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] | 1,500 |
an artifact , said to be part of a vase , made of anti ##mony dating to about 3000 bc was found at tell ##oh , cha ##lde ##a ( part of present @ - @ day iraq ) , and a copper object plate ##d with anti ##mony dating between 2500 bc and 220 ##0 bc has been found in egypt . austen , at a lecture by herbert gladstone in 1892 commented that " we only know of anti ##mony at the present day as a highly brittle and crystalline metal , which could hardly be fashioned into a useful vase , and therefore this remarkable ' find ' ( artifact mentioned above ) must represent the lost art of rendering anti ##mony mall
| 133 |
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] | 1,501 |
##ea ##ble . " moore ##y was un ##con ##vin ##ced the artifact was indeed a vase , mentioning that se ##lim ##khan ##ov , after his analysis of the tell ##o object ( published in 1975 ) , " attempted to relate the metal to trans ##ca ##uca ##sian natural anti ##mony " ( i . e . native metal ) and that " the anti ##mony objects from trans ##ca ##uca ##sia are all small personal ornaments . " this weaken ##s the evidence for a lost art " of rendering anti ##mony mall ##ea ##ble . " the roman scholar pl ##iny the elder described several ways of preparing anti ##mony sul ##fide for medical purposes in his treatise natural history . pl
| 97 |
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";",
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] | 1,502 |
##iny the elder also made a distinction between " male " and " female " forms of anti ##mony ; the male form is probably the sul ##fide , while the female form , which is superior , heavier , and less fr ##iable , has been suspected to be native metallic anti ##mony . the roman naturalist pe ##dan ##ius di ##os ##cor ##ides mentioned that anti ##mony sul ##fide could be roasted by heating by a current of air . it is thought that this produced metallic anti ##mony . the first description of a procedure for iso ##lating anti ##mony is in the book de la pi ##rot ##ech ##nia of 1540 by van ##no ##cci ##o bi ##ring ##ucci ##o ; this
| 510 |
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] | 1,503 |
pre ##dates the more famous 155 ##6 book by ag ##ric ##ola , de re metallic ##a . in this context ag ##ric ##ola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic anti ##mony . the book cu ##rr ##us triumph ##alis anti ##mon ##ii ( the triumph ##al chariot of anti ##mony ) , describing the preparation of metallic anti ##mony , was published in germany in 1604 . it was purported to have been written by a benedictine monk , writing under the name basil ##ius valentin ##us , in the 15th century ; if it were authentic , which it is not , it would pre ##date bi ##ring ##ucci ##o . the metal anti ##mony was known to german chemist
| 97 |
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] | 1,504 |
andreas li ##ba ##vius in 161 ##5 who obtained it by adding iron to a molten mixture of anti ##mony sul ##fide , salt and potassium tar ##tra ##te . this procedure produced anti ##mony with a crystalline or starred surface . with the advent of challenges to ph ##logist ##on theory it was recognized that anti ##mony is an element forming sul ##fide ##s , oxide ##s , and other compounds , as is the case with other metals . the first natural occurrence of pure anti ##mony in the earth ' s crust was described by the swedish scientist and local mine district engineer anton von sw ##ab in 1783 ; the type @ - @ sample was collected from the sal ##a silver
| 568 |
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] | 1,505 |
mine in the berg ##sl ##age ##n mining district of sal ##a , vast ##man ##land , sweden . the ancient words for anti ##mony mostly have , as their chief meaning , ko ##hl , the sul ##fide of anti ##mony . the egyptians called anti ##mony ms ##dm ##t ; in hi ##ero ##gly ##phs , the vowels are uncertain , but there is an arabic tradition that the word is م ##ي ##س ##د ##ي ##م ##ي ##ت me ##sd ##eme ##t . the greek word , σ ##τ ##ι ##μ ##μ ##ι st ##im ##mi , is probably a loan word from arabic or from egyptian st ##m and is used by attic tragic poets of the 5th century bc ; later
| 267 |
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",",
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] | 1,506 |
greeks also used σ ##τ ##ι ##β ##ι st ##ib ##i , as did ce ##ls ##us and pl ##iny , writing in latin , in the first century ad . pl ##iny also gives the names st ##imi [ sic ] , la ##rba ##ris , ala ##bas ##ter , and the " very common " pl ##at ##yo ##ph ##thal ##mos , " wide @ - @ eye " ( from the effect of the cosmetic ) . later latin authors adapted the word to latin as st ##ib ##ium . the arabic word for the substance , as opposed to the cosmetic , can appear as ا ##ث ##م ##د it ##hmi ##d , at ##hm ##oud , ot ##hm ##od , or
| 511 |
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"@"
] | 1,507 |
ut ##hm ##od . lit ##tre suggests the first form , which is the earliest , derives from st ##im ##mi ##da , an acc ##usa ##tive for st ##im ##mi . the use of sb as the standard chemical symbol for anti ##mony is due to jon ##s jakob be ##rz ##eli ##us , who used this abbreviation of the name st ##ib ##ium . the medieval latin form , from which the modern languages and late byzantine greek take their names for anti ##mony , is anti ##monium . the origin of this is uncertain ; all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation . the popular etymology , from α ##ν ##τ ##ι ##μ ##ο ##ν ##α ##χ ##ος anti @
| 569 |
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] | 1,508 |
- @ mona ##cho ##s or french anti ##mo ##ine , still has adherents ; this would mean " monk @ - @ killer " , and is explained by many early al ##chemist ##s being monks , and anti ##mony being poisonous . another popular etymology is the hypothetical greek word α ##ν ##τ ##ι ##μ ##ο ##ν ##ος anti ##mon ##os , " against alone ##ness " , explained as " not found as metal " , or " not found una ##llo ##yed " . lip ##pm ##ann conjecture ##d a hypothetical greek word α ##ν ##θ ##η ##μ ##ο ##ν ##ι ##ο ##ν anthem ##oni ##on , which would mean " fl ##ore ##t " , and cites several examples of related
| 513 |
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"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
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"survey",
"(",
"b"
] | 1,509 |
greek words ( but not that one ) which describe chemical or biological e ##ff ##lore ##sc ##ence . the early uses of anti ##monium include the translations , in 105 ##0 – 1100 , by constantine the african of arabic medical treatise ##s . several authorities believe anti ##monium is a sc ##ri ##bal corruption of some arabic form ; meyer ##hof derives it from it ##hmi ##d ; other possibilities include at ##hima ##r , the arabic name of the metal ##loid , and a hypothetical as @ - @ st ##im ##mi , derived from or parallel to the greek . = = production = = = = = top producers and production volumes = = = the british geological survey ( b
| 267 |
[
"##gs",
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"reported",
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",",
"china",
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".",
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"ro",
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"a",
"76",
"@",
".",
"@",
"75",
"%",
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"of",
"world",
"supply"
] | 1,510 |
##gs ) reported that in 2005 , china was the top producer of anti ##mony with an approximately 84 % world share , followed at a distance by south africa , bolivia and tajikistan . xi ##ku ##ang ##shan mine in hunan province has the largest deposits in china with an estimated deposit of 2 @ . @ 1 million metric tons . in 2010 , according to the us geological survey , china accounted for 88 @ . @ 9 % of total anti ##mony production with south africa , bolivia and russia sharing the second place . however , ro ##ski ##ll consulting estimates for primary production show that in 2010 china held a 76 @ . @ 75 % share of world supply
| 416 |
[
"with",
"120",
"@",
",",
"@",
"46",
"##2",
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".",
"@",
"17",
"%",
"share",
",",
"4",
"@",
",",
"@",
"980"
] | 1,511 |
with 120 @ , @ 46 ##2 tonnes ( 90 @ , @ 000 tonnes of reported and 30 @ , @ 46 ##4 tonnes of un @ - @ reported production ) , followed by russia ( 4 @ . @ 14 % share , 6 @ , @ 500 tonnes of production ) , myanmar ( 3 @ . @ 76 % share , 5 @ , @ 89 ##7 tonnes ) , canada ( 3 @ . @ 61 % share , 5 @ , @ 660 tonnes ) , tajikistan ( 3 @ . @ 42 % share , 5 @ , @ 370 tonnes ) and bolivia ( 3 @ . @ 17 % share , 4 @ , @ 980
| 320 |
[
"tonnes",
")",
".",
"ro",
"##ski",
"##ll",
"estimates",
"that",
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"globally",
"in",
"2010",
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"39",
"@",
",",
"@",
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"the",
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"groups",
"required",
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"the",
"current",
"british",
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"and",
"lifestyle",
".",
"also",
",",
"anti",
"##mony",
"was",
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"as",
"one",
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"2011",
",",
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".",
"reported",
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"##mony",
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"fell",
"in",
"2010",
"and",
"is",
"unlikely",
"to",
"increase",
"in",
"the",
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"years",
",",
"according",
"to"
] | 1,512 |
tonnes ) . ro ##ski ##ll estimates that secondary production globally in 2010 was 39 @ , @ 540 tonnes . anti ##mony was ranked first in a risk list published by the british geological survey in the second half of 2011 . the list provides an indication of the relative risk to the supply of chemical elements or element groups required to maintain the current british economy and lifestyle . also , anti ##mony was identified as one of 12 critical raw materials for the eu in a report published in 2011 , primarily due to the lack of supply outside china . reported production of anti ##mony in china fell in 2010 and is unlikely to increase in the coming years , according to
| 548 |
[
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"ro",
"##ski",
"##ll",
"report",
".",
"no",
"significant",
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"##mony",
"deposits",
"in",
"china",
"have",
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"about",
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",",
"and",
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".",
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"##gs",
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".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
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"=",
"=",
"=",
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"##mony",
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".",
"most",
"anti",
"##mony",
"is",
"mined",
"as",
"the",
"sul",
"##fide",
";",
"lower",
"@",
"-",
"@"
] | 1,513 |
the ro ##ski ##ll report . no significant anti ##mony deposits in china have been developed for about ten years , and the remaining economic reserves are being rapidly depleted . the world ' s largest anti ##mony producers , according to ro ##ski ##ll , are listed below : according to statistics from the us ##gs , current global reserves of anti ##mony will be depleted in 13 years . however , the us ##gs expects more resources will be found . = = = production process = = = the extraction of anti ##mony from ore ##s depends on the quality of the ore and composition of the ore . most anti ##mony is mined as the sul ##fide ; lower @ - @
| 343 |
[
"grade",
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".",
"iso",
"##lating",
"anti",
"##mony",
"from",
"its",
"oxide"
] | 1,514 |
grade ore ##s are concentrated by fr ##oth fl ##ota ##tion , while higher @ - @ grade ore ##s are heated to 500 – 600 ° c , the temperature at which st ##ib ##ni ##te melt ##s and is separated from the gang ##ue minerals . anti ##mony can be isolated from the crude anti ##mony sul ##fide by a reduction with scrap iron : the sul ##fide is converted to an oxide and advantage is often taken of the vol ##ati ##lity of anti ##mony ( iii ) oxide , which is recovered from roast ##ing . this material is often used directly for the main applications , imp ##urities being arsenic and sul ##fide . iso ##lating anti ##mony from its oxide
| 568 |
[
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"=",
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"-",
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"with",
"halo",
"##gen",
"##ated",
"flame",
"re",
"##tar",
"##dant",
"##s",
","
] | 1,515 |
is performed by a car ##bot ##her ##mal reduction : the lower @ - @ grade ore ##s are reduced in blast furnace ##s while the higher @ - @ grade ore ##s are reduced in rev ##er ##ber ##atory furnace ##s . = = applications = = about 60 % of anti ##mony is consumed in flame re ##tar ##dant ##s , and 20 % is used in alloys for batteries , plain bearings and sold ##ers . = = = flame re ##tar ##dant ##s = = = anti ##mony is mainly used as its trio ##xide in making flame @ - @ proof ##ing compounds . it is nearly always used in combination with halo ##gen ##ated flame re ##tar ##dant ##s ,
| 548 |
[
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"held",
"to"
] | 1,516 |
with the only exception being in halo ##gen @ - @ containing polymers . the formation of halo ##gen ##ated anti ##mony compounds is the cause for the flame re ##tar ##ding effect of anti ##mony trio ##xide , due to reaction of these compounds with hydrogen atoms and probably also with oxygen atoms and oh radicals , thus inhibit ##ing fire . markets for these flame @ - @ re ##tar ##dant applications include children ' s clothing , toys , aircraft and automobile seat covers . it is also used in the fiber ##glass composite ##s industry as an additive to poly ##ester resin ##s for such items as light aircraft engine covers . the resin will burn while a flame is held to
| 568 |
[
"it",
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".",
"it",
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"such",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"free",
"\"",
"sold",
"##ers",
"contain"
] | 1,517 |
it but will ex ##ting ##uis ##h itself as soon as the flame is removed . anti ##mony forms a highly useful alloy with lead , increasing its hardness and mechanical strength . for most applications involving lead , varying amounts of anti ##mony are used as alloy ##ing metal . in lead – acid batteries , this addition improves the charging characteristics and reduces generation of unwanted hydrogen during charging . it is used in anti ##fr ##iction alloys ( such as ba ##bb ##itt metal ) , in bullets and lead shot , cable sheath ##ing , type metal ( for example , for lin ##otype printing machines ) , sold ##er ( some " lead @ - @ free " sold ##ers contain
| 570 |
[
"5",
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",",
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"and",
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".",
"anti",
"##mony",
"is"
] | 1,518 |
5 % sb ) , in pew ##ter , and in harden ##ing alloys with low tin content in the manufacturing of organ pipes . = = = other applications = = = three other applications make up nearly all the rest of the consumption . one of these uses is as a stabilize ##r and a catalyst for the production of poly ##eth ##yle ##net ##ere ##ph ##thal ##ate . another application is to serve as a fin ##ing agent to remove microscopic bubbles in glass , mostly for tv screens ; this is achieved by the interaction of anti ##mony ions with oxygen , interfering the latter from forming bubbles . the third major application is the use as pigment . anti ##mony is
| 548 |
[
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"@",
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"and"
] | 1,519 |
being increasingly used in the semiconductor industry as a do ##pan ##t for heavily do ##ped n @ - @ type silicon wa ##fers in the production of di ##odes , infrared detectors , and hall @ - @ effect devices . in the 1950s , tiny beads of a lead @ - @ anti ##mony alloy were used to do ##pe the emi ##tters and collectors of n @ - @ p @ - @ n alloy junction trans ##isto ##rs with anti ##mony . ind ##ium anti ##mon ##ide is used as a material for mid @ - @ infrared detectors . few biological or medical applications exist for anti ##mony . treatments principally containing anti ##mony are known as anti ##mon ##ials and
| 569 |
[
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".",
"anti",
"##mony"
] | 1,520 |
are used as em ##etic ##s . anti ##mony compounds are used as anti ##pro ##to ##zo ##an drugs . potassium anti ##mony ##l tar ##tra ##te , or tar ##tar em ##etic , was once used as an anti @ - @ sc ##his ##tos ##oma ##l drug from 1919 on . it was subsequently replaced by pr ##azi ##qua ##nte ##l . anti ##mony and its compounds are used in several veterinary preparations like ant ##hi ##oma ##line or lithium anti ##mony th ##iom ##ala ##te , which is used as a skin condition ##er in rum ##ina ##nts . anti ##mony has a no ##uri ##shing or conditioning effect on ke ##rat ##ini ##zed tissues , at least in animals . anti ##mony
| 556 |
[
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"anti",
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"(",
"iii",
")",
"sul"
] | 1,521 |
@ - @ based drugs , such as meg ##lum ##ine anti ##mon ##iate , are also considered the drugs of choice for treatment of lei ##sh ##mania ##sis in domestic animals . unfortunately , as well as having low therapeutic indices , the drugs are poor at penetrating the bone marrow , where some of the lei ##sh ##mania ama ##sti ##go ##tes reside , and so cure of the disease – especially the vis ##cera ##l form – is very difficult . elemental anti ##mony as an anti ##mony pill was once used as a medicine . it could be reused by others after ing ##est ##ion and elimination . in the heads of some safety matches , anti ##mony ( iii ) sul
| 561 |
[
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"=",
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"effects",
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"anti",
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"and",
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"compounds",
"on",
"human"
] | 1,522 |
##fide is used . anti ##mony @ - @ 124 is used together with be ##ryl ##lium in neutron sources ; the gamma rays emitted by anti ##mony @ - @ 124 initiate the photo ##dis ##int ##eg ##ration of be ##ryl ##lium . the emitted neutron ##s have an average energy of 24 ke ##v . anti ##mony sul ##fide ##s have been shown to help stabilize the friction coefficient in automotive brake pad materials . anti ##mony also is used in the making of bullets and bullet trace ##rs . this element is also used in paint and glass art crafts and as op ##ac ##ifier in enamel . = = precautions = = the effects of anti ##mony and its compounds on human
| 569 |
[
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"ions",
"(",
"o",
"##ec",
"##d",
",",
"2008"
] | 1,523 |
and environmental health differ widely . the massive anti ##mony metal does not affect human and environmental health . in ##hala ##tion of anti ##mony trio ##xide ( and similar poorly soluble sb ( iii ) dust particles such as anti ##mony dust ) is considered harmful and suspected of causing cancer . however , these effects are only observed with female rats and after long @ - @ term exposure to high dust concentrations . the effects are h ##yp ##oth ##es ##ized to be attributed to in ##hala ##tion of poorly soluble sb particles leading to impaired lung clearance , lung over ##load , inflammation and ultimately tu ##mour formation , not to exposure to anti ##mony ions ( o ##ec ##d , 2008
| 552 |
[
")",
".",
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"2007",
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".",
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")",
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"6",
"@",
".",
"@"
] | 1,524 |
) . anti ##mony chloride ##s are co ##rro ##sive to skin . the effects of anti ##mony are not comparable to arsenic ; this might be caused by the significant differences of up ##take , metabolism and ex ##cre ##tion between arsenic and anti ##mony . for oral absorption , ic ##rp ( 1994 ) recommended values of 10 % for tar ##tar em ##etic and 1 % for all other anti ##mony compounds . der ##mal absorption for metals is estimated at most 1 % ( her ##ag , 2007 ) . in ##hala ##tion absorption of anti ##mony trio ##xide and other poorly soluble sb ( iii ) substances ( such as anti ##mony dust ) is estimated at 6 @ . @
| 556 |
[
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"\"",
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"##mony",
"dust",
"may",
"cause",
"der",
"##mat",
"##itis",
"."
] | 1,525 |
8 % ( o ##ec ##d , 2008 ) , whereas a value < 1 % is derived for sb ( v ) substances . anti ##mony ( v ) is not quantitative ##ly reduced to anti ##mony ( iii ) in the cell , and both species exist simultaneously . anti ##mony is mainly ex ##cre ##ted from the human body via urine . anti ##mony and its compounds do not cause acute human health effects , with the exception of anti ##mony potassium tar ##tra ##te ( " tar ##tar em ##etic " ) , a pro ##dr ##ug that is intentionally used to treat lei ##sh ##mania ##sis patients . prolonged skin contact with anti ##mony dust may cause der ##mat ##itis .
| 556 |
[
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"8",
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"average",
"(",
"t",
"##wa",
")",
"is",
"set"
] | 1,526 |
however , it was agreed at the european union level that the skin rash ##es observed are not substance @ - @ specific , but most probably due to a physical blocking of sweat duct ##s ( ec ##ha / pr / 09 / 09 , helsinki , 6 july 2009 ) . anti ##mony dust may also be explosive when dispersed in the air ; when in a bulk solid it is not comb ##ust ##ible . anti ##mony is incompatible with strong acids , halo ##gen ##ated acids , and ox ##idi ##zers ; when exposed to newly formed hydrogen it may form st ##ib ##ine ( sb ##h ##3 ) . the 8 hour time weighted average ( t ##wa ) is set
| 556 |
[
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",",
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] | 1,527 |
at 0 @ . @ 5 mg / m3 by the american conference of governmental industrial h ##y ##gie ##nist ##s and by the occupational safety and health administration ( os ##ha ) as a legal per ##missible exposure limit ( pe ##l ) in the workplace . the national institute for occupational safety and health ( ni ##osh ) has set a recommended exposure limit ( re ##l ) of 0 @ . @ 5 mg / m3 as an 8 hour t ##wa . anti ##mony compounds are used as catalyst ##s for poly ##eth ##yle ##ne ter ##ep ##ht ##hala ##te ( pet ) production . some studies report minor anti ##mony leach ##ing from pet bottles into liquids , but levels are
| 340 |
[
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"value",
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] | 1,528 |
below drinking water guidelines . anti ##mony concentrations in fruit juice concentrate ##s were somewhat higher ( up to 44 @ . @ 7 µ ##g / l of anti ##mony ) , but juice ##s do not fall under the drinking water regulations . the drinking water guidelines are : world health organization : 20 µ ##g / l united states environmental protection agency , health canada and the ontario ministry of environment : 6 µ ##g / l eu and german federal ministry of environment : 5 µ ##g / l the td ##i proposed by who is 6 µ ##g anti ##mony per ki ##logram of body weight . the id ##l ##h ( immediately dangerous to life and health ) value for
| 443 |
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] | 1,529 |
anti ##mony is 50 mg / m3 . = mortimer wheeler = sir robert eric mortimer wheeler ch , ci ##e , mc , td , f ##sa , frs , f ##ba ( 10 september 1890 – 22 july 1976 ) was a british archaeologist and officer in the british army . over the course of his career , he served as director of both the national museum of wales and london museum , director @ - @ general of the archaeological survey of india , and the founder and honorary director of the institute of archaeology in london , further writing twenty @ - @ four books on archaeological subjects . born in glasgow to a middle @ - @ class family , wheeler
| 380 |
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] | 1,530 |
was raised largely in yorkshire before relocating to london in his teenage years . after studying classics at university college london ( uc ##l ) , he began working professionally in archaeology , specializing in the romano @ - @ british period . during world war i he volunteered for service in the royal artillery , being stationed on the western front , where he rose to the rank of major and was awarded the military cross . returning to britain , he obtained his doctorate from uc ##l before taking on a position at the national museum of wales , first as keeper of archaeology and then as director , during which time he oversaw excavation at the roman forts of se ##gon ##tium ,
| 403 |
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] | 1,531 |
y ga ##er , and is ##ca augusta with the aid of his first wife , tessa wheeler . influenced by the archaeologist augustus pitt rivers , wheeler argued that excavation and the recording of st ##rat ##ig ##raphic context required an increasingly scientific and method ##ical approach , developing the " wheeler method " . in 1926 , he was appointed keeper of the london museum ; there , he oversaw a reorganisation of the collection , successfully lobbied for increased funding , and began le ##cturing at uc ##l . in 1934 , he established the institute of archaeology as part of the federal university of london , adopting the position of honorary director . in this period , he oversaw excavations of the
| 379 |
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] | 1,532 |
roman sites at l ##yd ##ney park and ve ##ru ##lam ##ium and the iron age hill fort of maid ##an castle . during world war ii , he re @ - @ joined the armed forces and rose to the rank of brigadier , serving in the north african campaign and then the allied invasion of italy . in 1944 he was appointed director @ - @ general of the archaeological survey of india , through which he oversaw excavations of sites at hara ##ppa , ari ##kam ##ed ##u , and bra ##hma ##giri , and implemented reforms to the subcontinent ' s archaeological establishment . returning to britain in 1948 , he divided his time between le ##cturing for the institute of archaeology
| 149 |
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] | 1,533 |
and acting as archaeological adviser to pakistan ' s government . in later life , his popular books , cruise ship lectures , and appearances on radio and television , particularly the bbc series animal , vegetable , mineral ? , helped to bring archaeology to a mass audience . appointed honorary secretary of the british academy , he raised large sums of money for archaeological projects , and was appointed british representative for several unesco projects . wheeler is recognised as one of the most important british archaeologists of the twentieth century , responsible for successfully encouraging british public interest in the discipline and advancing method ##ologies of excavation and recording . further , he is widely acclaimed as a major figure in the establishment
| 195 |
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] | 1,534 |
of south asian archaeology . however , many of his specific interpretations of archaeological sites have been disc ##red ##ited or rein ##ter ##pre ##ted , and he was often criticised for bullying colleagues and sexually hara ##ssing young women . mortimer wheeler was born on 10 september 1890 in the city of glasgow , scotland . he was the first child of the journalist robert mortimer wheeler and his second wife emily wheeler ( nee bay ##nes ) . the son of a tea merchant based in bristol , in youth robert had considered becoming a baptist minister , but instead became a staunch free ##thi ##nk ##er while studying at the university of edinburgh . initially working as a lecturer in english literature ,
| 82 |
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] | 1,535 |
robert turned to journalism after his first wife died in childbirth . his second wife , emily , shared her husband ' s interest in english literature , and was the niece of thomas spencer bay ##nes , a shakespeare ##an scholar at st . andrews university . their marriage was emotionally strained , a situation ex ##ace ##rba ##ted by their financial ins ##ec ##urity . within two years of their son ' s birth , the family moved to edinburgh , where a daughter named amy was born . the couple gave their two children nickname ##s , with mortimer being " bob ##eric " and amy being " to ##ts ##y " . when wheeler was four , his father was appointed chief
| 762 |
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] | 1,536 |
leader writer for the bradford observer . the family relocated to salt ##aire , a village northwest of bradford , a cosmopolitan city in yorkshire , northeast england , which was then in the midst of the wool trade boom . wheeler was inspired by the moors surrounding salt ##aire and fascinated by the area ' s archaeology . he later wrote about discovering a late prehistoric cup @ - @ marked stone , searching for lit ##hic ##s on il ##kley moor , and digging into a barrow on bail ##don moor . although suffering from ill health , emily wheeler taught her two children with the help of a maid up to the age of seven or eight . mortimer remained emotionally distant from
| 141 |
[
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] | 1,537 |
his mother , instead being far closer to his father , whose company he favoured over that of other children . his father had a keen interest in natural history and a love of fishing and shooting , rural pursuits in which he encouraged mortimer to take part . robert acquired many books for his son , particularly on the subject of art history , with wheeler loving to both read and paint . in 1899 , wheeler joined bradford grammar school shortly before his ninth birthday , where he proceeded straight to the second form . in 1902 robert and emily had a second daughter , whom they named betty ; mortimer showed little interest in this younger sister . in 1905 , robert agreed
| 10 |
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] | 1,538 |
to take over as head of the london office of his newspaper , by then renamed the yorkshire daily observer , and so the family relocated to the southeast of the city in december , settling into a house named carlton lodge on south croydon road , west du ##l ##wich . in 1908 they moved to 14 roll ##es ##court avenue in nearby her ##ne hill . rather than being sent for a conventional education , when he was 15 wheeler was instructed to educate himself by spending time in london , where he frequented the national gallery and the victoria and albert museum . = = = university and early career : 1907 – 14 = = = after passing the entrance exam on
| 599 |
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] | 1,539 |
his second attempt , in 1907 wheeler was awarded a scholarship to read classical studies at university college london ( uc ##l ) , com ##mut ##ing daily from his parental home to the university campus in blooms ##bury , central london . at uc ##l , he was taught by the prominent classic ##ist a . e . ho ##us ##man . during his undergraduate studies , he became editor of the union magazine , for which he produced a number of illustrated cartoons . increasingly interested in art , he decided to switch from classical studies to a course at uc ##l ' s art school , the slade school of fine art ; he returned to his previous subject after coming to the
| 277 |
[
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] | 1,540 |
opinion that – in his words – he never became more than " a conventional ##ly accomplished picture maker " . this interlude had adverse ##ly affected his classical studies , and he received a second class ba on graduating . wheeler began studying for a master of arts degree in classical studies , which he attained in 1912 . during this period , he also gained employment as the personal secretary of the uc ##l provost gregory foster , although he later criticised foster for transforming the university from " a college in the truly academic sense [ into ] a hyper ##tro ##phi ##ed mons ##tro ##sity as little like a college as a pl ##es ##ios ##aurus is like a man " .
| 277 |
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] | 1,541 |
it was also at this time of life that he met and began a relationship with tessa ve ##rney , a student then studying history at uc ##l , when they were both serving on the committee of the university college literary society . during his studies , wheeler had developed his love of archaeology , having joined an excavation of vi ##ro ##con ##ium corn ##ov ##ior ##um , a romano @ - @ british settlement in wr ##ox ##eter , in 1913 . considering a profession in the discipline , he won a students ##hip that had been established jointly by the university of london and the society of anti ##qua ##ries in memory of augustus wo ##llas ##ton franks . the prominent archaeologist
| 396 |
[
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"the",
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"royal",
"commission",
"on"
] | 1,542 |
sir arthur evans doubled the amount of money that went with the students ##hip . wheeler ' s proposed project had been to anal ##yse romano @ - @ r ##hen ##ish pottery , and with the grant he funded a trip to the rhineland in germany , there studying the roman pottery housed in local museums ; his research into this subject was never published . at this period , there were very few jobs available within british archaeology ; as the later archaeologist stuart pig ##go ##tt related , " the young wheeler was looking for a professional job where the profession had yet to be created . " in 1913 wheeler secured a position as junior investigator for the english royal commission on
| 400 |
[
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"to",
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] | 1,543 |
historical monuments , who were embark ##ing on a project to assess the state of all structures in the nation that pre @ - @ dated 1714 . as part of this , he was first sent to ste ##bbing in essex to assess late medieval buildings , although once that was accomplished he focused on studying the romano @ - @ british remains of that county . in summer 1914 he married tessa in a low @ - @ key , secular wedding ceremony , before they moved into wheeler ' s parental home in her ##ne hill . after the united kingdom ' s entry into world war i in 1914 , wheeler volunteered for the armed forces . although preferring solitary to group
| 366 |
[
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",",
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"bringing",
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"wife",
"and",
"child",
"with",
"him"
] | 1,544 |
activities , wheeler found that he greatly enjoyed soldier ##ing . for the next seven months , he was posted as an instructor in the university of london officer training corps . it was during this period , in january 1915 , that a son was born to the wheeler ##s , and named michael . michael was their only child , something that was a social anomaly at the time , although it is unknown if this was by choice or not . in may 1915 , wheeler transferred to the royal field artillery ( territorial force ) and shortly thereafter was appointed captain . in this position he was stationed at various bases across britain , often bringing his wife and child with him
| 955 |
[
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] | 1,545 |
; his responsibility was as a battery commander , initially of field guns and later of how ##itzer ##s . in october 1917 wheeler was posted to the 76 ##th army field artillery brigade , one of the royal field artillery brigades under the direct control of the general officer commanding , third army . the brigade was then stationed in belgium , where it had been engaged in the battle of pass ##chen ##dae ##le against german troops along the western front . there , he was immediately placed in command of an artillery battery , replacing a major who had been poisoned by mustard gas . being promoted to the rank of acting major , he was part of the left group of artillery
| 991 |
[
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] | 1,546 |
covering the advancing allied infantry in the battle . throughout , he maintained correspondence ##s with his wife , his sister amy , and his parents . after the allied victory in the battle , the brigade was transferred to italy . wheeler and the brigade arrived in italy on 20 november , and proceeded through the italian ri ##vier ##a to reach cap ##ore ##tto , where it had been sent to bo ##lster the italian troops against a german and austro @ - @ hungarian advance . as the russian republic removed itself from the war , the german army ref ##oc ##used its efforts on the western front , and so in march 1918 wheeler ' s brigade was ordered to leave italy
| 992 |
[
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] | 1,547 |
, getting a train from caste ##lf ##ran ##co to vie ##ux rouen in france . back on the western front , the brigade was assigned to the 2nd division , again part of julian by ##ng ' s third army , reaching a stable area of the front in april . here , wheeler was engaged in artillery fire for several months , before the british went on the offensive in august . on 24 august , in between the ruined villages of ac ##hi ##et and sap ##ign ##ies , he led an expedition which captured two german field guns while under heavy fire from a castle mound ; he was later awarded the military cross for this action . wheeler continued as part
| 991 |
[
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] | 1,548 |
of the british forces pushing westward until the german surrender in november 1918 . he was not demo ##bilis ##ed for several months , instead being stationed at pu ##l ##heim in germany until march ; during this time he wrote up his earlier research on romano @ - @ r ##hen ##ish pottery , making use of access to local museums , before returning to london in july 1919 . = = = national museum of wales : 1919 – 26 = = = on returning to london , wheeler moved into a top @ - @ floor flat near gordon square with his wife and child . he returned to working for the royal commission , examining and catalog ##uing the historic structures of
| 601 |
[
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","
] | 1,549 |
essex . in doing so , he produced his first publication , an academic paper on colchester ' s roman bal ##ker ##ne gate which was published in the transactions of the essex archaeological society in 1920 . he soon followed this with two papers in the journal of roman studies ; the first offered a wider analysis of roman colchester , while the latter outlined his discovery of the vault ##ing for the city ' s temple of claudius which was destroyed by bo ##udi ##ca ' s revolt . in doing so , he developed a reputation as a roman archaeologist in britain . he then submitted his research on romano @ - @ r ##hen ##ish pots to the university of london ,
| 404 |
[
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] | 1,550 |
on the basis of which he was awarded his doctorate of letters ; thence ##forth until his knight ##hood he styled himself as dr wheeler . he was un ##sat ##is ##fied with his job in the commission , unhappy that he was receiving less pay and a lower status than he had had in the army , and so began to seek out alternative employment . he obtained a post as the keeper of archaeology at the national museum of wales , a job that also en ##tail ##ed becoming a lecturer in archaeology at the university college of south wales and monmouth ##shire . taking up this position , he moved to cardiff with his family in august 1920 , although he initially disliked
| 379 |
[
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"\"",
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] | 1,551 |
the city . the museum was in di ##sar ##ray ; prior to the war , construction had begun on a new purpose @ - @ built building to house the collections . this had ceased during the conflict and the ed ##ifice was left abandoned during cardiff ' s post @ - @ war economic slump . wheeler recognised that wales was very divided regional ##ly , with many welsh people having little loyalty to cardiff ; thus , he made a point of touring the country , le ##cturing to local societies about archaeology . according to the later archaeologist lydia c . carr , the wheeler ##s ' work for the cause of the museum was part of a wider " cultural @
| 380 |
[
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] | 1,552 |
- @ nationalist movement " linked to growing welsh nationalism during this period ; for instance , the welsh nationalist party plaid cy ##m ##ru was founded in 1925 . wheeler was impatient to start excavations , and in july 1921 started a six @ - @ week project to ex ##ca ##vate at the roman fort of se ##gon ##tium ; accompanied by his wife , he used up his holiday to oversee the project . a second season of excavation at the site followed in 1922 . greatly influenced by the writings of the archaeologist augustus pitt @ - @ rivers , wheeler emphasis ##ed the need for a strong , developed methodology when undertaking an archaeological excavation , believing in the need for
| 82 |
[
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",",
"a"
] | 1,553 |
strategic planning , or what he termed " controlled discovery " , with clear objectives in mind for a project . further emphasis ##ing the importance of prompt publication of research results , he wrote full seasonal reports for arch ##ae ##olo ##gia cam ##bre ##nsis before publishing a full report , se ##gon ##tium and the roman occupation of wales . wheeler was keen on training new generations of archaeologists , and two of the most prominent students to ex ##ca ##vate with him at se ##gon ##tium were victor nash @ - @ williams and ian richmond . over the field seasons of 1924 and 1925 , wheeler ran excavations of the roman fort of y ga ##er near br ##ec ##on , a
| 404 |
[
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"he",
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"press",
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] | 1,554 |
project aided by his wife and two archaeological students , now ##ell my ##res and christopher hawke ##s . during this project , he was visited by the prominent egypt ##ologist sir flinders pet ##rie and his wife hilda pet ##rie ; wheeler greatly admired pet ##rie ' s emphasis on strong archaeological method ##ologies . wheeler published the results of his excavation in the roman fort near br ##ec ##on . he then began excavations at is ##ca augusta , a roman site in ca ##er ##le ##on , where he focused on revealing the roman amp ##hit ##hea ##tre . intent on attracting press attention to both raise public awareness of archaeology and attract new sources of funding , he contacted the press and
| 404 |
[
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",",
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",",
"robert",
"bo",
"##san",
"##quet",
",",
"and",
"h"
] | 1,555 |
organised a sponsorship of the excavation by the middle @ - @ market newspaper the daily mail . in doing so , he emphasis ##ed the folk ##lor ##ic and legendary associations that the site had with king arthur . in 1925 , oxford university press published wheeler ' s first book for a general audience , prehistoric and roman wales ; he later expressed the opinion that it was not a good book . in 1924 , the director of the national museum of wales , william evans ho ##yle , resigned amid ill health . wheeler applied to take on the role of his replacement , providing supportive test ##imo ##nia ##ls from charles reed peers , robert bo ##san ##quet , and h
| 379 |
[
".",
"j",
".",
"fl",
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".",
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"whitehall",
",",
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",",
"where"
] | 1,556 |
. j . fl ##eur ##e . although he had no prior museum experience , he was successful in his application and was appointed director . he then employed a close friend , cyril fox , to take on the vacated position of keeper of archaeology . wheeler ' s proposed reforms included extending the institution ' s reach and influence throughout wales by building affiliation ##s with regional museums , and focusing on fundraising to finance the completion of the new museum premises . he obtained a £ 21 @ , @ 36 ##7 donation from the wealthy ship ##own ##er william rear ##don smith and appointed smith to be the museum ' s treasurer , and also travelled to whitehall , london , where
| 380 |
[
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"to",
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"own",
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] | 1,557 |
he successfully urged the british treasury to provide further funding for the museum . as a result , construction on the museum ' s new building was able to continue , and it was officially opened by king george v in 1927 . upon the retirement of the keeper of the london museum , harmon o ##ates , wheeler was invited to fill the vacancy . he had been considering a return to london for some time and eagerly agreed , taking on the post , which was based at lancaster house in the st james ' s area , in july 1926 . in wales , many felt that wheeler had simply taken the directors ##hip of the national museum to advance his own career
| 601 |
[
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",",
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";",
"in"
] | 1,558 |
prospects , and that he had abandoned them when a better offer came along . wheeler himself disagreed , believing that he had left fox at the museum as his obvious successor , and that the reforms he had implemented would therefore continue . the position initially provided wheeler with an annual salary of £ 600 , which resulted in a decline in living standards for his family , who moved into a flat near to victoria station . tessa ' s biographer l . c . carr later commented that together , the wheeler ##s " professional ##ized the london museum " . wheeler expressed his opinion that the museum " had to be cleaned , ex ##pur ##gated , and catalogue ##d ; in
| 380 |
[
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] | 1,559 |
general , turned from a junk shop into a to ##ler ##ably rational institution " . focusing on re ##org ##ani ##sing the exhibits and developing a more efficient method of catalog ##uing the artefacts , he also authored a short guide to the collections , before using the items in the museum to write three books : london and the vikings , london and the saxons , and london and the romans . upon his arrival , the treasury allocated the museum an annual budget of £ 5 @ , @ 000 , which wheeler deemed insufficient for its needs . in 1930 , wheeler persuaded them to increase that budget , as he highlighted increasing visitor numbers , publications , and acquisitions , as
| 380 |
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] | 1,560 |
well as a rise in the number of educational projects . with this additional funding , he was able to employ more staff and increase his own annual salary to £ 900 . soon after joining the museum , wheeler was elected to the council of the society of anti ##qua ##ries . through the society , he became involved in the debate as to who should finance archaeological supervision of building projects in greater london ; his argument was that the city of london corporation should provide the funding , although in 1926 it was agreed that the society itself would employ a director of excavation based in lancaster house to take on the position . also involved in the largely mori ##bund royal archaeological
| 450 |
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] | 1,561 |
institute , wheeler organised its relocation to lancaster house . in 1927 , wheeler took on an unpaid lectures ##hip at university college london , where he established a graduate diploma course on archaeology ; one of the first to enroll was stuart pig ##go ##tt . in 1928 , wheeler curated an exhibit at uc ##l on " recent work in british archaeology " , for which he attracted much press attention . wheeler was keen to continue archaeological field ##work outside london , undertaking excavations every year from 1926 to 1939 . after completing his excavation of the carla ##eon amp ##hit ##hea ##tre in 1928 , he began field ##work at the roman settlement and temple in l ##yd ##ney park , gloucestershire
| 352 |
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] | 1,562 |
, having been invited to do so by the aristocratic landowner , charles bathurst . it was during these investigations that wheeler personally discovered the l ##yd ##ney ho ##ard of coinage . wheeler and his wife jointly published their excavation report in 1932 as report on the excavation of the prehistoric , roman and post @ - @ roman site in l ##yd ##ney park , gloucestershire , which pig ##go ##tt noted had " set the pattern " for all wheeler ' s future excavation reports . from there , wheeler was invited to direct a society of anti ##qua ##ries excavation at the roman settlement of ve ##ru ##lam ##ium , which existed on land recently acquired by the corporation of st albans
| 404 |
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] | 1,563 |
. he took on this role for four seasons from 1930 to 1933 , before leaving a fifth season of excavation under the control of the archaeologist kathleen ken ##yon and the architect a . w . g . low ##ther . wheeler enjoyed the opportunity to ex ##ca ##vate at a civilian as opposed to military site , and also liked its proximity to his home in london . he was particularly interested in searching for a pre @ - @ roman iron age op ##pid ##um at the site , noting that the existence of a nearby cat ##uve ##lla ##uni settlement was attested to in both classical texts and nu ##mism ##atic evidence . with wheeler focusing his attention on potential iron age
| 138 |
[
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] | 1,564 |
evidence , tessa concentrated on ex ##ca ##vating the inside of the city walls ; wheeler had affairs with at least three assistants during the project . after tessa wrote two interim reports , the final excavation report was finally published in 1936 as ve ##ru ##lam ##ium : a bel ##gic and two roman cities , jointly written by wheeler and his wife . the report resulted in the first major published criticism of wheeler , produced by the young archaeologist now ##ell my ##res in a review for antiquity ; although stating that there was much to praise about the work , he critique ##d wheeler ' s selective excavation , dubious dating , and guess ##work . wheeler responded with a piece in
| 82 |
[
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] | 1,565 |
which he defended his work and launched a personal attack on both my ##res and my ##res ' s employer , christ church , oxford . = = = institute of archaeology : 1934 – 39 = = = wheeler had long desired to establish an academic institution devoted to archaeology that could be based in london . he hoped that it could become a centre in which to establish the professional ##isation of archaeology as a discipline , with systematic training of students in method ##ological techniques of excavation and conservation and recognised professional standards ; in his words , he hoped " to convert archaeology into a discipline worthy of that name in all senses " . he further described his intention that the
| 400 |
[
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] | 1,566 |
institute should become " a laboratory : a laboratory of archaeological science " . many archaeologists shared his hopes , and to this end pet ##rie had donated much of his collection of near eastern artefacts to wheeler , in the hope that it would be included in such an institution . wheeler was later able to persuade the university of london , a federation of institutions across the capital , to support the venture , and both he and tessa began raising funds from wealthy back ##ers . in 1934 , the institute of archaeology was officially opened , albeit at this point without premises or academic staff ; the first students to enroll were rachel clay and barbara parker , who went on to
| 400 |
[
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] | 1,567 |
have careers in the discipline . while wheeler – who was still keeper of the london museum – took on the role of honorary director of the institute , he installed the archaeologist kathleen ken ##yon as secretary of the management committee , describing her as " a level @ - @ headed person , with useful experience " . after ending his work at ve ##ru ##lam ##ium , wheeler turned his attention to the late iron age hill @ - @ fort of maid ##an castle near to dorchester , dorset , where he excavated for four seasons from 1934 to 1937 . co @ - @ directed by wheeler , tessa , and the curator of dorset county museum , charles drew ,
| 601 |
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] | 1,568 |
the project was carried out under the joint auspices of the society of anti ##qua ##ries and the dorset field club . with around 100 assistants each season , the dig constituted the largest excavation that had been conducted in britain up to that point , with wheeler organising weekly meetings with the press to inform them about any discoveries . his excavation report was published in 1943 as maid ##an castle , dorset . the report ' s publication allowed further criticism to be voiced of wheeler ' s approach and interpretations ; in his review of the book , the archaeologist w . f . grimes criticised the highly selective nature of the excavation , noting that wheeler had not asked questions regarding the
| 82 |
[
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] | 1,569 |
socio @ - @ economic issues of the community at maid ##an castle , aspects of past societies that had come to be of increasing interest to british archaeology . over coming decades , as further excavations were carried out at the site and archaeologists developed a greater knowledge of iron age britain , much of wheeler ' s interpretation of the site and its development was shown to be wrong , in particular by the work of the archaeologist niall sharp ##les . in 1936 , wheeler embarked on a visit to the near east , sailing from marseille ##s to port said , where he visited the old kingdom tombs of sa ##kka ##ra . from there he went via sinai to palestine ,
| 343 |
[
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] | 1,570 |
lebanon , and syria . during this trip , he visited various archaeological projects , but was dismay ##ed by the quality of their excavations ; in particular , he noted that the american @ - @ run excavation at tel meg ##id ##do was adopting standards that had been rejected in britain twenty @ - @ five years previously . he was away for six weeks , and upon his return to europe discovered that his wife tessa had died of a pulmonary em ##bol ##ism after a minor operation on her toe . according to tessa ' s biographer , for wheeler this discovery was " the peak of mental misery , and marked the end of his ability to feel a certain kind
| 82 |
[
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] | 1,571 |
of love " . that winter , his father also died . by the summer of 1937 , he had embarked on a new romance , with a young woman named ma ##vis de ve ##re cole , who had first met wheeler when visiting the maid ##an castle excavations with her then @ - @ lover , the painter augustus john . after she eventually agreed to his repeated requests for marriage , the two were wed ##ded early in 1939 in a ceremony held at ca ##xton hall , with a reception at shelley house . they proceeded on a honeymoon to the middle east . after a search that had taken several years , wheeler was able to secure a premises for the
| 88 |
[
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] | 1,572 |
institute of archaeology : st . john ' s lodge in regent ' s park , central london . left empty since its use as a hospital during the first world war , the building was owned by the crown and was controlled by the first commissioner of works , william or ##ms ##by @ - @ gore ; he was very sympathetic to archaeology , and leased the building to the institute at a low rent . the st . john ' s lodge premises were officially opened on 29 april 1937 . during his speech at the ceremony , the university of london ' s vice @ - @ chancellor charles reed peers made it clear that the building was only intended as a
| 204 |
[
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] | 1,573 |
temporary home for the institute , which it was hoped would be able to move to blooms ##bury , the city ' s academic hub . in his speech , the university ' s chancellor , alexander cambridge , 1st earl of at ##hl ##one , compared the new institution to both the institute of historical research and the court ##au ##ld institute of art . wheeler had also become president of the museums association , and in a presidential address given in belfast talked on the topic of preserving museum collections in war time , believing that britain ' s involvement in a second european conflict was imminent . in anticipation of this event , in august 1939 he arranged for the london museum to
| 380 |
[
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] | 1,574 |
place many of its most important collections into safe keeping . he was also awarded an honorary doctorate from bristol university , and at the award ceremony met the conservative party politician winston churchill , who was then engaged in writing his multi @ - @ volume a history of the english @ - @ speaking peoples ; churchill asked wheeler to aid him in writing about late prehistoric and early medieval britain , to which the latter agreed . after maid ##an castle , wheeler turned his attention to france , where the archaeological investigation of iron age sites had la ##gged behind developments in britain . there , he oversaw a series of surveys and excavations with the aid of leslie scott , beginning
| 138 |
[
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] | 1,575 |
with a survey tour of brittany in the winter of 1936 – 37 . after this , wheeler decided to ex ##ca ##vate the op ##pid ##um at camp d ' art ##us , near hue ##l ##go ##at , fin ##ister ##e . in addition to bringing many british archaeologists to work on the site , he hired six local breton work ##men to assist the project , coming to the belief that the op ##pid ##um had been erected by local iron age tribes to defend themselves from the roman invasion led by julius caesar . meanwhile , scott had been placed in charge of an excavation at the smaller nearby hill fort of ke ##rca ##rade ##c , near qui ##mp ##er .
| 251 |
[
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] | 1,576 |
in july 1939 , the project focused its attention on normandy , with excavations beginning at the iron age hill forts of camp de canada and duc ##lai ##r . they were brought to an abrupt halt in september 1939 as the second world war broke out in europe , and the team evacuated back to britain . wheeler ' s excavation report , co @ - @ written with katherine richardson , was eventually published as hill @ - @ forts of northern france in 1957 . wheeler had been expecting and openly hoping for war with nazi germany for a year prior to the outbreak of hostilities ; he believed that the united kingdom ' s involvement in the conflict would remedy the shame
| 251 |
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] | 1,577 |
that he thought had been brought upon the country by its signing of the munich agreement in september 1938 . volunteer ##ing for the armed services , he was assigned to assemble the 48th light anti @ - @ aircraft battery at enfield , where he set about recruiting volunteers , including his son . as the 48th swelled in size , it was converted into the 42nd mobile light anti @ - @ aircraft regiment in the royal artillery , which consisted of four batteries and was led by wheeler – now promoted to the rank of colonel – as commanding officer . given the nickname of " flash alf " by those serving under him , he was recognised by colleagues as a ruthless
| 999 |
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"march",
"1942",
".",
"in"
] | 1,578 |
disc ##ip ##lina ##rian and was blamed by many for the death of one of his soldiers from influenza during training . having been appointed secretary of the society of anti ##qua ##ries in 1939 and then director in 1940 , he travelled to london to deal with society affairs on various occasions . in 1941 wheeler was awarded a fellowship of the british academy . cole had meanwhile entered into an affair with a man named clive en ##t ##wi ##stle , who lamb ##ast ##ed wheeler as " that w ##his ##ker ##ed ba ##bo ##on " . when wheeler discovered en ##t ##wi ##stle in bed with his wife , he initiated divorce proceedings that were final ##ised in march 1942 . in
| 195 |
[
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"and",
"were"
] | 1,579 |
the summer of 1941 , wheeler and three of his batteries were assigned to fight against german and italian forces in the north african campaign . in september , they set sail from glasgow aboard the rms empress of russia ; because the mediterranean was controlled largely by enemy naval forces , they were forced to travel via the cape of good hope , before taking shore leave in durban . there , wheeler visited the local k ##ra ##als to compare them with the settlements of iron age britain . the ship docked in aden , where wheeler and his men again took shore leave . they soon reached the british @ - @ controlled suez , where they di ##se ##mba ##rked and were
| 940 |
[
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] | 1,580 |
stationed on the shores of the great bitter lake . there , wheeler took a brief leave of absence to travel to jerusalem , where he visited pet ##rie on his hospital death ##bed . back in egypt , he gained permission to fly as a front gunner in a wellington bomber on a bombing raid against axis forces , to better understand what it was like for air ##cre ##w to be fired on by an anti @ - @ aircraft battery . serving with the eighth army , wheeler was present in north africa when the axis armies pushed the allies back to el alam ##ein . he was also part of the allied counter @ - @ push , taking part in the
| 958 |
[
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"in",
"the"
] | 1,581 |
second battle of el alam ##ein and the advance on axis @ - @ held tripoli . on the way he became concerned that the archaeological sites of north africa were being threatened both by the fighting and the occupying forces . after the british secured control of libya , wheeler visited tripoli and le ##pt ##is magna , where he found that roman remains had been damaged and van ##dal ##ised by british troops ; he brought about reforms to prevent this , le ##cturing to the troops on the importance of preserving archaeology , making many monuments out @ - @ of @ - @ bounds , and ensuring that the royal air force changed its plans to construct a radar station in the
| 403 |
[
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"the",
"condition",
"that",
"he"
] | 1,582 |
midst of a roman settlement . aware that the british were planning to invade and occupy the italian island of sicily , he insisted that measures be introduced to preserve the historic and archaeological monuments on the island . promoted to the rank of brigadier , after the german surrender in north africa , wheeler was sent to algiers where he was part of the staff committee planning the invasion of italy . there , he learned that the india office had requested that the army relieve him of his duties to permit him to be appointed director general of archaeology in india . although he had never been to the country , he agreed that he would take the job on the condition that he
| 403 |
[
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"institute",
"of",
"archaeology",
","
] | 1,583 |
be permitted to take part in the invasion of italy first . as intended , wheeler and his 12th anti @ - @ aircraft brigade then took part in the invasion of sicily and then mainland italy , where they were ordered to use their anti @ - @ aircraft guns to protect the british 10th corps . as the allies advanced north through italy , wheeler spent time in naples and then cap ##ri , where he met various ari ##sto ##crats who had anti @ - @ fascist sy ##mp ##athi ##es . wheeler left italy in november 1943 and returned to london . there , he resigned as the director of the london museum and focused on organising the institute of archaeology ,
| 960 |
[
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"aboard",
"a",
"transport",
"ship",
","
] | 1,584 |
preparing it for its adoption of a new director , v . gordon child ##e , after the war . he also resigned as director of the society of anti ##qua ##ries , but was appointed the group ' s representative to the newly formed council for british archaeology . he developed a relationship with a woman named kim collin ##gr ##idge , and asked her to marry him . as she was a devout roman catholic , he officially converted to the religion , something which shocked many of his friends , who believed that he was being dish ##ones ##t because he did not genuinely believe in the doctrines of the faith . he then set sail for bombay aboard a transport ship ,
| 427 |
[
"the",
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"@",
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".",
"wheeler"
] | 1,585 |
the city of exeter , in february 1944 . = = = archaeological survey of india : 1944 – 48 = = = wheeler arrived in bombay in the spring of 1944 . there , he was welcomed by the city ' s governor , john col ##ville , before heading by train to delhi and then sim ##la , where the headquarters of the archaeological survey of india were located . wheeler had been suggested for the job by archibald wave ##ll , the viceroy of india , who had been acting on the recommendations of the archaeologist leonard wool ##ley , who had authored a report lame ##nting the state of the archaeological establishment in the british @ - @ controlled subcontinent . wheeler
| 149 |
[
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] | 1,586 |
recognised this state of affairs , in a letter to a friend complaining about the lack of finances and equipment , commenting that " we ' re back in 1850 " . he initially found much to dislike in india , and in his letters to friends in britain expressed der ##oga ##tory and racist sentiments toward indians : he stated that " they feed wrongly and think wrongly and live wrongly . . . i already find myself regarding them as ill @ - @ made clock ##work toys rather than as human beings , and i find myself bullying them most brutally . " he expelled those staff members whom he deemed too idle , and physically beat others in an attempt to mo
| 165 |
[
"##tiv",
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"focus",
"on",
";"
] | 1,587 |
##tiv ##ate them . from the beginning of his tenure , he sought to distance himself from previous director @ - @ generals and their administrations by critic ##ising them in print and attempting to introduce new staff who had no loyalty to his predecessors . assigned with a four @ - @ year contract , wheeler attempted to recruit two archaeologists from britain , g ##lyn daniel and stuart pig ##go ##tt , to aid him in reforming the archaeological survey , although they declined the offer . he then toured the subcontinent , seeking to meet all of the survey ' s staff members . he had drawn up a prospect ##us containing research questions that he wanted the survey to focus on ;
| 70 |
[
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] | 1,588 |
these included understanding the period between the bronze age indus valley civilization and the ac ##hae ##men ##id empire , disc ##ern ##ing the socio @ - @ cultural background to the ve ##das , dating the aryan invasion , and establishing a dating system for southern india prior to the sixth century ce . during his time in office he also achieved a 25 per cent budget increase for the archaeological survey , and convinced the government to agree to the construction of a national museum of archaeology , to be built in new delhi . in october 1944 , he opened his six @ - @ month archaeological field school in taxi ##la , where he instructed various students from across india in the
| 399 |
[
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"-",
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] | 1,589 |
method ##ologies of the discipline . wheeler became very fond of his students , with one of them , b . b . lal , later commenting that " behind the gruff exterior , sir mortimer had a very kind and sympathetic heart " . throughout his period in india , his students were some of the only individuals to whom wheeler warmed ; more widely , he was annoyed by what he saw as the idle ##ness , inc ##omp ##ete ##nce and corruption of indian society . initially focusing on the northwest of the subcontinent , wheeler was particularly fascinated by the bronze age indus valley civilization . on his initial inspection of the indus valley sites of mo ##hen ##jo @ - @
| 400 |
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] | 1,590 |
dar ##o and hara ##ppa , he organised a very brief excavation which revealed fortifications around both settlements . he later led a more detailed excavation at hara ##ppa , where he exposed further fortifications and established a st ##rat ##igraphy for the settlement . turning his attention to southern india , wheeler discovered remnants of a roman amp ##hora in a museum , and began excavations at ari ##kam ##ed ##u , revealing a port from the first century ce which had traded in goods from the roman empire . the excavation had been plagued by severe rains and tropical heat , although it was during the excavation that world war ii ended ; in celebration , wheeler gave all his workers an extra ru
| 404 |
[
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";"
] | 1,591 |
##pee for the day . it has since been alleged that while wheeler took credit for discovering the significance of this site , it had previously been established by a . ai ##ya ##ppa ##n , the superintendent of the government museum in madras , and the french archaeologist jo ##uve ##au dub ##re ##uil , with wheeler intentionally ignoring their contribution . he later undertook excavations of six mega ##lithic tombs in bra ##hma ##giri , mysore , which enabled him to gain a chronology for the archaeology of much of southern india . wheeler established a new archaeological journal , ancient india , planning for it to be published twice a year . he had trouble securing printing paper and faced various delays ;
| 379 |
[
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",",
"in",
"baghdad",
"the",
"team"
] | 1,592 |
the first issue was released in january 1946 , and he would release three further volumes during his stay . wheeler married kim collin ##gr ##idge in sim ##la , before he and his wife took part in an indian cultural mission to iran . the indian government had deemed wheeler ideal to lead the group , which departed via train to za ##hid ##an before visiting per ##se ##polis , tehran , is ##fahan , shi ##raz , pas ##ar ##ga ##dae , and ka ##shan . wheeler enjoyed the trip , and was en ##vious of tehran ' s archaeological museum and library , which was far in advance of anything then found in india . crossing into iraq , in baghdad the team
| 379 |
[
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"sect",
"##arian"
] | 1,593 |
caught a flight back to delhi . in 1946 , he was involved in a second cultural mission , this time to afghanistan , where he expressed a particular interest in the kingdom of ancient ba ##ct ##ria and visited the archaeology of bal ##kh . wheeler was present during the 1947 partition of india into the dominion of pakistan and the union of india and the accompanying ethnic violence between hindu and muslim communities . he was unhappy with how these events had affected the archaeological survey , complaining that some of his finest students and staff were now citizens of pakistan and no longer able to work for him . he was based in new delhi when the city was rocked by sect ##arian
| 400 |
[
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] | 1,594 |
violence , and attempted to help many of his muslim staff members escape from the hindu @ - @ majority city unharmed . he further helped smug ##gle muslim families out of the city hospital , where they had taken refuge from a violent hindu mob . as india neared independence from the british empire , the political situation had changed significantly ; by october 1947 he was one of the last british individuals in a high @ - @ up position within the country ' s governing establishment , and recognised that many indian nationalists wanted him to also leave . as their relationship had become increasingly strained , his wife had left and returned to britain . although hoping to leave his post in
| 236 |
[
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] | 1,595 |
india several months early , he was concerned for his economic prospects , and desperately searched for a new job position . through friends in the british archaeological community , he was offered a job as the secretary of the royal commission on ancient monuments for wales , although he was upset that this would mean a drop in his professional status and income and decided to turn it down . instead , he agreed to take up a chair in the archaeology of the roman provinces at the institute of archaeology . in addition , the pakistani minister of education invited him to become the archaeological adviser to the pakistani government ; he agreed to also take up this position , on the condition that
| 343 |
[
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",",
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] | 1,596 |
he would only spend several months in the country each year over the next three . = = = between britain and pakistan : 1948 – 52 = = = returning to london , wheeler moved into the hall ##am street flat where his son and daughter @ - @ in @ - @ law were living . wheeler and the latter disliked each other , and so in summer 1950 he moved out and began rent ##ing an apartment in mount street . a year later he moved into his wife ' s house in mall ##ord street , in an unsuccessful hope of reign ##iting their relationship . taking up his part @ - @ time professorship at the institute of archaeology , he
| 194 |
[
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] | 1,597 |
began to lecture to students almost every day . there , he found that he developed a relationship of mutual respect with the director , child ##e , despite their strong personal and professional differences . in april 1949 , after the retirement of cyril fox , wheeler was nominated for the presidency of the society of anti ##qua ##ries , but lost to james mann ; many archaeologists , including child ##e and o . g . s . crawford , resigned from the society in protest , dee ##ming wheeler to have been a far more appropriate candidate for the position . wheeler was nevertheless elected director of the society . in 1950 he was awarded the pet ##rie medal , and in 1952
| 450 |
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] | 1,598 |
was knighted . that same year he was invited to give the norton lectures for the archaeological institute of america , and while in the united states was also awarded the lucy wharton dr ##ex ##el medal at pennsylvania . he nevertheless disliked the country , and in later life exhibited anti @ - @ american ##ism . wheeler spent three months in pakistan during early 1949 , where he was engaged in organising the fledgling pakistani archaeological department with the aid of former members of the archaeological survey and new students whom he recruited . the minister of education , fa ##z ##lu ##r rahman , was sympathetic to wheeler ' s plans , and the government agreed to establish a national museum of pakistan
| 400 |
[
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] | 1,599 |
in karachi , which opened in april 1950 . wheeler himself was appointed the first president of the pakistani museums association , and found himself as a media ##tor in the arguments between india and pakistan over the redistribution of archaeological and historic artefacts following the partition . he also wrote a work of archaeological propaganda for the newly formed state , five thousand years of pakistan ( 1950 ) . to ins ##truct new pakistani students in the methods of archaeology , in early 1950 wheeler ran a training excavation at mo ##hen ##jo @ - @ dar ##o ; there , he was joined by the british student leslie al ##cock , who spoke both punjabi and urdu and who was appointed a site
| 396 |
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