they live in an institutional setting such as a nursing home where they cannot be contacted.2
We assume that the older adults we were unable to reach for these reasons have a lower quality of life, on average, than those we did reach. To mitigate this problem, the survey included interviews with more than 800 adults whose parents are ages 65 or older. We asked these adult children many of the same questions about their parents’ lives that we asked of older adults about their own lives. These “surrogate” respondents provide a window on the experiences of the full population of older adults, including those we could not reach directly. Not surprisingly, the portrait of old age they draw is somewhat more negative than the one painted by older adult respondents themselves. We present a summary of these second-hand observations at the end of Section I in the belief that the two perspectives complement one another and add texture to our report.
Perceptions about Aging
The Generation Gap, Circa 2009. In a 1969 Gallup Poll, 74% of respondents said there was a generation gap, with the phrase defined in the survey question as “a major difference in the point of view of younger people and older people today.” When the same question was asked a decade later, in 1979, by CBS and The New York Times, just 60% perceived a generation gap. But in perhaps the single most intriguing finding in this new Pew Research survey, the share that say there is a generation gap has spiked to 79%–despite the fact that there have been few overt generational conflicts in recent times of the sort that roiled the 1960s. It could be that the phrase now means something different, and less confrontational, than it did at the height of the counterculture’s defiant challenges to the establishment 40 years ago. Whatever the current understanding of the term “generation gap,” roughly equal shares of young, middle-aged and older respondents in the new survey agree that such a gap exists. The most common explanation offered by respondents of all ages has to do with differences in morality, values and work ethic. Relatively few cite differences in political outlook or in uses of technology.
When Does Old Age Begin? At 68. That’s the average of all answers from the 2,969 survey respondents. But as noted above, this average masks a wide, age-driven variance in responses. More than half of adults under 30 say the average person becomes old even before turning 60. Just 6% of adults who are 65 or older agree. Moreover, gender as well as age influences attitudes on this subject. Women, on average, say a person becomes old at age 70. Men, on average, put the number at 66. In addition, on all 10 of the non-chronological potential markers of old age tested in this survey, men are more inclined than women to say the marker is a proxy for old age.
Are You Old? Certainly not! Public opinion in the aggregate may decree that the average person becomes old at age 68, but you won’t get too far trying to convince people that age that the threshold applies to them. Among respondents ages 65-74, just 21% say they feel old. Even among those who are 75 and older, just 35% say they feel old.
What Age Would You Like to Live To? The average response from our survey respondents is 89. One-in-five would like to live into their 90s, and 8% say they’d like to surpass the century mark. The public’s verdict on the most desirable life span appears to have ratcheted down a bit in recent years. A 2002 AARP survey found that the average desired life span was 92.
What Do Older People Do Every Day? Among all adults ages 65 and older, nine-in-ten talk with family or friends every day. About eight-in-ten read a book, newspaper or magazine, and the same share takes a prescription drug daily. Three-quarters watch more than a hour of television; about the same share prays daily. Nearly two-thirds drive a car. Less than half spend time on a hobby. About four-in-ten take a nap; about the same share goes shopping. Roughly one-in-four use the internet, get vigorous exercise or have trouble sleeping. Just 4% get into an argument with someone. As adults move deeper into their 70s and 80s, daily activity levels diminish on most fronts–especially when it comes to exercising and driving. On the other hand, daily prayer and daily medication both increase with age.
Are Older Adults Happy? They’re about as happy as everyone else. And perhaps more importantly, the same factors that predict happiness among younger adults–good health, good friends and financial security–by and large predict happiness among older adults. However, there are a few age-related differences in life’s happiness sweepstakes. Most notably, once all other key demographic variables are held constant, being married is a predictor of happiness among younger adults but not among older adults (perhaps because a significant share of the latter group is made up of widows or widowers, many of whom presumably have “banked” some of the key marriage-related correlates of happiness, such as financial security and a strong family life). Among all older adults, happiness varies very little by age, gender or race.
Retirement and Old Age. Retirement is a place without clear borders. Fully 83% of adults ages 65 and older describe themselves as retired, but the word means different things to different people. Just three-quarters of adults (76%) 65 and older fit the classic stereotype of the retiree who has completely left the working world behind.
An additional 8% say they are retired but are working part time, while 2% say they are retired but working full time and 3% say they are retired but looking for work. The remaining 11% of the 65-and-older population describe themselves as still in the labor force, though not all of them have jobs. Whatever the fuzziness around these definitions, one trend is crystal clear from government data3: After falling steadily for decades, the labor force participate rate of older adults began to trend back upward about 10 years ago. In the Pew Research survey, the average retiree is 75 years old and retired at age 62.
Living Arrangements. More than nine-in-ten respondents ages 65 and older live in thei
r own home or apartment, and the vast majority are either very satisfied (67%) or somewhat satisfied (21%) with their living arrangements. However, many living patterns change as adults advance into older age. For example, just 30% of adults ages 65-74 say they live alone, compared with 66% of adults ages 85 and above. Also, just 2% of adults ages 65-74 and 4% of adults ages 75-84 say they live in an assisted living facility, compared with 15% of those ages 85 and above.
Old-School Social Networking. The great majority of adults ages 65 and older (81%) say they have people around them, other than family, on whom they can rely on for social activities and companionship. About three-quarters say they have someone they can talk to when they have a personal problem; six-in-ten say they have someone they can turn to for help with errands, appointments and other daily activities. On the flip side of the coin, three-in-ten older adults say they “often” help out other older adults who are in need of assistance, and an additional 35% say they sometimes do this. Most of these social connections remain intact as older adults continue to age, but among those 85 and above, the share that say they often or sometimes provide assistance to others drops to 44%.
The Twitter Revolution Hasn’t Landed Here. If there’s one realm of modern life where old and young behave very differently, it’s in the adoption of newfangled information technologies. Just four-in-ten adults ages 65-74 use the internet on a daily basis, and that share drops to just one-in-six among adults 75 and above. By contrast, three-quarters of adults ages 18-30 go online daily. The generation gap is even wider when it comes to cell phones and text messages. Among adults 65 and older, just 5% get most or all of their calls on a cell phone, and just 11% sometimes use their cell phone to send or receive a text message. For adults under age 30, the comparable figures are 72% and 87%, respectively.
Religion and Old Age. Religion is a far bigger part of the lives of older adults than younger adults. Two-thirds of adults ages 65 and older say religion is very important to them, compared with just over half of those ages 30 to 49 and just 44% of those ages 18 to 29. Moreover, among adults ages 65 and above, a third (34%) say religion has grown more important to them over the course of their lives, while just 4% say it has become less important and the majority (60%) say it has stayed the same. Among those who are over 65 and report having an illness or feeling sad, the share who say that religion has become more important to them rises to 43%.
Staying in Touch with the Kids. Nearly nine-in-ten adults (87%) ages 65 and older have children. Of this group, just over half are in contact with a son or daughter every day, and an additional 40% are in contact with at least one child–either in person, by phone or by email–at least once a week. Mothers and daughters are in the most frequent contact; fathers and daughters the least. Sons fall in the middle, and they keep in touch with older mothers and fathers at equal rates. Overall, three-quarters of adults who have a parent or parents ages 65 and older say they are very satisfied with their relationship with their parent(s), but that share falls to 62% if a parent needs help caring for his or her needs.
Was the Great Bard Mistaken? Shakespeare wrote that the last of the “seven ages of man” is a second childhood. Through the centuries, other poets and philosophers have observed that parents and children often reverse roles as parents grow older. Not so, says the Pew Research survey. Just 12% of parents ages 65 and older say they generally rely on their children more than their children rely on them. An additional 14% say their children rely more on them. The majority–58%–says neither relies on the other, and 13% say they rely on one another equally. Responses to this question from children of older parents are broadly similar.
Intergenerational Transfers within Families. Despite these reported patterns of non-reliance, older parents and their adult children do help each other out in a variety of ways. However, the perspectives on these transfers of money and time differ by generation. For example, about half (51%) of parents ages 65 and older say they have given their children money in the past year, while just 14% say their children have given them money. The intra-family accounting comes out quite differently from the perspective of adult children. Among survey respondents who have a parent or parents ages 65 or older, a quarter say they received money from a parent in the past year, while an almost equal share (21%) say they gave money to their parent(s). There are similar difference in perception, by generation, about who helps whom with errands and other daily activities. (To be clear, the survey did not interview specific pairs of parents and children; rather, it contacted random samples who fell into these and other demographic categories.) Not surprisingly, as parents advance deeper into old age, both they and the adult children who have such parents report that the balance of assistance tilts more toward children helping parents.
Conversations about End-of-Life Matters. More than three-quarters of adults ages 65 and older say they’ve talked with their children about their wills; nearly two-thirds say they’ve talked about what to do if they can no longer make their own medical decisions, and more than half say they’ve talked with their children about what to do if they can no longer live independently. Similar shares of adult children of older parents report having had these conversations. Parents and adult children agree that it is the parents who generally initiate these conversations, though 70% of older adults report that this is the case, compared with just 52% of children of older parents who say the same.
About the Survey
Results for this report are from a telephone survey conducted with a nationally representative sample of 2,969 adults living in the continental United States. A combination of landline and cellular random digit dial (RDD) samples were used to cover all adults in the continental United States who have access to either a landline or cellular telephone. In addition, oversamples of adults 65 and older as well as blacks and Hispa
nics were obtained. The black and Hispanic oversamples were achieved by oversampling landline exchanges with more black and Hispanic residents as well as callbacks to blacks and Hispanics interviewed in previous surveys. A total of 2,417 interviews were completed with respondents contacted by landline telephone and 552 with those contacted on their cellular phone. The data are weighted to produce a final sample that is representative of the general population of adults in the continental United States. Survey interviews were conducted under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates (PSRA).
- Interviews were conducted Feb. 23-March 23, 2009.
- There were 2,969 interviews, including 1,332 with respondents 65 or older. The older respondents included 799 whites, 293 blacks and 161 Hispanics.
- Margin of sampling error is plus or minus 2.6 percentage points for results based on the total sample and 3.7 percentage points for adults who are 65 and older at the 95% confidence level
- For data reported by race or ethnicity, the margin of sampling error is plus or minus 3.5 percentage points for the sample of older whites, plus or minus 7.4 percentage points for older blacks and plus or minus 10.3 percentage points for older Hispanics.
- Note on terminology: Whites include only non-Hispanic whites. Blacks include only non-Hispanic blacks. Hispanics are of any race.
About the Focus Groups
With the assistance of PSRA, the Pew Research Center conducted four focus groups earlier this year in Baltimore, Md. Two groups were made up of adults ages 65 and older; two others were made up of adults with parents ages 65 and older. Our purpose was to listen to ordinary Americans talk about the challenges and pleasures of growing old, and the stories we heard during those focus groups helped us shape our survey questionnaire. Focus group participants were told that they might be quoted in this report, but we promised not to quote them by name. The quotations interspersed throughout these pages are drawn from these focus group conversations.
About the Report
This report was edited and the overview written by Paul Taylor, executive vice president of the Pew Research Center and director of its Social & Demographic Trends project. Sections I, II and III were written by Senior Researcher Kim Parker. Section IV was written by Research Associate Wendy Wang and Taylor. Section V was written by Senior Editor Richard Morin. The Demographics Section was written by Senior Writer D’Vera Cohn and the data was compiled by Wang. Led by Ms. Parker, the full Social & Demographic Trends staff wrote the survey questionnaire and conducted the analysis of its findings. The regression analysis we used to examine the predictors of happiness among older and younger adults was done by a consultant, Cary L. Funk, associate professor in the Wilder School of Government at Virginia Commonwealth University. The report was copy-edited by Marcia Kramer of Kramer Editing Services. It was number checked by Pew Research Center staff members Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, Daniel Dockterman and Cristina Mercado. We wish to thank other PRC colleagues who offered research and editorial guidance, including Andrew Kohut, Scott Keeter, Gretchen Livingston, Jeffrey Passel, Rakesh Kochhar and Richard Fry.
Read the full report for more details.
- See Page 6 for a discussion of the challenges of reaching a representative sample of older adults with a telephone survey. ↩
- According to U.S. Census Bureau figures, about 5% of all adults ages 65 and older are in a nursing home. For adults ages 85 and older, this figure rises to about 17%. ↩
- Changes in Social Security legislation, along with the transition from defined-benefit to defined-contribution pension plans, have in recent years increased incentives to work at older ages. For more detail, see Abraham Mosisa and Steven Hipple, “Trends in Labor Force Participation in the United States,” Monthly Labor Review (October 2006): 35-57. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the labor force participation rate of adults 65 and over (that is, the share of this population that is either employed or actively looking for work) rose to 16.8% in 2008 from 12.9% in 2000. ↩
|
<urn:uuid:3d3e2f88-af9d-4b90-b013-1c4be7ee7fdc>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2009/06/29/growing-old-in-america-expectations-vs-reality/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218194601.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212954-00591-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968396 | 5,345 | 2.765625 | 3 | 2.955691 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Social Life
|
NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Tuesday, August 4, 2015
I have read that CFL lights emit dirty electricity and can cause cancer. Can you give me any info on this and do you think they can safely be used in the home? Thank you.
There may be some confusion about terminology here. Light bulbs of any kind do not emit electricity; they emit light, which is electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths. Electricity, or the movement of electrons through a medium (for example a metal wire), powers those light bulbs. In the case of CFUs, the electricity excites the gases inside the bulb and photons of light are emitted. There are wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that can cause cancer, for example ultraviolet light, gamma radiation, etc.
The light emitted from CFUs is in the visible spectrum, including some in the ultraviolet and blue wavelengths, but, to my knowledge, cannot disrupt the chemical bonds of big molecules (like genes and chromosomes). These kinds of disruptions would be necessary for CFUs to produce illnesses like cancers. It is possible that individuals with rare skin disorders that make them sensitive to light could have worsened symptoms. Also, very close proximity (less than about 8 inches) to the bulb for extended periods could result in exposures exceeding workplace recommendations for UV light skin and eye exposures. This would have to be an unlikely occurrence.
A separate issue is the contents of CFUs, which, as mentioned earlier, include gases. A small amount of mercury is also in the gases of CFUs and users should avoid breaking these bulbs and should take them to centers that can recycle them properly. You can find out where to take them by contacting someone in your local health department (city or county). Usually a county will have a solid waste authority (in central Ohio this is SWACO, or the Solid Waste Authority of Central Ohio). These folks should be set up to accept burned out bulbs and can dispose of them properly. The mercury in these bulbs is a concern, but we are exposed to a great deal more mercury through the burning of coal to create electricity.
Practicing energy conservation by reducing the amount of electricity we use (with CFUs, turning off unneeded lights, having the house warmer in the summer and cooler in the winter, etc.) will significantly reduce pollutants such as mercury, and also fine particulate matter (soot), and other primary pollutants. I think the bottom line is that these bulbs can be used safely in the home. Pay attention, handle them with care, and dispose of them properly.
J Mac Crawford, PhD, RN
Clinical Associate Professor of Environmental Health Sciences
College of Public Health
The Ohio State University
|
<urn:uuid:f2467b61-5a18-4c11-84bb-2a0b75969a55>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-32
|
https://www.netwellness.org/question.cfm/79635.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990603.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00319-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938077 | 566 | 2.75 | 3 | 2.430082 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Health
|
The body has two kidneys that are situated in a parallel position just a little below the rib cage.
One kidney is slightly higher than the other to make room for other organs though. The kidneys have several different functions that are vital to a person’s survival, but their main purpose is to filter out impurities and toxins.
So if either of them starts to atrophy because of damage from a disease or infection, then it can make someone very sick.
Because of this, this article will offer in-depth information about the causes of an atrophic kidney and some of the ways that doctors can treat it.
What is an Atrophic Kidney?
According to the Medical Library of Utah, an atrophic kidney is a kidney that has become considerably smaller than it is supposed to be.(1)
Usually, this condition only occurs in one of the kidneys at a time, but on rare occasions, it can happen to both of the kidneys simultaneously.
Those individuals who have been born with a horseshoe-shaped kidney have a higher risk of its occurrence since their kidneys are not separated as they are supposed to be.
But there has to be other factors at play for them to get the condition. Having a horseshoe-shaped kidney alone is not enough to cause a person to develop atrophy in the organ.
According to Kidney Healthy, a kidney can start to atrophy for the following reasons:(2)
The first cause of an atrophic kidney is a bacterial infection in the bladder or urinary tract, which goes untreated for a long period of time. This bacteria spreads to the kidneys and attacks them, so they become weakened.
Diabetes is another risk factor because the condition causes a person to not be able to heal properly. It also increases inflammation in the arteries, damages the nerves, and makes the organs not function properly. And even if a person is doing their best to keep their sugar under control through medications, they may still develop kidney damage as a side effect from them.
The next way that a kidney can atrophy is if its supply of blood is reduced or cut off. This usually occurs in people who have developed a blood clot in their renal artery. But it can also occur if a person has arteriosclerosis from inflammation and high cholesterol.
And lastly, there are occasions when someone has an atrophied kidney because of birth defects due to diseases or injuries while they were still in the womb. Of course, this cause of atrophic kidney is seen most often in small children who are still developing.
What are the Symptoms of an Atrophic Kidney?
According to the National Institute of Health, the symptoms of this type of kidney problem are dependent upon what the main cause of the condition is.(3) If it is due to a bacterial infection, then a person will at first feel like they are getting a bad case of the flu.
A fever will develop, and they might feel a general sense of malaise and weakness.
There will also be a noticeable increase in the amount of urine output as the kidneys attempt to flush the infection out. The worst thing about this symptom is that urination is painful each time because of the way a person has to bear down to push the urine out. The pressure of the muscles against the kidneys is quite unpleasant to say the least.
Sometimes, the damage to the kidney is so severe that internal bleeding will occur. This can be identified by the blood that starts to pass in the urine and the mottled, bruised appearance of the skin over the abdomen.
If blood flow to the kidneys is being restricted from a blood clot or arteriosclerosis, then a person will start to feel pain on the side of the body where the atrophic kidney is located. The pain will gravitate towards the back, so it can easily be confused with a pulled muscle.
Nausea and vomiting will set in shortly thereafter, which causes most people with this condition to struggle with being able to eat more than a few bites of food at a time.
How is This Condition Treated?
The following types of treatments are available:
In cases of a bacterial infection that has been verified with a blood or urine test, the Mayo Clinic says that a doctor will order a ten-day prescription for antibiotics.(4)
Sometimes, if the infection is severe, a person with the condition will have to be admitted to the hospital to receive the medication intravenously while their urine is taken for testing at regular intervals. This allows a doctor to be able to check their progress and switch medications if need be.
It should be noted that it is rare for ten days of antibiotics to be enough to rid the body of this type of infection. More often than not, a person will have to continue the course of treatment for at least a week or more beyond this. It just depends on how strong their immune system was before the infection occurred.
Blood Clot Removal
Blood clots that are reducing blood flow to the kidneys have to be handled very carefully according to HealthHype because if they dislodge, they could end up heading straight to the heart, lungs, or brain, which could cause a stroke or heart attack.(5)
So a doctor must first identify the exact location of the clot in the renal artery that is restricting the blood flow, then attempt to remove it through surgery. This in itself is dangerous, but there is often no other way to remove the blockage.
Blood-clot filters or blood thinners won’t work fast enough to increase the amount of oxygenated blood and nutrition that the kidney gets, so it will completely shut down.
To test how well the atrophic kidney is functioning, a doctor will check the creatine levels of the body. If they are too high, then dialysis has to be started. Otherwise, toxins will quickly overload the body.
However, dialysis is only done if the kidney still has a chance to be saved. If the blood flow has been blocked for too long, then the kidney could be too far gone.
The next course of treatment is surgery. While having two functioning kidneys is ideal, a person can survive with just one. So after the atrophic kidney is removed, Medline Plus says that the body can return to a state of good health again.(6)
However, if for any reason the other kidney becomes atrophied too, then a person will have to be put on an organ donor list. Or they can choose to be hooked up to a dialysis machine for the rest of their life.
When is it Time to See a Doctor?
If after reading all of this information a person suspects that they may have an atrophic kidney, Web MD says that it is best that they get to a doctor as soon as possible.(7)
This condition can turn deadly very fast if treatment isn’t received. So if the soonest appointment is going to be more than a day or two away, then a trip to the emergency room may be in order, especially if there are symptoms of blood in the urine, pain, and a high fever present.
What do You do if You Develop This Condition?
Besides the treatment options that are mentioned above, the Medical College of Wisconsin says that doctors will usually recommend that a person makes some changes to their diet and lifestyle to help their atrophic kidney heal.(8)
For example, the amount of protein that is consumed has to be reduced significantly because it will stress the kidney too much.
Also, caffeine is irritating to the bladder, urinary tract, and kidneys, so it has to be cut out completely.(9)
That means, no chocolate, coffee, tea, or soda is allowed. Instead, it is best to stick to plain, filtered water and fresh fruits and vegetables as much as possible.
The amount of food that is eaten at a time has to be restricted to just a few spoonfuls. This will make it easier for the body to process. But since most people who have kidney problems don’t have much of an appetite for a while, they don’t usually feel hungry from the food limitation.
In conclusion, an atrophic kidney is a kidney that has shrunk in size because of an infection, damage from diabetes, a blood clot, or congenital defects.
It produces symptoms of pain, frequent urination, blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Since the kidneys are crucial to the removal of toxins in the body, it is very important that anyone who is having any of the symptoms of an atrophic kidney get to the doctor right away.
The longer the kidney is starved of oxygen, the more likely that it will have to be removed with surgery.
|
<urn:uuid:63add433-0d22-4480-8fac-01c831839463>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.thehealthyapron.com/atrophic-kidney
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00154.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961853 | 1,784 | 3.703125 | 4 | 2.22033 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Health
|
However if you want to save some time and money you can simply make use of the Internet. Given the Courts role Americans expect Supreme Court justices to be extremely qualified for the job.
The first Catholic appointed to the Court was Roger Taney who was nominated by Andrew Jackson.
Supreme court nominations answers. Answer 1 of 5. S Judicial Review Icivics Answer Key – Marbury V Madison 1803 Worksheet. But legal thinking requires specialized training so a president is unlikely to nominate someone who hasnt been to.
10 Questions For a Supreme Court Nominee. The supreme in court worksheet answers list supreme court nominations teacher guide step by suprmeme packet supreme court nominations name i am assuming it is this new justice in the branch small for a reason judicial at course hero supreme court nomination activity 1 nominations name destiny townsend forty years of nominees okay not quite u2020but almost the course hero. This lesson teaches the fundamentals of Supreme Court Justice nominations and helps students understand the politics behind the nominations.
If you want positions on specific issues you want an elected official. Woodrow Wilson selected the first Jew. Supreme Court Nominations – Not Confirmed or Withdrawn Library of Congress Henry B.
We tried to locate some good of Supreme Court Nominations Worksheet Answers Also Character Traits Worksheets Super Teacher Worksheets image to suit your needs. Judicial nominee may or should refuse to answer during his or her confirmation. 20 2010 CRS Report No.
Many legal experts say that the nominations process is a wholly political question and not a question that would ever come before the Supreme Court. Supreme Court nominees are not legislators who are supposed to have positions in the abstract. Teaching students about Supreme Court nominations is necessary because not only is the Supreme Court an essential part of our governments system of checks and balances but the nine Supreme Court.
More than 600 judges sit on district courts almost 200 judges sit on courts of appeals and 9 justices make up the Supreme Court. Would you agree that a US. Letter to Senators Specter and Leahy Regarding Judical Nominations.
Senators to pose to a Supreme Court nominee appearing at hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee. Senator can vote for or against a nominee to the Supreme Court for any reason. Lyndon Johnson selected the.
Supreme Court Nominations Knowledge Inventory 1. Supreme Court Nominations Worksheet Answers Also Character Traits Worksheets Super Teacher Worksheets. Supreme Court Nominations Worksheet Answers and 24 Beautiful Causes the Civil War Worksheet Worksheet Tem.
The Senate must make sure it has all of the facts before giving its consent. Candidates are nominated by the President of the United States and must face a series of hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer. Includes an optional extension for students to research and analyze the controversial nominations and.
True or False The current justices get to vote on who will fill a vacancy. Recent Supreme Court nominees for instance have invoked the so-called Ginsburg Rule to decline to discuss any cases that are currently pending before the Court or any issues that are likely to come before the Court. Supreme Court Nominations This lesson teaches the fundamentals of Supreme Court Justice nominations and helps students understand the politics behind the nominations.
When a vacancy occurs in the Supreme Court the president is tasked with nominating a candidate who will then go through public hearings in the Senate a committee vote and a Senate vote before being sworn in. Supreme Court justices serve for a lifetime. First look at the numbers.
The questions being posed by Democrats are exactly wrong and stem from their incorrect concept of what a Justice is supposed to do. Technically the president can nominate anyone to the Supreme Court. Savage Pressures on the Justices in 2 Guide to the US.
In the past most but not all Supreme Court nominations have received Senate confirmation. A nominee for the supreme court must be confirmed by Asked by wiki 28102021 in History viewed by 6 persons A nomination to the Supreme Court must be approved by the aPresidents Cabinet. From the first appointments in 1789 the Senate has confirmed 127 out of 164 Court nominations.
Worksheet July 12 2018. Of the 37 unsuccessful nominations 11 were rejected in Senate roll-call votes while most of the. After all once you submit your application and wait for a call from the Chief Justice or his deputy if youre not ready for the high profile and long term of judicial clerkship positions theyll be satisfied with somebody else.
By Human Events May 27 2009. Supreme Court 889 5th ed. The nomination confirmation and appointment of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution which have been further refined and developed by decades of tradition.
Hogue Supreme Court Nominations Not Confirmed 1789-August 2010 Aug. True or False A vacancy on the Supreme Court has occurred about once every two years so a president will probably have at least one appointment during his term. He shall have Power by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate to make Treaties provided two thirds of the Senators present concur.
The language used to describe the role of the Senate in US Supreme Court nominations is contained in the Nomination Clause in Article II Section 2 Clause 2. Challenges students to cut through the politics and compare nominees judicial philosophies. Reference KF8742 W567 2010 v2.
It also requires nominations to be confirmed by the Senate. Particularly at issue has been whether or to what extent questions by committee members should seek out a nominees personal views on current legal or constitutional issues or on past Supreme Court decisions that have involved those issues. It challenges students to cut through the politics and compare nominees judicial philosophies and includes an optional extension for students to research and analyze the controversial nominations and.
And he shall nominate and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate shall appoint Ambassadors other public Ministers and Consuls. It gives the responsibility for nominating federal judges and justices to the president. Supreme Court Nominations Worksheet Answers by admin Posted on July 20 2021 Jasmine brooks day 3 supreme court supreme court nominations supreme court nominations.
As mentioned above you can visit all the different sites and get Supreme Court Nominations worksheets that you want. Match each landmark Supreme Court case with the.
|
<urn:uuid:ab46aa10-4f97-47fe-ae5f-ba3ff8bf893a>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
http://razanac-tzo.net/supreme-court-nominations-answers/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363520.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208175210-20211208205210-00073.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939842 | 1,278 | 2.921875 | 3 | 2.436279 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
In just five years, smartphones have transformed our lives. It’s hard to imagine how much they will change in the five years, but one thing is for sure: Publishers and advertisers have just begun to unlock all of the potential of what smartphones can do.
Our phones will become increasingly aware of their surroundings. And they will become platforms for rich media engagements, where we interact with 3D environments through gestures and movement. Believe it or not, much of the technology for making this happen is already sitting inside your phone.
Your phone knows a lot about you
Many people don’t realize how smart their smartphones really are. Modern phones are packed with dozens of tiny sensors, some as thin as paper. Every year those sensors become smaller and more sophisticated.
To begin with, your phone has three accelerometers for sensing gravity and tilt, a gyroscope to determine orientation. It has a compass for sensing direction, and several environmental sensors for measuring ambient air temperature and pressure, illumination, and humidity. There is also a proximity sensor for recognizing when you move your phone up to your face during a call and an ambient light sensor for boosting brightness levels in dark environments. The list goes on.
New sensors — and there are many — invite new possibilities. Apple’s iPhone 6 uses its barometer to track vertical movement. Chemists at MIT have developed a smartphone sensor that detects when food has gone bad. UV light sensors now being tested by ROHM may one day tell you when to wear sunscreen. What about detecting carbon monoxide levels or air quality? All of it is possible with the right sensor.
VR brings new levels of creative engagement
A major field of innovation in smartphones will be VR. The phones of the future might look something like Oculus Rift meets iPhone, only without the clunky visuals. Instead, you’ll have a lightweight VR, practical for more casual everyday use.
Lightweight VR won’t offer the full immersive experience of a headset, but you won’t need that either. What it offers instead is convenience. To use it, you simply extend your phone out in front of you like you are taking a selfie. When you look into the screen, you see another world. And when you move, the 3D image on the screen moves with you.
Lightweight VR has numerous practical applications. You can use it to navigate any type of complex space. Imagine the advantages to using interactive 3D to help you find your way through a confusing airport? A lightweight VR experience might guide you to your departure gate, the baggage claim, or a nearby restaurant if you have a long layover.
Additionally, lightweight VR will play an increasingly important role in how companies market their products. Instead of bombarding consumers with static ads, marketers can use VR to invite customers to engage in a experience. You can explore a vehicle, restaurant or hotel, or visit a faraway resort. VR can tell you volumes more about a place or even an object than a video or a high-res photo can.
Mobile VR comes with difficult challenges, however. To offer a natural, convincing experience, the user interface needs to be completely intuitive. Sensor data and machine learning will play a large part in making that possible. Sophisticated algorithms will enable your smartphone to calculate your precise movements so that the 3D image on your smartphone screen moves with you with a minimal amount of latency.
Over the next few years, mobile VR will likely be developed to a greater extent. Your smartphone will get to know you and your habits like a close friend. Interactions between you and your phone will be smooth, natural and intuitive, and VR will be right there, ushering in a world of new experiences.
|
<urn:uuid:e1b6f529-2f2a-4b81-9d7f-6a66e1748b6f>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-51
|
https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/248507/how-smartphone-sensors-will-change-mobile-advertis.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826800.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215061532-20181215083532-00298.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93499 | 759 | 2.59375 | 3 | 2.428175 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Hardware
|
The prospects of selection for social genetic effects to improve welfare and productivity in livestock
- 1Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- 2Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- 3Hendrix Genetics, Research and Technology Centre, Boxmeer, Netherlands
- 4Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- 5TOPIGS Research Centre IPG, Beuningen, Netherlands
- 6Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- 7Institut de Sélection Animale, Boxmeer, Netherlands
Social interactions between individuals living in a group can have both positive and negative effects on welfare, productivity, and health of these individuals. Negative effects of social interactions in livestock are easier to observe than positive effects. For example, laying hens may develop feather pecking, which can cause mortality due to cannibalism, and pigs may develop tail biting or excessive aggression. Several studies have shown that social interactions affect the genetic variation in a trait. Genetic improvement of socially-affected traits, however, has proven to be difficult until relatively recently. The use of classical selection methods, like individual selection, may result in selection responses opposite to expected, because these methods neglect the effect of an individual on its group mates (social genetic effects). It has become clear that improvement of socially-affected traits requires selection methods that take into account not only the direct effect of an individual on its own phenotype but also the social genetic effects, also known as indirect genetic effects, of an individual on the phenotypes of its group mates. Here, we review the theoretical and empirical work on social genetic effects, with a focus on livestock. First, we present the theory of social genetic effects. Subsequently, we evaluate the evidence for social genetic effects in livestock and other species, by reviewing estimates of genetic parameters for direct and social genetic effects. Then we describe the results of different selection experiments. Finally, we discuss issues concerning the implementation of social genetic effects in livestock breeding programs. This review demonstrates that selection for socially-affected traits, using methods that target both the direct and social genetic effects, is a promising, but sometimes difficult to use in practice, tool to simultaneously improve production and welfare in livestock.
Social interactions among individuals can have large effects on their phenotypes, both in domestic and natural populations. Such interactions affect the outcome of evolutionary processes and of domestic breeding programs (e.g., Hamilton, 1964; Griffing, 1967, 1977; Frank, 1998; Denison et al., 2003; Muir, 2005; Rodenburg et al., 2010; Bijma, 2011a). Social interactions can have both positive and negative effects on welfare, productivity, and health of livestock. Cooperation and mothering behavior are examples of positive social interactions, whereas competition and aggression are examples of negative social interactions.
There are more examples of negative than of positive social interactions in livestock. Domestic laying hens, for example, can develop feather pecking and cannibalism, which may result in mortality (Allen and Perry, 1975; Blokhuis and Arkes, 1984; Savory, 1995; Craig and Muir, 1996; Kjaer and Sørensen, 1997; Rodenburg et al., 2013). Domestic pigs may show injurious behaviors such as tail biting (Schrøder-Petersen and Simonsen, 2001; Zupan et al., 2012). Using classical selection methods, such as mass selection or selection on estimated breeding values, animal breeders have successfully improved many traits of agricultural importance. Typical examples are growth rate in broilers and pigs and egg number in laying hens (Hill, 2008). Genetic selection can also be used to improve traits affected by social interactions (in this review we will refer to these traits as socially-affected traits) and, thereby, reduce the negative effects of social interactions in livestock. With classical selection methods, however, improvement of socially-affected traits has been proven to be difficult (Wade, 1976, 1977; Goodnight, 1985; Craig and Muir, 1996; Muir and Cheng, 2004). Those selection methods target only the direct effect of an individual's genotype on its own phenotype and neglect the social effect of an individual on the phenotype of other individuals (Griffing, 1967). The use of classical selection methods for socially-affected traits has sometimes resulted in responses in the opposite direction (Wade, 1976, 1977; Craig and Muir, 1996; Muir, 2005). This can occur because the best individuals in the classical setting may have negative genetic effects on other individuals. For example, laying hens that have good genes for survival could also be more likely to show high levels of aggressive and competitive behavior. The use of such hens as parents for the next generation reduces survival of their group mates and potentially of the entire population (Muir and Cheng, 2004).
At first glance, selection for improved social behaviors should ideally be based on behavioral observations. In laying hens, for example, number of bouts of feather pecking was used to select against feather pecking behavior. After three generations, feather pecking was significantly decreased (Kjaer et al., 2001). Unfortunately, collecting behavioral observations is very time consuming, making breeding based on behavioral observations not feasible in practice. Moreover, individual behavior may depend not only on the genotype of the individual expressing the behavior, but also on the genotype of its social partners. Cannibalism in laying hens, for example, depends both on a genetic effect due to the actor (the pecker), and a genetic effect originating from the victim (Ellen et al., 2008). Simply selecting against pecking behavior using behavioral observations will disregard the genetic variation originating from the victim, and therefore yield a suboptimal response. Thus, breeding based on behavioral observations both requires an unrealistic effort with respect to data collection, and disregards part of the genetic variation. Breeders, therefore, need better solutions.
A solution feasible in practice may come from statistical methods that take into account both the direct genetic effect of an individual on its own phenotype and the social genetic effect of an individual on the phenotype of its group mates [also known as associative effect or Indirect Genetic Effect (IGE)]. Such methods allow us to estimate both the breeding value for the direct effect and the breeding value for the social effect, without the need for behavioral observations. For mortality due to cannibalism in laying hens, for example, the direct effect corresponds to the victim effect, whereas the social effect corresponds to the pecker effect (Ellen et al., 2008; Peeters et al., 2012). The advantage of such methods is that they capture the total genetic variation underlying the trait (Bijma, 2011b; see below).
Here, we review the theoretical and empirical work on social genetic effects, with a focus on livestock. First, we present the theory of social genetic effects. Subsequently, we evaluate the evidence for social genetic effects in livestock and other species, by reviewing estimates of genetic parameters for direct and social genetic effects. Then we describe the results of different selection experiments. Finally, we discuss issues concerning the implementation of social genetic effects in livestock breeding programs.
Models of socially-affected traits have been developed within two frameworks (McGlothlin and Brodie, 2009; Bijma, 2014). In the so-called trait-based framework (Moore et al., 1997; Wolf et al., 1998), the social effect of a focal individual on trait values of other individuals is modeled as a function of specific traits of the focal individual. Hence, trait-based models describe the social effect as a function of observable traits and explicitly model the mechanism underlying the social effect. Trait-based models of social effects are an extension of maternal-effect models of Falconer (1965) and Kirkpatrick and Lande (1989). In the variance-component framework, in contrast, the traits causing the social effects are not specified. Instead, the social effect is added to the model as an additional random genetic effect (Griffing, 1967, 1977, 1981), similar to the maternal-genetic effects models of Willham (1963), and its variance is estimated based on family relationships in the data. Trait-based models may be of greater biological interest as they provide insight in the traits underlying the social effects, whereas variance-component models are empirically more powerful because they can be applied without knowledge of those traits. For livestock genetic improvement, the variance-component models are more relevant, because the traits underlying the social effects are usually unknown and recording of a wide range of traits on individuals is difficult. The following, therefore, considers only variance-component models.
In the classical quantitative genetic model (Fisher, 1918), the phenotype of an individual is the sum of its breeding value and a residual non-heritable effect (P = A + E). With social interactions, the model needs to be extended to incorporate social effects. When social interactions occur within a group consisting of n individuals, the phenotype of individual i may be modeled as the sum of its own direct effect, and the sum of the social effects of each of its n − 1 group mates. Both the direct and social effect can be partitioned into an additive genetic and a non-heritable (residual) component (Griffing, 1967),
where AD,i is the direct breeding value (DBV; see Table 1 for notation) of individual i, ED,i is the corresponding non-heritable direct effect, AS,j the social breeding value (SBV) of group member j, and ES,j the corresponding non-heritable social effect. This model applies to each of the n group members. Note that DBV and SBV are distinct breeding values. For example, when the trait of interest is survival, the DBV refers to the heritable effect of an individual on its own survival, whereas the SBV refers to the heritable effect of an individual on survival of its group mates, which may, for example, relate to aggression. So the DBV is comparable to the “classical” breeding value (Lynch and Walsh, 1998), whereas the SBV is a generalization of a breeding value for a maternal effect (Willham, 1963).
In populations consisting of groups of n members, each individual expresses its DBV once in its own phenotype and its SBV n − 1 times, once in the phenotypes of each of its n−1 group mates. The total heritable impact of a single individual's genes on the mean trait value of the population is, therefore, given by the individual's total breeding value (TBV; Moore et al., 1997; Muir, 2005; Bijma et al., 2007b),
Note that, in contrast to the phenotype (Equation 1), the TBV in Equation 2 is entirely a heritable property of individual i itself. It is a generalization of the classical breeding value, and is the heritable component relevant for response to selection in socially-affected traits (Bijma, 2011b). The total heritable variance available for response to selection equals the variance in TBVs among individuals (Griffing, 1977; Bijma et al., 2007a),
where σ2AD is the direct genetic variance, σ2AS is the social genetic variance, and σADS is the covariance between DBVs and SBVs of individuals. The direct-social genetic covariance indicates the relationship between the direct and social effects expressed by an individual. For example, if individuals that show cannibalistic behavior have on average better survival themselves, then the direct-social genetic covariance is negative. The magnitude of social effects may depend on group size, and for most traits it is probably smaller in larger groups. This is relevant for the estimation of social effects from data with varying group size, and also for the relationship of total heritable variance and response to selection with group size. The dependency of social effects on group size can be modeled as a dilution effect (Arango et al., 2005; Bijma, 2010b). For details see Bijma (2010b).
Analogous to ordinary heritability, the total heritable variance can be expressed relative to the phenotypic variance (Bergsma et al., 2008),
A comparison between T2 and classical heritability reveals the impact of social interactions on the heritable variation that determines the potential of the population to respond to selection.
The classical expression for response to selection is the product of the intensity of selection, ι, the accuracy of selection, ρ, and the additive genetic standard deviation, σA; ΔG = ιρσA. This expression can be generalized to encompass socially-affected traits (Griffing, 1977; Ellen et al., 2007; Wade et al., 2010),
The σTBV is the square root of total heritable variance (Equation 3) and ρTBV is the accuracy which is the correlation between the selection criterion and the total breeding value in the selection candidates (Bijma, 2011a). The accuracy is the key parameter measuring the quality of a selection criterion. The following shows that relatedness between interacting individuals is the most important factor determining the accuracy for socially-affected traits.
Accuracy of Selection
Below we describe five different selection methods that can be applied to improve socially-affected traits; individual selection, group selection, multilevel selection, selection based on relatives, and selection on estimated breeding values. With the first three methods, selection candidates need to be kept in groups, whereas with the last two methods selection candidates can be kept individually and can be selected based on information from group-housed relatives. For each of the five selection methods, we present expressions for accuracy of selection. Derivations are given in Griffing (1977), Ellen et al. (2007), Bijma and Wade (2008), Wade et al. (2010), and Bijma (2011a). Table 2 summarizes the selection methods, the selection criteria, and the accuracies.
Individual selection (IS)
With individual or mass selection, group-housed selection candidates with the best phenotypes are selected as parents of the next generation. Thus, the selection criterion is the individual trait value, SCi = Pi (Wade et al., 2010). Accuracy of individual selection equals (Wade et al., 2010)
In the numerator of this expression, the first term is always positive, whereas the second term can take negative values when the direct-social genetic covariance is sufficiently negative. When group members are unrelated (r = 0), accuracy depends only on the second term in the numerator, and can thus be negative when direct and social genetic effects are negatively correlated (Griffing, 1967, 1977). This theoretical prediction agrees with empirical observations (Wade, 1976; Craig, 1982; Goodnight, 1985; Agrawal et al., 2001; Muir, 2005; Muir et al., 2013). In Tribolium, for example, it was found that individual selection for increased population size gave a decrease in population size in the next generation (Wade, 1976). Muir (2005), Muir et al. (2013) showed in quail selected for 6-week body weight in groups of 16, that individual selection in unrelated groups resulted in a slight decline. With unrelated group members, therefore, individual or mass selection is inadequate to improve socially-affected traits. With fully related group members (r = 1, i.e., clones), accuracy is always positive so that response is in the same direction as selection. However, usually a limited relatedness suffices to guarantee positive accuracy (Wade et al., 2010).
Group selection (GS)
With group selection, groups with the highest average phenotypic value are selected to become parents of the next generation (Muir, 1996). Thus, the selection criterion is the group average, SCi = Pgrp. Accuracy of group selection equals (Ellen et al., 2007)
where σPgrp denotes the standard deviation in the average phenotype of group members. In equation 7, both the numerator and denominator are positive, which results in a positive accuracy and a positive response to selection. Thus, group selection prevents negative response to selection. Group selection is, however, only efficient when group members are sufficiently related (Bijma, 2011a). As shown by Muir (1996), group selection can result in rapid short-term responses. However, when groups are composed of relatives, selection between groups will result in between-family selection, which increases rates of inbreeding (Muir et al., 2013). Hence, this selection method should be combined with selection algorithms that restrict the rate of inbreeding, such as optimal contribution selection (Meuwissen, 1997).
Multilevel selection (MS)
With multilevel selection, selection is based on a linear combination of the phenotypes of the individual and the phenotype of its group mates, SCi = Pi + g · ∑n − 1 Pj, where g is the degree of group selection (g = 0 corresponds to individual selection, whereas g = 1 corresponds to group selection) (Griffing, 1977; Bijma et al., 2007b; Muir et al., 2013). The accuracy of multilevel selection equals (Wade et al., 2010)
where σ2SC is the variance of the selection criterion. Equation 8 shows that both multilevel selection (g > 0) and relatedness between group mates (r > 0) create a positive accuracy, so that response to selection is positive. Without multilevel selection (g = 0), Equation 8 reduces to Equation 6.
Selection based on relatives (SR)
The above three selection methods have considered selection candidates kept in groups. Keeping selection candidates in groups, however, may be undesirable because it may interfere with collection of individual trait values, such as egg number in laying hens. To improve socially-affected traits when selection candidates are kept individually, information of relatives kept in family groups can be used (Ellen et al., 2007). In such schemes, individually housed selection candidates are selected based on the performance of sib or offspring groups, SCi = Prel,i (Ellen et al., 2007). Keeping relatives in family groups guarantees that both direct and social effects are captured in the selection criterion, even when social effects are ignored in the breeding value estimation (e.g., because genetic parameters are unknown). When relatives are kept in m groups of n individuals each, the accuracy of selection based on relatives (Ellen et al., 2007) equals
in which τ = rη2, being the intraclass correlation between relatives; η = σTBV/σTPV is an analogy of the square root of heritability; and mn is the number of relatives for each selection candidate (m is number of groups with n relatives each). Ellen et al. (2007) showed that using full sib groups (either full sibs of the selection candidate, or full-sib offspring of the selection candidate) gave the highest accuracies, and thus the highest expected responses to selection. Particularly when relatives are sibs of the selection candidates, restriction of the rate of inbreeding requires attention.
Selection on estimated breeding values (EBV)
For the above selection methods, knowledge of genetic parameters is not needed. When genetic parameters of a trait are known, however, the use of BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) to estimate breeding values is to be preferred, because it utilizes information of all relatives and corrects for systematic environmental effects, such as herd-year-season effects (Henderson, 1975). Often genetic parameters for ordinary (direct) breeding values will be known, but parameters for the social effects may not be known. In that case, BLUP may be implemented ignoring social genetic effects. In the following, therefore, we will first consider selection on BLUP-EBV when social effects are ignored, and subsequently consider the case where social effects are included in the model.
Ignoring social genetic effects (EDBV). In this case, breeding values are predicted using the classical mixed animal model
where y is the vector of observations, b is a vector of fixed effects with incidence matrix X, a is a vector of breeding values with incidence matrix Z linking phenotypes of individuals to their own breeding value, and e is a vector of residuals. Subsequently, animals are selected on their estimated breeding value, SCi = i. When group members are unrelated, the approximate accuracy of the classical BLUP approach equals (Bijma, 2011a)
where MME is the ordinary accuracy calculated from the MME, and the term in square brackets is the correlation between an individual's DBV and its TBV. This second term is required because the model predicts the DBV, whereas accuracy of interest is the correlation between EBV and TBV. Thus, using selection for classical BLUP-EBVs with unrelated group members can result in a negative accuracy [when σ2AD + (n − 1)σADS < 0], just as with individual selection (Equation 6). When groups are composed of families, however, the EBV resulting from Equation 10 is an estimate of TBV of the individuals; not of their DBV (Bijma, 2011a; Peeters et al., 2013). Hence, in that case the accuracy will always be positive, and ρTBV,BLUP,fam ≈ MME. This theoretical expectation was confirmed in a selection experiment with quail, where selection for classical BLUP-EBVs with family groups yielded positive response, whereas selection for classical BLUP-EBVs with random groups yielded negative response (Muir et al., 2013).
Including social genetic effects. When genetic parameters are known for both direct and social genetic effects, breeding values can be estimated using a direct-indirect effects model (Muir and Schinckel, 2002; Muir, 2005; Muir et al., 2013),
where y is the vector for observations, b is a vector of fixed effects with incidence matrix X, aD is a vector of direct breeding values with incidence matrix ZD linking phenotypes of individuals to their own direct breeding value, aS is a vector of social breeding values with incidence matrix ZS linking phenotypes of individuals to the social breeding values of their group mates, g is a vector of non-genetic random group effects with incidence matrix V (Bergsma et al., 2008), and e is a vector of residuals. The covariance structure of the genetic terms is , where , A is a matrix of relatedness coefficients between individuals, and ⊗ denotes the Kronecker product of matrices. This model yields estimates of direct and social breeding values, which can be combined into an estimate of the total breeding value, TBV,i = D,i + (n − 1)S,i, which is the selection criterion; SCi = TBV,i.
When genetic parameters are known, breeding values can be estimated from the mixed model in Equation 12 irrespective of relatedness among group members. Muir et al. (2010, 2013), however, showed that relatedness within a group resulted in substantially higher accuracy, and that using related group members contributed more to accuracy than distinguishing between direct and social effects in the mixed model (i.e., the use of Equation 12 rather than 10).
To illustrate the results of the different selection methods, we calculated predicted response to selection for survival time in laying hens showing cannibalism. For this trait, accurate genetic parameters have been published, both for purebred (Ellen et al., 2008) and crossbred populations (Peeters et al., 2012). Estimated genetic parameters are shown in Table S1. Predicted responses were calculated from Equation 5, using a selection intensity of unity (ι = 1). For the accuracy, equations presented in Table 2 were used. For the calculation of accuracy, different group compositions were used. Group members were either unrelated (r = 0), half sibs (r = 0.25), or full sibs (r = 0.5). For selection based on relatives, the relationship between selection candidates and relatives kept in groups was either half sibs (rrel = 0.25) or full sibs (rrel = 0.5). Table 3 shows the predicted responses. No values are given for selection on BLUP-EBVs, since these will depend on details of the population (e.g., distant relatives) that are not considered here.
Table 3. Predicted response for survival time in purebred and crossbred laying hens using individual selection, group selection, and selection based on relatives.
In purebred laying hens, the covariance between DBV and SBV was positive. Therefore, for all selection methods, predicted response for survival time was positive, ranging from 8.8 through 30.4 days (Table 3). In crossbred laying hens, the covariance between DBV and SBV was moderately to strongly negative. Therefore, for individual selection response to selection was negative (−8.1 days), when selection candidates were kept with unrelated group mates and zero when selection candidates were kept with half sibs. This result implies that, for those group compositions, responses to BLUP-selection using Equation 10 will also be negative and around zero (compare Equations 11 and 6). For both purebreds and crossbreds, with a single group of related individuals, group selection resulted in the largest predicted response to selection. With ten groups of related individuals, selection based on relatives resulted in the largest predicted response to selection. For both purebred and crossbreds, and for all selection methods, using groups of full sibs resulted in the largest predicted response to selection. Note that, when accurate estimates of genetic parameters are available, selection on estimated total breeding values from Equation 12 is always equally good or better than any other selection method applied to the same population structure (Muir et al., 2013).
In conclusion, highest accuracies and responses to selection for socially-affected traits will be obtained using a population structure where individuals are kept in family groups.
Empirical Evidence of Social Genetic Effects
Estimated Genetic Parameters
Several studies have estimated genetic parameters for socially-affected traits. Table 4 gives an overview of the estimated heritabilities (h2) from a classical model, estimated total heritable variance relative to the phenotypic variance (T2) from a direct-indirect effects model, and the estimated genetic correlations between direct breeding values and social breeding values (rA).
Table 4. Overview of genetic parameters using a classical model and a direct-indirect effects model.
In most populations, total heritable variance was greater than the ordinary additive genetic variance (T2 > h2). In two populations of trees, however, a strongly negative direct-social genetic correlation was found, causing total heritable variance to be smaller than additive genetic variance (Brotherstone et al., 2011; Costa e Silva et al., 2013). In those cases, there is strong heritable competition, and social interactions may decrease total heritable variation to zero (Costa e Silva et al., 2013). Moreover, for some traits competition is necessarily complete, so that there cannot be a response to selection. For example, in dyadic fighting contests, where the trait of interest is winning vs. loosing (1–0), a change in population mean is impossible since each contest has precisely one winner and one loser. Social effects models properly account for this by fitting a direct-indirect correlation of -1 and a total heritable variance of zero (Wilson et al., 2011; Sartori and Mantovani, 2013).
Table 4 shows that for most traits, social interactions had a substantial effect on the total heritable variation, explaining 6% through 98% of T2. For example, for survival time in laying hens showing cannibalism, social interactions explain 33% through 87% of the total heritable variation in survival time (Ellen et al., 2008; Peeters et al., 2012). The classical animal model suggests a genetic standard deviation of 27–44 days, whereas the direct-social effects model yields a standard deviation of the total breeding value of 50–65 days. In those cases, response to selection can be increased by taking into account social effects in the selection strategy.
There appears to be no systematic pattern in the direct-social genetic correlation (rA). For example, for bite mark score in mink rA was strongly positive, meaning that an individual that bites more (social effect) also attract more bites (direct effect) and vice versa (Alemu et al., 2014b). At first glance, biting in mink may seem similar to pecking in laying hens. Peeters et al. (2012) found a strongly negative rA for survival time in crossbred laying hens, indicating that individuals that live longer are more likely to be cannibalistic, i.e., lives longer at the expense of others. This is precisely opposite to the situation in mink. In quail, Muir (2005) also found a strong negative rA for growth indicating that birds that grew the fastest reduced the growth of other birds in the group due to strong negative social interactions.
Evidence of social genetic effects may also be obtained from selection experiments aiming to utilize such effects to generate response to selection. One of the first empirical studies used group selection for increased or decreased population size in randomly formed groups of flour beetles (Wade, 1976, 1977). In both directions, group selection was effective, even though groups were composed at random, whereas individual selection was not effective. Goodnight (1985) compared individual and group selection for leaf area in Arabidopsis. Leaf area responded to group selection, but not to individual selection. These results suggest the presence of social genetic effects (σ2AS > 0), together with a negative direct-social genetic correlation.
Muir et al. (Craig and Muir, 1996; Muir, 1996) used group selection to improve survival and egg number of laying hens in multiple-bird cages. In their study, each sire family was housed as a group in nine-bird cages, and selected or rejected based on the performance of the group. The group-selected line kept in multiple-bird cages was compared with an unselected control line kept in single-bird cages. Mortality in the selected line decreased from 68% in generation 2–8.8% in generation 6. In generation 6, the mortality of the selected line was similar to that of the unselected control kept in single-bird cages (Muir, 1996). This rapid short-term response suggests a substantial social genetic variance in mortality. In the seventh generation, the selected line was compared with a control and a commercial line all kept in multiple bird cages. Hens of the selected line had a significantly better plumage condition than hens of the control and commercial line, whereas there was no significant difference in body weight (Craig and Muir, 1996).
In another experiment, Muir (2005) selected for TBV among individuals kept in groups of 16 members to improve 43-day body weight in Japanese quail. Individuals of the first two generations were used to estimate genetic parameters. In subsequent generations, parents were selected either on TBV (C-BLUP) or on direct EBVs only (D-BLUP; Muir, 2005). After 6 generations, C-BLUP resulted in a significant improvement of body weight, whereas D-BLUP resulted in a non-significant decrease in body weight. Furthermore, selection using C-BLUP resulted in a slight decrease in mortality, whereas D-BLUP resulted in an increase in mortality. These results suggest presence of social genetic effects and a negative direct-social genetic correlation.
Later on, Muir et al. (2013) used multi-level selection on classical BLUP-EBVs to improve 43-day body weight in Japanese quail. They compared two experimental set ups; individuals were either kept in family groups or in groups with unrelated individuals. After 18 mini generations (MG; five MG is one generation), responses were positive with family groups, resulting in a regression coefficient of 1.30 g/MG, whereas responses were much smaller with unrelated groups (regression coefficient of 0.13 g/MG). Furthermore, a significant difference in mortality was found, yielding the lowest mortality in family groups (6.6 vs. 8.5% in unrelated groups). Again, results indicate presence of social genetic effects, and agree with the theoretically expected effect of relatedness on response to selection (see above).
Ellen et al. (2013, in prep) investigated the potential to select against mortality due to cannibalism in laying hens, within the ordinary commercial operations of a laying breeding company, where selection candidates are kept individually. In total, six generations were selected. In each generation, individually housed selection candidates were selected based on survival time of relatives kept in family groups. Relatives had intact beaks and were kept with 4 or 5 sibs in traditional battery cages under commercial circumstances. Figure 1 gives an overview of the selection design. For generations 1, 5, and 6, selection candidates were selected in two directions, high (HIGH) and low (LOW) survival. Remaining selection candidates were used to breed a control group (CONT). For generation 2 through 4, selection candidates were selected only to breed HIGH, and there was no CONT present. Because hens of the six generations were kept at different locations (Figure 1), it was not possible to compare hens of HIGH across generations. Table 5 shows the expected and realized responses. Because information on survival becomes available late in life, in ordinary commercial operation individuals had to be mated when information on survival was very limited, resulting in a low selection intensity and expected responses (Ellen et al., 2014). In generation 1, 5, and 6, the realized difference in survival days between HIGH and LOW ranged from 26 to 29 days. Difference in survival days between HIGH and CONT was 13 and 19 days in generation 1 and 6, respectively, whereas the difference was −12 days in generation 5. On average, these realized differences agree with the theoretical expectation. These results show that selection against mortality due to cannibalism is feasible under ordinary commercial circumstances, but also that it is difficult to achieve high intensities of selection. Moreover, they illustrate that mortality due to cannibalism is very sensitive to changes in the environment (e.g., stocking density, light intensity, climate).
Table 5. Expected and realized responses for survival time in laying hens using selection based on relatives.
Selection also changed the physiology and behavior of birds. In generation 2, hens of HIGH showed less fear-related behavior than hens from the founder line (Bolhuis et al., 2009). This was confirmed both in young (before cannibalism develops) and in adult birds using sibs of generation 4 (Rodenburg et al., 2009a,b; Nordquist et al., 2011; de Haas et al., 2012). In generation 2, hens of HIGH had higher whole-blood serotonin concentrations and a lower platelet serotonin uptake velocity than hens of the founder line, indicating differences in functional activity of the serotonergic system (Bolhuis et al., 2009). Again, results were confirmed in sibs of generation 4. Moreover, HIGH hens of generation 4 showed dopaminergic and noradrenergic changes in two brain areas, the arcopallium (Kops et al., 2013) and the nidopallium caudolaterale (Nordquist et al., 2013). These results are in line with the proposed role of serotonergic and dopaminergic activity in feather pecking behavior (Van Hierden et al., 2004). Furthermore, sibs of generation 4 showed a reduced stress response to manual restraint and less comb and toe lesions, indicating lower levels of aggression and cannibalism (Rodenburg et al., 2009a).
Camerlink et al. (2013) investigated the effect of one generation of selection on diverging social breeding values for growth rate in pigs. In commercial pigs, behaviors such as aggressive attacks, tail biting and other injurious oral manipulation of group mates, may profoundly affect welfare and productivity. In their selection experiment, dams and sires with the most extreme (HIGH and LOW) EBVs for social genetic effects for growth during the finishing phase were selected to create the next generation, while DBVs were kept the same for both populations. In the offspring, the estimated contrast for social genetic effects was 14 g ADG (Camerlink et al., 2013, 2014b). After weaning, offspring were housed in pens of six unrelated individuals. Surprisingly, both populations did not differ in growth during the finishing phase, which could be due to the relatively small contrast in EBVs. Camerlink et al. (2014a) suggested, however, that this unexpected result might also be due to the fact that measures were taken to limit harmful behavior to an acceptable level to safeguard the welfare of the experimental animals, which may have reduced the effects of this harmful behavior on growth rate (Camerlink et al., 2012). Even though there was no effect on growth rate, systematic differences in behavior were found between both groups. HIGH pigs showed less unilateral biting and less ear biting (Camerlink et al., 2014b). They also had a lower usage of jute sacks, and inflicted less tail damage, whereas no effects on general activity were found (Camerlink et al., 2014b). Moreover, HIGH pigs showed less aggression at reunion with familiar group mates after a 24-h regrouping test in which they were confronted with unfamiliar conspecifics (Camerlink et al., 2013), which is likely related to differences in stress-sensitivity rather than aggressiveness per se, as no differences in aggression during mixing or in body lesion scores were found. In line with this, these HIGH pigs tended to respond less fearfully and stressed to novel and challenging situations (Reimert et al., 2014a), already during the piglet stage (Reimert et al., 2013) and they had lower leukocyte, lymphocyte and haptoglobin concentrations than LOW pigs (Reimert et al., 2014b). These behavioral and physiological data indicate that selection on high SBV for growth can result in pigs that show less harmful biting behavior, such as tail biting, and are possibly less fearful and better capable of handling stressful situations (Camerlink et al., 2013; Reimert et al., 2014a,b).
Livestock are nowadays more frequently kept in (larger) groups, resulting in an increase in social interactions between individuals. Moreover, treatments to limit the consequences of adverse social interactions, such as beak trimming in poultry and tail docking in pigs, will probably be banned in the future (at least in EU countries), so that the negative effects of social interactions will likely increase unless action is taken to avoid that. Actions are needed to prevent or diminish the negative effects of social interactions. In this review, we have shown that many traits show genetic variation in social effects. Moreover, we have reviewed selection methods for socially-affected traits, showing that methods exist that utilize the social genetic variation for genetic improvement. Thus, the genetic variation and selection tools required for genetic improvement of socially-affected traits are available, indicating that genetic solutions are feasible in principle. Nevertheless, successful application in commercial breeding programs faces a number of challenges, some of which we review below.
Accuracy of EBVs
For commercial livestock breeding, it is most important to estimate accurate breeding values. When the objective is to separately estimate direct and social breeding values, rather than only the total breeding value, genetic parameters for direct and social effects are required. Genetic parameters for direct and social effects cannot be estimated when group members are equally related (i.e., all full sibs or half sibs). The optimal design for estimating direct and social genetic parameters has groups composed of two families. Moreover, the number of groups, rather than the number of individuals, is the key parameter determining accuracy of the estimated variance components. Bijma (2010a) showed that ~250–500 groups are needed.
The optimal group-composition for estimating direct and social genetic parameters differs from the optimal group-composition for estimating the TBV and maximizing response to selection. Accuracies of estimated TBVs are maximized when using groups composed of families (Griffing, 1976; Ellen et al., 2007; Muir et al., 2013). However, direct and social genetic parameters cannot be estimated from such designs (Bijma, 2010a). Groups composed of two families probably also yield good accuracy of estimated TBVs, certainly better than groups composed at random, but this has not been investigated thoroughly.
When interest is merely in the TBV, rather than in separate breeding values for direct and social effects, there appears to be less conflict between estimation of genetic parameters and breeding values. In this case, groups consisting of complete families can be used to estimate both the total additive genetic variance and TBVs of selection candidates. This can be achieved by fitting a classical animal model ignoring social genetic effects, as the additive genetic variance and EBVs from this model will refer to the TBV (Peeters et al., 2013, 2014). However, this will only work well if groups indeed consist of complete families.
In commercial pig production, the number of groups is often limited, and separate rooms within a barn often consist of a limited number of groups. This design makes it challenging to estimate accurate genetic parameters and breeding values for direct and social effects, and validation is difficult (Duijvesteijn, 2014). Group composition is not always recorded accurately in pig production. This will affect both the EBV of the individual of interest, and the EBVs of its group mates, and may lead to exclusion of entire groups. Moreover, group composition often changes over time because individuals are regrouped to create homogeneous groups, so as to avoid penalties when delivering pigs to the slaughter house. This creates serious problems for the breeding value estimation. For example, it is unclear which individuals to include as social partners in the model, and how to weigh those individuals. In principle, one could weigh social effects of group mates on the focal individual by the time both individuals spent together in the group. However, regrouping of individuals is often not at random, but based on individual traits that are partly genetic. Hence, simply weighing the social incidence matrix by the time both individuals spent together may therefore bias the breeding value estimation (personal observations in simulated data). Hence, when pig breeders aim to improve social genetic effects, regrouping should be avoided in breeding herds.
Other livestock species, such as dairy cattle and broilers, are regularly kept in one large group per farm. In this design, it is not (yet) possible to estimate genetic parameters for direct and social effects (see also paragraph about social genetic effects in large groups). This occurs because direct and social genetic parameters are not statistically identifiable when fitting a fixed effect for the farm (Cantet and Cappa, 2008). Consequently, it is unknown whether social interactions are important in dairy cattle and broilers.
In laying hens, small groups of sibs are used to evaluate roosters (so-called recurrent tests). Though direct and social genetic parameters cannot be estimated from this design, the design is ideal for the estimation of TBVs and probably also for the estimation of total genetic variance (Peeters et al., 2013, 2014). Hence, ordinary recurrent tests in laying hen breeding programs implicitly includes the social effects in the EBVs in an optimum manner, even though they are not explicitly modeled.
When the data contain repeated observations, presence of permanent environmental effects may complicate the estimation of genetic parameters and breeding values for social effect. In beef cattle, for example, permanent environmental effects may cause overestimation of breeding values for maternal effect when information on paternal additive genetic relationships is limited. To our knowledge, the impact of permanent environmental effects on the genetic analysis of socially-affected traits has not been investigated.
Purebred vs. Crossbred Populations
In commercial pig and poultry farming, crossbred populations are used. So far, selection experiments to improve socially-affected traits in laying hens and pigs have focused on purebred populations. Efficient improvement of socially-affected traits in crossbred populations based on data from purebred populations requires a purebred-crossbred genetic correlation (rpc) close to one. When rpc is small to moderate, crossbred information is needed. So far, however, rpc for socially-affected traits is unknown. Results in laying hens suggest that socially-affected traits in crossbreds may differ considerably from those in purebreds. Peeters et al. (2012) found that average survival time in crossbreds was much lower than in purebreds, while social genetic effects were much larger in crossbreds. Furthermore, they found a direct genetic correlation between both crosses of almost 1, but a social genetic correlation of only 0.41. When the social genetic correlation between both lines is only 0.41, it is mathematically impossible that both purebred-crossbred social genetic correlations are near one. Thus, results of Peeters et al. (2012) suggest that rpc is lower for social effects than for direct effects, indicating a greater need for crossbred data when selecting for socially-affected traits. In principle, one could estimate rpc to decide on the need for crossbred information. However, unless data are available already, the amount of data required to accurately estimate rpc is not very different from the amount required to select based on crossbred information, particularly when using genomic selection (Bijma and Bastiaansen, in press). Hence, it is probably better to start breeding for crossbred performance immediately, and estimate rpc once sufficient data has been collected.
As with any trait, expression of socially-affected traits will depend on the environment, and genotype-by-environment (GxE) interaction may occur. Whether GxE-interactions are greater for socially-affected traits than for other traits is unknown at present. Cannibalism in laying hens is very sensitive to environmental conditions. Ellen et al. (in preparation), for example, found a 20% difference in survival when birds of the same generation were kept at two different locations. Whether such large differences imply substantial GxE-interaction is unclear. GxE-interaction due to differences between purebred and crossbred environments would reduce rpc, but this can be resolved by selection based on crossbred information. GxE-interaction between different commercial environments, however, would reduce additive genetic variance expressed in the overall environment, restricting response to selection irrespective of the data used for selection.
The expression of social interactions might also depend on early life experiences. In laying hens, incubation and rearing conditions substantially affect feather pecking and cannibalism (reviewed in van de Weerd and Elson, 2006; Rodenburg et al., 2008). Ellen et al. (in preparation) found an 18% difference in survival between different batches of hens kept in the same environment. These batches were hatched at different weeks. In pigs, early isolation changed behavioral, neuroendocrine, and immune regulation, which can have negative consequences for health and welfare later in life (Kanitz et al., 2004). Therefore, to improve socially-affected traits, it is important to also consider early life experience.
Within a group, however, there can be different social interactions. Individuals tend to behave different toward strangers than to familiar (sibs or reared in the same group) individuals, also known as kin recognition (Hamilton, 1964). When groups consist of both sibs and random individuals, genetic parameter estimation using the direct-indirect effects model as shown in Bijma et al. (2007a) can result in biased estimates of social genetic effects and can yield suboptimal response to selection (Alemu et al., 2014a). Both in pigs and fish it was found that kin recognition explained a substantial part of the phenotypic variation, after correcting for group and family effects (Duijvesteijn, 2014; Khaw et al., 2014). However, when social genetic effects differ between kin and non-kin, it is not (yet) possible to estimate those genetic parameters (Alemu et al., 2014a). Further studies are needed to disentangle the social genetic effect for kin and non-kin.
Social Genetic Effects in Large Groups
So far, estimation of genetic parameters and selection experiments focused on relatively small group sizes. Small group sizes have been used for several reasons. For estimation of genetic parameters, small groups are preferred (1) because in small groups it is a reasonable assumption that all group members interact with each other; and (2) because accurate estimation of social genetic parameters requires data on many groups (Bijma, 2010a). For estimation of breeding values and selection, small groups have been used (1) to have related individuals in a group (either full sibs or half sibs); (2) to have at least one group of relatives per family. Both lead to increased accuracy of the selection method. When groups are large, it is unclear which individuals interact with each other, and the number of groups will be small resulting in inaccurate breeding values. So far, no experiments or analysis have been done to improve socially-affected traits in large groups.
We see two opportunities to genetically improve socially-affected traits in large groups. First, selection decisions can be based on breeding values estimated from data on small groups. This approach will be successful only when the correlation between total breeding values in small vs. large groups is reasonably close to one. Whether that is the case is an empirical question. In laying hens, for example, feather pecking and mortality due to cannibalism are more problematic in larger groups (e.g., Nicol et al., 1999; Bilčik and Keeling, 2000; Lay et al., 2011). Furthermore, spreading of social interactions due to social learning might be more pronounced in larger groups, but larger groups may also show greater social tolerance (Turner et al., 2001; Zimmerman et al., 2006). Second, one can attempt to estimate genetic parameters and breeding values from data on large groups, or even a single group. This requires that the individuals that interact with each other are identified. In a forest, for example, social genetic effects can be estimated by using the inverse of the distance between two trees in the incidence matrix for social effects (Muir, 2005). When the location of individuals in large groups can be traced sufficiently precise, for example with sensor technology, similar approaches may be feasible in livestock. Such systems are not available at present, but the basic technology exists.
In this part, we will describe some future developments, which also hold promise for social genetic effects models.
Genomic selection is currently being implemented in livestock breeding. Genomic selection has the greatest impact for traits that are: difficult to measure, cannot be measured on the selection candidates, are measured late in life, or have low heritability (Meuwissen et al., 2001; Muir, 2007). Improvement of socially-affected traits using genomic selection would be promising for a number of these reasons (Muir et al., 2014). For mortality due to cannibalism in laying hens, genomic selection would solve the problem of low intensities of selection that occurs in traditional schemes because information becomes available late in life (see Table 5). On the one hand, genomic selection methods could be extended to explicitly include social genetic effects; i.e., to estimate both direct and social genomic EBVs. For this purpose, the additive genetic relationship matrix (see below Equation 12) could be replaced with a genomic relationship matrix, an approach known as “Genomic BLUP” (Strandén and Garrick, 2009), or with a relationship matrix combining pedigree and genomic data, known as the H-matrix (Legarra et al., 2009). The use of genomic information may help to solve identifiability issues, since pairs of full sibs no longer all have the same relationship. A challenge will be to design a reference population that can be used for genomic selection of socially-affected traits. However, so far it is unknown what the optimal design of the reference population is (i.e., group structure, number of groups, relatedness within a group). An alternative is to use family groups and estimate total genomic breeding values. For example, in recurrent tests in laying hens where crossbred offspring are kept in sire-family groups, genotyping the fathers and fitting an ordinary genomic selection model would yield genomic estimates of total breeding values, rather than direct breeding values. A similar approach could be used for tail-biting in pigs, where crossbred offspring could be kept in full-sib groups.
Social Genetic Effects and Diseases
In this review, social interactions have implicitly been interpreted as behavioral interactions. However, also infectious disease traits, represent socially-affected traits. The disease status of an individual is affected both by the individual's susceptibility to the disease (direct effect) and by the infectivity of its social partners (social effect; Lipschutz-Powell et al., 2012). Classical genetic analyses of disease data focused on individual susceptibility (Lipschutz-Powell et al., 2012). Recently, researchers started to model infectious diseases using social genetic effects models. Anche et al. (2014) showed that the individual's breeding value for R0 (R0 determines risk and severity of infectious diseases) is a function of its own allele frequency for susceptibility and infectivity and of the population average susceptibility and infectivity. Again, relatedness between interacting individuals is an important component, resulting in increased response in R0. This work, therefore, suggests that breeders can considerably increase response to selection in infectious disease traits by collecting disease data from family groups. This is the case even when there is no genetic variation in infectivity, since also genetic variation in susceptibility generates social genetic effects (see Anche et al., 2014, for details). Empirical studies are needed to confirm theoretical expectations. These approaches could also lead to novel insights applicable in the field of breeding animals for group housing.
Social interactions are important for livestock genetic improvement. Applying a selection method that targets both direct and social effects will be a key factor to improve welfare and productivity of livestock simultaneously. There is growing evidence that methods are effective for animals kept in small groups. Challenges are in the application in commercial livestock breeding programs, for example in populations consisting of large groups.
Esther D. Ellen wrote and prepared the manuscript for submission. T. Bas Rodenburg, J. Elizabeth Bolhuis, Egbert F. Knol, and Gerard A. A. Albers were involved in the discussion of the manuscript and reviewed the manuscript. T. Bas Rodenburg, J. Elizabeth Bolhuis, Irene Camerlink, Naomi Duijvesteijn, William M. Muir, and Piter Bijma wrote and reviewed the manuscript. Katrijn Peeters, Inonge Reimert, Ewa Sell-Kubiak, Johan A. M. van Arendonk, and Jeroen Visscher reviewed the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Both Esther D. Ellen and Piter Bijma were financially supported by the Dutch science council (NWO) and part of this work was coordinated by the Netherlands Technology Foundation (STW). Irene Camerlink, Inonge Reimert, and Naomi Duijvesteijn were financially supported by the program “The Value of Animal Welfare” of the NWO. Both Katrijn Peeters and Ewa Sell-Kubiak were financially supported by STW.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: http://www.frontiersin.org/journal/10.3389/fgene.2014.00377/abstract
Alemu, S. W., Berg, P., Janss, L., and Bijma, P. (2014a). Indirect genetic effects and kin recognition: estimating IGEs when interactions differ between kin and strangers. Heredity 112, 197–206. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2013.92
Alemu, S. W., Bijma, P., Møller, S. H., Janss, L., and Berg, P. (2014b). Indirect genetic effects contribute substantially to heritable variation in aggression-related traits in group-housed mink (Neovison vison). Genet. Sel. Evol. 46:30. doi: 10.1186/1297-9686-46-30
Anche, M. T., de Jong, M. C. M., and Bijma, P. (2014). On the definition and utilization of heritable variation among hosts in reproduction ratio R0 for infectious diseases. Heredity 113, 364–374. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2014.38
Arango, J., Misztal, I., Tsuruta, S., Culbertson, M., and Herring, W. (2005). Estimation of variance components including competitive effects of large white growing gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 83, 1241–1246.
Bergsma, R., Kanis, E., Knol, E. F., and Bijma, P. (2008). The contribution of social effects to heritable variation in finishing traits of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Genetics 178, 1559–1570. doi: 10.1534/genetics.107.084236
Bergsma, R., Mathur, P. K., Kanis, E., Verstegen, M. W. A., Knol, E. F., and van Arendonk, J. A. M. (2013). Genetic correlations between lactation performance and growing-finishing traits in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 91, 3601–3611. doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-6200
Bijma, P., Muir, W. M., Ellen, E. D., Wolf, J. B., and van Arendonk, J. A. M. (2007a). Multilevel selection 2: estimating the genetic parameters determining inheritance and response to selection. Genetics 175, 289–299. doi: 10.1534/genetics.106.062729
Bijma, P., Muir, W. M., and van Arendonk, J. A. M. (2007b). Multilevel selection 1: quantitative genetics of inheritance and response to selection. Genetics 175, 277–288. doi: 10.1534/genetics.106.062711
Bijma, P., and Wade, M. J. (2008). The joint effects of kin, multilevel selection and indirect genetic effects on response to genetic selection. J. Evol. Biol. 21, 1175–1188. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01550.x
Bilčik, B., and Keeling, L. J. (2000). Relationship between feather pecking and ground pecking in laying hens and the effect of group size. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 68, 55–66. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00089-7
Bolhuis, J. E., Ellen, E. D., van Reenen, C. G., de Groot, J., Ten Napel, J., Koopmanschap, R. E., et al. (2009). Effects of genetic group selection against mortality on behavior and peripheral serotonin in domestic laying hens with trimmed and intact beaks. Physiol. Behav. 97, 470–475. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.021
Bouwman, A. C., Bergsma, R., Duijvesteijn, D., and Bijma, P. (2010). Maternal and social genetic effects on average daily gain of piglets from birth till weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 88, 2883–2892. doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2494
Brinker, T., Bijma, P., Visscher, J., Rodenburg, T. B., and Ellen, E. D. (2014). Plumage condition in laying hens: genetic parameters for direct and indirect effects in two purebred layer lines. Genet. Sel. Evol. 46:33. doi: 10.1186/1297-9686-46-33
Brotherstone, S., White, I. M. S., Sykes, R., Thompson, R., Connolly, T., Lee, S., et al. (2011). Competition effects in a young sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis, Bong. Carr) clonal trial. Silvae Genet. 60, 149–155.
Camerlink, I., Bijma, P., Kemp, B., and Bolhuis, J. E. (2012). Relationship between growth rate and oral manipulation, social nosing, and aggression in finishing pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 142, 11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.09.004
Camerlink, I., Bolhuis, J. E., Duijvesteijn, N., van Arendonk, J. A. M., and Bijma, P. (2014a). Growth performance and carcass traits in pigs selected for indirect genetic effects on growth rate in two environments. J. Anim. Sci. 92, 2612–2619. doi: 10.2527/jas.2013-7220
Camerlink, I., Turner, S. P., Bijma, P., and Bolhuis, J. E. (2013). Indirect genetic effects and housing conditions in relation to aggressive behaviour in pigs. PLoS ONE 8:e65136. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065136
Camerlink, I., Ursinus, W. W., Bijma, P., Kemp, B., and Bolhuis, J. E. (2014b). Indirect genetic effects for growth rate in domestic pigs alter aggressive and manipulative biting behaviour. Behav. Genet. doi: 10.1007/s10519-014-9671-9. [Epub ahead of print].
Canario, L., Lundeheim, N., and Bijma, P. (2010). “Pig growth is affected by social genetic effects and social litter effects that depend on group size,” in 9th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production (Giessen: German Society for Animal Science), 87.
Cantet, R. J. C., and Cappa, E. P. (2008). On identifiability of (co)variance components in animal models with competition effects. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 125, 371–381. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00743.x
Chen, C. Y., Kachman, S. D., Johnson, R. K., Newman, S., and Van Vleck, L. D. (2008). Estimation of genetic parameters for average daily gain using models with competition effects. J. Anim. Sci. 86, 2525–2530. doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0660
Costa e Silva, J., Potts, B. M., Bijma, P., Kerr, R. J., and Pilbeam, D. J. (2013). Genetic control of interactions among individuals: contrasting outcomes of indirect genetic effects arising from neighbour disease infection and competition in a forest tree. New Phytol. 197, 631–641. doi: 10.1111/nph.12035
Craig, J. V., and Muir, W. M. (1996). Group selection for adaptation to multiple-hen cages: beak-related mortality, feathering, and body weight responses. Poult. Sci. 75, 294–302. doi: 10.3382/ps.0750294
de Haas, E. N., Kops, M. S., Bolhuis, J. E., Groothuis, T. G. G., Ellen, E. D., and Rodenburg, T. B. (2012). The relation between fearfulness in young and stress-response in adult laying hens, on individual and group level. Physiol. Behav. 107, 433–439. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.08.002
Duijvesteijn, N., Knol, E. F., and Bijma, P. (2012). Direct and associative effects for androstenone and genetic correlations with backfat and growth in entire male pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 90, 2465–2475. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4625
Ellen, E. D., Muir, W. M., Teuscher, F., and Bijma, P. (2007). Genetic improvement of traits affected by interactions among individuals: Sib selection schemes. Genetics 176, 489–499. doi: 10.1534/genetics.106.069542
Ellen, E. D., Rodenburg, T. B., Visscher, J., and Bijma, P. (2013). “The consequence of selection on social genetic effects for survival in laying hens,” in 8th European Symposium on Poultry Genetics. (Venice), 35–38.
Ellen, E. D., Visscher, J., and Bijma, P. (2014). “Comparison of empirical and theoretical responses to selection against mortality due to cannibalism in layers,” in 10th World Conference on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, (Vancouver, BC).
Ellen, E. D., Visscher, J., van Arendonk, J. A. M., and Bijma, P. (2008). Survival of laying hens: genetic parameters for direct and associative effects in three purebred layer lines. Poult. Sci. 87, 233–239. doi: 10.3382/ps.2007-00374
Griffing, B. (1977). “Selection for populations of interacting genotypes,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Quantitative Genetics, eds E. Pollack, O. Kempthorne, and T. B. Bailey (Ames, IA), 413–434.
Kanitz, E., Tuchscherer, M., Puppe, B., Tuchscherer, A., and Stabenow, B. (2004). Consequences of repeated early isolation in domestic piglets (Sus scrofa) on their behavioural, neuroendocrine, and immunological responses. Brain Behav. Immun. 18, 35–45. doi: 10.1016/S0889-1591(03)00085-0
Khaw, H. L., Ponzoni, R. W., Yip, H. Y., Aziz, M. A., and Bijma, P. (2014). “Indirect genetic effects for harvest weight in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus),” in 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production (Vancouver, CA).
Kjaer, J. B., Sorensen, P., and Su, G. (2001). Divergent selection on feather pecking behaviour in laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71, 229–239. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00184-2
Kops, M. S., de Haas, E. N., Rodenburg, T. B., Ellen, E. D., Korte-Bouws, G. A. H., Olivier, B., et al. (2013). Selection for low mortality in laying hens affects catecholamine levels in the arcopallium, a brain area involved in fear and motor regulation. Behav. Brain Res. 257, 54–61. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.035
Lipschutz-Powell, D., Woolliams, J. A., Bijma, P., and Doeschl-Wilson, A. B. (2012). Indirect genetic effects and the spread of infectious disease: are we capturing the full heritable variation underlying disease prevalence? PLoS ONE 7:e39551. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039551
McGlothlin, J. W., and Brodie, E. D. 3rd. (2009). How to measure indirect genetic effects: the congruence of trait-based and variance partitioning approaches. Evolution 63, 1785–1795. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00676.x
Moore, A. J., Brodie, E. D. 3rd., and Wolf, J. B. (1997). Interacting phenotypes and the evolutionary process: I. Direct and indirect genetic effects of social interactions. Evolution 51, 1352–1362. doi: 10.2307/2411187
Muir, W. M. (2007). Comparison of genomic and traditional BLUP-estimated breeding value accuracy and selection response under alternative trait and genomic parameters. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 124, 342–355. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2007.00700.x
Muir, W. M., Bijma, P., Chen, C. Y., Misztal, I., and Wade, M. J. (2010). “Advances in selection theory including experimental demonstrations: the theory of selection with social competition,” in 9th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production (Giessen: German Society for Animal Science), 141.
Muir, W. M., Bijma, P., and Schinckel, A. (2013). Multilevel selection with kin and non-kin groups, experimental results with Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Evolution 67, 1598–1606. doi: 10.1111/evo.12062
Muir, W. M., and Schinckel, A. (2002). “Incorporation of competitive effects in breeding programs to improve productivity and animal well being,” in 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. (Montpellier), 1–4.
Nicol, C. J., Gregory, N. G., Knowles, T. G., Parkman, I. D., and Wilkins, L. J. (1999). Differential effects of increased stocking density, mediated by increased flock size, on feather pecking and aggression in laying hens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 65, 137–152. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00057-X
Nielsen, H. M., Monsen, B. B., Ødegård, J., Bijma, P., Damsgård, B., Toften, H., et al. (2014). Direct and social genetic parameters for growth and fin damage traits in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Genet. Sel. Evol. 46, 5. doi: 10.1186/1297-9686-46-5
Nordquist, R. E., Heerkens, J. L. T., Rodenburg, T. B., Boksa, S., Ellen, E. D., and van der Staay, F. J. (2011). Laying hens selected for low mortality: behaviour in tests of fearfulness, anxiety and cognition. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 131, 110–122. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.02.008
Nordquist, R. E., Zeinstra, E. C., Rodenburg, T. B., and van der Staay, F. J. (2013). Effects of maternal care and selection for low mortality on tyrosine hydroxylase concentrations and cell soma size in hippocampus and nidopallium caudolaterale in adult laying hen. J. Anim. Sci. 91, 137–146. doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-5227
Peeters, K., Ellen, E. D., and Bijma, P. (2013). Using pooled data to estimate variance components and breeding values for traits affected by social interactions. Genet. Sel. Evol. 45:27. doi: 10.1186/1297-9686-45-27
Peeters, K., Eppink, T., Ellen, E. D., Visscher, J., and Bijma, P. (2012). Indirect genetic effects for survival in domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) are magnified in crossbred genotypes and show a parent-of-origin effect. Genetics 192, 705–713. doi: 10.1534/genetics.112.142554
Peeters, K., Visscher, J., and Bijma, P. (2014). “Bivariate analysis of individual survival data and pooled early egg production data on crossbred laying hens,” in 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production (Vancouver, CA).
Reimert, I., Rodenburg, T. B., Ursinus, W. W., Duijvesteijn, N., Camerlink, I., Kemp, B., et al. (2013). Backtest and novelty behavior of female and castrated male piglets, with diverging social breeding values for growth. J. Anim. Sci. 91, 4589–4597. doi: 10.2527/jas.2013-6673
Reimert, I., Rodenburg, T. B., Ursinus, W. W., Kemp, B., and Bolhuis, J. E. (2014a). Responses to novel situations of female and castrated male pigs with divergent social breeding values and different backtest classifications in barren and straw-enriched housing. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 151, 24–35. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.11.015
Reimert, I., Rodenburg, T. B., Ursinus, W. W., Kemp, B., and Bolhuis, J. E. (2014b). Selection based on indirect genetic effects for growth, environmental enrichment and coping style affect the immune status of pigs. PLoS ONE 9:e108700. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108700
Rodenburg, T. B., Bijma, P., Ellen, E. D., Bergsma, R., De Vries, S., Bolhuis, J. E., et al. (2010). Breeding amiable animals? Improving farm animal welfare by including social effects in breeding programmes Anim. Welf. 19, 77–82.
Rodenburg, T. B., Bolhuis, J. E., Koopmanschap, R. E., Ellen, E. D., and Decuypere, E. (2009a). Maternal care and selection for low mortality affect post-stress corticosterone and peripheral serotonin in laying hens. Physiol. Behav. 98, 519–523. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.08.006
Rodenburg, T. B., Komen, H., Ellen, E. D., Uitdehaag, K. A., and Van Arendonk, J. A. M. (2008). Selection method and early-life history affect behavioural development, feather pecking and cannibalism in laying hens: a review. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 110, 217–228. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.09.009
Rodenburg, T. B., Uitdehaag, K. A., Ellen, E. D., and Komen, J. (2009b). The effects of selection on low mortality and brooding by a mother hen on open-field response, feather pecking and cannibalism in laying hens. Anim. Welf. 18, 427–432.
Rodenburg, T. B., Van Krimpen, M. M., De Jong, I. C., De Haas, E. N., Kops, M. S., Riedstra, B. J., et al. (2013). The prevention and control of feather pecking in laying hens: identifying the underlying principles. World Poult. Sci. J. 69, 361–374. doi: 10.1017/S0043933913000354
Strandén, I., and Garrick, D. J. (2009). Technical note: derivation of equivalent computing algorithms for genomic predictions and reliabilities of animal merit. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 2971–2975. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1929
Turner, S. P., Horgan, G. W., and Edwards, S. A. (2001). Effect of social group size on aggressive behaviour between unacquainted domestic pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 74, 203–215. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00168-X
Wilson, A. J., Gelin, U., Perron, M. C., and Réale, D. (2009). Indirect genetic effects and the evolution of aggression in a vertebrate system. Proc. Biol. Sci. 276, 533–541. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1193
Wilson, A. J., Morrissey, M. B., Adams, M. J., Walling, C. A., Guinness, F. E., Pemberton, J. M., et al. (2011). Indirect genetics effects and evolutionary constraint: an analysis of social dominance in red deer, Cervus elaphus. J. Evol. Biol. 24, 772–783. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02212.x
Wolf, J. B., Brodie, E. D. 3rd. Cheverud, J. M., Moore, A. J., and Wade, M. J. (1998). Evolutionary consequences of indirect genetic effects. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 64–69. doi: 10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01233-0
Zimmerman, P. H., Lindberg, A. C., Pope, S. J., Glen, E., Bolhuis, J. E., and Nicol, C. J. (2006). The effect of stocking density, flock size and modified management on laying hen behaviour and welfare in a non-cage system. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 101, 111–124. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.01.005
Keywords: genetic selection, social genetic effects, welfare, laying hens, pigs
Citation: Ellen ED, Rodenburg TB, Albers GAA, Bolhuis JE, Camerlink I, Duijvesteijn N, Knol EF, Muir WM, Peeters K, Reimert I, Sell-Kubiak E, van Arendonk JAM, Visscher J and Bijma P (2014) The prospects of selection for social genetic effects to improve welfare and productivity in livestock. Front. Genet. 5:377. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00377
Received: 30 June 2014; Accepted: 13 October 2014;
Published online: 11 November 2014.
Edited by:Wendy Mercedes Rauw, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Spain
Reviewed by:Rodolfo Juan Carlos Cantet, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Jörn Bennewitz, University Hohenheim, Germany
Copyright © 2014 Ellen, Rodenburg, Albers, Bolhuis, Camerlink, Duijvesteijn, Knol, Muir, Peeters, Reimert, Sell-Kubiak, van Arendonk, Visscher and Bijma. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Esther D. Ellen, Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Radix Building number 107, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 338, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands e-mail: [email protected]
|
<urn:uuid:b71101df-6c16-4d7a-b8c2-9c4223c819bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2014.00377/full
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647556.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321004405-20180321024405-00009.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.881285 | 17,103 | 2.71875 | 3 | 3.078562 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
Hello, everyone! Welcome to our first edition of Meteorology 101 on athensgaweather.com. This is the section of the site where we’ll go more in depth on some of the things you see us mention in our daily weather posts. If you have a topic you’d like us to breakdown, let us know! We’re going to start off our first edition with a relatively simple topic: Fronts. You’ve all seen them on surface weather map, like the one above, but you may not have known what they meant or were depicting. Let’s dive right in!
Have you ever wondered why weather fronts came to be known as “fronts”? Well, it all stretches back to the late 1910s when the Norwegian Cyclone Model was developed by Vilhelm Bjerknes and his associates. This model was developed to illustrate the leading theory on the life cycle of mid-latitude cyclones. At the time of the Norwegian Cyclone Model’s development, World War I was ongoing, and since the leading edge of air masses resembled military fronts, the term “front” was chosen to describe the lines in the model. Ever since, fronts have become common terminology in meteorology.
Some Front basics:
- transition zone between two different air masses
- frontal zone is the sloping surface where two air masses meet
- classified by temperature changes
There are many types of fronts in meteorology, some you’ve probably heard of, and some that may be new to you. In this post we’re going to discuss cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, occluded fronts, and a special feature called a dry line.
Cold fronts are simply when a cold air mass replaces a warmer air mass. As a cold front approaches, temperatures remain steady or rise due to southwesterly winds. Temperatures then quickly drop as the frontal zone passes and the cold air mass moves in. As the cold front nears, pressure decreases, and pressure then rises as high pressure moves in behind the cold front. Northwest winds are common behind the front, and these winds help move cold air into the region. Precipitation in cold fronts is typically confined to the frontal zone, though there are exceptions. Showers and thunderstorms are generally the common precipitation types.
On a surface weather map, a cold front will be depicted by a thin blue line with blue triangles pointing in the direction the cold front is moving.
Check out the video below to see a strong cold frontal passage in Marissa, Illinois, on October 25, 2012. You can see the wind shift in the video too. Notice the steam change directions as the frontal zone passes.
Warm fronts occur when a warmer air mass replaces a colder air mass. As a warm front approaches, temperatures generally reman stable or climb slowly. Once the warm front passes, temperatures rapidly increase. Pressures drop as a warm front draws near and increases behind it, though the difference between pressure falls and rises is not as dramatic as in a cold front passage. Ahead of a warm front, winds are usually from the east and northeast which allows for cooler air to occupy the surface. As the warm front passes, warm air is forced up and over the cold air at the surface. We call this process overrunning. During the winter season, if the cold air at the surface is deep enough, snow can fall. Many different types of precipitation can fall in advance of a warm front depending on the season.
Warm fronts on a surface weather map will be depicted by a thin red line with red semicircles extending in the direction the warm front is moving.
The video below summarizes some of the clouds types common in a warm front.
A stationary front, as the name implies, is a front where two air masses meet but move little or not at all at the surface. Conditions right along a stationary front are typical of a warm front. Overrunning can also occur, and when this happens precipitation can fall and keep falling. Many flooding situations occur when a stationary front is present. Over time, a stationary front may cease to be stationary and can begin moving as ether a cold or warm front. It can also dissipate.
On a surface weather map, stationary fronts are depicted by an alternating red/blue line with blue triangles pointing in one direction and red semicircles pointing in the opposite direction.
Occluded fronts are a bit tricky, in fact, there are two kinds of occluded fronts: cold and warm. Cold-type occluded fronts are the most common, and occur when a low pressure center is maturing and about to weaken. In this case, the quick moving cold front merges with the slower moving warm front. When this happens, warm air is pushed vertically above the cold air behind the cold front and the cooler air out ahead of the warm front. Weather ahead of an occluded front is similar to a warm front, and weather behind an occluded front is similar to a cold front.
Occluded fronts on surface weather map will be depicted by a thin purple line with alternating triangles and semicircles pointing in its direction of motion.
Now, onto our last topic of discussion!
A dry line is determined by moisture rather than temperature. Behind a dry line, dry, continental air exists. Out and ahead of the dry line exists warm, moist air. You can tell where a dry line is by looking at dew point temperatures. Where these two drastically different air masses meet often marks the location of intense thunderstorms. Dry lines are most commonly found in the Great Plains during the springtime, and storm chasers love to see them because it gives them a great indication of where thunderstorms will begin firing throughout the day.
You may not always see a dry line on a surface weather map, but when you do it will be a a think orange line with hollow orange semicircles pointing in the direction of dry line movement. It will look something like this:
Here’s a cool video where you can see thunderstorms begin to fire along a dry line, especially at the end of the video.
Cold Front Experiment:
Finally, here’s a neat video form the MetOffice in the United Kingdom where they carry out a cold front experiment in a tank. It looks fairly easy to replicate if you’re interested in testing out your own cold front!
|
<urn:uuid:2c6963c7-28c4-4168-b1b8-d5fb95431629>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://www.athensgaweather.com/meteorology-101-pressure-fronts/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807650.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124104142-20171124124142-00044.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934692 | 1,323 | 4.09375 | 4 | 1.756313 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
NASA has chosen an airborne observatory led by the University of Arizona (UA) over eight other proposed missions vying for NASA's Explorer category.
With a target launch date of Dec. 15, 2021, the Galactic/Extragalactic ULDB Spectroscopic Terahertz Observatory (GUSTO) mission with its airborne observatory will fly across Antarctica at an elevation around 110,000 and 120,000 feet, or 17 miles above a typical commercial flight's cruising altitude.
Basically, the Ultralong-Duration Balloon (ULDB) has a telescope with carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen emission line detectors mounted to a gondola. With a science payload of almost 2 tons, GUSTO will run on about 1 kilowatt of electrical power produced by solar panels.
"NASA has a great history of launching observatories in the Astrophysics Explorers Program with new and unique observational capabilities. GUSTO continues that tradition," Paul Hertz, astrophysics division director in the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, stated.
After launching from McMurdo, Antarctica, GUSTO is expected to stay up in the air up 170 days, depending on weather conditions.
The total project cost is approximately $40 million dollars, including expenses for the balloon launch, post-launch operations, and data analysis.
— NASA (@NASA) March 25, 2017
What Is Interstellar Medium
GUSTO will measure emissions from interstellar mediums, helping scientists get a clearer picture of the life cycle of interstellar gas in the Milky Way galaxy and the birth and death of star-forming clouds.
According to experts, the interstellar medium is the material "from which most of the observable universe is made: stars, planets, rocks, oceans, and all living creatures."
According to principal investigator Christopher Walker, a professor of astronomy at the UA's Steward Observatory, understanding the interstellar medium is key to understanding where we came from, "because 4.6 billion years ago, we were interstellar medium."
Milky Way And Earlier Galaxies
Aside from the Milky Way, GUSTO will also map the Large Magellanic Cloud, which according to Walker, is a hallmark of a galaxy more commonly found in the early universe.
Walker and his team will use cutting-edge superconducting detectors and other instruments that will enable them to listen in at very high frequencies.
Walker said that with the measurements from the GUSTO mission, experts can have enough data to develop a model for earlier galaxies and our home galaxy, the Milky Way, which are the two "bookends" of evolution through cosmic time.
As a prelude to the GUSTO mission, Walker's team triumphantly launched a balloon with a smaller telescope — the Stratospheric Terahertz Observatory, or STO — above South Pole back in December 2016.
Johns Hopkins University is reportedly in charge for the GUSTO balloon's gondola. Other participating organizations in the GUSTO mission include NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Arizona State University, and the SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research.
|
<urn:uuid:2a2e45e4-71f3-4e70-93c3-4e4b2a09d32e>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
http://www.techtimes.com/articles/203095/20170327/nasa-picks-university-of-arizona-to-lead-40-million-milky-way-mission.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646176.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318204522-20180318224522-00065.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.897896 | 635 | 3.015625 | 3 | 2.343167 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.
Note: Contents data are machine generated based on pre-publication provided by the publisher. Contents may have variations from the printed book or be incomplete or contain other coding.
[v: TOC] Contents Acknowledgments About the Authors Foreword David Featherman Introduction Ellen Perecman and Sara Curran PART I: Selecting the Right Tools 1. Archives The Past is Another Country Robert Vitalis Bibliography 1. General References 2. Missionary Archives 3. Law Cases, Commissions and Enquiries 4. Medical Reports 5. Personal Papers and Private correspondence 6. National and Regional Archives 7. Urban Archives 8. Newspapers 2. Case Studies Case-Based Research Andrew Schrank Bibliography 1. Overviews: Case Studies, Critics, and Rejoinders 2. The ?One Shot? Case Study Revisited 3. Comparative Case Approaches 4. Sub-national Approaches 5. ?Doing? Case Studies 6. Counterfactuals 7. The ?Negative Case? Approach 8. Concept Formation 3. Ethnographic Methods Ethnography: Theory and Methods Alma Gottlieb Bibliography 1. Theory and Methods 2. Other Good Examples 3. Memoirs about Fieldwork 4. Oral Histories Oral Histories as Methods and Sources Tamara Giles-Vernick Bibliography 1. Oral Traditions: Theory and Method 2. Oral Traditions: Case Studies 3. Oral and Life History: Theory and Method 4. Oral and Life History: Case Studies 5. Focus Groups Focus Group Interviews Susan Short Bibliography 6. Surveys and Secondary Data Sources Using Survey Data in Social Science Research in Developing Countries Albert Park Bibliography 1. Overview and Essentials 2. Planning, Proposing and Sampling for Survey Data 3. Qualitative Inquiry in and Beyond the Design Process 4. Developing Good Questions: Fundamental Concepts 5. Pretesting: Rationale and Overview of Pre-Field and Field Techniques 6. Data Pre-Coding, Coding, Cleaning and Management 7. Administration 8. Fieldwork in Principle and Practice; Strategies for Monitoring Quality 9. Analysis of Survey Data 10. Secondary Data Sources Secondary Data Sources 7. Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Tools Qualitative Research: Does it Fit in Economics? Michael Piore Bibliography 1. General Issues in Study Design 2. General Texts for Statistics and Econometrics 3. Specific Quantitative Methods and Concerns PART II: Essentials for the Conduct of Research Overview 8. Essentials for Ethnography Ethnographic Research Stevan Harrell 9. Essentials for the Case Study Method The Case Study and Causal Research Andrew Shrank 10. Essentials for Research Design In Search of the Holy Grail: Projects, Proposals, and Research Design, But Mostly about Why Writing a Dissertation Proposal is So Difficult Michael Watts 11. Research Ethics are Essential Ethical Considerations for Research in Cross-Cultural Settings Sara Curran Bibliography 1. Essential Sources across Methods 2. Research Ethics 12. Maintaining Perspective is Essential Bringing It All Back Home: Personal Reflections on Friends, Findings, and Fieldwork Andrew Schrank
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Social sciences -- Field work.
Social sciences -- Research.
Social sciences -- Methodology.
|
<urn:uuid:90b12303-91ac-4b3a-a687-7cd93e97487a>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-05
|
http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0517/2005022714.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889681.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120182041-20180120202041-00119.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.723427 | 685 | 2.734375 | 3 | 2.88748 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
Lizards, Sphenodon, crocodylians, birds, and their extinct relativesMichel Laurin and Jacques A. Gauthier
This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.
The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.
You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.close box
Please note that some authors place the turtles within the Diapsida. Please refer to the accessory page on Diapsid Phylogeny and to the Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships on the Amniota page for more information on this issue.
Diapsids are by far the most speciose group of amniotes, with about 14 600 extant species (Goin et al., 1978). They have invaded all major habitats, from the polar circles (many migratory birds) to deserts (many lizards) and even the ocean (sea snakes, sauropterygians). Diapsids include most flying vertebrates (birds) and most poisonous chordates (snakes and the Gila Monster).
The early history of diapsids is poorly documented. Until the late seventies, the oldest known diapsids were the Upper Permian (250 Myr old) younginiforms from South Africa and Madagascar (Harris and Carroll, 1977; Currie, 1980, 1981, and 1982), and a few other contemporaneous diapsids of uncertain affinities (Carroll, 1976a and b). However, recent work (Reisz, 1977) has extended the fossil record of diapsids to the Pennsylvanian (about 300 Myr ago), and greatly increased our knowledge of the diversity of early diapsids (Brinkman et al., 1984; Reisz et al., 1984; Laurin, 1991; deBraga and Reisz, 1995). The oldest known crown-diapsids (saurians) date from the Late Upper Permian (Carroll, 1975; Evans, 1987).
Extant diapsids are classified into either lepidosaurs (lizards and Sphenodon) or archosaurs (birds and crocodiles). Both of these clades are very successful and speciose (Fig. 1), and archosaurs include some of the most fascinating vertebrates that ever lived, such as the pterosaurs (flying reptiles of the Mesozoic) and the many extinct groups of dinosaurs. Indeed, the present diversity of archosaurs, even though it compares favourably with many other clades, is a mere shadow of what it was in the mesozoic.
Diapsida was named after the two fenestrae (holes) found in the temporal region of the skull of most early and some extant diapsids. The lower temporal fenestra is between the jugal, postorbital, squamosal, and quadratojugal. The upper temporal fenestra is between the postorbital, parietal, and squamosal. Some diapsids have lost the lower fenestra (lizards) or even both fenestrae (snakes, amphisbaenids), but their early ancestors had both fenestrae.
Only skeletal autapomorphies (unique derived characters) can be confidently assigned to Diapsida because all the basal lineages of diapsids are extinct. In addition to the presence of an upper and a lower lateral temporal fenestra, these include:
- A suborbital fenestra (Fig. 2). This is a relatively large hole in the palate that is located between the palatine, the ectopterygoid, and the maxilla. Other taxa may have a foramen (a small hole just large enough to allow passage for a nerve or a blood vessel) in this region, but there is usually no fenestra.
- A long radius, measuring between 70% and 90% of the length of the humerus. This ratio is variable in extant diapsids, but early diapsids consistently had a longer radius than other taxa, in which it was typically less than 70% of the humeral length.
Skeletal autapomorphies can unambiguously be attributed to Sauria, and other characters (soft anatomical, physiological, etc.) present in saurians but not in other extant amniotes are also usually attributed to Sauria, although they may have been present in other diapsids and even in their close relatives ("Protorothyridids" and captorhinids). Saurian autapomorphies include:
- A low concentration of urea in the blood plasma resulting from a loss or suppression of the urea cycle. Lissamphibians, mammals, and turtles have a higher concentration of urea in their plasma.
- The loss of the apposition between the kidney and the adrenal gland. These two organs are juxtaposed in lissamphibians, mammals, and turtles.
- The presence of Huxley's foramen. This foramen is a hole in the distal end of the extracolumella (a cartilaginous extension of the stapes that contacts the tympanum). Huxley's foramen is absent in lissamphibians, mammals, and turtles.
- Temporal muscles originating on the dorsolateral surface of the skull table. In araeoscelidians and younginiforms, the temporal muscles originate from a fascia attached to the lateral edge of the skull table and from the ventral surface of the skull table.
- Prefrontal-nasal suture anterolaterally oriented (Fig. 3D). This suture is parasagittal in araeoscelidians, Claudiosaurus, and younginiforms (Fig. 3A-C).
- Squamosal confined to the dorsal half of the skull, except for a narrow ventral process supporting the quadrate. The squamosal of younginiforms, Apsisaurus, and araeoscelidians is broad ventrally.
- Strong, broad contact between the paroccipital process and the cheek. This contact is weak and often cartilaginous in younginiforms and araeoscelidians.
- Quadrate deeply emarginated posteriorly. The quadrate of saurians supports a tympanum in its deep posterior emargination. The quadrate of younginiforms has a very shallow emargination that probably did not support a tympanum. The quadrate of Apsisaurus and araeoscelidians is not emarginated.
- Slender stapes. The stapes of saurians is modified to function as a middle ear ossicle to transmit high-frequency air-borne sounds from the tympanum to the inner ear. The stapes of younginiforms and araeoscelidians is more massive and it is not specialized as a middle ear ossicle.
- Dorsal process of stapes with ossified connection to paroccipital process of opisthotic. In other taxa, this connection is cartilaginous (or it may consist of a tendon), when it is present.
- Large retroarticular process. This is the insertion point for the muscles that open the lower jaw. The retroarticular process of araeoscelidians, Coelurosauravus, and younginiforms is much smaller.
- Cleithrum absent. The cleithrum is a dermal bone located on the anterior edge of the scapula, dorsal to the clavicle. It is present in araeoscelidians, Coelurosauravus, and younginiforms.
- Lateral manual centrale (a bone in the wrist) small or absent. The lateral and medial centralia are approximately of equal size in araeoscelidians and in some younginiforms primitively (in Acerosodontosaurus).
- Fifth distal tarsal absent (this is a small bone in the ankle, proximal to the fifth toe). Araeoscelidians, Coelurosauravus, and youngina have five distal tarsals.
- Fifth metatarsal hooked (this bone supports the fifth toe). This bone is straight in other diapsids.
The linked page Autapomorphies of diapsid clades provides a list of autapomorphies of Neodiapsida and other clades smaller than Diapsida but more inclusive than Sauria.
Diapsid phylogeny has been intensively studied in the last decade, but the affinities of many groups are still controversial. For instance, the affinities of the Upper Permian diapsids Galesphyrus (Carroll, 1976a), Heleosaurus (Carroll, 1976b), and Heleosuchus (Carroll, 1987) from South Africa are uncertain because these taxa are represented by fragmentary remains. However, the relationships of the other major groups of stem-diapsids are now reasonably well understood. The affinities of araeoscelidians were initially debated (Peabody, 1952; Vaughn, 1955; Reisz, 1977), but they are now universally believed to be the earliest known group of diapsids (Laurin, 1991; deBraga and Reisz, 1995). Younginiforms were previously believed to represent early lepidosauromorphs (Benton, 1985; Evans, 1988; Gauthier et al., 1988a), but they are now considered to be close relatives of Sauria (Laurin, 1991; Gauthier, 1994).
Some diapsid taxa like Ichthyosauria, Sauropterygia, Placodontia, and Choristodera remain problematic. Placodontia and Choristodera do not appear on the main tree because recent work suggests that they are either lepidosauromorphs or archosauromorphs (Rieppel, 1993, 1994; Rieppel and deBraga, 1996; deBraga and Rieppel, 1997; Merck, 1997). Only ichthyosaurs and sauropterygians appear because they may be either stem-diapsids, archosauromorphs, or lepidosauromorphs (Caldwell, 1996; Mercki, 1997; Motani et al., 1998). Turtles may also be saurians, either lepidosauromorphs or archosauromorphs, but for a discussion of this topic, please refer to the page on Amniota. For more information, see the linked page on Diapsid phylogeny.
Despite numerous studies on diapsid phylogeny and classification, diapsids taxonomy still suffers from a lack of consensus. However, according to the principles of priority suggested by de Queiroz and Gauthier (1990, 1992, 1994), several diapsid taxa have been formally defined phylogenetically, and these definitions should be respected if diapsid taxonomy is ever to be standardized. These taxa include:
- Diapsida: The most recent common ancestor of araeoscelidians, lepidosaurs, and archosaurs, and all its descendants (Laurin, 1991).
- Araeoscelidia: The most recent common ancestor of Araeoscelis and Petrolacosaurus, and all its descendants (Laurin, 1991).
- Neodiapsida: Sauria plus all other diapsids that are closer to saurians than they are to araeoscelidians (Gauthier et al., 1988b).
- Eosuchia: The most recent common ancestor of Coelurosauravus, Apsisaurus, younginiforms, lepidosaurs, and archosaurs and all its descendants (Laurin, 1991).
- Younginiformes: The most recent common ancestor of Youngina, Acerosodontosaurus, and Hovasaurus and all its descendants (Laurin, 1991).
- Sauria: All the descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds, crocodiles, squamates, and Sphenodon (Gauthier, 1984; Gauthier et al., 1988b).
- Lepidosauromorpha: Extant lepidosaurs and all extinct saurians that are closer to them than they are to extant archosaurs (Gauthier, 1984; Gauthier et al., 1988a).
- Archosauromorpha: Extant archosaurs and all extinct saurians that are closer to them than they are to extant lepidosaurs (Gauthier, 1984, 1994).
Some of these taxa have been given multiple definitions, and some of these definitions have been applied to more than one taxon, but the definitions of taxa given above appear to have priority (de Queiroz and Gauthier, 1990, 1992, and 1994).
This classification, as well as most recent classifications of diapsids, does not recognize Lacertilia as a formal taxon (Lacertilia included lizards but not snakes and amphisbaenids) because this group is not monophyletic (it does not include all the descendants of a common ancestor). Indeed, snakes (Estes et al., 1988; Rieppel, 1988) and amphisbaenids (Wu et al., 1993) are the direct descendants of some lizards, so in this page, the word "lizards" includes these taxa as well.
The earliest diapsids (and indeed, all known stem diapsids) lacked a tympanum and could not hear high-frequency air-borne sounds, as shown by the lack of a quadrate emargination (the structure that supports the tympanum in most extant diapsids) and the robust shape of their stapes. This indicates that the tympanum present in most saurians developed independently from the tympanum of turtles and mammals (except if turtles are saurians, as recently suggested by Rieppel and deBraga (1996).
A few saurians have lost their tympanum and their ability to hear high-frequency air-borne sounds. These include snakes and many other lepidosaurs, such as Sphenodon, amphisbaenids, Tympanocryptis, Aphaniotes (Barry, 1963). These saurians can only hear low-frequency seismic vibrations (sounds transmitted through the ground).
Early phylogenies of diapsids suggested that the tympanum and the ability to hear high-frequency air-borne sounds had appeared separately in lepidosauromorphs and in archosauromorphs because younginiforms, formerly believed to be the oldest known lepidosauromorphs, apparently lacked a tympanum (Benton, 1985; Evans, 1988). However, the reinterpretation of younginiforms as stem diapsids implies that the tympanum appeared only once in diapsids, probably soon before the divergence between lepidosauromorphs and archosauromorphs (Laurin, 1991).
Barry T. H. 1963. On the variable occurrence of the tympanum in recent and fossil tetrapods. South African Journal of Science 59: 160-175.
Benton M. J. 1985. Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 84: 97-164.
Botha-Brink J. & S. P. Modesto. 2009. Anatomy and relationships of the Middle Permian Varanopid Heleosaurus scholtzi based on a social aggregation from the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 389–400.
Brinkman D. B., D. S. Berman, & D. A. Eberth. 1984. A new araeoscelid reptile, Zarcasaurus tanyderus, from the Cutler Formation (Lower Permian) of north central New Mexico. New Mexico Geology 1984: 34-39.
Caldwell M. 1996. Ichthyosauria: a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of diapsid affinities. Neuen Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen 200: 361-386.
Carroll R. L. 1975. Permo-Triassic "lizards" from the Karroo. Palaeontologia Africana 18: 71-87.
Carroll R. L. 1976a. Galesphyrus capensis, a younginid eosuchian from the Cistephalus zone of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 72: 59-68.
Carroll R. L. 1976b. Eosuchians and the Origin of Archosaurs. In: C. S. Churcher (ed.) Athlon-Essays on Palaeontology in Honour of Loris Shano Russell: 58-79. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. Life Sciences. Miscalleneous Publications.
Carroll R. L. 1981. Plesiosaur ancestors from the Upper Permian of Madagascar. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 293: 315-383.
Carroll R. L. 1987. Heleosuchus: an enigmatic diapsid reptile from the Late Permian or Early Triassic of southern Africa. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24: 664-667.
Currie P. J. c. 1980. A new younginid (Reptilia: Eosuchia) from the Upper Permian of Madagascar. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 17: 500-511.
Currie P. J. 1981. Hovasaurus boules, an aquatic eosuchian from the Upper Permian of Madagascar. Palaeontologia Africana 24: 99-168.
Currie P. J. 1982. The osteology and relationships of Tangasaurus mennelli Haughton (Reptilia, Eosuchia). Annals of the South African Museum 86: 247-265.
de Queiroz K. & J. Gauthier. 1990. Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names. Systematic Zoology 39: 307-322.
de Queiroz K. & J. Gauthier. 1992. Phylogenetic taxonomy. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 449-480.
de Queiroz K. & J. Gauthier. 1994. Toward a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 27-31.
deBraga M. & R. R. Reisz. 1995. A new diapsid reptile from the uppermost Carboniferous (Stephanian) of Kansas. Palaeontology 38: 199-212.
deBraga M. and O. Rieppel. 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 281-354.
Estes R., K. de Queiroz, & J. Gauthier. 1988. Phylogenetic Relationships within Squamata. In: R. Estes and G. Pregill (ed.) Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families: 119-281. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Evans S. E. 1987. The phylogeny of Prolacertiformes. In: P. M. Currie and E. H. Koster, Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers in Drumheller, Alberta,
Evans S. E. 1988. The early history and relationships of the Diapsida. In: M. J. Benton (ed.) The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods: 221-260. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Fraser N. C. 1988. The osteology and relationships of Clevosaurus (Reptilia: Sphenodontida). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B321: 125-178.
Gauthier J. 1984. A cladistic analysis of the higher systematic categories of the Diapsida. PhD, University of California at Berkeley.
Gauthier J. A. 1994. The diversification of the amniotes. In: D. R. Prothero and R. M. Schoch (ed.) Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution: 129-159. Knoxville, Tennessee: The Paleontological Society.
Gauthier J., R. Estes, & K. de Queiroz. 1988a. A phylogenetic analysis of Lepidosauromorpha. In: R. Estes and G. Pregill (ed.) Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families: 15-98. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Gauthier J., A. G. Kluge, & T. Rowe. 1988b. The early evolution of the Amniota. In: M. J. Benton (ed.) The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 1: amphibians, reptiles, birds: 103-155. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Goin C. J., O. B. Goin, & G. R. Zug. 1978. Introduction to herpetology. Vol. 1. New York: W. H. Freeman and company.
Harriss J. M. & R. L. Carroll. 1977. Kenyasaurus, a new eosuchian reptile from the Early Triassic of Kenya. Journal of Paleontology 51: 139-149.
Laurin M. 1991. The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 101: 59-95.
Merck J. 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of the euryapsid reptiles. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: 65A.
Motani R., N. Minoura, and T. Ando. 1998. Ichthyosaurian relationships illuminated by new primitive skeletons from Japan. Nature 393: 255-257.
Peabody F. E. 1952. Petrolacosaurus kansensis Lane, a Pennsylvanian reptile from Kansas. Paleontological Contributions. University of Kansas. 1: 1-41.
Reisz R. R. 1977. Petrolacosaurus, the Oldest Known Diapsid Reptile. Science 196: 1091-1093.
Reisz R. R. 1981. A diapsid reptile from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. University of Kansas Publications of the Museum of Natural History 7: 1-74.
Reisz R. R. & S. P. Modesto. 2007. Heleosaurus scholtzi from the permian of South Africa: a varanopid synapsid not a diapsid reptile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 727-733.
Reisz R. R., D. S. Berman, & D. Scott. 1984. The anatomy and relationships of the Lower Permian reptile Araeoscelis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4: 57-67.
Reisz R. R., M. Laurin, & D. Marjanović. 2010. Apsisaurus witteri from the Lower Permian of Texas: yet another small varanopid synapsid, not a diapsid. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1628–1631.
Rieppel O. 1988. The classification of the Squamata. In: M. J. Benton (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods: 261-293. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Rieppel O. 1993. Euryapsid relationships: A preliminary analysis. Neuen Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen 188: 241-264.
Rieppel O. 1994. Osteology of Simosaurus gaillardoti and the relationships of stem-group sauropterygia. Fieldiana Geology 1462: 1-85.
Rieppel O. & M. deBraga. 1996. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Nature 384: 453-455.
Vaughn P. P. 1955. The Permian reptile Araeoscelis restudied. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 113: 305-467.
Wu X.-c., D. B. Brinkman, A. P. Russell, Z.-m. Dong, P. J. Currie, L.-h. Hou, & G.-h. Cui. 1993. Oldest known amphisbaenian from the Upper Cretaceous of Chinese Inner Mongolia. Nature 366: 57-59.
- Those Diverse Diapsids. UCMP Berkeley.
- Mystery of the Oldest Flying Vertebrate . Information about Coelurosauravus. Royal Ontario Museum.
- Introduction to the Ichthyosauria. UCMP Berkeley.
- Ichthyosaur Page. Ryosuke Motani.
- The Plesiosaur Site. Richard Forrest.
- Plesiosaur FAQ's. Raymond Thaddeus C. Ancog.
- Something about Plesiosaurs. Mike Everhart.
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Jacques A. Gauthier
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Michel Laurin at
Page: Tree of Life Diapsida. Lizards, Sphenodon, crocodylians, birds, and their extinct relatives. Authored by Michel Laurin and Jacques A. Gauthier. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.
- First online 22 June 2000
- Content changed 20 April 2011
Citing this page:
Laurin, Michel and Jacques A. Gauthier. 2011. Diapsida. Lizards, Sphenodon, crocodylians, birds, and their extinct relatives. Version 20 April 2011. http://tolweb.org/Diapsida/14866/2011.04.20 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
|
<urn:uuid:8e012d8e-bc9c-4ce3-bc32-dd9c12849216>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
|
http://tolweb.org/Diapsida
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155792.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918225124-20180919005124-00140.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.788842 | 5,831 | 3.65625 | 4 | 3.025867 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
Composing dissertation being a type or types of scientific work, its difference off their documents
The dissertation in the shape of a manuscript is a particular style of systematic work, that will be an expression associated with method of scientific research literary works, for which systematic imagination is realized as https://eliteessaywriters.com/tag/industrial-revolution/ a procedure of clinical development of truth and also as the creation of clinical values enriching the really technology.
Meaning and aim of writing a dissertation
Its topic is just a operational system of medical ideas that make sure the functioning of systematic interaction basic kinds of knowledge, that makes it possible to understand the primary functions of technology, such as for instance description, explanation, prediction, generalization and systematization of phenomena and facts of truth.
This kind of a work, both the original conditions for clinical research, and its own entire program, and the outcome obtained at that, are recorded. It does not just describe the scientific facts, but offers a analysis that is comprehensive which adequately reflects both basic clinical and special types of systematic knowledge, the legitimacy of which will be fully justified in each instance of these application.
A dissertation in the system of science performs a qualification function, that is, it is prepared for the purpose of public defense and obtaining a scientist or academic degree unlike other scientific works. The author is judged, how fully reflected and substantiated the provisions contained therein, conclusions and recommendations, their scientific novelty and practical significance by the quality of dissertation.
The totality of the outcomes acquired in such work suggests the contribution of this dissertation to technology, and therefore shows the amount of its scientific qualifications, and above all the capacity to separately carry out a search that is scientific re solve certain systematic dilemmas.
Essence of this dissertation and its particular practical value
Awarding of scientists and educational levels is considered the most important stimulus for the growth of domestic technology, offers up strengthening their state status and economic status of its leaders. Deciding whether or not to award a medical or educational level to an applicant is an illustration of recognition of their qualifications by the state as well as the clinical community.
Another essential distinction regarding the dissertation off their clinical works (apart from the medical and technical report) is the fact that scientific information found in its transmitted into the many form that is complete. Certainly, only right here the main points associated with the results while the length of scientific researches are described in more detail, the strategy of conducting research at length, the real history for the growth of the studied phenomena is detailed.
The completeness associated with the information when you look at the dissertation is reflected within the undeniable fact that the following is given a really detailed factual material, which include:
- detail by detail reason,
- wide excursions that are historical parallels,
- the outcome of systematic search.
They are described when you look at the many holistic when it comes to systematic familiarity with the proper execution.
This content of the dissertation characterizes the originality and uniqueness of this above information. The cornerstone because of it is a basically brand new product, which include a description of brand new facts, phenomena and legislation of nature and society, along with generalization of previously understood roles off their jobs or perhaps in a very different aspect.
With regards to the general dynamics of technology, the dissertation presents brand new principles, theories and facts into scientific sectors. The content of these work reflects the essence for the phenomenon, the pattern in randomness, the full total within the unit, the inner into the outside. Mcdougal’s concept here accurately reflects the issue situation in technology and corresponds into the direction that is leading of knowledge. Only under such conditions, this notion is known as well-off within the sense this is certainly clinical that is, it gives a rise in medical knowledge.
|
<urn:uuid:e55f2d32-b8dc-43c2-9e4e-37236606f9ad>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
http://fashion.eastgradcreative.com/composing-dissertation-being-a-type-or-types-of-4/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512400.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019124748-20181019150248-00027.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95073 | 779 | 2.75 | 3 | 2.754809 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
This afternoon, I attended my fifth Brian Henry workshop.
This one, the third held in Sudbury and hosted by the Sudbury Writers’ Guild, was on “How to make your stories dramatic.”
These workshops are Brian’s bread and butter, so without giving too much of the content away, here are my notes:
- The scene is the basic building block of your story.
- There are two kinds: the dialogue-based scene, and the action-based scene.
- Every scene must have a plot-related point. It must answer the question, “so what?”
- Push and pull. The push is the point of view (POV) character’s need. The pull is what the pursuit of the need leads to (promise, twist, decision, new threat, etc.).
- Your characters must be interesting. They should be unique, have their own interests, passions, a quirk, backstory (dole it out gradually). If two characters are similar, shoot one.
- Readers, sadly, do not remember names.
- Your protagonist should be a good “tour guide.”
- Every character has her or his own agenda (the scene’s push). It’s better if they are at odds with one another.
- Pick your scenes carefully. Show the important stuff. Tell the rest.
- Don’t get to the point too quickly.
- Scene = hook, hook, and hook.
- Ford Madox Ford, “No speech of a character should reply directly to another character.”
- Dialogue shouldn’t be smooth.
- An action scene consists of set up, action, and wind down.
- Set up = setting, background, tone, suspense.
- Action = plot, character, relationships.
- Wind down = the result, new information, what is gained or lost.
- Dialogue is important, even in action scenes.
- Make sure it feels exotic (most people don’t spend a lot of time fighting, in chase scenes, etc.)
- Use internal monologue to your scene’s best advantage. No long-winded explanations.
- You need to have some kind of surprise.
- Have more than one thing going on at any one time.
We went through a few examples of dramatic scenes, one from Lawrence Block, one from George R. R. Martin, and one from Bernard Cornwell to look at the variations and interplay of action and dialogue. We also completed a writing exercise, for which I chose a scene (to that point unwritten) from Gerod and the Lions.
Since I’m always trying to learn and improve upon my craft, the workshop brought up a number of bits and pieces that I’ve learned over the years.
Emily Dickenson wrote, “Tell all the truth, but tell it slant.”
Last fall at the Surrey International Writers’ Conference, I attended a Diana Gabaldon session where she shared her technique of driving a scene forward by raising questions in the reader, but delaying the answers for as long as possible.
I just finished reading Victoria A. Mixon’s The Art and Craft of Story, in which she describes “holographic structure.” This takes the basic three act structure of hook, development, and climax and breaks it down.
The hook consists of the hook and the first conflict, the development includes (at least) two more conflicts, and the climax consists of the faux resolution and climax.
In fact, breaking it down even further, each of these six elements contains its own six elements.
Thus, the hook part of the hook section contains its own hook, (at least) three conflicts, faux resolution, and climax, as does each of the remaining parts.
If this seems confusing, please read Victoria’s book. She explains it at much more length and much more clearly than I do.
Suffice it to say that the ultimate breakdown is at the scene level, and each scene, in keeping with its overall purpose within the story, has its own hook, three conflicts, faux resolution, and climax.
That’s all the insightful I have for you today, my writerly peeps.
Until next time.
|
<urn:uuid:1deaa296-c47a-45ca-89e5-95f190f67517>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://melaniemarttila.ca/2014/03/22/brian-henry-workshop-sudbury-march-22-2014/?like_comment=5186&_wpnonce=e309ec6c86
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143963.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219000604-20200219030604-00022.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950933 | 908 | 2.546875 | 3 | 2.343891 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Literature
|
Emily Dickinson is a prolific poet, who is credited with composing several of the most influential works of poetry in American Literature. Her unique writing style coupled with her vivid use of symbolism creates an amazing experience for her readers.
In her poems entitled, “I heard a Fly buzz – when I died,” “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain,” and “Because I could not stop for Death,” Dickinson uses symbolism throughout to highlight the themes of life, death, and madness to create a truly compelling story.
In the first poem, “I heard a Fly buzz – when I died,” death is originally personified as swift and without pain. Following this rather rudimentary explanation, the poem additionally alludes to the inherently appalling nature of death. She explains this dichotomy by presenting the fly in the story as harmless and nothing more than a slight annoyance to the narrator initially, but by the last stanza the reader is offered a glimpse into the actual dreadful nature of the fly.
With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz,
Between the light and me;
And then the windows failed, and then
I could not see to see. (Dickinson 13-16)
The main use of symbolism in the work is expressed by the use of symbolism that surrounds the fly. The fly makes a physical appearance in three stanzas and serves as a metaphorical explanation of what the speaker experiences as she journeys ever closer to death. This literal and metaphorical symbol personifies death as an intense moment of expectation, one of true waiting. The author describes a “stillness in the air,” (3) as the viewers of her death are quiet, and the only perceivable noise is the fly’s persistent buzzing.
The speaker’s tone throughout the piece is calm, often very flat; her narrative matter-of-fact and concise. The summation of these factors createsa deeply moving piece, whose symbolism highlights the bone-dry nature death. In the second poem, “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain,” Dickinson details the narrator’s swift descent into complete madness.
The poem takes place at a funeral and thus, the symbolic nature of the surroundings are used to metaphorically describe the narrator’s loss of mental grounding. In the poem, the mourners are used symbolically to detail the narrator’s mental pain and anguish. Their physical treading indicates a metaphorical pressure that is pushing her down and continues to do so until she loses touch with reality.
And then I heard them lift a box,
And creak across my soul
With those same boots of lead,
Then space began to toll (Dickinson 9-12)
This section details the narrator’s brief impression that reason, or “sense” (4) is escaping or being lost. The feeling of weight, or resistance caused by the treading is reasserted with the use of repetition, “beating, beating” (7). This time, the narrator’s mind is the root of her subpar reasoning, noted by her feeling increasingly “numb” (8).
As the passage continues, you can further trace the narrator’s irrationality into the third and fourth stanzas. The last two lines of stanza four reassess her mental condition; she sees herself as “wrecked, solitary” (16).
The narrator’s journey into madness distances her from other people, which makes her a member of “some strange race” (15) This alienation and general inability to communicate with people are displayed most notably by her silence in the passage. The last stanza in the work paints a very grim picture of the narrator’s mental condition, as the finally loses her bearings with reality.
And then a plank in reason, broke,
And I dropped down and down–
And hit a world at every plunge,
And finished knowing–then– (Dickinson 17-20)
Finally, in Emily Dickinson’s work entitled, “Because I could not stop for Death,” death is personified as a man looking to romantically entice the narrator. The poem details the life of the narrator, as time progresses and she makes her journey from a young person into maturity. The long ride in the poem is used symbolically to show her leaving life behind and entering death.
We passed the school, where children strove
At recess, in the ring;
We passed the fields of gazing grain,
We passed the setting sun. (Dickinson 9-12)
This use of symbolism is important to the poem’s plot, because it aids in depicting death as an elusive and cunning suitor and creates a sense of a journey within the piece. Following the metaphorical journey through life, the reader is clued into the possibly grim nature of Death and his ill intentions.
Or rather, he passed us;
The dews grew quivering and chill,
For only gossamer my gown,
My tippet only tulle. (Dickinson 13-16)
Throughout Emily Dickinson’s poetry, symbolism is used to depict several themes including; life, death, and madness. These themes are especially important in the stories, “I heard a Fly buzz – when I died,” “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain,” and “Because I could not stop for Death.”
The use of symbols in these stories acts in such a way, that they allow the readera unique glimpse into the mind of the author and additionally they serve to create a cohesive theme throughout each work.
Dickinson, Emily. “1668.” The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym. Vol. B. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2012. 1861. Print. — “1673.”The Norton Anthology of American Literature.
Ed. Nina Baym. Vol. B. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2012. 1862. Print. — “1683.” Tahe Norton Anthology of American Literature.
Ed. Nina Baym. Vol. B. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2012. 1862. Print.
Evans, Robert C. “Toward Eternity: The Final Journey in Emily Dickinson’s ‘Because I Could Not Stop for Death’.” Bloom’s Literary Themes (Bloom’s Literary Themes). Eds. Bloom,
Harold and Blake Hobby. New York, NY: Bloom’s Literary Criticism, 2009. xvii, 244 pp.
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe.
You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.Read more
Each paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.Read more
Thanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.Read more
Your email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. Your bank details are secure, as we use only reliable payment systems.Read more
By sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.Read more
|
<urn:uuid:73541c53-412d-4b4f-82d3-bbac261591c1>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
|
https://www.essayfountain.com/because-i-could-not-stop-for-death-an-analysis-of-emily-dickinsons-style/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890028.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025212948-20201026002948-00521.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929356 | 1,630 | 3.125 | 3 | 2.668053 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Literature
|
A Moving Child Is A Learning Child How The Body Teaches The Brain To Think Paperback Birth To Age 7
Grounded in best practices and current research, this hands-on resource connects the dots that link brain activity, motor and sensory development, movement, and early learning. The expert authors unveil the Kinetic Scale: a visual map of the active learning needs of infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and children in primary grades that fits each child’s individual timetable.
Teachers, parents, and caregivers will find a wealth of information, actionable tips, and games they can use to support children’s healthy development—all presented in a lively, full-color format with demonstrative diagrams and photos. A final section offers easy-to-implement activities geared to the Kinetic Scale.
Downloadable digital content includes printable charts, games, and activities from the book plus a PowerPoint presentation for professional development, parent handouts, and bonus activities.
Introducing the Kinetic Scale
a unique framework encompassing all the elements of movement: reflexes, sensory tools (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, balance, and intuition), motor tools (power, coordination, and control), and language
based on six stages of movement development from birth to age seven: snugglers, squigglers, stompers, scampers, scooters, and skedaddlers
designed to foster a balanced diet of physical activity that helps each child move, grow, and learn on the child’s individual timetable
Audience: Teachers, caregivers, special education practitioners, clinicians, and parents of children ages birth to 7
Illustrated: full color, photos
Trim Size: 7.25" x 9.25"
Page Count: 336
Digital Content: Includes printable charts, games, and activities from the book plus a PowerPoint presentation for professional development, parent handouts, and bonus activities
Praise for A Moving Child Is a Learning Child
“Everyone knows that a healthy diet is important for a growing child, but did you know that physical activity is absolutely essential for brain development? Many don’t, but Gill Connell and Cheryl McCarthy aim to fix that with A Moving Child Is a Learning Child . . . With a wealth of information and a plethora of ideas for implementation, this book is a must-read for parents as well as anyone working with young children.”—San Francisco Book Review
“A Moving Child Is a Learning Child interprets developmental movements and translates them into their correlating larger skill sets on the path to language, reading, writing, and being a healthy, social child . . . A brilliant read with beautiful photographs, diagrams, and layout.”—Heidi Echternacht, kindergarten teacher and founder of #KinderChat
“This groundbreaking book introduces a tool that supports the full, natural development of movement and learning in young children, enabling teachers, parents, and caregivers to facilitate learning through active play while respecting each child’s individual needs.”—Darell Hammond, founder and CEO of KaBOOM!
“This valuable research demonstrates that the way children learn best is through interaction and movement . . . [A Moving Child Is a Learning Child] helps adults understand why children don’t sit still, run, jump, skip, and fidget . . . and why it is so critically important to their brain development and learning!”—Deborah McNelis, acclaimed author of the Brain Development series and founder of Brain Insights
“Gill Connell and Cheryl McCarthy, two highly respected leaders in their fields, have produced a timely book that makes a significant contribution to our understanding of why movement is so vital in young children’s development and learning. This exceptionally informative book will appeal to and be highly useful for parents/caregivers and anyone who works with or has infants, toddlers, and young children.”—Cheryl Greenfield, M.Ed. (Hons), Manukau Institute of Technology in Auckland, New Zealand
Download excerpts from the book below:
|
<urn:uuid:1b6ca796-8b6c-4e99-a064-7d5309074f13>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.myschoolbus.com.hk/Children-Book/free-spirit-a-moving-child-is-a-learning-child-how-the-body-teaches-the-brain-to-think-paperback-birth-to-age-7
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145443.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221045555-20200221075555-00309.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.899944 | 845 | 2.9375 | 3 | 2.739119 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
Gary B. Rollman,
Emeritus Professor of Psychology,
University of Western Ontario
(In addition to links below, see weekly archives in the right column)
Sunday, November 24, 2013
Anticipation of pain can be worse than pain itself - health - 22 November 2013 - New Scientist
"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself," said Franklin D. Roosevelt. He might have been onto something: research suggests that the anticipation of pain is actually worse than the pain itself. In other words, people are happy to endure a bit more pain, if it means they spend less time waiting for it.
Classical theories of decision-making suppose that people bring rewards forward and postpone punishments, because we give far-off events less weight. This is called "temporal discounting". But this theory seems to go out the window when it comes to pain.
One explanation for this is that the anticipation of pain is itself unpleasant, a phenomenon that researchers have appropriately termed "dread".
To investigate how dread varies with time, Giles Story at University College London, and his colleagues, hooked up 33 volunteers to a device that gave them mild electric shocks. The researchers also presented people with a series of choices between more or less mildly painful shocks, sooner or later.
During every "episode" there was a minimum of two shocks, which could rise to a maximum of 14, but before they were given them, people had to make a choice such as nine extra shocks now or six extra shocks five episodes from now. The number of shocks they received each time was determined by these past choices.
No pain, no gain
Although a few people always chose to experience the minimum pain, 70 per cent of the time, on average, participants chose to receive the extra shocks sooner rather than a smaller number later. By varying the number of shocks and when they occurred, the team was able to figure out that the dread of pain increased exponentially as pain approached in time. Similar results occurred in a test using hypothetical dental appointments.
"This study demonstrates that the fear of anticipation is so strong it can reverse the usual pattern of time discounting," says George Loewenstein, a professor of economics and psychology at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. "It's probably not an exaggeration to say that as much, or more, of the pains of life come from anticipation and memory than from actual experience."
The study could well have implications for medicine and health policy, because an understanding of how people judge pain is important for presenting them with options about potentially painful treatments.
"You should avoid emphasising waiting times," says Story. "And if you can make something seem unavoidable, people may be more likely to confront it to minimise dread."
Story hopes that this kind of psychological study will aid the development of diagnostic tools. "Looking at these kinds of preferences might help predict whether people will make healthy or unhealthy choices," he says.
|
<urn:uuid:bbb2ca0c-6f82-4001-9829-08a660c8b1e8>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-09
|
http://psychologyofpain.blogspot.com/2013/11/anticipation-of-pain-can-be-worse-than.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813803.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221202619-20180221222619-00090.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965065 | 601 | 3.28125 | 3 | 2.914105 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
By Guest Author, Ted Blanchard
I confess. A generator is not one of my chosen tools for preparedness. But then again, I tend to prepare more for a serious survival scenario i.e.: a widespread national crisis, in which case I feel that a generator is useless and simply paints you as a target of the morally deficit and desperate individuals. However, in the event of a more temporary power outage scenario due to a hurricane, snow storm or such, a generator would certainly be a worthwhile tool to have. As such, I have solicited the assistance of Ted Blanchard, last week’s guest author to provide for us a 3 part series on understanding, protecting, and utilizing a generator. So here is part 1.
Power and Sizing of a Generator
We’ll start with an easy topic. Power is the ability to do work, plain and simple. It can be measured in horsepower (HP), watts (W) and a variety of other units. For the moment, we will focus on horsepower and watts. Electrical power (in watts) is the voltage times the current or 1Watt = 1Volt x 1Amp. In most houses a 75-watt bulb consumes about 0.625 amps, because US homes are almost all 120 volts AC (alternating current). 75W/120V = 0.625 amps of current passing through the bulb’s filament. You can think of voltage as electrical “pressure” and current as electrical “volume” if you need to wrap your mind around the details. Higher voltage “pushes” harder through any electrical load, including you if you are not careful, and higher current means more “juice” delivered to the hair dryer or overhead lights.
For convenience in comparing generators, we can also use kilowatts or kW, which is simply one thousand watts. If you want all the details click on watts, but for our purposes, one horsepower is a bit less than 750 Watts, or 0.75 kW of electrical power. For this reason, you can dismiss as falsehood any claims by a manufacturer that their 8 HP generator provides 10 kW of electrical power. A system’s Efficiency Factor - a number between 0 and 1, and often expressed as a percentage from 0% to 100% - is a measure of the efficiency of the system. A generator with an efficiency factor of 0.8 (or 80%) converts eight tenths of the power developed by the engine into available electrical power, on a continuous basis, to run lights, heaters, appliances and other household items. The rest is lost through engine heat, radiated sound and radio frequency (RF) energy and other “inefficiencies” of the generator. As a result, a fair “rule of thumb” is that a generator can be expected to provide roughly 600 to 700 watts of electrical power per engine horsepower, with 700 being an extremely efficient generator, bordering on impossible.
So we have already arrived at Warning One: check the math in the advertisement and if they are claiming an electrical power level that the specified engine simply cannot produce, ignore the nice low price and look elsewhere. As an example, I saw an ad for a generator allegedly rated at 8 kW continuous and 10kW peak, driven by a 9 HP engine. Simple math tells me that 9 HP x 0.7 kW per HP -->6.3kW absolute maximum available continuous power. “Peak power” is the rating that tells how much power the generator can provide very briefly during the first few milliseconds that a load such as a large motor or compressor needs to start up. Examples might be found in your freezer or a furnace blower. If they normally consume 1000 watts, they may actually require 1500 or more watts while they start from zero and approach their normal operating state. Such power levels can be attained briefly because of inertia in the generator’s engine and the generators ability to handle loads above the normal rating for a short period until the peak load brings the generator/engine system speed below normal – at which point you have a “brownout” for all loads connected to the generator. If the spin up time is short enough, you probably won’t even notice the disruption. This dual rating is why you often see generators listed with two numbers, such as 5kW/6kW. Those are the continuous and peak power ratings. Be wary of sellers who list a single number. They may be indicating the peak power and hoping you think it’s the continuous power available.
This can be determined in a couple ways. The hard way is to add up the watts used by all your home devices and figuring out some sort of nominal percentage that represents the amount that may be on at a given high-usage time. A much simpler way is to take your electrical power bill, divide the number of kilo-watt hours (kWH or KWH) consumed in a month by 720 (the number of hours in a 30 day month) and apply a “loading” factor of anywhere between 3 and 7 which takes into account the fact that there is not much electrical demand during the night and so a straight average will give you a much lower number than what you require during active periods. Using a loading factor of 3 would require you to very carefully manage the household’s electrical consumption to avoid loading down your generator, but it can be done. A loading factor of 7 (or higher if so inclined and if you have the finances to allow it) lets you to pretty much live as usual without fear of placing too large a load on your generator.
Here’s an example from my own bill last month. I used 1060 KWH of power over the 30-day span. A straight average would say that I consumed 1.47 kW continuously, but if I relied on a 1.5 kW generator to meet my needs, I would be terribly disappointed, to say the least. In reality, I use a 10kW/12.5kW diesel fueled military surplus generator to power my home when our utility provider is down, for whatever reason. I don’t have to “ration” my usage and my generator hums along happily, never missing a beat. Could I get by with a 7.5kW generator? Sure, and I did so for 3 years, but switched over to the current arrangement for reasons explained in later paragraphs.
Most generators use fuel at a rate that follows the power loading, so if you get a 10kW generator but have household electrical items operating that only consume a total of 3kW it will get much better “mileage” than if you put a full 10kW load on it. Again, the fuel consumption is not linear with load, so try asking sellers what the consumption is at 100%, 75% and 50% loads. Be wary if they give numbers that too closely match 100%, 75% and 50% of the max fuel consumption. It should not be an exactly linear relationship due to the “inefficiencies” described earlier, which are near constant regardless of the power load.
Now, briefly venturing into the technical realm again, we must consider the frequency of the power generated. North American homes run on 60-cycle or 60 Hz power. Many European homes run on 50 Hz. Ours is convenient because there are 60 seconds in a minute, and 60 minutes in an hour. Analog clocks (those are the ones with the moving hour, minute and second hands for those who have forgotten) maintain their accuracy because the power coming into your home is 60 Hz. The motor simply runs at a multiple of the power frequency and as a result your analog clock is as accurate as the control circuitry at the power generation plant that provides your power. As a kid, we marveled at how the “new” digital clocks always seemed to need adjustment, but the old sweep hand clock in the kitchen stayed right on the money for years, unless the power was interrupted. Digital clocks mostly use internal oscillators as the basis for their time standard and often that oscillator is ever so slightly fast or slow compared to a true 60 Hz.
Any generator worth owning has an engine that runs at a multiple of 60 Hz, but we call it revolutions per minute (RPM) since the crankshaft is spinning in a circle. Most of the very good backup generators run at 1800 RPM, which is just our clocks’ favorite frequency multiplied by 30. It’s fairly easy to “divide down” and have the output power delivered at a constant 60 Hz. Some generators run at 3600 RPM, which is 60 times our reference frequency. There is nothing at all wrong with that, but consider the following: an engine’s noise level is usually related to the RPMs. Rev your car and it gets louder. Also, each revolution of your engine results in a tiny amount of operational wear on the moving parts. Not surprisingly, an engine designed to operate at 1800 RPM will generally last longer than one designed to run at 3600 RPM.
The life span is not necessarily linear, however, meaning that an engine running at half the speed does not last exactly twice as long. In diesel engines, for instance, a designed operational speed of 1800 RPM usually means a lifespan that is 5 to 20 times greater than one designed to run at 3600 RPM. The slower engine also usually runs quieter, though for higher speed engines sound attenuating materials can be used, usually at additional cost. At the risk of getting ahead of myself, diesel generator engines built by high quality manufacturers (such as Onan, Detroit Diesel, Caterpillar, and Cummins) which are designed to run at 1800 RPM will generally give you upwards of 20,000 hours of run time before requiring major repair or overhaul. That’s well over 2 years of non-stop use. Gasoline or diesel engines from inexpensive sources (mostly Chinese firms) and built to run at 3600 RPM typically give between 1,000 and 1,500 hours of service before some significant amount of repair or overhaul work is required. So we have reached WARNING TWO: don’t go cheap on something that may save your bacon down the road. Saving a few hundred dollars now could make for some very uncomfortable days and nights if we should ever have grid power issues spanning many weeks or even months. For a little light reading on that look up EMP and ponder for a while, the likely results of such an event. And as an aside, those cheap Chinese generators (gasoline or diesel) have lots of poor quality electronics that are very vulnerable to an EMP. Expensive electronics can be fried too, but they might at least have a decent protective housing that helps to shunt pulse energy to ground.
To be continued...
© 2019 Of COURSE this post is Copyright Protected by Preparedness Pro. All Rights Reserved. NO portion of this article may be reposted, printed, copied, disbursed, etc. without first receiving written permission by the author. This content may be printed for personal use only. (Then again, laws are only as good as the people who keep them.) Preparedness Pro will pursue all violations of these rights just as vigorously as she does any of her other freedoms, liberties, and protections.
|
<urn:uuid:825f5444-010c-4a97-8b9d-b31a7c155567>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
|
https://preparednesspro.com/comment/36660
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107910204.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030093118-20201030123118-00266.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949276 | 2,333 | 2.84375 | 3 | 2.663475 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Home & Hobbies
|
At childmind.org we’ve had our heads bent over the DSM-5 this week, chasing down the changes we’ve been expecting in diagnoses that affect children.
The new piece is a very incisive conversation between Drs. Bennett Leventhal and David Shaffer, two eminent child and adolescent psychiatrists, that took place Friday for Speak Up for Kids. The doctors discussed the updates on diagnostic thinking included in the DSM-5, and the widely publicized charge that the DSM itself is invalid because it is based on clinical observation and studies, rather than on brain research. You know, the quip about how the brain didn’t read the DSM.
Dr. Shaffer sums up the history of the DSM, from its prewar origins in an effort by the Department of Defense to categorize the mental disorders suffered by veterans of the Armed Forces, to an effort to standardize what had been rough classifications into more and more precise descriptions. The gradual iteration of DSM criteria (this many symptoms, over this period of time, with this effect on functioning) was done, he notes, not to pathologize more behavior but to make it possible for researchers to be able to effectively identify subjects for their studies and, not incidentally, to make diagnosis something that many different professionals could do.
Changes in the DSM are made, he says, when new information calls into question the validity of criteria and their effectiveness in clinical setting. One example is the important new diagnosis disruptive mood disregulation disorder. It’s a response to what Dr. Shaffer describes as a real crisis in child psychiatry—an escalating number of kids being given the diagnosis of bipolar disorder when they don’t meet the criteria applied to older-onset bipolar disorder: episodes of mania. These kids are chronically irritable and prone to meltdowns, and their need for help is urgent. But they don’t follow the typical course of bipolar disorder into adulthood, and the medications used to fight bipolar disorder don’t work well for these children. Bipolar disorder is a very serious, lifelong diagnosis to give to parents, especially, he notes, “when the evidence was so weak.”
Creating a new diagnosis, he says, is the first step to studying and rethinking approaches to helping these children. Rather than developing adult bipolar disorder, many of them develop anxiety disorders as they get older. It may be more fruitful, he hypothesizes, to think of them as very anxious children. Children with early-onset anxiety fight very hard to control their environments in order to manage anxiety and feel safe; the smallest change in plans or deviation from their expectations can make them melt down. Instead of treating them with antipsychotics, it makes sense to treat them with antidepressants and other medications that are effective for anxiety. And it could change the therapeutic approach, as well—to exploring and treating the anxiety, if that’s what’s making them very upset and very aggressive, with behavioral therapy.
Drs. Shaffer and Leventhal go through the other big changes in DSM-5 as well. They offer some interesting thoughts about the controversies that have surrounded the changes.
Specific changes, Dr. Shaffer notes, are always debated fiercely within the mental health community, with some advocating against the updates. He argues that some of the many professionals who lobby against changes in the DSM have a vested interest in seeing the criteria remain the same—books, rating scales, research projects all face updating or rethinking when the DSM changes. Some worry about schools and the insurance companies—whether they will accept the changes, rather than whether they will allow professionals to do a better job understanding and helping kids. Just something to keep in mind.
To the charge that psychiatrists are bent on medicalizing more and more of human behavior, he notes that half of the members of the committees who worked on the updates for DSM-5 are professionals other than psychiatrists. He also notes that no one is allowed on the working committees who has pharmaceutical ties or is receiving pharma research funding.
Both doctors noted that the prevalence of mental illness isn’t likely to change, but the updates may bring some different symptoms into the discussion of a disorder, and hence “make people who use it more sensitive to certain symptoms.” If your child’s diagnosis has changed, do you need to get a new diagnosis? That depends, Dr. Shaffer said, on two things: “Has the diagnosis been useful? Has it led to effective treatment?” If the answer to those questions is yes, he said, don’t worry about DSM-5. Your current diagnosis will be grandfathered in. If treatment is not working, you might want to see your clinician about how the changes affect your child.
And to the charge that the DSM is a “philistine endeavor” because it isn’t based on brain science, I think it’s safe to say that both doctors look forward to advances in brain science that will yield treatment applications, but at this point those applications are few, and the DSM is an enormously valuable tool for identifying, investigating, and treating mental illness.
|
<urn:uuid:e3d0d939-f67f-4eeb-a6ef-8992578182a6>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://childmind.org/blog/two-psychiatrists-discuss-the-changes-and-controversies-of-dsm-5/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417222733-20210418012733-00219.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954089 | 1,061 | 2.84375 | 3 | 3.00002 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
Jowar Shoot Fly & Jowar Stem Borer – Pests of Jowar
A. Jowar Shoot Fly
Scientific Name: Atherigona soccata Rond.
Class & Order: Anthomyidae – Diptera
Economic Importance: It is one of the serious pests of sorghum in India. The Pest attacks the crop only in early stage of growth and infestation goes up to 80%. The high yielding hybrids are more susceptible to the attack of this fly. The total loss in yield is sometimes as high as 60%. The pest is very serious on kharif and Rabi crops in Maharashtra State.
Marks of Identification: Adult fly is dark grey, like the common house fly but much smaller in size, 6 & 4 dark spots on abdominal segments of female & male respectively (arranged in rows of two) Maggot are legless, tapering towards head, pale yellow, small ( 10- 12 mm in length ).
Host plants: Jowar and grasses like Andropogan sorghum, Cynodon dactylon and Panicum spp.
Life history: Eggs: Eggs are average 40 eggs are laid by a female singly on lower surface of leaves & tender stem. Incubation period is of 2-3 days. Larva: larval period 10 to 12 days. Four larval instars are present. Pupa: Pupation in stem. Pupal period is about a week. Adult longevity is 12-1 4 days. Life cycle completes in 2-3 weeks. Several generations in a year. Carry over -The pest over winters in adult stage on grasses.
Seasonal occurrence: The insect attacks the seedlings and late sown crops are attacked badly. The attack is severe during July to October. Cloudy weather favours multiplication of the insect. In rabi, early sown crop suffers more and hence sowing should be delayed possibly
Nature of Damage: Maggots on hatching from the eggs bore into the central shoots of seedlings and kill the growing point, producing "dead hearts". They feed on the decaying core of the shoots. Subsequently on death of central shoot, plant gives out tillers and plant gets bushy appearance.
Sow the crop as early as possible i.e. immediately after the onset of rains or within 15 days after receiving of rains. Increase the seed rate to make up the loss.
- Use the seeds treated with carbofuran 50 SP @ 5% a.i. by wt. of seed (Gum Arabic as sticker) or carbosulfan 25 STD @ 200 gm / kg of seed OR 3% carbofuran granuals @ 5 kgs /50 kgs of seed by using slurry of wheat flour as sticker. OR Application of phorate 10 gm @ 10 Kg / ha in soil at sowing OR Spray the crop with 0.05% endosulfan soon as 10% seedlings are infested or 1 egg / 10seedlings are noticed.
- Removal and destruction of affected shoots along with the larvae.
- Use resistant (Maldandi 35-1) or less susceptible varieties like R.S. V.9 R (Swati), S.P. V86 for planting.
B. Jowar Stem Borer
Scientific Name: Chilo partellus S.
Class & Order: Pyralidae – Lepidoptera
Economic Importance: It is one of the major pests of Jowar and has a wide distribution. The infestation is noticed till harvest and the grown up plants when damaged loose their vigour and put forth week ears. The infestation is more pronounced on rabi and hot weather crops.
Marks of Identification: Moths – medium sized, straw coloured, yellowish grey forewings. The hind wings are whitish. Caterpillar – ditty white, brown head, many dark spots on the body, 12- 20 mm in length.
Host plants: Although principle hosts are Jowar and maize, it has also been recorded on Sugarcane, Ragi and certain grasses.
Life history: Eggs – about 300 eggs are laid, on leaves in clusters, incubation period about 6 days larval period: 3-4 weeks. Pupa: pupation in stem. Pupal period 7-10 days. Before pupation larva prepare a hole on stem at ground level for the moth to escape / come out. Adult longevity 2-4 days
Life cycle: completed in 6-7 weeks. About 4-5 generations are completed in a year.
Carry Over: The pest hibernates in the larval stage in stubbles. Seasonal occurrence: The pest is generally active from July to November. The infestation is more on rabi & summer crops.
Nature of damage: On hatching from the eggs, the larvae initially feed on tender leaf whorls causing series of holes in the leaf lamina and later bore into the stems, feed on the central shoots causing their death, commonly known as “dead hearts”
Management Practices: Preventive and curative measures.
Collection and destruction of stubbles after the harvest of crop to kill hibernating larvae
Increase the seed rate to compensate the loss.
Follow proper crop rotation (with non host crop).
Use of light traps.
Removal & destruction of affected shoots along with the larvae.
Spraying with 0.05% endosulfan or 0.2%carbaryl OR whorl application of endosulfan 4G @ 10kg/ha, when 10% plants are infested.
|
<urn:uuid:c68427bb-859d-46c3-8101-12f9c5bbd873>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-18
|
https://agriinfo.in/jowar-shoot-fly-jowar-stem-borer-pests-of-jowar-138/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532050.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421180010-20190421202010-00285.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924721 | 1,175 | 2.765625 | 3 | 2.282081 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Industrial
|
- Allergy Program
- Asthma Program
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Interventional Pulmonology
- Lung Cancer
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Sleep Science Center
- Tobacco Treatment Center
Causes of Asthma
Although research has revealed much about asthma over recent decades, we still don't really understand what causes the disease. We have more and more pieces of intriguing information about asthma, but we don't know how those pieces will end up fitting together. Some pieces will be causes; some will be contributing factors; and some will be dead ends.
UI Health's asthma clinic is proud to participate in the ongoing research that will someday help us fully understand the factors that lead to this disease.
WHAT CAUSES ASHTMA?
Through ongoing research, we continue to draw closer to the day when all the pieces are in place. When we know what causes asthma, we will be much better equipped to prevent it and possibly to cure it.
Until then, we have some interesting puzzle pieces to work with.
One risk factor for asthma is a condition called atopy, which is essentially a predisposition to be allergic to things. The evidence is quite clear that heredity is partially responsible for a person having atopy.
We know that genes contribute to atopy, which is a risk factor for asthma. But are there specific asthma genes? The answer is but the evidence is convincing that asthma is not a "single-gene" disease. Involvement of several different genes, though, in such asthma components as airway hyperresponsiveness and non-atopy-related inflammation seems likely but has not been proven.
A large percentage — probably about one-third — of babies and young children will experience wheezing at some point, usually during a viral respiratory infection. Some but not all of these children go on to have chronic asthma. It is unclear just what the role of the viral infection is, but it is possible that it is part of the cause of asthma.
The viruses that most commonly cause wheezing in infants are RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) and parainfluenza virus. In slightly older children, rhinovirus — the virus responsible for the common cold — is a frequent cause of wheezing.
The evidence is clear that air pollution can have a negative effect on the breathing of people who already have asthma.
Particulate matter (tiny particles of liquids and solids) in the air has also been shown to have adverse effects on breathing in general, particularly (but not exclusively) in people who already have respiratory problems.
It is unfortunately very difficult, though, to do research that can tell us whether or not air pollution actually causes asthma in people who don't already have the disease.
The case against cigarette smoke is even stronger than the case against air pollution.
It is thought that exposure to cigarette smoke in childhood contributes both directly and indirectly to the development of asthma.
In study after study, children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home have been shown to have higher rates of hospitalizations for respiratory illness. Serious respiratory illness before the age of 2 is an important risk factor for asthma.
It is believed that cigarette smoke also has a more direct role in causing asthma, either through effects on the immune system, on the formation of the airways, or both. Exposure to cigarette smoke in utero (through the mother smoking during pregnancy) appears to be at least as harmful as exposure in the home during infancy and early childhood. The risks also rise as the amount of cigarette smoke exposure rises due to an effect called "dose response" ( usually seen as evidence of a causal link).
First World/Third World Difference
Another observation that may hold clues to the causes of asthma is that asthma is much more common in industrialized nations — such as the United States — than in the developing world. We still do not know why this is so. It is unlikely to be related to the genetic makeup of the populations, since descendants of immigrants from developing nations to industrialized ones have similar asthma rates to those in their adoptive country.
Several explanations have been suggested to explain the higher prevalence of asthma in industrialized nations:
- Higher rates of different infectious diseases in the developing world — from measles to malaria, bacteria to parasitic worms — may somehow affect people's immune systems in a way that is protective against asthma.
- Spending more time indoors than their developing nation counterparts may expose children in industrialized nations to allergens or pollutants that contribute to asthma.
- Excess body weight may be a risk factor for asthma. And children in developing nations are thinner than children in industrialized nations.
How Might Causes of Asthma Fit Together?
One theory for explaining how asthma is caused involves a combination of underlying susceptibility with environmental exposures, often referred to as "hits." Under such a model, it is believed that a person who is not born with a genetic susceptibility to asthma will never get the disease, no matter what the environment. A person who is born genetically vulnerable to asthma also may escape the disease if he or she is not exposed to enough "hits" in the environment to bring it out. Asthma occurs, by this theory, only when a person both is susceptible (through heredity) and experiences those factors (still unidentified) that cause the disease to manifest itself.
This is all rather complex, but the picture may in fact be more complicated still. Some scientists believe that what we call "asthma" is actually several different diseases, caused in different ways. It is possible, for instance, that asthma that begins in infancy or childhood could be something else entirely from asthma that comes on in adulthood. Or perhaps asthma in people with allergies could be a different entity from asthma in people who are not allergic. These are some of the questions that asthma researchers are currently attempting to address.
No Matter What Causes Asthma, Treatment Can Help
If you have asthma, it's important to take steps to manage the disease. The asthma doctors at UI Health can help you understand what triggers your asthma and recommend medications and lifestyle changes that can help you keep the disease in check.
To make an appointment with one of our asthma doctors, please fill out the online form or call 312.413.4244.
|
<urn:uuid:bc743a79-0863-4625-99b0-bbbd663d21d3>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-04
|
https://hospital.uillinois.edu/primary-and-specialty-care/pulmonary/our-areas-of-expertise/asthma/causes-of-asthma
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584519757.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124080411-20190124102411-00005.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959269 | 1,290 | 3.890625 | 4 | 2.979438 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
Marines are the first service to 3D print military-grade ammunition and spare parts for weapon systems.
Service will deploy a tiny unmanned aircraft to become the first 3D printed drone used in combat operations by conventional forces. Marines see it as just the beginning of a new way of equipping and supplying forces in the field.
Digital manufacturing is a technology the military has been pursuing for some time. The Pentagon made headlines in January when it disclosed an experiment in which swarms of 3D printed micro-drones were launched successfully from Navy Super Hornet fighter aircraft.
How the military would bring security into digital manufacturing so far has stirred “a lot of discussion but not a lot of action. The issue is how to protect a system’s “digital thread,” the term used in the industry for data associated with each product throughout the manufacturing lifecycle.
The Pentagon has not yet addressed this issue. Industry experts suggest the military could create “Blockchain” networks to ensure the integrity of the data. A Blockchain doesn’t stop attacks but gives users tools to audit data for unauthorised changes.
The Marines’ unmanned aircraft is significant because it would operate just like other, far more expensive, portable unmanned aircraft that are used for “over-the-hill” intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance.
“Our team is very enthusiastic about the unmanned aircraft , but even more enthusiastic about what it represents for the future.
3D printing gained an early following in the military because it was seen as a solution to the perennial problem of shortages of spare parts for aging weapon systems. The Marines have embraced the technology, which they see as compatible with their “adapt and overcome” culture.
“Imagine being in a forward deployed environment, and you can ‘order’ the weapons and equipment you need for the next day’s mission from an entire catalog of possible solutions."
“These solutions can all be upgraded literally overnight, in order to integrate new components or adapt to new requirements. On a very small scale, the unmanned aircraft shows us that this is possible right now with the UAS family of systems.”
Empowering Marines to manufacture equipment and parts as needed has enormous ramifications. It represents a revolution in the future supply chain.”
If a unit were to deploy with a dozen different UAS, for instance, “We would have to take a dozen or more different types of packaging and associated sustainment parts.” The goal is to have a “small manufacturing capability” locally.
All that would be needed is a desktop printer, a box of components, and a spool of plastic 3D printing filament. We envision a “near infinite set of different UAS that we could produce from those basic elements.
The unmanned aircraft will be used for surveillance missions, along with several other 3D printed unmanned aircraft that the Marines are still developing. “We can have a backpack-able fixed wing UAS for long endurance ISR. We can have a small quadcopter for building clearing operations,” he said. “We will forward deploy these capabilities into a combat zone as soon as possible.”
From a cost perspective, 3D printed drones will save money in the long run. Because the military only buys in small numbers, the upfront cost of a military 3D printed drone is higher than those drones that are sold commercially. “However, it is orders of magnitude less expensive than any military-use UAS with similar performance."
A drone made by Marines in a trailer will not be a substitute for high-end aircraft made by Pentagon contractors, but that is beside the point.
“Ultimately, it's about optimising specific mission needs to the equipment we use to fight those missions. Many of the requirements today could be met with lower end equipment, and often the priority is to get things fast, which is one reason this technology is catching on.
“Additive manufacturing and localized manufacturing allows us to do this at a scale and speed never before seen."
Marines clearly have ambitious goals but recognise the technology and the business culture are not there yet. There are no expectations that, today, a Marine will buy an expensive printer and make military-compliant axles.
But they do see a future of “micro-factories” propping up in overseas combat zones and even on large Navy ships where troops will make spare parts and systems like drones, trucks and small radios.
“On demand, as needed, closer to the point of need. That’s something we don’t have. We assume when we forward deploy, we bring every single thing we might need, just in case. The assumption today is that the supply chain may or may not support our needs.”
Marine Corps needs help from the private sector to better grasp the economic incentives and the potential capabilities of digital manufacturing. “We need to understand where the technology is going, the art of the possible. The good news for the military is that incoming recruits are likely to be more familiar with 3D printing than their superiors.
The Marine maker movement appears to be gaining momentum. Labs are being built and some “maker units” have been deployed overseas. “Maker labs will be open to everyone, regardless of occupation, rank, or prior experience with design and prototyping.
Maker units are equipped with a 3D printer or mini-mill along with a laptop to support design and production. A unit of any size or type may request support from Marine Corps Installation and Logistics to explore becoming a maker unit.
"Logistics Process, Capabilities and Organisations Must be Systematically Assessed for Meeting Readiness Requirements"
Every military activity or exercise is an opportunity for assessing logistics performance, but it is rare that military exercises comprehensively test and assess operational sustainability and logistics readiness.
Fewer still are those exercises that test logistics readiness through a major deployment performed at short-notice; a phase of an operation that demands all supporting agencies are ready."
There must be a high state of materiel readiness across the force. In addition to appropriately funding the sustainment of equipment, and the establishment of appropriate stocks in appropriate areas to enable operational contingencies, the means of sustaining equipment must be as appropriate for support operations as they are for efficiency in garrison.
Failures in materiel readiness are often replicated in major sustainability issues on operations, and necessitate consequential actions such as switching parts between aircraft to achieve desired operational readiness outcomes."
Most requirements/capabilities assessment applications assume the amount of time equipment part spends in Repair Pipeline is independent of the demand process.
But in practise this assumed independence is not always expected. If the repair system requires queuing for piece of equipment or technical staff, or if the repair requires unavailable subassemblies then the demand process and repair times including when parts are not available on time, are usually positively correlated—during periods of high demand parts are likely to take longer to repair.
If there is little or no queuing, and repair parts are available, technical staff are likely to do whatever it takes to induce negative correlation between demand process and repair times, so during periods of high demand the repair times are shortened to extent possible
|
<urn:uuid:b469408a-143e-4dc6-9121-ee56f357b599>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
http://www.marinemagnet.com/status-updates/archives/04-2013
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100452.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202203800-20231202233800-00259.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95364 | 1,494 | 2.71875 | 3 | 2.983976 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
Potassium is found abundantly throughout your body. In fact, it is one of the most common minerals in your body. Potassium helps with just about every bodily function. An imbalance of potassium can cause many different side effects, one being anxiety.
Low Potassium Causes and Side Effects
Sodium and potassium play unique roles within the body. If sodium levels are high, your potassium levels are low. Many Americans consume a high sodium diet, which results in low levels of potassium in your body. Women who take oral contraceptives, anyone who is physically active, smokes, or abuses alcohol are all more likely to have low potassium. If you have low levels of potassium, you may experience side effects such as abnormal heart rhythms, a breakdown of muscle fibers, constipation, fatigue, and muscle weakness or spasms. Symptoms usually occur when there is a dramatic drop in potassium. You may not always experience side effects if your potassium levels are slightly off balance.
Anxiety is an abnormal feeling of worry, fear, apprehension or nervousness. Anxiety can occur for a number of reasons, and comes in varying degrees of intensity. One common cause of anxiety is poor diet. Your body is a complex chemical system. When you lack a particular vitamin or mineral, your system can be thrown off. In relation to potassium, low levels can cause mental fatigue, stress and anxiety. Eating a well balanced diet and incorporating whole, natural foods may help you get on track to overcoming your anxiety.
Potassium Rich Foods
The most potassium-rich foods are fresh, natural fruits and vegetables. A few exceptionally high sources are avocados, bananas, citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables and even seaweed. Incorporating high potassium food and limiting how much sodium you intake daily can help you achieve optimum levels of potassium. It is recommended that you aim to eat about 3,500 mg of potassium daily. When preparing potassium rich foods, baking or stir-frying are both options that allow you to preserve most of the potassium. Boiling often leads to loss of potassium.
Medication and Supplements
If you are experiencing increased anxiety symptoms, it is best to meet with your family doctor. Increasing your potassium may not be a long-term fix for anxiety. Your doctor can assess your anxiety levels and further guide you on the best treatment. There are side effects associated with too much potassium. Be careful not to over-consume in an effort to fix anxiety-related issues.
|
<urn:uuid:9a37e0cd-e0b6-429c-9da9-2aca549196f1>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://www.livestrong.com/article/404117-low-potassium-anxiety/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151672.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725111913-20210725141913-00007.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930757 | 501 | 2.984375 | 3 | 1.422052 | 1 |
Basic reasoning
|
Health
|
Late Medieval Christianity, for the purpose of this series, is from the Great Schism in 1054 until the beginning of the Reformation in 1517, when Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the cathedral in Wittenberg.
The most notable issue of this period was the move from the height of the Dark Ages in Europe to the Renaissance or Enlightenment. There was a recovery of learning, an increase of prosperity, and a move away from superstitious submission to Roman Catholic dogma.
The Crusades played a large part in this, opening up trade routes and creating interaction with Byzantine Christians and Muslims, who had preserved much knowledge from ancient times.
In Europe during late medieval Christianity, there were basically four main powers.
Charlemagne had united most of southern Europe, but he had maintained submission to the pope. Thus the French king bore the title of "holy Roman emperor" and ruled all France plus some of Spain and Switzerland. The pope maintained governmental authority in Italy, and Germany controlled the lands north of France and Switzerland with varying levels of unity and central power.
The fourth major power was England, which would have more power at the end of late medieval Christianity than at the beginning.
From a worldly standpoint, the feudal system worked well for the Church and its clergy. Many of the clergy were landowners in late medieval Christianity, and where they were not, the Church could count on the nobles to share their profits from the peasants work. Most needed the approval of the church to maintain their power.
Corruption, however, was rampant. Most clergy had bought their positions, the profits and power of which made it an extremely good investment. Often, bishops would purchase more than one position and rule over two or three sees (the area of a bishop's rule).
The moral lives of the clergy were also atrocious, and many, if not most, kept a "housekeeper" that took care of more needs than the cleaning.
It was normal by now for bishops and priests not to marry, but it was not Roman Catholic dogma. A reform movement begun by Bernard of Clairvaux in the 12th century would lead to mandatory celibacy, but it did little to control the passions of the priests.
Pope Leo IX, the very pope that began the Great Schism by excommunicating Constantinople in 1054, was the first of a series of popes who sought reform. Gregory VII (1073-1085) was the most active of these; however, when he went so far as to forbid kings to appoint and remove bishops, he was forcibly deposed by the holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.
As mentioned, Bernard of Clairvaux began a reform movement in the 12th century. It took root because the monks—who in their monasteries did not have the political power nor the hedonistic lifestyles of the priests and bishops—were supportive of it.
The Crusades never really accomplished their purpose, which was to recover the holy land from the infidel Muslims. They did, however, reestablish commerce between the Middle East and Europe, increasing trade and bringing a prosperity to the west that it had not had in centuries.
This transformed late medieval Christianity. The increase in prosperity led to an increase in the middle class, an increase in cities, and an increase in learning. The learning was brought about as much by prosperity as it was by the renewed contact with the learning that had never been lost in the east. Both Islam and Byzantine Christianity had held on to the learning of their ancestors.
The first crusade was called by Urban II in 1095. There were seven of them, the last three conducted in the 13th century. The only notable accomplishments were a temporary Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1099 to 1187 and a Latin Empire of Constantinople from 1204 to 1261, during which time the patriarch of Constantinople was actually subject to the Pope.
One other accomplishment worth mentioning was the right to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem which Richard the Lion-Hearted negotiated with the sultan Saladin in 1187.
As noted, the greatest accomplishment of the Crusades during late medieval Christianity was the increase in learning and trade. This was further facilitated by the Christian kingdoms of Europe beginning to push the Muslims from the Iberian peninsula (Spain).
This push brought Christians into contact with the philosophy of Aristotle, which had affected Muslim scholarship for centuries. All of these were the "light at the end of the tunnel," which would bring about the end of the Dark Ages.
The rise of cities in late medieval Christianity led to the creation of several new monastic orders called mendicant orders for their practice of supporting themselves by begging, which is much more easily done in cities than in the poverty-stricken countryside where peasants farmed.
Peter Waldo began the mendicant orders, though he himself was rejected—and later excommunicated—by Rome. He and his followers were forced to flee to the Alps after being excommunicated by Pope Lucius III in 1184, where they became known as Waldensians or Waldenses. They referred to themselves as "the poor."
The Waldensians would continue to preach poverty, obedience to Christ, and the priesthood of all believers for centuries. They were in many ways forerunners of the Reformation throughout late medieval Christianity, and they eventually joined the Swiss Reformation in the 16th century.
He was followed by Francis of Assissi, who was blessed by Pope Innocent III. Francis was the son of a wealthy merchant, but he rejected both his lifestyle and his wealth to take up the preaching of the Gospel.
Francis is probably most famous for his love of nature, referring to the heavenly bodies as "Brother Sun and Sister Moon."
After Francis came Dominic of Guzmán. They were different from the Franciscans in their focus on study and the refutation of heresy.
Both orders of monks, the Franciscans and the Dominicans, endure to this day.
Google Search Privacy Statement
Christian-history.org does not receive any personally identifiable information from the Google search bar below. Google does run ads on the result page, which are the only ads on our site. If you click on those ads, we get a small commission, but we do not get any identifiable information.
|
<urn:uuid:cd509070-446f-4a6b-8fc1-5c84e54f962f>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-22
|
https://www.christian-history.org/medieval-christianity-2.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866107.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524073324-20180524093324-00203.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.985404 | 1,285 | 3.703125 | 4 | 2.973231 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Religion
|
Distance of numbers
Which number has the same distance from the numbers -5.65 and 7.25 on the numerical axis?
Leave us a comment of example and its solution (i.e. if it is still somewhat unclear...):
Showing 0 comments:
Be the first to comment!
To solve this example are needed these knowledge from mathematics:
Next similar examples:
Area of the side of two cylinders is same rectangle of 50 cm × 11 cm. Which cylinder has a larger volume and by how much?
- Youth track
Youth track from Hronská Dúbrava to Banská Štiavnica which announced cancellation attracted considerable media attention and public opposition, has cost 6.3 euro per capita and revenue 13 cents per capita. Calculate size of subsidies to trip group of 10.
Cube, which consists of 27 small cubes with edge 4 dm has volume:
- Closest natural number
Find the closest natural number to 4.456 to 44.56 and to 445.6.
For given real numbers, calculate reciprocal number.
- My father
My father has a big farm. 6/8 of it were planted with mango trees, 1/2 of the remainder are guava trees and the rest 10 trees are santol trees. What is the number of all trees?
Flight length 3457 km took 5 hours. The airport passengers had to arrive hours in advance, 2 hours. Departure was delayed for 6.4 hours. The destination airport formalities took 0.4 hours. Calculate the average speed of passenger travel from arrival to le
Area of square garden is 6/4 of triangle garden with sides 56 m, 35 m and 35 m. How many meters of fencing need to fence a square garden?
- Forestry workers
In the forest is employed 43 laborers planting trees in nurseries. For 6 hour work day would end job in 35 days. After 11 days, 8 laborers go forth? How many days is needed to complete planting trees in nurseries by others, if they will work 10 hours a da
The rectangle is 11 cm long and 45 cm wide. Determine the radius of the circle circumscribing rectangle.
Points A[-9,6] and B[-5,-3] are adjacent vertices of the square ABCD. Calculate area of the square ABCD.
- Rhombus ABCD
Rhombus ABCD, |AC| = 97 cm, |BD| = 35 cm. Calculate the perimeter of the rhombus ABCD.
- Wire D
Wire length 1 m is bent so that it forms a semicircle circuit (including the diameter). Determine the radius of the semicircle.
- Area 4gon
Calculate area of 4-gon, two and the two sides are equal and parallel with lengths 11, 5, 11 and 5. Inner angles are 45°, 135°,45°, 135°.
How much metal is needed for production 46 pieces of gutter pipes with the diameter 12 cm and length of 4 m? The plate bends add 2% of the material.
- Quarter circular
The wire that is hooked around the perimeter of quarter-circular arc has length 3π+12. Determine the radius of circle arc.
- Rail turn
The curve radius on the railway line is 532 m . Length of rail track on it is 818 m. How many degrees is the angle ASB, if A and B are boundary points and S is center of arc curve.
|
<urn:uuid:cc9385e8-09f6-4433-b715-3872305c2db9>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-34
|
https://www.hackmath.net/en/example/4793
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211933.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817065045-20180817085045-00008.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903487 | 739 | 3.09375 | 3 | 1.693545 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
By: Sharon James Ackah
Children sometimes recount the benefits of virtual school, citing such pleasures as later bedtimes, increased snack breaks, and creative activities such as lunchtime baseball or pop-up outdoor classrooms. Yet, many children gleefully returned to school and embraced a sense of normalcy as pandemic restrictions relaxed and they reunited with friends, resuming classroom activities. Children may be unfamiliar with the landmark Supreme Court case Brown vs. Board of Education (1954), that gave rise to the richness of today’s school experiences built upon cultural awareness, inclusion and belonging. However, it may be that the more isolated scholastic experience of the pandemic, gave many Americans reason to appreciate the legacy of Brown.
Every year, Black History Month offers a time, specifically set aside, to honor the triumphs of African-Americans in the United States. The Supreme Court decision in Brown can be cited among those triumphs as it eradicated the “sanction by law” in discriminatory educational practices. However, although the case came before the court as a matter of racial segregation, the cogitation of the justices also addressed multiple educational challenges faced by children with disabilities such as exclusion, disparate opportunities and the need for functional life training. The Brown decision paved the way for parents of children with disabilities to sue educational agencies for discriminatory practices not only based on ethnicity, but also based solely on disabilities. In 2004, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) codified the legal right of students with disabilities to a free and appropriate public education, once again affirming the importance of inclusion, belonging and cultural awareness in education irrespective of color, creed or disability.
Under IDEA Part B, States must collect and examine data to determine whether significant disproportionality exist on the basis of race and ethnicity with respect to identification, placement, and discipline of students with disabilities. Regretfully, studies indicate that there remains a strong nexus. The U.S. Department of Education reports that “Black or African American students with disabilities are more likely to be identified with intellectual disability or emotional disturbance, more likely to receive a disciplinary removal, and less likely to receive educational services in a general classroom setting than all students with disabilities,” (https://sites.ed.gov/osers/2021/08/osep-releases-fast-facts-on-the-race-and-ethnicity-of-children-with-disabilities-served-under-idea-part-b/). Conversely, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that minority children are less likely to be identified with Autism Spectrum Disorder than white children (https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/addm-community-report/differences-in-children.html).
As Black History month sunsets, Autism Awareness month draws near and again we have the occasion to fully digest the resounding impact of our education laws. Education is a fundamental tenet of society. All children have a legal right to a free and appropriate public education and children flourish in environments that foster inclusion, belonging and cultural awareness. In Brown, the Supreme Court described the emotional impact that segregation has on children: “To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone,” (Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)). This sentiment applies equally to children with disabilities. It is therefore incumbent upon parents, advocates, attorneys and educators to uphold the legacy of Brown and ensure equal educational opportunities for all children.
* The views expressed herein, are those of the author and in no way reflect the opinions of the Department of the Air Force or any Governmental Agency.
Sharon James Ackah
Sharon Ackah is the Chief of Exceptional Family Member (EFM) Legal Assistance and Policy for the Department of the Air Force. Her mission is to build a special education law capability across the Department. She provides legal expertise on EFM policy matters, expert counsel to attorneys, training, and client representation in complex special education disputes.
In 1995 Mrs. Ackah attained a Bachelor’s of Science in Biology from the University of Houston and in 1998, a Master’s of Public Health from the University of Texas, School of Public Health. In 2004, Mrs. Ackah earned her law degree from The George Washington University Law School. In addition to private practice with the law firm of Eustache & James, she has held positions of leadership in program management and policy development.
Mrs. Ackah became a Department of Defense civilian in 2015 serving as a legal assistance attorney at the United States Military Academy. She then joined the Office of Soldiers’ Counsel (OSC), where she served as both Medical Evaluation Board and Physical Evaluation Board counsel. Her awards and decorations include Air Force Senior Civilian of the Quarter, Air Force Senior Civilian of the Year, Civil Service Commendation Medal, Achievement Medal for Civilian Service, The President’s Volunteer Service Award and the OSC Award for Excellence in Client Satisfaction (ICE Award). Mrs. Ackah is married to MAJ (Ret.) Kwansah Ackah and has three sons, Xavier, Josiah and Aiden.
|
<urn:uuid:b2bb501d-6af7-44b0-9d43-f3df8eeab0d4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://msjdn.org/2022/02/celebrating-principals-of-inclusion-belonging-and-cultural-awareness-in-public-education/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944996.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323034459-20230323064459-00775.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940575 | 1,106 | 3.59375 | 4 | 2.82843 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
Trevi Research Paper Introduction Outline
Examples Of Research Papers On Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer History Research Paper. Breast cancer is a disease in which most commonly occurs in all women no matter their size shape race or ethnicity. About one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer every year a fatal disease if not discovered early.
More Cancer Research Paper Examples. Bladder Cancer Research Paper. Brain Tumours Research Paper.
Breast Cancer Research Paper. Cancer and Senescence Research Paper. Cancer Care Research Paper.
Cancer Economics Research Paper. Cancer Epidemiology Research Paper. Cancer Mortality Research Paper.
Cancer Screening Research Paper. Check out this awesome Breast Cancer Research Papers Examples for writing techniques and actionable ideas. Regardless of the topic subject or complexity we can help you write any paper.
Remember free research papers sample research papers and research paper examples on Breast Cancer topics are traced by plagiarism detection systems. All samples online are plagiarized. Dont download them and submit them as your own research project for high school college or university.
Breat cancer research paper outline. Breast cancer however remains one of the major concerns in the medical field mainly because it has many forms and happens to strike a large number of women. I-Cancer as the disease of the twentieth century.
B-Statistics on cancer victims. A British designer Corrine Beaumont who started the Worldwide Breast Cancer charity found a clever way to educate women on the most common breast cancer symptoms. She used the picture of 12 lemons each showing one sign of breast cancer such as for example skin erosion redness or heat dimpling growing vein etc.
According to the research such problems as obesity overweight and weight gain increase the risk of developing 11 cancer types and breast cancer is one of them. The maintaining of healthy weight will help to reduce the danger of having the disease. Finally the research paper will be ended with some complications and the prognosis of this disease.
Although breast cancer occurs in both men and women the prevalence is low in men. Out of every 100 women who are diagnosed with breast cancer only one man is which is why this paper will concentrate on the disease process in women. Breast Cancer Facts and Research Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.
The signs of breast cancer might include a change in the breast size dimpling of the skin on your body a lump in the breast fluid coming from the breast nipple or ever red patchy skin around the breast. This paper will critically evaluate five 5 research papers of breast cancer that were published worldwide focusing on their significance methodology and quality and will analyse the four 4 audit and evaluation processes and approaches such as outcome process impact economic evaluation from the evaluated breast cancer research papers. The Breast Cancer Genetic Study in African-Ancestry Populations initiative is a collaborative research project that will identify genetic factors that may underlie breast cancer disparities.
It is the largest study ever to investigate how genetic and biological factors contribute to breast cancer risk among black women. Resources for Breast Cancer Patients in Las Vegas Breast Cancer Awareness helps shine a light on a disease that impacts roughly 1 in 18 US. With a variety of support groups programs and counseling services available to Southern Nevada residents breast cancer.
Breast cancer is a disease in which most commonly occurs in all women no matter their size shape race or ethnicity. About one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer every year a fatal disease if not discovered early. Early detection of breast cancer is key so that cancerous cells found in the breast.
1096 b0-7-44914-2 759-8 ln papers cancer breast of examples research hymes d. 6 per million words 4. Make sure you have observed that pedestrians make more than a college writing programs worldwide.
Profiles of academic writ- ing style. Research Paper Breast Cancer Awareness Health Essay. Breast Cancer is that form of cancer which has started affecting hundreds and thousands of women around the world.
Not a long time ago the term was not even familiar in masses like it has become now. Breast cancer however remains one of the major concerns in the medical field mainly because it has many forms and happens to strike a large number of women. I-Cancer as the disease of the twentieth century A-Definition of cancer B-Statistics on cancer victims II-The nature of breast cancer A-Breast cancer as a leading cause of death among women B-Types of.
Breast cancer and associated risk factors. Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and the second most common cancer overall. More than 2 million cases were diagnosed in 2018 worldwide.
Breast cancer statistics 2018 Genetic factors constitute about 80 of the major risk factor leading to cancer. A free example research proposal on breast cancer found in the web can be of good help for everyone who requires quality writing assistance. Due to the work of the professional writers who complete free sample research proposals on breast cancer one can realize how to format the paper and create a persuasive piece of writing.
Create a breast cancer research paper outline highlighting three breast cancer charities. Use that to write a compare and contrast breast cancer essay paper. Look on the internet for a breast cancer research paper example on breast cancer survivor advocacy.
Use that as inspiration for your own essay on the topic.
Pin On Writing Assistance
Sample Research Summary Paper Examples
Pin On Paper Writing
Pin On Academic Writing
Sample Qualitative Research Proposal Pdf Paper Introduction Psychology Term
Pin On Writing Service
Apa Inde Page For Research Paper Introduction Psychology
Analysi Of Research Report Paper Hc 438 Thesi Introduction
Dtastorie Research Paper Grid Computing Academic Writing
Research Paper On Starbuck Strategy 2015 Thesi Action Words
Researh Paper Article Difference Research Title Page Thesi Statement
Health Care Research Paper Hand
Pin On Research Paper Writing
Pin On Academic Paper Writing
Highschool Research Paper Topic Biology Introduction Physic
Biotechnology Research Paper Free Proposal Writing
Example Of An Abstract For A Research Paper Mla Proposal Writing Academic
Research Paper On Fdi In India Pdf Writer Introduction Citing A Book
Parkinson Disease Research Paper Apa
|
<urn:uuid:55b48f77-0a24-4ed9-aa9d-1ab2d1676fbe>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://www.kappero.com/essays/examples-of-research-papers-on-breast-cancer/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587606.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024204628-20211024234628-00437.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911355 | 1,245 | 2.703125 | 3 | 1.909174 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Health
|
Frequently asked questions about lymphoedema
What is lymphoedema? (also known as LE)
The lymphatic system is unable to remove excess fluid due to disrupted lymphatic pathways and muscular inactivity. Excessive fluid in an arm or leg is seen as swelling which can become unusually large and uncomfortable if left untreated. Lymphoedema can affect any part of the body but more common in the arms and legs.
What causes lymphoedema?
There is secondary lymphoedema caused by an outside influence, i.e. cancer, post-operative or an accident and primary lymphoedema which is hereditary. The actual trigger that causes LE to suddenly start is unknown. A gradual build-up of lymph fluid occurs, and your body will adjust to this accumulation until problems may start to feel like pain, discomfort or tightness of clothing or rings. There are many causes of secondary LE, it is most commonly associated with post-cancer operations due to lymph node removal. HOWEVER, one of the known causes of Lymphoedema is OBESITY and signs and symptoms of severe fluid retention SHOULD NOT be ignored.
Surely the current treatment for lymphoedema is good enough to stop it, isn`t it?
After your cancer treatment, you are provided with a standard compression garment as shown in the picture. You are told to wear this, and this will help prevent lymphoedema. True, initially wearing this garment may assist in preventing your arm from mild swelling, but it does not address other problems. It does not address the issues of long term post-operative recovery. You need to use your arm naturally after the trauma of an operation because muscles that must pump the lymphatic system need to be reconnected. Wearing the garment without any other form of exercise or treatment means the fluid that accumulates deep in the arm and within the tissues starts to harden and can become painful. Compression garments have their place and are extremely effective, but you also need to keep the muscles pumping the fluid by moving the shoulder and arm.
My friend has never had lymphoedema so I don`t really have to get treatment do I, it won`t make any difference, will it?
Lymphoedema is reversible in stages 0 - 2. Then it suddenly spontaneously changes and becomes irreversible. There is a lot of empty tissue space between our cells for fluid to accumulate over a long period of time. The earlier you can get Lymphatic Pressure Therapy the quicker and speedier your lymphatic system can start working effectively which offers you a better opportunity of helping to prevent lymphoedema from becoming a problem. It is easier to re-route the trickle of a stream than trying to move an ocean.
I don`t think I will get lymphoedema as I haven`t had many lymph nodes removed?
You may or may not get lymphoedema, but the more immobile and overweight you are will increase the chance of it developing. Unfortunately, LE is an unpredictable consequence of any cancer. We do know that depending on your cancer treatment and metabolic condition you may have up to 35% chance of developing it. Please note that early warning signs like pain, achiness, and heavy arm are there because the body is telling you it is in distress and with any fluid retention it is easier to move in the early stages.
When you have lymphoedema why does skin stay indented when you press it in?
Unwanted fluid that stays in-between spaces of the cells and is unable to be removed by the lymphatic system undergoes a transformation. It changes from being soft tissue to tough fibrous cells, meaning strong and protective, usually found around a wound. As most patients are scared to move an injured limb this is how fluid can build-up.
Tissue hardening can be seen on the surface as pitting and felt as firm `Play-Doh` like sensation underneath the skin`s surface. Interestingly though, it ONLY goes through this transformation when it stagnates NOT if is kept moving.
|
<urn:uuid:2b366539-e7fe-4dca-a881-fabb32aa4ff1>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
http://www.uklymphologyclinics.com/lymphoedema-faq-s/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540553486.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213094833-20191213122833-00168.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957521 | 842 | 2.515625 | 3 | 2.279518 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Health
|
To stay up to date with the latest information in the apiculture industry to can visit our beekeeping latest news. On the other hand if you are new to beekeeping and would like to start professional beekeeping today get a copy of our beekeeping for beginners ebook.
Beekeeping can either be a full-time profession or a simple hobby. Yet, more often than not, what began as a hobby would turn into a profession. But you cannot merely decide and tell yourself you will begin to do beekeeping. You need to have satisfactory knowledge and understanding on the area that you are going to enter before starting on any avocation or profession. If you really have been putting off your interest in beekeeping for quite a long time, then it’s about time to indulge yourself in your line of interest. Bee farming may not look difficult; by learning the basic beekeeping lessons, you can be got off to a great beginning.
What does a beekeeper need to know?
On beekeeping to start at the right foot first, you should have total interest. You should have consented to share your house space with the bees. There are possible dangers in beekeeping that can hurt you but your family too. Your focus isn’t just to earn money by selling honey; a great beekeeper should have passion and a keen interest in rearing bees.
An apiarist should know the right location for the beehives. You need certainly to make sure that beekeeping is allowed in your area if you decide to put your beehives at your backyard. There are several areas confined to beekeeping; you have to get permission concerning this.
Beekeepers must understand whether beekeeping supplies are offered in the region where the beehives are situated. You may never understand when you have to attend a neighborhood beekeeping shop; it is best that a nearby beekeeping store is not inaccessible.
Protective supplies and equipment will also be very important to beekeepers to understand. Beekeepers are prone to bee stings; the proper ensemble must be worn during beekeeping sessions. This will minimize the odds of being stung by your bees. Know the right kind of suit to select to keep you from any possible risk in beekeeping.
Last but definitely not the least, among the beekeeping lessons you must know is that: it is essential for the beekeeper to understand the proper manner of harvesting honey. All the beekeeping attempts would be useless if you are unable to harvest honey. The methods should be known by a beekeeper in collecting the honey in the comb; beeswax is also part of the returns in beekeeping.
|
<urn:uuid:860b99e7-40b3-46af-9dae-2ac7b3f5b526>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
http://raisebees.beekeeping-for-beginners.com/2017/04/09/how-to-assemble-a-beehive-bottom-board/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671363.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122143547-20191122172547-00231.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959323 | 537 | 2.671875 | 3 | 1.684715 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Home & Hobbies
|
How many times have you been sitting in a meeting, staring at the 20th PowerPoint slide in a deck that’s 100 slides long, and gradually started thinking about anything except the presentation? Don’t worry – you’re not alone. We’ve all done it.
So many good ideas are killed off by bad presentations, largely due to the cult of PowerPoint. Now don’t get this wrong: PowerPoint and other presentation tools can be brilliant ways of communicating. But unfortunately, they tend to be overused, and badly used.
There are two key psychological principles that tend to get lost when using presentation software, but which you can easily use to your advantage if you pause the PowerPoint. These two principles alone might save you from “death by Powerpoint” and get your business ahead. So what are they?
The first principle is the serial position effect. Research has shown the ideas that you present first in your presentation are more easily recalled later than those in the middle or the end. We don’t fully understand why this is, but it’s believed there are two things going on. First, something presented early on has the opportunity to become bedded into long-term memory, rather than sitting in and being discarded from your short-term memory. Second, after a few items, the audience gets into a state of “information overload” and starts to discard each new piece of information very quickly.
The second psychological principle is known as the von Restorff effect, also sometimes called the isolation effect. This predicts that when multiple similar stimuli are given to someone, the stimulus that’s different from the rest is the most likely one to be remembered.
For presentations, this has a very simple implication: make your main idea stand out from everything else. If your main idea is lost in a sea of slides that all look the same, there’s very little chance anyone will remember it.
How do you make these principles work for you?
Put these two principles together, and you have a powerful tool for creating presentations that will be incredibly memorable.
The first and most obvious thing: have your big reveal early, and refer back to it often. There’s often a temptation in presentations to build towards your story, and only then get your most important point across. However, remember the serial position effect: you should make your most important point, the one you want people to remember, early on.
The second thing you need to do is make this idea stand out. You could do this by varying the template of your presentation, using a different design, and so on. But I’d suggest you consider something more radical: using paper, mounted on boards, printed out as large as you can.
Why printed boards? Two reasons. First, they stand out compared to the rest of your slides. Making the big idea literally as big as you can gives it immediate impact. Second, your boards can be a prop, passed around among the people you’re pitching to in order to make the moment even more memorable. Thanks to our evolution as tool-using animals, handling something physically helps imprint the moment onto your memory.
Creative presentations don’t have to be dull, for you or the audience. Following these principles, especially using paper as a prop, will help make the whole process more fun and memorable for them – and much more interesting and hopefully profitable for you.
|
<urn:uuid:fdacdde5-8f8d-42c1-be30-f988603a1c89>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://bendelanoy.com/the-psychology-of-presenting-ideas/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105291.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819012514-20170819032514-00215.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951764 | 711 | 2.6875 | 3 | 2.492213 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Finance & Business
|
“So they sat down with him on the ground seven days and seven nights, and no one spoke a word to him, for they saw that his grief was very great.”Job 2:13
The book of Job, while offering a study of human suffering, also presents a study of human emotion, particularly the emotions experienced and expressed in times of suffering.
We all know the variety of emotions that flood, swirl, and drift through our hearts in the valley of chronic illness. Like Job, we can easily identify the frustration, grief, pain, doubt, fear, and loneliness—to name a few—that grip our souls while physical ailments grip our bodies.
Where do these emotions come from? Are they good or bad? How do we handle them? What purpose do they serve? Can they glorify God?
I’m not an expert, but I invite you to join me in turning to God’s Word and trusted sources to learn about emotions in times of suffering.
1. The nature of emotions
Emotions alone are not bad. God Himself experiences emotions, and He created us to likewise know the full range of emotions through which we experience and respond to life.
God experiences emotions
From Genesis to Revelation, Scripture reveals our God as a deeply emotional Being who, though spirit, feels and expresses all the sentiments familiar among humans:
- Grief (Gen 6:6)
- Jealousy (1 Kings 14:22)
- Anger (Num 11:33)
- Disappointment (Is 5:4)
- Compassion (Is 49:15)
- Pleasure (Is 42:21, Ps 147:11)
- Hurt (Jer 3:20)
- Gladness (Zeph 3:17)
- Satisfaction (Gen 1:31)
- Pity (Jonah 4:11)
While not exhaustive, this list gives us a glimpse of the breadth God’s own heart.
Jesus experienced emotions
The gospels and other passages make it clear that Jesus, God in human form, experienced the same emotions we do, especially in His suffering.
These passages may not explicitly name an emotion, but you only have to read them to feel the emotion implicit in the words:
“And He said, ‘Where have you laid [my friend Lazarus]?’ They said to Him, ‘Lord, come and see.’ Jesus wept.”John 11:35
“And being in agony, He prayed more earnestly. Then His sweat became like great drops of blood falling down to the ground.”Luke 22:44
“My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me?Psalm 22:1-2
Why are You so far from helping Me,
And from the words of My groaning?”
In other words, Jesus was no stranger to suffering–or to the emotions that often accompany us through our valleys.
Humans experience emotions
“Then God said, ‘Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness . . . .’ So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.”Genesis 1:26-27
This passage tells us we are created in God’s image, in the likeness of the eternal Existing One. As commentators point out, this likeness belongs not in our physical capacities but in our non-physical capacities: our nature, our intellect, and yes, our emotions.
In other words, what makes us human is our likeness to God. Including our emotions.
As a result, if our emotions both reflect God’s nature and result from His creation, they cannot be intrinsically bad.
Many individuals and schools of thought, however, discredit emotions and their value. But what is God’s perspective of our emotions? Should we express them? If so, how?
Let’s come back to the Bible.
2. A place for emotions
A place in God’s Word
When we think of poetry in the Bible, our minds turn first to the book of Psalms. Then maybe to Song of Solomon. Then maybe to Proverbs or Lamentations.
But did you know that the book of Job is also a book of poetry? From the beginning of chapter 3 to the middle of chapter 42, the literary form of poetry is used to communicate the words of Job, his friends, and finally God Himself.
But why poetry?
In his book How to Read the Bible as Literature, Leland Ryken describes poetry as “heightened speech used to express intensified feeling or insight” (103, emphasis mine).1 He also writes,
“Whereas stories present a series of events, a lyric [poem] presents either a sequence of ideas or a series of emotions. . . . Emotion, especially, is often considered the differentiating element of lyric [poetry]” (110, emphasis mine).
Under divine inspiration, the writers of Scripture often used poetry to convey their emotions. The Inspirer Himself, with masterful skill, used the form of poetry to communicate Himself to His people (see the major and minor prophets of the Old Testament).
Yet poetry is more than just present in Scripture; it’s prevalent. Ryken points out that after story, poetry is the most common literary form in the Bible (87).
And guess what the most common type of psalm is? The lament psalm (114).
This prominent role of poetry–the artistic expression of deep emotion–throughout the Bible clearly indicates God’s value of emotions and the expression of them.
A place in God’s presence
While God gives emotions a significant place in His Word, He also gives them a special place in His presence. Over and over again throughout the Bible He reminds us that He sees our tears, He hears our cries, He knows the anguish in our hearts even when it reaches too deep for us ourselves to plumb.
This year I have come to treasure Psalm 56:8:
One night this summer I was out on my back patio, talking to God about the pain I was feeling in body and in spirit. As the tears spilled down my face, I cried out to Him, “Don’t you see? Don’t you see these tears I’m crying? Don’t you see the pain I’m feeling?”
When I eventually came inside, this psalm was waiting for me with the answer that yes, God does see. He catches each one of my tears and keeps it because my emotions are precious to Him.
Job 34:28 promises, “For He hears the cry of the afflicted.” Psalm 34:17, “The righteous cry out, and the LORD hears.” Psalm 69:33, “For the LORD hears the poor.” Psalm 139:2, “You understand my thought afar off.”
No matter what we’re facing, no matter what we’re feeling, God promises us a place for our emotions when we come to Him in prayer.
3. Our response to emotions
We know emotions are useful and God provides a place for them, but how do we handle them?
I’d like to return to the lament psalm as a pattern of how to handle our emotions. Using Psalm 54 as an example, Ryken outlines the common structure of the lament psalm (114):
- an invocation or introductory cry to God
“Hear my prayer, O God;vs. 2
give ear to the words of my mouth.”
- the lament or complaint
“For strangers have risen up against me,vs. 3
And oppressors have sought after my life.
They have not set God before them.”
- a petition or supplication (which in this psalm appears in the beginning)
“Save me, O God, by Your name,vs. 1
And vindicate me by Your strength.”
- a statement of confidence in God
“Behold, God is my helper;vv. 4-5
The LORD is with those who uphold my life.
He will repay my enemies for their evil.
Cut them off in Your truth.”
- and a vow to praise God or praise of God.
“I will freely sacrifice to You;vv. 6-7
I will praise Your name, O LORD, for it is good.
For He has delivered me out of all trouble;
And my eye has seen its desire upon my enemies.”
From this example, along with biblical principles, we can draw several practical applications:
Don’t stifle your emotions
The psalmist doesn’t say “Everything is fine” or “I’m doing fine” when either would be an obvious lie. He honestly describes his situation and his heart to the Lord.
In a presentation on emotions at a church women’s event, one of our deacon wives, Dawn, said,
“The reality is that stuffing/avoiding difficult emotions pushes them deeper into our heart, where they will cut new channels and flow out in other ways to wreak havoc in our lives and the lives of those around us. This is where our emotions go from ‘difficult’ to sinful.”3
DO: Find a safe place where you can express your emotions: a journal, a friend, a counselor, etc. While our first place should always be prayer, God provides additional places for His children to safely share their laments.
Don’t dwell in your emotions
The psalmist takes time to describe his situation (external and internal) to the Lord, but he doesn’t dwell there; he expresses himself and then looks to God in both prayer and praise, focusing on Truth to remind himself of truth.
I appreciate what Emily P. Freeman writes in her book Simply Tuesday:
“We like to talk about celebrating the gifts we have been given, but facing the losses is important too. Not to wallow, but to keep company with them long enough to recognize what part they play in our story, to name them, and eventually release them in the presence of Christ” (178-179, emphasis mine).2
If we stay too long in our emotions, particularly the negative ones, they can easily become a horrible pit of miry clay (Ps 40:2) that will keep us trapped in an unhealthy place.
DO: Give yourself time to recognize, identify, and process your emotions, with the Holy Spirit’s help. Then ask Him to lead you in the next step forward.
Don’t follow your emotions
The psalmist describes his situation and expresses his emotions, but he doesn’t then say, “I’m alone, no one is with me, no one is for me, I’m never going to escape, everyone wants to kill me.” He doesn’t let his emotions determine his perspective.
Emotions come from the heart, and the human heart is “deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked” (Jer 17:9).
As Jon Bloom writes, “God designed your emotions to be gauges, not guides. They’re meant to report to you, not instruct you.”
Dawn also said,
“The emotions themselves are not lying BUT what they are rooted in reveals what you value and what you believe about God, yourself, others and your circumstances. When your emotions begin to speak, listen to them and ask yourself about what you value and believe. Our problem is when what we value is SINFUL or what we believe about God, ourselves, our circumstances, and others is a LIE.”
DO: Listen to what your emotions are trying to tell you. If your emotions are drifting away from truth or reality, ask God to bring them back into orbit around the central truth of His Word, the ultimate reality.
Don’t manage your emotions alone
The psalmist concludes his lament with words of prayer and praise directed to God. He yields his situation and his feelings to God and gives God room to work in both.
Every part of our lives—the internal and the external—needs to be submitted to God so that He can both sanctify it and control it for His glory.
I’d like to quote Dawn one more time:
“Our emotions are complex, and their sanctification is a process–an individual process that takes a long time to reroute. Be gentle with yourself and press into God! . . . We cannot necessarily figure out the source of every emotion, but if we continually take them to God by faith, He promises to graciously do the changing that is needed to develop holy emotions for His glory.”
DO: Submit your emotions to God. Only He can truly control them, and only He can sanctify them for His glory and for productive use both in our lives and in His Kingdom.
1Ryken, Leland. How to Read the Bible as Literature . . . and get more out of it. Zondervan, 1984.
2Freeman, Emily P. Simply Tuesday: Small-Moment Living in a Fast-Moving World. Revell, 2015.
3Dawn M. “Holy Emotions: Rolling Into Eternity by God’s Grace for God’s Glory.” Dec 2, 2019. Used with permission.
|
<urn:uuid:13fd9c78-841c-4892-b27d-848fbe167b0b>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://graceinthevalley.org/2020/11/11/lessons-from-job-the-emotions-of-suffering/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103329963.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627073417-20220627103417-00445.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940613 | 2,872 | 2.578125 | 3 | 2.903253 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Religion
|
PoultryBirds raised for their eggs or meat are birds that are raised for their eggs or meat. Chickens and turkeys are common poultry raised in North Dakota.
Chickens are raised for both eggs and meat. A male chicken is called a rooster, and a female chicken is called a hen. The offspring of a rooster and a hen is called a chick.
Hens that produce eggs for food are called “layers.” Hens can lay about 300 eggs per year.
A common breed of layers is the White Leghorn. This breed is often crossed with other breeds. Leghorns produce white eggs.
The Rhode Island Red is a breed of chicken that lays brown eggs. Chickens that lay brown eggs are usually larger than those that lay white eggs. The only difference between white and brown eggs is the color of the shell.
Chickens that are raised for their meat are called “boilers.” Boilers can be either male or female chickens. They generally go to market when they reach 4 to 5 pounds. Those that are fed until they reach 8 to 9 pounds are called “roasters.”
Small flocks of chickens raised on North Dakota farms may be dual-purpose chickens. This means that they are raised for the dual (two) purposes of laying eggs and being used as meat.
Turkeys are raised for meat. Turkey meat is very high in protein and very low in fat. Over 500,000 turkeys are raised on North Dakota farms.
A male turkey is called a tom, and a female turkey is called a hen. Young turkeys are called poults.
Toms are ready for market when they weigh 24 to 26 pounds. Hens generally weigh 10 to 14 pounds when they go to market.
Unlike wild turkeys that can fly almost 60 miles per hour, domesticated turkeys cannot fly at all. The body of a domesticated turkey is too heavy to be lifted by its wings.
Only tom turkeys gobble. Turkey hens make a clicking sound.
Chickens and turkeys do not have teeth. They swallow grains and other foods whole. They also swallow gravel and small rocks called “grit.” These rocks pass to a special organ called the “gizzard.” The gizzard is a tough, muscular organ that uses rocks to grind food into small pieces. The food can then be digested.
|
<urn:uuid:a7a63f30-92d4-41f5-b5e4-7260ccc468a7>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr4/north-dakota-agriculture/part-2-production-agriculture/section-12-poultry
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100599.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206130723-20231206160723-00064.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977469 | 506 | 3.25 | 3 | 0.539366 | 1 |
Basic reasoning
|
Industrial
|
This section of our "Resources" material is addressed to adults who suspect or have determined that a boy for whom they have a parental role has been sexually abused. I used the terms "parent" and "son" with the understanding that what follows below also applies to such long-term caregivers as grandparents or other relatives, and foster and adoptive parents. The aim here is to set down some ideas and guidelines providing a basic framework that you can use right now and refer back to later.
The fact that a boy has been sexually abused will very often come as a complete surprise to the adults in his life who genuine care about him. But there are a number of warning signs that develop over time and may give cause for concern. These include:
Some of these warning signs are clearly indicative of sexual abuse: a ten-year-old with an STD, for example, or semen stains on the backside of a boy’s underwear. But many other signs can prove to be nothing more than normal occurrences in childhood and adolescence, or can arise from other problems. For example, your son may suddenly begin to display anxiety about taking a shower because one day he thought he saw “a bug” in the drain; if you ask why he’s so hesitant, a not-unusual reply would be “I dunno,” meaning he doesn’t want to appear childish by disclosing how anxious he feels about this. A boy persistently reluctant to go to school may have problems with a bully or may be apprehensive because of an embarrassing setback, such as a failed tryout for a sports team. Or perhaps he just can’t see the front of the classroom and doesn’t know he needs glasses.
So how can one determine the truth? The answer is that it’s difficult, and that’s one reason why sexual abuse so often defies detection: most of the warning signs can arise from causes that are no cause for alarm, or if the issue is serious, it can spring from problems other than sexual abuse. But concern is especially warranted when a behavior or problem marks a sudden drastic change from your son’s usual routine or interests, and when it persists. It is entirely normal if your son is casual or modest when it comes to nakedness, for example. But if his behavior or attitude about this suddenly changes, and seems to be especially important to him, that’s at least worth noting.
It’s also worth watching for connections. Suppose, for example, your son begins to come home late with no satisfactory explanation, and when he returns he dashes upstairs, avoiding any greetings along the way, takes an prolonged shower, and then shuts himself up in his room. Then you note that this only happens on the third Thursday of the month…when his Boy Scout troop meets. This shows, at the very least, that something is wrong at Scouts, and that conclusion, in light of the combination of circumstances, and regardless of what the problem proves to be, is sufficient cause for concern.
There are some guidelines to bear in mind as you look into the matter and move toward the truth about what the problem is:
Overall, bear in mind that what your son needs most are people who are safe and reliable. Focus on your role as a parent, offering love, support, safe opportunities to talk, and your skills in maintaining the affairs of the family and a healthy environment at home. If there are issues getting in the way of that, they need to be addressed as an urgent priority. (Child protection authorities will insist on this.)
The more informed you are the better, but at the same time, recognize the boundary between your role as a parent and the professional role of your son’s counselor or therapist. The professional has the training and experience to guide your son’s recovery in a way and at a pace that’s right for him, and it’s important to avoid “triangulation,” a situation in which your son receives information on the same subject independently from two different sources – you and his counselor. If that information conflicts – and sooner or later it will – the resulting confusion can provoke fear and distrust in your son and undermine his confidence in the ability of adults to help him.
It is normal for a parent to encounter major difficulties in envisaging how to support and communicate with an abused boy. As your son makes progress in his recovery, you will be making progress with him as your experience increases and you develop a sense for what his particular needs are. His counselor or therapist will be an invaluable resource along the way. Here we offer some basic guidelines that you can read now and refer back to as needed. The points suggested here are in line with those advocated by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (2009), but it would be best to show these to your son’s counselor to make sure they agree with the path he or she considers to be best for your child.
The points raised above are based on what professional research, clinical experience in numerous fields (psychology, child development, the social sciences, education, neuroscience, and statistics), and the testimony of male survivors have taught us about childhood sexual abuse. Much work remains to be done, but the advances in our knowledge have practically reinvented how we view and respond to sexual abuse at every level, as compared to, say, 30 years ago. Public awareness is far higher, and many more survivors are seeking the help they need and deserve.
In the face of this overwhelming evidence, however, misconceptions and myths still find support and traditional views continue to cloud judgment and lead to false conclusions. At times the misdirection is deliberate, as evidenced time and again by the leaders and other representatives of institutions who argue against what they know to be the truth in a sexual abuse case, in order to protect the reputation and assets of their institution. In other cases the problem is that a disclosure of abuse challenges the heart-felt beliefs of well-intending people. Or a boy’s home situation may be so dysfunctional that it’s difficult for healthy thinking and behavior to prevail at any level. And yet, the truth remains.
You may have believed all your life, for example, that boys aren’t abused, or that if sexual impropriety has occurred, the boy is to blame. The truth is that at least one in six boys is sexually abused by the time he reaches the age of eighteen, and that sexual abuse is the work of someone far more powerful and knowledgeable, and almost always significantly older, than the victim.
Or you may believe that sexual abuse isn’t possible in your family or community, or that the leaders of your faith community, or any other institution with which you have a deep emotional, social, or spiritual connection, could never be involved in the sexual abuse of children. The truth is that over 90% of abused children are molested not by strangers, but by people in their families and communities whom they know and trust, and that institutions of every kind, no matter how respectable their public face may be, have repeated been found to include many sex offenders, not to mention others who enable their crimes by covering them up, protecting abusers, and refusing to cooperate fully with investigations. The truth is that no institution is safe for children simply because it claims to be so; it becomes safe when the community demands safety, insists on concrete proof of transparency and compliance with effective protocols, and shows willingness to reject that institution if appropriate standards are not met.
If your home life is beset by such issues as violence, neglect, or substance abuse, you may plead that the chaos is not your fault…and you may well be correct. But such a place cannot provide an abused child with the environment he needs in order to recover from sexual abuse. In fact, a dysfunctional home often plays a major role in rendering a child vulnerable to abuse. As one teenager told me, “I didn’t know the abuser’s lies would feel better than nothing.” There is often outrage when child protection authorities remove a boy from his home, but in many cases the true outrage is that this step wasn’t taken sooner.
This is offered not in judgment, but as a challenge. We all need to play our role in making the world a safer place for our children, but in many cases the need for change is more personal and more urgent. Anyone who is the parent or caregiver for a child needs to prioritize the welfare of that child above all else, even if that requires a major re-evaluation of life-long assumptions and deeply held convictions.
So it’s worth repeating: the truth remains the truth, however difficult it may be to accept it and act on it.
There are numerous worthwhile books available for the parents or guardians of young male survivors. Those below are some of the best, but do bear in mind that while books can provide ready reference and continuing guidance, they cannot replace professional counseling.
|
<urn:uuid:560b307e-aca9-45e2-9153-23560b14f84f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
http://ourphoenixfoundation.org/includes/resources/parents.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510707.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930181852-20230930211852-00499.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966474 | 1,854 | 2.671875 | 3 | 2.948981 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Crime & Law
|
A newly developed smartphone app has shown promise for determining if a person is suffering from a serious heart attack. A study into the app's accuracy revealed it was almost as effective as a traditional electrocardiogram (ECG) at identifying a serious form of heart attack.
The system currently focuses on identifying a very specific, and deadly, form of heart attack called an ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). This life-threatening heart attack occurs when a major artery is completely blocked, and death or disability can occur if not treated within a very brief period.
"If somebody gets chest pain and they haven't ever had chest pain before, they might think it's just a bug or it's gas and they won't go to the emergency room," says J. Brent Muhlestein, lead investigator on the new study. "That's dangerous, because the faster we open the blocked artery, the better the patient's outcome will be."
A traditional ECG, which can effectively identify the onset of a STEMI, involves attaching 12 leads to a patient. Each lead's location is important, as they track the heart's electrical activity in different places. The new smartphone system utilizes just two ECG leads, which are moved around the body with an accompanying app tracking the measurements, so ultimately it can record the same 12 places as a typical ECG.
The accuracy of the new smartphone system was recently tested on 204 patients suffering acute chest pain. All the subjects received both a traditional 12-lead ECG and the new two-lead smartphone ECG. The study found the small app-based system was almost as effective as a traditional ECG in distinguishing between STEMI and non-STEMI heart attacks.
"We found the app helped us diagnose heart attacks very effectively – and it didn't indicate the presence of a heart attack when one wasn't occurring," says Muhlestein.
Alongside the dual ECG lead, the system utilizes the previously established smartphone app AliveCor. Available as an approved medical diagnostic system for several years now, the AliveCor app has been effective in using single ECG leads to monitor cardiovascular systems in patients.
It's unclear how close to commercial availability this new smartphone system is, but the researchers are hopeful it will help make ECG diagnostic data not only quicker to access for those who think they may be suffering from a heart attack, but also more accessible to doctors in countries where ECG machines are difficult to access. The ideal scenario would be a system where an individual with this smartphone app can take ECG data, upload it to the cloud, and have their doctor instantly review the data.
The results of the study were presented at the American Heart Association's 2018 Scientific Session in Chicago last week.
Source: Intermountain Healthcare
Want a cleaner, faster loading and ad free reading experience?
Try New Atlas Plus. Learn more
|
<urn:uuid:2d70f119-6d01-4cb4-bcb9-1a9247eec611>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-51
|
https://newatlas.com/heart-attack-smartphone-app-ecg/57185/?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=2018-11-12+093717+Other+Daily+Basic+2018-11-12+094415+Massive+global+health+study+reveals+disturbing+trends&utm_content=2018-11-12+093717+Other+Daily+Basic+2018-11-12+094415+Massive+global+health+study+reveals+disturbing+trends+CID_2ddd643a59456bebb1e83f116ddfe5fc&utm_source=Campaign+Monitor&utm_term=Read+more
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826856.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215105142-20181215131142-00429.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962265 | 592 | 2.546875 | 3 | 2.871359 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
Logging and log analysis are critical to an engineer’s skill set. Engineers rely on logs to track how their systems are running. Sometimes engineers fail to log important events. They often regret not having them in the logs.
See, engineers use logs for error resolution, security, and even for making improvements to the system. Having certain events in the logs and the tools to properly analyze them is what enables engineers to do these things. Let’s look at these ways in which logs are valuable in order to understand more about why engineers care so much about logging.
Using Logs for Error Resolution
Any given system will eventually throw exceptions. We’re taught to handle them gracefully or bubble them up the call stack and deal with them at the highest level. Typically, part of handling exception is logging the exception. We find errors by examining the logs for exceptions, warnings, and other anomalies.
Before diving into some of the ways logging can help engineers resolve errors, I want to make sure the distinction between error and exception is clear. The wiki for Haskell presents a good summary, stating:
It is an error to not handle an exception. If a file cannot be opened, you must respect that result. You can proceed as if the file could be opened, though. If you do so you might crash the machine or the runtime system terminates your program. All of these effects are possible consequences of a (programming) error.
To sum up: errors are coding missteps. Exceptions are for “expected but irregular situations.” However, some programming languages use error (or Error) to mean exception, by this definition.
The first thing that comes to mind when thinking about logging is error detection. Your program, the platform, or the OS logs details whenever an exception occurs in your system. Whenever you release a new version of the system, you can check the logs to ensure there aren’t any exceptions being thrown (and logged) from the new version. The presence of exceptions in the logs would indicate an error in the new version and would potentially warrant a rollback.
For best results, don’t wait to check the logs until you release a new version. Instead, do routine checks on the logs for exceptions. It’s also best to have a proactive alerting system that sends alerts whenever exceptions are logged.
Analyzing exceptions and other unusual events is an important step in error detection. The information found in one or more entries can be valuable, sometimes even essential to understanding the cause of errors and resolving them.
You can use the stack trace in the entry to find out where in the program the problem occurred. I’ve personally found that problems can be resolved much more efficiently with a clean stack trace. When the stack is unwound before the exception is logged, the trace only contains information about the exception handler. This is not helpful since every exception will have the same stack trace regardless of the origin of the exception.
My advice is to purposely throw exceptions during development as an experiment to see how useful your exception logging really is. This way, when your system makes it to production, you’ll at least have some confidence that you can rely on your logs to get you much closer to the source of your errors.
You should log event chains, especially if you have a system that uses parallel programming. When problems occur in these systems, they are typically difficult to reproduce. Rebuilding the event chain that produced the symptom in the first place might be the only way to discover the cause of the issue. You must log state changes as well in order to faithfully retrace the events that led to a failure condition.
Using Logs for Security (and Securing Logs)
Security is such a hot topic these days, especially when talking about logs. You may have heard about the emerging concerns of keeping logs secure (at rest and while in transit). But it isn’t all so glum; you can also use logs to enhance security rather than simply present another security risk. Engineers can set up analyzers to watch logs for indicators of security issues.
Logs at Rest
Logs need to be secured. They should have the same access controls that apply to any other data. Use the principle of least privilege when giving access to logs and partition access rather than giving blanket access. (Partitioning will be easier if the logs are well organized.)
Although it may be tempting to log all parameters for every call on your servers, it’s not prudent to do so. Some parameters contain sensitive information, such as passwords or PII (personally identifiable information). Sensitive data must be secured with appropriate access controls and obfuscation! These days, there’s just no excuse for leaving that information laying out in the open.
Logs in Transit
When transmitting log data, use a secure connection such as HTTPS or SFTP. That way, if the encrypted data is intercepted in transit, it will be unreadable anyway.
You should use secure transport protocols even on internal networks. You might have an undetected breach in the network with someone sniffing around for packets of juicy data to steal.
Logs As Indicators
When it comes to questions about securing your system and your environment, your logs have lots of answers. If you analyze everything from the firewall logs to the web server request logs, you can get a pretty good picture of how often your system comes under attack. Hopefully, you’ve got your system well secured; if not, you’ll appreciate the outcome of this kind of analysis as a guidepost telling you where to focus your efforts.
Even if you already do run a tight ship when it comes to security, it’s good to know the frequency of attempted attacks. If that number goes up for a period, it can be an indicator that someone is specifically targeting your company. Your security team can then notify employees to be extra vigilant.
Using Logs to Make Improvements
Most technology companies need to be making continuous improvements in order to keep the edge on the competition. So it should come as no surprise that I recommend using logs to improve your products. There’s valuable information in your logs! They’re gold when it comes to understanding user behavior, system behavior, possible performance improvements, and methods for computing resource allocation.
Understanding User Behavior
We may never fully understand user behavior, but there are billions of dollars to be had in trying. You may have heard of Google Analytics. Google has made a killing from quantifying certain aspects of user behavior, offering reports and metrics on how your users are interacting with your application. That’s great! Depending on your needs, you might also want to implement some custom analysis to supplement Google Analytics.
You could build your own tools, but that’s probably going to be wasteful. The tools are out there. You’re better off putting effort into activities that produce value in your domain.
Understanding System Behavior
Besides reducing errors that make their way into a system operating “in the wild,” you can analyze logs to improve features.
Web server logs offer a prime example of this. A web server configured to log some details about every request/response produces a lot of data. All that juicy data is useful when it comes to understanding what your web clients are doing and how your server is behaving. Take, for example, search queries or certain IDs from GET requests hitting your API logs more often; you can optimize for those. Moreover, those search queries may contain valuable user feedback if you look at them just right.
Finding Performance Improvements
Significant events should be logged explicitly. I don’t mean exceptions this time around, but events about which you want additional information. Perhaps you’d want to log an event whenever your logic follows a certain path. This might give you an idea about patterns that you can monitor. For instance, you could monitor cache misses, if you’re building a system that uses caches to optimize for speed.
Allocating Computing Resources
Autoscaling in AWS uses CloudWatch metrics to trigger scaling. All that fancy talk is Amazonian for logging system performance over time, then analyzing trends to add or remove resources as needed.
You don’t have to be as sophisticated as autoscaling systems to use logs to understand how to allocate resources. If you have a few API endpoints on a single web server, for example, a simple query of requests can show you which requests make up the bulk of your load. If you break those off onto their own server(s), you’ll have a more balanced load than if you’d scaled the server directly.
For engineers, logs are our lifeline. They can get us out of jams, so long as we’ve set ourselves up for success. Luckily, the pathway to success is straightforward: logging effectively and being able to access those logs efficiently.
This post was written by Phil Vuollet. Phil uses software to automate process to improve efficiency and repeatability. He writes about topics relevant to technology and business, occasionally gives talks on the same topics, and is a family man who enjoys playing soccer and board games with his children.
|
<urn:uuid:74313d50-0671-4ad0-9a5b-4e6c1df158a0>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://www.scalyr.com/blog/why-do-engineers-care-about-logging
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575076.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922032904-20190922054904-00397.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934159 | 1,892 | 2.71875 | 3 | 2.788763 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Software Dev.
|
April 22, 2014
Astronomy isn’t just for the nighttime. There’s one star you can see during the day…the sun. Just a month ago (March 20th) the sun came up exactly due east and set due west. And it will do that again in December. We usually think of the sun rising in the east and setting in the west but if you want to be particular, it only happens during the time of year when we have equal daylight and equal night. Yep. The rest of the year the sun rises a little more to the east or a little more to the west and sets that way as well.
What else happens during the day for astronomy? You can see Venus. It’s easier with binoculars, much easier. Try to find a pinpoint of light in the sky. Pretty darn hard because the sky is so bright. But Venus is always close to the sun. When the sun goes down, Venus goes down with it but you might still see Venus in the early evening before it disappears but right now Venus goes down before the sun. To find Venus in the daytime you probably want to get an idea where to look. Here’s a website where you can check Venus’s position which is to the right of the sun right now (http://neave.com/planetarium/). Grab a pair of binoculars and take 10 minutes or so to find it. Don’t look at the sun. And if Venus is ever very very near the sun, this wouldn’t be a good idea. But if you find Venus, great job! Then put your binoculars down and see if you can find it with just your bare eyes.
What else is out there? If you want to try and find Jupiter or even other objects and you have some patience and a good set of binoculars or a telescope, you can see those and even the space station. See below for a few pics of those.
What I find most fascinating during the daytime is what the sun spots look like. You need a solar filter over your binoculars or telescope. You can buy that on ebay or amazon or a few other places pretty cheaply. You could also confirm that the sun rotates by watching the sunspots move. Yep, the sun rotates just like everything else. As an aside, everything is moving, everything. Even if you feel like you’re standing still…you are on the earth which is moving, you’re just not moving relative to the earth…like being on a plane. You’re moving but not relative to the plane.
Oh, can’t forget seeing the moon during the daytime. A thought about the moon, when it’s a full moon, it’s opposite the sun so the full moon is in the east when the sun sets or it’s in the west when the sun rises. When it’s a new moon or old moon, it’s near the sun in a crescent shape. And a new moon crescent is lit on the west side and an old moon looks like a C, lit on the east side.
Get your binoculars out and see if you can find Venus.
Jupiter and Space Station
Picture from blog.discovermagazine.com
Venus Transit (Photo credit: Creativity+ Timothy K Hamilton)
March 30, 2014
It seems like I’m hearing more and more patients describe light streaks occurring in their eyes. It could just be chance though. The way they describe these effects pretty much tells me what’s happening (helps me diagnose) and rarely is it anything serious (there are other vascular problems that could cause strange vision problems like a TIA). What patients are telling me about is their ophthalmic migraines whether the patient knew what it was or not. The strange thing is we usually think of the word migraine as causing pain in our head but the eye doesn’t have any pain when this happens. It’s interesting that the cause of this visual phenomenon is thought to be the same cause as the headache type migraine…a vascular fluctuation.
But there are other conditions that can cause light to seem to be inside the eye and not outside. There’s one called a pressure phosphene. You can create these on your own anytime you want. Just press on your eye. It’s easiest to press on the temporal side and then notice the dark circular spot that appears in the nasal part of your vision but it works both ways. That effect has even been used to estimate the intraocular eye pressure and there’s even a simple instrument that is made to do that but it’s accuracy is questionable. You can do this with your eyes open or closed. You can also rub your eyes and get other visual patterns. What’s happening is the photoreceptors are being stimulated, not by light, but by mechanical pressure which then makes those photoreceptors send a signal to your brain as if there was light, or at least an interesting visual pattern…not like a flashlight kind of light.
What is really pretty cool is what the astronauts have described as flashes. As an aside, to be considered an astronaut in the US you have to go up at least 50 miles but that may not be high enough to get cosmic flashes. The astronauts that have orbited the earth have described some really interesting visual phenomenon that has been attributed to cosmic particles that pass through practically anything and can cause a lot of problems with equipment. Astronauts from the Apollo program and more recent ISS orbiter have noticed this. Here’s a quote from astronaut Don Pettit,
“When a cosmic ray happens to pass through the retina it causes the rods and cones to fire, and you perceive a flash of light that is really not there. The triggered cells are localized around the spot where the cosmic ray passes, so the flash has some structure. A perpendicular ray appears as a fuzzy dot. A ray at an angle appears as a segmented line. Sometimes the tracks have side branches, giving the impression of an electric spark. The retina functions as a miniature Wilson cloud chamber where the recording of a cosmic ray is displayed by a trail left in its wake.”
There’s also a certain area above the atmosphere where the astronauts orbit called the South Atlantic Anomaly. When they reach that area they get more cosmic radiation compared to the rest of the orbit apparently due to a change in the magnetic field surrounding the earth. Of course this radiation is being studied but one of the odd ones is with the Phantom Torso and before that there was the the Apollo Light Flash Moving Emulsion Detector (ALFMED).
If you see flashes of light yourself, the likelihood of it being innocuous (harmless) is pretty good. But then, there’s a small chance it’s a retinal problem that needs to be treated which is why patients with any complaint of flashes should be dilated to rule out the bad stuff.
Here are a few links to some of the astronaut web pages that are kinda interesting to read:
And here are a couple of images of what some might “see” when they have a visual migraine:
|
<urn:uuid:3bc11e5b-5fa4-4363-97c3-10c64669e773>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-22
|
http://drstyle.me/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207932182.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113212-00041-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94545 | 1,506 | 3.25 | 3 | 2.410864 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
Learning to practice gratitude in your daily life can yield substantial results, from revitalizing your physical health to improving your intimate relationships.
Like many things in life, something as simple as remembering to practice gratitude can easily be forgotten. But believe it or not, this small, seemingly inconsequential habit can have a huge impact on our lives.
Scientists have begun to explore just how important the practice of gratitude is. The results might surprise you!
How Science Shows We Should Practice Gratitude
We’re often quick to dismiss the importance of saying thank you to colleagues, family members, and those we meet in our day-to-day lives, but learning to practice gratitude on a daily basis can yield incredible results, both physically and mentally.
Here are the five scientific reasons; five benefits shown in those who practice gratitude on a regular basis:
- Stronger immune system
- Lower blood pressure
- Increased optimism
- Increased generosity
- Increased compassion and empathy
Scientists are also trying to understand the circumstances in which gratitude flourishes and diminishes. There are likely times in your own life in which you practiced gratitude more or less frequently. The question is – how can we turn gratitude into a habit?
How To Turn Gratitude Into A Habit
Created on the premise of sharing, caring, and being thankful for what we have, Thanksgiving is one of my favorite holidays. Family time, comfort food, crisp fall weather and pumpkin pies. What’s not to love, right?
But, I have to admit – there are times I’m not feeling the gratitude. From driving in heavy traffic to long lines at the grocery store to cleaning the house for company – it can all start to add up and tax my reserves. The endless to-do list seems daunting, and in times like this, it can be easy to forget what the season is all about.
Our modern lives are often likes this. We’re just too busy to stop and enjoy the moment. We focus on what isn’t going right that we don’t see all that is going right.
We need help learning to practice gratitude as a habit, rather than experience it as an occasional, random act.
For me, yoga has been the key to having a regular practice of gratitude. How can yoga help us practice gratitude more often? Here are 5 ways yoga can encourage gratitude.
5 Ways to Practice Gratitude With Yoga
- Staying in the present moment. Yoga helps us to develop this habit. When we are focused in the present moment we can see the positive side of life more easily and feel the gratitude.
- Stimulating the part of our brain that helps us to feel more connected with others. It becomes easier to express our gratitude to others when we feel better connected.
- Yoga takes us inward. We can take the time to think about all that we have to be grateful for, even during times of great stress.
- When our emotions start to get the best of us, yoga helps us to calm down, get centered and see the blessings in our life for which we can express gratitude.
- With a regular yoga practice we are less stressed by life’s ups and downs. We take time to breathe, be mindful, and appreciate the small moments.
The great thing about yoga is that you can practice it by yourself, or with others. Finding a community of like minded people to encourage you toward keeping a regular practice may be one of the most beneficial ways to develop a habit of practicing gratitude.
Now that you know how important practicing gratitude can be, try these tips to get your gratitude glow on!
- Instead of impatience in the grocery store lines, look at your grocery basket and be grateful for everything in it.
- Instead of grumbling in the kitchen as you try to prepare a meal, be grateful for the food, family and friends that are present to eat with you.
- Instead of being irked by well meaning family members or friends, love them for who they are with all of their faults and quirks.
- Instead of fretting about the weather, be grateful you’re able to experience the wide spectrum Mother Nature has to offer.
What are you grateful for?
Tell us in the comments below!
|
<urn:uuid:3e6b9109-e413-4b02-af22-e1935bcb652e>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
https://blog.mindvalley.com/practice-gratitude/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987836295.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023201520-20191023225020-00133.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944708 | 879 | 2.828125 | 3 | 2.431358 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Health
|
This image is a model of an atom
Windows to the Universe original animation by Randy Russell.
What's a molecule?
A Matter of Scale - interactive showing the sizes of things, from very tiny to huge - from NSF
Atoms are the smallest size pieces that elements come in. Each atom has a small but heavy nucleus at its center. A cloud of tiny, fast-moving electrons orbit around the nucleus. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Most atoms have about as many neutrons as protons. A "normal" atom has the same number of electrons and protons.
The animation of an atom on this page is NOT to scale. In a real atom, the protons, neutrons, and electrons are very tiny compared to the distance between the nucleus and the electrons. Most of an atom is empty space. Atoms are incredibly small. They have sizes between 60 and 500 picometers (a picometer is 10-12 meters, or one trillionth of a meter!). The nucleus of an atom is about 100,000 times smaller than the whole atom. Almost all (more than 99%) of the mass of an atom is in the nucleus.
Sometimes two or more atoms "stick together" to form a molecule. Some molecules have atoms of just one type. For example, an oxygen molecule (O2) has two oxygen atoms. Other molecules combine different types of atoms. Methane (CH4) has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
Our online store
includes fun classroom activities
for you and your students. Issues of NESTA's quarterly journal, The Earth Scientist
are also full of classroom activities on different topics in Earth and space science!
You might also be interested in:
An element (also called a "chemical element") is a substance made up entirely of atoms having the same atomic number; that is, all of the atoms have the same number of protons. Hydrogen, helium, oxygen,...more
Most things around us are made of groups of atoms connected together into packages called molecules. Molecules are made from atoms of one or more elements. Some molecules are made of only one type of...more
Oxygen (O2) is a kind of gas. A lot of the air you breathe is oxygen. That's a good thing, since we need oxygen to stay alive! About 4/5ths of the air in Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen (N2). Almost all...more
Methane is a kind of gas. There is a small amount of methane in the air you breathe. A methane molecule has carbon and hydrogen atoms in it. Methane is a greenhouse gas. That means it helps make Earth...more
One way scientists measure the size of something is by its mass. Mass is sort of like weight. Scientists can even measure very, very tiny things like atoms. One measure of the size of an atom is its "atomic...more
Every atom has a nucleus. The nucleus has protons and neutrons in it. Scientists have a special name for the number of protons in an atom. They call it the "atomic number". There are almost 100 different...more
Isotopes are different "versions" of an element. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons. All hydrogen atoms have one proton, all carbon atoms have 6 protons, and all uranium atoms have...more
|
<urn:uuid:b165ba26-03be-4367-9163-9b7840503c97>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
http://www.windows2universe.org/physical_science/physics/atom_particle/atom.html&edu=elem
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123102.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00608-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929998 | 704 | 3.6875 | 4 | 0.993234 | 1 |
Basic reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
PHP, which stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (yes, it is a recursive acronym), is an open source scripting language that borrows its syntax from C, Java, and Perl, just to name a few. The result is a language that feels familiar to many programmers. This makes a lot of sense, since the stated goal of PHP is to help web developers create dynamic content quickly, and nothing speeds up coding like knowing the language!
PHP's capabilities are similar to other server-side languages, such as ColdFusion, ASP, and JSP. In addition, because it's an open source language, PHP is constantly gaining new capabilities via extensions. There are even a few extensions that allow PHP to create Flash content dynamically. Furthermore, the PHP Extension and Application Repository (PEAR) offers a huge online repository of PHP components, available at http://pear.php.net or via the special pear command-line tool, which is installed with PHP.
PHP installs onto nearly every server platform available, and it integrates with all of the major web servers, including both Apache and IIS. As its name suggests, PHP is a preprocessor that executes code in PHP pages when they are requested. The result is then sent to the web server and finally delivered to the client. You never have to compile PHP pages explicitly; PHP handles all of the processing of PHP pages for you.
PHP code can be written in either a procedural or object-oriented manner. That said, AMFPHP requires that you write your code as PHP classes. Be aware, though, that if you've used other object-oriented languages in the past, you'll find the OOP capabilities of PHP to be relatively limited. These limitations will be addressed with the upcoming PHP 5.0, so be sure to check out the excellent documentation at http://www.php.net to get the most up-to-date information.
There are two fundamental pieces to PHP's syntax that tend to trip up newcomers. The first is that all variables must begin with a $ symbol. The second is that a period (.), rather than the usual + or &, is used to concatenate strings.
The fact that PHP is available on so many platforms for free means that many hosting providers include it in their service packages. AMFPHP offers a number of installation options; you can even set it up without requiring administrative access to your server. So, while ColdFusion may be the easiest language to use Flash Remoting with from a technical standpoint, PHP is the easiest from an economic standpoint.
The fact that AMFPHP also allows you to connect to SOAP-based web services allows you to use it as a simple connector to pre-existing web services you've written in other languages. Thus, you can add a Flash front end to an existing application without any cost on the server side.
Besides these monetary advantages, using Flash Remoting with PHP provides the same advantages that all of the other Flash Remoting-enabled languages provide. These include the ability to separate architecture and development tasks in a clean manner. Plus, if you design your code well, it's much easier to reuse PHP code you've written for use with Flash Remoting than it is if you were using Flash's LoadVars or XML classes.
|
<urn:uuid:692cb6e7-6bc5-406a-a1b3-40cc6a962aa1>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
https://etutorials.org/Macromedia/Fash+remoting.+the+definitive+guide/Part+II+The+Server-Side+Languages/Chapter+9.+Flash+Remoting+and+PHP/9.1+Introduction+to+PHP/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474671.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227053544-20240227083544-00460.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921559 | 676 | 3.03125 | 3 | 1.97478 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Software Dev.
|
Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare's most famous tragedy and one of the world's most enduring love stories, derives its plot from several sixteenth century sources. Shakespeare's primary inspiration for the play was Arthur Brooke's Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet (1562), a long and dense poem. Brooke's poem, in turn, was based on a French prose version written by Pierre Boiastuau (1559), which was derived from an Italian version written by Bandello in 1554. Bandello's poem, meanwhile, was an interpretation of Luigi da Porto's 1525 version of a story by Masuccio Salernitano (1476).
The plot of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet remains mostly true to Brooke's poem, though Shakespeare exercised artistic license in several instances. For example, as he often does, Shakespeare telescopes the events from Brooke's poem (which took place over 90 days) into a few days in the play. Additionally, Shakespeare's Juliet is thirteen, while Brooke wrote her as sixteen. The time compression and the younger Juliet enhance the youthful nature of the central relationship, emphasizing its passion and newness.
One of the most powerful aspects of Romeo and Juliet is Shakespeare's use of language. The characters curse, vow oaths, banish each other, and, in general, demonstrate great verbal dexterity through an overuse of action verbs. In addition, the play is saturated with oxymorons, puns, paradoxes, and double entendres. Shakespeare even calls the use of names into question, most famously in Juliet's balcony soliloquy. Shakespeare also executed a rather strong shift in the language spoken by both Romeo and Juliet after they fall in love. Whereas Romeo is hopelessly normal in his courtship before meeting Juliet, after he falls in love, his language becomes infinitely richer and stronger.
Romeo and Juliet also deals with the issue of authoritarian law and order. Many of Shakespeare's plays feature characters that represent the unalterable force of the law, such as the Duke in The Comedy of Errors and Prince Escalus in Romeo and Juliet. In this play, the law attempts to stop the civil disorder, and even banishes Romeo at the midpoint. However, as in The Comedy of Errors, the law is eventually overpowered by the forces of love.
There are several different sources that inform the contemporary text of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet was first published in quarto in 1597, and republished in a new edition only two years later. The second copy was used to created yet a third quarto in 1609, from which both the 1623 Quarto and First Folio are derived. The first quarto is generally considered a bad quarto, or an illicit copy created from the recollections of several actors rather than from the writer's original material. The second quarto seems to be taken from Shakespeare's rough draft, and thus has some inconsistent speech and some lines which Shakespeare apparently meant to eliminate. Please see the "About Shakespearian Theater" section of this note for more guidance as to these concepts.
Romeo and Juliet was popular during Shakespeare's time, but over the centuries it has become nothing short of omnipresent. It is arguably the most-filmed play of all time, and has been adapted 4 times to date - first by George Cukor in 1936, then by Franco Zeffirelli in 1968, Baz Luhrmann in 1996, and most recently, by Carlo Carlei in 2013. John Madden's Academy-Award winning film Shakespeare in Love is a fictional account of Shakespeare's life while writing the play. It was the basis for Prokofiev's famous ballet, and has inspired numerous Operas, pop and jazz songs, books, games, and musicals.
|
<urn:uuid:df24082f-3b4e-4f97-8575-6e47b86c2f57>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-22
|
http://www.gradesaver.com/romeo-and-juliet/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609598.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528043426-20170528063426-00409.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967975 | 773 | 3.84375 | 4 | 2.788027 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Literature
|
QRP AM(cw) Transmitter
for the 12 meterband
By Guy, de ON6MU
About the QRP AM / cw 12-meter band transmitter
In this project, you will make a
simple low-power broadcast-type circuit, using a crystal
oscillator integrated circuit and an a collector modulated AM
oscillator. You can connect the circuit to the an amplified
microphone (no amplified microphone has a to low output voltage
to work. at least 100...200mv is needed). You could also add a LF
preamp stage of one transistor to allow connecting a microphone
You'll see that you can receive the signal through the air with almost any AM radio receiver. Although the circuits used in radio stations for AM receiving are far more complicated, this nevertheless gives a basic idea of the concept behind a principle transmitter. Plus it is a lot of fun when you actually have it working!
Remember that transmitting on 10 or 12 meter band you'll need a valid radioamateur license!
A wide range of different circuits have been used for AM, but one of the simplest circuits uses collector modulation applied via (for example) a transformer, while it is perfectly possible to create good designs using solid-state electronics as I applied here (T1 2N2905).
The transmitter is build as a Colpitts Oscillator with a strong 2N2219(A) transistor. HF-output of the oscillator is 100 to 350 mW, depending on the supply voltage of 9 to 18 Volts. The transmit frequency is stabilized with the 28Mhz crystal. A slight detuning of approx 1kc is possible by using Ct1 trimmer capacitor. The oscillator signal is taken from the collector of T2 by induction and via a low-feedthrough filter and guided to the output via an L-filter circuit cleaning up the signal pretty good. The oscillator is keyed by T1 and the morse key (S). By keying the morse-key T1 is not been used for modulation and is biased, hence lets T2 freely oscillate.
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a process in which the amplitude of a radio frequency current is made to vary and modify by impressing an audio frequency current on it.
This was the first type of modulation used for communicating signals from one point to another and is still the simplest to understand.
A radio frequency current has a constant amplitude in absence of modulation and this constant amplitude RF carries no information, i.e. no audio intelligence and is of no use to radio telephone (voice communication), but has application in morse code communication.
In its basic form, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the carrier frequency and in two adjacent sidebands. Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the modulating signal and is a mirror image of the other. Thus, most of the power output by an AM transmitter is effectively wasted: half the power is concentrated at the carrier frequency, which carries no useful information (beyond the fact that a signal is present); the remaining power is split between two identical sidebands, only one of which is needed.
CW is the simplest form of modulation. The output of the transmitter is switched on and off, typically to form the characters of the Morse code.
CW transmitters are simple and inexpensive, and the transmitted CW signal doesn't occupy much frequency space (usually less than 500 Hz). However, the CW signals will be difficult to hear on a normal receiver; you'll just hear the faint quieting of the background noise as the CW signals are transmitted. To overcome this problem, shortwave and ham radio receivers include a beat frequency oscillator (BFO) circuit. The BFO circuit produces an internally-generated second carrier that "beats" against the received CW signal, producing a tone that turns on and off in step with the received CW signal. This is how Morse code signals are received on shortwave.
Although this design is primarely designed for AM, it can be used for CW with a slight whistle like sound, but is still usable as CW transmitter by keying S.
Is been carried out by T2 (NPN 2N2219). This is the stage where the carrier frequency intended to be used is generated by means of Crystal Oscillator Circuitry or capacitance-inductance based Variable Frequency Oscillator (VFO). The RF oscillator is designed to have frequency stability (Xtal) and power delivered from it is of little importance, although it delivers 250mW@13v , hence can be operated with low voltage power supply with little dissipation of heat.
You could add a switch (very
short connections if using an ordinary switch) to select
different Xtal's (frequencies). You could also use a more
effective diode-based switch I've build here. This hasn't got the problems with
longer connections at all.
RF power amplification is also done here and this stage is coupled to the antenna system through antenna impedance matching circuitry (L1/L2). Care is taken at this stage so that no harmonic frequency is generated which will cause interference in adjacent band (splatter) on other bands (Ct3, L3, C10). This 3-element L-type narrow bandpass filter circuit for the desired frequency cleans out any remaining harmonic signals very efficiently.
Is all done by T1 (PNP 2N2905). Audio information is impressed upon the carrier frequency at this stage. Do to selective components circuits (C3, C4, C7, C5) the voice component frequencies are enhanced, whilest others are suppressed (bandwidth +- 3kc/side) keeping it between HAM-radio specs.
Why over modulation is not desirable?..
Over modulation is not desirable, i.e. modulation should not exceed 100 %, because if modulation exceeds 100 % there is an interval during the audio cycle when the RF carrier is removed completely from the air thus producing distortion in the transmission.
The whole circuit needs to be mounted in an all-metal/aluminum case. If you're unable to obtain an all-metal case, then use a roll of self-sticking aluminum tape (available from your hardware store) or PVC box painted with graphite paint. Just make sure that all individual pieces of aluminum-tape (or the graphite paint) are conducting with each other. Works fine.
You can connect the output to my power FET based 10-meterband power amplifier wich should cranck up the power to approx. 3 watt. You'll find it here.
Use it with your receiver
If you put a relay, or better a transistor switch to mute your receiver (if equiped) you can easily make a QSO HI. A simple BC338, Bc547, 2N2222 at pin a" with the base biased with a 100k resistor, emmitor at the gnd and the collector fed to your receiver's mute input works fine. Or you can use a 12v relay... Every time you PTT the transistor (or when using a relay, the switch) is "shortened" between the ground, hence muting your receiver (again; if your receiver has mute capabilities).
C12 needs to be connected as close as possible between the gnd and the L1 cold side (top).
Parts list 12-meterband AM transmitter
C4 68nF (polyester)
C5 10nF (polyester)
Ct1= 5...100pF (violet) frequency offset +- 1kc
Ct2= 5...30pF (brown) set at half position and tune at max power
Ct3= 5...40pF (white) set at half position and tune at max power
L1 = 0.8mm Cul (insulated copper wire), 9 turns close together, 9mm outside diameter (7mm inside)
L2 = 0.8mm Cul (insulated copper wire), 3 turns close together, on same coil holder as L1 with turnable feritte core
L3 = 0.6mm Cul (insulated copper wire), 18 turns, 9mm outside diameter (9mm inside)
Xtal for your desired frequency +- 1kc
C4, C5, C6 polyester film capacitor
W=7mm, H=25mm, L1=9turns, L2=3turns, L3=18turns 9mm diameter
Peak Frequency range: 24Mc...26Mc
Output RF power: 100mW@9v - 200mW@12v - [email protected] - 300mW@16v
AM modulated +/- 85% (CW if keyed)
Adjustable output impedance to 50 Ohms
Band-pass type harmonic L-filter
Usable voltages: Vcc 5 - 16 volts
Average current: I 27mA@9v - 38mA@12v - 45mA@16v
Adjustable frequency of 1Kc
200mV @ 600 Ohm
It's important to
use a correct designed antenna according to band you would like
to operate, or at least use a good antenna tuner to match the
antenna (protecting your transmitter and proventing
harmonics/interference...). Several examples can be found on my
website and all across the Web. A dipole is always a good
alternative (total length = 150/freq - 5%).
The performance (distance relative to you RF power) of your antenna is as importent (if not more) as the RF power you transmit! A dummy load gives also a perfect 1:1 SWR, but you wont get any farther then the street you live in HI. Finally, athmospheric conditions (D-,E-,F-layers depending on the frequency you're using) is equally important to be able to make DX QSO's.
Remember that transmitting on 12 meter band (or using homemade transmitters) needs a valid radioamateur license!
project:10 meterband AM CW transmitter project
|
<urn:uuid:885e760e-e38d-478b-8556-4a9b4e418b6b>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-32
|
http://users.belgacom.net/hamradio/schemas/transmitter_QRP_12meterband_on6mu.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988962.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00055-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.90802 | 2,113 | 2.59375 | 3 | 2.373365 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Hardware
|
This year’s Fit Family Challenge competitors are smart, savvy, and full of great nutrition-related questions! I just finished a one hour conference call with 10 family finalists from across the U.S. and Hawaii. As part of their challenge to adopt healthy diet and exercise practices, they were asked to send me their most burning nutrition questions. One mom told me that her goal was “to teach her girls how to think critically” about health information. I was so pleased to see those values being promoted that I thought I’d share some of our mythbusting FAQs here on the blog:
1. I live in a community that doesn’t add fluoride to the public water supply. Do my kids need to take fluoride supplements?
Fluoridation of our water supply is considered to be one of the top 10 most effective public health initiatives of the 20th century. Enhancing the natural fluoride content of water results in up to a 60% reduction in tooth decay for kids! The cost to a community of adding fluoride to the water supply is about 50 cents per person per year, so it’s really quite affordable. I’m not sure why your community water hasn’t been fluoridated, but it’s estimated that about 1/3 of Americans still live in communities that haven’t supplemented their water with fluoride (so you’re not alone).
Our teeth use fluoride to strengthen our enamel – and we can get fluoride to our teeth in two ways: 1) from our blood stream (e.g from the water we drink, digest, and absorb) and 2) topically (e.g. from toothpaste). Studies have shown that it’s best to get fluoride via both routes for optimal enamel strength. For children living in areas where the water is not fluoridated, the American Dental Association (ADA) recommends fluoride vitamins until at least age 16. There are two strengths of fluoride vitamins, and the dosage required depends on the fluoride levels in the local water supply (you can ask your local Water Department for that information if you haven’t already). Keep in mind that most children’s permanent teeth (with the exception of “wisdom teeth”) erupt by age 13 – and before that age there is no way to get fluoride to them except via the blood stream. So digesting fluoride (via water or vitamins) is critical to strengthen those teeth that haven’t broken through the gums yet.
For more information about fluoride, see this helpful ADA guide.
All mammals release trace amounts of hormones into their milk. Cow’s milk naturally contains a small amount of bovine somatotropin (bST) which is a protein that is quickly broken down by our stomachs when we drink milk. Some farmers give their cows additional amounts of the hormone to stimulate milk production. This rbST (or BGH) is virtually identical to naturally occurring cow hormones and the decades of research we’ve collected has been reviewed by the FDA (Food and Drug Association), WHO (World Health Organization), NIH (National Institutes of Health), AMA (American Medical Association), and ADA (American Dietetic Organization) – and all agree that rbST is safe for human consumption in the levels it occurs in cow’s milk. Interestingly, studies have shown that milk hormone levels in organic milk is essentially identical to levels in regular milk. There is therefore no advantage in buying organic milk insofar as hormones are concerned.
I believe that cow’s milk is safe and nutritious for kids (so long as they have no milk allergies or lactose intolerances). The milk/hormone scare is kind of an urban legend, so I wouldn’t be too worried about it. Your girls haven’t suffered any harm from drinking regular milk – and it’s great that you all enjoy the skim variety, by the way. Lower calorie options can help you maintain your weight over your lifetime.
For more information about milk and hormones please check out this helpful link full of research resources.
You are right that there are lifestyle choices that can substantially reduce your risk (and your childrens’ risk) of getting cancer. However, there is no way to guarantee that you’ll never get cancer, no matter how carefully you control your diet and lifestyle. Nevertheless it’s an excellent idea to do what we can to reduce our risks. Cancer is actually a complicated collection of different diseases, and so specific behavior changes may reduce the risk of certain cancers but not others. For example, a high fiber diet may reduce the risk of colon cancer, but not skin cancer.
Also note that it’s very hard to prove that any one dietary change (such as consuming a larger amount of one particular vitamin or herb) has a direct impact on cancer risk. What works is sometimes more general (such as avoiding becoming obese). Here are some behavior changes that have been scientifically proven to reduce cancer risks or prevent certain cancers:
1. Smoking cessation
2. Regular use of sunscreen
3. A diet rich in fiber (i.e.lots of fruits and veggies and whole grains)
4. Maintaining a healthy weight
5. Regular exercise
6. HPV vaccines (especially for young girls – can prevent cervical cancer) and hepatitis vaccines (can prevent liver cancer)
7. Drinking very little alcohol (no more than 1 drink/day)
Screening for cancer is also important – because catching a cancer early is often the best way to cure it. The most effective screening tests are:
1. Colonoscopies (for adults over age 50)
2. PAP smears (for sexually active women and women who haven’t had hysterectomies)
3. Physical exams to check for skin cancer, oral cancer, and testicular cancers
Mammograms and prostate blood tests are less effective at catching cancers early, but they are recommended by most medical professional associations.
I recommend reading this page at the National Cancer Institute for more information about avoiding cancer risk factors:
Multivitamins are not recommended for cancer prevention. Although it would seem that vitamins could help reduce the risk of cancer, large studies have shown that they do not reduce the risk of cancer, and may even increase one’s risk (especially vitamin E.) The best source of vitamins is healthy food – and their fiber benefits are excellent as well. For a nice summary of the unhelpfulness of vitamin supplements, please see this ABC News summary of recent research.
|
<urn:uuid:f8187f27-47ea-4f4e-bf2a-cbfdea891dec>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
http://getbetterhealth.com/tag/organic
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121305.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00146-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942575 | 1,354 | 2.765625 | 3 | 2.588492 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
June/July 2004 | Volume 55, Issue 3
The Republican party ensured a landslide defeat when it nominated Barry Goldwater in 1964, but the Democrats did far more lasting damage to themselves at their convention that year. In fact, they still haven’t recovered.
Earlier this year Sen. John Kerry caused a stir by saying that the Democratic party “always makes the mistake of looking South.... Al Gore proved he could have been President of the United States without winning one Southern state, including his own.”
Kerry was lamenting the party’s perennial efforts to woo back the Southern states that once reliably stood in the Democratic column. For 70 years Republicans were effectively shut out of the “solid South,” a result of their having been the party of Lincoln, abolition, and Reconstruction. But over time, as the Democratic party emerged as a champion of black civil rights and then embraced the rights revolutions of other groups—women, gays, lesbians—white Southern voters shifted their support to the GOP.
Jimmy Carter gained the Presidency in 1976, but no other Democratic presidential candidate has won more than four Southern states; in 1972, 1984, 1988, and 2000 the Democrats lost the entire South. At the heart of this defection was not just a white backlash against civil rights but a sense that the party had embraced the social excesses of the late 1960s.
Many writers trace this rift to the disaster of 1968, when at its convention in Chicago the Democratic party simply imploded. That famously explosive week saw party regulars and antiwar insurgents trade vicious barbs while Mayor Richard Daley’s riot police—12,000 strong, augmented by 11,000 federal and National Guard troops—fought in the streets with upward of 10,000 protesters. The Democratic party entered the 1968 fall campaign badly divided and dispirited, and when Hubert Humphrey lost the November election to Richard Nixon, it was the start of a long decline. Since 1968 Democrats have lost six out of nine presidential elections.
Yet the woes of the Democratic party didn’t originate in Chicago, or even in 1968. They can be traced back to another convention, in another city, in another year. Forty years ago this summer, the Democratic party met in Atlantic City to nominate the incumbent President, Lyndon Johnson, for another term. Nobody knew it then, but that 1964 Democratic National Convention would be a turning point for the party. It was Atlantic City that sowed the seeds of the internecine wars that tore apart the Democratic coalition four years later in Chicago and that have left it wounded ever since.
By 1964, when thousands of delegates converged on the Jersey shore for the Democratic National Convention, Atlantic City was but a dim reminder of the thriving resort town it had recently been. Commercial jet travel and air conditioning had made distant locations like California, Florida, and the Caribbean more attractive to vacationers. With its vast, decaying hotels facing the ocean across the famous but decreasingly populated Boardwalk, it was an odd site for a political coronation.
Still stunned by the assassination of President John F. Kennedy the previous November, the Democrats had gathered to nominate his successor for the fall elections. Most people expected the week to be a highly orchestrated affair. To be sure, there was speculation about whom Johnson would tap as his running mate, but few observers anticipated any surprises. Yet some people knew more than others.
On Friday, August 21, just days before the convention’s opening gavel, several busloads of black Mississippians arrived at the shabby, beaten-down Gem Hotel, a mile from Convention Hall. A reporter watching them assemble for a prayer session saw “a hymn-singing group of dedicated men and women, who feel as though they had temporarily escaped from a Mississippi prison and who think they may be jailed when they get back.” They were sharecroppers, small businessmen, maids, and schoolteachers. Among them were a few whites, including the Reverend Ed King, the chaplain of Tougaloo College, a small black institution just north of Jackson. The Mississippians slept four to a room and dined frugally. They were “all dressed up in their Sunday-go-to-meeting best,” recalled the veteran civil rights activist James Foreman.
These men and women were representatives of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic party (MFDP), and they were there to drop a political bombshell. On Saturday they would appear before the convention’s Credentials Committee and ask to be seated as the official Mississippi state delegation.
The idea was simple enough. For more than three years several civil rights groups, including the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), had worked together under the umbrella of the Council of Federated Organizations to coordinate voter-registration drives in Mississippi. Even in the American South, where only 40 percent of eligible black citizens were registered to vote, the Magnolia State was exceptional. Of its several hundred thousand black, voting-age residents, only 6.4 percent had managed to wade through the thicket of literacy and citizenship tests, poll taxes, and violence to register.
As one civil rights worker noted, for the state’s largely poor, uneducated black population, the fear of even trying to register was “a highly rational emotion, the economic fear of losing your job, the physical fear of being shot at. Domestic servants know that they will be fired if they register to vote; so will factory workers, so will Negroes who live on plantations.”
The volunteers had struggled fruitlessly. The Kennedy administration, fearful of antagonizing Southern Democrats and believing a state should administer its own affairs, consistently refused to help. In the face of violence and coercion, the civil rights workers scarcely made a dent in Mississippi’s Jim Crow political system.
In 1963 the Council of Federated Organizations adopted a new tactic and sponsored a “Freedom Vote,” an independent mock election intended to show national politicians that Mississippi’s black residents would vote if given the chance. At the center of the effort stood a 29-year-old math teacher from New York named Bob Moses.
Inspired by the wave of lunch-counter sit-ins that had engulfed the South in early 1960—a spontaneous movement involving 70,000 students—Moses had traveled to Atlanta to serve as a volunteer in SNCC’s start-up office. At the suggestion of Jane Stembridge, a white SNCC volunteer, he had then gone on to Mississippi to establish contacts with black leaders there. He met with Aaron Henry, a Clarksdale pharmacist who was the statewide NAACP leader, and Amzie Moore, a postal worker and businessman from the town of Cleveland. Moses and Moore became fast friends, and Moore convinced him that the pressing work in Mississippi was not desegregation but voter registration. Few blacks in the Mississippi Delta could afford the price of a restaurant meal; before they could be an economic and social force, they’d need to become a political one.
Moses took the advice to heart. In the summer of 1961, working virtually alone, he started a voter registration drive in McComb, a small city near the Louisiana border. The work was dangerous, lonely, and hard. Sleeping in the homes of local activists, he spent his days walking from house to house, trying to convince local sharecroppers and service workers that it was both their right and their obligation to take the voting test. He was beaten by local police and harassed by white citizens; some of the people who took him in lost their jobs and even their lives. Though he didn’t make much progress in the way of voter registration, he was becoming a SNCC legend.
John Lewis, SNCC’s national chairman that year and now a member of the House of Representatives from Georgia, recalled that civil rights workers saw Moses as a “Jesus figure, all-knowing and all-holy. That made him so uncomfortable he felt like climbing out of his own skin.” Slim, soft-spoken, and bespectacled, typically clad in a T-shirt and denim overalls, Moses preached his gospel on the most humble level. He wanted to help local people build local political structures. He avoided the press while insisting that black Mississippians had to take charge of their own liberation movement. As Lewis remembered, Bob Moses “always remained a true intellectual. ... He had a near-religious attitude toward autonomy and self-direction.”
The Freedom Vote project required lots of fieldworkers, and to recruit them, Moses turned to Allard Lowenstein, a liberal political activist, who helped iron out the logistical details of the approaching mock election. Lowenstein recruited some 70 white volunteers from Yale, where he had graduated from law school, and Stanford, where he had been a dean. They converged on Mississippi two weeks before the November election.
Ultimately, 80,000 black citizens turned in mock ballots electing the state NAACP chief Aaron Henry governor and Rev. Ed King lieutenant governor of Mississippi. The election was of course nonbinding, but the message was clear: If given a fair opportunity, black citizens would participate in the political process.
Building on the success of the Freedom Vote, its organizers laid plans for two bold projects. First, they would brine even more white students to Mississippi in the summer of 1964 to register voters. Placing the sons and daughters of affluent middle-class whites from New York, Boston, and elsewhere in the line of fire would surely draw media attention to the violent injustice of Mississippi political culture, as well as provide sorely needed manpower.
Second, they would sponsor another mock election, this time to select delegates for the 1964 Democratic National Convention. To that end the Council of Federated Organizations created a new political entity, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic party, and invited every black and white citizen of voting age to participate in local, county, and statewide caucuses to choose delegates who would go to Atlantic City. The MFDP followed Mississippi election law to the letter, acting as though it were, in effect, the state Democratic party. Since most black citizens were artificially disenfranchised, and since the MFDP opened its delegate caucuses to people of all races, the new organization would argue that it, not the regular state party, held rightful claim to Mississippi’s slate of convention delegates.
Freedom Summer, as the experiment came to be called, was at once fractious and glorious. Roughly a thousand white undergraduates, law students, clerics, and medics converged on Mississippi, where they bonded and clashed with movement veterans and confronted a world they’d scarcely known existed. Summer volunteers bunked with black sharecroppers and local activists, who opened their homes to movement workers; they helped staff “freedom schools,” where some 2,500 children learned about black history and African culture; and they suffered beatings, intimidation, and jail.
Above all, the experiment in interracial cooperation drew enormous media attention. On Monday, June 22, just weeks into the project, Americans learned of the disappearance of three voter-registration workers—James Chaney, a 21-year-old black native of Meridian; Michael Schwerner, a young, Jewish New Yorker; and Andrew Goodman, a summer volunteer from Queens College, in New York City. The three had gone on a fact-finding mission to the rubble of the Mount Zion Church, just outside the small town of Philadelphia in central Mississippi. The Mount Zion congregation had agreed to house one of the state’s first freedom schools, and in response local whites had burned the church to the ground.
FBI agents later determined that Chaney, Schwerner, and Goodman made it to Mount Zion safely but were arrested by Neshoba County’s deputy sheriff Cecil Price on their return journey, held in jail for several hours, released, stopped outside town, again by Cecil Price, and turned over to members of the Ku Klux Klan. Weeks later, after a massive and well-publicized manhunt, their bodies were found beneath an earthen dam. Both Goodman and Schwerner had been shot once; Chancy had been shot several times and mutilated.
In total that summer, Mississippi Klansmen were responsible for at least 35 shooting incidents and 6 murders, the burnings of 65 homes and churches, and the beatings of at least 80 volunteers. By August, in the wake of this orgy of violence, the mock-election organizers and MFDP delegates were of little mind to walk away with anything short of a total victory in Atlantic City. At James Chaney’s funeral, on August 7, David Dennis, CORE’s state field secretary, delivered an angry, impassioned eulogy that concluded, “If you go back home and take what these white men in Mississippi are doing to us ... if you take it and don’t do something about it... then God damn your souls!”
For Hubert Humphrey, much about the Atlantic City convention was sadly ironic. At 53 he was just starting to show his age. The full shock of black hair that had once swept back from his high forehead was now receding, but his quick smile and the glow in his eyes revealed the same youthful passion he had possessed in 1948 when, as the Wunderkind mayor of Minneapolis, he had thrown the Democratic National Convention—then meeting in Philadelphia—into turmoil.
A founding member of the liberal group Americans for Democratic Action, Humphrey was locked in a tight race for the U.S. Senate in 1948. Nonetheless, his zeal for the cause of racial justice and his powerful ambition—he wanted to be the leader of the national party’s liberal wing —led him to contest the Truman administration’s lukewarm platform plank on civil rights. His own substitute plank called for a ban on the poll tax, a federal antilynching law, the establishment of a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission, and the integration of the armed forces.
Southern Democrats were already furious with Truman for his seeming apostasy on race issues, and many Northern delegates feared that Truman’s plank could drive the solid South out of the Democratic party. Still, Humphrey won the support of several Northern leaders, who got behind him not only out of conviction but also with the knowledge that their cities were attracting large numbers of blacks from the South and that the future wasn’t with Jim Crow.
Introducing the plank at the convention, Humphrey called out, “I say this, that the time has arrived in America for the Democratic party to get out of the shadow of states’ rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights.... this is the issue of the twentieth century.” The convention approved Humphrey’s plank by a vote of 651½ to 582½, and that fall, despite the retaliatory defection of Strom Thurmond’s Dixiecrats, Harry Truman won an upset victory against his Republican opponent, while Minnesotans sent Hubert Humphrey to the U.S. Senate.
But there was a price to pay for fame, as Humphrey soon learned. The U.S. Senate is a conservative institution by nature, and upon his arrival in Washington, he found himself a virtual pariah. Southern members who held tight control over the machinery of the Senate refused even to acknowledge his presence; many Northern Democrats avoided him for fear of losing their standing with long-entrenched committee chairmen.
Humphrey didn’t help matters much himself. Early in his first term in office he brazenly walked into the Senate Dining Room with a black legislative aide and sat down to lunch. When the black headwaiter quietly informed him that African-Americans were not served in the dining room, Humphrey stood his ground and integrated the United States Senate’s restaurant. One day soon after that, as a group of Southern senators slid their way past him and into the Senate chamber, Richard Russell of Georgia asked audibly, “Can you imagine the people of Minnesota sending that damn fool down here to represent them?” As he drove home along Rock Creek Parkway that evening, Humphrey broke into tears. The Senate could be a lonely place for a man of conscience.
Then he found Lyndon Johnson and with him forged an unlikely political friendship. Johnson was everything that Humphrey wasn’t: a born wheeler-dealer, an artist at compromise, a master at acquiring power. But the Texas senator harbored presidential ambitions and knew that as a Southerner he could never aspire to the Democratic nomination without forging ties to the Northern wing of the party—particularly to its liberal minority, the spiritual heirs of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. Humphrey, on the other hand, needed schooling in the ways of political persuasion and access to the byways of power in the Senate. Johnson helped his Minnesota colleague smooth over relationships with Southerners like Russell, and, as Senate majority leader he called on Humphrey to act as his go-between with the party’s growing liberal faction.
With Johnson’s help, by the eve of the 1964 Democratic National Convention Hubert Humphrey had transformed himself from an eloquent but marginal rebel into a highly effective liberal pragmatist. As Democratic whip he worked around the clock and with considerable mastery to shepherd LBJ’s sweeping new civil rights bill through the Senate.
As President, Johnson, the former Texas senator who had brokered compromises on two major civil rights acts in 1957 and 1960, was now pressing hard for legislation that would ban segregation in all places of public accommodation—from parks and swimming pools to hotels and restaurants—and outlaw racial discrimination in private- and public-sector employment. Johnson spent hours on the phone, cajoling House and Senate members, alternatively threatening and sweettalking recalcitrant Democrats, and reminding Republicans that “you’re either the party of Lincoln or you ain’t.” He far surpassed John Kennedy in the intensity of his efforts and the sincerity and strength of his civil rights rhetoric. Finally free from the parochial interests of regional and Senate politics, Johnson became a passionate supporter of the black freedom struggle.
Throughout the spring and early summer of 1964, Johnson and Humphrey spent hours each week on the phone with each other or huddled in meetings at the White House, where they devised strategies to break the Southern filibuster against LBJ’s civil rights bill. Humphrey assembled a clever floor schedule to make the filibuster more physically taxing on the Senate’s aging Southern members; he courted and won the support of the Senate Republican leader, Everett Dirksen; he devised compromise language that satisfied key Midwestern Republicans without substantially undermining the bill. When on July 2 Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, thereby closing one of the darkest chapters in American history, the victory was as much Humphrey’s as the President’s.
Coming off this long and hard-fought political battle, both men felt confident of their credentials on civil rights. As they headed to the convention, the smart money had it that Johnson would choose Humphrey as his running mate, and Humphrey wanted the job badly.
Shortly after he signed the Civil Rights Act, Lyndon Johnson told his aide Joseph Califano, “I think we’ve delivered the South to the Republican party for your lifetime and mine.” Maybe so, but he was determined to hold onto the region long enough to ensure his own re-election; the opinion polls might show him leading the Republican candidate, Barry Goldwater, by an enormous margin, but he was desperate not to stoke the fires of sectional conflict. Only one thing stood in the way of party harmony: the Mississippi Freedom Democrats.
If the national convention agreed to seat the MFDP instead of the Mississippi regulars—and this wasn’t entirely unimaginable after the chair of the delegation, Lt. Gov. Paul Johnson, infuriated many Northern Democrats by saying that NAACP stood for “niggers, alligators, apes, coons and possums"—all hell would break loose among the other Southern state delegations.
What precise words Johnson and Humphrey exchanged in late August may never be known, but by the time the MFDP began presenting its case to the Credentials Committee on Saturday, August 22, it was clear that Johnson had dangled the Vice Presidency before his friend from Minnesota. However, the prize carried a steep price. Humphrey would have to cash in on his liberal credentials to stop the convention from seating the MFDP. “I always had the feeling, and it was implicit,” one of Humphrey’s advisers later explained, “that if Humphrey messed this up, Johnson was not going to make him the running mate. It was a kind of test for him. If he couldn’t do it, so much for Humphrey.”
The MFDP didn’t make Humphrey’s task easy. From the moment the Mississippi activists disembarked in Atlantic City, they began buttonholing members of Northern delegations, recounting the violence and coercion they met with when trying to vote. They brought props, including a replica of Mickey Schwerner’s burnt-out station wagon. They put picketers on the Boardwalk outside Convention Hall with enormous banners bearing likenesses of the three slain civil rights workers.
The MFDP’s lawyer, Joe Rauh, was a veteran labor attorney and a close adviser to both Hubert Humphrey and Walter Reuther, the head of the United Auto Workers (UAW). Rauh had been a bitter enemy of Lyndon Johnson throughout the 1950s but had recently closed ranks with the President and headed up the White House effort to push the Civil Rights Act through the House of Representatives. Now he found himself once again challenging Johnson on a matter of liberal conviction.
His strategy was simple. He expected a majority of the convention’s Credentials Committee to oppose seating the MFDP, but he needed only 10 percent of its members—11 delegates—to force the drafting of a minority report, and then he needed just 8 state delegations to request a formal conventionwide roll-call vote on the minority report. If he could carry the MFDP that far, the convention debate could turn into a free-for-all, much as it had in 1948.
By another twist of fate, the Credentials Committee was chaired by the former Pennsylvania governor David Lawrence, a party boss who had swung his support behind Hubert Humphrey’s strong civil rights plank at the 1948 convention. Now working to smooth the way for Johnson’s re-election, Lawrence tried to schedule the Saturday hearings at a conference room that was too small to accommodate spectators or television reporters. Rauh managed to defeat this maneuver, and in front of a national television audience he had a string of witnesses testify about the brutality of Jim Crow. Rita Schwerner, Mickey Schwerner’s young widow, spoke, as did Martin Luther King, Jr., who told the committee that “if you value your party, if you value your nation, if you value the democratic process, then you must recognize the Freedom party delegation.”
By far the most stirring testimony was that of Fannie Lou Hamer, a 46-year-old ex-sharecropper who was said to be SNCC’s oldest but most dedicated field organizer. The youngest of 20 children, Hamer had spent all but two years of her life in Sunflower County, Mississippi, the home of the segregationist senator James Eastland. In 1962, when Hamer attempted to register to vote, the landowner she worked for had demanded that she withdraw her application. “I didn’t go down there to register for you,” she told him. “I went down there to register for myself. ” He kicked her off his plantation, and she went on to become an outspoken, energetic SNCC organizer, enduring prison time and police beatings alongside her younger co-workers.
In a voice that was unschooled yet full of eloquent resilience, wearing new city clothes over her short, stout frame, and bearing an expression of both sadness and hope, Hamer told the Credentials Committee that “if the Freedom party is not seated now, I question America. Is this America, the land of the free and the home of the brave, where we have to sleep with our telephones off the hooks because our lives be threatened daily, because we want to live as decent human beings, in America?”
Watching the coverage from the Oval Office, Lyndon Johnson realized how potentially dangerous Hamer’s testimony was. He immediately called a press conference, forcing television coverage away from the credentials hearing. But to no avail. That evening the networks rebroadcast her testimony before a primetime audience. The next day newspapers ran photographs of Fannie Lou Hamer arm in arm with the family of Michael Schwerner in vigil on the Atlantic City Boardwalk. Telegrams flooded in from across the country, urging that the MFDP be seated. By Sunday, Joe Rauh could count 17 committee members in favor of issuing a pro-MFDP minority report.
Around this time the President’s men began to line up their supporters. Most likely at the behest of the White House, Chairman Lawrence of the Credentials Committee postponed a vote on the Mississippi question—a vote the MFDP might well have won—and delegated the matter to a special subcommittee, chaired by Minnesota’s young state attorney general, Walter F. Mondale. Mondale, a protégé of Humphrey, understood that his fortunes rode on a successful compromise. If Humphrey became Vice President, Mondale would likely be appointed to fill his unexpired Senate term. Mondale stalled for time, adjourning his subcommittee until Monday. And the White House turned up the heat.
Johnson’s close aide Walter Jenkins asked Cartha D. “Deke” DeLoach, assistant to the director of the FBI, to set up covert surveillance of the MFDP and Martin Luther King, Jr. For several days the FBI used wiretaps and bugs to record and relay reports of the MFDP’s strategy sessions to the President’s advisers. At the same time, agents posing as NBC reporters (and working with the network’s explicit approval) tricked MFDP strategists into revealing “off-the-record” information that ultimately proved useful to Johnson’s surrogates.
Leaving nothing to chance, Johnson called Walter Reuther in Detroit, where the UAW leader was locked in tense, highstakes contract negotiations with General Motors. Johnson persuaded him to fly immediately to Atlantic City.
Reuther had already been asked by Johnson to put pressure on Rauh and the MFDP in the weeks before the convention. Reuther had reached his friend Rauh by telephone. It was, Rauh later recalled, “the most hysterical” phone call he received that week. “Walter said, ’I’ve been talking to the President and we have agreed that if you go through with this, we’re going to lose the election.’ I said, ‘Are you serious? Goldwater has been nominated! How can you lose it!’ He said, ‘We both think the backlash is so tremendous that either we’re going to lose the Negro vote if you go through with this and don’t win, or if you do win, the picture of your black delegation going on the floor to replace the white one is going to add to the backlash. We really think that Goldwater’s going to be President.'”
On Monday afternoon, while Mondale’s subcommittee scrambled for a solution, Hubert Humphrey called together MFDP leaders, the leaders of the Credentials Committee, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Bob Moses. At first, Fannie Lou Hamer was thrilled by the invitation. With “all that we had been hearing about... Humphrey and his stand for civil rights,” she later remembered, “I was delighted even to have a chance to talk with the man.” But Humphrey was looking to his own electoral fortunes, and instead of hearing out the civil rights activists, he made a plea for his political survival. In the absence of a compromise, he explained, his vice-presidential candidacy would be finished. Hamer was crushed. “Well, Mr. Humphrey, do you mean to tell me that your position is more important to you than four hundred thousand black people’s lives?” She walked out of the meeting in tears, leaving the Minnesota senator all the more torn between his convictions and his ambitions.
The early-morning hours of Tuesday proved a turning point in the negotiations. Arriving in Atlantic City at 3:00 A.M. , Walter Reuther hurried into a meeting with Humphrey, Lawrence, and Mondale.
As a young student in Detroit, Reuther had taken part in protests against segregated swimming pools and public facilities. He was a long-standing friend of the black freedom struggle, and at his urging the UAW and AFL-CIO had provided substantial funding to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference. But he was not about to break with Lyndon Johnson. Unbeknownst to the MFDP and its lawyer, he helped forge a deal that heavily favored the Mississippi regulars. According to the terms of this arrangement, the MFDP would be accorded special guest status, along with two at-large, nonvoting delegates (Aaron Henry and Ed King). The Freedom party would also receive a pledge that subsequent national conventions would apply a strict nondiscrimination standard in accrediting delegate slates. Finally, the Mississippi regulars would have to pledge allegiance to the Democratic ticket before taking their seats at the convention.
By the time Rauh learned of the plan the following day, the White House had already applied massive political pressure against the MFDP’s supporters. Johnson’s representatives used patronage appointments and hometown projects as both carrot and stick, promising presidential favors for those who backed the White House and none for those who didn’t. By Tuesday afternoon, when Reuther met with Joe Rauh, the compromise was a fait accompli . “The convention has decided,” Reuther told him. “This is a tremendous victory. I want you to go in there and accept it.”
The MFDP refused the settlement, whereupon Reuther threatened to terminate Rauh’s contract as the UAWs Washington, D.C., counsel. Rauh stood firm but by Tuesday night he no longer had the 11 votes he needed on the Credentials Committee anyway; neither did he have 8 state delegations to lean on in the full convention.
At a series of emotional meetings, the MFDP debated and rejected the Atlantic City compromise. “We didn’t come all this way for no two seats,” Fannie Lou Hamer told the packed Freedom-party caucus. A few hours later Lyndon Johnson said Hubert Humphrey would be his running mate. They swept to victory in November. But on election day the Johnson-Humphrey ticket lost Alabama, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, and Mississippi. The Mississippi regulars had backed Barry Goldwater.
For many people,” one SNCC activist said afterward, “Atlantic i— City was the end of innocence.” Bob Moses concurred: “Up until then the idea had been that you were working more or less within the Democratic party. We were working with them on voting, other things like that. With Atlantic City, a lot of movement people became disillusioned.... You turned around and your support was puddle-deep.”
Cleveland Sellers, a member of SNCC, put the matter in even sharper relief: “Never again were we lulled into believing that our task was exposing injustices so that the ‘good’ people of America could eliminate them.... After Atlantic City, our struggle was not for civil rights, but for liberation.”
The young men and women who put their bodies on the line in Mississippi were the most courageous, talented, and prescient political organizers of their generation. They left the 1964 Democratic National Convention no longer interested in working with the white liberal establishment. Many of them came to see it as their enemy.
To Stokely Carmichael, the fiery SNCC activist from Howard University, the lesson of the Mississippi Freedom Summer was “not merely that the national conscience was generally unreliable but that, very specifically, black people in Mississippi and throughout this country could not rely on their so-called allies.” The answer, for him, was to look inward—to reject integration as a solution for what was ailing black communities and to demand, not ask for, an equal share of national resources and power.
Within two years of the Atlantic City convention, Carmichael coined the term black power and replaced the more moderate John Lewis as SNCC’s national chairman. White members of SNCC were expelled, and the group steered itself toward an increasingly radical and separatist agenda. Even Bob Moses repudiated interracial cooperation, for a time. The late 1960s found him living in Africa, swearing off any future relationships with white people. By the close of the decade, SNCC had merged with the Black Panther party to represent the extreme of the Black Power movement.
White veterans of SNCC and Freedom Summer also returned to their college campuses and hometowns angry and disaffected. With names like Mario Savio, Tom Hayden, and Casey Hayden, they became the driving force behind the radical group Students for a Democratic Society. Turning their sights on every locus of adult authority—university administrators, Democratic-party officeholders, labor unions, the corporate establishment—they sparked a fury of protest that stretched from Berkeley to Morningside Heights, and from the steps of the Pentagon to Kent State. They occupied campus buildings, staged antiwar protests in cities across the country, and went into the streets of Chicago in the summer of 1968. To be sure, the New Left never represented more than a fraction of the sixties generation, but within its ranks were some of the most articulate and dedicated leaders of their day, and they visited a world of pain on Lyndon Johnson and the Democratic party.
Even if the MFDP delegates has been seated at the 1964 Democratic National Convention, the student coalition might still have fractured and moved sharply to the left. The civil rights movement and the war in Vietnam were bound to create enormous strains. But the liberal leaders of the Democratic party hardly helped matters. They left the Mississippi activists with nowhere else to go. Many of the young men and women who attended the 1964 Democratic National Convention determined to work for the party and within the political process came back four years later to burn down the house that Franklin Roosevelt had built. They didn’t succeed, but they came awfully close.
White Southerners, on the other hand, bolted the Democratic party after the 1964 convention, and they’ve hardly looked back since. And though the Democratic party ultimately wooed back the dissidents of 1968, it did so at a steep price. By embracing such controversial ideas as environmentalism, reproductive rights, gay rights, opposition to the Vietnam War, and gun control, the Democrats opened themselves to criticism that their party was aggressively secular and culturally extreme—a charge that still bedevils them.
Some political commentators believe that as the South continues to attract service-sector and information-technology jobs, and as its metropolitan areas swell with university graduates and whitecollar professionals, Democrats will have a new opening in Dixie. Others argue that it’s not the South that needs to change, but the Democrats, that until the party talks less about rights and more about values, it is doomed to keep losing these states. At the same time that Democrats are eager to take back the Presidency, this debate still divides them.
Right or wrong, John Kerry’s lament says much about a party that is still struggling, all these years later, to wrestle down the demons it unleashed in 1964. That year the party stood at a moral crossroads and declined to make a choice. The nation has come a very long way in the 40 years since then. The results of the election in November may show just how far the Democratic party itself has come in the same time.
|
<urn:uuid:6034c543-4f74-48d4-8582-b47ffaf46555>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-42
|
http://www.americanheritage.com/print/61291?page=6
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507445159.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005725-00249-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970458 | 7,583 | 2.84375 | 3 | 3.02165 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Politics
|
News from the open access movementJump to navigation
Jim Giles, Internet encyclopaedias go head to head, Nature, December 14, 2005. (Thanks to Declan Butler.) Excerpt:
Jimmy Wales' Wikipedia comes close to Britannica in terms of the accuracy of its science entries....[A]n expert-led investigation carried out by Nature — the first to use peer review to compare Wikipedia and Britannica's coverage of science — suggests that such high-profile examples [of Wikipedia errors] are the exception rather than the rule. The exercise revealed numerous errors in both encyclopaedias, but among 42 entries tested, the difference in accuracy was not particularly great: the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three. Considering how Wikipedia articles are written, that result might seem surprising. A solar physicist could, for example, work on the entry on the Sun, but would have the same status as a contributor without an academic background. Disputes about content are usually resolved by discussion among users. But Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Wikipedia and president of the encyclopaedia's parent organization, the Wikimedia Foundation of St Petersburg, Florida, says the finding shows the potential of Wikipedia. "I'm pleased," he says. "Our goal is to get to Britannica quality, or better."...In the study, entries were chosen from the websites of Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Britannica on a broad range of scientific disciplines and sent to a relevant expert for peer review. Each reviewer examined the entry on a single subject from the two encyclopaedias; they were not told which article came from which encyclopaedia. A total of 42 usable reviews were returned out of 50 sent out, and were then examined by Nature's news team. Only eight serious errors, such as misinterpretations of important concepts, were detected in the pairs of articles reviewed, four from each encyclopaedia. But reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 and 123 in Wikipedia and Britannica, respectively....[T]o improve Wikipedia, Wales is not so much interested in checking articles with experts as getting them to write the articles in the first place. As well as comparing the two encyclopaedias, Nature surveyed more than 1,000 Nature authors and found that although more than 70% had heard of Wikipedia and 17% of those consulted it on a weekly basis, less than 10% help to update it.
In its accompanying editorial Nature endorses Wikipedia and asks scientists to help it out:
So can Wikipedia move up a gear and match the quality of rival reference works? Imagine the result if it did: a comprehensive, accurate and up-to-date reference work that can be accessed free from Manhattan to rural Mongolia. To achieve this, Wikipedia's administrators will have to tackle everything from future funding problems — the site is maintained by public donations — to doubts about whether enough new contributors can be found to increase the quality of the mushrooming number of entries. That latter point is critical, and here scientists can make a difference. Judging by a survey of Nature authors, conducted in parallel with the accuracy investigation, only a small percentage of scientists currently contribute to Wikipedia. Yet when they do, they can make a significant difference. Wikipedia's non-expert contributors are, by and large, dedicated to getting things right on the site. But scientists can bring a critical eye to entries on subjects they study, often highlighting errors and misunderstandings that others have unintentionally introduced. They can also start entries on topics that other users may not want to tackle. It is no surprise, for example, that the entry on 'spin density wave' was originated by a physicist....Nature would like to encourage its readers to help. The idea is not to seek a replacement for established sources such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica, but to push forward the grand experiment that is Wikipedia, and to see how much it can improve. Select a topic close to your work and look it up on Wikipedia. If the entry contains errors or important omissions, dive in and help fix them. It need not take too long. And imagine the pay-off: you could be one of the people who helped turn an apparently stupid idea into a free, high-quality global resource.
PS: I made a similar point in SOAN for July 2005:
If you're an expert on a certain topic, then make sure that Wikipedia includes the fruits of your expertise....You may not have a high opinion of Wikipedia, but there are two reasons not to let that stop you. First, it can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. If experts add or enhance articles to reflect their expertise, then Wikipedia will deserve respect to that extent. Second, Wikipedia is an increasingly common first stop, and probably last stop, for non-academic users looking for information. If you want to be visible to non-academic users, then it's an eyeball destination that you can easily join....Don't give up your standards, but don't judge this resource from mere presumptions without firsthand knowledge.
Update. Wikipedia has a page collecting the independent reviews of its accuracy, and the page now includes the Nature study. Nice touch: the page reports that all the errors noted in the Nature study have been tagged and will soon be corrected. Can Encylopedia Britannica do that?
|
<urn:uuid:ae191f97-6661-492d-b375-fdb04cad7bea>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2005/12/nature-finds-wikipedia-close-to.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206770.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00392-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943904 | 1,096 | 2.59375 | 3 | 3.050359 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
By Ahmed M.I.Egal
BY ,Ahmed M. I. Egal
Once upon a time, a long time ago, there was a land called Mandeeq which fell under the grip of an evil tyrant called Jaws – he was called Jaws because he ate the heart and soul of any unlucky or unwise soul who ventured too close to him. After suffering under his evil rule for many years, the people of Mandeeq freed themselves and their land from his cruel and evil rule. Their freedom did not come easily or cheaply as it was won only after a long and costly war in which many of their people died and many more were forced to flee for their lives and live in the forest like wild animals.
But their will was strong and their hearts were brave and slowly, bit by bit, they were able to defeat the evil hordes of Jaws’ Red Heads and chase them from their lovely land. Jaws’ soldiers were called Red Heads, because they wore red hats and helmets to signify the blood of their enemies and so strike terror in their hearts. However, once the people overcame their fear, the red hats and helmets made Jaws’ soldiers easy targets for the Mandeeq freedom fighters which came to appreciate that their enemies made their job easier.
After defeating the evil tyrant Jaws, the people of Mandeeq were happy and excited and they rejoiced and celebrated their hard won victory. However, after the celebrations were over, they woke up to the hard truth that they now had to govern themselves and establish freedom, equality and justice for all. So they gathered all the elders and wise men from all the different communities and regions of the land and asked them to come up with a solution to this difficult and vexing problem.
After long debate and discussion during which everyone had their say, the wise men agreed that the land should be governed by a leader chosen by all the people through a free vote and that this leader and his appointed Ministers should be overseen and answer to a parliament of representatives chosen by the people of each region of the land. The wise men also agreed that the first leader should be Wadani – a wise and noble man that was much loved by all the people and who had been the leader of Mandeeq before Jaws seized control of the land and imprisoned him.
The people rejoiced and were happy – at last Mandeeq was not only free, but would live up to the hopes and dreams of its entire people. Wadani proved to be a wise and humane leader as the wise men had hoped and Mandeeq began to thrive and grow. The parliament was established and the people started to get used to governing themselves and rebuilding their lives and their homes after the long years of war. Everything was looking good and the people got on with their lives and raising their children. After some time, Wadani became sick and various men began to covet his position as leader.
|
<urn:uuid:5c1f6fac-8217-41c6-9e8e-983ddbad2b80>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.dillapress.com/opinion/1851-the-story-of-mandeeq-a-modern-somali-fairy-tale.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532573.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00205-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.994517 | 599 | 2.53125 | 3 | 2.91544 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Literature
|
Lots of cool physiological processes happen when you breathe. When you slow your breath down and breathe through the nose, in particular, relaxation is promoted ((Jafari H, Courtois I, Van den Bergh O et al. Pain and Respiration: A Systematic Review. Pain. 2017. 158(6) 995-1006. Available at: https://journals.lww.com/pain/Abstract/2017/06000/Pain_and_respiration__a_systematic_review.2.aspx)). This happens as your body switches over to more parasympathetic nervous system activity. This ‘rest and digest’ activation leads to a drop in heart rate and blood pressure as well as a release of hormones, neuro transmitters and opioid like ‘drugs’ that provide natural pain relief.
This can be useful when dealing with pelvic girdle or back pain, labour pains and post-delivery soreness as well as aiding sleep.
How to breathe for relaxation
Sit or lie comfortably and first spend a minute or two just noticing what parts of your body move when you breath. Do your shoulders elevate? Does your head move? Does your belly lift? What sounds do you hear? Do you breath in and out your nose or mouth or both?
Next place one hand on your chest and the other on your belly. Keep breathing and notice if this has caused anything to change. There are no right or wrong ways. This is just to make you focus and be aware. This bit already can have effect on calming and slowing things down.
Next you will begin to direct the breath to fill the whole chest and the whole belly. Take the inhale as slow as possible. Avoid gripping or tensing your tummy. When you exhale through the nose (if possible) aim to make it long and slow – longer than the inhale if you can. Repeat these slow rhythmical breath cycles as long as necessary.
It can be challenging especially at first to keep your focus. Work with little amounts until you find it creates calmness or relief.
There is some evidence to suggest that relaxation techniques such as breath work, yoga, music and mindfulness may help pain management during the labour. So if you intend to use any of these techniques for the birth is can be useful to practice them at home when you are doing your perineal massage for example and in your intended labour positions. The brain and whole system makes associations and connections and responds then in a learned way (think Pavlov’s dog) so you get a similar reaction the next time even if the scenario is slightly different
|
<urn:uuid:217ab81b-1f5c-48e5-b317-7f90e51f40c3>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://youtherapies.ie/your-pregnancy-journey-breath-and-pain-relief/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683020.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707002618-20220707032618-00448.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924606 | 540 | 2.625 | 3 | 2.175442 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Health
|
This year 2020, building consensus was quite simple: “to support nurses and midwives providing healthcare services.” However, the health crisis generated by COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant number of healthcare professionals being infected, so today the protagonists are midwives, nurses and auxiliary nurses. Today we want to celebrate their work and remind global leaders of the key role they perform in healthcare systems around the globe.
All the countries in the world have shown solidarity with these professionals, who struggle day and night to reduce contagion, to ensure that the growth rate of the curve of infections changes direction and begins to fall, and who, moreover, are particularly exposed to contagion, carry out their work while the demand for constant care increases and face the problems arising from the lack of personnel and resources on a daily basis. This is in addition to the emotional exhaustion and the psychological consequences of seeing many human beings die and become sick every day.
Shortages of health-care professionals and the collapse of hospitals have caused extreme situations such as students or retired professionals being called back into service in new makeshift hospitals in almost in all corners of the globe, where shortages of human resources meet lack of material resources: from facilities and professionals to drugs and personal protective equipment (PPE).
Once again, technology has become a fundamental tool to find alternative solutions. On the one hand, digitalization of healthcare processes – such as self-diagnosis through websites or mobile applications – have become highly important, as they enable a massive screening of patients to avoid unnecessary use of health care centers and emergency units. On the other hand, simultaneously, remote healthcare assistance has enabled patients to keep in touch with healthcare professionals and monitor their condition, namely in cases of COVID-19 infected persons with mild to moderate symptoms, and to apply for drug electronic prescription. Remote healthcare assistance has exponentially reduced physical contact between clinicians and patients and between infected patients themselves, slowing the spread of the virus. Likewise, it has also enabled to increase the availability of hospital beds.
In those more developed countries where Electronic Health Records (EHR) are implemented in all health centers, care for patients has been speeded up since it has made it possible to access relevant information on patients in just a few seconds: medical history, allergies, pharmaco-therapeutic history, etc. This information is available at a click and a glance to find out how to deal with each case without waiting for a physical history to arrive.
Intensive Care Units
Patients infected with COVID-19 are isolated and, as far as possible, the nursing staff must avoid without putting at risk the recovery of the patient, the number of entrances to their rooms. Therefore, the fact that monitors, ventilators and infusion pumps record their data directly into the patient's EHR prevents nurses from constantly entering patient rooms to check and register information. Manually transcribing the data obtained in each physical visit is no longer necessary and healthcare professionals can devote this extra time to other important tasks in a context such as the current one. In short, the integration of continuous monitoring equipment with the electronic medical records has been and is being an essential ally in facing this crisis.
Patients in ICUs infected with COVID-19 are unstable and need constant drug titration. This type of combined systems has enabled to create monitoring centers where several patients can be controlled at the same time and various alerts can be managed through technological devices.
Other technological applications that have contributed to public health
All business sectors have adopted appropriate measures to help stop the spread of the pandemic. The obligation and responsibility of each company has been to implement all the systems at its reach, as well as all the necessary measures to ensure the health of its workers. Therefore, telework has been imposed in the sectors where it has been feasible, and in a large percentage of companies as a quick and more effective response; in cases of organizations that did not have such systems already in place, they have begun their development and deployment, and those companies that already had telework as a standard practice have extended it to all their staff. Although telework is not applied in the healthcare sector, its adoption in other professional sectors has meant that millions of people have not had to travel to their workplaces, with the subsequent and significant reduction in infections, towards the common objective of avoiding the collapse of the healthcare system.
Monitoring geolocation data provided by mobile devices has also enabled countries and administrations to understand population movements and calculate the healthcare capacities of each region and country.
The next step and the common desire of all is to stop the pandemic and return to normality. Perhaps next April 7 2021 we will be celebrating the existence of the vaccine and we can all forget, as far as possible, the terrible crisis that the coronavirus has meant for the entire world in 2020.
|
<urn:uuid:55fc8461-ed26-461b-b11d-da7acf717056>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://blog.everis.com/en/blog/social-responsibility/health-workers-heroes-and-protagonists-world-health-day
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413624.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531182830-20200531212830-00268.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96398 | 979 | 2.765625 | 3 | 2.973943 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
Eating well and logging enough sleep are both essential for good health, but what you might not realize is that diet and sleep are closely connected — and could ultimately have an impact on overall health and wellbeing.
Both adults and kids who skimp on sleep tend to be heavier than their well-rested counterparts. In fact, one ongoing study found that women who typically logged just five hours of sleep per night were 30% more likely to gain 30 pounds compared to women who regularly snoozed for seven hours or more.
So how can you get your diet and sleep in sync? Here are three things you should know about the relationship between your food choices and your slumber, and how they can help you eat smarter and sleep sounder.
Coffee Isn’t the Only Thing That Keeps You Up
You know consuming caffeine before bed can leave you tossing and turning. But other foods and drinks can mess with your sleep schedule as well. Although alcohol might make it easier to doze off at first, research shows it reduces deep, restorative rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which can lead to daytime drowsiness and trouble concentrating when you need to be focused.
Eating foods that are fatty or greasy before bed can also spell trouble in dreamland too, suggests the National Sleep Foundation. These foods tend to take longer to digest than lighter fare, forcing your stomach to stay awake and work longer while your body is trying to rest.
Learn more about healthy living.*
Certain Foods Can Help You Sleep Better, Too
Luckily, eating right can yield a sounder night’s sleep. Noshing on foods that contain the amino acid, tryptophan — like turkey, eggs and nuts — prompts your body to release the hormone serotonin, which findings suggest can help promote sleep. Starchy carbohydrates, like a banana or toast, can have a similar effect.
If you can’t fall asleep without something sweet, try a bowl of cherries. They’re a natural source of melatonin, the hormone that helps regulate your body’s sleep-wake cycle.
Not Just What You Eat, But When You Eat
Between school plays, football games and homework the average time Americans eat dinner is increasingly occurring later in the afternoon. Eating late can result in fluctuations to your normal sleep pattern, including having a harder time falling asleep and waking up more frequently during the night. A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania revealed that eating less during the night hours could decrease these symptoms of sleep deprivation.
Allowing at least four hours between when you eat your last meal to the time you go to bed can help ensure you get a good nights’ sleep.
Struggling to get Zzzs could be a sign of a more complex condition. Schedule an appointment so you can discuss your symptoms with your doctor.
Advice or recommendations are for informational or educational purposes only, not a substitute for a visit or consultation with your doctor.
|
<urn:uuid:f816e3d5-6889-4b25-ad36-d3acbff5339b>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
http://bcbstwelltuned.com/2015/12/09/how-diet-affects-your-sleep/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741219.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113041552-20181113063552-00077.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951229 | 611 | 3.09375 | 3 | 2.241543 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Health
|
Bereavement or Grief Counsellor in Guildford and Woking, Surrey
What is bereavement?
Sometimes referred to as grief, bereavement is a term used to describe what people experience after the loss of a loved one. Grief is the time spent adjusting to this loss.
Although it is normal to experience grief, it can have a huge impact on your life and can surface in many different ways, such as anger or numbness, depending on the person.
It is normal to have grief influence your beliefs, personality, home and work situations. It is even common for bereavement to affect your sense of reality. The grief process involves learning to accept the loss and learning how to live your life without the lost loved one.
Stages of bereavement
In dealing with grief people often experience five stages of bereavement. You may find only some of these stages apply to you, that you experience a few at the same time, or that you move back and forth between the stages at different times. It is important to remember that everyone deals with bereavement differently and that your own, unique way of dealing with grief is normal.
Denial and Isolation
This is a normal reaction to loss which often leads to denying the situation. Although temporary, it helps people survive the stressful situation as they block overwhelming emotions from surfacing and interfering with the ability to cope with the immediate crisis and the circumstances of daily life.
Over time, as people learn to accept the reality of loss and its pain, intense emotions often evolve into anger. The aggression is aimed either at the deceased person, since they are blamed for leaving, or at strangers and family members.
This stage involves feeling helpless and vulnerable. People often use words such as ‘if only’, as they try to make sense of what happened and why. This stage is characterised by obsessively thinking about ways in which the loss could have be avoided.
This stage can occur more than once in your bereavement. People experiencing grief isolate themselves, withdraw from friends, family and social events. It is absolutely normal to experience a very low mood after loss and to experience many of the various symptoms of depression, such as weight loss or gain, lack of enthusiasm and insomnia.
This is not to be confused with feeling happy or positive, but simply means that the person is ready to go on with their lives and cherish the fond memories they have of their loved one.
Acceptance may take some time, but when you find yourself in a place of acceptance, you will be able to see value in your life again.
I provide much-needed support during the difficult time of overcoming a loss. Opening up to an outsider about the loss can help with the healing process tremendously. I support individuals to work towards acceptance of the situation while still being able to function effectively in their work and family environments.
Understanding the mourning process and discussing the issues can be extremely helpful when dealing with loss.
How long does it take to overcome a loss?
It is important to understand that everybody grieves in different ways and that there is no time limit on when you will overcome your loss. I encourage people to be patient with themselves and allow the process to unfold naturally.
|
<urn:uuid:832db5eb-b051-45f2-8c97-6ee8fcb8eb53>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.craigcoventrycounselling.co.uk/bereavements-and-grief-couselling-mayfair-and-woking
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827853.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024014937-20171024034937-00251.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968629 | 658 | 2.734375 | 3 | 2.417392 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Health
|
‘DNS server not responding’ is a typical error response on Windows. Its presence indicates that some sort of problem is occurring with your internet connection. This phenomenon can be the result of many different causes. In addition to network problems, routers, Windows Firewall, and the web browser are also taken into account when troubleshooting.
Does this scenario seem familiar? Yesterday you worked from home and finished your presentation, but now you’re back at work, have to give the presentation in in a few minutes, and it’s conveniently still on your PC back at home. Wouldn’t it be great to be able to access your own PC from work? It’s possible with remote desktop connection. There is, however, the risk that this might not work, and this depends on your internet provider. This is because the provider is responsible for the fact that your computer regularly receives a new IP address, and if you don’t know this address, you can’t reach your computer. This is where dynamic DNS services (DDNS) can help.
What is DynDNS and DDNS?
'Dynamic DNS' (DynDNS) stands for Dynamic Domain Name System (also known as 'DDNS'). This helps you to forward your home network’s constantly changing IP addresses to a fixed domain name. You have to register with a DDNS service under an available name (such as example.example.com). Your computer is always available under this address, even if you don’t know its current IP address.
What is the difference between DDNS and DNS?
DDNS or DynDNS can be understood as a DNS (Domain Name System) extension. The DNS is a global directory system that knows the IP address for each registered domain to allow access to websites, e-mails, or FTP. The process works like telephone directory assistance, where current contact information is kept and issued on request. The DNS 'searches' for the IP address that belongs to the hostname (if it can’t be found in the DNS cache) and is in constant exchange with the corresponding internet service provider’s DNS database. In the best case, the request is answered with the matching IP address. IP addresses can also be translated into the respective domain names in the opposite direction. However, this is more difficult, since reverse DNS is not an internet standard requirement, and the DNS is not optimized for it.
The DDNS service procedure supports the assignment of dynamic IP addresses to a particular domain. A comparison with the internet provider’s DNS databases takes place automatically. The DynDNS automatically ensures that changes to the IP address are detected and DNS entries are updated accordingly. To connect to your computer, you only need the domain address registered in the DDNS service.
Internet providers generally assign new IP addresses to internet connections every 24 hours due to address shortages, as well as for administrative and security reasons. This is to protect online data transmissions from hacker attacks.
How does the Dynamic Domain Name System (DynDNS) work?
Since the addressing is usually done with domain names and not with IP addresses, you need a dynamic DNS that updates the constantly changing IP addresses and assigns them to a fixed domain name. Whenever the IP address of the router changes, the router reports the current IP address to the DDNS service, which updates the DNS request under its own domain and answers the IP address. If you now connect to your computer, this process is as follows:
- The router notifies the DDNS service of the IP address assigned by the internet provider. This is then assigned in the DynDNS to the domain name you have defined. The local server can now be reached at any time with this domain.
- If the IP address changes after 24 hours, the DDNS service will automatically receive the new IP address. The DDNS server answers the DNS requests and updates the new IP address under the fixed domain.
- If you want to connect to your computer (e.g. via remote desktop connection), you have to send a DNS request to your registered domain. The DDNS server then automatically supplies the current IP address of your internet service provider stored under the name.
- A client-server connection is now possible with the obtained IP address.
You must first configure the settings on your router so that the router’s DynDNS function is supported. This can usually be done quite quickly.
Possible uses for DynDNS
There are many uses for DynDNS. For example, you can:
- Access your computer on the go (e.g. via a remote desktop connection)
- Manage multiple operating systems on one device and send your own files back and forth online
- Make streaming media available
- Access your own mail server or other files from your work computer
In addition, there are many other usage scenarios of remote access via DDNS that are conceivable. The Dynamic Domain Name System (DynDNS) greatly simplifies the everyday use of computers.
|
<urn:uuid:88bf4f9f-84df-4026-af02-df451335c370>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-50
|
https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/server/know-how/what-is-a-ddns-dynamic-dns/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141191692.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127103102-20201127133102-00141.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921418 | 1,038 | 2.953125 | 3 | 2.120313 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Software
|
I had the awesome experience of seeing one of these amazing creatures on one of my adventures downunda.
Its hard to imagine a world where they don’t exist!
Habitat loss, predation by feral cats, and now wildfires wrought by climate change — how long can the world’s strangest mammal survive?
By Helen Sullivan – Photograph by David Maurice Smith – 4 February 2020
“SYDNEY, Australia — Early on the morning of Dec. 27, Phoebe Meagher, a wildlife conservation officer at Taronga Zoo, set off on a rescue mission with colleagues from the zoo and academics from the University of New South Wales. Several platypuses were trapped in quickly shrinking bodies of water in Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve in the Australian Capital Territory, and wildfires were fast approaching. There was a window of a few days before the park would be entirely closed off to the public, and two weeks until the bodies of water would be completely dry.
A five-hour drive brought the team to what was once a lake. Now, it was mostly deep, sucking mud. The air was hot and smoky. “Initially we thought we weren’t going to be trapping until the evening,” Dr. Meagher said. Platypuses are nocturnal, usually waking up around sunset. But these platypuses were already active, which, while concerning, meant the team could see where they were.
“There was hardly any water there,” Dr. Meagher said. “So they couldn’t duck down and hide and be cryptic like they usually are.”
Platypuses are difficult to catch; they are fast, slippery swimmers and desperately shy. The males also have a sharp, venomous spur behind one of their hind feet. The venom is not lethal to humans, but there is no antidote, and the pain can last months.
The scientists dragged a net through the remaining water in four areas of the reserve. With the help of a small aluminum boat and a pool scooper, they caught two males and five females. The animals were placed into cotton pillowcases, then given health checks — while suspended upside down by their tails — and driven to the zoo in Sydney, where they will probably remain for months, until enough rain has fallen to replenish Tidbinbilla’s supplies.
One of the biggest issues facing the zoo was that other reserves were asking them to rescue their platypuses, too, but Taronga didn’t yet have the space. “I don’t think drought and bushfires are going away,” Dr. Meagher said. “We have to prepare for these types of climatic disasters moving forward more and more.” She was spending her days asking, “How do we have the resources to be able to say, ‘All right, let’s go rescue 50 platypus’?”
The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the platypus as near-threatened. In January, a study by scientists from the University of New South Wales and the University of Melbourne estimated that climate change could lead the number of platypuses to decline by as much as 73 percent in the next 50 years. Last October, scientists from the University of New South Wales published a study in Global Ecology and Conservation showing that for the last decade there had been no records of platypuses in 41 percent of their previous range.
December was Australia’s hottest and driest December on record; 2019 was its hottest and driest year on record; and the country has been experiencing a severe drought for three years, a key factor in why the ongoing wildfires have been so severe. Platypuses are found mainly along the east coast of Australia, which has been the area worst impacted by the fires. The eastern states are also home to 80 percent of Australia’s human population.
In January, Aussie Ark, an animal welfare organization, discovered two dead platypuses in dried up waterways. The group relocated four others and took five more into their care. Platypuses are also threatened by pollution, land clearing and predation from invasive species, including foxes and feral dogs and cats — especially when platypuses choose to travel over land to seek out new bodies of water. (They can retract the webbing on their feet to walk with their claws.) In the 19th century, tens of thousands of platypuses were killed for their thick pelts, which were turned into slippers or rugs.
Gilad Bino, a researcher at the University of New South Wales and the lead author on the January platypus study, said that old newspapers and studies described seeing “a dozen platypus in a pool, and using words that we would never use now, like ‘platypus migration’.” Today there are nothing like those numbers. Australia has the worst mammal extinction rates in the world.
In 2018, scientists at Monash University estimated that some platypuses could be ingesting half a human dose of antidepressants from aquatic insects in streams near Melbourne, which have been shown to have high levels of these and other drugs.
An Aboriginal dreamtime story about the platypus (one indigenous name for the animal is Dharragarra) explains its origin as the product of a courtship between a water rat and a duck. Platypuses have fur, bills, webbed feet and a beaver-like tail, and they lay eggs. The only other egg-laying mammal is the echidna, also endemic to Australia. Young platypuses live with their mothers for up to four months, suckling on milk released through pores on the mother’s chest. They evolved 120 million years ago and offer insight into the link between mammals and reptiles.
Platypuses may be of value for human medicine. Their milk contains a unique antibacterial protein that could lead to new, superbug-resistant antibiotics, according to scientists at Deakin University in Australia. Their venom might help fight Type 2 diabetes; in 2016, scientists at Flinders University and the University of Adelaide discovered that platypus venom contained a long-lasting hormone that promotes the release of insulin.
Robert Dockerill, a senior keeper at Taronga Zoo, describes platypuses as “Dr. Frankenstein’s first attempt.” He likes to joke that platypuses and echidnas are the only animals that can make custard, because they produce both eggs and milk. Forty years ago, he said, he watched platypuses swimming at his great-uncle’s farm in Armidale, on the North Coast of New South Wales. The town has been hit particularly hard by the drought. Then, in January, rain washed soil and ash from the bushfires into the Macleay River, causing thousands of fish to die.
As he spoke, Mr. Dockerill stood in front of a tank at Taronga Zoo that held one of the rescued platypuses, a male. “He’s pretty much done nothing but eat since he got here,” he said. He noted that one way to tell the health of a platypus was to use the “tail volume index.” Platypuses store fat in their tails; the more a tail can bend, the less fat it holds. When the male had come in, he had a T.V.I. of four, five being the worst. He was now almost a one.
The room housing the platypuses was dark, so that they would be active, thinking it was nighttime. Their tanks, decorated with fresh eucalyptus branches and fern fronds, glowed faintly. The rescued platypus dove through the leaves, wriggling its head as it searched the small pebbles in the tank floor for food. Platypuses use their bills to detect the electric fields emitted by their prey, which consist mostly of invertebrates. They are particularly fond of “yabbies,” small blue freshwater crayfish.
Yet another threat faced by platypuses are yabby traps, also known as Opera House traps because of their shape. Platypuses need to surface in order to breathe, but the traps keep them underwater, and they drown. Opera House traps are illegal in Victoria, parts of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.
A refuge at the zoo
As the rescued male dived, a steady stream of bubbles emerged from his body. The effect, actually caused by air trapped in their fur, gave rise to an early misconception about platypuses, that they “breathed through their butts,” Mr. Dockerill said.
The male climbed onto a platform and changed positions like a swimsuit model posing for a photograph — at one point pressing his belly against the glass. In a nearby tank, Annie the platypus, a longtime Taronga resident, rolled onto her back, scratching herself with a webbed foot. Mr. Dockerill raised Annie by hand after she was brought into the zoo with injuries inflicted by a dog.
“I don’t care what the zoo says, she’s mine,” he said, smiling. Often, he gives her a scratch in the mornings, but that day he could not visit any of the zoo’s platypuses; he had already worked with the wild ones, which were under quarantine, which meant he was too.
Through a private door leading away from the public exhibit, and up narrow metal stairs were two more tanks — and the opening above the rescued male’s tank, into which Mr. Dockerill scattered live beetle larvae and fly pupae. The other tanks each held a rescued female and several bright blue yabbies, which appeared to wait nervously on branches of eucalyptus floating in the water. Suddenly, one of the females caught a yabby and proceeded to roll and shake it to death, like a tiny, furry crocodile.
Richard Kingsford, an aquatic ecologist at the University of New South Wales and another author of the recent study documenting the decline in platypus numbers, also grew up watching platypuses in the river, in his case the Abercrombie River, west of Sydney.
He described their courtship ritual. “They seem to do this weird tumble turning, where they sort of go around in circles within the water, chasing each other,” he said. During the ritual, the male and female nip at each other’s tails.
Australia is the world’s driest inhabited continent. Man-made dams, and the diversion of water to irrigated agriculture, have had a significant impact on biodiversity, Dr. Kingsford said. Last week, fires flared up again in the Australian Capital Territory, moving closer to Tidbinbilla. Rangers at the reserve began catching and relocating other species, including brush-tailed rock wallabies, Northern Corroboree frogs and bettongs (also known as rat-kangaroos), the Canberra Times reported. On Jan. 31 the government declared a state of emergency in the territory.
Dr. Bino, the lead author on the paper published in January, said that the current trajectory — “if we continue to clear land and not improve the habitat, and if you’re assuming that demand for fresh water is going to increase over time, and then you add climate change” — will only further the disappearance of the platypus. As local populations fragment and grow ever smaller, he said, “it becomes quite easy for us to drive a species to extinction.”
|
<urn:uuid:986fd744-a515-44b4-940d-5c8289f29a54>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://wealldeservebetter.blog/2020/02/04/the-plight-of-the-platypus/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500042.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203024018-20230203054018-00381.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972169 | 2,425 | 2.9375 | 3 | 2.942487 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
Great Pyramids and Sphinx
The very fist list of wonders created by Herodotus in the 5th Century BC had the pyramids on the list. In 2,500 years, not much has changed. The Great Pyramids and the Giza Complex are still one of the most impressive sights in the world. The pyramids are from the Upper Kingdom of Egypt and are older than most of the temples you will find in Egypt, which date after the unification of the Upper and Lower Kingdoms. As such, there is little in the way of hieroglyphs and other Egyptian artwork which can be seen at the site. The pyramids were the tombs of In addition to the pyramids themselves, you can also see the funeral boat of Khufu. The biggest downside to visiting the pyramids are the very aggressive men who try to get you to buy camel rides.
St. Catherine’s Monastery
Egypt isn’t all temples and ruins which date back to the time of the Pharaoh’s. There is a great deal of history in Egypt from the Greek, Roman, and Byzantine periods as well. The St. Catherine monastery is located in the middle of the Sinai Peninsula. St. Catherine is believed to be the oldest working christian monastery in the world, dating its founding to 527 and 565. It was created on orders of the Emperor Justinian at the spot where it is believed Moses saw the burning bush and received the Ten Commandments. The monastery is run by the Greek Orthodox Church and contains about 120 of the oldest Eastern Orthodox icons in the world.
Despite its location near the pyramids, Cairo was essentially founded as a Muslim city in the 10th Century. Many of the oldest mosques and madrases in the world can be found in Cairo. The highlight of old Cairo is the Cairo Citadel and the Mohamed Ali Mosque. The mosque is one of the largest of the old Muslim world and the design inside rivals many of the largest cathedrals of Europe. From the Citadel, you can look out to the Giza plateau and see the pyramids on a day where smog is limited. This is the section of town with the souqs (markets) and attractions many of the tourists who visit the city. Old Cairo was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979.
I suppose you could say that the Nile River shouldn’t be considered a Wonder of Egypt because in many respects the Nile IS Egypt. If it wasn’t for the Nile, Egypt wouldn’t exist, neither in its modern or ancient form. Other than the strip of green on either side of the river, most of Egypt is nothing by barren desert. It is the Nile which gave rise to Egyptian culture and made it the breadbasket of the Roman Empire. If you are in Egypt you need to at least take a falucca trip on the river, and if possible take an overnight cruise from Luxor to Aswan. Taking a cruise will not only let you see how average Egyptian farmers work the land, but it will also give you a chance to see some temples you would not get to see in Luxor or Aswarn: Edfu and Komombo Temples.
Alexandria is a city with an amazing amount of history. It was founded by Alexander the Great. It was where Julius Caesar came ashore in search of Pompey in the Roman Civil War. It was here the great Library of Alexandria was created and later destroyed. It was home to one of the original seven wonders of the world: the Pharos Lighthouse. Anthony and Cleopatra killed themselves here. Despite all this history, almost all of the great structures have been destroyed. There are many smaller structures still to be found in Alexandria, however: Pompey’s Pillar, the Roman Theater, and the Greco-Roman museum. One of the highlights is nine meters below the surface where you can dive and see the ruins of the Pharos Lighthouse. It is also home to the new Biblioteca Alexandria, which hearkens back to the old library.
Abu Simbel are two temples created by Ramesses II (aka the Pharoah played by Yul Brenner in the Ten Commandments) to celebrate a victory over the Nubians who lived south of Egypt on the Nile in what is now Sudan. By its own right Abu Simbel is an impressive place to visit. What makes it really impressive, and the thing that really makes it a Wonder of Egypt, is that the entire complex was moved in the 60’s to preserve it from the rising waters of the Aswan High Dam. The entire temple and sculptures carved into the mountain were carved up and moved 60m up and 200m back from the former location of the river. They did such a good job that if it wasn’t for the pile of dirt covering the temples, you’d almost never know that everything had been moved. If you ever visit, pay close attention to the graffitti carved into the stone by British vandals in the 19th Century.
Karnak and Luxor
Karnak and Luxor are technically separate temples connected by a road known as the Avenue of the Sphinxes, but because they are close close together I’ve decided to list them as a single entry. Luxor and Karnak are both in the middle of urban Luxor City. Luxor Temple is of similar design to other Egyptian temples like Eduf and is best known for its intact obelisk at the front of the temple. Karnak is by far the largest temple in Egypt. It has almost an acre of stone pillars which gives you an idea of just how massive the original temple must have been. You can walk from one temple to the other, but it is probably easier to hire a horse drawn carriage. Don’t worry, the carriage drivers will find you.
Other articles in Gary’s Wonders of the World series:
Seven Wonders of the Philippines | Seven Wonders of Australia | Seven Wonders of New Zealand | Seven Wonders of Japan | Seven Wonders of Egypt
|
<urn:uuid:911afb57-9a58-4b90-a5bb-08b01a7ab60d>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-11
|
http://everything-everywhere.com/2009/04/17/seven-wonders-of-egypt/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463475.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00160-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966023 | 1,246 | 2.59375 | 3 | 2.135625 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Travel
|
3D Studio Max is a software tool that allows digital artists to create animations. Using 3D Studio Max, you can handle any stage of animation creation, from the creation of a model of any object imaginable, to moving that model through a scene. In the process you can apply a variety of textures along with complex lighting to the model for a more realistic look.
1 ) Create a storyboard of your animation idea. Using a series of boxes on a piece of paper, draw out key moments in your animation. Include the models used in the animation, such as the people and objects, also include the activity that takes place during your animation.
2 ) Create the models for use in your animation using the modeling tools included in 3D Studio Max.
3 ) Use box modeling. Pick a view window in the program, such as the "Top" view by right-clicking on the window. Select the tab to the right of the windows that has a ball on it to open the "Standard Primitives" panel. Click on the box marked "Box," and then draw a box in your view window by clicking within the window and dragging the mouse to the desired shape. Right-click on the box to open the modify menu. Select "polygons" in the new menu to change the box into multiple movable points. Select a point using your mouse and move it in any direction to alter the shape of the box. Repeat the process using any shape to create complex models (Free 3D Max Models).
4 ) Apply a material to your 3d models to add color and texture. Materials are textures of objects such as bricks, gold, or chrome that you place on the surface of a model to create a skin on the model that makes the model appear to be made of that material. Click on the "Renderer" menu at the top of the program and then scroll down and select "Material Editor" to open the Material Editor window. Click the tab in the editor marked "Standard" to select one of the standard 3D Studio Max materials. Select a material from the "Templates" tab. Click on the sphere in the Material Editor which has changed color to your selected material color and then click on the model in the viewport. Select "Assign to 3d Objects" to apply the material to your model.
5 ) Apply a simple light to your scene by clicking on the tab to the right that looks like a lamp. Select "Target Direct" and
click on an area of your view port to place the light. Select the light direction by moving the mouse in the direction where
you want the light to shine and then click the mouse to place the light.
6 ) Animate your scene by clicking the right arrow in the frame counter showing 0/100 on the bottom of your view ports to
advance the animation one frame. Move your model slightly in any direction to provide animation. Repeat this process of
advancing and moving the model to create a continuous animation. Press the play button on the bottom of the program screen to play through the animation to look for adjustment needs.
7 ) Render the scene to create a file of the scene you built in the earlier stages. Select the "Rendering" menu from the top of the screen and then scroll down and select the "Render" option to open the Render Scene" toolbox. Select the "Render" button at the bottom to create a window containing your finished scene. Save your scene by selecting the "File" menu and then scroll down and select "Save".
|
<urn:uuid:e70ac0e5-fe54-4440-96cc-66786a06fddb>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://free3dmaxmodels.over-blog.com/article-how-to-use-3d-studio-max-96718548.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186530.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00098-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91621 | 726 | 2.65625 | 3 | 1.384738 | 1 |
Basic reasoning
|
Software
|
Shipping and the physical internet
COMMENT: The term ‘physical internet’ has emerged in recent years as a metaphor for the future of freight transport. While the metaphor possibly obscures more than it enlightens, it nevertheless makes sense to explore the implications for ocean shipping, writes Peter de Langen.
The physical internet analogy sees the transportation of physical goods organised in the same way as that of the ‘transport’ of information across the internet. When we send an email, the message is broken up in various parts, each of which is sent via a different route from sender to receiver, where they are automatically re-assembled.
The core idea is that with open networks, standard packages and automated breaking up and re-assembling, the efficiency of the flow of physical goods can be increased substantially. Given the fact that we already have standard containers and pallets (even though these standards are not fully aligned), the physical internet switch is more an ongoing evolution than a radical disruption.
However, there is a case for increased development of open networks and standardisation of transport units. The current process with different types of pallets as well as paper/wooden boxes that are often only used once could be improved with more standardisation of boxes that could be easily combined into a full maritime container.
Through alliances and exchange of slots, shipping lines are getting closer to the idea of an open shipping network. Booking portals already aspire to offer all available shipping options, regardless of who is the carrier.
Such developments may have a limited impact on the ‘full container load’ market segment, where importers and exporters have sufficient cargo to fill an entire container and can easily select the best service provider.
However, for the ‘less-than-containerload’ segment, a segment that has increased rapidly through the growth of e-commerce, such a system may be an important next step. Where containerisation enabled exports of relatively small scale producers (think of banana growers that with containerisation no longer need to combine cargoes with others to fill an entire ship), the ‘physical internet’ may further reduce the scale required for cost competitive shipments, to essentially the size of a box.
Without claiming to have a crystal ball, that move may have a significant impact on how trade is conducted. In this context, the partnership between Maersk and Alibaba should be seen as another step towards the ‘physical internet’ model of freight transport.
|
<urn:uuid:6b738748-8755-44bd-ba8d-fc5ecbfe4246>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://www.portstrategy.com/news101/insight-and-opinion/the-analyst/shipping-and-the-physical-internet
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805649.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119134146-20171119154146-00695.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935189 | 504 | 2.53125 | 3 | 2.949841 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Transportation
|
The poem belongs to Nissim Ezekiel’s collection entitled The Exact Name that was published in 1965. The poem in the narrative mode reveals the speaker’s objective account of how a scorpion stung his mother one night. The poem is titled the Night of the Scorpion, for, the major part of the poem, the scorpion is the victor or champion of the poem.
The scorpion crawls into the house one night to evade the heavy rain outside and hides behind a sack of rice. Crawling towards the speaker’s mother with its conspicuous diabolic tail, the scorpion stings her and sneaks back into the rain. The peasants in the neighborhood come to sympathize with the lady in question. The peasants are described as ‘swarms of flies’ to mark their intrusion as parasites. Their ‘buzzing’ the name of God also signifies their irrational ‘collective consciousness.” They chant the name of God repeatedly to nullify the stinging experience. For them, the scorpion was an agent of the devil. Their superstitious frame of mind, make them search desperately for the spider, for, with every movement the scorpion made, the poison injected into the woman’s blood would progress and increase its pain. They ardently pray that scorpion stay motionless wherever it is. They fervently plead with God that the sins she had committed in the previous life be washed away by the pain of the sting; and that the pain that she endures lead to a decrease in her misfortunes. They also hope that the woman’s pain diminish the totality of evil in this world that is unreal. Moreover, they pray that the woman be rid of her bodily physical desire and all worldly ambition.
The peasants gather around the mother on the floor with a serene expression on their faces .They bring more candles and lanterns to search for the scorpion. These shadows turn out be the shadows of superstition haunting steady progress. The scorpion is not to be found, but throws ‘giant scorpion shadows’ that haunts the onlookers. The scorpion’s effect overshadows its presence. The click of tongues again reflects that theirs is a collective response to the predicament, not an individual one. In contrast, the speaker-a child, seems to hold an individual stance, in that he is not politically correct..
The speaker’s father held a scientific temperament. He acted in opposition to the irrational outlook of the peasant folk. He adopted a more practical approach. He applies a herb to his wife’s flesh, and next a concoction of herbs. He also pours a little paraffin over the affected flesh and applies a burning matchstick to it in order to burn the sting from the lady’s toe. In perfect contrast, stood the speaker’s father burning his mother’s toe, and a religious person burning away the stings with his incantations. After a period of twenty hours, the effect of the poison wears off, and the lady is relieved.
The lady rises over the sympathy of others with her maternal empathy. She praises God for preferring her over her children to endure the painful experience. She is an inch taller than the others in that-she did not perceive how empty the glass was; she only observed how full it is.
|
<urn:uuid:27790004-de1b-4bbb-a32d-1b2094adc41a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
http://rukhaya.com/poetry-analysis-nissim-ezekiels-night-of-the-scorpion/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125881.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00336-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950846 | 697 | 2.828125 | 3 | 2.903875 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Literature
|
The concept of fractions, though a simple one, can be often confused. Having not solved questions based on this simple concept, students often tend to confuse the problems. These questions can throw up the occasional challenge and it makes sense to practice these questions from this area.
Definition: Technically, fraction is defined as part of the whole. The most common example of a fraction that comes to mind is half. When we say give me half of something, we are essentially demanding ½ part of it, in other words, ½ is the fractional representation for half.
Fractions are nothing else than the numerator divided by denominator, that is they occur in the form X/Y where X is the numerator and Y is the non-zero denominator.
The numerator represents how many parts of that whole are being considered. To remember simply, numerator is the top number of the fraction that represents the numbers of parts that are to be chosen. The denominator represents the total number of parts created from the whole, in other words it is the bottom number representing the total number of parts created.
Example of Fractions : ½, 2/3, 3/4, are the numbers which are in the form of x/y where y is non zero.
Types of Fractions:
Proper Fraction: When Numerator< Denominator, then the fraction is called as proper fraction. For example: 2/3, 4/5, 6/7 etc
Improper fraction: When Numerator >Denominator, then the fraction is called as improper fraction. For example: 5/3, 7/5, 19/7 etc
Mixed fraction: When a natural number combines with a fraction that is called a mixed fraction.
For Example: 21/2 ,34/5 etc. In other words, the mixed fractions are improper fractions
Tooltip: Properties of fractions
Property 1: If we multiply the numerator and denominator by same quantity, the basic value of fraction will never change. For example:4/5 x 5/5 = 20/25 = 4/5
Property 2: If there are two fractions a/b and c/d then a/b=c/d when ad=bc. For example 3/4 = 12/16 because 3 x 16 = 4 x 12
Property 3: A fraction with zero as the denominator is not defined.
Property 4: If the numerator of the fraction is zero, then the fraction equals to zero.
Property 5: If the numerator and denominator of the fraction are equal, then the fraction is equal to one.
|
<urn:uuid:4c8132a0-dd2c-4be3-af5b-56c411b4a822>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://wordpandit.com/fractions/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322870.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628050821-20170628070821-00174.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.902447 | 543 | 4.71875 | 5 | 1.501065 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
Click here to log in
4 million accounts created!
JOIN our free club and learn English now!
Get a free English lesson every week! 2 MILLION subscribers!
- English translator
- Our other sites
Learn English > English lessons and exercises > English test #109881: Passive Form : step 1
Passive Form : step 1
Something I observed really saddens me: I often study the statistics of the tests on this site, the tests I've made, and the other ones too... Thus, I've noticed that the passive form was really THE grammar point getting the worst scores and yet, it isn't difficult ... There must really be something to be done to help you ...
Don't worry... I never give up! I promise to be slow, and gradual... and we'll do it, won't we?
In the passive form, the action is endured by a person, whereas in the active form, the subject is acting and doing the action.
The teacher has punished the student .
Sujet Verb in Predicate
the past (or Object Complement)
It is built with the SUBJECT (enduring the action) + the AUXILIARY of the passive (BE) in a tense and/or mode + the PAST PARTICIPLE of the verb.
The student was punishedi (by the teacher.) = The student was punished ( by the teacher)
= subject V in the Actor (he acts) = Subject + BE + past participle . Actor
enduring passive introduced by: BY
In the passive form, the active Predicate (complement) is becoming the passive SUBJECT The person who's doing the action endured by the subject is the ACTOR, introduced by BY. . The agent is seldom mentioned in English (except if its omission makes the understanding of the sentence difficult.)
ex: Nobody obeyed the teacher => The teacher wasn't obeyed.
The passive is frequently used in English ; it is used in all the different tenses and all the different modes: the rules are the same as for the active form, you just have to follow the tense indicators.
The teacher punishes the student => The student is punished ... (regularly, because he never behaves)
The teacher is punishing the student => The student is being punished ... ( just now because he was cheating.)
The teacher punished the boy => The boy was punished ... yesterday.
The teacher will punish ..... => The boy will be punished ... if he's unruly.
The teacher had punished the boy => The boy had been punished before I could defend him.
The teacher cannot punish the boy => The boy cannot be punished ; he' so hardworking...
Should the teacher punish the boy ? => Should the boy be punished ?
The teacher didn't need to punish the boy=> The boy didn't need to be punished.
All the different variations are possible ! Remember that, if you are happening to think in your own language and trying to turn it into an English passive form (, which you must NEVER DO ), you must always keep the tenses of the active form.
- some verbs in the passive are followed by a complement introduced by with :
Ex : When the kids came back from the football match, they were covered with mud.
That's it ! The first step of this study is completed... This is what's essential ! Read this lesson over and THEN, do the test. There shouldn't be any problem and you'll be ready to study the second step!
Go for it!
English exercise "Passive Form : step 1" created by here4u with The test builder
Click here to see the current stats of this English test [Save] [Load] [?]
End of the free exercise to learn English: Passive Form : step 1
A free English exercise to learn English.
Other English exercises on the same topics : Speaking | Passive voice | All our lessons and exercises
|
<urn:uuid:8a4c4ccb-3065-4a01-96fd-b64f8d6e145b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-109881.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121752.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00111-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959016 | 817 | 3.203125 | 3 | 2.018907 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
The following section walks through the main parts of Apache ActiveMQ and links to the code to help you understand the layout
The org.apache.activemq package defines the core JMS client.
The JMS client and the message broker use the Transport abstraction for sending around command objects (like a distributed Command Pattern). A TransportChannel typically deals with some kind of networking mechanism (TCP sockets using BIO, using NIO, UDP / multicast, SSL over sockets, JXTA, EmberIO etc). See the org.apache.activemq.transport package for more details
So the TransportChannel is basically concerned with sending and receiving Command objects (each instance represents some kind of command). Packet is defined in the org.apache.activemq.command package which defines all the JMS Message implementations classes (which are Commands) along with a number of other kinds of packets, like subsciptions, message acknowledgements, transactions and so forth.
So all the Transport implementations take a pluggable WireFormat implementation class - which is a Strategy Pattern for deciding how to write the Command to a DataIn / DataOut stream or Datagram.
So if you wish to provide your own binary, on the wire protocol then we just need a WireFormat implementation of your protocol, then we can use this with any transport (TCP BIO, NIO, JXTA etc).
We use OpenWireFormat by default which is the most efficient & easiest format to use from Java code - so if both ends of the wire are Java then its highly recommended. Though other WireFormats are most welcome.
Default Wire Format
The default wire format writes a byte which indicates the kind of Command which is being sent (see the CommandTypes interface which defines all the int constants for each type of command.
The core JMS Message types each have a unique byte ID for
Then in addition there are various other types of command such as
There are a few others; the org.apache.activemq.command package describes them in their gory detail.
Basically the DefaultWireFormat has a default encoding of each of these commands. So after the first byte which indicates the type of packet is written, there is a specific wire format per packet type.
For new wire formats it may be that you only need to support a small subset of these types. e.g. you might just have a simple publish message, consume message & message ack.
The APIs for the message broker (server side of the JMS client) are defined in the org.apache.activemq.broker. There are various other packages which define different parts, from the message stores to the message routing and so forth.
To see an overview of these packages try the JavaDocs
ActiveMQ System Overview
ActiveMQ is the system responsible for creating and managing network connections used for communication between clients and the broker. This document hopes to outline the inner workings of this system with in order to make it easier to understand for future developers. It will give a high-level overview of the system and outline the major players. We will also cover a few other interesting classes that may be useful to others working on the system. Most of this document is written with the server side code in mind. This is because the client-side communication systems are architecturally simple and understanding the server will make understanding clients trivial by comparison.
We assume the reader has basic understanding of JMS. Refer to the official Java docs for more information.
Overview: The Big Players
The core classes involved in the ActiveMQ communication system are Transports. These include the
TransportServers are wrappers around sockets and server sockets respectively.
TransportFactorys (as you may have guessed) are factories that create
Transports are connected to
Brokers and transmit
Commands, which represent all major actions to be taken by ActiveMQ (more on this later). The following example illustrates how these pieces fit together.
The primary class needed to create a JMS "provider" application is the
Broker class. The default ActiveMQ binary will use a
BrokerService class to wrap around
Brokers. When the application is started, it instantiates a
BrokerService and instructs it to bind to a specific (local) address, say "tcp://localhost:61616". The
Broker will use the scheme in the given address and find the proper
TcpTransportFactory in this example. This factory will then be used to create a
TcpTransportServer that will be bound to "localhost:61616". Once the
TransportServer is started, it will continually pole its socket for incoming connections. Successfully connected incoming sockets will be wrapped in a
TcpTransport instance and passed back (indirectly) to the
Broker will then start polling the new
Transport for incoming
Commands to process.
The final pieces missing from the above example are the
TransportConnector classes. These classes are used to connect
This section will explain some of the more interesting details of the mentioned classes separately.
Transports, TransportServers, and TransportFactories
The basic principles of how these classes operate are very simple:
TransportServers are wrappers around sockets and server sockets used to hide implementation, and
TransportFactorys are factory classes for the mentioned classes. The only caveats are how
TransportFactorys are chosen and configured based on URIs they are supplied.
TransportFactory class is abstract and incapable of creating
TransportServer classes directly. It, nevertheless, is the class used to create
TransportFactory delegates its responsibilities to its subclasses based on the choice of subclass provided by the
FactoryFinder class, which uses the URI's scheme to find a matching factory classes based on text files stored under the META-INF directory.
Configuration of the created
Transports is done entirely to reflection.
Transports are configured through calls to
compositeConfigure, which are made by the factory at the time of the
compositeConfigure uses the
IntrospectionSupport class to call setters for parameters passed in through the URI. For example, creating a
Transport using the URI "ssl://localhost:61616/?needClientAuth=true" would result in the creation of an
SslTransport object whose
setNeedClientAuth method (if it exists) is called with the value of
true immediately after its creation.
TransportServers operate in a similar fashion. The only difference is that the call to
IntrospectionSupport is made from the
doBind method of the
Commands are the main means for communication within
Command represents an action to be taken.
Command subclasses include
Message, which result in processing of new connections, maintenance of old connections, and processing of user messages respectively. These classes are de-serialized from
Transports using Marshalers. Whenever new data is found in a socket, the first byte is read to determine what type of
Command being received. The proper Marshaller is then selected to de-serialize the
Command (e.g. to de-serialize a
ConnectionInfoMarshaller is used).
TransportConnections and TransportConnectors
TransportServer is connected to a
Broker using a
TransportConnector. The server's accept listener (which is called when a new
Transport is constructed) is set to call the given
createConnection method with the new
Transport. When called,
createConnection creates a new
TransportConnection that links the given
Transport and the supporting
Broker together; the
Transport's transport listener is set to the
onCommand method, which is then called whenever a new
Command is received.
AbstractConnection (the superclass of
TransportConnection) form a visitor pattern.
onCommand will call
AbstractConnection's service method which will make a series of calls in line with the visitor patter and eventually, the proper
Command subclass to be passed to the corresponding method of the
Broker for processing.
BrokerFilters and BrokerPlugins
While not used directly by the communication system,
BrokerPlugins provide an effective and easy to use way of modifying Broker behavior.
BrokerFilters allow for one to modify a few
Broker methods without touching the rest (as the name suggests). The
BrokerFilter passes on all of its responsibilities to a
Broker it receives in its constructor. Subclassing
BrokerFilter allows us to perform additional actions before passing the work down to the underlying
The power of the
BrokerFilter class comes from the fact that multiple filters can be cascaded to create different functional combinations. As an example, the
JaasAuthenticationBroker is a subclass of
BrokerFilter that modifies the methods used for adding and removing connections to allow for JAAS authentication.
AuthorizationBroker is another subclass of
BrokerFilter. This class modifies the destination regulation methods to enforce access levels. With this architecture, one can create a
JaasAuthenticationBroker and have it use an
AuthorizationBroker as its underlying broker (which would use another broker itself, etc.).
BrokerPlugins are simple classes that will wrap their corresponding
Brokers around the one they are given. i.e. "installing" an
AuthorizationPlugin on an existing
Broker will create an
AuthorizationBroker that uses the original
Broker internally. The main reason for the existence of
BrokerPlugins is to allow for one to configure the
Broker used by the
BrokerService class (either through code or XML configuration and spring).
|
<urn:uuid:a43e5f27-348c-415b-8260-84bf551ec577>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-30
|
http://activemq.apache.org/code-overview.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823805.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00062-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.871232 | 2,021 | 2.765625 | 3 | 2.326296 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Software Dev.
|
d1revolver - Fotolia
Augmented reality technology is on the verge of becoming an important advancement for industries -- particularly in manufacturing and service. But don't confuse AR with virtual reality.
Both augmented reality and virtual reality technologies display a simulated environment -- a digital world -- in an immersive fashion, usually through a headset display unit that resembles a swimmer's diving mask or large pair of eyeglasses with the display replacing the clear lenses. VR adds sensors that capture the viewer's sight orientation in the virtual world and physical movements that can drive the display, thus forming the connection between the physical and digital worlds. The user can move her hands and fingers to wield a tool that she sees in the display, for example, or turn her head to see what's behind her avatar (digital self).
Augmented reality uses much of the same kind of technology. The difference is that AR overlays the digital world onto the physical, as a kind of semitransparent curtain so the user sees both at once. Once synchronized, AR can overlay information, drawings and more on top of the real-world view. That's what makes AR particularly valuable in an industrial application. AR can also be implemented on a mobile device like a tablet with the same capabilities, except it would not be hands-free.
This overlay approach can provide foolproof, animated graphical instructions for performing a physical task. The user dons the headset or synchronizes the tablet viewer, accesses the work order or task list, then simply looks through the graphic display at the work-piece or equipment. The viewer lays the graphical instructions over the real object and demonstrates the needed actions. This greatly overcomes training requirements, largely eliminates language issues, and ensures greater efficiency and quality of the work.
Augmented reality technology can be applied to work instructions, equipment repair and maintenance, user instruction manuals (IKEA should be looking into this), and many other uses. By enabling untrained or minimally trained users to perform their own installation and repairs in the field, AR can significantly change field service requirements, for considerable savings for both the producer and the user.
AR has the potential to reduce training requirements, speed up new product or process introduction; improve quality in factory operations; enhance customer benefit by providing better documentation and use instructions; and act as a sales tool to better demonstrate product operation and features. AR technology is just beginning to make inroads in these areas, but expect a virtual explosion in use as developers are creating ecosystems with platforms, protocols, communication links and authoring tools to speed the development of applications.
How you can lead manufacturing into the digital age
Healthcare heads to the virtual world
Industrial sector needs strong leadership to transform
Dig Deeper on ERP and augmented reality
Related Q&A from Dave Turbide
Fourth-party logistics build on the benefits third-party logistics offers. Learn more about how this services model can help create more efficient ... Continue Reading
Today's warehouses have different issues than the warehouses of yesteryear, so it's critical to understand the role technology serves. Here's a look. Continue Reading
Predicting demand has never been easy, but in the age of e-commerce and omnichannel, that difficulty has multiplied. Here is some helpful guidance ... Continue Reading
|
<urn:uuid:05a390be-b2b8-4cb1-bf07-47d851582ac7>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://searcherp.techtarget.com/answer/How-will-augmented-reality-technology-benefit-manufacturing
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038101485.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417041730-20210417071730-00064.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920787 | 670 | 3.21875 | 3 | 2.671597 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Industrial
|
One Art by Elizabeth Bishop
The speaker's philosophy can lend the hope that if by mastering coping skills, loss will cause no pain. Bishop advices "lose something every day". She dialogs with the reader to encourage us to "Accept the fluster..."(Bishop 2.4). Recognize we are powerless to prevent such losses. Then she issues a fruitless challenge: lose faster, farther as if to say, to master coping skills we must lose more, more often to approach mastery of the "art" of losing. Bishop pushes the human emotional aptitude to overcome such grievances and finds no difficulty in metaphorically comparing the ability to cope with such grief to “art form”. Art is usually affiliated with human accomplishment, something beautiful to behold. One could presume that Bishop simply infers that freeing oneself from ever experiencing negative emotions resulting from loss is not only possible but a beautiful and likely skill if you follow her mantras. However, most people realistically experience some kind of negative pesky resulting emotion, if only temporarily. The most poignant of losses have tragic implications that Bishop may have already encountered. The speaker dutifully rehearses the refrain because this is what she may need as the by-products of her own losses may be proving themselves overwhelming.
In the fourth stanza, the speaker nearly drills in the readers mind that this "art" isn't "hard to master" as if our acceptance/approval will validate this grief recovery strategy. Bishop appears to be reassuring herself rather than the reader that “The art of losing isn't hard to master.” (Bishop line 12) The opening exclamation, "I lost my mother's watch. And look!" (Bishop 4.1) appears to be a deflection tactic. It is unclear whether her mother's watch was the loss of time with her mother, if the word "watch" is symbolic for a mother's influence/guidance, or whether she lost the physical timepiece itself. The loss of either would be understandably difficult to accept. Just when readers think that the dissolution of her strict persona is imminent, Bishop enthusiastically points to even greater losses. She leads us non-chalantly to the loss of her "last or next-to-last of three loved houses" too! (Bishop line 11). These statements create a sense of doubt that anyone could possess such a flippant attitude regarding the loss of irreplaceable mementos, time, or a beloved home. To understand to whom these ironic tips for learning to live with loss are directed, we must visualize the speaker experiencing these events and attempting to console and possibly instill confidence in self. Then it becomes evident that Bishop is poetically sharing with us, but must prove to herself that she has successfully overcome varying degrees of loss. She must bravely learn the "art" which she proclaims "isn't hard to master". Mastering loss seems an unfair expectation of anyone and even a bit unrealistic. Most people are negatively affected under these circumstances and feel some kind of frustration, shame, desperation, etc., and Bishop is no exception. This emerges as the point in the poem when her language begins to change. It starts to become clear that she's fortifying herself with the incantations to deal with potentially disastrous emotions that have arisen from divulging certain sentimental experiences.
By the fifth stanza, Bishop reveals much about herself as travel and home are apparently very important to her, both seem to emerge as important themes. In the previous stanza, she lists rather large losses “two cities, two rivers…and a continent” (Bishop 4.1-2). These geographical references could be symbolic for suppressed feelings of hopelessness. She suggests that we are to lose "Places, names and where it was you meant to travel" (Bishop 3.1-2). Perhaps practice exercises for the inevitable. Then, as if to illustrate her supposed livelihood after having lost the very same, the structure and word choice extend flippant reassurances that “None of these [losses] will bring disaster” (Bishop Line 9). In an apparent descent in mood, even the master needs reassurance for what is to come. She claims to have owned vast realms encompassing massive amounts of land and water. In the first and third line of the fifth stanza, she exposes vulnerability. She uses a subjective adjective “lovely” and tells that she actually “misses” those lovely lost realms. A reference to herself that now she has quite possibly lost it all. Perhaps she's lost what meant the world to her. In recalling these understated losses, the esteemed vigor has been exchanged for scheduled composure. This time around again she resolves, but with less than concrete certainty than before, that it “wasn’t a disaster”. (Bishop 5.3)
As the poem progresses, Bishop comes to poetically acknowledge the pain of loss and disaster. The first stanza begins controlled, confident, and logically arranged, but; by the final stanza, word choice and breaks in form unmask the painful reality. The last stanza departs from formal villanelle form in that line one begins with a very significant dash. Its usage along with the brackets in the following line illustrates a deportation from the norm. In this final stanza, the subject of loss of love comes up and a rapid decline in mood ensues with each passing line to reveal a very real and present battle. In these lines she exposes raw feelings over the loss/death of her loved one. The present tense of the word love in “gesture/ I love" indicates that clearly she hasn't gotten over the resulting grief yet. In the second line of this stanza, she confesses she "shan't have lied", as if to look back upon her losses and to finally be honest with herself and the reader. Bishop's continued acceptance of the established "no disaster" claim nears impossible. The inner struggle is further illustrated by the stutter “like…like” in the poem's last line. A break in her voice is indicative of her battle to contain in poetry form her bursting emotions, her ritualistic repetitions were enough until now. In the last line, she diligently remains in step with form and restates her refrain. However, a parenthetical insertion of an italicized "Write it!" in Line 18 gives the clear impression that a force of sheer will power becomes a necessity to go on believing in the "loss is no disaster" approach to grief mastery. An overall sense of irony emanates from this ending as we see the tough facade fade away. This revelation is of a desperate person clinging to and learning from her own learned mantra “losing isn't hard to master". (Bishop line 1)
|
<urn:uuid:f7c939f6-b07e-4cc2-a976-7956e84ef0b7>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://www.studymode.com/essays/One-Art-By-Elizabeth-Bishop-1448628.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359093.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201052655-20211201082655-00004.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966667 | 1,398 | 2.5625 | 3 | 2.930161 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Literature
|
NORTH PARK Neuroscientist Says Brain-buzzing Device Causes Weight Loss
Neurovalens makes a headset (worn like earphones) that stimulates an area of the mind linked with appetite. Wearing the device for one hour per day is resulting in a 5 percent reduction in body fat for its users over three to four months, said the company’s founder Jason McKeown, a going to scholar at UC NORTH PARK. It sounds like research fiction-or at least a late-night infomercial-right? Well, these devices actually has some interesting science behind it, and the business’s creator is seeking acceptance from the U.S. Medication and Food Administration to treat obesity.
Neurovalens competed alongside 150 business owners across 10 campuses in the annual UC Entrepreneur Pitch Competition. How exactly does it work? The brain controls weight loss and weight gain by managing urge for food, human hormones, metabolism and more. That’s why the latest anti-obesity drugs focus on the brain, rather than older methods like tummy staples and balloons.
The company’s device, called Modius, focuses on an area of the brain called the hypothalamus, which regulates urge for food by picking up communications about satiation and fullness from hormones like leptin and insulin. The brain gleans information from these signals to control hunger. McKeown, a neuroscientist at UC San Diego’s Center for Brain and Cognition, said the Modius headset stimulates the vestibular nerve through the trunk of the head, which then sends a note to the hypothalamus to dial down appetite and yearnings. Helping to curb hunger is especially hard for people trying to lose weight, McKeown said, because their brains want to cling to the fat for survival.
Modius is meant to help with the painful procedure for weight loss, not replace a healthy diet and exercise. The target, McKeown said, is slow and maintainable weight loss. 2 million. After all, the science is very new and the company hasn’t yet gained the FDA’s stamp of approval proving it works.
- Use air conditioning as needed, especially in the summer months
- Help the body absorb less diet fat
- 1/4 pound (about 4 pieces) Lower Sodium Roast Beef (I really like Boar’s Head brand)
- 1 Bag Celebrate Vitamins Protein 20 (All Purpose Protein to increase anything)
- Trade and commerce with regards to travel and leisure or travel
- Lower threat of heart disease and stroke
And let’s not pretend, probing the brain while sitting down on the couch seems good to be true too. But McKeown said the company happens to be enrolling over 100 patients for a pivotal trial, the last stage of clinical testing before asking the FDA for approval. The U-T reached away to several unaffiliated experts in weight loss to see what they considered Neurovalens’ device. Most declined to comment on the business’s technology, saying they weren’t familiar enough with neurostimulation to provide perspective. But one researcher at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies weighed in: neuroscientist Sung Han, who studies neural circuits root brain disorders.
How long can it take? McKeown said the ongoing company hoped to see 5 percent fat burning over the course of one yr. However, early data collected from Neurovalens’ mobile app suggests people are meeting that goal within four to five months. That data isn’t as reliable as medical data, mind you.
Customers log their own information through the app, departing a margin for error. And there is no way to learn what other factors are influencing their weight loss. McKeown said the Modius device must not be pegged as a “magic pill” for weight loss, when anti-obesity drugs make an effort to achieve considerably faster results. His device, by comparison, is a very sluggish fix. But he said he understands the suspicion people have.
While it remains to be observed if Modius works or not, Han said he’s positive that this kind of technology could offer an alternative to traditional weight loss drugs. Anti-obesity drugs can cause major depression and other unfavorable side effects credited to the way they manipulate the brain. Based on old neurostimulation technology, Modius is considered a safe device and can therefore already be sold in the U.S. 500. But keep in mind: because it’s safe doesn’t mean it’s effective. Waiting to find out if an FDA approval comes through might be wise.
|
<urn:uuid:98ed565c-a68b-41e1-9284-b934b4790ecf>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://hrharvestride.com/north-park-neuroscientist-says-brain-buzzing-device-causes-weight-loss/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500151.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204173912-20230204203912-00227.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928399 | 958 | 2.5625 | 3 | 2.831318 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) & International Classification of Diseases are repositories of classification codes in an alphanumeric format that is useful for correctly identifying diseases and other disorders. This HIPAA-approved system of classification is used by healthcare professionals, physiatrists, researchers, clinicians, and nurses to efficiently store, retrieve, and share diagnostic information.
However, the disease classification handbook from ICD and DSM does not include information on treatment of any disorders or diseases. DSM was first published in 1952 while development on ICD began as early as 1893. The DSM is strictly confined to mental disorders while the ICD system is considered a global classification. Both the system is subject to expansion every 10 years. Therefore, DSM V and ICD 11 are the newest classifications to streamline diagnosis of illness.
DSM and ICD are standardized criteria for classifying diseases. ICD is a classification approved by WHO for its member nations, while DSM is finalized by American Psychiatry Association (APA). The DSM is exclusive to psychiatric conditions, but ICD consists of codes for all illness and conditions. DSM is called a statistical manual because its antecedents were relied upon for collection of mortality data from hospitals. Here is a listicle of facts that broadly distinguishes DSM and ICD classifications -
World Health Organization (WHO) is the governing body behind the ICD codes. The code classifications are periodically updated to help the global healthcare industry to have a common language in understanding illness. The 10th revision of ICD came into effect on October 2015 after facing an extensive delay in its implementation. The WHO planned to release minor updates annually while major ones are slated to be rolled out once in three years.
155,000 ICD-10 codes are widely used by healthcare industry professionals, coders, insurance companies, and other agencies to keep track of diseases and to speed up reimbursement. ICD-10 provides an accurate mapping from a multilingual classification of clinical terminology called SNOMED CT. The mapping from SNOMED CT to ICD-10 can facilitate computerized coding which is fast and accurate. The procedure codes in ICD-10 provides a detailed information of the procedure performed by a healthcare provider along with the medical device used in the procedure. Countries like New Zealand, Australia, and Canada uses a customized version of the ICD-10 that is adapted to their healthcare system.
A newer version of ICD called ICD-11 was planned for endorsement in 2017, however, the presentation at the World Health Assembly (WHA) was rescheduled to May 2019. In June 2018, a preview of ICD-11 was released for adoption by WHO's member states. It is expected for the latest classification, which is a user-friendly and electronic format to come into effect by January 2022. This new classification is a quantum leap over ICD-10 because it covers the latest developments in medicine and includes an updated understanding of recent illnesses.
DSM-5 meshes perfectly with ICD-9-CM. Since the latter is a HIPAA compliant coding system it is used by insurance companies. However, some delay can occur while updating claims form because of the format change in DSM IV-TR as well as the slightly different reporting procedure to facilitate the changes in DSM V.
How do you benchmark the safety, efficiency, and quality of healthcare service? The answer is ICD-10 code set. It is a code repository that provides a detailed information for reimbursement, gauging the clinical outcome, claims processing, payment capture, and disease management. If you wish to do away with the risk of claims rejection, fraudulent claims, and non-payment then ICD-10 is the way to go. ICD-10 was recognized as a handy tool for entities that are covered and not covered by HIPAA regulations. The broadened understanding could streamline worker compensation and injury classification for benefit coordination.
DSM, currently in its 5th edition, is considered as a comprehensive handbook with the latest description, symptoms, and other information to help clinicians to classify and interpret psychological disorders. The current version is accorded by practitioners, healthcare experts, researchers, and other key professionals on the latest understanding of psychological disorders. It provides a common language and it is consistent throughout the manual. This would enable researchers and physicians to collaborate and discuss patient cases for accurate diagnosis. Future revisions (if any) can be made effortlessly by harnessing the database of treatment and diagnosis insights.
The transition to ICD-10 from ICD-9 wasn't an easy one. The move faced stiff opposition from lobbyists, politicians, et al. Leading the opposition were physicians along with American Medical Association who feared that they would lose backing from other critical areas in order to make up for the cost-intensive process of ICD-10 implementation.
Being a reliable source of clinical documentation for record future diagnosis and completion of insurance formalities, there are similarities and differences of ICD-11 and DSM V.
ICD and DSM Systems are similar in the following areas -
Despite having commonalities in many aspects, the ICD and DSM code sets differ in many ways. The difference between ICD and DSM are as follows -
ICD codes are considered to be less accurate than DSM because it provides diagnostic criteria without operational criteria
It is widely regarded as accurate due to clarity in description and operational criteria along with the clinical significance
In the view of active developments in the field of healthcare, a greater need is ever-present to update the system so that the diagnoses and treatment approach can be accelerated and streamlined to the present standards. WHO is gearing up to introduce ICD-11 in 2022 ergo, but all eyes are set on May 2019 because ICD-11 classification will be presented at World Health Assembly after being deferred multiple times.
This new classification is believed to be medically focussed and capable of speeding up the evaluation process along with claims management. However, there are a few who firmly stand by the opinion that ICD-11 could face a string of challenge and delays before efficient adaptation because it took a decade for ICD-10 to develop clinical modifications.
Flatworld Solutions is an ISO 9001: 2015 certified company with 19 years of experience in healthcare BPO solutions. We take ISO/IEC 27001:2013 certified security measures to ensure the confidentiality of the project and your client's clinical data. We handle an array of healthcare medical, coding, translation, and transcription projects with care and precision.
We exploit the latest developments in coding classifications to speed up diagnosis, patient care, and insurance process. Our cost-effective services also come with quality support on a 24x7x365 basis. We have highly skilled coding and billing specialists who are adept at HIPAA compliant process and coding classifications. The services we provide include medical transcription, medical billing & coding, healthcare claims adjudication, and more.
Contact Us to outsource your medical coding requirements. Our team will follow-up with a customized quote within 24 hours.
Avail best-in-class services at affordable rates
AHIMA Healthcare Convention 2016 Read More
|
<urn:uuid:4e6d021c-8f99-41d9-931a-5989fc49b122>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://www.flatworldsolutions.com/healthcare/articles/dsm-v-icd-11-concept-evolution-of-icd-10.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500983.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208222635-20230209012635-00619.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95018 | 1,449 | 3.484375 | 3 | 2.784775 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
Nonalcoholic fatty liver organ disease (NAFLD) has turned into a serious public medical condition worldwide; nevertheless, the option of information over the prevalence of NAFLD in the overall pediatric population continues to be limited. mol/L), and raised total cholesterol (TC) had been all discovered as the correlates of youth suspected NAFLD when changing for other elements. Our research uncovered the prevalence of suspected NAFLD generally Chinese language kids at the nationwide level for the very first time. Our findings suggest that suspected NAFLD in kids is connected with raising youth morbidities, AT13387 further research are had a need to better understand the prevalence of youth NAFLD and its own correlates, and large-scale applications should be released to display screen NAFLD in the pediatric people in China. worth < 0.05 was considered significant statistically. 3. AT13387 Results A complete of 831 kids were included, included in this, 456 (54.9%) were children and 375 (45.1%) had been young ladies, 347 (41.8%) kids came from cities while 466 (56.1%) originated from rural areas. Children acquired higher WC, Hb, UA, and ALT levels than ladies, whereas girls showed higher levels of TC than kids. The included children living in the urban areas were older and experienced higher levels of excess weight, height, BMI, and WC, but a lower level of ALT than children in the rural areas. The AT13387 detailed demographic and medical characteristics of the children are outlined in Table 1. Table 1 Fundamental characteristics of the children with respect to gender and residence. A total of 75 children were classified as having suspected NAFLD, among whom 49 were kids and 26 were girls; 29 came from urban areas, while 44 came from rural areas. An overall prevalence of 9.03% (95% CI: 7.22C11.31) was yielded. The prevalence was 10.75% (95% CI: 8.11C13.60) in kids, and 6.93% (95% CI: 4.53C9.60) in ladies. In urban children, the prevalence was 8.36% (95% CI: 5.48C11.24), and in rural children, the prevalence was 9.44% (95% CI: 6.87C12.02). The gender- and residence-specific prevalence of child years suspected NAFLD is definitely shown in Number 1. The prevalence of suspected NAFLD was higher in our study than that in the study by XM Zhang et al. in both boys and girls , especially for urban girls, the prevalence of suspected NAFLD in our study was more than three-fold that in the study by XM Zhang et al. (7.78% vs. 2.50%) . Number 1 Gender- and residence-specific prevalence of child years suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the comparison with the results from the study by XM Zhang et al. (data from ). In different BMI groups, the prevalence assorted (Number 2). The prevalence of suspected NAFLD was 7.00% (95% CI: 5.22C9.09) in children with BMI < 85th percentile, 18.18% (95% CI: 9.09C29.09) in overweight children and 22.22% (95% CI: 12.70C33.33) in obese children. The comparison of the prevalence of suspected NAFLD between Chinese and American Chinese is also offered in Number 2 relating to different BMI groups, the estimates of suspected NAFLD in these two populations were both based on the ALT threshold of >22.1 TPO IU/L for girls and AT13387 >25.8 IU/L for kids . Overall, Chinese children had a higher prevalence of suspected NAFLD than American Chinese children (9.03% vs. 6.14%). The prevalence of suspected NAFLD was much higher in Chinese children with normal excess weight and overweight children (7.00% vs. 0.72% and 18.18% vs. 5.56%, respectively), whereas the prevalence of suspected NAFLD in obese children was higher in American Chinese than in Chinese (33.33% vs. 22.22%). Number 2 Prevalence of child years suspected NAFLD relating to different BMI groups and the assessment with the results in American Chinese children (data from ). The comparison of characteristics from the small children with and without suspected NAFLD is shown in Table 2. Kids with suspected NAFLD acquired higher beliefs of fat considerably, BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, UA, ALT, and lipids (TC, TG) and LDL, but a lesser worth of HDL than kids without suspected NAFLD. Desk 2 Basic features of kids with and without suspected NAFLD. In the outcomes of binary logistic regression evaluation (Desk 3), over weight and obesity regarding to BMI percentiles, stomach weight problems, hyperuricemia (UA.
|
<urn:uuid:7ecbefb5-e56e-47b0-96a9-ec770c8a366a>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://buenavidaestudio.com/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-organ-disease-nafld-has-turned-into-a-serious/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154175.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801092716-20210801122716-00455.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962836 | 1,042 | 2.640625 | 3 | 2.823567 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
Troubleshooting a light fixture can prove to be a difficult task. Several elements of a light fixture can fail, causing it to malfunction. When troubleshooting a light fixture, start with the easiest possible solution and work your way through, saving the hardest part to diagnose for last. By the process of elimination, you may be able to repair the fixture yourself and save the money required to hire an electrician.
Before attempting to troubleshoot a light fixture, make sure to turn off the power supplying the fixture. Simply turning off the wall switch supplying the fixture does not guarantee that a live circuit is not present in the fixture's electrical box. Testing the wires in the electrical box with a noncontact voltage meter helps you to verify the electric current is indeed off. Probes attached to the meter are used near wires in the electrical box to check for electrical current. If you are unsure the electricity is off, turn off the main breaker supplying the whole house at the circuit breaker box.
Make sure you are using the correct type and size of light bulbs in the fixture. This is especially important with fluorescent and LED (light-emitting diode) fixtures. Replace the light bulbs in the fixture. Sometimes a light bulb will work initially and fail after it has been on for a while. This is due to the filament curling and losing contact after it has had a chance to heat up. When the filament cools down, it can re-establish contact and once again function properly.
Common problems with a fixture's electrical wiring are found in the electrical box. You will have to remove any mounting screws securing the fixture to the electrical box to expose the wires. A loose or disconnected wire could cause the fixture to malfunction. It is also possible that a problem exists in the switch or its wiring. Switches can wear out over an extended period. The wires in the electrical box supplying the switch can also become loose or disconnected. When you cannot determine a wiring problem visually, it may be necessary to turn on the power supply to the fixture at the circuit breaker box and use the voltage meter to verify electricity is reaching the fixture or its switch.
Traditional light fixtures are not prone to malfunction. But there are certain problems that can develop in a fluorescent fixture that can cause it to malfunction. Fluorescent light fixture failure usually relates to the fluorescent bulbs or the ballast. A visual inspection of the fixture can help to determine if it is bad. Ballasts use oil to help keep the unit cool; when they start to leak, ballast failure is sure to follow. Another area to inspect on the fluorescent fixtures is the lamp holder. As the fixture ages, the plastic lamp holder can become brittle. This leads to cracking, causing the bulbs to lose contact. Although traditional fixtures are simple devices, a few problems can develop with older models. Light bulb socket failure and a bad wire within the fixture are the two most common culprits.
- Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
|
<urn:uuid:3c5438ca-5026-4115-b2c0-f51effb55bd4>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
https://homeguides.sfgate.com/troubleshooting-lighting-fixtures-56538.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027331228.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826064622-20190826090622-00267.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916689 | 605 | 2.828125 | 3 | 1.830598 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Home & Hobbies
|
Ludwig van Beethoven Biography
Born: December 16, 1770
Died: March 26, 1827
German composer Ludwig van Beethoven is considered one of the most important figures in the history of music. He continued to compose even while losing his hearing and created some of his greatest works after becoming totally deaf.
Early years in Bonn
Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, on December 16, 1770. He was the eldest of three children of Johann and Maria Magdalena van Beethoven. His father, a musician who liked to drink, taught him to play piano and violin. Young Ludwig was often pulled out of bed in the middle of the night and ordered to perform for his father's drinking companions, suffering beatings if he protested. As Beethoven developed, it became clear that to reach artistic maturity he would have to leave Bonn for a major musical center.
At the age of twelve Beethoven was a promising keyboard player and a talented pupil in composition of the court organist Christian Gottlob Neefe (1748–1798). He even filled in as church organist when Neefe was out of town. In 1783 Beethoven's first published work, a set of keyboard pieces, appeared, and in the 1780s he produced portions of a number of later works. In 1787 he traveled to Vienna, Austria, apparently to seek out Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) as a teacher. He was forced to return to Bonn to care for his ailing mother, who died several months later. His father died in 1792.
Years in Vienna
In 1792 Beethoven went back to Vienna to study with the famous composer Joseph Haydn (1732–1809). Beethoven was not totally satisfied with Haydn's teaching, though, and he turned to musicians of lesser talent for extra instruction. Beethoven rapidly proceeded to make his mark as a brilliant keyboard performer and as a gifted young composer with a number of works to his credit. In 1795 his first mature published works appeared, and his career was officially launched.
Beethoven lived in Vienna from 1792 to his death in 1827, unmarried, among a circle of friends, independent of any kind of official position or private service. He rarely traveled, apart from summers in the countryside. In 1796 he made a trip to northern Germany, where his schedule included a visit to the court of King Frederick William of Prussia, an amateur cellist. Later Beethoven made several trips to Budapest, Hungary. In 1808 Beethoven received an invitation to become music director at Kassel, Germany. This alarmed several of his wealthy Viennese friends, who formed a group of backers and agreed to guarantee Beethoven an annual salary of 1,400 florins to keep him in Vienna. He thus became one of the first musicians in history to be able to live independently on his music salary.
Personal and professional problems
Although publishers sought out Beethoven and he was an able manager of his own business affairs, he was at the mercy of the crooked publishing practices of his time. Publishers paid a fee to composers for rights to their works, but there was no system of copyrights (the exclusive right to sell and copy a published work) or royalties (profits based on public performances of the material) at the time. As each new work appeared, Beethoven sold it to one or more of the best and most reliable publishers. But this initial payment was all he would receive, and both he and his publisher had to contend with rival publishers who brought out editions of their own. As a result Beethoven saw his works published in many different versions that were unauthorized, unchecked, and often inaccurate. Several times during his life in Vienna Beethoven started plans for a complete, authorized edition of his works, but these plans were never realized.
Beethoven's two main personal problems, especially in later life, were his deafness and his relationship with his nephew, Karl. Beethoven began to lose his hearing during his early years in Vienna, and the condition
Beethoven's deafness and his temper contributed to his reputation as an unpleasant personality. But reliable accounts and a careful reading of Beethoven's letters reveal him to be a powerful and self-conscious man, totally involved in his creative work but alert to its practical side as well, and one who is sometimes willing to change to meet current demands. For example, he wrote some works on commission, such as his cantata (a narrative poem set to music) for the Congress of Vienna, 1814.
Beethoven's deafness affected his social life, and it must have changed his personality deeply. In any event, his development as an artist would probably have caused a crisis in his relationship to the musical and social life of the time sooner or later. In his early years he wrote as a pianist-composer for an immediate and receptive public; in his last years he wrote for himself. Common in Beethoven biographies is the focus on Beethoven's awareness of current events and ideas, especially his attachment to the ideals of the French Revolution (1789–99; the revolt of the French middle class to end absolute power by French kings) and his faith in the brotherhood of men, as expressed in his lifelong goal of composing a version of "Ode to Joy," by Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), realized at last in the Ninth Symphony. Also frequently mentioned is his genuine love of nature and outdoor life.
No one had ever heard anything like Beethoven's last works; they were too advanced for audiences and even professional musicians for some time after his death in 1827. Beethoven was aware of this. It seems, however, he expected later audiences to have a greater understanding of and appreciation for them. Beethoven reportedly told a visitor who was confused by some of his later pieces, "They are not for you but for a later age."
For More Information
Autexier, Philippe A. Beethoven: The Composer As Hero. Edited by Carey Lovelace. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1992.
Balcavage, Dynise. Ludwig van Beethoven, Composer. New York: Chelsea House, 1996.
Solomon, Maynard. Beethoven. 2nd ed. New York: Schirmer Books, 1998.
|
<urn:uuid:f15c4dc6-1bfc-4460-9cf6-231a1e161fae>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-11
|
http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ba-Be/Beethoven-Ludwig-van.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462070.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00176-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.989812 | 1,339 | 3.578125 | 4 | 2.753925 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Entertainment
|
Not all the stories and events that took place with different Prophets over the ages are found in the Quran, but those are present are the ones Allah (SWT) has decided to record for all eternity. From the recorded stories and events, we can understand that these are very significant for humans to understand one aspect of life or another. Many stories of the Prophets of the past were revealed in the Quran by Allah (SWT) so that their knowledge may strengthen the hearts of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and the Muslims and so that they may learn from them.
”And each story We relate to you from the news of the messengers is that by which We make firm your heart. And there has come to you, in this, the truth and an instruction and a reminder for the believers.” (Quran Surah Hud Ayah 11:120)
Within the different stories found in the Quran is also present the events of the life of Prophet Yunus (AS), otherwise known as Jonah. Like the rest of the stories in the Quran, this event is not also present in its entire entirety in one spot but is found at places where Allah (SWT) willed it. There are many lessons that can be found in the life of Prophet Yunus (AS). There is an entire surah in the Quran that is named after this prophet. However there is no mention of the prophet in the surah except near the very end.
”Then has there not been a [single] city that believed so its faith benefited it except the people of Jonah? When they believed, We removed from them the punishment of disgrace in worldly life and gave them enjoyment for a time.” (Quran Surah Yunus Ayah 10:98)
Prophet Yunus (AS) was sent to the people of Naynawa (Nineveh) in Mosul which is in the north of modern day Iraq. These people did not believe in the message of the Prophet regarding the oneness of Allah (SWT). Prophet Yunus (AS) became annoyed with his people that they had not accepted the message and left them. Allah (SWT) says in the Quran,
”Then be patient for the decision of your Lord, [O Muhammad], and be not like the companion of the fish when he called out while he was distressed.” (Quran Surah Qalam Ayah 68:48)
This is the point in tale that we have to learn about patience when preaching people towards the way of Allah (SWT). Allah (SWT) is here teaching Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and by extension to all Muslims to be patient and not be hasty like Prophet Yunus (AS) because it is Allah (SWT) that guides. Prophet Yunus (AS) had realized that the punishment of Allah (SWT) would now come so decided to board a ship and leave with a few companions. The ship was caught in a storm and the people decided that there was too much weight and somebody had to be thrown overboard. Lots were drawed three times and through Allah’s will it was Prophet Yunus (AS) who drew three times. He went to the sea, and in Surah Saffat Allah (SWT) mentions what happened to Prophet Yunus (AS) later.
”And indeed, Jonah was among the messengers.[Mention] when he ran away to the laden ship.
And he drew lots and was among the losers.
Then the fish swallowed him, while he was blameworthy.” (Quran Surah Saffat Ayah 37:139-142)
Prophet Yunus (AS) was swallowed alive by a huge fish where he was stuck. It was in that place that he realized that his mistake and made supplication to Allah (SWT) for forgiveness and his prayer was answered hence this event teaches us the importance of believing in Allah (SWT) and His divine decree and have patience.
”And [mention] the man of the fish, when he went off in anger and thought that We would not decree [anything] upon him. And he called out within the darkness, ‘There is no deity except You; exalted are You. Indeed, I have been of the wrongdoers.’”
”So We responded to him and saved him from the distress. And thus do We save the believers.” (Quran Surah Anbiya Ayah 21:87-88)
|
<urn:uuid:83822206-2b9d-4000-b98f-ca253ad03d38>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
https://quranschool.com/the-story-of-yunus-as/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664439.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20191111214811-20191112002811-00443.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.982464 | 933 | 2.703125 | 3 | 2.937768 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Religion
|
The Complete Learner’s Toolkit£19.99*
- Offers 36 classroom activities that support the top-10 workplace skills identified by the WEF.
- Easy pick-up-and-go activities that do not require many resources or planning.
- Considers each workplace skill in turn, highlighting how teachers can support students to become emotionally intelligent as they grow.
- Gives attention to creative thinking and skills, allowing for specific talents or skills to be best utilised for individuals.
- The book focuses on the most important skills identified by the World Economic Forum.
- Critical thinking, emotional intelligence & judgement and decision making.
- 36 lessons presented that can either be used as stand-alone sessions or be incorporated into a topic or subject context.
- See the book on Amazon UK by clicking here.
As further research and understanding of what works for most learners have evolved across the world, educationalists have been exploring what classroom strategies can best impact on their students. In fact, the World Economic Forum listed their ten (see image below, from here) with some key competencies highlighted that recognise the shift in job skills required in some of the major nations across the globe.
Critical Thinking and Creativity have jumped up the charts, with Complex Problem Solving staying a priority, considered by their experts. Yet, at the heart of all these skills is the role of educational experiences and opportunities to develop some of the key skills highlighted, ensuring a broad, creative and engaging curriculum that hold emotional intelligence at the core.
Accompanying these skills, Jackie Beere has, once again, created opportunities for schools and teachers to explore how they can help students develop these skills, offering 36 lesson ideas devised with the workplace skills identified at the heart. Aimed at students aged 7-16, the activities in the book help leaners become aware of their own thinking, allowing for opportunities to build emotional intelligence.
Each activity is carefully explained, showing the aims, relevance and top tips on undertaking with groups of young people. As an example, Lesson 26 delves into the choices available to young people, and who is in control with different aspects of life, helping them realise the power of their own choices in how impactful they actually are on their own destination. One of the activities suggested encourages young people to consider the things in life that they cannot control, and how to centre their attention on what they can control, such as a positive attitude, kindness, and challenging themselves to learn more.
The book does not get tied up with convoluted conversations about the science or theoretical arguments behind the ideas or concepts, but simply offers practical and engaging activities that can easily be implemented in the classroom, without much demand on resources other than the brains of our students.
|
<urn:uuid:426d5033-59bc-4d8d-910f-549ae3730a41>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
|
https://ukedchat.com/2020/10/16/complete-learners-toolkit/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335514.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001003954-20221001033954-00182.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944084 | 565 | 3.1875 | 3 | 2.729335 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
In the world of Islamic dietary laws, the concept of Halal is of great importance. Muslims are required to follow specific guidelines when it comes to consuming food and beverages. One of the common misconceptions arises around the consumption of Zabiha meat. Some individuals are under the impression that it is haram (prohibited) to not eat Zabiha meat. However, this article aims to debunk these misconceptions and shed light on the understanding of Halal standards.
Understanding Halal and Haram
Before diving into the topic, it is essential to understand the difference between Halal and Haram. Halal refers to what is permissible and lawful according to Islamic teachings, while Haram signifies what is forbidden or prohibited. Both terms carry significant weight within the Islamic dietary laws. However, it is crucial to note that not consuming Zabiha meat does not fall under the category of Haram.
Debunking the Misconception
The misconception that it is haram to not eat Zabiha meat stems from the misunderstanding of Halal standards. While Zabiha meat is considered Halal and preferred by many Muslims, it does not mean that consuming non-Zabiha meat becomes prohibited automatically. Islamic scholars have provided guidelines that allow flexibility in the matter of consuming meat.
It is important to remember that the primary condition for meat to be considered Halal is that it must be sourced from an animal that is slaughtered according to Islamic standards. However, this does not mean that consuming non-Zabiha meat becomes haram. There are alternative options available for Muslims who are unable to find Zabiha meat, such as consuming meat from certified Halal sources or vegetarian substitutes.
The Importance of Halal Standards
The standards set by Islamic dietary laws aim to ensure the well-being and ethical treatment of animals. Zabiha meat follows a specific procedure that involves pronouncing the name of Allah (God) while slaughtering the animal with a swift and humane method. This practice ensures that the animal’s life is taken with respect and in accordance with Islamic principles.
However, it is important to note that consuming non-Zabiha meat does not make the entire meal or diet haram. The dietary guidelines in Islam allow for flexibility and provide options for Muslims who cannot find or afford Zabiha meat. It is up to the individual’s discretion and personal circumstances to choose the most appropriate option.
In conclusion, it is not haram to not eat Zabiha meat. While Zabiha meat is considered Halal and preferred by many Muslims, the absence of Zabiha meat does not make a meal or diet automatically haram. Islamic dietary laws provide flexibility and alternative options for individuals who cannot find or afford Zabiha meat. It is important to understand and respect the principles of Halal while making informed choices regarding food consumption.
Faqs about “is it haram to not eat zabiha”
Question 1: Is it haram to not eat zabiha?
Answer: No, it is not haram (forbidden) to not eat zabiha. Zabiha refers to the method of slaughtering animals according to Islamic guidelines. While it is recommended for Muslims to consume zabiha meat, it is not a mandatory requirement. Muslims are allowed to consume non-zabiha meat as long as it is halal (permissible) and meets specific dietary requirements.
Question 2: What does zabiha mean?
Answer: Zabiha is an Arabic term that refers to the method of slaughtering animals according to Islamic guidelines. The animal must be slaughtered by a Muslim who is mentally sound and has reached the age of maturity. The act of slaughtering involves cutting the throat, windpipe, and blood vessels in the neck of the animal in a single swift motion to ensure the animal’s quick and humane death.
Question 3: Is zabiha meat mandatory for Muslims?
Answer: No, consuming zabiha meat is not mandatory for Muslims. While it is recommended to consume zabiha meat as it is considered more spiritually and ethically appropriate, Muslims are allowed to consume non-zabiha meat if it is halal (permissible) and meets certain dietary requirements.
Question 4: What is the difference between zabiha and non-zabiha meat?
Answer: The main difference between zabiha and non-zabiha meat lies in the method of slaughter. Zabiha meat refers to animals slaughtered according to Islamic guidelines by a Muslim who is mentally sound and has reached the age of maturity. Non-zabiha meat may be sourced from animals slaughtered by non-Muslims or through non-Islamic slaughter methods. While zabiha meat is considered more spiritually and ethically appropriate for Muslims, non-zabiha meat can still be permissible if it meets certain dietary requirements.
Question 5: Can Muslims eat non-zabiha meat?
Answer: Yes, Muslims can eat non-zabiha meat as long as it is halal (permissible) and meets specific dietary requirements. The meat must come from animals that are not forbidden to consume, such as pork or carnivorous animals. Additionally, the meat should be slaughtered in a manner that complies with halal guidelines, even if it is not specifically zabiha.
Question 6: Why do Muslims prefer zabiha meat?
Answer: Muslims prefer zabiha meat because it is considered more spiritually and ethically appropriate. The method of zabiha slaughter is believed to be more humane, ensuring the animal’s quick and painless death. Additionally, zabiha meat is seen as a way to adhere to Islamic guidelines and demonstrate piety. However, the consumption of non-zabiha meat that meets halal requirements is still permissible for Muslims.
Question 7: Where can one find zabiha meat?
Answer: Zabiha meat can usually be found at halal butcher shops, specifically designated halal sections in grocery stores, or through online halal meat suppliers. These sources ensure that the meat has been prepared and slaughtered according to Islamic guidelines, making it zabiha.
Question 8: Are there any exceptions to consuming zabiha meat?
Answer: There are some exceptions to consuming zabiha meat. In cases of necessity or unavailability, Muslims are allowed to consume non-zabiha meat as long as it is halal and meets specific dietary requirements. For example, if a Muslim is in a place where zabiha meat is not accessible, they may consume non-zabiha halal meat to fulfill their dietary needs.
Question 9: Can zabiha and non-zabiha meats be consumed together?
Answer: Yes, zabiha and non-zabiha meats can be consumed together. Muslims are allowed to consume both types of meat, as long as they are halal and meet specific dietary requirements. It is important to ensure that the meat is sourced from permissible animals and prepared in accordance with Islamic guidelines.
Question 10: Is zabiha meat healthier or safer to consume?
Answer: There is no definitive evidence to suggest that zabiha meat is inherently healthier or safer to consume compared to non-zabiha meat. Both zabiha and non-zabiha meats can be safe and healthy if they come from well-maintained and hygienic sources. The method of slaughter does not significantly impact the nutritional value or safety of the meat.
- Surah Yaseen Pdf download | Mp3 | Video | Images
- New Ramadan Iftar and Sehri Time 2023 | Best Calender
- Surah Yaseen Ayat 1 with Best Translation 2023
- Surah Yaseen Ayat 20 Read online with translation (2023)
- Is Smoking Haram or Halal? Why? Islamic Perspective 2023
- Is Cineplex Poutine Haram or Halal? Religious Overview 2023
- Taharat-o-Namaz ka SUNNAT Tarika | Saheh Ahkam-o-Masal
- The Blessings of Tahajjud | Best Time | Rakat |Tahajjud 2023
- Tahajjud Time in Gujranwala: Night Prayer in Pakistan
- Meaning of “Allahumma Barik”: Understanding Its Importance
- Iman e Mujmal: Understanding the Basic Tenets of Faith in Islam
- The Sword of Imam Ali: Exploring the History, Significance, and Mystique of Islam’s Most Iconic Weapon
- Sifat meaning in urdu | English |Arabic | Meaning of صفت
- How to perform Eid-ul-Fitr? Eid-al-Fitr Mubarak – 2023
- The Top 15 Most Important Islamic Worship Places in the World
|
<urn:uuid:86678f9c-7007-40f4-aed1-c2f51af549c9>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://suratyaseen.com/is-it-haram-to-not-eat-zabiha-meat-debunking-misconceptions-and-understanding-halal-standards
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100626.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206230347-20231207020347-00071.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93675 | 1,821 | 3.15625 | 3 | 2.524283 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Religion
|
Cell Biomechanics and Motility
Bacterial Flagellar Mechanics & Buckling Micron-sized bacteria are the smallest and most abundant life forms on Earth, and many bacteria are motile, using a rigid corkscrew-shaped flagellum as a propeller to swim. We recently discovered a new mechanism whereby bacteria exploit a mechanical buckling instability in their flagellum to reorient their bodies, representing a dramatic and elegant adaptation by these smallest of organisms to turn failure into function.
Fluid Mechanics of Single Swimming Cells
Single cells exhibit a diverse array of swimming strategies for locomotion at low Reynolds number, where the physics is far different from the macroscopic world. We recently demonstrated that the common swimming gait of biflagellates (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) produces surprisingly complex hydrodynamics by measuring the time-resolved flow field around these swimming cells.
Sperm Sensing, Chemotaxis, & Fertilization
Motility enables sperm cells to deliver their genetic cargo to egg cells for fertilization, a key reproductive step for humans to marine invertebrates, where sperm are guided by egg-generated chemical gradients. We are currently working to unravel the complex interactions between sperm and their physicochemical environment, specifically to determine how sperm sense and respond to chemical gradients through a suite of novel microfluidic devices to control chemical gradients.
Sperm Motility & Eukaryotic Flagellar Mechanics The eukaryotic flagellum is a complex micro-machine and one of the most highly conserved structures in nature. It occurs not only in sperm, but also in environmentally important single cells and throughout the human body, where malfunction causes infertility and disease. We are working to understand how the physical environment affects this microscopic propulsion system and how it is implemented so effectively across a diverse species.
Transport in Active Suspensions
Bacterial Transport in Shear
Bacteria often live in dynamic fluid environments, including medical devices, bioreactors, and oceans. Using microfluidic experiments, we have shown that hydrodynamic interactions between motile cells and fluid flows, in particular shear, can produce complex spatial distributions of cells, which can hinder chemotaxis while promoting surface attachement.
Biomixing by Swimming Cells
Disturbances in fluids caused by swimming microorganisms can modify the bulk transport properties of cell suspensions and enhance mixing of nutrients and chemical signals in marine environments. Such systems comprise a unique class of “active” colloidal suspensions, where we have characterized the statistical transport properties of suspensions of swimming algal cells (C. reinhardtii).
|
<urn:uuid:c833e7c3-e97b-4511-9afa-18d4aef844bc>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
http://sites.tufts.edu/guastolab/research/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669431.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118030116-20191118054116-00225.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909199 | 554 | 2.875 | 3 | 3.052075 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
Though some of the signatory nations had previously made claims on the land in Antarctica, the Treaty makes it impossible for any of these claims to be recognised, and instead Antarctica is a region which belongs to none but is for the furtherment of scientific knowledge for all. The Irish played a significant role in developing our early knowledge of Antarctica. Let us look back at the legacy of three men from Cork who aided in the discovery and exploration of the vast Antarctic region.
Edward Bransfield was born in 1785 in the village of Ballinacurra in County Cork. Born into a well-respected family, Edward was denied access to an education as the Penal Laws were in effect in Ireland at the time. At the age of 18, Edward began his career in the Royal Navy. There are some sources that claim that he was taken against his and his father’s will in an act of impressment wherein young men were forced into military service. Regardless of how his naval career began, Edward soon proved his worth as an accomplished seaman. He served on a number of gun ships and eventually earned the title of Master of his own ship.
In January 1820, Edward was commissioned as part of a south bound voyage of discovery. On this journey, he landed on King George Island and turning South from there passed through what is now known as the Bransfield Strait. At this point, he recorded seeing the Trinity Peninsula, which we now know to be the most Northerly point of Antarctica. Edward kept meticulous notes when out on voyage and his description of “two high mountains, covered with snow” is generally accepted as the first recorded sighting of the Antarctic Continent. One of these “high mountains” has since been named Mount Bransfield in his honour. Edward then continued to chart the Trinity Peninsula following a route to the North-East.
Edward made a number of other Antarctic discoveries, including Elephant Island and Clarence Island. His contribution to the age of Antarctic exploration is immense as without his first sighting of the great frozen region, there may never have been any further interest in navigating southwards. Edward is remembered by a number of landmarks in Antarctica bearing his name, and also by a monument dedicated to his memory which will be unveiled in Ballinacurra in January 2020.
Robet Forde was born on the 29th of August 1875 in Moviddy in County Cork. Interested in seafaring from a young age, Robert joined the Royal Navy at the young age of 16. A talented seaman, Robert quickly rose through the ranks to eventually achieve the title of Petty Officer First Class. His dedication to his work and his diligent attention to detail saw him gain the attention of a number of naval officers.
On the 16th of April, at the age of 35, Robert volunteered to take part in Captain Scott’s ill-fated Terra Nova expedition to Antarctica. His role on the mission was as Petty Officer First Class whilst they were at sea, and whilst moored he was largely involved in the important task of depot laying. He was also involved in some of the survey work alongside geologists and physicists. This work involved spending a large amount of time away from the ship, at one stage he spent as much as six weeks investigating three glaciers on Ross Island. He also went away from the ship to check that the supplies in the depots were all still in good order. All this time out in the harsh Antarctic conditions took its toll on Robert, and he was eventually forced to return to the Terra Nova when he developed a severe case of frostbite in his hand. He was ordered to leave the expedition and instead returned to his naval career where he spent the rest of his years fighting in the war and eventually retiring back to his native Cork where it was remarked that he always wore a glove over his frostbitten hand.
Robert Forde’s contribution to the Terra Nova expedition was nothing short of essential. Without his diligence in laying the depots, there may have been many more lives lost on Scott’s race for the pole. He is remembered by a memorial on the promenade in Cobh where he spent his later years.
Patrick Keohane was born in Barry’s Point in Cork on the 2nd of June 1879. Patrick’s father worked on the local lifeboat, and it is often remarked that Patrick himself was a sailor from his very earliest years. At the age of 16, Patrick enlisted in the Royal Navy and began his sailing career in earnest. His dedication and skill spoke for themselves, and Patrick soon saw himself achieving the rank of Petty Officer.
When he was 30 years old, Patrick received a recommendation from none other than Robert Forde for a place on Captain Scott’s Terra Nova expedition. His role on this voyage was one of explorer, as Patrick was chosen to be one of the men who would engage in the race for the pole. He was, however, one of a group of men whom Scott sent back when he was merely 350 miles away from the highly sought after South Pole. Though he must have been irritated by Scott’s decision at the time, it was a move that would ultimately save Patrick’s life, as the men who carried on to the pole never made it home. As the weather conditions became increasingly difficult, it was soon realised that Scott and the remaining men were in dire peril. Patrick made an attempt to rescue his Captain, but was forced back to the Terra Nova by inclement weather. There he waited out the harsh Antarctic Winter before venturing out in the Spring to bring home the bodies of his fallen Captain and Compatriots. Patrick erected a wooden cross where he found the frozen bodies of Scott and his two remaining men.
Patrick’s bravery and his dedication to his captain were incredibly admirable. His memory is kept alive by a statue erected in his honour in Lislee Court
The contributions and sacrifices of these brave men from Cork are immense to say the least. They each played an essential role in an exciting age of discovery and exploration, and it is thanks to their efforts that we now have the scientific findings from the Antarctic region which are just as essential today as they were all those years ago.
Click on the images to learn more about the entries that inspired this Chronicles Insight.
Add your ancestor to the XO Chronicles
This Insight has been produced with support received from the Heritage Council.
|
<urn:uuid:a5a3d00e-07b3-46af-b7ef-2279ef3bfeb0>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://irelandxo.com/ireland-xo/news/chronicles-insight-irelands-antarctic-explorers
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703518201.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119072933-20210119102933-00575.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.989794 | 1,309 | 3.546875 | 4 | 2.727153 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
History
|
On June 5, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published it’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), and mentioned cases of a rare lung infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), in five young, previously healthy, gay men in Los Angeles. All the men have other unusual infections as well, indicating that their immune systems are not working; two have already died by the time the report is published.
After the Associated Press, San Francisco Chronicle, and The New York Times covered the story. doctors from across the U.S. flooded the CDC with reports of similar cases. Because of these reports on July 8th. the CDC established a Task Force on Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (KSOI) to identify risk factors and to develop a case definition for national surveillance.
In a “follow-up” report on August 28, 1981 the CDC formally announced that an extremely rare form of cancer, Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS), and of pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP), which were showing up at an epidemic rate among gay males. Of the cases reported since January of 1976, 94% of the men whose sexual preference was known were gay and 40% of those cases proved to be fatal. Moreover, the number of cases seems to be increasing. 91% of the cases have occurred since January 1980, and the majority were from New York and California. Even more astonishing is the fact that 10% of patients were reported with both KS and PCP.
By year-end, there was a cumulative total of 270 reported cases of the “Gay cancer,” later called GRIDS (Gay Related Immuno Deficiency) which claimed 121 deaths in the United States.
Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, well over 60 million people have contracted HIV and 25 million have died of AIDS-related causes. And its still not over.
Since the beginning of the epidemic, 84.2 million [64.0–113.0 million] people have been infected with the HIV virus and about 40.1 million [33.6–48.6 million] people have died of HIV. Globally, 38.4 million [33.9–43.8 million] people were living with HIV at the end of 2021.17, 17,803 people were diagnosed with AIDS. In 2016, there were 15,807 deaths among people with diagnosed HIV in the United States.
**NOTE: The term AIDS was coined in 1982. HIV hadn’t been discovered yet, so there was no way to know whether people were sick until they were truly sick. Someone was said to have AIDS if he (and it was mostly men back then) developed one of a long list of opportunistic infections and cancers that don’t occur in people with healthy immune systems. After HIV was discovered and a test became available, being HIV-positive was added to the definition of AIDS.
|
<urn:uuid:caa5370c-5904-4d8e-a25b-4ae99e631118>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
|
http://www.back2stonewall.com/2022/08/gay-history-august-28-1981-cdc-aids-epidemic-officially-began.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930181143-20220930211143-00609.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.985174 | 632 | 2.796875 | 3 | 2.888822 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Health
|
A View of the History, Literature, and Religion of the Hindoos:: Including a Minute Description of Their Manners and Customs, and Translations from Their Principal Works, المجلد 1
Mission Press, 1818
ما يقوله الناس - كتابة مراجعة
لم نعثر على أي مراجعات في الأماكن المعتادة.
عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
able according actions animal appear arise become Bengal birth body bramhuns called carried cast cause ceremonies child cloth common compared considered contains daughter death destroyed divine earth English existence father feet female fire five former four fruit give given gods hand happiness head Hindoo honour hundred husband idea India kinds king kingdom knowledge known learned leaves light live manner marriage married matter means merit mind months mother natives nature never objects obtained offerings performed period person plantain possessed prepared present principle produce qualities received reigned relations religious remains repeating respecting rice rich roopees round sage says senses separate side sometimes sons soul spirit taught things tree understanding universe whole wife women worship
الصفحة 98 - Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough ways shall be made smooth; 6 And all flesh shall see the salvation of God.
الصفحة 478 - And had suffered many things of many physicians, and had spent all that she had, and was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse.
الصفحة 145 - ... a man shall leave his father and mother, and shall cleave unto his wife ; and they shall be one flesh.
الصفحة 127 - All the persons employed now lighted their lamps, and ran with them in their hands to fill up their stations in the procession. Some of them had lost their lights and were unprepared, but it was then too late to seek them, and the cavalcade moved forward to the house of the bride, at which place the company entered a large and splendidly illuminated area before the house, covered with an awning, where a great multitude of friends, dressed in their best apparel, were seated upon mats. The bridegroom...
الصفحة 126 - Behold, the bridegroom cometh! Go ye out to meet him.' AH the persons employed now lighted their lamps, and ran with them in their hands to fill up their stations in the procession; some of them had lost their lights, and were unprepared; but it was then too late to...
الصفحة 42 - A wife, a son, a servant, a pupil, and a 'younger whole brother, may be corrected, when they ' commit faults, with a rope or the small shoot of a ' cane ; • 300. 'But on the back part only of their bodies, and 'not on a noble part by any means...
الصفحة 532 - In childhood a woman must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, and when her lord is dead, to her sons. A woman must never be independent.
الصفحة 315 - But the most important improvement which Anaxagoras made upon the doctrine of his predecessors, was that of separating, in his system, the active principle in nature from the material mass upon which it acts, and thus introducing a distinct intelligent cause of all things. The similar particles of matter, which he supposed to be the basis of nature, being without life or motion, he concluded that there must have been, from eternity, an intelligent principle, or infinite mind, existing separately...
الصفحة liii - Seldom is there a houshold without its internal divisions, and lasting enmities, most commonly too on the score of interest. The women partake of this spirit of discord. Held in slavish subjection by the men, they rise in furious passions against each other, which vent themselves in such loud, virulent, and indecent railings, as are hardly to be heard in any other part of the world.
الصفحة 309 - She became a cow ; and the other became a bull, and approached her; and the issue were kine. She was changed into a mare, and he into a stallion ; one was turned into a female ass, and the other into a male one : thus did he again approach her ; and the one-hoofed kind was the offspring. She became a female goat, and he a male one ; she was an ewe, and he a ram : thus he approached her ; and goats and sheep were the progeny. In this manner, did he create every existing pair whatsoever, even to the...
|
<urn:uuid:0f3e4a6e-f499-4be7-bb7a-a4ede17247a5>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=6nUIAAAAQAAJ&hl=ar&lr=
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646076.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530163210-20230530193210-00284.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946128 | 1,373 | 2.53125 | 3 | 2.753377 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Religion
|
|From the Dinosaur Mailing List:|
David W.E. Hone, Kebai Wang, Corwin Sullivan, Xijin Zhao, Shuqing Chen, Dunjin Li, Shuan Ji, Qiang Ji and Xing Xu (2011) A new tyrannosaurine theropod, Zhuchengtyrannus magnus is named based on a maxilla and dentary. Cretaceous Research (advance online publication) doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.005
Tyrannosaurids are primarily gigantic, predatory theropod dinosaurs of the Cretaceous. Here we report a new member of the tyrannosaurid clade Tyrannosaurinae from the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group of Zhucheng, Shandong Province, China, based on a maxilla and associated dentary. The discovery of this animal, here named Zhuchengtyrannus magnus gen. et sp.nov., adds to the known diversity of tyrannosaurids in Asia. Z. magnus can be identified by a horizontal shelf on the lateral surface of the base of the ascending process, and a rounded notch in the anterior margin of the maxillary fenestra. Several additional features contribute to a unique combination of character states that serves to further distinguish Z.magnus from other taxa. Comparisons with other tyrannosaurids suggest that Zhuchengtyrannus was a very large theropod, comparable in size to both Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus.
Thursday, March 31, 2011
Tuesday, March 29, 2011
Monday, March 28, 2011
Sunday, March 27, 2011
Saturday, March 26, 2011
Despite paid agenda driven bloviations of "Climate-driven food insecurity", even environmental media king The Guardian sees the real reasons behind it, and it isn’t global warming aka “climate change”. Instead, blame gets squarely placed on weather, a new virulent strain of wheat rust, the U.N.’s policies related to GM regulation, shifting economies, and biofuels.
The whole post here.
Friday, March 25, 2011
|From you know who.|
But with the government and the green movement increasing their efforts to slime and smear those who point to the actual science, like this, as akin to the Luddites motivated by fear and anger, it is important for people to step back and consider just how incomplete our understanding of how the climate works is, and just how great the uncertainties are.
This ultimately relates to the now infamous Hockey Stick, which purported to show a thousand years of relatively constant climate before the middle of the 19th Century.
So you can see why they fiddled with the graph to remove the "inconvenient" data.
The still best explanation of the scientific fraud lying behind the Hockey Stick and how it was, against the will and active interference of much of the climate science establishment, exposed is this.
|So, maybe we're are now entering the endgame of the decades long experiment in the middle-class white fantasy that separatism was a viable strategy for aboriginal people in Australia.|
This fantasy, that "spiritual" native people could viably return to and maintain a stone age culture and lifestyle in modern Australia was always doomed to failure.
This fantasy of well meaning members of the white elite, whose own children were sent to the best private schools money could buy to prepare them for stellar careers in the law and medicine, has doomed generations of aboriginal children to lives of squalor and degradation as they sit out in the middle of nowhere, with nothing to do, other than to go mad.
The traditional life basically ended many years ago. It was never going to be revived. So people sat down and waited for their sit-down money, bored out of their minds.
And some people are surprised this ended in a social catastrophe?
Gary Johns, a special minister of state in the Keating Labor government, has written a book that is hopefully the death knell of this nightmare of good intentions gone horribly wrong - Aboriginal Self-Determination: The Whiteman's Dream by Gary Johns (Connor Court Publishing, $29.95).
The Weekend Australian, (yes, you can almost hear certain minds slamming shut while telling themselves they are so clever with their talk of the LOLstralian), has the first of several edited extracts from the book today.
Here's a taste:
Truly a case of read and weep.
Weep for the lives of so many children destroyed before they ever had a chance to turn whatever their dreams may have been, to be a doctor or have a nice house, whatever, into reality.
For kids - and it is happening right now out in the remote communities (and sadly in not so remote ones too) - being subjected to a level of degradation and abuse almost beyond imagining.
For desperate women, on the receiving end of often savage beatings from their menfolk, still trying to protect their young children being used as disposable sexual commodities. In some areas they do everything they can to prevent men from taking young boys out into the desert for "initiation" ceremonies, knowing exactly what will really initiated into.
Some of us more conservative people have recently been derided, in another context, for being "angry."
Well, too-right I'm angry. I'm seething with anger at yet another avoidable policy cluster-fuck. One that was predictable, predicted and vindicated.
But I can't even summon a hint of schadenfreude here. Being proved right still means a story of human misery and lost opportunity too sad to crow over.
But some great aerial footage of two Tornadoes from the Royal Air Force en route to Libya, including refuelling from a soon to disappear VC-10 tanker.
You can see what a versatile aircraft this supposed "Cold-War relic" has become, with its mixed warload of Litening III advanced targetting pod, Paveway IV bombs (relatively small guided munitions designed to minimise collateral damage), and duel-seeker mode Brimstone anti-armor missiles.
Wednesday, March 23, 2011
Saturday, March 19, 2011
|@Dan_J_Thorpe Tax cuts to counter a tax that is supposed to make things more expensive.|
From the Twitters.
But life has been dealing with constant exposure to radiation since it began over 3 billion years ago.
As there is no such thing as a toxic substance, only a toxic dose, so to with radiation.
Friday, March 18, 2011
In economics, it's called the law of diminishing marginal utility. The first glass of water you drink will help a lot to quench your thirst. The second will help a little less and so on. By the 10th glass you will be feeling unpleasantly full or even sick. That's the worst aspect: some major environmental policies aren't just ineffective -- they are counterproductive.
"You're not allowed to do this in science." Must see video explaining the deception behind "hide the decline"
|Berkeley professor of physics Richard Muller expresses his disgust at what, (in my view), can only be described as the scientific fraud behind the signature image of global warming alarmism, the Hockey Stick.|
For the record, Professor Muller in not a "climate denier," (and has there ever been a more egregious example of dishonest smearing of opponents than this absurd and idiotic term?).
As do we all, he accepts that carbon dioxide is indeed a greenhouse gas and that human beings increasing the amount of that gas in the atmosphere must have some effect.
Not that that is the question at issue, (though you wouldn't think so going by the hysterical carry-on of the alarmists). The question is simply this - what will be the effect of a doubling of CO2 over pre-industrial levels, ie what is the 'climate sensitivity' of CO2?
The answer is that we really don't know, but that there is precious little (if any) evidence to justify the irrational panic that has become associated with climate change.
Watch and make up your own minds, but I'll ask you this: after watching it, will you ever trust the core group of climate scientists associated with the Climategate scandal again?
For me, the answer to that question has to be no.
Friday, March 11, 2011
Thursday, March 10, 2011
Sunday, March 6, 2011
GREEN is, like, so hot right now, thanks to Miranda Kerr...whether at her plush New York pad or her luxurious LA digs…
|The disconnect between fantasy and reality here is bizarre.|
But yes, the WWF has made Miranda Kerr, who has a carbon footprint the rest of us could only dream about, their global Earth Hour Ambassador.
The reaction from the Fairfax Press to this absurd hypocrisy?
Just as an aside, the Quadrant article referred to at the end, The Intelligent Voter's Guide to Global Warming, is not behind the magazine's pay wall and is available free on the interwebs.
Laurie Oakes warns Wayne Swan "I've rarely seen an issue that has inflamed anger to the extent that this one has"
|Apparently the tax that Julia Gillard says is a tax is, according to Wayne Swan now, not a tax at all!|
In roughly the same way that the goods and services tax isn't a tax either.
|All up, P Z Myers (who in my opinion is very clever but, when it comes to politics and the like, can be a very nasty and petty piece of work), is quite right in the general points he makes about this latest episode of a gullible and scientifically illiterate media falling for a press release put out by an attention seeking scientist.|
And the media generally has fallen for the recycled claims about supposed microfossils found in a meteorite; claims that came in the form of a press release little different to one issued by the same person back in 2004.
But in amongst this is the way Myers displays the typical liberal obsession with Fox News, an obsession that you'd have to start thinking is evidence of a psychological condition verging on the pathological.
Saturday, March 5, 2011
|Yet another example of bad science (amongst other things) leading to bad policy.|
From Watts Up With That?:
|From The Wall Street Journal:|
Friday, March 4, 2011
"F...ing c..., here's a stunt. Kick him 'til he's dead." Where were our delicate flowers of civility then?
|I'd tweeted about this on Wednesday after reading it in the Oz's Australian Literary Review, but have just come across the article online.|
It's interesting that, speaking the day after the Japanese attack on the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbour, Curtin did not just say as is so often repeated, (in the context of declaring that we were now at war with Japan), that Australia would be a place where civilisation would persist.
He also declared that Australia would be "a citadel for the British-speaking race."
Great read for anyone interested in Australian history and identity.
I see that James Curran also has a book on this subject out at the moment, which I saw at Boffins the other day.
I think I'll be buying this one and helping to support a fantastic independent book seller at the same time.
Clive James on Dorothea Mackellar's "sunburnt country" and understanding that for Australia, extreme is normal
|Strange times we live in when one of our most accomplished men of letters can see the blindingly obvious that professional scientific alarmists can't (or wont).|
James may not be a scientist, but he is one of the smartest men ever to be produced by this country, and it shows.
Do yourself a favour and read it all.
And to labour a point, because the idea that the recent rains in Queensland and elsewhere were somehow "unprecedented" is still being peddled by the ignorant, it's worth remembering that so-called one-in-a-hundred-year floods like the one that hit Brisbane last month occurred six times between 1840 and 1900.
Two of these happened within just a fortnight of each other, while three were bigger than the most recent one.
Similarly, for all the hand-wringing about the drought being the worst in a thousand years (as the premier of South Australia so foolishly claimed), it is still arguable as to whether or not it was worse that the Federation Drought of the 1890s.
Thursday, March 3, 2011
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
The Australian Conservation Foundation's tricky maths concerning "subsidies" for the fossil fuel industry
It's interesting that even Possum from Crikey clearly thought the claims were absurd.
Though none of the ACF's dishonest trickery matches those leftoids that have seriously suggested that the Iraq war was a subsidy to the fossil fuel industry. (I kid you not.)
Appeared on Monday I believe.
chriskkennylook at me, here's a promise, now it's a tax, look at my levy, back at me, another tax, look it's gay marriage, I'm on a horse.
If you're on the Twitters, Mr Kenny is worth a follow.
|
<urn:uuid:78562644-4c04-4933-9ebf-78cbbc7b3cbc>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
http://straightshooters.blogspot.fr/2011/03/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645538.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318052202-20180318072202-00464.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954665 | 2,791 | 2.546875 | 3 | 2.850214 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Politics
|
It's a galaxy-eat-galaxy universe out there. Big ones eat little ones, then the big ones "merge" with other big ones. Mergers start out as collisions. Two spiral galaxies sail into and through each other, pulling long trails of stars behind them, then come back and do it again. Along the way, they compress each other's gases to trigger the formation of stars, hot stars brighter than a welder's torch. Finally each is caught by the other and they merge. The two galaxies may have been the breathtaking pinwheels of astronomy picture books before the merger, but afterward all we see is a blob of light known as an elliptical galaxy. The "Local Group," namely our own and some 25 other galaxies, someday will be one.
It could happen here. The Andromeda galaxy and we in the Milky Way galaxy are heading for each other at 300,000 miles per hour. And no one, no one, is doing anything to stop it. The excuse is that the collision, if there is one, won't happen for another three or four billion years. And unlike head-on automobile crashes, this one would take a few hundred million years.
These galactic tidbits came to light at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, convening in Philadelphia where it was founded 150 years earlier. Five thousand scientists and journalists came to hear 850 speakers on the hard, soft and social sciences.
Looking for a really big story, I naturally headed for "Galaxies in Collision." Bradley Whitmore of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore brought us up to speed. We've known for a generation or more that violent processes are the rule rather than the exception around the universe. Astronomers had not thought specifically about galaxies colliding, however, because they believed such events to be rare, although there had been clues to the contrary, Whitmore said. During the 1950s Fritz Zwicky at CalTech systematically photographed interacting galaxies, noting especially the wispy tails he guessed consisted of stars. In 1966 Halton Arp published his Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, containing lots of images of what looked like colliding galaxies, and suggested that colliding galaxies could form stars in bursts. In 1983 a satellite that looks at the sky at infrared wavelengths found that the most star formation was occurring where galaxies were colliding. (Stars just beginning their lives are often obscured at optical wavelengths. They glow brightly in the infrared.)
Theoretical astronomers have been working on colliding galaxies since the 1940s. Not until the advent of supercomputers, however, could scientists follow the complex interactions between stars, gas clouds and dark matter. Nowadays they can produce "movies" of galaxies colliding. Chris Mihos of Case Western Reserve University is one practitioner. He uses several hundred thousand "superstars," each representing 100,000 stars, across thousands of light-years of space to produce his animations of collisions. (Mihos is quick to point out that the resolution in his simulations is only a tenth as good as that of actual images made by the Hubble Space Telescope.) He said it is no coincidence that our galaxy is "barred"--the center looks more like a wide, straight line than a circle--or that the disk is thick. We've been in collisions before.
In classical astronomy, the globular clusters (spherical bunches of, typically, 100,000 stars) that orbit our galaxy were thought of as being unique remnants of the beginnings of the galaxy. But the models and observation both find colliding galaxies causing bursts of star formation in brand-new globular clusters as well as in galaxies proper. At least some galaxies have three populations of globular clusters. In a galaxy known as NGC 7252, there are globular clusters made up of stars 15 billion years old, 500 million years old and only 10 million to 20 million years old. The last two presumably are the work of collisions. Some of the youngest stars are so hot that they will burn out in 10 million years. (The sun has been going strong for 4.5 billion years and is good for another 4.5 billion or so.)
Rosemary F. G. Wyse of Johns Hopkins University reported on our space invader, the dwarf galaxy known as Sagittarius. Three astronomers had been studying small squares of sky, measuring the motion of stars close to the Milky Way's galactic center, when they noticed that some stars were not moving like all the others. These mavericks were all moving together, and were part of a dwarf galaxy only one-fifth the size of our own, and with only one one-thousandth the mass. (Much of the mass has to be dark matter. The visible stars would not produce a gravitational field strong enough to hold Sagittarius together against the tremendous pull of our galaxy.)
If current estimates of its age are right, then Sagittarius may have passed through our galaxy ten times. It is also possible, however, that Sagittarius hit the Large Magellanic Cloud (a satellite galaxy visible to the naked eye in the Southern Hemisphere) not so long ago, astronomically speaking. It may have made only two passes through our galaxy since. Astronomers are now searching its orbit for streams of stars ripped out of Sagittarius by our own galaxy.
As to us colliding with the Andromeda galaxy, the watchword is relax. Mihos said we cannot yet tell whether it will be a true collision or a near miss. Watch this space for breaking news.
If we do collide, most people may never notice. Stars are so far apart that the Solar System might slide through such an event with no perturbation whatever. Mihos offered this analogy: if the sun were a marble on a step of Philadelphia's City Hall, then the nearest star would be in the Caribbean. The Solar System might be pulled out into a tidal tail, but while the night sky would look very different, our tight little family would be together as always.
|
<urn:uuid:5951bccc-298a-4192-a0db-6038628e1dc6>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/a-space-invader-is-here-151574243/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00179-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959837 | 1,237 | 3.640625 | 4 | 2.96437 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
Migrant Child Labor in the Thai Seafood Industry
September 23, 2015
Migrant workers from Myanmar fill a critical niche in Thailand’s multi-billion-dollar seafood industry. As Thais increasingly shy away from shrimp and seafood processing jobs that many consider “3D” work – dirty, dangerous, and difficult – migrants are stepping in to fill these positions. Of the 700,000 workers in Thailand’s shrimp sector alone, 80 percent are migrants, primarily from Myanmar. Many of these workers travel to Thailand with their families, and the coastal provinces where the shrimp and seafood processing industries are based are home to large migrant communities.
To better understand the conditions in which these migrants work, and to explore the experiences of the industry’s youngest workers, The Asia Foundation and the International Labour Organization (ILO) conducted a joint research project focused on children working in Thailand’s shrimp and seafood processing industries. The study looks not only at the substantial number of children aged 15-17 who work legally in these sectors, but also at younger children who work informally – through home-based shrimp peeling, by accompanying parents to the workplace where they perform light tasks, or by staying home from school to care for younger siblings so that their parents can work.
The study sheds light on a number of issues affecting children in the shrimp and seafood sectors. Children working in seafood processing are more frequently exposed to workplace hazards than children in other industries, and they are twice as likely to incur an injury. Boys are particularly at risk, as they tend to take on more hazardous tasks, such as unloading crates of fish from ships in the early morning hours – a task that exposes them to heavy loads and slippery surfaces during hours when they may be drowsy and vulnerable to injury. Despite such hazards, 44 percent of children in the industry lack personal protective equipment such as boots and gloves, and migrant children are less likely to have such equipment than Thais. Moreover, few working children are aware of labor laws requiring protective equipment, limiting working hours, and ensuring safe working environments. Only three percent of children surveyed held a written contract for their work.
The study also found that large numbers of children in the shrimp and seafood industry, both migrant and Thai, are not attending school. Although Thai law guarantees access to education for all children to age 15, regardless of citizenship or registration status, the study found that about one-quarter of migrant children drop out at the end of sixth grade (around age 12), and nearly half of those that remain drop out when they reach the legal working age of 15.
With these stark numbers in mind, the research team explored the factors that are leading families to pull their children from school for work. Through focus group discussions with migrant parents, NGO representatives, school administrators, and others, we confirmed that the strongest factor, particularly for poorer families and those in debt, is the possibility of earning income for the family. In addition, migrants who believe they will soon return to Myanmar are more likely to let their children work, as these families tend to be focused on accruing savings before returning to an unknown economic future in Myanmar. The study revealed that many families also pull children – particularly girls – from school after age 12 so that they can care for younger siblings, thus freeing up parents and children over age 15 for work.
Another factor leading migrant children to drop out of school is the difficulty many experience when transitioning into the formal Thai school system. Part of the problem is the common practice of enrolling new migrants at the first grade level – regardless of their age. School administrators believe that this helps them learn Thai and catch up with the curriculum, but it also has unintended consequences: older Myanmar children are embarrassed to be paired with much younger Thai classmates; teachers find themselves struggling to manage classrooms of children at vastly different levels of development. Frustration with this system, and the difficulty of achieving a quality education within it, lead many migrants to choose work over school.
Equipped with these findings, the research team developed a number of recommendations to improve workplace safety for children aged 15-17 and incentives for families to send younger children to school. The recommendations involve a combination of independent actions by government, the private sector, civil society, and the international community, as well as multi-stakeholder collaboration among these actors.
With regard to labor conditions, international buyers and the government have an important role to play in ensuring compliance with international labor standards. Buyers hold substantial leverage over suppliers, and this leverage can be used to encourage improvement. NGOs can support this progress by providing technical assistance to small and medium-sized producers to help them upgrade their operations. Such improvements will help workers in the near term and support the development of a sustainable seafood industry for Thailand in the long term.
To improve education for migrant children, the report recommends that they start school early – ideally at three to four years of age – by enrolling in childcare centers managed by the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (MSDHS). An early start to school will give these children the proficiency in Thai to enter first grade with their peers (in turn making it more likely that these migrant children will stay in school). Migrant children’s enrollment in early childhood education will also help ease the burden of childcare that is currently falling on their adolescent siblings, enabling these older children to stay in school past the age of 12.
For migrant children who come to Thailand later, and therefore do not have the option of entering Thai school at an early age, we recommend that tutoring be provided to prepare them to enter Thai school with peers their own age, and that ongoing tutoring be made available to ensure that this transition is smooth. Vocational training should also be made available to migrant children aged 13 to 14 to encourage parents to keep them in school during the years when many drop out. School-based vocational training programs linked to market needs (and if possible, to employment at age 15) will provide a strong incentive for parents to keep their children in school.
As a complement to the preceding recommendations, the report identifies a timely opportunity to improve migrant children’s enrollment. In March of this year, Thailand implemented a new regulation that allows migrant workers to renew their four-year work permit after just 30 days out of the country (rather than three years as required under the previous policy). We believe that this change holds enormous potential to reduce child labor and encourage more migrant children to go to school. As discussed, many of the migrants surveyed who were not sending their children to school were focused on the accumulation of family savings in the immediate term, as their time horizon for earning was a short one. By giving migrants the assurance that they can stay in Thailand for the long term (as long as they continue to have productive working relationships with their employers), this new regulation will help parents feel more invested in a life in Thailand for themselves and their children. Our research suggests that this change will increase migrants’ willingness to send their children to primary school to learn Thai and to secondary school to develop marketable skills, keeping them in school throughout their childhood years.
NGOs, government, and employers who seek to retain workers can support this positive development through education and advocacy that encourages migrant parents to choose education over work for their children. Thailand has been proactive in supporting migrant children’s access to education through Education for All legislation. By working together to ensure that all children take advantage of this right, we can combat child labor, while providing children with the space to learn and develop into productive and contributing adults.
Ellen Boccuzzi is acting director of The Asia Foundation’s Governance and Law Program, and lead author of Migrant and Child Labor in Thailand’s Shrimp and Other Seafood Supply Chains: Labor Conditions and the Decision to Study or Work, a joint study with the International Labour Organization. She can be reached at [email protected]. The views and opinions expressed here are those of the author, not those of The Asia Foundation.
About our blog, InAsia
InAsia is posted and distributed every other Wednesday evening, Pacific Time. If you have any questions, please send an email to [email protected].
ContactFor questions about InAsia, or for our cross-post and re-use policy, please send an email to [email protected].
The Asia Foundation
465 California St., 9th Floor
San Francisco, CA 94104
PO Box 193223
San Francisco, CA 94119-3223
The Latest Across Asia
January 10, 2023
January 10, 2023
January 3, 2023
December 16, 2022
December 9, 2022
December 7, 2022
Support Women Forest Defenders
Join us this holiday season to help untapped leaders like Sumini and the Women Forest Defenders battle rampant deforestation in Indonesia.
|
<urn:uuid:5b254e52-f0a7-4d66-8ede-19ea772cbdf3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://asiafoundation.org/2015/09/23/migrant-child-labor-in-the-thai-seafood-industry/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500095.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204075436-20230204105436-00864.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962143 | 1,817 | 2.5625 | 3 | 3.07731 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
In a curious twist on the usual story on how insects spread human diseases, us humans are propagating a virus that deforms the wings of bees. And like most modern disease stories, this one is international, thanks to the commercial transport of honeybee colonies around the world.
Bees are needed to pollinate plants, but bees are also on dying all over the world. The answer, of course, is to make a buck by shipping bee colonies from place to place, where they will go about their busy-business of pollination, before being shipped off to the next venue. It’s like a national or international tour, only with bees instead of rock stars, and the mite Varroa destructor in place of groupies.
Deformed wing virus and the Varroa mites that carry it “are a major threat to the world’s honeybees,” says a new study out of the University of Exeter, published in Science. The European honeybees that tour the world are originally from East Asia and have made their way through Europe to the Americas and Hawaii, and then on to Australia and New Zealand, originally brought along by European settlers.
The disease, which–as its name suggests–deforms the wings of the bees, is fairly resistant to direct transmission between bees, and on its own would be little more than a nuisance. The Varroa mite which carries it, though, is a much more dangerous. It infects a high number of bees, causing whole colonies to collapse when they are overwintering, and also eats bee larvae.
The mites emerged as a problem in the late 20th century and are responsible for the current pandemic thanks to the increased movements of colonies. And the problem isn’t just contained within these roving colonies. Like hippies following a never-ending Grateful Dead tour, some of these parasitical mites drop out along the way and insinuate themselves into local colonies.
To slow and hopefully halt this global free-ride, the study recommends
“tighter controls, such as mandatory health screenings and regulated movement of honeybees across borders.” The authors also call for Varroa-free refuges “for the conservation of wild and managed pollinators,” in an effort to maintain non-infected populations.
The problem seems set to continue, though. As long as there are too few bees to pollinate crops naturally, they will keep being shipped around the world. And for as long as that happens, local colonies remain under threat, and unable to restore themselves–a classic Catch-22-style bind.
|
<urn:uuid:1142d769-c0bb-4535-9b9d-bdfa7cfd708e>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-05
|
https://www.fastcompany.com/3056620/a-deadly-bee-virus-is-being-spread-by-humans
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888077.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119164824-20180119184824-00419.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956169 | 543 | 3.375 | 3 | 2.995357 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Science & Tech.
|
In eLearning, or any learning, the participant must complete the material. Too many people do not complete the elearning courses. Online training is moving away from the instructor-led classroom model to a user / desktop centric model and elearning developers must present content in a manner that engages the user right through to course completion.
How do you draw users into the content and keep them immersed through to completion?
There are two tactics available to you:
- Visual appeal (eye candy)
- The interactive strategy (the user climbs in mentally to the application)
The Visual Strategy
Visually uninspiring, text heavy elearning loses the user quickly. Because of the technologies involved, the user expects courseware with a designers touch employing imagery, graphics, elegant backgrounds, and selective animations and transitions. You use the visual opening to draw the user into the content. When you see a great storefront window display you go into the store.
However, no matter how great the entry the users level of interest can wane unless there is great content and compelling substance so as to keep them interested. You must engage the user at a deeper level to retain interest and make them want to complete the course. Picture in your mind the teenager with a handheld video game or smartphone who has lost track of time and entered the application virtually. You want that level of engagement.
The Interactive Strategy
Interactivity occurs between a student and your software. Interactive elearning design has come of age and most higher end multimedia authoring tools are capable of creating the three levels of interaction described below:
|Rote Interaction:||Navigation commands are the most common form of rote interactivity. Next, Back, Enter, Exit, Help buttons require user input but become mechanical and minimize the cognitive engagement of the user.|
|Cognitive Interaction:||This level of interaction requires the user to make choices based on information provided them. The interactivity may function like a puzzle in that the user must reach a goal but must overcome challenges along the way. The obstacles presented may change based on user choices. Branching, scenarios, and real play simulations are techniques used to present situations to the user.|
|Instinctual Interaction:||Also known as the Nintendo Interaction. Adding a timing element to a cognitive interaction produces quick, almost instinctual responses in the student. The student is attentive and engaged. Skill transference is most successful at this level.|
You can apply these techniques to your new courseware and rejuvenate your tried and true, but dated content with outstanding positive results. With increased attentiveness and engagement you will improve course completion rates thereby improving learner performance more quickly. If you wish to learn more about how to enhance your online training, read our free ebook Learn How To Create Performance Based eLearning.
|
<urn:uuid:5adb33a4-6c44-4b8a-89b2-f90cc4854de0>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
|
http://performancecritical.com/the-two-most-important-tactics-in-advanced-elearning-development-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211052406-20171211072406-00648.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912005 | 573 | 2.796875 | 3 | 2.352555 | 2 |
Moderate reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
After a year on the market, the iPad is still the hottest tablet around. And students in Chicago Public Schools (CPS) have been lucky enough to use them in the classroom for an entire school year.
Teachers at various CPS institutions are using the iPad to heighten student learning at all grade levels. Whether it’s helping special education students “speak” to grocery store clerks on field trips, assisting high school physics students in “building” roller coasters to understand motion and energy, or conducting daily formative assessments to improve student performance, the iPad engages students — and according to experts, that’s the most rewarding part.
“What we’ve found with the iPads as we’ve rolled this out is that having kids with a device such as the iPad in the classroom — within the curriculum — is very powerful,” said CPS Technology Education Director John Connolly. “Our feedback from our teachers and students is that this is something they’re using every day. It’s embedded in all of their subjects, even if they were originally targeting one subject, and we’re seeing some really cool things happening with those students.”
CPS is testing the device in more than 20 schools to see whether it could eventually become a permanent learning tool for the entire school district. Since the trial launched last August, other school districts around the country have followed suit. The expansion of technology in education — and in government at large — is widespread. Over the last several years, many colleges, universities and K-12 school districts, not to mention local and state agencies, have incorporated emerging technology like Apple iPhones and Amazon Kindles into their daily lives. Adding the iPad is just an extension of this.
While some contend that such technology incorporated into the classroom can be more of a distraction than a learning tool, CPS executives, educators and students are proving otherwise.
iPads in Action
At Chicago’s Burley Elementary School, Technology Coordinator Carolyn Skibba said iPads allow for easy collaboration among teachers and students. The administration, she said, was excited about the potential of a device that’s small, flexible, portable, visual and hands-on, especially when working with younger students.
“It really seemed like something that could integrate more seamlessly into the learning experience for the kids,” she said. “We felt that other technology initiatives in the district had to some extent underserved or overlooked our youngest learners, and we felt that the iPad was a tool, because of its visual and hands-on design, would really be a natural fit for our youngest learners.”
The kids have taken to the technology, navigating the iPad’s apps with ease and using the touchscreen like pros, she said. The second-graders in teacher Begoña Cowan’s class learn about spelling and pronunciation without having to share a pile of traditional magnetic letters. Instead, each student uses the ABC — Magnetic Alphabet app on his or her iPad to spell “-oom” and “-oop” words. When it’s time to put the iPads away, they each return the device to the cart with two hands held up against their chests to keep it safe.
First-grade students have used apps like Pages, Simplenote and smartNote to help with basic word processing. For one assignment, the kids copied a photo of a totem pole from the Web, pasted it in the app and wrote a few sentences about the meaning of the totem pole, which shows honor when a tribe chief has died.
“We’ve done a lot of explicit instruction on how to use the iPad and basic word-processing skills for young children, and the iPad allows us to take a virtual field trip every day by searching Web content in a way that’s user-friendly for early childhood students,” said teacher Kristin Ziemke-Fastabend.
At the Chicago High School for the Arts, physics students work in small groups to use the Coaster Physics app to create roller coasters while incorporating traditional learning methods, said CPS Technology Integration Specialist Margaret Murphy.
“They start out with sheets to do the mathematics — the physics calculations — and another person is drawing a roller coaster on a large sheet of paper,” she said. “Another is designing it on the iPad, and they’re all sharing with each other, making sure the way their math worked out is working on the iPad, and it is matching what they’ve drawn on their paper.”
When teacher Kevin Cram taught the roller coaster lesson plan pre-iPad, he said several students didn’t have the opportunity to design their own roller coasters, which involved physical materials like pipe insulation that students cut up and glued together to make one-dimensional projects. “Not everyone was able to create as much as I wanted,” he said. “The iPad allowed easy access and manipulation and creation because of this app. So every group got to design and put their ideas into an actual model.”
Also using a blended approach in the classroom is Jenny Cho-Magiera, whose fourth-grade class at the National Teachers Academy used iPads to follow along with a voice-recorded lesson about the anatomy of a flower. The students saw the pages in the book from which Cho-Magiera was reading. Any student who missed the lesson could review that exact lesson at a later time.
Where does traditional teaching enter the picture? Her teacher’s assistant moved from table to table with a real lily to show students what they were learning about.
For Cho-Magiera, the most revolutionary thing about the iPad is how fast she can respond to students’ assessments of the day’s lesson. Before the iPad, the children would scribble something on a half-sheet of paper and turn it in, sometimes forgetting to write their names. Cho-Magiera wasn’t able to react or answer questions until at least the next day.
Now Cho-Magiera said she uses Google Forms, a survey development interface. In about 30 seconds, she can put three or four questions in the form, and the students use the iPads to answer. The results are formulated into a Google spreadsheet in real time, and she can immediately sort through them and form work groups based on which students need help with different topics.
“Just like that, I have my differentiated groups for that day,” she said. “I don’t need to wait 24 hours to put them into a group — when they forgot what they were learning about yesterday. As a result of that, their proficiency has gone up because my teaching has become more efficient.”
Back at the School for the Arts, Cram also uses iPads for formative assessments, utilizing what he calls a “WebQuest.” Cram likes to include both a pre-quiz and a post-quiz, and during a lesson, students investigate different websites on their iPads to research and answer questions. “We can see what areas of growth they have after they’ve done the research,” he said, noting that the answers to both pre- and post-quizzes are submitted via Google docs.
Cram says he hasn’t seen any dramatic improvements in learning since incorporating the iPad, but he anticipates that there will be soon. “The students are much more engaged and interested in the material. And because of that, maybe I’m pushing them a bit more and asking more challenging questions,” he said. “Through practice and more work with challenging questions, and being exposed to that with the engagement at 90 to 100 percent with the iPad versus much lower with a lecture or even hands-on labs.”
The Ground-Up Approach
Incorporating new, up-to-the-minute technology, especially in education, sounds great. It’s been said time and again that students should be taught in ways that they’re comfortable — and they’re quite comfortable with technology. But to critics, technology might hurt more than help the ability to learn. One person questioning the impact of some new technologies on students is President Barack Obama, who at Virginia’s Hampton University commencement, said that with iPods, iPads, Microsoft Xboxes and Sony PlayStations, “information becomes a distraction, a diversion, a form of entertainment, rather than a tool of empowerment, rather than the means of emancipation.”
In Chicago, Connolly said, the way CPS rolled out the iPad trial has helped conquer this challenge. The school district asked its schools to submit applications, which a committee reviewed and then determined which schools would test the technology.
“Not only is that the fair way to do it,” Connolly said, “but it also allowed schools and teachers who were interested in using technology to step to the forefront.” Two hundred schools applied for grants that were valued at more than $20,000. Each grant includes 32 iPads, one MacBook Pro for syncing purposes, $200 in iTunes credit for applications and a storage cart for the hardware.
Professional development has also been a huge part of the trial’s success. CPS partnered with Apple to provide professional development and create a cohort of collaboration across the schools to share best practices and ideas. Teachers train every other month for one day. The morning is dedicated to learning new applications or new ways to incorporate the iPad into the classroom, and the afternoon is geared toward collaboration.
“What we’ve found in the feedback is that teachers love the time of trading stories of how they’re using and implementing the iPad with other colleagues from other schools, in addition to learning something in the front half of the day,” Connolly said. Trainers also provide onsite training in the classroom, so teachers don’t have to be pulled out of class.
Preparation was another factor in the trial’s success. Each teacher devised a blueprint for incorporating the iPad into his or her lesson plans well in advance of receiving the technology. “So they could expand what they were already comfortable doing,” he said.
“All of that together, it’s kind of the ground-up approach.”
Will iPads Infiltrate CPS?
As teachers become more comfortable using the iPad, demand is growing. “Other teachers are peeking in and saying, ‘We want to use that too,’ which is pretty exciting for us, but now we’re running into an issue of people saying, ‘We need that technology,’” said Connolly.
CPS CIO Arshele Stevens said she believes that knowing how to implement and supervise iPad use in the classroom is key to making sure the device doesn’t become a distraction to learning. Part of the original intent of the iPad trial was to ensure that the district served as a guide for all schools to implement the technology. “We’ve always planned, at the end of the trials, to assess, and then if we see a project that’s really transformed a student’s knowledge of a subject matter, to elevate that,” she said. “We want to create a model.”
CPS has three categories of teachers as far as computers go, Stevens said: those who are proficient, those who are fairly comfortable, and then there’s the larger population, which doesn’t even want to use e-mail. “Those are the teachers who really don’t know how to integrate technology in the classroom. It’s not because they’re reluctant; it’s that they don’t know how,” she said, adding that if the district can, based on a successful trial, create a step-by-step process to incorporate iPads in the classroom for a teacher who’s uncomfortable with technology — a process they’re able to execute — that’s beneficial for the entire district.
The plan, she said, is to expand the program next school year not only to additional schools, but also to users in the central office. “We’re hoping to extend its use,” she said, “because we find that most people are really excited about it.”
|
<urn:uuid:88bc561b-e720-4bf5-a1e6-5378c4a465c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-35
|
http://www.govtech.com/education/118877879.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644066266.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025426-00284-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9684 | 2,579 | 2.9375 | 3 | 2.959636 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
Educators and Parents: This Educator and Parent Guide is provided for teachers and parents to use as a catalyst for discussion and learning, if they choose to watch this program with their students. CNN provides Educator and Parent Guides for all of its "In America" programming.
(CNN Student News) -- Watch or record "Don't Fail Me: Education in America" when it airs on CNN on Saturday, May 21 at 8:00 p.m. ET. By recording the documentary, you agree that you will use the program for educational viewing purposes for a one-year period only. No other rights of any kind or nature whatsoever are granted, including, without limitation, any rights to sell, publish, distribute, post online or distribute in any other medium or forum, or use for any commercial or promotional purpose.
Program Description: In "Don't Fail Me: Education in America", we learn that at this very moment, America's future is at stake. "If we don't generate the next group of innovators, scientists, engineers, and problem solvers," inventor Dean Kamen warns, "our standard of living, our quality of life, our security, will plummet!" American students rank 17th in science and 25th in math when compared to other industrialized nations. They don't have the skills to take on the high tech jobs of the future. This is because of how and what we teach American kids. It is also because of a culture that values sports and celebrities above all. The United States needs to change the way students are taught math and science, and children need to be encouraged and inspired to take the toughest classes in those subjects. There is a nationwide competition designed to motivate high school students to take those classes, push themselves, and learn more. Students Maria Castro, Brian Whited and Shaan Patel are actively involved in it. But is it too late for them? Is it too late for us?
Recommended grades: 7-12
Subject Areas: Science, Mathematics, Education
Before-viewing Discussion Questions: Use these questions to promote discussion before viewing the program.
1. What do you think is the goal of a free public education for every child? What do you think might be some of the benefits and costs of providing free public education?
2. In your opinion, who are the major stakeholders in the American education system? What role do you think that each of these stakeholders plays in the education of America's youth?
3. Why do you think that some educators and policy makers are concerned with American students' performance in math and science? In your opinion, what, if anything, should be done to encourage students to take more math and science courses? What factors do you think might play a role in a student's math and science performance?
4. In your opinion, what should schools be doing to prepare students for the jobs of tomorrow? Do you think that your school does enough to prepare you for the future? Why or why not? What do you think that students your age should be doing to prepare themselves for future jobs?
Post-Viewing Discussion Questions: Use these questions to facilitate discussion and critical thinking after watching "Don't Fail Me: Education in America."
1. Who are the three students featured in the documentary? Why do you think that these students were chosen for this program? Do you think that these students are good representatives of typical American students? Why or why not?
2. According to U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan, how many "high wage, high skilled jobs" exist in America today? Why does he think that these jobs are not being filled by Americans? Do you think America's youth will be ready to fill these types of jobs when they complete their education? Why or why not?
3. What does Dean Kaman say in the program about what may happen if the United States does not improve its performance in math and science? What is your opinion of his assessment? What do you think that the American education system can do to improve students' math and science performance? What do you think that students and parents can do to improve students' performance in these subject areas?
4. What is the purpose of the For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology (FIRST) competition? Why do you think that Kaman chose to create a robotics competition rather than science fair? In your opinion, what might be the advantages and disadvantages of having students participate in each of these kinds of programs?
4. How are the schools attended by the students featured in the documentary characterized? How are these schools similar to yours? In what ways are they different?
5. What percent of students at Maria's school does not pass statewide tests in math and reading? What concerns does Maria raise regarding her education? How does she address these concerns?
6. What challenges do the students face while participating in the FIRST competition? What skills do you think these student competitors might need? In your opinion, what impact, if any, might students' experiences through FIRST have on their lives?
7. What issues does former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen raise in the program regarding state tests and the No Child Left Behind Act? According to Gov. Bredesen, how did Tennessee and several other states address these issues? What does Secretary Duncan say about states and their test scores? What is your reaction to the allegation that some states have been misrepresenting their test scores to students and families?
8. What reforms did former Governor Bredesen and the state of Tennessee implement in order to improve the math and science curriculum? Why do you think that Tennessee focused on these subject areas? What is your opinion of the reforms mentioned in the program? In your opinion, what impact, if any, might these reforms have on Brian Whited's school?
9. What examples do you see in this program that supports the claim that students shy away from math? Why do you think that students drop out of or don't take more difficult math courses? What long-term impact, if any, do you think that this situation might have on the American workforce? Why do you think that the students featured in the documentary prefer to take more challenging courses?
10. According to the program: What percent of the U.S. population is Asian? What percent of engineering graduates is Asian? To what does Shaan Patel attribute this statistic? What is your reaction to his assessment?
11. Why do you think that the documentary is titled "Don't Fail Me"? Do you think that this is an appropriate title? Why or why not? What examples can you think of, both from the program and your life, where educators, parents, lawmakers and students themselves may have "failed" students? What advice would you offer each of these groups to better prepare today's students for their lives as adults?
Media Literacy Question
What were some of the different perspectives presented in this program? Do you think that telling the stories of these three students was an effective way to present the issues surrounding science education in the U.S.? Explain. If you were producing a documentary on your education, whose perspectives would you include, and why?
Generating student interest in math and science
Xerox CEO Ursula Burns told CNN, "You need people to show the way. And just like the way we can see Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, why can't they see people like engineers like me, why can't they see us, regular people doing a good thing?" As part of your discussion, have your students react to Burns' statement. Then, have students respond to these questions:
• Why do you think that many actors, musicians and athletes become famous, while few present-day engineers, scientists and inventors are well-known?
• Why do you think that many young people aspire to be athletes, musicians and actors? What do you think might be some benefits and challenges for young people who want to enter these professions? What might be some benefits and challenges for students who choose career paths that involve math, science or engineering?
• Are you aware of career opportunities in math, science and engineering? Do you think most of the students you know are aware of these opportunities? How would you suggest a way to promote interest in these careers among you and your friends?
Next, divide the class into small groups. Challenge each group to come up with a proposal for a TV or Web-based show that would generate interest or inspire careers in science, math, or engineering. Point out that some popular TV shows including "CSI", "Mythbusters" and "Bill Nye the Science Guy" both entertain and generate interest in science by using or explaining scientific principles in different ways. Tell students that they may choose to propose a reality show, a sitcom, a drama or any other format that would appeal to middle or high school students as long as it uses math or science-based characters or principles to inspire interest. Assist groups as they search the Internet for videos and websites that demonstrate scientific and mathematic concepts to help them get ideas and produce their show concepts.
Have each group present its show proposal. Have the rest of the class evaluate each concept. Which one(s) do students think would get their audience most interested in science, math and engineering? Why? What other ideas do students have for making science as popular as sports, music, or entertainment for an audience of their peers?
Pursuing Careers in Science, Technology, Math and Engineering
Direct students to conduct research to learn more about careers in different fields of science, technology, math and engineering, and share their findings. Discuss: What are the job opportunities for students who are interested in these areas? How do their salaries compare to those in other career fields? Ask a career counselor or a professional in one of these fields to visit your class and answer questions about ways that students could position themselves for careers in the sciences. After the discussion, help the students who are interested in these careers solicit support from parents, the school and the community to achieve their goals.
CONTENT STANDARD F: SCIENCE IN PERSONAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES
As a result of activities in grades 9-12, all students should develop understanding of science and technology in local, national, and global challenges
CONTENT STANDARD G: HISTORY AND NATURE OF SCIENCE
As a result of activities in grades 5-12, all students should develop understanding of
• Science as a human endeavor
• Nature of scientific knowledge
National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies: The Themes of Social Studies
3. PEOPLE, PLACES, AND ENVIRONMENTS
Social studies programs should include experiences that provide for the study of people, places, and environments.
5. INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS, AND INSTITUTIONS
Social studies programs should include experiences that provide for the study of interactions among individuals, groups, and institutions.
6. POWER, AUTHORITY, AND GOVERNANCE
Social studies programs should include experiences that provide for the study of how people create, interact with, and change structures of power, authority, and governance.
The National Curriculum Standards for the Social Studies are produced by the National Council for the Social Studies.
|
<urn:uuid:b759dd56-4622-4697-bf8e-f04bbe5b400f>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-40
|
http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/studentnews/05/09/dont.fail.me.guide/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736673439.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215753-00044-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964021 | 2,303 | 2.6875 | 3 | 3.052145 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Education & Jobs
|
Presentation on theme: "AP Art History Thematic Review Gender Issues. Prompt In the history of art, female artists have often faced a different set of circumstances than their."— Presentation transcript:
Prompt In the history of art, female artists have often faced a different set of circumstances than their male counterparts. Identify three female artists and discuss the unique circumstances they faced. Analyze the impact of their gender experience on their work in terms of subject matter and they way in which it is depicted.
Disclaimer (Exemption from requirement for example from beyond European tradition.)
Introduction Female artists often faced daunting circumstances to train for and practice their artistic profession, due to societal constraints and expectations of gender roles. Artemisia Gentileschi is one such example from the seventeenth century.
Introduction, continued Paula Modersohn-Becker, of the German Expressionists in the early twentieth century is a second example. Finally, Adelaide Labille-Guiard is a late eighteenth century French example. Some of the female artists faced challenges in acquiring training, while others struggled to gain equal acceptance by male peers, but the trend that is true for all three of these painters is that their gender had an impact on the subject matter of their works.
Gentileschi Judith Slaying Holofernes, 1621 Italian
Gentileschi – Judith Slaying Holofernes Initially trained by her father, since women were not admitted to art academies, where drawings of the male nude were required. Later trained by a peer of her father; a rape scandal and trial ensued. Her works, as this one reveals, often included powerful women and heroines. Furthermore, her Judith is much larger and stronger, leaning into the bloody work, than other artists Judiths.
Modersohn-Becker Paula Modersohn- Beckers Self- Portrait with an Amber Necklace, 1906
Modersohn-Beckers Self- Portrait She enrolled in a Berlin art school for women in 1896, where she was allowed to study female nudes and sometimes a partially clothed male model. Women artists were tolerated in Modernist circles, but rarely treated as equals. In stead of the eroticized object of male desire*, she portrayed herself, in the nude, as a natural being in tune with her surroundings. Note the muted palette or browns and greens. *C/c with Kirchners Girl Under a Japanese Umbrella, of 1909
Labille-Guiards Self-Portrait with Two Pupils Adelaide Labille-Guiards Self-Portrait with Two Pupils, of 1785
Labille-Guiards Self-Portrait with Two Pupils Many leading portraitists in late eigthenneth century France were women, such as Vigee-Lebrun. However, the French Academy only opened 4 spots for women. Labille-Guiard and Vigee-Lebrun held two of those spots and in 1790, the former successfully petitioned the Academy to end the restriction on women. Rumors circulated that the works of both these female portraitists were actually completed by men. This self-portrait is a counter argument.
Labille-Guiards Self-Portrait with Two Pupils Monumental painting, with pyramidal composition. In a witty role reversal, the only male in the work (both pupils are also female) is a portrait bust of the painters father in the background on the left. He was her inspiration or muse. (Muses, in Greek mythology, were female.)
Additional Suggestion: Kauffmann Angelica Kauffmanns Cornelia Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures, 1785 Swiss, trained in Italy,;worked in Britain and elsewhere in Europe
Berthe Morisots The Cradle Berthe Morisots The Cradle, of 1872
|
<urn:uuid:50772030-64ec-45e3-bef6-b022be650bcd>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-30
|
https://slideplayer.com/slide/763544/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590443.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719012155-20180719032155-00310.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963317 | 793 | 3.765625 | 4 | 2.977476 | 3 |
Strong reasoning
|
Art & Design
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.