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] | 876,900 |
other breathing gases include the laryngeal mask airway, i @ - @ gel, cuffed oropharyngeal airway, continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap mask ), nasal bipap mask, simple face mask, and nasal cannula. general anesthesia is often administered without tracheal intubation in selected cases where the procedure is brief in duration, or procedures where the depth of anesthesia is not sufficient to cause significant compromise in ventilatory function. even for longer duration or more invasive procedures, a general anesthetic may be administered without intubating the trachea, provided
| 1,519 |
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] | 876,901 |
that patients are carefully selected, and the risk @ - @ benefit ratio is favorable ( i. e., the risks associated with an unprotected airway are believed to be less than the risks of intubating the trachea ). tracheotomy the earliest known depiction of a tracheotomy is found on two egyptian tablets dating back to around 3600 bc. the 110 @ - @ page ebers papyrus, an egyptian medical papyrus which dates to roughly 1550 bc, also makes reference to the tracheotomy. tracheotomy was described in the rigveda, a sanskrit text of ayur
| 1,014 |
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] | 876,902 |
##vedic medicine written around 2000 bc in ancient india. the sushruta samhita from around 400 bc is another text from the indian subcontinent on ayurvedic medicine and surgery that mentions tracheotomy. asclepiades of bithynia ( c. 124 – 40 bc ) is often credited as being the first physician to perform a non @ - @ emergency tracheotomy. galen of pergamon ( ad 129 – 199 ) clarified the anatomy of the trachea and was the first to demonstrate that the larynx generates the voice. in one of his experiments, galen used bellows to in
| 1,014 |
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] | 876,903 |
##flate the lungs of a dead animal. ibn sina ( 980 – 1037 ) described the use of tracheal intubation to facilitate breathing in 1025 in his 14 @ - @ volume medical encyclopedia, the canon of medicine. in the 12th century medical textbook al @ - @ taisir, ibn zuhr ( 1092 – 1162 ) — also known as avenzoar — of al @ - @ andalus provided a correct description of the tracheotomy operation. the first detailed descriptions of tracheal intubation and subsequent artificial respiration of animals were from andreas vesalius ( 1514 –
| 1,456 |
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] | 876,904 |
1564 ) of brussels. in his landmark book published in 1543, de humani corporis fabrica, he described an experiment in which he passed a reed into the trachea of a dying animal whose thorax had been opened and maintained ventilation by blowing into the reed intermittently. antonio musa brassavola ( 1490 – 1554 ) of ferrara successfully treated a patient suffering from peritonsillar abscess by tracheotomy. brassavola published his account in 1546 ; this operation has been identified as the first recorded successful tracheotomy, despite the many previous references to this operation. towards
| 115 |
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] | 876,905 |
the end of the 16th century, hieronymus fabricius ( 1533 – 1619 ) described a useful technique for tracheotomy in his writings, although he had never actually performed the operation himself. fabricius was the first to introduce the idea of a tracheostomy tube. in 1620 the french surgeon nicholas habicot ( 1550 – 1624 ) published a report of four successful tracheotomies. in 1714, anatomist georg detharding ( 1671 – 1747 ) of the university of rostock performed a tracheotomy on a drowning victim. despite the many recorded instances of its use since antiquity
| 105 |
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] | 876,906 |
, it was not until the early 19th century that the tracheotomy finally began to be recognized as a legitimate means of treating severe airway obstruction. in 1852, french physician armand trousseau ( 1801 – 1867 ) presented a series of 169 tracheotomies to the academie imperiale de medecine. 158 of these were performed for the treatment of croup, and 11 were performed for " chronic maladies of the larynx ". between 1830 and 1855, more than 350 tracheotomies were performed in paris, most of them at the hopital des enfants malades, a public hospital
| 600 |
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] | 876,907 |
, with an overall survival rate of only 20 – 25 %. this compares with 58 % of the 24 patients in trousseau's private practice, who fared better due to greater postoperative care. in 1871, the german surgeon friedrich trendelenburg ( 1844 – 1924 ) published a paper describing the first successful elective human tracheotomy to be performed for the purpose of administration of general anesthesia. in 1888, sir morell mackenzie ( 1837 – 1892 ) published a book discussing the indications for tracheotomy. in the early 20th century, tracheotomy became a life @ - @ saving treatment
| 596 |
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"la",
"##ryn"
] | 876,908 |
for patients afflicted with paralytic poliomyelitis who required mechanical ventilation. in 1909, philadelphia laryngologist chevalier jackson ( 1865 – 1958 ) described a technique for tracheotomy that is used to this day. laryngoscopy and non @ - @ surgical techniques in 1854, a spanish singing teacher named manuel garcia ( 1805 – 1906 ) became the first man to view the functioning glottis in a living human. in 1858, french pediatrician eugene bouchut ( 1818 – 1891 ) developed a new technique for non @ - @ surgical orotracheal intubation to bypass laryn
| 567 |
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"."
] | 876,909 |
##geal obstruction resulting from a diphtheria @ - @ related pseudomembrane. in 1880, scottish surgeon william macewen ( 1848 – 1924 ) reported on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy to allow a patient with glottic edema to breathe, as well as in the setting of general anesthesia with chloroform. in 1895, alfred kirstein ( 1863 – 1922 ) of berlin first described direct visualization of the vocal cords, using an esophagoscope he had modified for this purpose ; he called this device an autoscope.
| 588 |
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"(",
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"–",
"1986",
")",
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"who",
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] | 876,910 |
in 1913, chevalier jackson was the first to report a high rate of success for the use of direct laryngoscopy as a means to intubate the trachea. jackson introduced a new laryngoscope blade that incorporated a component that the operator could slide out to allow room for passage of an endotracheal tube or bronchoscope. also in 1913, new york surgeon henry h. janeway ( 1873 – 1921 ) published results he had achieved using a laryngoscope he had recently developed. another pioneer in this field was sir ivan whiteside magill ( 1888 – 1986 ), who developed
| 596 |
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"##dler",
"(",
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"–"
] | 876,911 |
the technique of awake blind nasotracheal intubation, the magill forceps, the magill laryngoscope blade, and several apparati for the administration of volatile anesthetic agents. the magill curve of an endotracheal tube is also named for magill. sir robert reynolds macintosh ( 1897 – 1989 ) introduced a curved laryngoscope blade in 1943 ; the macintosh blade remains to this day the most widely used laryngoscope blade for orotracheal intubation. between 1945 and 1952, optical engineers built upon the earlier work of rudolph schindler ( 1888 –
| 193 |
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"##er",
".",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"1980s"
] | 876,912 |
1968 ), developing the first gastrocamera. in 1964, optical fiber technology was applied to one of these early gastrocameras to produce the first flexible fiberoptic endoscope. initially used in upper gi endoscopy, this device was first used for laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation by peter murphy, an english anesthetist, in 1967. the concept of using a stylet for replacing or exchanging orotracheal tubes was introduced by finucane and kupshik in 1978, using a central venous catheter. by the mid @ - @ 1980s
| 1,523 |
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"the",
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".",
"s",
".",
"state"
] | 876,913 |
, the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope had become an indispensable instrument within the pulmonology and anesthesia communities. the digital revolution of the 21st century has brought newer technology to the art and science of tracheal intubation. several manufacturers have developed video laryngoscopes which employ digital technology such as the cmos active pixel sensor ( cmos aps ) to generate a view of the glottis so that the trachea may be intubated. = maryland route 704 = maryland route 704 ( md 704 ) is a state highway in the u. s. state
| 83 |
[
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",",
"md",
"70"
] | 876,914 |
of maryland. known as martin luther king jr. highway, the highway runs 6 @. @ 53 miles ( 10 @. @ 51 km ) from eastern avenue at the district of columbia boundary in seat pleasant east to md 450 in lanham. md 704 is a four - to six @ - @ lane divided highway that connects the northern prince george's county communities of seat pleasant, landover, glenarden, and lanham. the highway was constructed along the right of way of the abandoned washington, baltimore and annapolis electric railway ( wb & a ) in the early 1940s. in the late 1950s and early 1960s, md 70
| 1,966 |
[
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"avenue",
"and",
"east",
"capitol",
"street",
".",
"md"
] | 876,915 |
##4 served as a temporary routing of u. s. route 50 ( us 50 ) while the u. s. highway's freeway was under construction from washington to lanham. the route was expanded to a divided highway between seat pleasant and us 50 in the late 1960s and early 1970s. md 704 was completed as a divided highway when the portion east of us 50 was expanded in the late 1990s. = = route description = = md 704 begins at an intersection with eastern avenue near the eastern corner of the district of columbia. the highway continues south as 63rd street, which heads south toward southern avenue and east capitol street. md
| 1,966 |
[
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"##wick",
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"##dm",
"##ore",
"road",
"and",
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"over",
"interstate"
] | 876,916 |
704 heads northeast as a six @ - @ lane divided highway through the city of seat pleasant, where the highway intersects addison road at staggered intersections. addison road leads to st. matthew's church, which is also known as the addison chapel. after leaving the city, the state highway crosses cabin branch and intersects sheriff road at an oblique angle. md 704 passes through landover, where the highway traverses cattail branch and meets md 202 ( landover road ) at a full cloverleaf interchange. the highway continues through the city of glenarden, where the highway intersects ardwick ardmore road and crosses over interstate
| 1,966 |
[
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"bald",
"hill",
"branch",
"and",
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] | 876,917 |
95 and i @ - @ 495 ( capital beltway ) without access. md 704 drops to four lanes again between ardwick ardmore road and the five @ - @ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange at us 50 ( john hanson highway ), which is also unsigned i @ - @ 595. the interchange includes a direct ramp to northbound i @ - @ 95 and i @ - @ 495 toward baltimore ; the ramp to westbound us 50 is used to access southbound i @ - @ 95 and i @ - @ 495 toward richmond. md 704 continues northeast as a six @ - @ lane highway across bald hill branch and ve
| 1,966 |
[
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"in",
"ode",
"##nton",
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"construction",
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"the",
"electric",
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"and",
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"and",
"shut",
"down",
"in",
"1935",
".",
"the",
"maryland",
"state",
"roads",
"commission"
] | 876,918 |
##ers east before reaching its eastern terminus at md 450 ( annapolis road ) in lanham. md 704 is a part of the national highway system as a principal arterial from us 50 to md 450 in lanham. md 704 follows the abandoned right of way of the defunct wb & a railway, an interurban railroad that included a north – south line between washington and baltimore and a branch to annapolis from naval academy junction in odenton. construction on the electric railway began in 1902 and service began between the three cities in 1908. the wb & a went into receivership in 1931 and shut down in 1935. the maryland state roads commission
| 1,966 |
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"–",
"war",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"effort",
"highway"
] | 876,919 |
converted the abandoned railroad right of way into a two @ - @ lane highway from the district of columbia line to us 50 ( now md 450 ) near lanham between 1942 and 1944. the wb & a had a pair of timber bridges across its right of way. the chapel road bridge in seat pleasant, which carried what was then md 389 and is now addison road across the railroad, was removed ; the junction was regraded as an intersection with the new highway. in 1944, the war production board authorized the replacement of md 202's bridge across the abandoned railroad as one of the few non – war @ - @ effort highway
| 1,966 |
[
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"the",
"construction"
] | 876,920 |
projects federally funded during world war ii. construction on the new steel @ - @ and @ - @ concrete bridge began in late 1944 and was completed by 1946. access between the grade @ - @ separated highways at the md 202 – md 704 junction was via a pair of two @ - @ way ramps. md 704 was named for george n. palmer, a banker and community leader in seat pleasant, by 1951. john hanson highway was constructed from us 301 in bowie west to md 704 between 1954 and 1957. md 704 was expanded to a divided highway through the highway's interchange with the freeway as part of the construction
| 1,966 |
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",",
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"the",
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".",
"s"
] | 876,921 |
. in addition to the current set of ramps, the interchange included loop ramps from westbound md 704 to the eastbound freeway and from the westbound freeway to westbound md 704. by 1958, the portion of md 704 south of the freeway was marked as temporary us 50. this temporary route extended west into washington along newly completed east capitol street and the pair of independence avenue and constitution avenue to reconnect with us 50 at 2nd street in capitol hill. us 50 remained along defense highway ( now md 450 ) from bowie to bladensburg and on bladensburg road and maryland avenue within the city until 1962, when the u. s
| 1,959 |
[
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"the",
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"was",
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"southwest",
"through",
"glen",
"##ard",
"##en"
] | 876,922 |
. highway was placed along the newly completed john hanson highway from bowie to washington and temporary us 50 was removed from md 704. md 704 was expanded to a divided highway from the district of columbia boundary to addison road in seat pleasant in 1962. the segment of divided highway at the us 50 interchange was extended west to ardwick ardmore road in glenarden in 1969. md 704's modern cloverleaf interchange with md 202 was completed in 1971, the same year the former highway was expanded to a divided highway from seat pleasant to just north of the latter highway. the divided highway was extended southwest through glenarden
| 1,966 |
[
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"at",
"their",
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"to",
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"md",
"70"
] | 876,923 |
from ardwick ardmore road to glenarden parkway in 1972 and to md 202 in 1973. md 704 was renamed for martin luther king, jr., in 1987. the highway's interchange with us 50 was rebuilt in 1991 in conjunction with the overhaul of the us 50 – capital beltway interchange immediately to the west ; two of the interchange's loop ramps with westbound md 704 were removed. the md 704 divided highway was extended east from the us 50 interchange to forbes boulevard in 1997 and lottsford vista road in 1999. md 704 and md 450 were relocated at their junction to make md 70
| 1,966 |
[
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"##4",
"and",
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"450",
"were",
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".",
"the",
"md",
"70",
"##4"
] | 876,924 |
##4 part of the east – west axis of a more orthogonal intersection in 2000. this project was part of the expansion of the final segment of md 704 and the adjacent portion of md 450 to a divided highway. = = junction list = = the entire route is in prince george's county. = = auxiliary route = = md 704a was the designation for an unnamed 0 @. @ 15 @ - @ mile ( 0 @. @ 24 km ) segment of old alignment of md 704 at its junction with md 450. the designation was assigned in 2000 when md 704 and md 450 were relocated. the md 704
| 1,966 |
[
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"##hir",
"ph",
"##ad",
"##ke",
",",
"gee",
"##t",
"rama",
"##yan",
"was"
] | 876,925 |
##a designation and the road itself were removed in 2004 ; the vista gardens shopping center now sits on the highway's general location. = geet ramayan = geet ramayan ( marathi : गीत रामायण, english : the ramayana in songs ) is a collection of 56 marathi language songs chronologically describing events from the indian hindu epic, the ramayana. it was broadcast by all india radio, pune in 1955 – 1956, four years before television was introduced in india. written by g. d. madgulkar and the songs being composed by sudhir phadke, geet ramayan was
| 2,690 |
[
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",",
"mad",
"##gul",
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"a",
"different"
] | 876,926 |
acclaimed for its lyrics, music and singing. it is considered a " milestone of marathi light music " and the " most popular " marathi version of ramayana. the team of madgulkar and phadke presented a new song every week for a year with every song being aired first on a friday morning and then again on saturday and sunday morning, between 8 : 45 am and 9 : 00 am ist. the program's first song " kusa lava ramayan gati " was aired on 1 april 1955. though geet ramayan is based on sage valmiki's epic ramayana, madgulkar chose a different
| 2,228 |
[
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".",
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"(",
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"and",
"hero",
"of"
] | 876,927 |
narrative format and was praised for the lyrics, and was called adhunik valmiki ( the modern valmiki ). the geet ramayan is considered as " the crescendo of madgulkar's literary vigour ". phadke mainly used ragas of hindustani classical music to compose the songs. he also selected the raga and the tala of a song to suit the time of the incident and the narrative mood. the poet and composer were praised for their contribution to the series. the series showcased a total of 32 various characters from ramayana. rama ( avatar of vishnu and hero of
| 2,653 |
[
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"one",
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"in",
"the",
"series",
"."
] | 876,928 |
the ramayana ) being the lead character of the series was given maximum number of songs ( 10 ), followed by eight songs for sita ( rama's wife and avatar of the hindu goddess lakshmi ). madgulkar expressed their various moods, ranging from their divinity to the human weaknesses. incidentally, the central antagonist of the ramayana and geet ramayan, the demon @ - @ king ravana, was not given any song. the series is narrated by kusha and lava, twin sons of rama and sita, and the writer of ramayana ( valmiki ) was also given one song in the series.
| 287 |
[
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",",
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"a",
"radio",
"programme",
"which",
"would",
"be",
"entertaining",
"and",
"provide",
"moral",
"education",
".",
"he",
"hence",
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"his",
"plan",
"to",
"poet",
"and",
"writer"
] | 876,929 |
with increasing popularity since its release, geet ramayan has been translated into nine other languages : five hindi translations and one each in bengali, english, gujarati, kannada, konkani, sanskrit, sindhi and telugu. it has also been transliterated into braille. geet ramayan was conceptualized in 1955, four years before the introduction of television in india in 1959. during the early days of all india radio, pune ( also known as aakashwani pune ), station director sitakant lad wanted to begin a radio programme which would be entertaining and provide moral education. he hence outlined his plan to poet and writer
| 2,643 |
[
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"##kar",
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"##ad",
"##ke",
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"first",
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"a",
"friday",
"morning",
"and",
"then",
"again",
"on",
"saturday"
] | 876,930 |
g. d. madgulkar ( popularly known as " ga @ - @ di @ - @ ma " ). since the ramayana ( written by valmiki ) is an indian epic, lad and madgulkar came up with an idea of a version in singable verse. madgulkar accepted the challenge, enlisting his music @ - @ director friend sudhir phadke ( popularly known as " babuji " ) for the collaboration. the team of madgulkar and phadke would present a new song every week for a year. every song would be aired first on a friday morning and then again on saturday
| 2,158 |
[
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"but",
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"##yan",
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"mad",
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"and",
"ph",
"##ad",
"##ke",
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",",
"lyrics",
"and",
"choice",
"of"
] | 876,931 |
and sunday morning, between 8 : 45 am and 9 : 00am ist. the programme was initially planned for a year ( with 52 songs ) with the concluding song trivar jayajayakar rama where rama becomes the king, but 1955 in the hindu calendar had an extra month ( adhikmas ) ; therefore, four songs were added to extend the series to a total of fifty @ - @ six. the series ended with the song " ga balano, shriramayan " where the part post crown ceremony was added. apart from the number of songs, madgulkar and phadke left music, lyrics and choice of
| 2,171 |
[
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"##yan",
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"##ti",
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"1955",
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":",
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"##gul",
"##kar",
",",
"the",
"poet",
"'",
"s",
"wife",
",",
"recalled",
"in",
"an",
"interview",
"that"
] | 876,932 |
singers ad libitum. madgulkar was given artistic liberty for the choice of the meters for the song, execution of the story line, and the message he could convey through it. initially, the programme was scheduled to begin on the occasion of gudi padwa, beginning of the new year according to the lunisolar hindu calendar but later finalized to be rama navami, traditional birthday of rama. the program's first song " kusa lava ramayan gati " was aired on 1 april 1955 at 8 : 45 am ist. vidya madgulkar, the poet's wife, recalled in an interview that
| 2,302 |
[
"mad",
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"##ad",
"##ke",
"could",
"compose",
"the",
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".",
"though",
"val",
"##mi",
"##ki",
"was",
"the",
"main"
] | 876,933 |
madgulkar wrote the first song and gave it to phadke the day before the recording ; however, phadke lost the lyrics. with the broadcast already scheduled, station director sitakant lad requested madgulkar to re @ - @ write the song which was readily declined by an angered poet. lad then decided to lock the poet in one of recording rooms equipped with all the required writing material and agreed to unlock the door only when madgulkar is ready with the lyrics. madgulkar then rewrote the lyrics from memory in fifteen minutes so phadke could compose the music. though valmiki was the main
| 2,876 |
[
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"\"",
"ad",
"##hun",
"##ik",
"val",
"##mi",
"##ki",
"\"",
"(",
"the",
"modern",
"val",
"##mi",
"##ki",
")"
] | 876,934 |
inspiration for the geet ramayan, madgulkar chose a different narrative format. he used a simple lyrical format with a flexible number of stanzas ( from five to eleven stanzas, with three or four lines of varying length ). the metre used was similar to bhavageete, with roughly the same number of matras in each line. the metre was also suited to the narration and the characters who sang the song. madgulkar used various formats, including narrative, descriptive and communal songs. he was praised for his lyrics, and was called " adhunik valmiki " ( the modern valmiki )
| 2,151 |
[
";",
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"he",
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"'",
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"earth",
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"mad",
"##gul",
"##kar",
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"series",
"with",
"the",
"song",
"\"",
"ga",
"bala",
"##no",
",",
"shri",
"##rama",
"##yan"
] | 876,935 |
; and the geet ramayan is considered " the crescendo of madgulkar's literary vigour ". madgulkar's narrative format was different from that of valmiki's where he did not end the series with the coronation of rama and sita, but included sita's abandonment by rama, and her giving birth to the twins, lava and kusha. however, he chose not to include the last episode of sita's final confrontation in rama's court and her entering the earth. madgulkar ended the series with the song " ga balano, shriramayan
| 2,151 |
[
"\"",
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"and",
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"format",
".",
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"##bari",
",",
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"while",
"describing",
"the",
"marriage",
"of",
"sit",
"##a",
"and"
] | 876,936 |
" which was voiced by valmiki where he tells his disciples, lava and kusha, how they should recite the ramayana in front of rama. evidently, this also completes the cycle of songs where it had begun, with lava and kusha singing in rama's court. madgulkar did not make any attempt to provide new interpretation or meaning to the ramayana but told the same story in the simpler and poetic format. with inclusion of characters like ahalya and shabari, he included the sentiments of religious devotion ( bhakti ) and also gave divine touch to the story while describing the marriage of sita and
| 2,440 |
[
"rama",
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"and",
"bra",
"##hman",
".",
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",",
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",",
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"##a",
"kan",
"##da",
".",
"as",
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",",
"the",
"daily",
"newspapers",
"in",
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"began",
"to",
"print",
"the",
"text",
"of",
"the",
"new",
"song",
"every",
"week",
"after",
"its",
"first",
"airing",
".",
"the",
"first",
"official",
"edition",
"of",
"the",
"text",
"of",
"these",
"fifty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"six",
"poems",
"and"
] | 876,937 |
rama as a union of maya and brahman. he composed songs on all seven chapters or kanda of ramayana. out of 56 songs, poet composed twelve songs on balakanda, seven on ayodhya kanda, fourteen on aranya kanda, three on kishkindha kanda, four on sundara kanda, twelve on yuddha kanda and three on uttara kanda. as the series became popular, the daily newspapers in pune began to print the text of the new song every week after its first airing. the first official edition of the text of these fifty @ - @ six poems and
| 2,789 |
[
"their",
"prose",
"narration",
"##s",
"came",
"out",
"on",
"the",
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"of",
"vijay",
"##ada",
"##sham",
"##i",
",",
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"october",
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",",
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"##hir",
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"##ad",
"##ke",
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"rag",
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"of",
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"##tani",
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",",
"including",
"b",
"##hop",
"##ali",
",",
"b",
"##him",
"##pala",
"##si",
"and",
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"##hu",
"##vant",
"##i",
".",
"the",
"rag",
"##a",
"and",
"tal",
"##a",
"of",
"a",
"song",
"was",
"selected",
"to",
"suit",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"the",
"incident",
"and",
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".",
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",",
"the",
"song",
"\"",
"cal",
"##a",
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"##ha",
"##va",
"cal",
"##a",
"\"",
"is",
"composed",
"as",
"a",
"bi",
"##bha",
"##s",
"(",
"morning"
] | 876,938 |
their prose narrations came out on the occasion of vijayadashami, 3 october 1957, published for akashwani by the director of the publications division, delhi, in pocketbook size. = = music and singing = = musical director sudhir phadke composed the songs based on the ragas of hindustani classical music, including bhopali, bhimpalasi and madhuvanti. the raga and tala of a song was selected to suit the time of the incident and the narrative mood. for example, the song " cala raghava cala " is composed as a bibhas ( morning
| 2,228 |
[
")",
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"##a",
",",
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",",
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",",
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"##h",
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",",
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"style",
"of",
"indian",
"classical",
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".",
"ph",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"known",
"kiran",
"##a",
"g",
"##hara",
"##na",
"singer"
] | 876,939 |
) raga, and the song describes an event taking place in the morning. the songs " aj mi sapmucta jahale " and " yacka, thambu nako darata " are not based on a specific raga, but include several ragas in each song. the singers, which included vasantrao deshpande, manik varma, suresh haldankar, ram phatak and lata mangeshkar, were familiar with the vocal style of indian classical music. phadke voiced all the songs for rama, and well @ - @ known kirana gharana singer
| 2,905 |
[
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"about",
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"##yan",
".",
"mad",
"##gul",
"##kar",
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"the",
"emotions",
"of",
"characters",
"such",
"as",
"rama",
",",
"sit",
"##a",
",",
"han",
"##uman",
"–",
"the",
"monkey",
"(",
"van",
"##ara",
")",
"god",
"and",
"devote",
"##e",
"of",
"rama",
"–",
"and",
"la",
"##ks",
"##hman",
"##a",
"(",
"rama",
"'",
"s",
"brother",
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";",
"he",
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"attempted",
"to",
"give",
"voice",
"to",
"the",
"humble",
"##st",
"characters",
"in"
] | 876,940 |
manik varma voiced the character of sita. lata mangeshkar sang one song for sita, " maj sang laksmana ", in which sita questions rama about her abandonment but her question remains unanswered. = = characters = = a total of 32 characters from the ramayana were voiced in the geet ramayan. madgulkar expressed the emotions of characters such as rama, sita, hanuman – the monkey ( vanara ) god and devotee of rama – and lakshmana ( rama's brother ) ; he also attempted to give voice to the humblest characters in
| 2,616 |
[
"the",
"epic",
".",
"the",
"van",
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"are",
"given",
"a",
"song",
"(",
"\"",
"set",
"##u",
"band",
"##ha",
"re",
"saga",
"##ri",
"\"",
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"describing",
"a",
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"forming",
"over",
"the",
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"so",
"rama",
"and",
"his",
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"could",
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"and",
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".",
"ni",
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"##dra",
"##j",
"gu",
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"(",
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"ke",
"##vati",
",",
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"by",
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"banks",
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"##es",
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"and",
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"in",
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"the",
"gang",
"##es",
"river",
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"themselves",
"in",
"\"",
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"##os",
"na",
"##uke",
"para",
"##t",
"phi",
"##ru",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"author",
"of",
"the",
"rama",
"##yana",
",",
"val",
"##mi",
"##ki",
",",
"was",
"also",
"given",
"a"
] | 876,941 |
the epic. the vanara are given a song ( " setu bandha re sagari " ) describing a bridge forming over the ocean so rama and his army could cross to lanka. the poet noted that the song described the sacrifice of joint labour and was an example of the principle, " union is strength ". nishadraj guha ( king of kevati, kingdom located by the banks of ganges river ) and the boatmen who helped rama in crossing the ganges river expressed themselves in " nakos nauke parat phiru ". the author of the ramayana, valmiki, was also given a
| 287 |
[
"song",
"(",
"the",
"final",
"song",
",",
"\"",
"ga",
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",",
"shri",
"##rama",
"##yan",
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"followed",
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".",
"he",
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"as",
"a",
"complex",
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",",
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"virtue",
"and",
"the",
"san",
"##ct",
"##ity",
"of",
"a",
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".",
"mad",
"##gul",
"##kar",
"voiced",
"rama",
"'",
"s",
"personal",
"ethical",
"dilemma",
"##s"
] | 876,942 |
song ( the final song, " ga balano, shriramayan " ) with his advice to rama's sons kusha and lava before they appear before rama. being hero of the ramayana and geet ramayan, madgulkar expressed the varied moods of rama ; he was the most @ - @ voiced character in the geet ramayan with ten songs, followed by sita with eight. he portrayed rama as a complex character full of emotions and passions, with some of the questionable deeds, yet bound by a traditional virtue and the sanctity of a promise. madgulkar voiced rama's personal ethical dilemmas
| 2,219 |
[
"(",
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"##iva",
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",",
"k",
"##hal",
"##ni",
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"##te",
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"\"",
"lina",
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",",
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"\"",
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".",
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"and",
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"(",
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"##n",
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"##e",
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"##vac",
"##ha",
"\"",
")",
",",
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"##nt",
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"##s",
"(",
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"\"",
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"##a",
"rag",
"##ha",
"##va",
"cal",
"##a",
"\"",
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",",
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",",
"and",
"diplomatic",
"when",
"dealing",
"with",
"the",
"monkey",
"king",
",",
"val"
] | 876,943 |
( in " valivadh na, khalnidralan " and " linate, carute, site " ) along with his courage ( in " nabha bheduni nad chalale " ), and steadfastness ( in " linate, carute, site " ). he was shown to be patient with his brothers and mothers ( in " paradhin ahe jagati putra manavacha " ), obedient of father and sages ( in " cala raghava cala " ), heroic on the battlefield, and diplomatic when dealing with the monkey king, val
| 151 |
[
"##i",
"(",
"in",
"\"",
"val",
"##iva",
"##dh",
"na",
",",
"k",
"##hal",
"##ni",
"##dra",
"##lan",
"\"",
")",
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"mad",
"##gul",
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"is",
"said",
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"he",
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"##ti",
"##l",
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"##ule",
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".",
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"he",
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"-",
"@",
"wren",
"##ching",
"words",
"to",
"sit",
"##a",
",",
"in",
"front",
"of",
"his",
"army",
"with",
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"her",
"for",
"all",
"the",
"happening",
"##s",
"(",
"in",
"\"",
"lina",
"##te",
",",
"car",
"##ute",
","
] | 876,944 |
##i ( in " valivadh na, khalnidralan " ). madgulkar is said to have successfully shown rama's divinity alongside his human weaknesses. he was shown to be distracted at the loss sita ( in " kothe sita janakanandini? " ), and wailed in lakshmana's presence ( in " hi ticya venitil phule " ). in another situation, he uttered some heart @ - @ wrenching words to sita, in front of his army with blaming her for all the happenings ( in " linate, carute,
| 2,282 |
[
"site",
"\"",
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",",
"and",
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"was",
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"shown",
"to",
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"his",
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"with",
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"##s",
"and",
"confessions",
"of",
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"to",
"sit",
"##a",
"(",
"in",
"\"",
"lok",
"##asa",
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"##a",
"shu",
"##dd",
"##hi",
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"##i",
"\"",
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"rama",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"##mit",
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"ku",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"two",
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"each",
".",
"the",
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"antagonist",
"of",
"the",
"rama",
"##yana",
",",
"the",
"demon",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"king",
"ra",
"##vana"
] | 876,945 |
site " ), and then he was also shown to explain his behavior with oaths and confessions of loyalty to sita ( in " lokasaksa shuddhi jhali " ). rama's mother, kausalya, sang three songs ; his brother bharata, his father dasharatha, hanuman, lakshmana, the demon surpanakha ( sister of ravana ), rama's guru @ - @ sage vishvamitra and kusha @ - @ lava have two songs each. the central antagonist of the ramayana, the demon @ - @ king ravana
| 2,185 |
[
",",
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"-",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"six",
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"songs",
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"popular",
"demand",
".",
"after",
"the",
"broadcast",
",",
"ph",
"##ad",
"##ke",
"produced",
"public",
"concerts",
"of",
"selected",
"songs",
".",
"the",
"first",
"public",
"performance",
"was"
] | 876,946 |
, was not given a song ; his oppressive presence was expressed in prose narration, poetic descriptions and songs sung by the other characters ( such as ravana's demon brother kumbhakarna in " lankevar kal kathin ala " ). = = performances = = after geet ramayan's original broadcast was over in march of 1956, requests of re @ - @ broadcast were flooding the radio station. all @ - @ india radio repeated the entire series of fifty @ - @ six weekly songs due to popular demand. after the broadcast, phadke produced public concerts of selected songs. the first public performance was
| 2,942 |
[
"held",
"in",
"the",
"mad",
"##gul",
"##kar",
"##s",
"'",
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",",
"\"",
"pan",
"##cha",
"##vati",
"\"",
"at",
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"##k",
"##de",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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"in",
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"for",
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".",
"ata",
"##l",
"bihar",
"##i",
"va",
"##j",
"##pa",
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"##e",
",",
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"then",
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",",
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",",
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"##u",
"b",
"##hat",
"##ta",
"##cha",
"##rya",
",",
"actor",
"dad",
"##a",
"ko",
"##nd",
"##ke",
",",
"and",
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"such",
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"b",
"##him",
"##sen",
"joshi",
"and",
"ki",
"##sho",
"##ri",
"am",
"##on",
"##kar"
] | 876,947 |
held in the madgulkars'bungalow, " panchavati " at wakdewadi, pune on 28 may 1958. in 1979, a silver jubilee celebration of the programme took place at the new english school in pune for eight nights. atal bihari vajpayee, the then minister of external affairs, attended the show as the guest of honour along with the then deputy prime minister of india yashwantrao chavan, bollywood film director basu bhattacharya, actor dada kondke, and celebrated classical singers such as bhimsen joshi and kishori amonkar
| 2,706 |
[
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",",
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",",
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"=",
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",",
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"newspapers",
"in",
"pune",
"began",
"printing",
"the",
"lyrics",
"of",
"the",
"new",
"songs"
] | 876,948 |
. vajpayee also attended the golden jubilee celebration with sharad pawar and bal thackeray. national award @ - @ winning art director nitin chandrakant desai designed the stage depicting scenes from the ramayana. the event featured all the songs from the original geet ramayan now vocalized by madgulkar's son anand madgulkar, shridhar phadke, suresh wadkar, upendra bhat, padmaja phenany joglekar and others. = = reception = = as the radio programme became popular, daily newspapers in pune began printing the lyrics of the new songs
| 2,171 |
[
"each",
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".",
"the",
"publication",
"department",
"of",
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"radio",
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"and",
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"from",
"the",
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"ten",
"lp",
"##s",
"featuring",
"the",
"voice",
"of",
"sud",
"##hir",
"ph",
"##ad",
"##ke",
".",
"in",
"1968",
",",
"the",
"gram",
"##ophone",
"company",
"of",
"india",
"released",
"a",
"10",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cassette",
"set",
",",
"again",
"featuring",
"ph",
"##ad",
"##ke",
"'",
"s",
"voice",
",",
"and",
"50",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"records",
"were",
"sold",
".",
"mad",
"##gul",
"##kar",
"'",
"s",
"son",
",",
"anand",
",",
"produced",
"a",
"televised",
"version",
"showcasing",
"twenty",
"@",
"-"
] | 876,949 |
each week. the publication department of all india radio also compiled the lyrics and excerpts from the introductory comments in a book form. the 179 @ - @ page volume, then priced at ₹ 2, was launched on 3 october 1957 on the occasion of vijayadashami. in 1965, the hmv released ten lps featuring the voice of sudhir phadke. in 1968, the gramophone company of india released a 10 @ - @ cassette set, again featuring phadke's voice, and 50 @, @ 000 records were sold. madgulkar's son, anand, produced a televised version showcasing twenty @ -
| 2,248 |
[
"@",
"eight",
"episodes",
"of",
"the",
"gee",
"##t",
"rama",
"##yan",
"on",
"zee",
"marathi",
"which",
"was",
"well",
"received",
"by",
"the",
"audience",
".",
"he",
"has",
"also",
"written",
"a",
"book",
",",
"gee",
"##t",
"rama",
"##yana",
"##che",
"rama",
"##yan",
",",
"describing",
"the",
"birth",
"of",
"each",
"gee",
"##t",
"rama",
"##yana",
"song",
".",
"this",
"book",
"was",
"extremely",
"well",
"received",
"and",
"is",
"well",
"into",
"its",
"second",
"edition",
"already",
".",
"he",
"also",
"did",
"a",
"radio",
"program",
"by",
"the",
"same",
"name",
".",
"live",
"shows",
"of",
"gee",
"##t",
"rama",
"##yan",
"are",
"still",
"produced",
"on",
"occasion",
"of",
"rama",
"na",
"##va",
"##mi",
".",
"anand",
"mad",
"##gul",
"##kar",
"himself",
"has",
"religious",
"##ly",
"been",
"performing",
"'",
"gee",
"##t",
"rama",
"##yana",
"'",
"concerts",
"in",
"india",
",",
"usa",
",",
"australia",
",",
"canada",
",",
"europe",
"and",
"uae",
"for",
"the",
"last",
"30",
"years",
".",
"=",
"=",
"other"
] | 876,950 |
@ eight episodes of the geet ramayan on zee marathi which was well received by the audience. he has also written a book, geet ramayanache ramayan, describing the birth of each geet ramayana song. this book was extremely well received and is well into its second edition already. he also did a radio program by the same name. live shows of geet ramayan are still produced on occasion of rama navami. anand madgulkar himself has religiously been performing'geet ramayana'concerts in india, usa, australia, canada, europe and uae for the last 30 years. = = other
| 2,789 |
[
"languages",
"=",
"=",
"gee",
"##t",
"rama",
"##yan",
"has",
"been",
"translated",
"into",
"nine",
"other",
"languages",
"including",
"bengali",
",",
"english",
",",
"gu",
"##aja",
"##rat",
"##i",
",",
"kannada",
",",
"hindi",
",",
"ko",
"##nka",
"##ni",
",",
"sanskrit",
",",
"sindh",
"##i",
"and",
"telugu",
".",
"it",
"is",
"also",
"translit",
"##erated",
"into",
"bra",
"##ille",
".",
"this",
"is",
"the",
"first",
"and",
"only",
"collection",
"of",
"marathi",
"language",
"songs",
"got",
"translated",
"in",
"so",
"many",
"languages",
".",
"the",
"translation",
"is",
"done",
"in",
"such",
"a",
"way",
"that",
"the",
"basic",
"the",
"basic",
"length",
"and",
"other",
"specification",
"of",
"poem",
"are",
"unchanged",
".",
"the",
"translations",
"are",
":",
"=",
"scarborough",
"day",
"school",
"=",
"the",
"scarborough",
"day",
"school",
"was",
"a",
"private",
"school",
"in",
"scarborough",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"on",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"hudson",
",",
"in",
"br",
"##ia",
"##rc",
"##li",
"##ff",
"manor",
",",
"new",
"york",
".",
"frank"
] | 876,951 |
languages = = geet ramayan has been translated into nine other languages including bengali, english, guajarati, kannada, hindi, konkani, sanskrit, sindhi and telugu. it is also transliterated into braille. this is the first and only collection of marathi language songs got translated in so many languages. the translation is done in such a way that the basic the basic length and other specification of poem are unchanged. the translations are : = scarborough day school = the scarborough day school was a private school in scarborough @ - @ on @ - @ hudson, in briarcliff manor, new york. frank
| 2,689 |
[
"and",
"na",
"##rc",
"##issa",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"established",
"the",
"school",
"in",
"1913",
"at",
"their",
"estate",
",",
"beech",
"##wood",
".",
"the",
"school",
",",
"a",
"non",
"##se",
"##cta",
"##rian",
"nonprofit",
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"-",
"@",
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",",
"with",
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"rarely",
"exceeding",
"150",
"students",
".",
"since",
"1980",
",",
"the",
"buildings",
"and",
"property",
"have",
"been",
"owned",
"by",
"the",
"clear",
"view",
"school",
",",
"which",
"runs",
"a",
"day",
"treatment",
"program",
"for",
"83",
"students",
".",
"the",
"current",
"school",
"still",
"uses",
"the",
"scarborough",
"school",
"'",
"s",
"theater",
",",
"which",
"was",
"opened",
"in",
"1917",
".",
"the",
"school",
"campus",
"is",
"a",
"contributing",
"property",
"to",
"the",
"scarborough",
"historic",
"district",
".",
"the",
"scarborough",
"day",
"school",
"was",
"accredited",
"by",
"the",
"middle",
"states",
"association",
"of"
] | 876,952 |
and narcissa vanderlip established the school in 1913 at their estate, beechwood. the school, a nonsectarian nonprofit college preparatory day school, taught students at pre @ - @ kindergarten to twelfth grade levels and had small class sizes, with total enrollment rarely exceeding 150 students. since 1980, the buildings and property have been owned by the clear view school, which runs a day treatment program for 83 students. the current school still uses the scarborough school's theater, which was opened in 1917. the school campus is a contributing property to the scarborough historic district. the scarborough day school was accredited by the middle states association of
| 1,086 |
[
"colleges",
"and",
"secondary",
"schools",
"and",
"the",
"board",
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"of",
"the",
"university",
"of",
"the",
"state",
"of",
"new",
"york",
".",
"the",
"school",
"also",
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"cum",
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"society",
"and",
"the",
"national",
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".",
"its",
"seal",
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"of",
"scarborough",
",",
"north",
"yorkshire",
";",
"scarborough",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"on",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"hudson",
"'",
"s",
"namesake",
".",
"the",
"scarborough",
"school",
"was",
"founded",
"in",
"1913",
"by",
"frank",
"and",
"na",
"##rc",
"##issa",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"for",
"their",
"six",
"children",
"and",
"the",
"children",
"of",
"friends",
"and",
"neighbors",
".",
"having",
"met",
"educator",
"maria",
"monte",
"##sso",
"##ri",
"during",
"their",
"european",
"travels",
",",
"the",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"##s",
"pioneered",
"the",
"monte",
"##sso",
"##ri",
"method",
"at",
"the",
"edward",
"harden",
"mansion",
"in",
"nearby",
"sleepy",
"hollow",
"by",
"creating",
"the",
"first",
"monte",
"##sso",
"##ri"
] | 876,953 |
colleges and secondary schools and the board of regents of the university of the state of new york. the school also was a member of the cum laude society and the national association of independent schools. its seal copies that of scarborough, north yorkshire ; scarborough @ - @ on @ - @ hudson's namesake. the scarborough school was founded in 1913 by frank and narcissa vanderlip for their six children and the children of friends and neighbors. having met educator maria montessori during their european travels, the vanderlips pioneered the montessori method at the edward harden mansion in nearby sleepy hollow by creating the first montessori
| 1,068 |
[
"school",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
",",
"in",
"1912",
".",
"frank",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"'",
"s",
"sister",
"ruth",
"was",
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"to",
"harden",
";",
"the",
"families",
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"close",
"ties",
".",
"after",
"a",
"year",
"existing",
"in",
"two",
"rooms",
"of",
"the",
"harden",
"residence",
",",
"the",
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"moved",
"to",
"the",
"river",
"gate",
"house",
"at",
"the",
"north",
"end",
"of",
"river",
"road",
"and",
"the",
"beech",
"##wood",
"estate",
".",
"the",
"school",
"moved",
"to",
"its",
"final",
"location",
"in",
"1917",
",",
"at",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"hall",
",",
"a",
"building",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"constructed",
"in",
"1916",
"bordering",
"albany",
"post",
"road",
"(",
"current",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"route",
"9",
")",
".",
"the",
"building",
"was",
"designed",
"for",
"classes",
"of",
"ten",
",",
"to",
"accommodate",
"120",
"children",
"total",
".",
"it",
"was",
"situated",
"on",
"beech",
"##wood",
"'",
"s",
"80",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"acre",
"("
] | 876,954 |
school in the united states, in 1912. frank vanderlip's sister ruth was married to harden ; the families maintained close ties. after a year existing in two rooms of the harden residence, the school moved to the river gate house at the north end of river road and the beechwood estate. the school moved to its final location in 1917, at vanderlip hall, a building vanderlip constructed in 1916 bordering albany post road ( current u. s. route 9 ). the building was designed for classes of ten, to accommodate 120 children total. it was situated on beechwood's 80 @ - @ acre (
| 850 |
[
"320",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"m2",
")",
"park",
"##land",
"designed",
"by",
"frederick",
"law",
"ol",
"##ms",
"##ted",
"for",
"the",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"##s",
".",
"throughout",
"the",
"school",
"'",
"s",
"history",
",",
"students",
"were",
"open",
"to",
"wander",
"the",
"woodlands",
"and",
"gardens",
",",
"utilize",
"the",
"lawn",
"##s",
"and",
"tennis",
"courts",
",",
"and",
"swim",
"in",
"the",
"olympic",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sized",
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".",
"there",
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"always",
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"animals",
"nearby",
"for",
"the",
"children",
"to",
"see",
"and",
"play",
"with",
"and",
"a",
"circus",
"carousel",
"to",
"ride",
"on",
".",
"the",
"school",
"had",
"a",
"gymnasium",
"class",
",",
"amateur",
"theater",
"group",
",",
"folk",
"singing",
",",
"a",
"swimming",
"pool",
",",
"and",
"an",
"economic",
"forum",
".",
"frank",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"had",
"spent",
"about",
"$",
"500",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"on",
"the",
"school",
"(",
"$",
"9",
"@",
",",
"@",
"235",
"@"
] | 876,955 |
320 @, @ 000 m2 ) parkland designed by frederick law olmsted for the vanderlips. throughout the school's history, students were open to wander the woodlands and gardens, utilize the lawns and tennis courts, and swim in the olympic @ - @ sized pool. there were always farm animals nearby for the children to see and play with and a circus carousel to ride on. the school had a gymnasium class, amateur theater group, folk singing, a swimming pool, and an economic forum. frank vanderlip had spent about $ 500 @, @ 000 on the school ( $ 9 @, @ 235 @
| 1,077 |
[
",",
"@",
"100",
"in",
"2015",
")",
".",
"regular",
"art",
"exhibits",
"were",
"held",
"at",
"the",
"scarborough",
"school",
",",
"including",
"a",
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"beech",
"##wood",
",",
"which",
"included",
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"de",
"cree",
"##ft",
",",
"jason",
"se",
"##ley",
"(",
"a",
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"at",
"cornell",
")",
",",
"and",
"richard",
"stan",
"##kiewicz",
".",
"early",
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"'",
"s",
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",",
"the",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"##s",
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"'",
"s",
"system",
"from",
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"monte",
"##sso",
"##ri",
"method",
"to",
"a",
"more",
"formal",
"approach",
"with",
"more",
"discipline",
",",
"although",
"students",
"still",
"had",
"more",
"freedom",
"than",
"the",
"average",
"school",
".",
"in",
"the",
"1930s",
",",
"the",
"school",
"was",
"considered",
"progressive",
":",
"students",
"were",
"not",
"graded",
"and",
"were",
"instructed",
"to",
"work",
"at",
"their",
"own",
"speed",
"."
] | 876,956 |
, @ 100 in 2015 ). regular art exhibits were held at the scarborough school, including a sculpture exhibition in the italian garden at beechwood, which included works by jose de creeft, jason seley ( a longtime professor of sculpture at cornell ), and richard stankiewicz. early on in the school's history, the vanderlips decided to change the school's system from the montessori method to a more formal approach with more discipline, although students still had more freedom than the average school. in the 1930s, the school was considered progressive : students were not graded and were instructed to work at their own speed.
| 1,087 |
[
"as",
"enrollment",
"grew",
",",
"another",
"building",
"was",
"built",
"for",
"younger",
"children",
",",
"which",
"burnt",
"down",
"in",
"1959",
".",
"in",
"addition",
",",
"a",
"lunch",
"##room",
",",
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",",
"and",
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"'",
"s",
"history",
".",
"frank",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"enjoyed",
"teaching",
"simplified",
"political",
"economy",
"at",
"the",
"school",
";",
"he",
"would",
"act",
"out",
"swiss",
"family",
"robinson",
"on",
"an",
"imaginary",
"island",
"with",
"students",
"to",
"demonstrate",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"capitalism",
".",
"na",
"##rc",
"##issa",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"ran",
"the",
"school",
"lunch",
"##room",
",",
"and",
"it",
"is",
"recorded",
"that",
"she",
"served",
"good",
"simple",
"food",
".",
"she",
"named",
"some",
"of",
"her",
"foods",
"artistic",
"##ally",
"(",
"rice",
"pudding",
"with",
"rai",
"##sin",
"##s",
"was",
"called",
"bet",
"##e",
"noir",
"##e",
"a",
"la",
"bolshevik",
")",
".",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"family"
] | 876,957 |
as enrollment grew, another building was built for younger children, which burnt down in 1959. in addition, a lunchroom, shop, and studio were built early in the school's history. frank vanderlip enjoyed teaching simplified political economy at the school ; he would act out swiss family robinson on an imaginary island with students to demonstrate the development of capitalism. narcissa vanderlip ran the school lunchroom, and it is recorded that she served good simple food. she named some of her foods artistically ( rice pudding with raisins was called bete noire a la bolshevik ). members of the vanderlip family
| 1,078 |
[
",",
"particularly",
"virginia",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"sc",
"##ho",
"##ales",
",",
"continued",
"to",
"administer",
"the",
"school",
"for",
"sixty",
"years",
".",
"a",
"1959",
"development",
"plan",
"made",
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"for",
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"new",
"primary",
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"in",
"1961",
",",
"new",
"science",
"facilities",
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"1962",
",",
"expansion",
"of",
"the",
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"in",
"1963",
",",
"and",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"an",
"organization",
"for",
"alumni",
",",
"of",
"whom",
"there",
"were",
"more",
"than",
"a",
"thousand",
"living",
"in",
"1977",
".",
"the",
"school",
"was",
"unable",
"to",
"obtain",
"sufficient",
"funding",
"and",
"closed",
"in",
"1978",
".",
"in",
"1980",
",",
"the",
"buildings",
"and",
"property",
"were",
"taken",
"over",
"by",
"the",
"clear",
"view",
"school",
",",
"which",
"opened",
"in",
"september",
"1981",
"after",
"major",
"renovations",
".",
"the",
"school",
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"a",
"day",
"treatment",
"program",
"for",
"83",
"students",
"from",
"nursery",
"school",
"age",
"to",
"21",
",",
"and",
"is",
"sponsored",
"by",
"the",
"association"
] | 876,958 |
, particularly virginia vanderlip schoales, continued to administer the school for sixty years. a 1959 development plan made way for a new primary school in 1961, new science facilities in 1962, expansion of the library in 1963, and the creation of an organization for alumni, of whom there were more than a thousand living in 1977. the school was unable to obtain sufficient funding and closed in 1978. in 1980, the buildings and property were taken over by the clear view school, which opened in september 1981 after major renovations. the school runs a day treatment program for 83 students from nursery school age to 21, and is sponsored by the association
| 1,073 |
[
"for",
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"of",
"westchester",
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",",
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",",
"all",
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"-",
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",",
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".",
"in",
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",",
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",",
"a",
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",",
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"and",
"gymnasium",
",",
"basement",
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",",
"and",
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"measuring",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"square",
"feet",
"(",
"93",
"m2",
")",
",",
"ring",
"##ed",
"on",
"three",
"sides",
"with",
"french",
"windows"
] | 876,959 |
for mentally ill children of westchester ; its program involves education, treatment, and crisis intervention and parent involvement. the main scarborough school building, vanderlip hall, was designed by william w. bosworth, known for landscaping kykuit and restoring versailles. the school building was constructed in a severe, all @ - @ white neoclassical style, and was completed early in 1917. in addition to a grand porticoed entry, there were two wings that housed classes, a library, cafeteria and gymnasium, basement science labs, and an art room measuring 1 @, @ 000 square feet ( 93 m2 ), ringed on three sides with french windows
| 810 |
[
".",
"in",
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",",
"an",
"additional",
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"road",
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"another",
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"building",
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"marie",
"fay",
"##ant",
"hall",
",",
"which",
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"barnes",
"##by",
"house",
",",
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"dr",
".",
"percy",
"norman",
"barnes",
"##by",
".",
"van",
"##der",
"##lip",
"built",
"the",
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"for",
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"and",
"his",
"wife",
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"school",
"and",
"served",
"as",
"a",
"girls",
"'",
"dormitory",
"in",
"the"
] | 876,960 |
. in the 1960s, an additional modernist structure was built across a stream that would ultimately house the school's lower grades. rosemont, an estate and the birthplace of john worden, was later used by vanderlip as a dormitory for scarborough school boarding students. rosemont stood opposite the beechwood estate, at the corner of route 9 and scarborough road. another campus building was marie fayant hall, which was originally barnesby house, home to dr. percy norman barnesby. vanderlip built the house for him and his wife ; the house was later given to the scarborough school and served as a girls'dormitory in the
| 1,079 |
[
"1940s",
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"years",
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"little",
"theater",
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",",
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".",
"beech",
"##wood",
"theater",
",",
"with",
"256",
"gold",
"velvet",
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",",
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"by",
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"ames",
"around",
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".",
"details",
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"upon",
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"the",
"lighting",
"equipment",
",",
"the",
"scene",
"loft",
"##s",
"and",
"fly",
"gallery",
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"and",
"the",
"dressing",
"rooms",
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"well",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"designed",
"and",
"state",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"of",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"the",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"art",
".",
"the",
"stage",
"floor",
"was",
"designed",
"especially",
"for",
"dancing",
",",
"and",
"the",
"acoustic",
"##s",
"and",
"theater",
"proportions"
] | 876,961 |
1940s and as a headmaster's residence about thirty years later. beechwood theater, a replica of the little theater on broadway, was included in wells bosworth's design of the primary school building because vanderlip particularly wanted his own theater. beechwood theater, with 256 gold velvet seats, was designed by winthrop ames around 1917. details were closely examined upon construction ; the lighting equipment, the scene lofts and fly gallery, and the dressing rooms were well @ - @ designed and state @ - @ of @ - @ the @ - @ art. the stage floor was designed especially for dancing, and the acoustics and theater proportions
| 822 |
[
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".",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"act",
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"but",
"had",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"length",
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"from",
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"first",
"years",
",",
"broadway",
"actors",
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".",
"among",
"them",
"were",
"sylvia",
"sidney",
",",
"lau",
"##ret",
"##te",
"taylor",
",",
"lynn",
"font",
"##anne",
",",
"james",
"dean",
",",
"ju",
"##dson",
"lair",
"##e",
",",
"and"
] | 876,962 |
made varieties of productions possible. the theater was used for assemblies, plays, concerts, and lectures. it was also home to the beechwood players, an adult performing arts group which had its origins in 1919. the players put on several plays a year, summer and winter, six plays a year and three @ - @ night runs. they had started with three one @ - @ act plays but had graduated to full @ - @ length dramas. from its first years, broadway actors used the theater when not otherwise engaged. among them were sylvia sidney, laurette taylor, lynn fontanne, james dean, judson laire, and
| 2,040 |
[
"parker",
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"d",
".",
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"john",
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".",
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".",
",",
"henry",
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"last",
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".",
"the",
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",",
"1917",
".",
"the",
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"on",
"july",
"30",
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"1916",
",",
"and",
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"ign",
"##acy",
"jan",
"pad",
"##ere",
"##wski",
".",
"during",
"his",
"performance",
",",
"the"
] | 876,963 |
parker fennelly. lecturers and performers in the beechwood theater included sarah bernhardt, robert frost, john masefield, vachel lindsay, eleanor roosevelt, h. g. wells, stephen vincent benet, and a king of siam. other notable appearances at the theater included charles coburn and isadora duncan. audiences have included franklin d. roosevelt, john d. rockefeller jr., henry ford and the last king of poland. the theater was opened and dedicated on january 2, 1917. the first concert took place on july 30, 1916, and was by ignacy jan paderewski. during his performance, the
| 2,230 |
[
"black",
"tom",
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"the",
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",",
"and",
"two",
"men",
"were",
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"##oft",
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"##wood",
"theater",
"had",
"stood",
"empty",
"for",
"many",
"years",
",",
"and"
] | 876,964 |
black tom explosion took place at a munitions works in new jersey, more than 30 miles ( 48 km ) from scarborough. frank vanderlip jr., ten years old at the time, later recalled that he saw the detonation shake the jammed theater building, and that paderewski had played on as if nothing had happened. the automatic fire doors at the top of the theater had sprung open, and two men were sent aloft to sit on them until the end of the performance to prevent a cold draft from entering the room. following the scarborough school's closing, the beechwood theater had stood empty for many years, and
| 350 |
[
"was",
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"1983",
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"on",
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",",
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",",
"esq",
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"'",
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"the",
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",",
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".",
"br",
"##ia",
"##rc",
"##li",
"##ff",
"high",
"school",
"used",
"the",
"theater",
"until",
"its",
"own",
"was",
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"in",
"1998",
".",
"notable",
"alumni",
"of",
"the",
"scarborough",
"school",
"include",
"secretary",
"of",
"the",
"army",
"stephen",
"ai",
"##les",
",",
"benjamin",
"che",
"##ever",
",",
"a"
] | 876,965 |
was restored in 1983 by the greater ossining area community theater. on march 17, 1984, the clear view school presented a solo performance of currier bell, esquire ( a dramatization of charlotte bronte's life ) performed by julie harris. the performance was a $ 100 @ - @ a @ - @ ticket benefit for the school. also on that day, the theater was rededicated as the julie harris theater. briarcliff high school used the theater until its own was constructed in 1998. notable alumni of the scarborough school include secretary of the army stephen ailes, benjamin cheever, a
| 279 |
[
"writer",
";",
"and",
"daniel",
"and",
"margaret",
"da",
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",",
"children",
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"os",
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"richard",
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"-",
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"1935",
".",
"anna",
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"with",
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"on",
"nearby",
"sleepy",
"hollow",
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";",
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"eleanor",
"\"",
"sis",
"##tie",
"\"",
"and",
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"\"",
"buzz",
"##ie",
"\"",
"(",
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"of",
"president",
"and",
"mrs",
".",
"roosevelt",
")",
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".",
"other",
"notable",
"alumni",
"include",
"mark",
"help",
"##rin",
",",
"a",
"writer",
"who",
"graduated",
"in",
"1965",
";",
"the",
"three",
"children",
"of",
"ely",
"jacques",
"kahn",
",",
"jr",
".",
";",
"john",
"kelvin",
"ko",
"##els"
] | 876,966 |
writer ; and daniel and margaret da silva, children of ossining resident howard da silva ( actor in the musical 1776 and the film of the same name ). richard pousette @ - @ dart, an abstract expressionist artist, graduated from the school in 1935. anna roosevelt halsted lived with curtis bean dall on nearby sleepy hollow road ; their children eleanor " sistie " and curtis " buzzie " ( grandchildren of president and mrs. roosevelt ) attended the scarborough school. other notable alumni include mark helprin, a writer who graduated in 1965 ; the three children of ely jacques kahn, jr. ; john kelvin koels
| 2,714 |
[
"##ch",
",",
"a",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"navy",
"officer",
"during",
"the",
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"tina",
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".",
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",",
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";",
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",",
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"who",
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".",
"=",
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"=",
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":",
"=",
"edward",
"said",
"=",
"edward",
"wadi",
"##e",
"said",
"(",
"arabic",
"pronunciation"
] | 876,967 |
##ch, a u. s. navy officer during the korean war and the first helicopter pilot to receive the medal of honor, who also lived in scarborough ; musical theater composer henry krieger and his sister lived in ossining and attended the school together. tina louise, an actress and singer ; ralph j. menconi, a medallic sculptor ; ilyasah shabazz, an author and a daughter of malcolm x ; and richard yates, a writer who attended from 1937 to 1939 while his mother taught sculpture there. = = headmasters = = headmasters included : = edward said = edward wadie said ( arabic pronunciation
| 2,204 |
[
":",
"[",
"[UNK]",
"[UNK]",
"]",
"arabic",
":",
"ا",
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",",
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";",
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"from",
"jerusalem",
"as"
] | 876,968 |
: [ [UNK] [UNK] ] arabic : ادوارد وديع سعيد, idward wadiʿ saʿid ; 1 november 1935 – 25 september 2003 ) was a palestinian @ - @ american literary theoretician, professor of english, history and comparative literature at columbia university, and a public intellectual who was a founder of post @ - @ colonial studies. a palestinian arab born in jerusalem in the days of mandatory palestine, edward w. said was an american citizen by way of his father, wadir said, a u. s. army veteran of the first world war ; having moved from jerusalem as
| 903 |
[
"a",
"young",
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",",
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"##ism",
"is",
"that",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"is"
] | 876,969 |
a young boy, said would later advocate for the political and human rights of the palestinian people. as a cultural critic, said is known for his 1978 book orientalism, a critical analysis of what he believed to be the culturally inaccurate representations that are the bases of orientalism — the western study of the eastern world that presents how westerners perceive and represent orientals. said argued that because orientalist scholarship was and remains inextricably tied to the imperialist societies that produced it, much of the work is inherently political and servile to power, and so is intellectually suspect. the thesis of orientalism is that orientalism is
| 2,271 |
[
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"criticism",
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",",
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"historians",
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"with",
"his",
"thesis"
] | 876,970 |
defined by the presuppositions of the political culture out of which it arises, and that it shapes that political culture in its turn. in his book, said shows how european imperialists thought about people in their colony, and by doing so, he shows how the political culture of imperialists shapes that of the colony. the analytical model of orientalism much influenced the humanities ( e. g., literary theory and literary criticism ) and especially the field of middle eastern studies, where it transformed the academic discourse of the researchers — how they examine, describe and define the cultures of the middle east. some academic historians disagreed with his thesis
| 2,652 |
[
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",",
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"f",
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"##ca",
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"and",
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"der",
"##rid",
"##a",
",",
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"gia",
"##mba",
"##tti",
"##sta",
"vic",
"##o",
",",
"antonio",
"grams",
"##ci",
"and",
"theodor",
"ad",
"##orno",
".",
"educated",
"in",
"the",
"western",
"canon",
"at",
"a",
"british",
"school",
"in",
"egypt",
"and",
"in",
"the",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
",",
"said",
"wrote",
"in",
"his",
"autobiography",
"out",
"of",
"place",
"(",
"1999",
")",
"that",
"he",
"applied",
"his",
"education",
"and",
"cultural",
"heritage",
"##s",
"to",
"narrowing"
] | 876,971 |
, especially the anglo – american orientalist and historian bernard lewis. orientalism derived from said's knowledge of colonial literature ( such as that of joseph conrad ), the literary theories of r. p. blackmur and raymond williams, the post @ - @ structuralist theories of michel foucault and jacques derrida, and the critical works of giambattista vico, antonio gramsci and theodor adorno. educated in the western canon at a british school in egypt and in the u. s., said wrote in his autobiography out of place ( 1999 ) that he applied his education and cultural heritages to narrowing
| 2,657 |
[
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"per",
"##ce",
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"and",
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"between",
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"west",
"and",
"the",
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",",
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"and",
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".",
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"christians",
"in",
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"east",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
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"establishment",
"of",
"the",
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"of",
"israel",
",",
"said",
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"the",
"establishment",
"of",
"a",
"palestinian",
"state",
"to",
"ensure",
"equal",
"political",
"and",
"human",
"rights",
"for",
"the",
"palestinians",
"in",
"israel",
",",
"including",
"the",
"right",
"of",
"return",
",",
"by",
"way",
"of",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"political",
"pressure",
"upon",
"israel",
"to",
"recognize",
",",
"grant",
"and",
"respect",
"human",
"rights",
".",
"in",
"that",
"vein"
] | 876,972 |
the perceptual gaps of political and cultural understanding between the west and the middle east, improving western understanding of the israeli – palestinian conflict and telling of how a decade @ - @ long membership in the palestinian national council made him a controversial public intellectual. drawing from the experiences of his family as palestinian christians in the middle east at the time of the establishment of the state of israel, said argued for the establishment of a palestinian state to ensure equal political and human rights for the palestinians in israel, including the right of return, by way of u. s. political pressure upon israel to recognize, grant and respect human rights. in that vein
| 1,159 |
[
",",
"said",
"also",
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"the",
"political",
"and",
"cultural",
"policies",
"of",
"the",
"arab",
"and",
"muslim",
"regimes",
"who",
"acted",
"against",
"the",
"national",
"interests",
"of",
"their",
"peoples",
".",
"said",
"remained",
"intellectual",
"##ly",
"active",
"late",
"in",
"life",
",",
"before",
"dying",
"of",
"leukemia",
"in",
"september",
"2003",
".",
"in",
"a",
"2001",
"interview",
",",
"said",
"summarized",
"his",
"opposition",
"##al",
"role",
"to",
"the",
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",",
"the",
"re",
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"which",
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"##ft",
",",
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",",
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"##ize",
",",
"to",
"choose",
",",
"so",
"that",
"choice",
"and",
"agency",
"return",
"to",
"the",
"individual",
".",
"\"",
"he",
"stated",
"his",
"ideal",
"community",
"does",
"not",
"ex",
"##al",
"##t",
"\"",
"com",
"##mo",
"##di",
"##fied",
"interests",
"and",
"profitable",
"commercial",
"goals",
"\"",
",",
"but",
"values",
"\"",
"sur",
"##vi",
"##va",
"##bility",
"and",
"sustainability",
"in",
"a",
"human",
"and",
"decent",
"way",
"\""
] | 876,973 |
, said also criticized the political and cultural policies of the arab and muslim regimes who acted against the national interests of their peoples. said remained intellectually active late in life, before dying of leukemia in september 2003. in a 2001 interview, said summarized his oppositional role to the status quo, the remit of which is " to sift, to judge, to criticize, to choose, so that choice and agency return to the individual. " he stated his ideal community does not exalt " commodified interests and profitable commercial goals ", but values " survivability and sustainability in a human and decent way "
| 1,135 |
[
",",
"while",
"acknowledging",
"that",
"\"",
"those",
"are",
"difficult",
"goals",
"to",
"achieve",
".",
"but",
"i",
"think",
"they",
"are",
"ac",
"##hi",
"##eva",
"##ble",
".",
"\"",
"=",
"=",
"biography",
"=",
"=",
"edward",
"w",
".",
"said",
"was",
"born",
"on",
"1",
"november",
"1935",
",",
"to",
"hilda",
"said",
"and",
"wadi",
"##r",
"said",
",",
"a",
"businessman",
",",
"in",
"jerusalem",
"in",
"the",
"british",
"mandate",
"of",
"palestine",
".",
"wadi",
"##r",
"said",
",",
"a",
"native",
"palestinian",
",",
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"an",
"arab",
"christian",
"man",
"who",
"soldier",
"##ed",
"in",
"the",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"army",
"component",
"of",
"the",
"american",
"expeditionary",
"forces",
"(",
"1917",
"–",
"19",
")",
",",
"commanded",
"by",
"general",
"john",
"j",
".",
"per",
"##shing",
",",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"world",
"war",
";",
"that",
"war",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"time",
"military",
"service",
"granted",
"said",
"pere",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"citizenship",
"to",
"him",
"and"
] | 876,974 |
, while acknowledging that " those are difficult goals to achieve. but i think they are achievable. " = = biography = = edward w. said was born on 1 november 1935, to hilda said and wadir said, a businessman, in jerusalem in the british mandate of palestine. wadir said, a native palestinian, was an arab christian man who soldiered in the u. s. army component of the american expeditionary forces ( 1917 – 19 ), commanded by general john j. pershing, in the first world war ; that war @ - @ time military service granted said pere u. s. citizenship to him and
| 990 |
[
"to",
"family",
".",
"his",
"mother",
"hilda",
"was",
"born",
"to",
"a",
"lebanese",
"mother",
"and",
"raised",
"in",
"nazareth",
".",
"in",
"1919",
",",
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"the",
"war",
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",",
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",",
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".",
"although",
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"said",
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"the",
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",",
"edward",
"was",
"ag",
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";",
"his",
"sister",
"rose",
"##mar",
"##ie",
"said",
"za",
"##hl",
"##an",
"(",
"1937",
"–",
"2006",
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"an",
"academic",
"career",
",",
"much",
"like",
"her",
"brother",
".",
"said",
"described",
"his",
"early",
"life",
"as",
"a",
"boy",
"'",
"s",
"life",
"lived",
"\"",
"between",
"worlds",
"\"",
",",
"in",
"cairo",
"and",
"in",
"jerusalem",
",",
"until",
"he",
"was",
"a",
"young",
"man",
"of",
"twelve"
] | 876,975 |
to family. his mother hilda was born to a lebanese mother and raised in nazareth. in 1919, after the war had ended, wadir said established a stationery business in cairo, in partnership with a cousin. like her husband, hilda said was an arab christian. although the said family practiced the jerusalemite variety of greek orthodox christianity, edward was agnostic ; his sister rosemarie said zahlan ( 1937 – 2006 ) pursued an academic career, much like her brother. said described his early life as a boy's life lived " between worlds ", in cairo and in jerusalem, until he was a young man of twelve
| 990 |
[
"years",
".",
"in",
"1947",
",",
"said",
"enrolled",
"in",
"the",
"anglican",
"st",
".",
"george",
"'",
"s",
"school",
",",
"jerusalem",
";",
"he",
"would",
"later",
"describe",
"the",
"experience",
":",
"with",
"an",
"une",
"##x",
"##ception",
"##ally",
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"family",
"name",
"like",
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"\"",
",",
"connected",
"to",
"an",
"imp",
"##ro",
"##ba",
"##bly",
"british",
"first",
"name",
"(",
"my",
"mother",
"much",
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"[",
"edward",
"viii",
"]",
"the",
"prince",
"of",
"wales",
"in",
"1935",
",",
"the",
"year",
"of",
"my",
"birth",
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",",
"i",
"was",
"an",
"uncomfortably",
"an",
"##oma",
"##lous",
"student",
"all",
"through",
"my",
"early",
"years",
":",
"a",
"palestinian",
"going",
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"in",
"egypt",
",",
"with",
"an",
"english",
"first",
"name",
",",
"an",
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"passport",
",",
"and",
"no",
"certain",
"identity",
",",
"at",
"all",
".",
"to",
"make",
"matters",
"worse",
",",
"arabic",
",",
"my",
"native",
"language",
",",
"and",
"english",
",",
"my"
] | 876,976 |
years. in 1947, said enrolled in the anglican st. george's school, jerusalem ; he would later describe the experience : with an unexceptionally arab family name like " said ", connected to an improbably british first name ( my mother much admired [ edward viii ] the prince of wales in 1935, the year of my birth ), i was an uncomfortably anomalous student all through my early years : a palestinian going to school in egypt, with an english first name, an american passport, and no certain identity, at all. to make matters worse, arabic, my native language, and english, my
| 986 |
[
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"language",
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"i",
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"vc",
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",",
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"(",
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"sharif",
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"a",
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"of",
"jordan",
",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"saudi",
"arabian",
"boys",
"whose",
"academic",
"careers",
"progressed",
"to",
"their"
] | 876,977 |
school language, were inextricably mixed : i have never known which was my first language, and have felt fully at home in neither, although i dream in both. every time i speak an english sentence, i find myself echoing it in arabic, and vice versa. in the late 1940s, his latter school days included the egyptian branch of victoria college ( vc ), where one classmate was michel shaloub ( later the actor omar sharif ) whom he remembered as a sadistic and physically abusive head boy ; other classmates included king hussein of jordan, and egyptian, syrian, jordanian, and saudi arabian boys whose academic careers progressed to their
| 2,716 |
[
"becoming",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"u",
".",
"s",
".",
":",
"the",
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"one",
"became",
"a",
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"at",
"[",
"victoria",
"college",
"]",
",",
"one",
"was",
"given",
"the",
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"handbook",
",",
"a",
"series",
"of",
"regulations",
"governing",
"every",
"aspect",
"of",
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"life",
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"the",
"kind",
"of",
"uniform",
"we",
"were",
"to",
"wear",
",",
"what",
"equipment",
"was"
] | 876,978 |
becoming ministers, prime ministers, and leading businessmen in their respective countries. in that colonial time, the vc school educated a selection of arab and levantine young men to become the anglicized ruling @ - @ class who, in due course of their careers, were to rule their respective countries, upon british decolonization. vc would be the last school edward said attended before being sent to school in the u. s. : the moment one became a student at [ victoria college ], one was given the student handbook, a series of regulations governing every aspect of school life — the kind of uniform we were to wear, what equipment was
| 1,132 |
[
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] | 876,979 |
needed for sports, the dates of school holidays, bus schedules, and so on. but the school's first rule, emblazoned on the opening page of the handbook, read : " english is the language of the school ; students caught speaking any other language will be punished. " yet, there were no native speakers of english among the students. whereas the masters were all british, we were a motley crew of arabs of various kinds, armenians, greeks, italians, jews, and turks, each of whom had a native language that the school had explicitly outlawed. yet all, or nearly all, of us spoke arabic —
| 1,078 |
[
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"("
] | 876,980 |
many spoke arabic and french — and so we were able to take refuge in a common language, in defiance of what we perceived as an unjust colonial stricture. despite high intelligence and academic achievements, said proved a troublesome student and was expelled from victoria college in 1951, and was sent from egypt to the eastern u. s., where he attended northfield mount hermon school, massachusetts, an elite college @ - @ prep boarding @ - @ school where he endured a psychologically difficult year of social alienation. nonetheless, said excelled academically, and achieved the rank of either first ( valedictorian ) or second (
| 576 |
[
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",",
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] | 876,981 |
salutatorian ) in a class of one hundred sixty students. he would later say that, in retrospect, his parents'decision to send him so far from the middle east was much influenced by " the prospects of deracinated people, like us, being so uncertain that it would be best to send me as far away as possible ". the realities of a peripatetic life — of interwoven cultures, of feeling out of place, and of being far from home — affected the schoolboy said to the degree that, in adult life, the themes of dissonance continually arose in the academic, political
| 2,270 |
[
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"life",
"and"
] | 876,982 |
, and intellectual works wrote. said matured as an intellectual — a polyglot young man, fluent in english, french and arabic, earning his bachelor of arts and master of arts degrees from princeton university in 1957 and 1960 respectively, followed by a doctor of philosophy in english literature from harvard university in 1964. despite his many intellectual achievements, said's battle with his identity as it related to language ( arabic and english specifically ) continued throughout his adult life. he discusses the battle with language in both out of place ( 1999 ) and reflections on exile ( 2002 ) by it describing as something he had to carry with him throughout his life and
| 2,691 |
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] | 876,983 |
career. many of his peers also examined this particular aspect of his identity as intellectual porter ( of language, briefcases, among other things ). in 1963, said joined columbia university, as a member of the english and comparative literature faculties, where he taught and worked until 2003. in 1974, he was visiting professor of comparative literature at harvard ; during 1975 – 76, he was a fellow of the center for advanced study in behavioral science, at stanford university. in 1977, he became the parr professor of english and comparative literature at columbia university, and subsequently was the old dominion foundation professor in the humanities, and then in 1979 was visiting
| 2,691 |
[
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"and",
"letters",
","
] | 876,984 |
professor of humanities at johns hopkins university. said also worked as a visiting professor at yale university, and lectured at other universities. said lectured at over 200 universities in the middle east, canada, united states, and europe. he has published more twenty books in his lifetime. in 1992, said was promoted to " professor ", the highest @ - @ rank academic job at columbia university. editorially, prof. said served as president of the modern language association, editor of the arab studies quarterly in the american academy of arts and sciences, on the executive board of international pen, and was a member in the american academy of arts and letters,
| 2,690 |
[
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",",
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",",
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"and",
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",",
"abd",
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"would",
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"conrad",
"'",
"s",
"novella",
"heart",
"of",
"darkness",
"("
] | 876,985 |
the royal society of literature, the council of foreign relations the american philosophical society. in 1993, said presented the bbc's annual reith lectures, a six @ - @ lecture series titled representation of the intellectual, wherein he examined the role of the public intellectual in contemporary society, which the bbc published in 2011. = = literary production = = said's first published book, joseph conrad and the fiction of autobiography ( 1966 ), was an expansion of the dissertation he presented to earn his phd ; later, in edward said : criticism and society ( 2010 ), abdirahman hussein would remark that conrad's novella heart of darkness (
| 2,659 |
[
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"1993",
"rei",
"##th",
"lectures",
"(",
"1994",
")",
",",
"human",
"##ism"
] | 876,986 |
1899 ) was " foundational to said's entire career and project ". afterwards, said redacted ideas gleaned from the works of the 17th @ - @ century philosopher giambattista vico, and other intellectuals, in the book beginnings : intention and method ( 1974 ), about the theoretical bases of literary criticism. said's later works include the world, the text, and the critic ( 1983 ), nationalism, colonialism, and literature : yeats and decolonization ( 1988 ), culture and imperialism ( 1993 ), representations of the intellectual : the 1993 reith lectures ( 1994 ), humanism
| 2,657 |
[
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",",
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",",
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"austen",
",",
"rudy",
"##ard",
"ki",
"##pling",
",",
"william"
] | 876,987 |
and democratic criticism ( 2004 ), and on late style ( 2006 ). like his post @ - @ modern intellectual mentors, the philosophers jacques derrida and michel foucault, said was fascinated by how the people of the western world perceive the peoples of and the things from a different culture, as well as the effects of society, politics, and power upon literature ; these preoccupations led him to become a founding intellectual of post @ - @ colonial criticism. while orientalism remains his principal cultural contribution, said's influential critical interpretations of the works of joseph conrad, jane austen, rudyard kipling, william
| 2,647 |
[
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",",
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",",
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",",
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".",
"said",
"argued"
] | 876,988 |
butler yeats and others further bolstered his intellectual reputation. edward said's notability as cultural critic was established with his critique ( description and analyses ) of orientalism as the source of the inaccurate cultural representations that are the foundation of western thought towards the middle east, of how the west perceives and represents the east. the thesis of orientalism ( 1978 ) proposes the existence of a " subtle and persistent eurocentric prejudice against arabo – islamic peoples and their culture ", which derives from western culture's long tradition of false and romanticized images of asia, in general, and the middle east, in particular. said argued
| 2,643 |
[
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"serve",
",",
"as",
"implicit",
"justification",
"##s",
"for",
"the",
"colonial",
"and",
"imperial",
"##ist",
"ambitions",
"of",
"the",
"european",
"powers",
"and",
"of",
"the",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"likewise",
",",
"said",
"also",
"criticized",
"and",
"denounced",
"the",
"political",
"and",
"the",
"cultural",
"mal",
"##pr",
"##actic",
"##es",
"of",
"the",
"regimes",
"of",
"the",
"ruling",
"arab",
"elites",
"who",
"have",
"internal",
"##ized",
"the",
"false",
",",
"romantic",
"##ized",
"representations",
"of",
"arabic",
"culture",
"that",
"were",
"created",
"by",
"anglo",
"–",
"american",
"oriental",
"##ists",
".",
"so",
"far",
"as",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"seems",
"to",
"be",
"concerned",
",",
"it",
"is",
"only",
"a",
"slight",
"overs",
"##tate",
"##ment",
"to",
"say",
"that",
"mo",
"##sle",
"##ms",
"and",
"arabs",
"are",
"essentially",
"seen",
"as",
"either",
"oil",
"suppliers",
"or",
"potential",
"terrorists",
".",
"very",
"little",
"of",
"the"
] | 876,989 |
that such perceptions and consequent cultural representations have served, and continue to serve, as implicit justifications for the colonial and imperialist ambitions of the european powers and of the u. s. likewise, said also criticized and denounced the political and the cultural malpractices of the regimes of the ruling arab elites who have internalized the false, romanticized representations of arabic culture that were created by anglo – american orientalists. so far as the united states seems to be concerned, it is only a slight overstatement to say that moslems and arabs are essentially seen as either oil suppliers or potential terrorists. very little of the
| 369 |
[
"detail",
",",
"the",
"human",
"density",
",",
"the",
"passion",
"of",
"arab",
"–",
"mo",
"##sle",
"##m",
"life",
"has",
"entered",
"the",
"awareness",
"of",
"even",
"those",
"people",
"whose",
"profession",
"it",
"is",
"to",
"report",
"the",
"arab",
"world",
".",
"what",
"we",
"have",
",",
"instead",
",",
"is",
"a",
"series",
"of",
"crude",
",",
"essential",
"##ized",
"car",
"##ica",
"##tures",
"of",
"the",
"islamic",
"world",
",",
"presented",
"in",
"such",
"a",
"way",
"as",
"to",
"make",
"that",
"world",
"vulnerable",
"to",
"military",
"aggression",
".",
"in",
"oriental",
"##ism",
",",
"said",
"contend",
"##ed",
"that",
"much",
"western",
"study",
"of",
"islamic",
"civilization",
"was",
"political",
"intellectual",
"##ism",
"meant",
"for",
"self",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"af",
"##firm",
"##ation",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"for",
"objective",
"intellectual",
"inquiry",
"and",
"academic",
"study",
".",
"thus",
",",
"oriental",
"studies",
"functioned",
"as",
"a",
"practical",
"method",
"of",
"cultural",
"discrimination",
"and",
"imperial",
"##ist",
"domination",
";",
"i",
".",
"e"
] | 876,990 |
detail, the human density, the passion of arab – moslem life has entered the awareness of even those people whose profession it is to report the arab world. what we have, instead, is a series of crude, essentialized caricatures of the islamic world, presented in such a way as to make that world vulnerable to military aggression. in orientalism, said contended that much western study of islamic civilization was political intellectualism meant for self @ - @ affirmation, rather than for objective intellectual inquiry and academic study. thus, oriental studies functioned as a practical method of cultural discrimination and imperialist domination ; i. e
| 369 |
[
".",
",",
"the",
"western",
"oriental",
"##ist",
"knows",
"more",
"about",
"the",
"orient",
"than",
"do",
"the",
"oriental",
"##s",
".",
"as",
"such",
",",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"has",
"ex",
"##erted",
"much",
"impact",
"upon",
"the",
"fields",
"of",
"literary",
"theory",
"and",
"cultural",
"studies",
",",
"human",
"geography",
"and",
"history",
",",
"and",
"oriental",
"studies",
".",
"parting",
"from",
"the",
"philosophical",
"works",
"of",
"jacques",
"der",
"##rid",
"##a",
"and",
"michel",
"f",
"##ou",
"##ca",
"##ult",
",",
"and",
"the",
"works",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"western",
"critics",
"of",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"—",
"such",
"as",
"abdul",
"la",
"##ti",
"##f",
"ti",
"##ba",
"##wi",
",",
"an",
"##ou",
"##ar",
"abd",
"##el",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"male",
"##k",
",",
"maxim",
"##e",
"rod",
"##ins",
"##on",
",",
"and",
"richard",
"william",
"southern",
"(",
"western",
"views",
"of",
"islam",
"in",
"the",
"middle",
"ages",
",",
"1978",
")",
"—",
"said",
"argued",
"that",
"\"",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"\"",
"and",
"the"
] | 876,991 |
., the western orientalist knows more about the orient than do the orientals. as such, orientalism has exerted much impact upon the fields of literary theory and cultural studies, human geography and history, and oriental studies. parting from the philosophical works of jacques derrida and michel foucault, and the works of the early western critics of orientalism — such as abdul latif tibawi, anouar abdel @ - @ malek, maxime rodinson, and richard william southern ( western views of islam in the middle ages, 1978 ) — said argued that " orientalism " and the
| 372 |
[
"derived",
"perceptions",
"of",
"\"",
"the",
"east",
"\"",
"by",
"\"",
"the",
"west",
"\"",
"pu",
"##r",
"##vey",
"##ed",
"in",
"them",
"are",
"intellectual",
"##ly",
"suspect",
",",
"and",
"cannot",
"be",
"accepted",
"at",
"their",
"face",
"value",
"as",
"faithful",
",",
"true",
",",
"and",
"accurate",
"representations",
"of",
"oriental",
"peoples",
"and",
"things",
".",
"said",
"proposed",
"that",
"the",
"history",
"of",
"european",
"colonial",
"rule",
",",
"and",
"its",
"con",
"##se",
"##quent",
"political",
"domination",
"of",
"the",
"eastern",
"civilizations",
",",
"di",
"##stor",
"##ts",
"the",
"writing",
"of",
"even",
"the",
"most",
"knowledge",
"##able",
",",
"well",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"meaning",
",",
"and",
"culturally",
"sympathetic",
"western",
"oriental",
"##ists",
",",
"transforming",
"\"",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"\"",
"into",
"a",
"pe",
"##jo",
"##rative",
"term",
".",
"i",
"doubt",
"if",
"it",
"is",
"controversial",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"to",
"say",
"that",
"an",
"englishman",
"in",
"india",
",",
"or",
"egypt",
",",
"in",
"the",
"later"
] | 876,992 |
derived perceptions of " the east " by " the west " purveyed in them are intellectually suspect, and cannot be accepted at their face value as faithful, true, and accurate representations of oriental peoples and things. said proposed that the history of european colonial rule, and its consequent political domination of the eastern civilizations, distorts the writing of even the most knowledgeable, well @ - @ meaning, and culturally sympathetic western orientalists, transforming " orientalism " into a pejorative term. i doubt if it is controversial, for example, to say that an englishman in india, or egypt, in the later
| 2,264 |
[
"nineteenth",
"century",
",",
"took",
"an",
"interest",
"in",
"those",
"countries",
",",
"which",
"was",
"never",
"far",
"from",
"their",
"status",
",",
"in",
"his",
"mind",
",",
"as",
"british",
"colonies",
".",
"to",
"say",
"this",
"may",
"seem",
"quite",
"different",
"from",
"saying",
"that",
"all",
"academic",
"knowledge",
"about",
"india",
"and",
"egypt",
"is",
"somehow",
"tinged",
"and",
"impressed",
"with",
",",
"violated",
"by",
",",
"the",
"gross",
"political",
"fact",
"—",
"and",
"yet",
"that",
"is",
"what",
"i",
"am",
"saying",
"in",
"this",
"study",
"of",
"oriental",
"##ism",
".",
"for",
"said",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"orient",
"\"",
"has",
"been",
"represented",
"since",
"antiquity",
"in",
"the",
"western",
"literature",
",",
"painting",
"and",
"sculpture",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"stereotypes",
".",
"as",
"an",
"example",
",",
"he",
"cites",
"the",
"greek",
"tragedy",
"the",
"persians",
"(",
"47",
"##2",
"bc",
")",
",",
"by",
"ae",
"##sch",
"##ylus",
",",
"where",
"the",
"protagonist",
"fails",
"and",
"falls",
"because"
] | 876,993 |
nineteenth century, took an interest in those countries, which was never far from their status, in his mind, as british colonies. to say this may seem quite different from saying that all academic knowledge about india and egypt is somehow tinged and impressed with, violated by, the gross political fact — and yet that is what i am saying in this study of orientalism. for said, " the orient " has been represented since antiquity in the western literature, painting and sculpture in the form of stereotypes. as an example, he cites the greek tragedy the persians ( 472 bc ), by aeschylus, where the protagonist fails and falls because
| 2,317 |
[
"he",
"mis",
"##per",
"##ce",
"##ive",
"##d",
"the",
"true",
"nature",
"of",
"the",
"east",
".",
"con",
"##tem",
"##por",
"##ari",
"##ly",
",",
"europe",
"has",
"politically",
"dominated",
"asia",
"to",
"the",
"degree",
"that",
"even",
"the",
"most",
"outward",
"##ly",
"objective",
"western",
"texts",
"about",
"\"",
"the",
"orient",
"\"",
"are",
"culturally",
"biased",
"to",
"a",
"degree",
"un",
"##re",
"##co",
"##gni",
"##zed",
"by",
"western",
"scholars",
",",
"who",
"appropriated",
"for",
"themselves",
"the",
"intellectual",
"tasks",
"of",
"studying",
",",
"exploring",
"and",
"interpreting",
"the",
"languages",
",",
"histories",
"and",
"cultures",
"of",
"the",
"orient",
";",
"thereby",
"implying",
"that",
"such",
"(",
"sub",
"##al",
"##tern",
")",
"peoples",
"were",
"incapable",
"of",
"speaking",
"for",
"themselves",
",",
"and",
"much",
"less",
"capable",
"of",
"composing",
"their",
"own",
"cultural",
"and",
"historical",
"narratives",
".",
"western",
"oriental",
"##ists",
"have",
"written",
"asia",
"'",
"s",
"past",
"—",
"there",
"##in",
"constructing",
"the",
"modern",
"identities",
"of",
"asia",
"—"
] | 876,994 |
he misperceived the true nature of the east. contemporarily, europe has politically dominated asia to the degree that even the most outwardly objective western texts about " the orient " are culturally biased to a degree unrecognized by western scholars, who appropriated for themselves the intellectual tasks of studying, exploring and interpreting the languages, histories and cultures of the orient ; thereby implying that such ( subaltern ) peoples were incapable of speaking for themselves, and much less capable of composing their own cultural and historical narratives. western orientalists have written asia's past — therein constructing the modern identities of asia —
| 501 |
[
"from",
"a",
"perspective",
"that",
"establishes",
"\"",
"the",
"west",
"\"",
"as",
"the",
"cultural",
"norm",
"to",
"em",
"##ulate",
",",
"from",
"which",
"the",
"\"",
"exotic",
"and",
"ins",
"##cr",
"##utable",
"\"",
"oriental",
"##s",
"devi",
"##ate",
".",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"concluded",
"that",
"western",
"writing",
"about",
"\"",
"the",
"orient",
"\"",
"depicts",
"the",
"oriental",
"culture",
"as",
"an",
"irrational",
",",
"weak",
"and",
"fe",
"##mini",
"##zed",
"\"",
"other",
"\"",
",",
"an",
"existent",
"##ial",
"condition",
"greatly",
"contrasted",
"with",
"the",
"rational",
",",
"strong",
"and",
"masculine",
"culture",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"west",
".",
"\"",
"said",
"says",
"this",
"artificial",
"binary",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"relation",
"derives",
"from",
"the",
"european",
"psychological",
"need",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"\"",
"difference",
"\"",
"of",
"cultural",
"inequality",
"between",
"\"",
"the",
"west",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"the",
"east",
"\"",
";",
"this",
"inequality",
"is",
"attributed",
"to",
"im",
"##mut",
"##able",
"cultural",
"\"",
"essence",
"##s",
"\""
] | 876,995 |
from a perspective that establishes " the west " as the cultural norm to emulate, from which the " exotic and inscrutable " orientals deviate. orientalism concluded that western writing about " the orient " depicts the oriental culture as an irrational, weak and feminized " other ", an existential condition greatly contrasted with the rational, strong and masculine culture of the " west. " said says this artificial binary @ - @ relation derives from the european psychological need to create a " difference " of cultural inequality between " the west " and " the east " ; this inequality is attributed to immutable cultural " essences "
| 2,284 |
[
"inherent",
"to",
"\"",
"oriental",
"\"",
"peoples",
"and",
"things",
".",
"in",
"1978",
",",
"the",
"intellectual",
",",
"cultural",
"and",
"commercial",
"success",
"of",
"the",
"book",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"assumed",
"historical",
"resonance",
"in",
"the",
"wake",
"of",
"the",
"1973",
"yo",
"##m",
"ki",
"##pp",
"##ur",
"war",
"and",
"the",
"op",
"##ec",
"petroleum",
"em",
"##bar",
"##go",
".",
"these",
"recent",
"events",
"had",
"surprised",
"western",
"countries",
":",
"europe",
"and",
"the",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"did",
"not",
"expect",
"pro",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"active",
",",
"decisive",
"and",
"definitive",
"actions",
"from",
"non",
"–",
"western",
"peoples",
",",
"whom",
"the",
"ideology",
"of",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"had",
"defined",
"as",
"weak",
"societies",
"and",
"imp",
"##ote",
"##nt",
"countries",
".",
"for",
"said",
",",
"the",
"geo",
"##pol",
"##itical",
"reality",
"of",
"israeli",
"military",
"and",
"arab",
"economic",
"warfare",
"demonstrated",
"the",
"fictional",
"nature",
"of",
"oriental",
"##ist",
"representations",
"and",
"western",
"perceptions",
"of",
"the",
"non"
] | 876,996 |
inherent to " oriental " peoples and things. in 1978, the intellectual, cultural and commercial success of the book orientalism assumed historical resonance in the wake of the 1973 yom kippur war and the opec petroleum embargo. these recent events had surprised western countries : europe and the u. s. did not expect pro @ - @ active, decisive and definitive actions from non – western peoples, whom the ideology of orientalism had defined as weak societies and impotent countries. for said, the geopolitical reality of israeli military and arab economic warfare demonstrated the fictional nature of orientalist representations and western perceptions of the non
| 1,159 |
[
"–",
"western",
"\"",
"other",
"\"",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"criticism",
"of",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"(",
"1978",
")",
"provoked",
"much",
"professional",
"and",
"personal",
"criticism",
".",
"traditional",
"oriental",
"##ists",
",",
"such",
"as",
"albert",
"hour",
"##ani",
",",
"robert",
"graham",
"irwin",
",",
"nikki",
"ked",
"##die",
",",
"bernard",
"lewis",
"and",
"kan",
"##an",
"ma",
"##ki",
"##ya",
",",
"incurred",
"what",
"the",
"historian",
"nikki",
"ked",
"##die",
"said",
"were",
"unfortunate",
"professional",
"consequences",
"of",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"upon",
"the",
"public",
"'",
"s",
"perception",
"of",
"the",
"intellectual",
"quality",
"of",
"their",
"oriental",
"##ist",
"scholarship",
".",
"nikki",
"ked",
"##die",
"has",
"stated",
"that",
"said",
"'",
"s",
"work",
"on",
"oriental",
"##ism",
",",
"drawing",
"on",
"critical",
"theory",
",",
"had",
"caused",
":",
"some",
"unfortunate",
"consequences",
".",
".",
".",
"i",
"think",
"that",
"there",
"has",
"been",
"a",
"tendency",
"in",
"the",
"middle",
"east",
"[",
"studies"
] | 876,997 |
– western " other ". = = = criticism of orientalism = = = orientalism ( 1978 ) provoked much professional and personal criticism. traditional orientalists, such as albert hourani, robert graham irwin, nikki keddie, bernard lewis and kanan makiya, incurred what the historian nikki keddie said were unfortunate professional consequences of orientalism upon the public's perception of the intellectual quality of their orientalist scholarship. nikki keddie has stated that said's work on orientalism, drawing on critical theory, had caused : some unfortunate consequences... i think that there has been a tendency in the middle east [ studies
| 2,567 |
[
"]",
"field",
"to",
"adopt",
"the",
"word",
"\"",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"\"",
"as",
"a",
"generalized",
"swear",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"word",
",",
"essentially",
"referring",
"to",
"people",
"who",
"take",
"the",
"\"",
"wrong",
"\"",
"position",
"on",
"the",
"arab",
"–",
"israeli",
"dispute",
",",
"or",
"to",
"people",
"who",
"are",
"judged",
"\"",
"too",
"conservative",
"\"",
".",
"it",
"has",
"nothing",
"to",
"do",
"with",
"whether",
"they",
"are",
"good",
"or",
"not",
"good",
"in",
"their",
"disciplines",
".",
"so",
",",
"\"",
"oriental",
"##ism",
"\"",
",",
"for",
"many",
"people",
",",
"is",
"a",
"word",
"that",
"substitutes",
"for",
"thought",
",",
"and",
"enables",
"people",
"to",
"dismiss",
"certain",
"scholars",
"and",
"their",
"works",
".",
"i",
"think",
"that",
"is",
"too",
"bad",
".",
"it",
"may",
"not",
"have",
"been",
"what",
"edward",
"said",
"meant",
",",
"at",
"all",
",",
"but",
"the",
"term",
"has",
"become",
"a",
"kind",
"of",
"slogan",
".",
"in",
"\"",
"the"
] | 876,998 |
] field to adopt the word " orientalism " as a generalized swear @ - @ word, essentially referring to people who take the " wrong " position on the arab – israeli dispute, or to people who are judged " too conservative ". it has nothing to do with whether they are good or not good in their disciplines. so, " orientalism ", for many people, is a word that substitutes for thought, and enables people to dismiss certain scholars and their works. i think that is too bad. it may not have been what edward said meant, at all, but the term has become a kind of slogan. in " the
| 2,570 |
[
"might",
"##ier",
"pen",
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mightier pen? edward said and the double standards of inside @ - @ out colonialism " ( 1993 ), the social anthropologist ernest gellner said that said's contentions that the west dominated the east for two millennia were unsupportable, because the ottoman empire had been a political and military threat to europe until the late 17th century. in " disraeli as an orientalist : the polemical errors of edward said " ( 2005 ), mark proudman reported that said incorrectly described the british empire as extending from egypt to india in the late 19th century, as the ottoman empire and the persian empire were
| 985 |
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