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] | 2,700 |
and the low was designated as tropical depression fifteen at 06 ##00 utc on october 13 while located about 190 miles ( 305 kilometres ) south of the southeastern tip of the dominican republic . the previous steady westward motion that the system took across the atlantic halted as it entered an area of weak steering currents and significant motion was not expected for another day or two . as the structure of the storm improved , it was upgraded to a tropical storm and the national hurricane center ( nh ##c ) gave it the name omar . located to the southeast of a broad and deep tr ##op ##os ##pher ##ic trough and to the west of a low to mid @ - @
| 933 |
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] | 2,701 |
level ridge , omar took a counter @ - @ clockwise turn on october 14 . upon becoming a tropical storm , omar began to undergo an extended period of rapid int ##ens ##ification as very deep convection developed around the center of circulation . wind shear around the storm , which was previously inhibit ##ing quick development , weakened , allowing for further strengthening . later that day , an 11 @ . @ 5 to 17 @ . @ 2 mi ( 18 @ . @ 5 to 27 @ . @ 7 km ) wide eye formed as the storm began to turn towards the northeast due to the trough . with the formation of an eye , the d ##vor ##ak technique
| 927 |
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] | 2,702 |
rendered an intensity of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) , sign ##ifying that omar had intensified into a hurricane . the int ##ens ##ification briefly stalled as the eye ##wall eroded and the center of the storm became slightly elliptical . however , deep convection persisted and strengthening was forecast as the storm neared puerto rico . shortly after , the eye quickly became well @ - @ defined and appeared on visible satellite images , an indication the storm was int ##ens ##ifying . the chances of rapid int ##ens ##ification were good as the storm featured well @ - @ developed out ##flow and prominent band ##ing features . with very warm sea surface temperatures , high ocean heat content ,
| 927 |
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] | 2,703 |
low wind shear , and a moist air mass , omar quickly reached its peak intensity early on october 16 as a category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) . during the int ##ens ##ification phase , the forward motion of the hurricane increased to 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) . once in the atlantic ocean , omar began to rapidly weaken , with winds decreasing by 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) in 12 hours . visible satellite images depicted an exposed low @ - @ level circulation with convection displaced to the east due to a combination of very high wind shear and dry air . by october 17 , most of
| 927 |
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] | 2,704 |
the deep convection associated with the system dissipated ; however , a brief decrease in wind shear allowed omar to re @ - @ strengthen to its secondary peak , with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . during this phase , convection redeveloped around the center and an eye reformed . later that day , the trough that caused the rapid northeastern motion bypassed omar , leading to decreasing movement . a weakening storm , omar continued towards the northeast due to a mid to upper @ - @ level ridge located south of the system and the mid @ - @ latitude west ##er ##lies to the north . late on october 17 , wind shear increased once more as
| 927 |
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] | 2,705 |
omar tracked over waters below 26 ° c ( 79 ° f ) . around 000 ##0 utc on october 18 , omar weakened to a tropical storm as deep convection associated with it dissipated . twelve hours later , while still producing tropical storm @ - @ force winds , the storm de ##gen ##erated into a remnant low pressure area . the remnants of omar persisted until 06 ##00 utc on october 21 when it dissipated about 80 ##5 mi ( 1 @ , @ 295 km ) west of the azores . = = preparations = = on october 15 , the governor of the united states virgin islands announced the final preparations for hurricane omar as he signed a state of emergency
| 927 |
[
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] | 2,706 |
declaration for the territory . public schools would be closed on october 16 . all non @ - @ essential workers would be dismissed at 10 a . m . local time . at 6 p . m . cu ##rf ##ew was put in place for the same day . only those with valid passes would be allowed to be out after the cu ##rf ##ew was put in place . that same day , a hurricane warning and flash flood watch were put in place in anticipation of hurricane @ - @ force winds and torre ##ntial rains from omar . the american red cross planned to open shelters throughout the islands before the hurricane struck . sand ##bags were also being distributed in
| 154 |
[
"st",
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] | 2,707 |
st . croix . a large oil refinery , which produces 500 @ , @ 000 barrels per day ( 79 @ , @ 000 m3 / d ) , was shut down and only necessary workers remained at the refinery . on sin ##t ma ##arte ##n , officials advised residents to start all necessary actions to prepare for a hurricane . residents were told to clear their yards of any debris or lose furniture that could become airborne during the storm , place shutter ##s over windows and doors and assist elderly neighbors with shutter ##ing their homes , and mariners should find a safe haven . a cu ##rf ##ew from 10 : 00 p . m . on october 15 to 10
| 341 |
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] | 2,708 |
: 00 a . m . on october 16 was put in place . due to the possibility of flash flooding , residents were to un ##cl ##og and free up all waterways around their homes . officials also warned people to stay away from areas prone to landslide ##s until the " all @ - @ clear " was given . owners of livestock were advised to have ins ##ured that they were secured in holding areas . as a pre ##ca ##ution , the water supply would be shut down from 8 : 00 p . m . october 15 to 8 : 00 a . m . october 16 . four public areas , st . peters community center , dutch quarter community
| 956 |
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] | 2,709 |
center , genevieve de wee ##ver school , and the salvation army building would be used as emergency shelters . all public activities , flights , and schools were either closed or canceled on puerto rico . eighteen shelters were open on the eastern part of the island . also , on ang ##uil ##la , residents in the sandy ground , valley bottom , welch ##es and mount fortune areas were placed under evacuation orders . shelters were opened throughout the island for those in need of shelter . schools and government offices were also closed and visitors were told to leave the island . omar produced moderate damage throughout numerous islands , amount ##ing to at least $ 60 million ( 2008 usd )
| 393 |
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] | 2,710 |
and one death was related to the storm . while it was moving little over the south @ - @ central caribbean , omar brought prolonged tropical storm conditions to the abc islands . sustained winds to near gale force battered the islands , although peak gust ##s to 58 mph ( 92 km / h ) were confined to bon ##aire . in 24 hours , a maximum precipitation total of 4 @ . @ 0 in ( 102 mm ) was recorded on ar ##uba , while 1 @ . @ 7 in ( 43 mm ) and 1 @ . @ 5 in ( 41 mm ) of rain fell in cu ##rac ##ao and bon ##aire , respectively . the high winds
| 938 |
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] | 2,711 |
damaged roofs on all three islands , and rough seas caused beach erosion and significant damage to coastal facilities . some rain damage also occurred , with significant flooding reported in some parts of ar ##uba . in the ss ##s islands ( sa ##ba , st . eu ##sta ##tius , and sin ##t ma ##arte ##n ) strong winds from omar , gust ##ing up to 76 mph ( 122 km / h ) , and high waves caused significant damage and coastal flooding . on sin ##t ma ##arte ##n , rainfall from the storm totaled to 5 @ . @ 4 in ( 139 @ . @ 4 mm ) . damage in sin ##t ma ##arte ##n was mainly limited to
| 935 |
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] | 2,712 |
beach erosion and scattered power out ##ages . the island of dominic ##a suffered severe damage from hurricane omar . the village of scott ##s head , with a population of 450 , was cut off from the rest of the country as roads were extensively damaged . the village also suffered water losses , electricity shortage , and land ##line telephone ##s were cut off . ports throughout the country were severely damaged . all barge access for hauling sand and stones were destroyed . the airport also sustained some damage . seven boats ran aground during the storm . minor damage was reported in ang ##uil ##la . two hotels sustained roof damage , downed tree ##d knocked down power lines causing scattered power
| 957 |
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] | 2,713 |
out ##ages , and the rough seas caused severe beach erosion . three cargo ships and seven boats ran aground and two other boats sank . in antigua and bar ##bu ##da , winds from omar were recorded at 40 mph , with gust ##s to 48 mph . intense sq ##ual ##l lines brought torre ##ntial rains , falling at rates of 2 in ( 50 @ . @ 8 mm ) at times , peaking at 2 @ . @ 22 in ( 56 @ . @ 4 mm ) per hour from 09 ##00 utc to 1200 utc on october 16 . the maximum recorded rainfall was 9 @ . @ 1 in ( 232 @ . @ 6 mm ) however ,
| 934 |
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"."
] | 2,714 |
up to 11 in ( 279 @ . @ 4 mm ) was estimated to have fallen in the mountains . storm surge was estimated at 2 – 4 ft ( 0 @ . @ 6 – 1 @ . @ 2 m ) with waves reaching 5 – 8 ft ( 1 @ . @ 5 – 2 @ . @ 4 m ) in height . nine homes were destroyed and several landslide ##s were reported . no fatalities were associated with omar , and only a few sustained minor injuries . the most severe damage was dealt to roads and agriculture due to flooding . seventy @ - @ five people were forced to evacuate to shelters as their homes were flooded .
| 937 |
[
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".",
"croix",
",",
"waves",
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] | 2,715 |
several farms were washed away , including their livestock . numerous farmers lost their harvest due to flooding . damages in bar ##bu ##da were estimated at $ 18 million . agricultural losses in antigua amounted to around $ 11 million ( 2008 usd ) and property damage amounted to $ 25 million . in puerto rico , a man died after he collapsed from cardiac arrest while trying to install storm shutter ##s on his home . as a tropical wave , the precedent to omar produced heavy rains over the island , causing minor flooding . after passing by puerto rico a second time , omar produced locally heavy rains , which caused minor street flooding . on st . croix , waves up
| 937 |
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".",
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"islands"
] | 2,716 |
to 15 ft ( 4 @ . @ 5 m ) from omar sank about 47 boats , leading to a large oil spill around the islands . about 400 ships broke lose from the docks , 200 of which lost their anchors . omar produced upwards of 7 in ( 177 @ . @ 8 mm ) of rain on the island within a 24 ‑ hour span . although st . croix was brushed by the eye ##wall , sustained winds reached 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) with gust ##s to 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) . three people needed to be rescued when their ship struck a reef and began to sink . most of the islands
| 956 |
[
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"##uf"
] | 2,717 |
55 @ , @ 000 residents were without power as over 100 utility poles were destroyed . damages on the island were estimated at $ 700 @ , @ 000 with another $ 1 million in clean @ - @ up costs . st . thomas , one of the hardest hit islands , was left completely without power in the wake of the hurricane . all of the major intersections were shut down as traffic lights were either on the ground or without power . damages on the island totaled to $ 5 @ . @ 3 million . in the gr ##os isle ##t quarter on st . lucia , rough seas damaged a jett ##y and grounded a yacht . in so ##uf
| 957 |
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"=",
"=",
"aftermath",
"="
] | 2,718 |
##rier ##e , four homes were destroyed by the storm surge , which also made some areas imp ##ass ##ible . the storm surge also flooded parts of the an ##se la ray ##e quarter , leading to officials declaring a mandatory evacuation of the area . on mont ##ser ##rat , very little damage was reported . a few minor landslide ##s occurred in rural areas ; no impact was caused by them . on ne ##vis there was relatively little damage although the beach ##front part of the four seasons resort was severely damaged and was subsequently closed for an extended period . throughout st . kit ##ts and ne ##vis , damage was estimated at $ 19 million . = = aftermath =
| 957 |
[
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",",
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] | 2,719 |
= the damage dealt to the agricultural sector of antigua and bar ##bu ##da fueled major concerns for " food security " in 2009 . the government allocated about $ 33 @ , @ 89 ##7 @ , @ 420 to help develop and repair the industry . significant expansion ##s of crop ##lands were discussed , 15 @ , @ 000 ft ##2 ( 45 ##7 ##2 m2 ) area , to help promote growth of the sector . on october 29 , in the wake of omar , president george w . bush signed a major disaster declaration for the united states virgin islands , allowing public aid to assist the islands . the federal emergency management agency or fe ##ma , had received
| 444 |
[
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60 requests for public assistance throughout the area . monetary value for the assistance was estimated at $ 3 million and growing . twenty @ - @ five departments and agencies were approved of for federal support , namely the u . s . v . i . department of public works . several non @ - @ profit organizations also received support from fe ##ma , while those that did not meet the criteria were referred to the small business administration ’ s low @ - @ interest loan program . on dominic ##a , omar ' s close pass to the island left 30 families homeless and severely hampered the fishing community . on december 15 , the board of directors of the caribbean
| 443 |
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development bank approved $ 9 @ . @ 16 million for assistance to those affected by omar on the island and to restore the infrastructure damaged by the hurricane . on december 18 , the government of dominic ##a invested $ 4 million in aid for the fishing communities impacted by omar . a total of 140 fishermen were provided with $ 250 per week for a total of four weeks . sixty @ - @ two of which continued to receive funds due to their circumstances . the government also purchased 121 boat engines to distribute to fisher ##s . another $ 79 ##4 @ , @ 000 was spent to repair 47 boats and construct another 28 that had been damaged or destroyed by
| 957 |
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omar . the government also bought replacement fishing gear . = papal con ##clave , 1769 = a papal con ##clave which lasted from 15 february to 19 may 1769 was con ##vo ##ked after the death of pope clement xiii . it elected as his successor cardinal lorenzo ganga ##nell ##i , who took the name clement xiv . = = death of clement xiii = = clement xiii died suddenly on 2 february 1769 , a day before the date of the consist ##ory that he had con ##vo ##ked to examine the demands for the general suppression of the society of jesus . the various courts under the house of bourbon and the kingdom of portugal ( under the house of bra ##gan
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##za ) had ex ##erted strong pressure on the holy see to suppress this order through almost the whole of his pont ##ific ##ate . in 1759 jesuits were expelled from portugal , in 1762 from the kingdom of france , in 1767 from spain and in 1768 from the kingdom of naples , the kingdom of sicily and the duchy of parma and pia ##cen ##za . clement xiii strongly defended the society ( e . g . in the bull apostolic ##um pas ##cend ##i in 1765 ) , but without success . in january 1769 france and naples seized the papal territories around av ##ignon , ben ##eve ##nto and pont ##ec ##or ##vo to force the pope to issue a decree for
| 420 |
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the suppression of the order . the sudden death of 75 @ - @ year @ - @ old clement xiii left this difficult decision to his successor . = = list of participants = = forty six out of fifty seven cardinals participated in the con ##clave : carlo alberto guido ##bon ##o ca ##val ##chin ##i ( created cardinal on september 9 , 1743 ) – cardinal @ - @ bishop of os ##tia e ve ##llet ##ri ; dean of the sacred college of cardinals ; pro @ - @ data ##ry of his holiness ; prefect of the s . c . of ceremonies ; prefect of the s . c . of bishops and regulars federico marcel ##lo lan ##te (
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september 9 , 1743 ) – cardinal @ - @ bishop of porto e santa ru ##fin ##a ; sub @ - @ dean of the sacred college of cardinals ; prefect of the s . c . of the good government ; governor of bal ##nea ##rio gia ##n francesco alba ##ni ( april 10 , 1747 ) – cardinal @ - @ bishop of sa ##bina ; cardinal @ - @ protector of poland henry benedict stuart ( july 3 , 1747 ) – cardinal @ - @ bishop of fra ##sca ##ti ; com ##men ##da ##tar ##io of s . lorenzo in dam ##as ##o ; vice @ - @ chancellor of the holy roman church ; arch ##pr ##iest of the
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patriarch ##al vatican basilica fa ##bri ##zio serb ##ello ##ni ( november 26 , 1753 ) – cardinal @ - @ bishop of alba ##no giovanni francesco stop ##pani ( november 26 , 1753 ) – cardinal @ - @ bishop of pale ##st ##rina giuseppe po ##zzo ##bone ##lli ( september 9 , 1743 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of s . maria so ##pr ##a minerva ; archbishop of milan carlo vittorio am ##ede ##o delle lan ##ze ( april 10 , 1747 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of s . pr ##asse ##de ; titular archbishop of nico ##sia vincenzo mal ##vez ##zi ( november 26 , 1753 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of ss . marcel
| 432 |
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| 432 |
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of s . clement ##e ; came ##rle ##ngo of the holy roman church antonio maria pri ##uli ( october 2 , 1758 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of s . marco ; bishop of padua fernando maria de rossi ( september 24 , 1759 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of s . cecilia ; prefect of the s . c . of the trident ##ine council ; latin patriarch of constantinople giro ##lam ##o spin ##ola ( september 24 , 1759 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of s . bal ##bina ; leg ##ate in ferrara giuseppe maria caste ##lli ( september 24 , 1759 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of s . ale ##ssi ##o ;
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prefect of the s . c . for the propagation of faith ga ##etano fan ##tu ##zzi ( september 24 , 1759 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of s . pietro in vin ##col ##i ; prefect of the s . c . of the ec ##cles ##iest ##ical im ##mun ##ities pietro giro ##lam ##o gu ##gli ##el ##mi ( september 24 , 1759 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of ss . tri ##ni ##ta al monte pin ##cio ; came ##rle ##ngo of the sacred college of cardinals pietro paolo de con ##ti ( september 24 , 1759 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of s . stefano al monte ce ##lio lorenzo ganga ##nell ##i , o .
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sacred college of cardinals ; librarian of the holy roman church ; cardinal @ - @ protector of austria and the kingdom of sardinia ne ##ri maria co ##rs ##ini ( august 14 , 1730 ) – cardinal @ - @ deacon of s . eu ##sta ##chio ; arch ##pr ##iest of the patriarch ##al later ##an basilica ; secretary of the supreme s . c . of the roman and universal inquisition ; prefect of the supreme tribunal of the apostolic signature of justice ; cardinal @ - @ protector of portugal domenico or ##sin ##i d ' aragon ##a ( september 9 , 1743 ) – cardinal @ - @ deacon of s . maria ad martyr ##es ; cardinal @ - @
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) – cardinal @ - @ deacon of s . cesare ##o in pal ##ati ##o ; prefect of the tribunal of the apostolic signature of grace nicola pere ##lli ( september 24 , 1759 ) – cardinal @ - @ deacon of s . giorgio in ve ##lab ##ro andrea co ##rs ##ini ( september 24 , 1759 ) – cardinal @ - @ deacon of s . angelo in pe ##sche ##ria andrea negro ##ni ( july 18 , 1763 ) – cardinal @ - @ deacon of ss . vito e modest ##o ; secretary of the apostolic briefs save ##rio canal ##e ( september 26 , 1766 ) – cardinal @ - @ deacon of s . maria della scala ; com
| 102 |
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##men ##da ##tory abbot of sub ##iac ##o ben ##ede ##tto veteran ##i ( september 26 , 1766 ) – cardinal @ - @ deacon of ss . co ##sma e damian ##o ; prefect of the s . c . of index twenty nine electors were created by clement xiii , while fifteen by pope benedict xiv . alessandro alba ##ni received the red hat from innocent xiii , and ne ##ri maria co ##rs ##ini from clement xii . giacomo odd ##i ( september 9 , 1743 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of s . lorenzo in luc ##ina ; proto ##pr ##iest of the sacred college of cardinals ; archbishop of vi ##ter ##bo e to ##scan ##ella carlo francesco du
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] | 2,739 |
april 5 , 1756 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest [ no title assigned ] ; patriarch of lisbon christoph anton von mig ##az ##zi von wa ##al und son ##nent ##hur ##n ( november 23 , 1761 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest [ no title assigned ] ; archbishop of vienna ; administrator of the see of va ##cz antoine clair ##iard de choi ##se ##ul de beau ##pre ( november 23 , 1761 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest [ no title assigned ] ; archbishop of be ##san ##con jean @ - @ francois @ - @ joseph de roche ##cho ##ua ##rt ( november 23 , 1761 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest of s . eu
| 432 |
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] | 2,740 |
##se ##bio ; bishop of lao ##n franz christoph fr ##ei ##her ##r von hut ##ten zu st ##ol ##zen ##fe ##ls ( november 23 , 1761 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest [ no title assigned ] ; bishop of sp ##eyer louis @ - @ cesar @ - @ constantine de rohan @ - @ gu ##eme ##nee ( november 23 , 1761 ) – cardinal @ - @ priest [ no title assigned ] ; bishop of strasbourg = = divisions in the college of cardinals and the candidates to the papacy = = the papal con ##clave in 1769 was almost completely dominated by the problem of the society of jesus . the sacred college of cardinals was divided into two
| 433 |
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] | 2,741 |
bloc ##s : pro @ - @ jesuits and anti @ - @ jesuits , but several cardinals were neutral . the pro @ - @ jesuit faction , called ze ##lan ##ti , grouped italian cu ##rial cardinals who opposed the secular influences on the church . their leaders were gia ##n francesco and alessandro alba ##ni and cardinal @ - @ nephew of the deceased pope carlo re ##zzo ##nic ##o . the anti @ - @ jesuit bloc ( called also " court faction " ) grouped crown @ - @ cardinals of the catholic powers : france , spain and naples . respectively ruled at the time by louis xv of france , charles iii of spain and ferdinand iii of sicily
| 418 |
[
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"eight",
")"
] | 2,742 |
/ ferdinand iv of naples . in spite of the national divisions they worked together for the main goal – suppression of the society of jesus . the bourbon courts had decided to put the official leadership of this bloc in the hands of the french cardinal de bern ##is . he and his colleagues were instructed to block every pro @ - @ jesuit candi ##da ##ture , even with the official exclusion if necessary . several cardinals , among them lorenzo ganga ##nell ##i , did not belong to either faction . the spanish and ne ##ap ##oli ##tan governments had classified forty three italian cardinals into five categories : " good " ( eleven cardinals ) , " indifferent " ( eight )
| 103 |
[
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] | 2,743 |
, " doubtful " ( three ) , " bad " ( fifteen ) and " very bad " ( six ) : cardinal or ##sin ##i , the official representative of the ne ##ap ##oli ##tan court , and all the foreigners , were not classified because it was certain that none of them would be ever elected pope . the french government was more fast ##idi ##ous than spanish and ne ##ap ##oli ##tan . only three cardinals were considered good candidates : con ##ti , du ##rini and ganga ##nell ##i out of these 43 cardinals only 27 or 28 were actually considered papa ##bil ##e , while the remaining 15 were excluded due to their age or health . the con ##clave
| 420 |
[
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] | 2,744 |
began on february 15 , 1769 . initially only 27 cardinals participated . ze ##lan ##ti , taking advantage of the small number of the electors and the absence of the french and spanish cardinals , tried to achieve a quick election of cardinal fl ##avio chi ##gi . in one ballot he was only two votes short of being elected . the efforts of ze ##lan ##ti met with strong protests from the ambassadors of france and spain , but , fortunately for them , cardinal or ##sin ##i , protector of the kingdom of naples and the only crown @ - @ cardinal present in the early ballots , was able to join some neutral cardinals to block chi ##gi ’ s candi ##da
| 450 |
[
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] | 2,745 |
##ture . an unprecedented event was the visit of joseph ii , holy roman emperor , who arrived inc ##og ##ni ##to in rome on march 6 and was allowed to enter the con ##clave . he stayed there two weeks , freely debating with the electors . fortunately , he did not press them but only expressed the wish for the election of a pope who would be able to carry out his duties with the proper respect for the secular rulers . cardinal de bern ##is entered the con ##clave at the end of march and took the leadership of the anti @ - @ jesuit faction from the hands of cardinal or ##sin ##i , who could have blocked ze ##lan ##ti ’
| 405 |
[
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] | 2,746 |
s actions only with the great difficulties . bern ##is immediately established a regular correspondence with french ambassador marquis d ' au ##bet ##erre , which was in violation of the fundamental law of the con ##clave . ambassadors of france and spain urged bern ##is to insist that the election of the future pope be made to depend on his written engagement to suppress the jesuits . bern ##is refused , answering that demanding from the future pope a written or oral promise to destroy the society of jesus would be in violation of the canon law . in spite of this refusal , during the next few weeks bern ##is consecutive ##ly rejected all candidates proposed by ze ##lan ##ti as too devoted to
| 432 |
[
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] | 2,747 |
the jesuits . in this way twenty @ - @ three out of twenty @ - @ eight papa ##bil ##e were eliminated , among them strongly pro @ - @ jesuit cardinal fan ##tu ##zzi , who at some point was very close to achieving election to the papal throne , as well as ca ##val ##chin ##i , colon ##na , stop ##pani , po ##zzo ##bone ##lli , ser ##sal ##e , and several others . the arrival of spanish cardinals sol ##is and de la ce ##rda on april 27 strengthened the anti @ - @ jesuit party . they also violated the law of the con ##clave by establishing regular correspondence with spanish ambassador az ##pur ##u . the spaniards had
| 417 |
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] | 2,748 |
fewer sc ##rup ##les than bern ##is and , supported by cardinal mal ##vez ##zi , took the matter into their own hands . they paid attention to the only friar in the sacred college , cardinal lorenzo ganga ##nell ##i , o . f . m . con ##v . the attitude of ganga ##nell ##i towards the jesuits was a great mystery – he had been educated by the jesuits and it was said that he received the red hat at the instance of father lorenzo ric ##ci , general of the society of jesus , but during the pont ##ific ##ate of clement xiii he did not engage himself in the defence of the order . cardinal sol ##is began by sounding him
| 66 |
[
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out as to his willingness to give the promise required by the bourbon princes as an ind ##is ##pen ##sable condition for election . ganga ##nell ##i answered that " he recognized in the sovereign pont ##iff the right to ex ##ting ##uis ##h , with good conscience , the society of jesus , provided he observed the canon law ; and that it was desirable that the pope should do everything in his power to satisfy the wishes of the crowns " . it is not certain whether it was a written or only an oral promise , but this declaration fully satisfied the ambassadors . in the same time ze ##lan ##ti , also began to incline to give their support to ganga ##nell
| 50 |
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##i , looking upon him as indifferent or even favourable to the jesuits . it seems that the attitude of ze ##lan ##ti was decided by the secret negotiations between their leaders alessandro and gia ##n francesco alba ##ni and the spanish cardinals . cardinal de bern ##is , the nominal leader of the court faction , probably did not play any role in the appointment of ganga ##nell ##i and only followed the instructions of marquis d ' au ##bet ##erre when all had been already known . = = = results of the ballots = = = the results of the ballots between april 27 and may 18 were following ( only the leading candidates are included ) : april 27 – fan ##tu
| 102 |
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##zzi – 10 ; colon ##na – 9 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 6 ; stop ##pani – 5 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 5 april 28 – fan ##tu ##zzi – 9 ; colon ##na – 9 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 7 ; stop ##pani – 6 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 4 april 29 – colon ##na – 11 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 8 ; stop ##pani – 5 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 4 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 4 april 30 – colon ##na – 11 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 8 ; stop ##pani – 5 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 4 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 4 may 1 – colon ##na – 11
| 31 |
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| 31 |
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| 31 |
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6 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 5 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 4 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 3 may 10 – colon ##na – 11 ; stop ##pani – 7 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 5 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 4 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 4 may 11 – colon ##na – 11 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 6 ; stop ##pani – 5 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 5 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 3 may 12 – colon ##na – 11 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 6 ; stop ##pani – 6 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 6 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 5 may 13 – colon ##na – 13 ; stop ##pani – 7 ;
| 31 |
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po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 6 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 5 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 5 may 14 – colon ##na – 11 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 10 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 9 ; stop ##pani – 8 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 4 may 15 – colon ##na – 11 ; stop ##pani – 11 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 10 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 9 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 5 may 16 – colon ##na – 11 ; ganga ##nell ##i – 10 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 8 ; stop ##pani – 8 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 4 may 17 – colon ##na – 12 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 12 ;
| 31 |
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ganga ##nell ##i – 10 ; stop ##pani – 5 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 1 may 18 – ganga ##nell ##i – 19 ; colon ##na – 13 ; po ##zzo ##bone ##lli – 11 ; stop ##pani – 6 ; fan ##tu ##zzi – 1 = = election of clement xiv = = in the final ballot on may 19 , 1769 cardinal lorenzo ganga ##nell ##i was elected to the papacy receiving all votes except of his own , which he gave to carlo re ##zzo ##nic ##o , nephew of clement xiii and one of the leaders of ze ##lan ##ti . he took the name of clement xiv , in honour of clement xiii , who had elevated him to the
| 37 |
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cardinal ##ate . on may 28 the new pope was consecrated to the ep ##is ##co ##pate by cardinal federico marcel ##lo lan ##te , bishop of porto e santa ru ##fin ##a and sub @ - @ dean of the sacred college of cardinals , assisted by cardinals gia ##n francesco alba ##ni , bishop of sa ##bina and henry benedict stuart , bishop of fra ##sca ##ti . on june 4 he was solemnly crowned by cardinal alessandro alba ##ni , proto ##de ##aco ##n of s . maria in via la ##ta = west hen ##df ##ord cricket ground , ye ##ov ##il = west hen ##df ##ord cricket ground was a first @ - @ class cricket ground located in ye ##ov
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] | 2,758 |
##il , somerset . the land for the ground was first leased by ye ##ov ##il cricket club in 1874 , and was also used for a range of other sports , most significantly hosting ye ##ov ##il rugby club in the 1890s , and then again from 1935 until the ground was closed . significant improvements were made to the ground during the 1930s , including the opening of a new pavilion , jointly funded by the rugby and cricket clubs . the ground was demolished in 1944 when west ##land aircraft extended their factory , and both ye ##ov ##il cricket club and rugby club moved to johnson park . between 1935 and 1939 , the ground hosted five annual somerset county cricket club
| 664 |
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matches in july or august ; the first of which nearly broke a county record for ticket sales on the gate . somerset only won one of the five matches , the 1936 contest against worcestershire . ye ##ov ##il and county cricket club was formed in 1865 , and was the first attempt at setting up a county cricket team for somerset . the attempt was unsuccessful , and the club broke up . in 1874 , the club was re @ - @ formed with the lesser re ##mit , as ye ##ov ##il cricket club . as part of the club ' s res ##us ##cit ##ation , the committee purchased the use of a field in west hen ##df ##ord in ye
| 664 |
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##ov ##il , from a local farmer , mr brook . the field , part of key farm , was leased for £ 10 . there is record of a match being played on the ground the following year between two sets of members of the ye ##ov ##il cricket club . during the late 19th @ - @ century , the ground was used for other sports as well as cricket ; it had a grass athletics track , and also hosted ye ##ov ##il football club , who at the time played both association and rugby football . the football club played at west hen ##df ##ord on an irregular basis during the late 19th @ - @ century , but returned in 1935
| 664 |
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, by which time they only played rugby , and had changed their name accordingly to ye ##ov ##il rugby club . in 1895 , the cricket club committee announced that there was provision for a longer lease , of five or seven years , and that they would make improvements to the ground to enable it to host first @ - @ class cricket . the ground was also used for field hockey in the early 20th @ - @ century , hosting a ye ##ov ##il hockey club . somerset county cricket club played their first of five annual first @ - @ class matches on the ground in 1935 . the match , against surrey , was a significant event in the town
| 664 |
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] | 2,762 |
, and a series of festivities were arranged to run alongside the three @ - @ day contest , including a dance and a smoking concert . entry for the match , which took place from 17 to 19 august was one shi ##lling , and attracted over 5 @ , @ 000 people , raising around £ 400 . surrey won the match by eight wickets . the taking ##s from this match helped the ye ##ov ##il cricket club make further improvements to the ground , expanding it and adding further seating . the following year , somerset played worcestershire at the ground , in what the western gazette described as " ye ##ov ##il cricket festival " . the captain of ye ##ov
| 664 |
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] | 2,763 |
##il cricket club , richard south ##combe , was included in the somerset team , which won the match by 170 runs . the taking ##s were slightly lower than the previous year due to poor weather , but still described as " gr ##ati ##fying " . in 1937 , sussex beat somerset at the ground , in a match that once again drew a crowd of around 5 @ , @ 000 . the yorkshire evening post described the wicket as " crumbling " towards the end of the match , favour ##ing the bowler ##s . in 1938 hampshire visited , and the report in the western daily press lame ##nted the state of the wicket , which meant that the game ,
| 665 |
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] | 2,764 |
like the three first @ - @ class matches at the ground before it , was completed in two days , rather than the scheduled three . that winter , a new pavilion costing £ 550 was erected on the ground for the shared use of the cricket club and the rugby club . the final first @ - @ class match on the ground was played in july 1939 against lancashire , but torre ##ntial rain limited the match to only three hours of play . the taking ##s for the full three days of the match were only £ 87 , and the taunton courier estimated that the losses for the match could be hundreds of pounds . despite the weather , almost 2
| 665 |
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] | 2,765 |
@ , @ 000 people attended the match , and the taunton courier report praised the alterations that had been made to the ground ; the removal of a hedge made the ground lighter , while the ground itself had been well looked after , and drained quickly . the second world war suspended the county championship from 1940 to 1945 , and during that time , west ##land aircraft took over the ground to expand their factory , and informed ye ##ov ##il cricket club that it was no longer available , forcing them to search for a new ground in 1946 . they eventually relocated to the newly opened johnson park in 1948 . the rugby club also moved to johnson park , ama
| 632 |
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] | 2,766 |
##lga ##mat ##ing itself into ye ##ov ##il sports club . after a short break , somerset county cricket club returned to ye ##ov ##il , playing fourteen fixtures at johnson park between 1951 and 1970 , and eight matches at west ##lands sports ground from 1971 to 1978 . during its limited use as a first @ - @ class cricket ground , only one century was scored on the ground , by jim parks . during the 1937 match , he scored 140 runs for sussex . the most wickets taken by a bowler in a match at west hen ##df ##ord was achieved in 1938 , when hampshire ' s stuart boy ##es took twelve wickets , including nine in the first innings
| 665 |
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. somerset ' s only success on the ground was in 1936 against worcestershire , who they dismissed for 60 runs in the first innings , and 77 in the second . " new year ' s eve " is the twelfth episode of the first season of the american comedy television series up all night . the episode originally aired on nbc in the united states on january 12 , 2012 . it was written by erica ri ##vino ##ja and was directed by beth mccarthy @ - @ miller . the episode also featured a guest appearance from jason lee as chris and reagan ' s neighbor and ava ' s boyfriend , kevin . during reagan ( christina apple ##gate ) and chris
| 865 |
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' s ( will ar ##nett ) first new year ' s eve game night , reagan ' s competitive ##ness comes out causing chris to become embarrassed . meanwhile , missy ( jennifer hall ) brings an unexpected date along to the party and , kevin ( jason lee ) starts to feel as though ava ( maya rudolph ) may be ashamed of him . " new year ' s eve " received mostly positive reviews from critics . according to the nielsen media research , " new year ' s eve " drew 4 @ . @ 28 million viewers and received a 2 @ . @ 0 rating / 5 % share in the 18 – 49 demographic , marking a 5
| 887 |
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% rise in the ratings from the previous episode , " first christmas " . it ranked third in its times ##lot and was the second highest @ - @ rated nbc program of the night after the office . after not being able to find a baby @ - @ sit ##ter for amy , reagan suggests that the two throw a game night , an idea chris doesn ' t react well to . they invite ava , kevin , missy , but chris attempts to hide the games due to reagan ' s competitive nature . he tries to make her promise that she won ' t be too competitive , but she does which makes the party awkward . while playing rock
| 768 |
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band the two get in a fight when chris loses the beat on the drums because he was looking at his " drumming arm " . reagan decide to a make a list of " things we are going to stop doing that em ##bar ##ras ##s each other in 2012 " , which features annoying habits that the two want each other to give up . however , before 2011 comes to an end the two erase every thing from the list except for chris ' s bo ##rat impression and re ##age ##n ' s competitive nature . meanwhile , ava is asked to be the grand marshal to a new year ' s day parade . this makes her boyfriend , kevin ,
| 820 |
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] | 2,771 |
feel like he can ' t live up to her lifestyle . he then starts thinking she may be ashamed of him , especially after he isn ' t invited to sit with her during the parade . eventually , kevin confronts ava on this and she reveals that if she mess ##es up their relationship she doesn ' t wanted to be reminded of it while goo ##gling her name . he assure ##s her that their relationship won ' t end badly and the two go to the parade . = = production = = " new year ' s eve " was written by supervising producer erica ri ##vino ##ja , marking her third writing credit for the series after " mr .
| 775 |
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bob ' s todd ##ler ka ##lei ##dos ##cope " and " parents " . the episode was directed by beth mccarthy @ - @ miller , who previously worked with creator emily sp ##ive ##y and executive producer lo ##rne michaels on saturday night live as director for 11 years . the episode features a guest appearance from jason lee as kevin , ava ' s boyfriend . he first appeared in the eighth episode , " first night away " and is currently set to appear in a recurring role for the series . lee had previously worked with sp ##ive ##y and michaels after hosting an episode of saturday night live on november 12 , 2005 . this is the first time the
| 713 |
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series aired in the 9 : 30 pm times ##lot for the first season after the office ; the series previously aired in the 8 : 00pm times ##lot on wednesday . the series switched times ##lot ##s with another nbc comedy series , whitney . some media critics have said that the goal for moving the series was in order to make it more of a ratings success , like the office . = = reception = = " new year ' s eve " originally aired on nbc in the united states on january 12 , 2012 . the episode was viewed by an estimated 4 @ . @ 24 million viewers and received a 2 @ . @ 0 rating / 5 %
| 886 |
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share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . this means that it was seen by 2 @ . @ 0 % of all 18 - to 49 @ - @ year @ - @ olds , and 5 % of all 18 - to 49 @ - @ year @ - @ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . this marked a 5 % rise in the ratings from the previous episode , " first christmas " . the episode finished third in its time slot along with the office , being beaten by grey ' s anatomy which received a 3 @ . @ 8 rating / 9 % share and the cbs drama person of interest which received
| 887 |
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a 3 @ . @ 2 rating / 8 % share in the 18 – 49 demographic . the episode , however , did manage to beat the fox drama series the find ##er and the cw drama series the secret circle . added with d ##vr viewers , who viewed the episode within seven days of the original broadcast , the episode received a 3 @ . @ 0 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , adding a 1 @ . @ 0 rating to the original viewers ##hip . = = = critical reviews = = = " new year ' s eve " received several positive reviews from critics . new york writer steven he ##is ##ler praised the episode for avoiding
| 887 |
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" sitcom @ - @ y territory " with the emotional ending . he also called the series a better choice to follow the office then whitney . the a . v . club reviewer margaret e ##by complement ##ed the bel ##ie ##va ##bility of the main re ##age ##n @ - @ chris plot . despite this , she criticized the ava @ - @ kevin sub ##pl ##ot comparing it to a storyline from sex and the city . she also noted the plot ##line didn ' t stay true to the characters following their plot ##line in the previous episode , " first christmas " . she ultimately rated the episode with a b . adam vic ##ta ##va ##ge of paste
| 757 |
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called the episode a perfect transition from the previous episodes and allowed ava to be " a love ##able third wheel to a completely strong duo in chris and reagan " . he also reacted positively for the scenes featuring missy , comparing her scenes to " early ava , but less ob ##no ##xious " . he ultimately gave the episode an 8 @ . @ 7 / 10 calling it " com ##men ##dable " . bradford evans of splits ##ider praised jennifer hall ' s performance calling her the " un ##sun ##g hero " of the series . he also reacted positively towards the episode ' s ability to un ##ify the show and " keep all of the characters on the
| 878 |
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same turf " . he concluded that he hoped the series could make itself a vital part of the network ' s lineup . hit ##fi ##x reviewer alan sep ##in ##wall called the episode " one its [ the series ] strongest episodes to date " . he wrote that the addition of jason lee human ##ized ava more and gave her a more natural reason to visit reagan and chris at home . he also wrote that the episode worked on a " character level " . world war z : an oral history of the zombie war ( 2006 ) is an apocalyptic horror novel by max brooks . the novel is a collection of individual accounts narrated by an agent of the
| 878 |
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united nations postwar commission , following the devastating global conflict against the zombie plague . other passages record a decade @ - @ long desperate struggle , as experienced by people of various nationalities . the personal accounts also describe the resulting social , political , religious , and environmental changes . world war z is a follow @ - @ up to brooks ' " survival manual " the zombie survival guide ( 2003 ) , but its tone is much more serious . it was inspired by the good war : an oral history of world war two ( 1984 ) by stud ##s ter ##kel , and by the zombie films of george a . romero . brooks used world war z to
| 270 |
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] | 2,780 |
comment on government in ##ept ##itude and american isolation ##ism , while also examining survival ##ism and uncertainty . the novel was a commercial hit and was praised by most critics . its audio ##book version , performed by a full cast including alan al ##da , mark ham ##ill , and john tu ##rt ##ur ##ro , won an audi ##e award in 2007 . a film inspired by the novel , directed by marc forster and starring brad pitt , was released in 2013 . the story is told in the form of a series of interviews conducted by the narrator , max brooks , an agent of the united nations postwar commission . although the exact origin of the plague is unknown ,
| 112 |
[
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] | 2,781 |
a young boy from a village in china is identified as the plague ' s official patient zero . the boy ' s case marks the point where the chinese government begins to take measures to cover up the disease , including generating a crisis with taiwan to mask their activities . nevertheless , the plague still manages to spread to various nations by human trafficking , refugees and the black market organ trade . initially , these nations were able to cover up their smaller outbreak ##s , until a much larger outbreak in south africa brings the plague to public attention . as the infection spreads , israel abandon ##s the palestinian territories and initiate ##s a nationwide qu ##aran ##tine , closing its
| 347 |
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] | 2,782 |
borders to everyone except un ##in ##fect ##ed jews and palestinians . its military then puts down an ultra @ - @ orthodox uprising , which is later referred to as an israeli civil war . the united states does little to prepare because it is over ##con ##fide ##nt in its ability to suppress any threat . although special forces teams contain initial outbreak ##s , a widespread effort never starts : the nation is deprived of political will by " brush ##fire wars " , and a widely distributed and marketed place ##bo vaccine creates a false sense of security . as many more areas around the globe fall to infection , a period known as the " great panic " begins . pakistan
| 236 |
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] | 2,783 |
and iran destroy each other in a nuclear war , after the iranian government attempts to stem the flow of refugees fleeing through pakistan into iran . after zombies overrun new york city , the u . s . military sets up a high @ - @ profile defense in the nearby city of yo ##nk ##ers . the " battle of yo ##nk ##ers " is a disaster ; modern weapons and tactics prove ineffective against zombies , as the enemy has no self @ - @ preservation instincts and can only be stopped if shot through the head . the un ##pre ##par ##ed and demo ##ral ##ized soldiers are routed on live television . other countries suffer similarly disastrous defeats , and human
| 245 |
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] | 2,784 |
civilization tee ##ters on the brink of destruction . in south africa , the government adopt ##s a con ##ting ##ency plan drafted by apartheid @ - @ era intelligence consultant paul red ##eke ##r . it calls for the establishment of small san ##ct ##uaries , leaving large groups of survivors abandoned in special zones in order to distract the undead and allowing those within the main safe zone time to reg ##roup and rec ##up ##erate . governments worldwide assume similar plans or relocate the populace to safer foreign territory , such as the attempted complete evacuation of the japanese archipelago to kam ##cha ##t ##ka . because zombies freeze solid in severe cold , many civilians in north america flee to the wilderness
| 236 |
[
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##es of northern canada and the arctic , where eleven million people die of starvation and h ##yp ##oth ##er ##mia . it is implied that some turn to can ##ni ##bal ##ism to survive ; further interviews from other sources imply that can ##ni ##bal ##ism occurred in areas of the united states where food shortages occurred . the three remaining astronauts in the international space station survive the war by sal ##va ##ging supplies from the abandoned chinese space station and maintain some military and civilian satellites using an orbital fuel station . a surviving member of the iss crew describes " mega " swarm ##s of zombies on the american great plains and central asia , and how the crisis affected earth '
| 230 |
[
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] | 2,786 |
s atmosphere . the u . s . eventually establishes safe zones west of the rocky mountains and spends much of the next decade era ##dic ##ating zombies in that region . all aspects of civilian life are devoted to supporting the war effort against the pan ##de ##mic . much of it resembles total war strategies : ratio ##ning of fuel and food , cultivation of private gardens , and civilian neighborhood patrols . the u . s . government also initiate ##s a " re @ - @ education act " to train the civilian population for the war effort and restore order ; the people with skills such as carp ##ent ##ry and construction find themselves more valuable than people with managerial skills
| 67 |
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] | 2,787 |
. seven years after the outbreak began , a conference is held off the coast of honolulu , aboard the uss saratoga , where most of the world ' s leaders argue that they can out ##las ##t the zombie plague if they stay in their safe zones . the u . s . president , however , argues for going on the offensive . determined to lead by example , the u . s . military rein ##vent ##s itself to meet the specific strategic requirements of fighting the undead : using semi @ - @ automatic , high @ - @ power rifles and volley firing , focusing on head shots and slow , steady rates of fire ( a tactic " re @
| 235 |
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] | 2,788 |
- @ invented " by the indian army during the great panic ) ; and devi ##sing a multi ##pur ##pose hand tool , the " lo ##bot ##omi ##zer " or " lo ##bo " ( described as a combination of a shovel and a battle axe ) , for close @ - @ quarters combat . the military , backed by a res ##urgent american wartime economy , began the three @ - @ year @ - @ long process of re ##taking the contiguous united states from both the undead as well as groups of hostile human survivors . pre ##war military tactics and equipment are mentioned as being employed to deal with sometimes well @ - @ armed and organized human criminal
| 83 |
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] | 2,789 |
or rebel opposition . ten years after the official end of the zombie war , millions of zombies are still active , mainly on the ocean floor or on snow line islands . a democratic cuba has become the world ' s most thriving economy . following a civil war that saw use of nuclear weapons , china has become a democracy and is now known as the " chinese federation " . tibet is freed from chinese rule and hosts l ##has ##a , the world ' s most populated city . following a religious revolution and the revival of russian orthodoxy , russia is now an expansion ##ist theo ##cr ##acy known as the holy russian empire . owing to the fact that many
| 413 |
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] | 2,790 |
young russians either became zombies , were infected with hiv , or died due to drugs , the government has initiated a " breeding " program , with the remaining fertile women implied to be coe ##rc ##ively imp ##re ##gna ##ted to raise the birth ##rate . north korea is completely empty , with the entire population presumed to have disappeared into underground bunker ##s . the situation in the british isles is not entirely clear in the novel , although ireland may have escaped the worst of the outbreak . members of the british royal family had fled to ireland and the isle of man , following the military retreat to the anton ##ine wall , and now exports oil from a reserve under
| 331 |
[
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windsor castle where the queen held out for the war ' s duration , refusing to flee with her relatives . the papacy established a wartime refuge in the roman catholic archdiocese of armagh . in france , the palace of versailles was the site of a massacre and has been burned to the ground ; military losses were particularly high while clearing the cat ##aco ##mbs underneath paris because the cat ##aco ##mbs housed nearly a quarter of a million refugees during the early stages of the war , all of whom became zombies . iceland has been completely de ##pop ##ulated and remains the world ' s most heavily in ##fest ##ed country . the israelis and palestinians have made peace , and the
| 438 |
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] | 2,792 |
former occupied territories have been renamed " unified palestine " . mexico is now known as " az ##tlan " . several countries are described as having revised borders due to the " dumping " of convicts into infected zones ; these convicts rose to command " powerful fi ##ef ##dom ##s " that later became independent states . a so @ - @ called " pacific continent " appears to encompass previously uninhabited islands as well as ships rendered im ##mobile due to lack of fuel . for unknown reasons , the saudi royal family destroyed the oil fields in saudi arabia . the united nations fields a large military force to eliminate the remaining zombies from overrun areas , defeat horde ##s that surface
| 313 |
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from the ocean floor , and kill frozen zombies before they un ##free ##ze . it is stated that previously era ##dicated diseases have made a comeback and that global life expect ##ancy is greatly reduced as the world starts over from where it began . = = development = = brooks designed world war z to follow the " laws " set up in his earlier work , the zombie survival guide ( 2003 ) , and explained that the guide may exist in the novel ' s fictional universe . the zombies of the zombie survival guide are human bodies re ##ani ##mate ##d by an inc ##urable virus ( sol ##anum ) , devoid of intelligence , des ##iro ##us solely of consuming
| 690 |
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] | 2,794 |
living flesh , and cannot be killed unless the brain is destroyed . decomposition will eventually set in , but this process takes longer than for an un ##in ##fect ##ed body and can be slowed by effects such as freezing . although zombies do not tire and are as strong as the humans they in ##fect , they are slow @ - @ moving and incapable of planning or cooperation in their attacks . zombies usually reveal their presence by moaning . brooks discussed the cultural influences on the novel . he claimed inspiration from " the good war " : an oral history of world war two ( 1984 ) by stud ##s ter ##kel , stating : " [ ter ##kel ' s
| 188 |
[
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] | 2,795 |
book is ] an oral history of world war ii . i read it when i was a teenager and it ' s sat with me ever since . when i sat down to write world war z : an oral history of the zombie war , i wanted it to be in the vein of an oral history . " brooks also cited renowned zombie film director george a . romero as an influence and criticized the return of the living dead films : " they cheap ##en zombies , make them silly and camp ##y . they ' ve done for the living dead what the old batman tv show did for the dark knight . " brooks acknowledged making several references to popular
| 742 |
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culture in the novel , including one to alien robot franchise transformers , but declined to identify the others so that readers could discover them independently . brooks conducted cop ##ious research while writing world war z . the technology , politics , economics , culture , and military tactics were based on a variety of reference books and consultation ##s with expert sources . brooks also cites the u . s . army as a reference on firearm statistics . = = = social commentary = = = reviewers have noted that brooks uses world war z as a platform to critic ##ize government in ##ept ##itude , corporate corruption , and human short @ - @ sighted ##ness . at one point in the
| 704 |
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] | 2,797 |
book , a palestinian refugee living in kuwait refuses to believe the dead are rising , fearing it is a trick by israel . many american characters blame the united states ' inability to counter the zombie threat on low confidence in their government due to conflicts in the middle east . brooks shows his particular dislike of government bureaucracy . for example , one character in the novel tries to justify lying about the zombie outbreak to avoid widespread panic , while at the same time failing to develop a solution for fear of ar ##ous ##ing public ir ##e . he has also criticized american isolation ##ism : survival ##ism and disaster preparation are prevalent themes in the novel . several interviews , especially
| 670 |
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] | 2,798 |
those from the united states , focus on policy changes designed to train the surviving americans to fight the zombies and rebuild the country . for example , when cities were made to be as efficient as possible in order to fight the zombies , the plum ##ber could hold a higher status than the former c . e . o . ; when the ultra @ - @ rich hid in their homes , which had been turned into fortified compounds , they were overwhelmed by others trying to get in , leading to mass slaughter . throughout the novel , characters demonstrate the physical and mental requirements needed to survive a disaster . brooks described the large amount of research needed to find optimal
| 227 |
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methods for fighting a worldwide zombie outbreak . he also pointed out that americans like the zombie genre because they believe they can survive anything with the right tools and talent . brooks considers the theme of uncertainty central to the zombie genre . he believes that zombies allow people to deal with their own anxiety about the end of the world . brooks has expressed a deep fear of zombies : this mind ##lessness is connected to the context in which brooks was writing . he declared : " at this point we ' re pretty much living in an irrational time " , full of human suffering and lacking reason or logic . when asked in a subsequent interview about how he would compare
| 671 |
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