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"franklin",
"county",
"circuit"
] | 877,100 |
citizen without due process. the case was argued before judge ( and later president ) william howard taft, who held that the federal court could not prevent the removal of officers by injunction. he advised the republicans to seek remedy quo warranto in the state courts. taft further opined that, should any federal question be raised in such proceedings, the officers could seek remedy in a federal court on appeal. the republicans were encouraged by taft's decision, which cleared the way for an appeal all the way to the federal supreme court if a federal question could be raised. the republican minor officeholders returned to the state courts with their case. franklin county circuit
| 1,107 |
[
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] | 877,101 |
court justice james e. cantrill ruled against them, and the kentucky court of appeals, then the state's court of last resort, sustained cantrill's ruling by a vote of 4 – 3. republican attorney general clifton j. pratt continued with legal challenges and finally was allowed to serve out his term. though cantrill's decision was based on the invalidation of louisville's vote and the votes of four counties in eastern kentucky, none of the legislators from those areas were unseated. taft's ruling had no bearing on the cases of governor taylor and lieutenant governor marshall except to spell out a means
| 1,225 |
[
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",",
"where",
"the",
"lieutenant"
] | 877,102 |
for them to take their cases to the federal courts, if necessary. on the same day that taft's ruling was issued, taylor filed suit in jefferson county circuit court against beckham and adjutant general john breckinridge castleman to prevent them from exercising any authority due the offices they claimed. unaware of taylor's suit, beckham filed suit against taylor for possession of the capitol and executive building in franklin county circuit court – a court believed to be favorable to the democratic cause. marshall also filed suit against beckham and state senator l. h. carter to prevent them from exercising any authority in the state senate, where the lieutenant
| 1,119 |
[
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"assembly",
"had",
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"in",
"a",
"quasi",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"judicial",
"manner"
] | 877,103 |
governor was the presiding officer. republicans claimed that taylor's suit, by virtue of having been filed two hours before beckham's, gave the case precedence in louisville. by mutual consent, the parties consolidated the suits, which were heard before judge emmet field in jefferson county circuit court. both sides knew that field's decision, whatever it might be, would be appealed, but both agreed to abide by the outcome of the final court's decision. the case was heard on march 1 and 2, 1900. taylor's attorney's contended that the general assembly had acted in a quasi @ - @ judicial manner
| 1,207 |
[
",",
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"being",
"the",
"offices",
"they",
"claimed"
] | 877,104 |
, violating the principle of separation of powers. further, because the contest committee's report did not specify how many votes were invalid, republicans argued that all 150 @, @ 000 votes cast in the contested counties had been invalidated by the general assembly's vote, and consequently, the voters of those counties had been illegally disenfranchised. the most the assembly should have been able to do, they claimed, was to invalidate the entire election. finally, they contended that the alleged illegal activities of the general assembly had deprived taylor and marshall of their property rights – the " property " in question being the offices they claimed
| 1,224 |
[
"–",
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",",
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",",
"and",
"the",
"board",
"of",
"elections",
","
] | 877,105 |
– and their liberty to hold an elected office. attorneys for beckham contended that legislative actions historically had not been subject to judicial review, and indeed were not subject to such under any provision of the state constitution. on march 10, 1900, field sided with the democrats. in his ruling, he opined that legislative actions " must be taken as absolute " and that the court did not have the authority to circumvent the legislative record. republicans appealed the decision to the kentucky court of appeals. in their appeal, they were careful to raise a federal issue. if judge field's ruling was correct, and the board of elections,
| 1,223 |
[
"the",
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"not",
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"the",
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".",
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"this",
"put",
"the",
"matter",
"beyond",
"the",
"reach",
"of",
"any",
"judicial",
"review"
] | 877,106 |
the general assembly, or both had the right under the state constitution to an absolute review of all elections, then the assembly had been given absolute arbitrary power over elections, in conflict with the federal constitution. on april 6, 1900, the court of appeals upheld judge field's decision by a vote of 6 – 1. the majority opinion held that an elected office is not property and thus not subject to the protections guaranteed in the fourteenth amendment. as a creation of the kentucky constitution, the court held, any elective office is conferred and held only subject to the provisions of that constitution. this put the matter beyond the reach of any judicial review
| 1,119 |
[
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"'",
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"had",
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"certified"
] | 877,107 |
, according to the court. the four democratic judges concurred on the majority opinion. two republican judges, in a separate opinion, concurred with the majority opinion, but declared that taylor and marshall had been done an irreparable injustice. the lone dissent, authored by the court's third republican, held that the contest board had acted outside its legal authority. republicans turned to the supreme court of the united states as their final option. = = supreme court = = louisville attorney helm bruce opened the republicans'case before the supreme court on april 1, 1900. he maintained that, after taylor's election had been certified
| 1,217 |
[
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"which",
"to",
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"their",
"right",
"to",
"the",
"offices",
"they",
"claimed"
] | 877,108 |
by the board of elections, he was legally the governor of kentucky, and the attempt by the legislature to oust him from office amounted to an arbitrary and despotic use of power, not a due process, as the federal constitution required. in addressing the complaints upon which the dismissal of ballots was justified – namely, the intimidation of voters in jefferson county by the state militia and the use of " thin ballots " in forty kentucky counties – bruce maintained that even if the allegations were true, both were the fault of the state, not taylor and marshall, and were not sufficient grounds upon which to deny them their right to the offices they claimed
| 1,118 |
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",",
"he",
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".",
"lewis"
] | 877,109 |
. bruce was followed by lawrence n. maxwell, counsel for beckham. maxwell reiterated that the general assembly had acted within its enumerated powers under the state constitution in deciding the outcome of the disputed election. he claimed that the decision of the state court of appeals made it clear that taylor had not been legally elected governor, and therefore never possessed the property he was now claiming had been taken from him without due process. maxwell further asserted that this disposed of any federal questions with regard to the case, and that the supreme court could claim no jurisdiction. the decision of the state court of appeals should be allowed to stand, he concluded. lewis
| 1,119 |
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"-",
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"taylor"
] | 877,110 |
mcquown further argued on behalf of beckham that, even if taylor's claim to the governorship were legitimate, the investigation and decision by the general assembly's contest committee represented sufficient due process. he acknowledged that the goebel election law's provision that the legislature be the arbiter of any contested gubernatorial election differed little if at all from provisions in as many as twenty other states. if the goebel election law was constitutional, as it had before been declared, then the supreme court had no jurisdiction regarding how it had been administered. when maxwell concluded his argument, ex @ - @ governor bradley spoke on taylor
| 1,209 |
[
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".",
"these"
] | 877,111 |
' s behalf. after reiterating taylor's legal claim to the office of governor, he answered the question of jurisdiction by citing thayer v. boyd, a similar case in which the court had assumed jurisdiction. he further quoted authorities who opined that an elected office was property, using this to contend that taylor's rights under the fourteenth amendment had been violated, thus giving the court jurisdiction. also, bradley asserted, the election of some members of the assembly's contest committee would hinge on the decision of that very committee. at least one member of the committee was known to have wagered on the election's outcome. these
| 1,210 |
[
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"of",
"appeals",
"'",
"assertion"
] | 877,112 |
facts should have nullified the decision of the committee and the assembly on the grounds that it had left some members as judges of their own cases. finally, bradley cited irregularities in the proceedings of the contest committee, including insufficient time given for the review of testimony provided in written form by taylor and marshall's legal representation. following bradley's argument, the court recessed until may 14, 1900. chief justice melville fuller delivered the opinion of the court on may 21, 1900. this opinion held that there were no federal issues in question in the case, and that the court lacked jurisdiction. the opinion affirmed the state court of appeals'assertion
| 1,119 |
[
"that",
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":",
"\""
] | 877,113 |
that an elective office was not property. justices gray, white, shiras, and peckham concurred with the majority opinion. in his 1910 book, the constitutional law of the united states, westel w. willoughby noted that the court's ruling that an elective office was not property was at odds with previous decisions in which it had assumed jurisdiction in cases between two contestants for an office to determine if due process was granted. by assuming jurisdiction in these cases, willoughby claimed, the court had given elective offices standing as property. accordingly, justice joseph mckenna issued a separate concurring opinion in which he stated : "
| 1,205 |
[
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",",
"a",
"different",
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] | 877,114 |
i agree fully with those decisions which are referred to [ in the majority opinion ], and which hold that as between the state and the office holder there is no contract right either to the term of office or to the amount of salary, and that the legislature may, if not restrained by constitutional provisions, abolish the office or reduce the salary. but when the office is not disturbed, when the salary is not changed, and when, under the constitution of the state, neither can be by the legislature, and the question is simply whether one shall be deprived of that office and its salary, and both given to another, a different question
| 1,201 |
[
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","
] | 877,115 |
is presented, and in such a case to hold that the incumbent has no property in the office, with its accompanying salary, does not commend itself to my judgment. " = = = dissent of justice brewer = = = justice david j. brewer issued a dissent stating that he believed that due process had been observed and that the majority opinion should have affirmed the lower court rulings rather than dismissing the case. in his opinion, brewer stated : " [ a ] s i understand the law, this court has jurisdiction to review a judgment of the highest court of a state ousting one from his office and giving it to another,
| 1,205 |
[
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"in"
] | 877,116 |
and a right to inquire whether that judgment is right or wrong in respect to any federal question such as due process of law, i think the writ of error should not be dismissed, but that the judgment of the court of appeals of kentucky should be affirmed. " justice henry b. brown concurred with brewer. = = = dissent of justice harlan = = = the only dissent came from kentuckian john marshall harlan. harlan opined that not only did the court have jurisdiction, it should have sustained the writ of error on the grounds that the general assembly's actions had deprived taylor and marshall of property without due process, in
| 1,119 |
[
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"his",
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] | 877,117 |
violation of the fourteenth amendment. going beyond the claim that an elective office is property, harlan wrote that the right to hold office fell within the definition of " liberty " as used in the fourteenth amendment. justifying this claim, harlan wrote : " what more directly involves the liberty of the citizen than to be able to enter upon the discharge of the duties of an office to which he has been lawfully elected by his fellow citizens? " whereas the majority opinion wholly ignored the proceedings of the general assembly as irrelevant ( the court lacking jurisdiction ) and brewer and brown affirmed them, harlan excoriated the legislature in his dissent. " looking into
| 1,210 |
[
"the",
"record",
"before",
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",",
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"would",
"com",
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"will",
"as",
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",",
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] | 877,118 |
the record before us, i find such action taken by the body claiming to be organized as the lawful legislature of kentucky as was discreditable in the last degree and unworthy of the free people whom it professed to represent.... those who composed that body seemed to have shut their eyes against the proof for fear that it would compel them to respect the popular will as expressed at the polls. " he also expressed disbelief at the majority opinion : " [ t ] he overturning of the public will, as expressed at the ballot box, without evidence or against evidence, in order to accomplish partisan ends, is a
| 2,233 |
[
"crime",
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"##le",
"one"
] | 877,119 |
crime against free government, and deserves the execration of all lovers of liberty.... i cannot believe that the judiciary is helpless in the presence of such a crime. " = = subsequent developments = = taylor v. beckham established as a judicial principle that public offices are mere agencies or trusts, and not property protected by the fourteenth amendment. the u. s. court of appeals for the second circuit in 2005 stated that the supreme court subsequently had adopted a more expansive approach to identifying " property " within the meaning of the fourteenth amendment, but that it is the supreme court's prerogative alone to overrule one
| 1,210 |
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"and"
] | 877,120 |
of its precedents. = bart stops to smell the roosevelts = " bart stops to smell the roosevelts " is the second episode of the twenty @ - @ third season of the american animated sitcom the simpsons. it originally aired on the fox network in the united states on october 2, 2011. the episode was the first to feature superintendent chalmers as the central character and chalmers'flashbacks references the films the breakfast club and fight club. in the episode, principal skinner challenges superintendent chalmers to take over bart's education after one of his pranks. chalmers accepts and starts teaching bart about theodore roosevelt and manliness. after he takes bart and
| 2,938 |
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"was"
] | 877,121 |
his friends on an unauthorized field trip which results in one of the children breaking an arm, chalmers is fired. bart and his friends then take over the school in an effort to save his job. the episode was written by tim long, directed by steven dean moore, and features the voice of theodore roosevelt through archive recordings. the opening sequence was guest directed by canadian animator john kricfalusi, who previously created the animated television show, the ren & stimpy show. in its original american broadcast, it was viewed by approximately 6 @. @ 19 million people. the show overall received positive reviews for the story. special praise was
| 2,943 |
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] | 877,122 |
given to the guest directed opening sequence by kricfalusi. springfield elementary school is hosting a fundraiser auction and invites all the families with children in their classes, including the simpson family. every item in the auction is sold to an english widow named edith knickertwist, who is bidding over the phone. when the auction is over, bart reveals that he was the real mrs. knickertwist and that there is no money for the school. frustrated over bart's latest prank and pressured by his supervisor superintendent chalmers, principal skinner challenges chalmers to take over bart's education. chalmers accepts and immediately gives bart his
| 2,508 |
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"to",
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] | 877,123 |
own lesson plan, which primarily consists of former u. s. president theodore roosevelt. he makes bart interested in the subject by talking about roosevelt's heroic and rebellious nature. classmates milhouse, nelson, jimbo, kearney and dolph soon join bart in his education. with the success of his lessons, chalmers plans to take them all on a field trip to springfield forest, in which roosevelt left one of his spectacles. the field trip does not go well, however, as nelson breaks his arm when he tries to reach for the spectacles. since it was an unauthorized field trip, nelson's mother threatens to sue
| 2,457 |
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] | 877,124 |
the school for medical expenses, which leads to chalmers getting fired. in order to save chalmers'job, bart and his friends, who now go by the name " the brotherhood of the spectacles ", take over the school in a hostage situation and stand up for the teacher who made a meaningful impact to them. they lock all of the teachers out of the school and demand that chalmers get reinstated. a swat team prepares to storm the school, before chalmers walks up to convince bart to stop. luckily, chief wiggum accidentally drops his gun, knee @ - @ capping the school representative state comptroller atkins, who thereafter agrees to
| 2,451 |
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] | 877,125 |
reinstate chalmers because they can recover the money lost in the previous lawsuit with a new lawsuit against the police department. = = production = = " bart stops to smell the roosevelts " was written by tim long and directed by steven dean moore. the episode features former american president theodore roosevelt with the use of archival audio recordings. the use of roosevelt's voice was first announced at the san diego comic @ - @ con international in san diego, california, on july 23, 2011. showrunner al jean revealed to the press that " we [ the staff ] have actual audio of roosevelt ( taken from a speech circa 1918 ) in the show
| 2,139 |
[
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] | 877,126 |
. i thought,'finally! we can put a president in the show.'and a good one too. we're going to give him a little credit at the end. " even though superintendent chalmers was first introduced in the season four episode " whacking day ", the character had never been a central part to an episode. this episode marks the first time in which the entire episode follows chalmers. in chalmers'flashback from his teaching days, the scene looks like the library of shermer high school from the film the breakfast club from 1985. the students however refer to the club as fight club. = = = opening
| 1,073 |
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] | 877,127 |
sequence = = = canadian animator and creator of the ren & stimpy show, john kricfalusi, guest animated the couch gag for the episode. this was the second time the simpsons had chosen a guest director for its opening sequence, following the previous season's episode " moneybart ", which was guest directed by british graffiti artist and political activist banksy. previously, kricfalusi had criticized the simpsons staff in the show's early years by saying that " the show succeeded despite the writing " and similarly derogatory comments. the producers responded with the fourth season episode " the front " ( 1993
| 2,937 |
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] | 877,128 |
), in which the ren & stimpy show is nominated for a cartoon award. during the award ceremony, the clip from the nominated episode is merely a black screen with the text " clip not done yet ", a comment on the slow production time of the show. the show was mentioned again in the season six episode " another simpsons clip show " ( 1994 ), when lisa claims that ren & stimpy recycles animation to make new episodes, while referencing itchy & scratchy's habit of doing the same. despite this, kricfalusi changed his tone in an interview with aaron simpson in 2007 and
| 2,960 |
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] | 877,129 |
claimed that the simpsons made it easier to do more edgy work : " well it started with bakshi ’ s mighty mouse : the new adventures and pee wee herman. those were kid shows, but with layers of perversion in them. then the simpsons came along and did edgy material in prime time cartoons. " after the positive response to the opening sequence by banksy, creator matt groening and jean came to kricfalusi and asked him if he could do something similar. originally, they only wanted him to do the storyboards and then let their regular crew animate it, but kricfalusi insisted
| 2,022 |
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] | 877,130 |
on doing the animation himself, explaining that " if we had done it that way, no one would even have known that i had anything to do with it because it would have ended up on model and all pose to pose ". on the simpsons, the animators draw key poses and then let tweeners interpolate between those poses. the interpolation however, is a straight a to b animation. that way the animation ends up having the characters just going from pose to pose. kricfalusi explains that on the simpsons he " wanted to try moving the characters in crazy fun ways, not just looking funny each time
| 2,031 |
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] | 877,131 |
they come to a stop ", and further elaborated " that the way things happened was even more important than what was happening in my work. you can ’ t write visual performance. you have to actually draw it. " he showed groening and jean his adult swim shorts and groening responded by giving him free hands to do the 35 @ - @ second @ - @ long segment. groening told him to break all the simpsons rules, but kricfalusi explains that he " tried not to break any rules in the characters ’ personalities, just in the execution of the visuals. i didn ’ t follow any models
| 2,587 |
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] | 877,132 |
— not even my own ". the more rules he broke, the more pleased groening and jean were with the result. contrary to banksy, who lives a life in secrecy, kricfalusi was involved in every detail and even oversaw the dubbing of the final soundtrack. while kricfalusi animated the 2d parts, he had john kedzie to help him with the computer graphics and sarah harkey and tommy tanner to do the assistant animation. in an interview by neil bennett from digital arts magazine, kricfalusi revealed that he would have taken a different approach to the animation if he were to
| 2,736 |
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] | 877,133 |
animate the entire episode. primarily, the animation would be slower paced than it was in the 35 @ - @ second @ - @ long segment. the couch gag was done at a faster pace so he was able to include all of his ideas. kricfalusi explains that " [ if i did a whole episode ], i would definitely keep on experimenting with the way they move and the acting. i'm sure i would do of my trademark long scenes of two characters interacting with each other without a cut. i would [ also ] want to do more stuff with marge. i loved animating her and was inspired by the
| 2,575 |
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] | 877,134 |
way the fleischers animated olive oyl. i couldn't animate a whole half hour myself, so i would hire other animators ( and designers, painters, etc. ) with strong styles and cast them according to which parts of the story would best take advantage of their individual talent. " the episode originally aired on the fox network in the united states on october 2, 2011. it was watched by approximately 6 @. @ 19 million people during this broadcast. the show received a 3 @. @ 0 nielsen rating in the demographic for adults aged 18 – 49, which was a 23 % drop from the season premiere episode,
| 2,973 |
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] | 877,135 |
and an eight percent audience share. the simpsons became the second highest @ - @ rated program in fox's animation domination lineup that night in terms of total viewers and in the 18 – 49 demographic, finishing with a higher rating than the cleveland show and american dad!, but a lower rating than family guy. these three other animated shows were part of a crossover event, called night of the hurricane, in which they shared the same storyline. for the week of september 26 – october 2, 2011, " bart stops to smell the roosevelts " tied for 29th place in the ratings among all network prime @ - @ time broadcasts in the 18
| 2,973 |
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] | 877,136 |
– 49 demographic. since airing, " bart stops to smell the roosevelts " has been well received by television critics. hayden childs of the a. v. club gave this episode a " b " rating and commented that " the simpsons episodes that strive to have a little heart without going overboard are generally going to work better than the random @ - @ gag episodes, at least at this point in the storied history of the simpsons, and'bart stops to smell the roosevelts'has enough wee little heart to see this episode through ", but further wrote that " there were a number of jokes that didn't work,
| 2,967 |
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] | 877,137 |
milhouse's final scene in particular, but the episode had a steady stream of gags to push through the lean times. and that's all we can ask for. " ology's josh harrison was also positive and gave the episode a rating of seven out of ten, while commenting that he " thought this was a definite downgrade from the season premiere in terms of sheer comedic value, but the sincerity of bart's educational experience, combined with the enthusiasm of his mad quest for justice, definitely made this one a winner. " the couch gag for the episode was critically acclaimed by television critics. amid amidi of cartoon
| 2,351 |
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] | 877,138 |
brew called the opening revolutionary and explained that " in 35 short and sweet seconds, he liberates the animation of the simpsons from years of graphic banality. " he continued : " the visual look of the show, which has been so carefully controlled by its producers, becomes a giddy and unrestrained playground for graphic play, and the balance of creative authority is shifted from the writers'room to the animators in one fell swoop. " when comparing the segment to banksy's, amidi concluded that it is " in fact, far more subversive because he focuses almost exclusively on making a pictorial statement, releg
| 2,031 |
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] | 877,139 |
##ating the show's dominant literary elements to the back seat. " similarly, television blend's katey rich wrote that she appreciates " the simpsons always being willing to push the envelope in different ways ", but admitted that it would take her " some time to get the gangly @ - @ legged marge simpson and the leering homer simpson out of [ her ] brain. " = sms hindenburg = sms hindenburg was a battlecruiser of the german kaiserliche marine ( imperial navy ), the third ship of the derfflinger class, built to a slightly modified design. she carried the same battery of eight 30
| 2,506 |
[
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] | 877,140 |
@. @ 5 cm ( 12 @. @ 0 in ) guns, but in improved turrets that allowed them to fire further. the ship was also slightly larger and faster than her two sister ships. she was named in honor of field marshal paul von hindenburg, the victor of the battle of tannenberg and the battle of the masurian lakes, as well as supreme commander of the german armies from 1916. the ship was the last capital ship of any type built by the german navy during world war i. hindenburg was commissioned late in the war and as a result had a brief service career. the ship took part in a handful
| 1,822 |
[
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"##enburg",
"'",
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"primary",
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"was",
"eight"
] | 877,141 |
of short fleet operations as the flagship of the i scouting group in 1917 – 18, though saw no major action. the proposed final sortie of the fleet in the last weeks of the war came to nothing when the crews of the capital ships mutinied. hindenburg was subsequently interned with the rest of the german battlecruisers at scapa flow in november 1918. rear admiral ludwig von reuter ordered the ships be scuttled on 21 june 1919. hindenburg was the last of the ships to sink. she was raised in 1930 and broken up for scrap over the following two years. hindenburg's primary armament was eight
| 1,841 |
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"sister",
"ship"
] | 877,142 |
30 @. @ 5 cm ( 12 in ) guns in four twin turrets, the same as in her two sisters. however, the gun turrets were drh lc / 1913 mounts, which were an improved version the drh lc / 1912 type mounts on derfflinger and lutzow — the gun houses on hindenburg allowed gun elevation to 16 °, as opposed to 13 @. @ 5 ° in the earlier model. this gave the guns mounted in the drh lc / 1913 turrets an advantage of some 2 @, @ 000 m ( 2 @, @ 200 yd ) over those in the older turret. like her sister ship
| 1,754 |
[
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"(",
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"@",
".",
"@",
"3",
"km",
"/",
"h",
";",
"30"
] | 877,143 |
, the lutzow, she was armed with fourteen 15 cm ( 5 @. @ 9 in ) sk l / 45 guns and four 60 cm ( 23 @. @ 6 in ) torpedo tubes instead of the standard twelve 15 cm guns and four 50 cm ( 19 @. @ 7 in ) tubes mounted on derfflinger. while 2 @. @ 5 m ( 8 @. @ 2 ft ) longer and 300 metric tons ( 300 long tons ; 330 short tons ) heavier than her sisters, hindenburg was also faster, capable of steaming at 26 @. @ 6 knots ( 49 @. @ 3 km / h ; 30
| 1,747 |
[
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"shifting",
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"priorities",
"in",
"time",
"of",
"war"
] | 877,144 |
@. @ 6 mph ) during trials, compared with 25 @. @ 5 knots ( 47 @. @ 2 km / h ; 29 @. @ 3 mph ) for derfflinger. = = service history = = built by the kaiserliche werft at their shipyard in wilhelmshaven, hindenburg was the third and final ship of her class ; her sister ships were derfflinger and lutzow. designed as a replacement for the elderly protected cruiser hertha, hindenburg's keel was laid down on 30 june 1913. she was launched on 1 august 1915, but due to shifting construction priorities in time of war
| 1,837 |
[
",",
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"i",
".",
"on",
"17"
] | 877,145 |
, she was not completed until 10 may 1917, by which time it was too late for her to see any significant operations in world war i. at the time, british naval intelligence believed the ship was commissioned so late because she had had parts removed to repair derfflinger after the battle of jutland in june 1916. in actuality, construction proceeded slowly because of labor shortages. sms hindenburg was the last battlecruiser completed for the imperial german navy, and as such had a very short career. she was fully operational by 20 october 1917, but this was too late to see any major operation in world war i. on 17
| 1,822 |
[
"november",
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"of",
"the",
"high",
"seas",
"fleet",
"began",
"inter",
"##dict",
"##ing"
] | 877,146 |
november hindenburg and moltke, along with the light cruisers of the ii scouting group, were acting as distant support for german minesweepers off the german coast when the minesweepers were attacked by british warships. the british raiders included the new battlecruisers repulse, courageous, and glorious. however, the raid was brief ; by the time hindenburg and moltke arrived on the scene, the british ships had broken off the attack and withdrawn. on 23 november, hindenburg replaced seydlitz as flagship of the i scouting group. in late 1917, light forces of the high seas fleet began interdicting
| 1,835 |
[
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"an",
"opportunity",
"for",
"which",
"it",
"had",
"been",
"waiting",
"the",
"entire",
"war"
] | 877,147 |
british convoys to norway. on 17 october the light cruisers brummer and bremse intercepted one of the convoys, sinking nine of the twelve cargo ships and the two escorting destroyers — mary rose and strongbow — before turning back to germany. on 12 december, four german destroyers ambushed a second british convoy of five cargo vessels and two british destroyers. all five transports were sunk, as was one of the destroyers. following these two raids, admiral david beatty, the commander of the grand fleet, detached battleships from the battle fleet to protect the convoys. the german navy was now presented with an opportunity for which it had been waiting the entire war
| 1,833 |
[
":",
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",",
"to",
"prevent",
"british",
"intelligence",
"from",
"receiving",
"radio",
"intercept",
"##s",
"."
] | 877,148 |
: a portion of the numerically stronger grand fleet was separated and could be isolated and destroyed. vice admiral franz von hipper planned the operation : the battlecruisers of the i scouting group, along with light cruisers and destroyers, would attack one of the large convoys, while the rest of the high seas fleet would stand by, ready to attack the british dreadnought battleship squadron. at 05 : 00 on 23 april 1918, the german fleet, with hindenburg in the lead, departed from the schillig roadstead. hipper ordered wireless transmissions be kept to a minimum, to prevent british intelligence from receiving radio intercepts.
| 1,841 |
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")",
".",
"however",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided"
] | 877,149 |
at 06 : 10 the german battlecruisers had reached a position approximately 60 kilometers southwest of bergen, when moltke lost her inner starboard propeller. without resistance from the water, the propeller @ - @ less shaft began spinning faster and faster, until one of the engine gears flew apart. shrapnel from the broken machinery damaged several boilers and tore a hole in the hull ; the ship was dead in the water. the ship's crew effected temporary repairs, which allowed the ship to steam at 4 knots ( 7 @. @ 4 km / h ; 4 @. @ 6 mph ). however, it was decided
| 1,743 |
[
"to",
"take",
"the",
"ship",
"under",
"tow",
"by",
"the",
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"old",
"##enburg",
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"37",
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"defensive",
"mine",
"##fields",
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".",
"it",
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"that",
"the",
"convoy",
"had",
"left",
"port",
"a",
"day",
"later",
"than",
"expected",
"by",
"the",
"german",
"planning",
"staff",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
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"operations",
"=",
"=",
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"11",
"august",
"1918",
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"admiral",
"and",
"given",
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"of",
"the",
"entire",
"high",
"seas",
"fleet",
"."
] | 877,150 |
to take the ship under tow by the battleship oldenburg. despite this setback, hipper continued northward. by 14 : 00, hipper's force had crossed the convoy route several times but had found nothing. at 14 : 10, hipper turned his ships southward. by 18 : 37, the german fleet had made it back to the defensive minefields surrounding their bases. it was later discovered that the convoy had left port a day later than expected by the german planning staff. = = = later planned operations = = = on 11 august 1918, hipper was promoted to admiral and given command of the entire high seas fleet.
| 1,841 |
[
"rear",
"admiral",
"ludwig",
"von",
"re",
"##uter",
"replaced",
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"as",
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"war",
"i",
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"the",
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"of",
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"base",
"in",
"wilhelm",
"##sha",
"##ven",
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"the",
"british",
"grand",
"fleet",
";",
"admiral",
"rein",
"##hard",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
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"in",
"##flict",
"as",
"much",
"damage",
"as",
"possible",
"on",
"the",
"british",
"navy",
",",
"to",
"achieve",
"a",
"better",
"bargaining",
"position",
"for",
"germany",
"whatever",
"the",
"cost",
"to",
"the",
"fleet",
".",
"the",
"plan",
"involved",
"two",
"simultaneous",
"attacks"
] | 877,151 |
rear admiral ludwig von reuter replaced hipper as the commander of the i scouting group ; he raised his flag on hindenburg the following day. hindenburg was to have taken part in what would have amounted to the " death ride " of the high seas fleet shortly before the end of world war i. the bulk of the high seas fleet was to have sortied from their base in wilhelmshaven to engage the british grand fleet ; admiral reinhard scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the british navy, to achieve a better bargaining position for germany whatever the cost to the fleet. the plan involved two simultaneous attacks
| 1,841 |
[
"by",
"light",
"cruisers",
"and",
"destroyers",
",",
"one",
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"another",
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"##e",
".",
"as",
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"der",
"tan",
"##n",
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"that",
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"##sha",
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"s",
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"##tead",
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"some",
"300",
"men",
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"ships",
"climbed",
"over",
"the",
"side",
"and",
"disappeared",
"ashore",
".",
"on",
"24",
"october"
] | 877,152 |
by light cruisers and destroyers, one on flanders and another on shipping in the thames estuary ; hindenburg and the other four battlecruisers were to support the thames attack. after both strikes, the fleet was to concentrate off the dutch coast, where it would meet the grand fleet in battle. while the fleet was consolidating in wilhelmshaven, war @ - @ weary sailors began deserting en masse. as von der tann and derfflinger passed through the locks that separated wilhelmshaven's inner harbor and roadstead, some 300 men from both ships climbed over the side and disappeared ashore. on 24 october
| 1,835 |
[
"1918",
",",
"the",
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"##sha",
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"the",
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".",
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"and",
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"allies",
"that",
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"war",
"i",
",",
"the",
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"the",
"german",
"fleet",
"was",
"to",
"be",
"interned",
"at",
"sc",
"##apa",
"flow"
] | 877,153 |
1918, the order was given to sail from wilhelmshaven. starting on the night of 29 october, sailors on several battleships mutinied ; three ships from the iii squadron refused to weigh anchors, and acts of sabotage were committed on board the battleships thuringen and helgoland. in the face of open rebellion, the order to sail was rescinded and the planned operation was abandoned. in an attempt to suppress the mutiny, the high seas fleet squadrons were dispersed. under the terms of the armistice between germany and the allies that ended world war i, the majority of the german fleet was to be interned at scapa flow
| 1,830 |
[
";",
"this",
"included",
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",",
"and",
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".",
"prior",
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"von",
"tr",
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"##a",
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"von",
"re",
"##uter",
",",
"who",
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"given",
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"the",
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",",
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"he",
"could",
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"the",
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"to",
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"the",
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"under",
"any",
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".",
"the",
"fleet",
"rendezvous",
"##ed",
"with",
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"british",
"light",
"cruiser",
"cardiff",
",",
"which",
"led",
"the",
"ships",
"to",
"the",
"allied",
"fleet",
"that"
] | 877,154 |
; this included hindenburg and the rest of the battlecruisers. on 21 november 1918, the ships to be interned — 14 capital ships, seven light cruisers, and 50 of the most modern torpedo boats — departed german waters for what would prove to be the last time. prior to the departure of the german fleet, admiral adolf von trotha made clear to rear admiral ludwig von reuter, who was given command of the ships to be interned, that he could not allow the allies to seize the ships, under any conditions. the fleet rendezvoused with the british light cruiser cardiff, which led the ships to the allied fleet that
| 1,841 |
[
"was",
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".",
"the",
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",",
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",",
"and",
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"the",
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"1919",
",",
"the",
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"was",
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".",
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"admiral",
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"##uter",
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"german",
"ships",
"after",
"the",
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"expired",
".",
"to",
"prevent",
"this",
",",
"he",
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"sc",
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"##tle",
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"at",
"the",
"first",
"opportunity",
".",
"on",
"the",
"morning",
"of",
"21",
"june",
","
] | 877,155 |
was to escort the germans to scapa flow. the massive flotilla consisted of some 370 british, american, and french warships. the fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations in versailles that ultimately produced the treaty that ended the war. a copy of the times informed von reuter that the armistice was to expire at noon on 21 june 1919, the deadline by which germany was to have signed the peace treaty. rear admiral von reuter came to the conclusion that the british intended to seize the german ships after the armistice expired. to prevent this, he decided to scuttle his ships at the first opportunity. on the morning of 21 june,
| 1,841 |
[
"the",
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"fleet",
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"sc",
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"flow",
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"at",
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":",
"20",
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"00",
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"her",
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"23",
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",",
"only",
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"rosy",
"##th",
"between",
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"1932",
".",
"her",
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"bun",
"##des",
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"(",
"federal",
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")",
"on",
"28",
"may",
"1959",
".",
"=",
"jun",
"##aga",
"##rh",
"fort",
"=",
"jun",
"##aga",
"##rh",
"fort",
"(",
"rajasthan",
"##i",
":",
"ज",
"##न",
"##ा",
"##ग",
"द",
"क",
"ि",
"##ल",
"##ा"
] | 877,156 |
the british fleet left scapa flow to conduct training maneuvers ; at 11 : 20 reuter transmitted the order to his ships. hindenburg was the last ship to sink, at 17 : 00. her captain had deliberately arranged that the ship sank on an even keel to make it easier for her crew to escape. after several unsuccessful attempts, she was raised on 23 july 1930, only to be scrapped at rosyth between 1930 and 1932. her bell was presented to the bundesmarine ( federal navy ) on 28 may 1959. = junagarh fort = junagarh fort ( rajasthani : जनाग द क िला
| 782 |
[
")",
"is",
"a",
"fort",
"in",
"the",
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"of",
"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
",",
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",",
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"the",
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".",
"it",
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"in",
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"which",
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".",
"the",
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"##kan",
"##er",
"has",
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"around",
"the",
"fort",
".",
"the",
"fort",
"complex",
"was",
"built",
"under",
"the",
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"of",
"kara",
"##n",
"chan",
"##d",
",",
"the",
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"singh",
",",
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"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
",",
"who",
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"from",
"157",
"##1",
"to",
"1611",
"ad",
".",
"construction",
"of",
"the",
"walls"
] | 877,157 |
) is a fort in the city of bikaner, rajasthan, india. the fort was originally called chintamani and was renamed junagarh or " old fort " in the early 20th century when the ruling family moved to lalgarh palace outside the fort limits. it is one of the few major forts in rajasthan which is not built on a hilltop. the modern city of bikaner has developed around the fort. the fort complex was built under the supervision of karan chand, the prime minister of raja rai singh, the sixth ruler of bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611 ad. construction of the walls
| 782 |
[
"and",
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"158",
"##9",
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"it",
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".",
"historical",
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",",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"##ran",
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".",
"kam",
"##ran",
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"second",
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"of",
"the",
"mughal",
"emperor",
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"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
"in",
"153",
"##4",
",",
"which",
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"then",
"ruled",
"by",
"rao",
"jai",
"##t",
"singh",
".",
"the",
"5",
"@"
] | 877,158 |
and associated moat commenced in 1589 and was completed in 1594. it was built outside the original fort of the city, about 1 @. @ 5 kilometres ( 0 @. @ 93 mi ) from the city centre. some remnants of the old fort are preserved near the lakshmi narayan temple. historical records reveal that despite the repeated attacks by enemies to capture the fort, it was not taken, except for a lone one @ - @ day occupation by kamran mirza. kamran was the second son of the mughal emperor babur who attacked bikaner in 1534, which was then ruled by rao jait singh. the 5 @
| 974 |
[
".",
"@",
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"are",
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"##sal",
"##mer",
"and",
"jo",
"##dh",
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"the",
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"where",
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"##kan",
"##er",
"city",
"with",
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"forts",
"was",
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"was",
"then",
"known",
"as"
] | 877,159 |
. @ 28 hectares large fort precinct is studded with palaces, temples and pavilions. these buildings depict a composite culture, manifest in the mix of architectural styles. = = geography = = junagarh fort is located in the arid region of the thar desert of rajasthan bordered on the northwest by the aravalli range, a range of mountains in western india. part of the desert area is in bikaner city, which is one of the three desert triangle cities ; the other two cities are jaisalmer and jodhpur. the name of the place where bikaner city with its forts was established was then known as
| 894 |
[
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"he",
",",
"therefore",
",",
"reconciled",
"and",
"decided",
"to"
] | 877,160 |
jungladesh. before the present junagarh fort was built, an old stone fort existed in the city. this fort was built in 1478 by rao bika who established the city of bikaner in 1472. rao bika was the second son of maharaja rao jodha of the rathor clan, the founder of jodhpur city. he conquered the large arid lands to the northern region of rajasthan to set up his domain. as the second son of jodha he had no chance of inheriting his father ’ s territory of jodhpur or to the title of maharaja. he, therefore, reconciled and decided to
| 782 |
[
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"the",
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"##kan",
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"and",
"the",
"fort",
"within",
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"bi",
"##ka",
".",
"it",
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"100",
"years",
"later",
"that",
"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
"’",
"s",
"fortunes",
"flourished",
"under",
"raja",
"rai"
] | 877,161 |
build his own kingdom at bikaner at the place then called " jungladesh ". bikaner, though a partly of the thar desert, was considered an oasis on the trade route between central asia and the gujarat coast since it had adequate spring water sources. bika ’ s name was thus tagged to the bikaner city as well as to the then state of bikaner ( “ the settlement of bika ” ) that he established. the history of bikaner and the fort within it thus start with bika. it was only about 100 years later that bikaner ’ s fortunes flourished under raja rai
| 787 |
[
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"and",
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"the",
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".",
"he",
"was",
"gifted",
"the",
"ja",
"##gi",
"##rs",
"(",
"lands",
")",
"of",
"gujarat",
"and",
"bu",
"##rh",
"##an",
"##pur",
".",
"with",
"the",
"large",
"revenue",
"earned",
"from",
"these",
"ja",
"##gi",
"##rs",
",",
"he",
"built",
"the",
"jun",
"##aga",
"##rh",
"fort",
"on",
"a",
"plain",
"land",
","
] | 877,162 |
singhji, the sixth ruler of bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. during the mughal empire ’ s rule in the country, he accepted the suzerainty of the mughals and held a high position of an army general in the court of emperor akbar and his son emperor jahangir. his successful war exploits by way of winning half of mewar kingdom won him accolades and rewards from the mughal emperors. he was gifted the jagirs ( lands ) of gujarat and burhanpur. with the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the junagarh fort on a plain land,
| 976 |
[
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"for",
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"17",
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"158",
"##9",
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"17",
"january",
"159",
"##4",
".",
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"was",
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"and",
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"that",
"he",
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"during",
"his",
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"so",
"##jou",
"##rn",
"##s",
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"several",
"countries",
"are",
"amp",
"##ly",
"reflected",
"in",
"the",
"numerous",
"monuments",
"he",
"built",
"in",
"the",
"jun",
"##aga",
"##rh",
"fort",
".",
"thus",
"the",
"fort",
",",
"a",
"composite",
"structure",
",",
"became",
"an",
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"example",
"of",
"architecture",
"and",
"a",
"unique",
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"of",
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",",
"amidst",
"the",
"tha",
"##r",
"desert",
".",
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"##n",
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"##1",
"to",
"163",
"##9",
",",
"under",
"the",
"su",
"##zer",
"##aint",
"##y"
] | 877,163 |
which has an average elevation of 760 feet ( 230 m ). the formal foundation ceremony for the fort was held on 17 february 1589 and the fort was completed on 17 january 1594. raja rai singhji, was an expert in arts and architecture and the knowledge that he acquired during his several sojourns to several countries are amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built in the junagarh fort. thus the fort, a composite structure, became an outstanding example of architecture and a unique centre of art, amidst the thar desert. karan singh who ruled from 1631 to 1639, under the suzerainty
| 824 |
[
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"lavish",
"##ly",
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"the",
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"hall",
"("
] | 877,164 |
of the mughals, built the karan mahal palace. later rulers added more floors and decorations to this mahal. anup singh, who ruled from 1669 – 98, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the zenana quarter ( royal dwelling for females ). he refurbished the karan mahal with a diwan @ - @ i @ - @ am ( public audience hall ) and called it the anup mahal. gaj singh who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the chandra mahal ( the moon palace ). following him, surat singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and he lavishly decorated the audience hall (
| 138 |
[
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"info",
"box",
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"with",
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"ni",
"##was",
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"which",
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".",
"this",
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"by",
"sir",
"samuel",
"sw",
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".",
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"singh",
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"son",
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"##ul",
"singh",
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"but",
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"##kan",
"##er",
"came",
"under",
"the",
"su",
"##zer",
"##aint",
"##y"
] | 877,165 |
see picture in info box ) with glass and lively paintwork. dungar singh who reigned from 1872 to 1887 built the badal mahal ( the weather palace ) named so in view of a painting of falling rain and clouds ( a rare event in arid bikaner ). ganga singh who ruled from 1887 to 1943 built the ganga niwas palace, which has towers at the entrance patio. this palace was designed by sir samuel swinton jacob. ganga singh ’ s son sadul singh succeeded his father in 1943 but acceded to the union of india in 1949. he died in 1950. bikaner came under the suzerainty
| 208 |
[
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"which",
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"it",
"is",
"reported",
"that",
"during",
"the",
"attack",
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"jo",
"##dh",
"##pur",
"army",
",",
"of",
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"and",
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"and",
"the",
"southern",
"ramp",
"##art",
"were",
"damaged",
";",
"marks",
"of",
"cannon"
] | 877,166 |
of the british raj under a treaty of paramountcy signed in 1818, where after the maharajas of bikaner invested heavily on refurbishing their junagarh fort. however, during the 18th century, before this treaty was signed, there was internecine war between rulers of bikaner and jodhpur and also amongst other thakur, which was put down by the british troops. it is reported that during the attack by jodhpur army, of the two entrances to the fort ( one in the east and the other in the west ), the eastern entrance and the southern rampart were damaged ; marks of cannon
| 782 |
[
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"and",
"a"
] | 877,167 |
##balls fired are seen on the southern facade of the fort. ganga singh was the best @ - @ known king among the rajasthan princes. a favourite of the british raj, he earned the title of knight commander of the star of india. he served as a member of the imperial war cabinet, represented the country at the imperial first world war conferences and the british empire at the versailles peace conference and was aware of the shift of fortunes in the world war ii but died in 1943, before the war was won by the allies. his contribution to the building activity in junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audience in the ganga mahal and a
| 788 |
[
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"##aga",
"##rh",
"fort",
"are",
"the",
"palaces"
] | 877,168 |
durbar hall for formal functions. the hall where he held his golden jubilee as a ruler of bikaner is now a museum. he also got a new palace - north of junagarh fort - designed and built by swinton, the third of the new palaces built in bikaner and named it lalgarh palace in the name of his father and shifted his residence from junagarh fort to this palace in 1902. the royal family still lives in a special suite in the lalgarh palace, which they have converted into a heritage hotel. = = structures = = the structures built within the junagarh fort are the palaces
| 870 |
[
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"is",
"called",
"“",
"a",
"paradox",
"between",
"medieval",
"military",
"architecture",
"and",
"beautiful",
"interior",
"decoration",
"”",
".",
"the",
"massive",
"fort",
"built",
"in",
"the",
"plains",
"of",
"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
"has",
"a",
"rectangular",
"(",
"quad",
"##rang",
"##ular",
")",
"layout",
"with",
"a",
"peripheral",
"length",
"of",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"07",
"##8",
"yards",
"(",
"98",
"##6",
"m",
")",
".",
"the",
"fort"
] | 877,169 |
and temples, which are made of red sandstone ( dulmera ) and marble. the palaces are described as picturesque with their assortment of courtyards, balconies, kiosks and windows. the fort, the temples and the palaces are preserved as museums and provide insight into the grandiose living style of the past maharanas of rajasthan. the fort is called “ a paradox between medieval military architecture and beautiful interior decoration ”. the massive fort built in the plains of bikaner has a rectangular ( quadrangular ) layout with a peripheral length of 1 @, @ 078 yards ( 986 m ). the fort
| 824 |
[
"walls",
"are",
"14",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"feet",
"(",
"4",
"@",
".",
"@",
"4",
"m",
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"wide",
"and",
"40",
"feet",
"(",
"12",
"m",
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"in",
"height",
".",
"it",
"encompasses",
"an",
"area",
"of",
"63",
"@",
",",
"@",
"119",
"square",
"yards",
"(",
"5",
"@",
".",
"@",
"28",
"ha",
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".",
"it",
"was",
"surrounded",
"by",
"a",
"moat",
"which",
"was",
"20",
"–",
"25",
"feet",
"(",
"6",
"@",
".",
"@",
"1",
"–",
"7",
"@",
".",
"@",
"6",
"m",
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"deep",
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"a",
"base",
"width",
"of",
"15",
"feet",
"(",
"4",
"@",
".",
"@",
"6",
"m",
")",
"and",
"top",
"width",
"of",
"30",
"feet",
"(",
"9",
"@",
".",
"@",
"1",
"m",
")",
".",
"however",
",",
"the",
"moat",
"no",
"longer",
"exists",
".",
"the",
"fort",
"is",
"well",
"fortified",
"with",
"37",
"bastion",
"##s",
"(",
"‘",
"bu",
"##r",
"##j",
"’"
] | 877,170 |
walls are 14 @. @ 5 feet ( 4 @. @ 4 m ) wide and 40 feet ( 12 m ) in height. it encompasses an area of 63 @, @ 119 square yards ( 5 @. @ 28 ha ). it was surrounded by a moat which was 20 – 25 feet ( 6 @. @ 1 – 7 @. @ 6 m ) deep with a base width of 15 feet ( 4 @. @ 6 m ) and top width of 30 feet ( 9 @. @ 1 m ). however, the moat no longer exists. the fort is well fortified with 37 bastions ( ‘ burj ’
| 832 |
[
"in",
"local",
"language",
")",
"and",
"seven",
"gates",
"(",
"two",
"are",
"main",
"gates",
")",
"to",
"counter",
"enemy",
"attacks",
".",
"the",
"fort",
"was",
"built",
"as",
"a",
"“",
"new",
"stronghold",
"”",
"outside",
"of",
"the",
"ruins",
"of",
"an",
"old",
"fort",
"built",
"by",
"rao",
"bi",
"##ka",
"and",
"on",
"the",
"periphery",
"of",
"the",
"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
"city",
"walls",
"(",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
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"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"93",
"mi",
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"from",
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"city",
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")",
";",
"the",
"old",
"fort",
"was",
"demolished",
"a",
"century",
"after",
"it",
"was",
"built",
".",
"the",
"fort",
"with",
"seven",
"gates",
"contains",
"several",
"palaces",
",",
"pavilion",
"##s",
"and",
"many",
"temples",
"of",
"hindu",
"and",
"jain",
"religions",
"-",
"the",
"earliest",
"dated",
"to",
"the",
"16th",
"century",
".",
"a",
"major",
"feature",
"of",
"the",
"fort",
"is",
"the",
"stone",
"carving",
"done",
"in",
"red",
"and",
"gold"
] | 877,171 |
in local language ) and seven gates ( two are main gates ) to counter enemy attacks. the fort was built as a “ new stronghold ” outside of the ruins of an old fort built by rao bika and on the periphery of the bikaner city walls ( 1 @. @ 5 kilometres ( 0 @. @ 93 mi ) from the city centre ) ; the old fort was demolished a century after it was built. the fort with seven gates contains several palaces, pavilions and many temples of hindu and jain religions - the earliest dated to the 16th century. a major feature of the fort is the stone carving done in red and gold
| 832 |
[
"coloured",
"sandstone",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"interiors",
"of",
"the",
"palaces",
"are",
"decorated",
"and",
"painted",
"in",
"traditional",
"rajasthan",
"##i",
"style",
".",
"the",
"jun",
"##aga",
"##rh",
"palaces",
"have",
"a",
"large",
"number",
"of",
"rooms",
",",
"as",
"every",
"king",
"built",
"his",
"own",
"separate",
"set",
"of",
"rooms",
",",
"not",
"wanting",
"to",
"live",
"in",
"his",
"predecessors",
"’",
"rooms",
".",
"these",
"structures",
"were",
"considered",
"as",
"“",
"at",
"par",
"with",
"those",
"of",
"louis",
"’",
"s",
"france",
"or",
"of",
"imperial",
"russia",
"”",
".",
"several",
"types",
"of",
"architectural",
"style",
"are",
"disc",
"##ern",
"##ed",
"in",
"the",
"fort",
"complex",
"and",
"hence",
"it",
"is",
"called",
"a",
"true",
"depiction",
"of",
"composite",
"culture",
".",
"the",
"earliest",
"style",
"is",
"of",
"raj",
"##put",
"architecture",
",",
"defined",
"by",
"gujarati",
"and",
"mughal",
"architectural",
"influence",
"reflecting",
"the",
"association",
"with",
"mughal",
"rulers",
",",
"the",
"second",
"type",
"is",
"of",
"semi",
"@"
] | 877,172 |
coloured sandstones. the interiors of the palaces are decorated and painted in traditional rajasthani style. the junagarh palaces have a large number of rooms, as every king built his own separate set of rooms, not wanting to live in his predecessors ’ rooms. these structures were considered as “ at par with those of louis ’ s france or of imperial russia ”. several types of architectural style are discerned in the fort complex and hence it is called a true depiction of composite culture. the earliest style is of rajput architecture, defined by gujarati and mughal architectural influence reflecting the association with mughal rulers, the second type is of semi @
| 824 |
[
"-",
"@",
"western",
"architecture",
"reflecting",
"british",
"influence",
",",
"and",
"finally",
"the",
"revival",
"##ists",
"raj",
"##put",
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"that",
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"particularly",
"during",
"the",
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"ganga",
"singh",
".",
"only",
"the",
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"of",
"all",
"these",
"architectural",
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"on",
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"for",
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".",
"thus",
",",
"the",
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"in",
"the",
"jun",
"##aga",
"##rh",
"fort",
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"of",
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"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
",",
"starting",
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"the",
"16th",
"century",
".",
"gates",
"while",
"the",
"main",
"entry",
"gate",
"was",
"kara",
"##n",
"pol",
"or",
"parole",
",",
"facing",
"east",
",",
"the",
"current",
"gate",
"of",
"entry",
"is",
"called",
"sur",
"##aj",
"pol",
"(",
"meaning",
"the",
"sun",
"gate",
")",
",",
"'",
"pol",
"'",
"also",
"colloquially",
"sp",
"##elt",
"pro",
"##l",
",",
"built",
"in",
"gold",
"coloured",
"or",
"yellow",
"sandstone",
",",
"unlike"
] | 877,173 |
- @ western architecture reflecting british influence, and finally the revivalists rajput architecture that evolved particularly during the rule of maharaja ganga singh. only the most representative of all these architectural styles are on display for visitors. thus, the unique monuments on display in the junagarh fort represent sixteen successive generations of the rulers of bikaner, starting from the end of the 16th century. gates while the main entry gate was karan pol or parole, facing east, the current gate of entry is called suraj pol ( meaning the sun gate ),'pol'also colloquially spelt prol, built in gold coloured or yellow sandstone, unlike
| 832 |
[
"the",
"other",
"gates",
"and",
"buildings",
"built",
"in",
"red",
"sandstone",
".",
"it",
"is",
"the",
"east",
"facing",
"gate",
"permitting",
"the",
"rising",
"sun",
"’",
"s",
"rays",
"to",
"fall",
"on",
"the",
"gate",
",",
"which",
"is",
"considered",
"a",
"good",
"om",
"##en",
".",
"the",
"doors",
"of",
"this",
"gate",
"are",
"strengthened",
"with",
"iron",
"spikes",
"and",
"stud",
"##s",
"to",
"prevent",
"ram",
"##ming",
"by",
"elephants",
"during",
"an",
"attack",
".",
"at",
"the",
"entrance",
"to",
"the",
"gate",
",",
"two",
"red",
"stone",
"statues",
"of",
"elephants",
"with",
"ma",
"##ho",
"##uts",
"stand",
"as",
"sentinel",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"gate",
"was",
"also",
"the",
"location",
"for",
"announcing",
"the",
"arrival",
"and",
"departure",
"of",
"royalty",
"by",
"musicians",
"playing",
"the",
"trumpet",
"from",
"a",
"gallery",
"in",
"the",
"gate",
".",
"the",
"other",
"gates",
"are",
"kara",
"##n",
"pol",
",",
"da",
"##ula",
"##t",
"pol",
",",
"chan",
"##d",
"pol",
"(",
"a",
"double",
"gate"
] | 877,174 |
the other gates and buildings built in red sandstone. it is the east facing gate permitting the rising sun ’ s rays to fall on the gate, which is considered a good omen. the doors of this gate are strengthened with iron spikes and studs to prevent ramming by elephants during an attack. at the entrance to the gate, two red stone statues of elephants with mahouts stand as sentinels. the gate was also the location for announcing the arrival and departure of royalty by musicians playing the trumpet from a gallery in the gate. the other gates are karan pol, daulat pol, chand pol ( a double gate
| 832 |
[
")",
"and",
"fate",
"##h",
"pol",
";",
"these",
"provided",
"access",
"to",
"various",
"monuments",
"in",
"the",
"fort",
".",
"the",
"kara",
"##n",
"pol",
"gate",
"is",
"also",
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"with",
"iron",
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"to",
"prevent",
"batter",
"##ing",
"of",
"the",
"gate",
"by",
"elephants",
".",
"to",
"the",
"right",
"of",
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"gate",
"is",
"da",
"##ula",
"##t",
"pol",
".",
"forty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"one",
"hand",
"imprint",
"##s",
"are",
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"on",
"the",
"da",
"##ula",
"##t",
"pol",
"gate",
"wall",
",",
"in",
"red",
"colour",
",",
"of",
"the",
"wives",
"of",
"the",
"maharaja",
"##s",
"of",
"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
",",
"who",
"committed",
"sat",
"##i",
"(",
"self",
"im",
"##mo",
"##lation",
")",
"on",
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"funeral",
"p",
"##yre",
"##s",
"of",
"their",
"husbands",
"who",
"died",
"in",
"battle",
".",
"between",
"the",
"main",
"gate",
"and",
"the",
"palace",
",",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"quad",
"##rangle",
",",
"and",
"then",
"another",
"gate",
"called",
"the"
] | 877,175 |
) and fateh pol ; these provided access to various monuments in the fort. the karan pol gate is also braced with iron spikes to prevent battering of the gate by elephants. to the right of this gate is daulat pol. forty @ - @ one hand imprints are seen on the daulat pol gate wall, in red colour, of the wives of the maharajas of bikaner, who committed sati ( self immolation ) on the funeral pyres of their husbands who died in battle. between the main gate and the palace, there is a quadrangle, and then another gate called the
| 832 |
[
"tripoli",
"##a",
"gate",
"(",
"triple",
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")",
"before",
"access",
"##ing",
"the",
"royal",
"chambers",
".",
"next",
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"this",
"gate",
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"small",
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"called",
"the",
"ha",
"##r",
"mandir",
",",
"where",
"the",
"royal",
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".",
"in",
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"quad",
"##rangle",
",",
"which",
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"large",
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"with",
"a",
"water",
"pool",
"built",
"in",
"carr",
"##ara",
"italian",
"marble",
".",
"the",
"kara",
"##n",
"mahal",
",",
"where",
"public",
"audience",
"was",
"held",
"in",
"the",
"di",
"##wan",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"i",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"am",
"by",
"kara",
"##n",
"singh",
"(",
"163",
"##1",
"–",
"39",
")",
"and",
"his",
"successors",
"till",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
",",
"can",
"also",
"be",
"seen",
"in",
"the",
"same",
"quad",
"##rangle",
".",
"ha",
"##r",
"mandir",
"temple",
"was",
"the",
"royal",
"chapel",
"-",
"private",
"temple",
"of",
"the",
"royal",
"family",
".",
"the",
"royal",
"family",
"celebrated"
] | 877,176 |
tripolia gate ( triple gateway ) before accessing the royal chambers. next to this gate is a small temple called the har mandir, where the royal family used to offer worship. in the quadrangle, which houses a large pavilion with a water pool built in carrara italian marble. the karan mahal, where public audience was held in the diwan @ - @ i @ - @ am by karan singh ( 1631 – 39 ) and his successors till the 20th century, can also be seen in the same quadrangle. har mandir temple was the royal chapel - private temple of the royal family. the royal family celebrated
| 1,008 |
[
"the",
"hindu",
"festival",
"of",
"du",
"##sser",
"##a",
"and",
"ganga",
"##ur",
"here",
",",
"apart",
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"family",
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"such",
"as",
"birthday",
"##s",
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".",
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"##a",
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"jun",
"##aga",
"##rh",
"fort",
",",
"was",
"built",
"in",
"1846",
"by",
"the",
"18th",
"ruler",
"of",
"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
".",
"it",
"was",
"built",
"in",
"indo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"mughal",
"architectural",
"style",
"using",
"white",
"marble",
".",
"the",
"hindu",
"god",
"krishna",
"is",
"dei",
"##fied",
"in",
"this",
"temple",
".",
"kara",
"##n",
"mahal",
"(",
"public",
"audience",
"hall",
")",
"was",
"built",
"by"
] | 877,177 |
the hindu festival of dussera and gangaur here, apart from celebrating other family functions such as birthdays and marriages. in the dussera celebrations, weapons and horses were worshipped here. the main deities worshipped in this temple are the hindu deities lakshmi narayan, a combined representation of god vishnu and his consort lakshmi. the ratan behari temple located near the junagarh fort, was built in 1846 by the 18th ruler of bikaner. it was built in indo @ - @ mughal architectural style using white marble. the hindu god krishna is deified in this temple. karan mahal ( public audience hall ) was built by
| 1,006 |
[
"kara",
"##n",
"singh",
"in",
"c",
".",
"1680",
"to",
"mark",
"his",
"victory",
"over",
"the",
"mughal",
"emperor",
"aura",
"##ng",
"##ze",
"##b",
".",
"it",
"is",
"considered",
"as",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"exquisite",
"palaces",
"built",
"with",
"gardens",
",",
"which",
"displays",
"the",
"aesthetic",
"sen",
"##si",
"##bilities",
"of",
"the",
"royalty",
"of",
"rajasthan",
".",
"it",
"has",
"stained",
"glass",
"windows",
"and",
"intricate",
"##ly",
"carved",
"bal",
"##con",
"##ies",
"built",
"in",
"stone",
"and",
"wood",
"flute",
"##d",
"columns",
".",
"later",
"raja",
"##s",
",",
"an",
"##up",
"singh",
"and",
"sur",
"##at",
"singh",
",",
"also",
"added",
"lot",
"of",
"glitter",
"to",
"this",
"palace",
"with",
"in",
"##laid",
"poly",
"##chrome",
"glass",
",",
"intricate",
"mirror",
"patterns",
",",
"and",
"red",
"and",
"gold",
"paint",
".",
"in",
"the",
"coronation",
"chamber",
",",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"shore",
"##d",
"up",
"al",
"##co",
"##ve",
",",
"which",
"was",
"used",
"as",
"a",
"throne",
".",
"ph"
] | 877,178 |
karan singh in c. 1680 to mark his victory over the mughal emperor aurangzeb. it is considered as one of the most exquisite palaces built with gardens, which displays the aesthetic sensibilities of the royalty of rajasthan. it has stained glass windows and intricately carved balconies built in stone and wood fluted columns. later rajas, anup singh and surat singh, also added lot of glitter to this palace with inlaid polychrome glass, intricate mirror patterns, and red and gold paint. in the coronation chamber, there is a shored up alcove, which was used as a throne. ph
| 974 |
[
"##ool",
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"in",
"##laid",
"mirrors",
",",
"italian",
"tiles",
",",
"and",
"fine",
"lattice",
"windows",
"and",
"bal",
"##con",
"##ies",
".",
"it",
"has",
"some",
"gold",
"leaf",
"paintings",
".",
"it",
"is",
"considered",
"as",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"“",
"grande",
"##st",
"construction",
"”",
".",
"chandra",
"mahal",
"has",
"the",
"most",
"luxurious",
"room",
"in",
"the",
"palace",
",",
"which",
"houses",
"gold",
"plate",
"##d",
"deities",
"and",
"paintings",
"in",
"##laid",
"with",
"precious",
"stones",
"."
] | 877,179 |
##ool mahal ( " flower palace " ) is the oldest part of the palace and was built by king raja rai singh of bikaner, who ruled between 1571 @ - @ 1668. anup mahal is a multi @ - @ storey structure, which functioned as the administrative headquarters of the kingdom. it has ornate wooden ceilings with inlaid mirrors, italian tiles, and fine lattice windows and balconies. it has some gold leaf paintings. it is considered as one of the “ grandest construction ”. chandra mahal has the most luxurious room in the palace, which houses gold plated deities and paintings inlaid with precious stones.
| 825 |
[
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"royal",
"bedroom",
",",
"mirrors",
"have",
"been",
"strategically",
"placed",
"so",
"that",
"the",
"maharaja",
"could",
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"i",
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"##plane",
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",",
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"she",
"##kha",
"##wat",
"##i",
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"##dl",
"##od",
"chiefs",
"paying",
"respects",
"to",
"the",
"maharaja",
"of",
"bi"
] | 877,180 |
in the royal bedroom, mirrors have been strategically placed so that the maharaja could see from his bed, any intruder entering his room. ganga mahal was built in the 20th century by ganga singh who reigned for 56 years from 1887 to 1943, has a large durbar hall known as the ganga singh hall that houses the museum. the museum has exhibits of war weaponry and also a world war i aeroplane ( biplane ), which is stated to be well maintained. badal mahal ( the weather palace ) is part of the anup mahal extensions. it has paintings of shekhawati dundlod chiefs paying respects to the maharaja of bi
| 867 |
[
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"##er",
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"the",
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".",
"bi",
"##kan",
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"have",
"##lies",
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"both",
"within",
"and",
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"the",
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"##kan",
"##er",
"city",
"’",
"s",
"by",
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"are",
"also",
"of",
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"architectural",
"style",
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"home",
"architecture",
".",
"aldo",
"##us",
"hu",
"##xley",
"who",
"visited",
"these",
"have",
"##lis",
"reportedly",
"said",
"“",
"they",
"are",
"the",
"pride",
"of",
"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
".",
"”",
"the",
"museum",
"within",
"the",
"fort",
"called",
"the",
"jun",
"##aga",
"##rh",
"fort",
"museum",
"was",
"established",
"in",
"1961",
"by"
] | 877,181 |
##kaner in different types of turbans. photos of people standing on nails, wood, swords and saws are also depicted here – a display of faith and endurance. the walls in this palace depict fresco paintings of the hindu god krishna and his consort radha amidst the rain clouds. bikaneri havelies located both within and outside the fort in the bikaner city ’ s by lanes are also of unique architectural style in home architecture. aldous huxley who visited these havelis reportedly said “ they are the pride of bikaner. ” the museum within the fort called the junagarh fort museum was established in 1961 by
| 870 |
[
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"dr",
".",
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"singh",
"##ji",
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"maharaja",
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"singh",
"##ji",
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",",
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".",
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"also",
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"armour",
"##y",
"that",
"consists",
"of",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"ass",
"##orted",
"collection",
"of",
"post",
"medieval",
"arms",
".",
"maharaja",
"rai",
"singh",
"##ji",
"trust",
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"rai",
"singh",
"##ji",
"trust",
"has",
"been",
"set",
"up",
"by",
"the",
"'",
"royal",
"family",
"of",
"bi",
"##kan",
"##er",
"'",
"with",
"the",
"basic",
"objective",
"to",
"showcase",
"the",
"fort",
"with"
] | 877,182 |
maharaja dr. karni singhji under the control of " maharaja rai singhji trust ". the museum exhibits sanskrit and persian manuscripts, miniature paintings, jewels, royal costumes, farmans ( royal orders ), portrait galleries, costumes, headgear and dresses of gods ’ idols, enamelware, silver, palanquins, howdahs and war drums. the museum also displays armoury that consists of one of the assorted collection of post medieval arms. maharaja rai singhji trust maharaja rai singhji trust has been set up by the'royal family of bikaner'with the basic objective to showcase the fort with
| 867 |
[
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"another",
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"=",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
"=",
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"of",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
"(",
"three",
"rivers",
"in",
"english",
")",
"was",
"fought",
"on",
"june",
"8",
",",
"1776",
",",
"during",
"the",
"american",
"revolutionary",
"war",
".",
"a",
"british",
"army",
"under",
"quebec",
"governor",
"guy",
"carleton",
"defeated",
"an",
"attempt",
"by",
"units",
"from",
"the",
"continental",
"army",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"brigadier",
"general",
"william",
"thompson",
"to",
"stop",
"a",
"british",
"advance",
"up",
"the",
"saint",
"lawrence",
"river",
"valley",
".",
"the",
"battle",
"occurred",
"as",
"a",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"american",
"colonists",
"'",
"invasion",
"of"
] | 877,183 |
professional inputs in various areas and to improve the experience for visitors. another objective is to promote education and research scholarships, cultural activities, setting up of libraries and integration with other such trusts. = battle of trois @ - @ rivieres = the battle of trois @ - @ rivieres ( three rivers in english ) was fought on june 8, 1776, during the american revolutionary war. a british army under quebec governor guy carleton defeated an attempt by units from the continental army under the command of brigadier general william thompson to stop a british advance up the saint lawrence river valley. the battle occurred as a part of the american colonists'invasion of
| 774 |
[
"quebec",
",",
"which",
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"in",
"september",
"1775",
"with",
"the",
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"of",
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"the",
"province",
"from",
"british",
"rule",
".",
"the",
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"the",
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"the",
"american",
"troops",
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"quebec",
"militia",
",",
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"@",
"-",
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"##viere",
"##s",
".",
"a",
"local",
"farmer",
"led",
"the",
"americans",
"into",
"a",
"swamp",
",",
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"to",
"land",
"additional",
"forces",
"in",
"the",
"village",
",",
"and",
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"establish",
"positions",
"behind",
"the",
"american",
"army",
".",
"after",
"a",
"brief",
"exchange",
"between",
"an",
"established",
"british",
"line",
"and",
"american",
"troops",
"emerging",
"from",
"the",
"swamp",
",",
"the",
"americans",
"broke",
"into",
"a",
"somewhat",
"di",
"##sor",
"##gan",
"##ized",
"retreat",
".",
"as",
"some",
"avenues",
"of",
"retreat",
"were",
"cut",
"off",
",",
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"british",
"took",
"a",
"sizable",
"number",
"of",
"prisoners",
",",
"including",
"general",
"thompson"
] | 877,184 |
quebec, which had begun in september 1775 with the goal of removing the province from british rule. the crossing of the saint lawrence by the american troops was observed by quebec militia, who alerted british troops at trois @ - @ rivieres. a local farmer led the americans into a swamp, enabling the british to land additional forces in the village, and to establish positions behind the american army. after a brief exchange between an established british line and american troops emerging from the swamp, the americans broke into a somewhat disorganized retreat. as some avenues of retreat were cut off, the british took a sizable number of prisoners, including general thompson
| 776 |
[
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"ti",
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",",
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",",
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"attack",
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"quebec",
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"new",
"year",
"'",
"s",
"eve",
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"that",
"loss",
",",
"benedict",
"arnold",
"and",
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"remnants",
"of",
"the",
"army",
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"quebec",
"until",
"may",
"1776",
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"early",
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"6",
",",
"three",
"royal",
"navy",
"ships",
"sailed",
"into",
"quebec",
"harbour",
".",
"troops",
"on",
"these",
"ships"
] | 877,185 |
and much of his staff. this was the last major battle fought on quebec soil. following the defeat, the remainder of the american forces, under the command of john sullivan, retreated, first to fort saint @ - @ jean, and then to fort ticonderoga. = = background = = the continental army, which had invaded quebec in september 1775, suffered a severe blow in the disastrous attack on quebec city on new year's eve in 1775. following that loss, benedict arnold and the remnants of the army besieged quebec until may 1776. early on may 6, three royal navy ships sailed into quebec harbour. troops on these ships
| 794 |
[
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"the",
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"and",
",",
"not",
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",",
"general",
"guy",
"carleton",
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"them",
"up",
"and",
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"the",
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"general",
"john",
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",",
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"##l",
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"18",
".",
"=",
"=",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
"=",
"=",
"=",
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"of",
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"early",
"june",
",",
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"and",
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"supplies",
"continued",
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".",
"by",
"june",
"2",
",",
"carleton",
"had",
"added",
"the",
"9th",
",",
"20th",
",",
"29th"
] | 877,186 |
were immediately sent into the city and, not long after, general guy carleton formed them up and marched them out to the american siege camp. general john thomas, then in command of the american forces, had already been making arrangements to retreat, but the british arrival threw his troops into a panic. he led a disorganized retreat that eventually reached sorel on about may 18. = = = british forces at trois @ - @ rivieres = = = throughout the month of may and into early june, ships carrying troops and war supplies continued to arrive at quebec. by june 2, carleton had added the 9th, 20th, 29th
| 767 |
[
",",
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"##viere",
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"had",
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"@",
","
] | 877,187 |
, 53rd and 60th regiments of foot, along with general john burgoyne, to his command. also arriving in the fleet were hessian troops from brunswick commanded by baron riedesel. after the americans'flight early in may, carleton took no significant offensive steps but on may 22, he sent ships carrying elements of the 47th and 29th foot to trois @ - @ rivieres under allan maclean's command. brigadier general simon fraser led more forces to trois @ - @ rivieres on june 2. by june 7, the forces on the ground at trois @ - @ rivieres had grown to nearly 1 @,
| 776 |
[
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".",
"this",
"decision",
"was",
"reached",
"based",
"on",
"sketch",
"##y",
"reports",
"and",
"rumors"
] | 877,188 |
@ 000, and 25 ships carrying additional troops and supplies were anchored in the river near the village and for several miles upriver. = = = american arrangements = = = since thomas's retreat was instigated by the early arrival of three ships of the fleet carrying only a few hundred troops, he was unaware of the true size of the british army. in a war council at sorel on may 21, which included representatives of the second continental congress, a decision was reached to make a stand at deschambault, between trois @ - @ rivieres and quebec. this decision was reached based on sketchy reports and rumors
| 1,185 |
[
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"june",
"2",
".",
"he",
"was",
"briefly",
"replaced",
"by",
"brigadier",
"general",
"william",
"thompson",
",",
"who",
"relinquished",
"command",
"to",
"general",
"john",
"sullivan",
"when",
"he",
"arrived",
"on",
"june",
"5",
"at",
"sore",
"##l",
"with",
"further",
"reinforcements",
"from",
"fort",
"ti",
"##con",
"##der",
"##oga",
".",
"on",
"june",
"5",
",",
"just",
"hours",
"before",
"sullivan",
"'",
"s",
"arrival",
",",
"thompson",
"sent",
"600",
"troops",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"colonel",
"arthur",
"st",
".",
"clair",
"toward",
"trois",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
"with",
"the",
"goal",
"of",
"surprising",
"and",
"beating",
"back",
"the",
"small",
"british",
"force",
"believed",
"to",
"be",
"there",
".",
"sullivan",
",",
"on",
"his",
"arrival",
"at",
"sore",
"##l",
","
] | 877,189 |
of the british troop strengths and was dominated by the non @ - @ military congressional representatives. thomas contracted smallpox on may 21, from which he died on june 2. he was briefly replaced by brigadier general william thompson, who relinquished command to general john sullivan when he arrived on june 5 at sorel with further reinforcements from fort ticonderoga. on june 5, just hours before sullivan's arrival, thompson sent 600 troops under the command of colonel arthur st. clair toward trois @ - @ rivieres with the goal of surprising and beating back the small british force believed to be there. sullivan, on his arrival at sorel,
| 794 |
[
"immediately",
"dispatched",
"thompson",
"with",
"an",
"additional",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"600",
"men",
"to",
"follow",
".",
"these",
"forces",
"caught",
"up",
"with",
"st",
".",
"clair",
"at",
"nicole",
"##t",
",",
"where",
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"against",
"troop",
"movements",
"on",
"the",
"river",
"were",
"erected",
"the",
"next",
"day",
".",
"on",
"the",
"night",
"of",
"june",
"7",
",",
"thompson",
",",
"st",
".",
"clair",
",",
"and",
"about",
"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"men",
"crossed",
"the",
"river",
",",
"landing",
"at",
"pointe",
"du",
"lac",
",",
"a",
"few",
"miles",
"above",
"trois",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"american",
"crossing",
"had",
"been",
"seen",
"by",
"a",
"local",
"militia",
"captain",
",",
"who",
"rushed",
"to",
"the",
"british",
"camp",
"at",
"trois",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
"and",
"reported",
"to",
"general",
"fraser",
".",
"thompson",
"left",
"250",
"men",
"to",
"guard",
"the",
"landing",
"and",
"headed",
"the",
"rest"
] | 877,190 |
immediately dispatched thompson with an additional 1 @, @ 600 men to follow. these forces caught up with st. clair at nicolet, where defenses against troop movements on the river were erected the next day. on the night of june 7, thompson, st. clair, and about 2 @, @ 000 men crossed the river, landing at pointe du lac, a few miles above trois @ - @ rivieres. the american crossing had been seen by a local militia captain, who rushed to the british camp at trois @ - @ rivieres and reported to general fraser. thompson left 250 men to guard the landing and headed the rest
| 780 |
[
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"trois",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
".",
"unfamiliar",
"with",
"the",
"local",
"terrain",
",",
"he",
"convinced",
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"ga",
"##uti",
"##er",
",",
"a",
"local",
"farmer",
",",
"to",
"guide",
"the",
"men",
"to",
"trois",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
".",
"ga",
"##uti",
"##er",
"proceeded",
",",
"apparently",
"intentionally",
",",
"to",
"lead",
"the",
"american",
"army",
"into",
"a",
"swamp",
"##y",
"mora",
"##ss",
"from",
"which",
"it",
"took",
"them",
"hours",
"to",
"ex",
"##tric",
"##ate",
"themselves",
".",
"in",
"the",
"meantime",
",",
"the",
"british",
",",
"having",
"been",
"alerted",
"to",
"the",
"american",
"presence",
",",
"proceeded",
"to",
"land",
"troops",
"from",
"the",
"fleet",
"and",
"formed",
"battle",
"lines",
"on",
"the",
"road",
"outside",
"the",
"village",
".",
"ships",
"were",
"also",
"sent",
"up",
"to",
"pointe",
"du",
"lac",
",",
"where",
"they",
"drove",
"the",
"american",
"guards",
"there",
"to",
"flee",
"across",
"the",
"river",
"with",
"most",
"of"
] | 877,191 |
towards trois @ - @ rivieres. unfamiliar with the local terrain, he convinced antoine gautier, a local farmer, to guide the men to trois @ - @ rivieres. gautier proceeded, apparently intentionally, to lead the american army into a swampy morass from which it took them hours to extricate themselves. in the meantime, the british, having been alerted to the american presence, proceeded to land troops from the fleet and formed battle lines on the road outside the village. ships were also sent up to pointe du lac, where they drove the american guards there to flee across the river with most of
| 151 |
[
"the",
"boats",
".",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"americans",
",",
"led",
"by",
"thompson",
",",
"made",
"their",
"way",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"swamp",
"to",
"be",
"confronted",
"by",
"hms",
"martin",
",",
"which",
"drove",
"them",
"back",
"into",
"the",
"swamp",
"with",
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"##hot",
".",
"a",
"column",
"of",
"men",
"under",
"colonel",
"anthony",
"wayne",
"fare",
"##d",
"only",
"a",
"little",
"better",
",",
"arriving",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"swamp",
"only",
"to",
"face",
"fraser",
"'",
"s",
"formation",
".",
"a",
"brief",
"exchange",
"of",
"fire",
"took",
"place",
":",
"but",
"the",
"americans",
",",
"clearly",
"out",
"##mat",
"##ched",
"by",
"fraser",
"'",
"s",
"forces",
",",
"broke",
"and",
"ran",
",",
"leaving",
"arms",
"and",
"supplies",
"behind",
".",
"portions",
"of",
"the",
"american",
"force",
"retreated",
"to",
"the",
"edge",
"of",
"the",
"woods",
",",
"which",
"gave",
"them",
"some",
"cover",
",",
"and",
"attempted",
"to",
"engage",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"troops",
":",
"but",
"fire"
] | 877,192 |
the boats. some of the americans, led by thompson, made their way out of the swamp to be confronted by hms martin, which drove them back into the swamp with grapeshot. a column of men under colonel anthony wayne fared only a little better, arriving out of the swamp only to face fraser's formation. a brief exchange of fire took place : but the americans, clearly outmatched by fraser's forces, broke and ran, leaving arms and supplies behind. portions of the american force retreated to the edge of the woods, which gave them some cover, and attempted to engage some of the british troops : but fire
| 776 |
[
"from",
"those",
"troops",
"kept",
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"off",
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".",
"clair",
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",",
"only",
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".",
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"the",
"swamp",
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"woods",
"and",
"continuing",
"to",
"flee",
"up",
"##river",
"did",
"these",
"men",
"escape",
"capture",
"at",
"that",
"time",
".",
"wayne",
"eventually",
"managed",
"to",
"form",
"a",
"rear",
"guard",
"of",
"about",
"800",
"men",
",",
"which",
"attempted",
"an",
"attack",
"on",
"the",
"british",
"position",
";",
"but",
"they",
"were",
"driven",
"back",
"into",
"the",
"woods",
".",
"wayne",
"then",
"led",
"a",
"staggered",
"retreat",
",",
"in",
"which",
"companies",
"of",
"men",
"slipped",
"away",
",",
"with",
"the",
"woods",
"giving",
"cover",
"to",
"hide",
"their",
"true"
] | 877,193 |
from those troops kept them off the road and fire from some of the ships in the river kept them from the shore. st. clair and a number of men made it back to the landing site, only to find it occupied by the british troops. only by returning to the swampy woods and continuing to flee upriver did these men escape capture at that time. wayne eventually managed to form a rear guard of about 800 men, which attempted an attack on the british position ; but they were driven back into the woods. wayne then led a staggered retreat, in which companies of men slipped away, with the woods giving cover to hide their true
| 746 |
[
"numbers",
".",
"general",
"carleton",
"arrived",
"in",
"trois",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
"late",
"in",
"the",
"action",
".",
"a",
"detachment",
"of",
"british",
"forces",
"led",
"by",
"major",
"grant",
"had",
"taken",
"control",
"of",
"a",
"bridge",
"over",
"the",
"ri",
"##viere",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"du",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"lou",
"##p",
",",
"a",
"critical",
"crossing",
"for",
"the",
"americans",
"retreating",
"along",
"the",
"north",
"shore",
"of",
"the",
"saint",
"lawrence",
".",
"carleton",
"ordered",
"grant",
"to",
"withdraw",
",",
"allowing",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"americans",
"to",
"escape",
",",
"either",
"because",
"he",
"did",
"not",
"want",
"to",
"deal",
"with",
"large",
"numbers",
"of",
"prisoners",
"or",
"because",
"he",
"wanted",
"to",
"demo",
"##ral",
"##ize",
"the",
"americans",
"further",
".",
"a",
"significant",
"number",
"of",
"americans",
"did",
"not",
"make",
"it",
"that",
"far",
",",
"and",
"were",
"captured",
".",
"these",
"included",
"general",
"thompson",
"and",
"seventeen",
"of",
"his",
"officers",
"."
] | 877,194 |
numbers. general carleton arrived in trois @ - @ rivieres late in the action. a detachment of british forces led by major grant had taken control of a bridge over the riviere @ - @ du @ - @ loup, a critical crossing for the americans retreating along the north shore of the saint lawrence. carleton ordered grant to withdraw, allowing most of the americans to escape, either because he did not want to deal with large numbers of prisoners or because he wanted to demoralize the americans further. a significant number of americans did not make it that far, and were captured. these included general thompson and seventeen of his officers.
| 776 |
[
"it",
"was",
"not",
"until",
"june",
"13",
"that",
"the",
"british",
"finished",
"rounding",
"up",
"the",
"st",
"##rag",
"##glers",
".",
"in",
"all",
",",
"236",
"captives",
"were",
"taken",
".",
"brendan",
"morris",
"##sey",
"says",
"that",
"about",
"30",
"americans",
"were",
"killed",
"in",
"the",
"battle",
",",
"while",
"howard",
"peck",
"##ham",
"gives",
"a",
"figure",
"of",
"50",
"americans",
"killed",
".",
"=",
"=",
"aftermath",
"=",
"=",
"scattered",
"fragments",
"of",
"the",
"american",
"army",
"made",
"their",
"way",
"overland",
"on",
"the",
"northern",
"shore",
"to",
"berth",
"##ier",
",",
"where",
"they",
"crossed",
"over",
"to",
"sore",
"##l",
".",
"some",
"did",
"not",
"return",
"until",
"june",
"11",
".",
"sullivan",
",",
"who",
"counted",
"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"500",
"effective",
"troops",
"under",
"his",
"command",
",",
"at",
"first",
"wanted",
"to",
"make",
"a",
"stand",
"at",
"sore",
"##l",
",",
"but",
"smallpox",
",",
"desert",
"##ions",
",",
"and",
"word",
"that",
"the",
"british",
"fleet"
] | 877,195 |
it was not until june 13 that the british finished rounding up the stragglers. in all, 236 captives were taken. brendan morrissey says that about 30 americans were killed in the battle, while howard peckham gives a figure of 50 americans killed. = = aftermath = = scattered fragments of the american army made their way overland on the northern shore to berthier, where they crossed over to sorel. some did not return until june 11. sullivan, who counted 2 @, @ 500 effective troops under his command, at first wanted to make a stand at sorel, but smallpox, desertions, and word that the british fleet
| 776 |
[
"was",
"again",
"under",
"sail",
"to",
"come",
"up",
"##river",
"convinced",
"him",
"it",
"was",
"time",
"to",
"retreat",
".",
"by",
"june",
"17",
",",
"the",
"continental",
"army",
"had",
"left",
"the",
"province",
";",
"but",
"not",
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"it",
"had",
"attempted",
"to",
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"montreal",
",",
"as",
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"-",
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"jean",
"and",
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"boats",
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"value",
"capable",
"of",
"na",
"##vi",
"##gating",
"lake",
"champ",
"##lain",
".",
"carleton",
"ordered",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"army",
"to",
"sail",
"up",
"##river",
"toward",
"sore",
"##l",
"on",
"june",
"9",
",",
"but",
"they",
"did",
"not",
"actually",
"leave",
"until",
"he",
"joined",
"them",
"on",
"june",
"13",
".",
"a",
"detachment",
"of",
"1200",
"men",
"under",
"fraser",
"marched",
"up",
"the",
"northern",
"shore",
"toward",
"berth",
"##ier",
"and",
"montreal",
".",
"the",
"british",
"fleet",
"arrived",
"at",
"sore",
"##l",
"late",
"on",
"the",
"14th",
";",
"the",
"americans",
"had"
] | 877,196 |
was again under sail to come upriver convinced him it was time to retreat. by june 17, the continental army had left the province ; but not before it had attempted to burn montreal, as well as destroying fort saint @ - @ jean and any boats of military value capable of navigating lake champlain. carleton ordered most of the british army to sail upriver toward sorel on june 9, but they did not actually leave until he joined them on june 13. a detachment of 1200 men under fraser marched up the northern shore toward berthier and montreal. the british fleet arrived at sorel late on the 14th ; the americans had
| 794 |
[
"left",
"there",
"just",
"that",
"morning",
".",
"elements",
"of",
"the",
"british",
"army",
"entered",
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"on",
"june",
"17",
",",
"and",
"also",
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"fort",
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"-",
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"last",
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"(",
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"very",
"last",
"one",
"reported",
"to",
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"arnold",
")",
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".",
"the",
"captives",
"were",
"treated",
"quite",
"generous",
"##ly",
"by",
"carleton",
".",
"although",
"the",
"conditions",
"of",
"their",
"imprisonment",
"were",
"not",
"always",
"good",
",",
"he",
"provided",
"them",
"with",
"clothing",
",",
"and",
"eventually",
"had",
"all",
"but",
"the",
"officers",
"transported",
"to",
"new",
"york",
"and",
"released",
".",
"a",
"site",
"near",
"the",
"le",
"je",
"##une",
"bridge",
"was",
"designated",
"a",
"national",
"historic",
"site",
"of",
"canada",
"in",
"1920",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"commemorate",
"the",
"battle",
".",
"there",
"are",
"three",
"plaques",
"in",
"the",
"city",
"of",
"trois",
"@"
] | 877,197 |
left there just that morning. elements of the british army entered montreal on june 17, and also arrived at fort saint @ - @ jean in time to see the last americans ( the very last one reported to be benedict arnold ) push away from its burning remnants. the captives were treated quite generously by carleton. although the conditions of their imprisonment were not always good, he provided them with clothing, and eventually had all but the officers transported to new york and released. a site near the le jeune bridge was designated a national historic site of canada in 1920 in order to commemorate the battle. there are three plaques in the city of trois @
| 794 |
[
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
"commemorating",
"aspects",
"of",
"the",
"battle",
".",
"a",
"plaque",
"honour",
"##ing",
"the",
"british",
"participants",
"was",
"placed",
"at",
"the",
"national",
"historic",
"site",
"by",
"the",
"historic",
"sites",
"and",
"monuments",
"board",
"of",
"canada",
".",
"a",
"plaque",
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"##ing",
"the",
"american",
"dead",
"was",
"placed",
"in",
"the",
"parc",
"champ",
"##lain",
"by",
"the",
"daughters",
"of",
"the",
"american",
"revolution",
"in",
"august",
"1985",
".",
"the",
"third",
"plaque",
"honours",
"antoine",
"ga",
"##uth",
"##ier",
"for",
"his",
"role",
"in",
"misleading",
"the",
"american",
"troops",
".",
"during",
"the",
"american",
"retreat",
"from",
"quebec",
",",
"and",
"in",
"this",
"battle",
",",
"wounded",
"soldiers",
"were",
"treated",
"at",
"the",
"ur",
"##sul",
"##ine",
"convent",
"in",
"trois",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ri",
"##viere",
"##s",
".",
"congress",
"never",
"authorized",
"payment",
"for",
"these",
"services",
"and",
"the",
"convent",
"has",
"retained",
"the",
"bill",
".",
"a",
"bill",
"that",
"was",
"about"
] | 877,198 |
- @ rivieres commemorating aspects of the battle. a plaque honouring the british participants was placed at the national historic site by the historic sites and monuments board of canada. a plaque honouring the american dead was placed in the parc champlain by the daughters of the american revolution in august 1985. the third plaque honours antoine gauthier for his role in misleading the american troops. during the american retreat from quebec, and in this battle, wounded soldiers were treated at the ursuline convent in trois @ - @ rivieres. congress never authorized payment for these services and the convent has retained the bill. a bill that was about
| 761 |
[
"£",
"26",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"is",
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] | 877,199 |
£ 26 at the time is now estimated to be between ten and twenty million dollars. on july 4, 2009, during festivities marking the town's 375th anniversary, american consul @ - @ general david fetter symbolically repaid the debt to the ursulines with a payment of c $ 130. = tenebrae ( film ) = tenebrae ( also known as tenebre ) is a 1982 italian giallo film written and directed by dario argento. the film stars anthony franciosa as american author peter neal, who – while in rome promoting his latest murder @ - @ mystery novel – becomes embroiled
| 92 |
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