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. Transfusion Medicine
Transfusion Medicine
Cassandra D. Josephson
Transfusion of blood components is essential for treating children with various neonatal and pediatric disorders. Neonatal and pediatric transfusion practices can be classified into two age groups: infants up to 4 months of age and infants/children greater than 4 months of age. This chapter addresses specific aspects of pediatric transfusion medicine, namely the constituents of blood, indications, physician ordering, component preparation in blood banks, administration, and potential adverse events in each age group. It is important to note that prior to ordering or administering any blood product or component, informed consent explaining indications, treatment plan(s), benefits, and risks must be obtained unless a transfusion is required in an emergency.
Packed red blood cells (pRBCs) are the most commonly transfused component of whole blood. They are derived by centrifugation or, less frequently, are acquired directly from the donor by apheresis techniques, known as non-whole blood derived. See Table 442-1 for types of pRBC products, volume per unit, dosage, hematocrit and storage solution, and storage periods. Diverse anticoagulant preservative solutions are used to conserve red blood cells and may uniquely affect each neonatal/pediatric recipient. While additive solutions (AS) have evolved to extend the shelf life of red cells, the safety of the concentration of adenine and mannitol in AS and their associated renal toxicity when given to neonates has come into question. Additionally, the use and safety of AS-preserved pRBCs in massive transfusions for trauma, cardiac surgery, or exchange transfusions for infants less than 4 months old has not been established. The use of AS-preserved red cell units in this population in specific clinical situations must be approached with caution.2-5Image
Packed RBCs are the most commonly transfused product during the neonatal period,8 chiefly for symptomatic anemia or after a 10% reduction of blood volume from iatrogenic or other losses. Guidelines for managing pRBC transfusion in neonates have been published9-13 and are primarily based on clinical practice rather than on evidence. See eTable 442.1 Image for the most recently published guidelines.14
The transfusion indications for pediatric patients older than 4 months are similar to adult pRBC transfusions. However, significant differences exist, namely blood volume, the ability to tolerate blood loss, and age-appropriate hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. A reduction of red cell mass, resulting from surgery, anemia of chronic diseases, hematologic malignancies, or slowly developing anemia is the most common indications for a red cell transfusion in this population. See eTable 442.2 Image (online text) for transfusion parameters for children older than 4 months of age.14
ABO and Rh compatibility tests as required by the AABB (previously known as the American Association of Blood Banks) are listed in Table 442-2.15 At the earliest indication for a nonurgent pRBC transfusion, a type and screen should be ordered to determine the recipient’s ABO/Rh antigen type. The recipient’s serum should be “screened” with the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) for unexpected alloantibodies that may have resulted from previous receipt of red cells. A type and crossmatch is performed to determine the patient’s type of ABO and Rh antigens, to screen for antibodies to unexpected red blood cell minor antigens, and to identify compatible red cells for transfusion.16 Cross-matched red cells may be issued more easily and rapidly when the antibody screen is negative and the crossmatch is nonreactive. A positive antibody screen requires assessing the significance of the antibody detected (ie, its capability of causing intravascular or extravascular hemolysis) prior to selecting donor red cell units for crossmatch.
Once the specificity of the antibody is determined, antigen-negative red cells can be selected. Exclusive of emergent transfusions, crossmatch testing must be done prior to issuing any red cell unit. In the event of an urgent red cell transfusion, when there is insufficient time to obtain ABO/Rh typing, a physician may order the emergency release of this prod-uct(s). For an emergency release order, group O (universal donor) and Rh-negative, uncrossmatched red cells are issued. Image In less emergent scenarios, screening and cross-matching are not performed prior to product dispensation, yet type-compatible blood (O type for A, B, or AB recipients; A type for A recipients; and B type donor cells for B recipients) is issued by the blood bank.
The standard dose of red cells for infants less than 4 months of age is approximately 10 ml/kg, administered over a 2- to 4-hour period. This dose and rate can be transfused safely without additional processing, such as washing or resuspending the cells in another solution. Premature infants with severe hepatic or renal compromise require removal of the additive solution and resuspension of RBCs in saline or albumin. In larger volumes, such as for exchange transfusions, cardiac surgery, extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO), or massive transfusion, RBCs in extended storage media are not recommended.17 Infants older than 4 months of age and children with good cardiac and vascular function can tolerate an infusion of 10 to 20 ml/kg of pRBCs. As in younger infants, the pRBCs may be infused over 2 to 4 hours unless underlying disease deems other infusion strategies. The older child’s increased blood and plasma volume render the anticoagulant preservative solutions less important. A nonbleeding patient who receives a 10 ml/kg dose of pRBC will likely achieve a rise in hemoglobin concentration of 1 to 2 g/dl, or a 3% to 6% increase in hematocrit level. If the transfusion results in a poor increment, one can suspect peripheral destruction of the red cells or blood loss.
Table 442-1. Packed Red Blood Cell Products50
Table 442-2. ABO-Compatible Blood Products
For the prevention of transfusion errors, accurate component and recipient identification is imperative; the blood sample must be labeled with the recipient’s name and hospital identification number as taken from, and thus exactly matching, the hospital identification band always worn by the patient. Initial patient testing on the plasma or serum from either the infant or mother must include ABO and D typing of their red blood cells (RBCs) and a screen for unexpected RBC antibodies. Nonetheless, prior to issuing nongroup type O RBCs, the infant’s plasma or serum is tested to detect passively acquired maternal anti-A or anti-B. In the presence of an antibody, ABO-compatible RBCs are administered until the acquired antibody is no longer detected.14Image
At the bedside, one must verify the recipient’s identity, matching the identity and hospital identification number with the corresponding name and number on the donor unit. Such corroboration is vital for avoiding a mistransfusion attributed to clerical errors, which account for a majority of fatal hemolytic transfusion reactions.23 All blood components are administered through a standard in-line filter that removes particles that may have accumulated during storage. Prior to initiating a transfusion, the patient’s vital signs are measured; the infusion is then started slowly while observing the patient for a potential transfusion reaction over the first 15 minutes. If a transfusion reaction is suspected, the infusion is slowed further or halted altogether. A slow infusion rate (∼ 2 ml/kg per hour) is recommended for patients with severe anemia or heart failure, thereby reducing the risk of volume overload. Patients who experience acute hemorrhage or hypovolemia require rapid infusion of pRBCs to restore intravascular volume. Regardless of the indication, once a transfusion has been initiated, it must be completed within 4 hours to minimize the risk of bacterial contamination, which increases exponentially when pRBCs are subjected to room temperature for longer than 4 hours. RBCs should not be infused too rapidly or pushed through a very small needle, as this may cause hemolysis and a transfusion reaction. Image
In the United States, both pooled platelet concentrates (known as random donor or whole blood–derived platelets) and apheresis platelets, known as single-donor platelets, are available. Platelet concentrates are derived from whole blood drawn from a donor, whereas single-donor platelets are collected via an apheresis machine that returns the remaining whole blood components to the donor. These two methods of platelet collection yield distinctly different amounts of platelets per unit. One platelet concentrate contains approximately 7 × 1010 platelets, whereas one single donor apheresis platelet contains 3 to 6 × 1011 platelets. Pooling of 5 to 8 platelet concentrates from different donors is required to equal the same amount of platelets in an apheresis platelet transfusion. Platelets have a short shelf life (limited to 5 days) and are stored at room temperature and preserved with constant, gentle agitation. The various types of platelet products are listed in Table 442-3, with their approximate volumes, compositions, dosage, and storage periods.
Table 442-3. Platelet Products
Normal peripheral blood platelet counts vary in all age groups from 150,000 to 450,000 per μl. The threshold to transfuse platelets in premature neonates is higher than in other age groups, given the risk of intracranial/ventricular hemorrhage (ICH/IVH). When the platelet count falls below 50,000/μl, there is a clinically significant risk of an IVH (particularly in infants who weigh less than 1.5 kg at birth).36 However, prophylactic platelet infusion is controversial, because although this procedure can increase platelet counts and shorten bleeding times, it has not been shown that it reduces the incidence of IVH.37 In contrast, neonates, children, and adolescents can tolerate platelet counts as low as 10,000/μl without the risk of major bleeding. The most common rationale for transfusions is preventing potential bleeding.38 For stable patients, recent studies support a platelet threshold of 10,000/μl when there are no coexisting conditions.39-41 Currently, the same thresholds are used for children/adolescents who have thrombocytopenia secondary to chemotherapy. For children and adults with fever, active bleeding, or coexisting coagulation defects, a platelet count of 20,000/μl is considered the threshold at which to transfuse. Image
When possible, platelets should be ABO and Rh matched, as this secures the best response and minimizes the potential for red cell hemolysis. Image
For the neonate and small child, incompatible platelet products, whether apheresis or a platelet concentrate, should be volume reduced to eliminate most of the incompatible plasma. However, the process of volume reduction decreases the number and optimal functioning of platelets and shortens their expiration to 4 hours. Consequently, volume reduction is not routinely recommended for older children or adult patients who receive ABO-mismatched platelet products. Image
The customary dose for a platelet concentrate is 10 ml/kg, which typically yields approximately 10 × 109 cells. Platelets obtained from a single donor may contain a slightly lower dose than the platelet concentrate. Some facilities categorize platelet apheresis products into patient subsets by weight and are ordered as “quarters” or “halves.” Alternatively, a 70-kg adult body surface area (BSA) of 1.7 m2 can be used to estimate the BSA of a neonate or child to approximate the appropriate pediatric dose. When a patient is suspected of being platelet refractory, the clinician must anticipate the time required (up to several hours or even days) to obtain and prepare either crossmatched or HLA-matched platelets. Image
The aqueous, acellular portion of whole blood is known as plasma. Albumin is the most abundant of the plasma proteins. Other plasma proteins include complement, predominantly C3, in addition to enzymes, transport molecules, immunoglobulins (gamma-globulins), and coagulation factors. Coagulation factors in plasma include (1) fibrinogen; (2) factor XIII; (3) von Willebrand factor; (4) factor VIII, primarily bound to its carrier protein vWF (∼ 100 ng/ml); and (5) vitamin K–dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X.1Plasma products are mainly produced from whole blood and less frequently from plasma-pheresis collections. The designation of a plasma product as either fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or F24 plasma is determined by the time after collection to the time of freezing. FFP is frozen within 6 to 8 hours of collection, while F24 is frozen within 24 hours after collection. FFP and F24 are virtually equivalent. Another FDA-approved plasma product is cryo-reduced plasma (CRP), also known as cryosupernatant, which is depleted of its cryoprecipitate fraction. Table 442-4 provides a list of plasma-derived products, with their appropriate volumes, composition, and storage periods.
Table 442-4. Plasma-Derived Products1
Specific indications for FFP and F24 include (1) bleeding diatheses associated with acquired coagulation factor deficits, such as end stage liver disease, massive transfusion,49 and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); (2) the rapid reversal of warfarin effect; (3) plasma infusion or exchange for thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); (4) congenital coagulation defects, except when specific factor therapy is available; and (5) C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency. Image
Despite a lack of formal compatibility testing for plasma, the ordering physician must be aware of isohemagglutinins that can cause hemolysis and accordingly must order ABO-compatible plasma for the recipient. Nevertheless, when a recipient’s ABO type is unknown prior to a plasma infusion, AB plasma, lacking in isohemagglutinins, may be administered. Rh alloimmunization rarely results from an Rh mismatch of plasma products, because there are few RBCs in plasma.
Dosing of both FFP and F24 is uniform (10–20 ml/kg) among neonates, children, and adults. It typically yields a 30% increment in coagulation factor concentrations. Nonetheless, a clinically significant coagulopathy may require multiple doses of plasma to correct this state. The need to thaw either of these products, which can take 20 to 40 minutes to complete, requires advance notification. Rapid infusion of plasma products is acceptable, and doses may be administered repeatedly, depending on the half-life of the factor deficiency being treated.
Cryoprecipitate is an insoluble precipitate that is formed by thawing FFP and then refreezing it in 10 to 15 ml of plasma within 1 hour. This processing produces a plasma-based product containing the highest concentrations of factor VIII (80–150 U/unit), vWF (100–150 U/unit), fibrinogen (∼250 mg/unit), factor XIII (150–250 U/unit) and fibronectin ∼2 mg/ml. Cryoprecipitate can be stored at temperatures less than or equal to –18°C and can be maintained for up to 1 year.
The development of safer and more specific factor concentrates has limited the indications for cryoprecipitate primarily to fibrinogen replacement, owing to its high fibrinogen content. The etiology of such a deficiency may be congenital or acquired, namely (1) dysfibrinogenemia; (2) DIC; (3) orthotopic liver transplantation; and (4) poststreptokinase therapy, which may cause hyperfibrinogenolysis. It is also effective in the rare patient with factor XIII deficiency. With the advent of heat-treated, plasma-derived von Willebrand–containing factor products and recombinant factor VIII products, cryoprecipitate no longer has a therapeutic role in treating von Willebrand disease and hemophilia A in the United States. See eTable 442.5 Image (online text) for more detailed indications for cryoprecipitate.
Cryoprecipitate units have a small volume (10–30 ml) in contrast to other plasma products, pRBCs, and apheresis platelets. As a result, the isohemagglutinins anti-A and anti-B are present in small quantities. Similarly to plasma products, compatibility testing is not absolutely required for cryoprecipitate, but it is recommended by the AABB standards for the pediatric patient.
The dose of cryoprecipitate required depends on the clinical necessity. In both children and adults, a 1 unit/10 kg dose will increase the fibrinogen level by 60 to 100 mg/dl. However, in a neonate, a single unit dose will increase the fibrinogen level by more than 100 mg/dl. The dosing frequency varies, from once every 8 to 12 hours to up to several days, depending on the cause of the hypofibrinogenemia. Cryo-precipitate is prepared in the blood bank by thawing and pooling several units, which are then issued as one unit. As with other frozen plasma products, component preparation can take 20 to 30 minutes. Cryoprecipitate can be administered by rapid infusion or slowly over 2 to 4 hours, depending on the clinical indication. Image
Leukoreduction, CMV serological testing, gamma-irradiation, plasma volume reduction, and washing of cellular products (pRBCs and platelets) are specialized processes performed to prevent specific transfusion complications. See online text for further details.Image
Transfusion reactions are categorized as noninfectious versus infectious complications of trans-fusion (eTable 442.9 Image; see online text). Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions (AHTRs) are noninfectious reactions that result from the transfusion of ABO-incompatible red cells. In acute hemolytic reactions, intravascular hemolysis results from IgM anti-A or anti-B reacting with their cognate antigen on the donor red cells. Intravascular hemolysis can also occur by passive IgM anti-A or anti-B transfer of incompatible donor plasma that reacts with the recipient’s red cells, which carry the cognate antigen. The release of free hemoglobin into the intravascular space activates the coagulation cascade and releases vasoactive amines, resulting in fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, chest or back pain, and anxiety. As a result, laboratory tests may reveal hemoglobin in the urine and low haptoglobin in the serum. The severity of the reaction can be mitigated by the timely cessation of the transfusion. However, the infusion of a large volume of incompatible blood or plasma can result in acute renal failure, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and death. Acute intravascular hemolysis can be mediated by a nonimmune cause such as physical or thermal injury to donor RBCs during storage (inappropriate temperature storage or mixing of hypotonic fluid with RBCs) or transfusion method (red cells being pressurized through a fine-gauge needle).
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs) can occur 3 to 10 days after a red cell transfusion, owing to non-ABO antigens. These IgG-mediated reactions can cause severe hemolysis. A DHTR can occur in a previously sensitized recipient, whose incompatible minor RBC antigens go undetected during routine antibody screening and produce an anamnestic antibody response. Detection of a DHTR may be delayed, as recipients are initially asymptomatic. However, they subsequently develop hyperbilirubinemia, do not achieve the expected transfusion outcome, or merely have an unexplained decline in hemoglobin level 1 to 2 weeks post-transfusion. Confirmation of a DHTR is made with a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and a potentially positive antibody screen. Thereafter, antibody specificity must be identified and future pRBC transfusions should be devoid of that specific RBC antigen.
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a noninfectious complication of transfusion and is currently the leading cause of transfusion-related deaths reported to the FDA.61 As defined by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), TRALI is a “new acute lung injury (ALI) that develops with a clear temporal relationship to transfusion, in patients with or without alternate risk factors for ALI.” Contrastingly, the Canadian Consensus Conference on TRALI in 2004 defined it as “a new episode of ALI that occurs during or within 6 hours of a completed transfusion which is not temporally related to a competing etiology for ALI.” A diagnosis of TRALI is confirmed by clinical and radiographic findings. Recipients may exhibit shortness of breath resulting from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, fever, and hypotension. At present, the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of TRALI are not well understood.
Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) is another noninfectious complication that can result from transfusing excessive fluid in a disproportionate time. Patients at greatest risk for developing TACO are those with underlying cardiovascular disease. For febrile, nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs) and allergic/anaphylactic transfusion reactions, see the discussion in the online text.
Infectious organisms transmissible in blood include viruses, bacteria, parasites, spirochetes, and prions (eTable 442.10 Image in online text). The three most common transmitted viral pathogens that have caused significant morbidity and mortality are HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis B (HBV). Significant advances in safety/testing, such as nucleic acid testing (NAT), have greatly reduced the risk of disease transmission in the United States. See eTable 442.11 Image (online text) for a list of transfusion-transmitted viral agents. Image
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Textbook summary of 2990. Perfect complementary to your readings!
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Psychology and the Environment
Residents of Nova Scotia near the Sydney Tar Ponds show particularly high rates of cancer
One of the world’s most hazardous toxic sites
Adolescents reported worrying about their health and their families more than students
who lived away
The adolescents who worried showed the highest levels of depression
Even students who lived away could be affected by this depression
The Environment as a Source of Stress
6 billion people on earth (more than the total number of humans that have ever lived before us)
Increasing at a rate of 250,000 people a day
Will double by 2025, and double again at shorter intervals
When animals are crowded, they reproduce more slowly, take inadequate care of young and are
more prone to disease
Crowding in prisons: Disciplinary problems, suicides and overall death rates increase
Students in crowded dorms are more likely to be socially withdrawn and likely to show signs of
learned helplessness
Elderly people suffering from dementia taken to a new less crowded unit showed beneficial
Density: The number of people who occupy a given space
Crowding: Subjective feeling of unpleasantness that results from the presence of others (stress
we feel when density becomes unpleasant)
Crowding and Perceived Control
Crowding depends on how people interpret the presence of others (how much control they feel
they have)
If the presence reduces feelings of control, we are likely to experience a crowd as stressful
If we feel we have control of the situation, then we are unlikely to experience it as stressful
Study: High school students asked to work on some problems in a jam-packed room with others.
Condition 1: Students told that they were free to leave at any point
Condition 2: Worked under identical crowded conditions but were not given the choice to
Condition 3: Students worked in uncrowded conditions (control)
After the first set, everyone moved into uncrowded rooms with hard puzzles
At first, crowded students (1,2) solved as many puzzles as the uncrowded
For students not given the choice to leave (2), crowding eventually took its toll
Result: No control students (2) attempted the least number of questions (2), Students
with control (1) attempted almost as many as students with no crowding (3)
Conclusion: It is not crowding itself that causes stress but the feeling that you cannot
control or escape
Norms develop to protect people`s privacy in highly dense areas
Japan and slums of Mexico: Visiting people in their homes is very rare (instead, invite
people to restaurants)
Crowding and Expectations
Likely to feel crowded when an environment contains more people than we`d expect
Example: Icefields in National Park (if more people there than expected, visitors felt
Crowding and Attribution
The presence of others makes people physiologically aroused (which can lead to different
If arousal is attributed to the presence of others, it will be interpreted as uncomfortable
and crowded
If attributed to another source, they will not feel crowded
Ex: Student in large lecture, If she attributes arousal to the interesting lecture, she won`t feel
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Russian classics everyone should read
Russia has a long and rich literary history and the country’s classic literature is no exception. Home to some acclaimed pieces of writing exploring social and political issues, these great classics provide a valuable insight into Russia’s unique history as a place where the West meets the East. QRM picks some favourite reads that just cannot go amiss on your reading list:
Crime and Punishment
by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Widely considered to be Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s finest novel, Crime and Punishment was a literary sensation when it was published in 1866. The story follows a young impoverished law student who is driven by poverty to commit a robbery, ends up committing a murder and is forced to live with the consequences of his actions. The novel has been seen as both exploring the depths to which poverty pushes innocent people, while moralising the dangers of radical ideologies from the West.
And Quiet Flows The Don
by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
And Quiet Flows The Don, made up of four volumes, was written over the course of fifteen years, and is considered to be one of the most significant works of literature in the 20th century. It follows the lives of Don Cossacks throughout the first half of the 20th century, up through the First World War and the Russian Revolution. In 1965, Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for And Quiet Flows The Don.
Anna Karenina
by Leo Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy is widely considered to have been one of the greatest writers to have ever lived. Anna Karenina is one of his most famous works and tells the story of several couples navigating love, marriage, infidelity and religion in 19th century Russian society. The heroine of the book, Anna, is a complex and nuanced character, whose extramarital affair leads to her downfall. The book shocked audiences when it was published due to its frank discussion of infidelity, but was lauded by Tolstoy’s fellow writers across Europe.
Doctor Zhivago
by Boris Pasternak
An enduring classic, Doctor Zhivago is taught in Russian schools to this day. The book tells the story of the life and love of Yuri Zhivago across several decades, from 1902 to the Second World War. When it was published in 1956, it was banned by the government as it was considered to be too critical of Stalinism and the Soviet Union. Despite this, the book was widely read and would go on to win Boris Pasternak the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature.
A Hero Of Our Time
by Mikhail Lermontov
Since its publication in 1840, A Hero of Our Time has been widely read, adapted, and referenced in other literary works by writers across the world. Mikhail Lermontov’s novel follows an anti-hero, the self-destructive Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin and his womanising ways. The book has recently been adapted into a ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.
Dead Souls
by Nikolai Gogol
Inspired by works like The Odyssey and The Divine Comedy, Nikolai Gogol wrote his most famous novel, Dead Souls. The novel, first published in 1842, tells the story of the travels of Pavle Ivanovich Chichikov and the people he meets. It was published incomplete, ending in the middle of a sentence, after Gogol destroyed the second half shortly before his death. Despite this, it is considered to be an exemplary Russian novel.
by Ivan Goncharov
Published in 1859, Oblomov is a satirical novel which pokes fun at 19th century Russian nobility and their ultimate uselessness. The story follows Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a character who spends most of his time lazing about and avoiding any real action. The novel was much discussed when it was released, and remains a classic to this day.
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Focusing on the events of a single day in a Soviet gulag, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s novel has received universal praise for its brutal descriptions of the conditions in the forced labour camps. Solzhenitsyn drew inspiration from his own experiences of imprisonment. Shortly after the book was published, Solzhenitsyn was declared an enemy of the state and deported. However, the book was incredibly influential, and is considered to have undermined Stalin’s authority in Russia, paving the way for more radical literature.
The Master and Margarita
by Mikhail Bulgakov
Written between 1928 and 1940, during the Stalin regime in Russia, The Master and Margarita was censored heavily when it was first published, for its thinly-veiled criticisms of the Soviet Union. It tells the surreal story of the devil’s visit to the atheist Soviet Union, and blends satire and social critique with religious imagery and themes. When it was published in full in 1973, it became clear that it was one of the best novels of the 20th century.
War and Peace
by Leo Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy’s most famous work is a masterpiece and a daunting read, spanning over a thousand pages in most editions. War and Peace explores exactly those two themes, looking at life in 19th century Russia during the Napoleonic Wars and in peacetime, through the lives of five families from a Russian aristocracy. With a cast of 580 characters, and large sections of philosophical discussion, War and Peace is a behemoth of world literature for a reason.
Illustrations: Khadia Ulumbekova
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What Processor Does My Mac Need?
For the non-technical user, there is an abundance of confusing terminology used in the computer universe which can make choosing your next device overly complex. Storage, RAM, processor, motherboard and so many others are bandied about as selling points. But if you don’t know the meaning of these techy terms or how they’re relevant to what you do on your computer, they’re all just a bunch of jargon that means nothing. What do these words mean? What is a processor, and why is it important? Is there a big difference between an i5 and an i7 processor? And how does all of this impact my buying decision? If I buy the wrong one, will I suffer from buyer’s remorse? Keep reading to find out.
What Is the Processor?
First of all, let’s break down exactly what a processor is, what it does, and why it matters. Simply put, a processor is a chip that receives input (for example, keystrokes) and delivers the output (placing the appropriate characters in a word-processing document). Sometimes, it’s referred to as the “CPU” (central processing unit). Of course, some computer tasks are more processor-intensive than others – something like video editing obviously requires more processing power than composing an email.
Breaking Down the Numbers
Bigger is better, right? A common assumption is that a computer’s processor speed is analogous to horsepower in an engine – that a higher number is more powerful. Well, yes. And no.
If you’re simply looking at numbers, which are measured in gigahertz (GHz), then yes, a higher number means a more powerful processor. However, it’s a bit more complex than that. In addition to the speed number, you have to consider the type of processor. Comparing the speeds of two different types of processors is an “apples-to-oranges” argument, as things get slightly more complex than a simple equation.
i5 vs. the i7
Fortunately, as a Mac lover, you don’t have to wade through a large array of choices – with a MacBook Pro it’s usually an i5, an i7 and more recently, an i9.Both the i5 and i7 are manufactured by Intel, and Macs have been using Intel processors since 2006. Naturally, the i7 is the more powerful option, delivering a larger processor cache (which stores recently accessed data) and greater speed. But of course, it’s more expensive.
Then comes the matter of “cores.” Most processors contain multiple cores, which work together to process the instructions. These cores, although contained on one unit, are actually individual processors. A dual core processor contains two processors, a quad core, four. The high-end computers that are used for heavy-duty tasks, such as video and audio editing, have eight or more cores. The i7 processor is a quad core as is the i5, but some older versions of the i5 are dual core.
The Bottom Line
In a nutshell, the speed (measured in GHz), number of cores, and the type of processor are the three measurements to use when it comes to deciding which processor is right for you. In each individual category a larger number is better. A MacBook Pro with an i5 processor is perfectly capable of handling standard computing tasks – web surfing, email, word processing and spreadsheet work. The i7 is more robust – designed to handle heavy-duty processing chores such as audio and video editing, high-res graphic design, virtual rendering (such as CAD programs) and live video streaming.
Naturally, those numbers correlate directly to the sticker price: more power equals more money out of your pocket. However, a more powerful MacBook Pro will help “future proof” your purchase, as newer versions of software that are released will most likely run more smoothly with the extra power.
Now that you know the differences between these processors, check out RenewedMacs’ unparalleled selection of renewed MacBook Pros, iMacs, Mac Pros, and more! Each device has gone through a 50-point inspection to ensure their processors and all other components are operating at their highest capacity, so you can get all of the power of a Mac without breaking the bank in the process.
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What is the difference between MWD and LWD?
the difference between MWD and LWD
Measurement While Drilling (MWD): Abbreviation for “Measurement While Drilling” in English.
The wireless MWD instrument can make timely measurements during the drilling process, that is, when drilling is not stopped, the mud pulse generator sends the data measured by the downhole probe to the surface, and the computer system collects and processes the real-time wellbore parameters. And formation parameters. MWD can measure the inclination angle, azimuth angle, tool face angle and natural gamma strength of the formation during the drilling process, and provide timely wellbore parameters and formation evaluation data for the drilling of highly deviated wells and horizontal wells. This instrument is indispensable technical equipment for improving drilling speed and ensuring drilling quality in directional and horizontal well drilling operations.
Logging While Drilling (LWD): Abbreviation for “Log While Drilling” in English.
The first is the resistivity measurement, and then the neutron, density, etc. The difference lies in the parameters to be obtained.
MWD is mainly measurement while drilling. Measure the well’s azimuth, well inclination, tool face (magnetic force, gravity), and guide drilling; LWD measures the well’s azimuth, well inclination, and tool face, and also measures resistivity, natural gamma, well pressure, porosity, Density, etc., it can replace the current wireline logging.
The parameters of the downhole signal transmission device become pulses or pressure waves, which are transmitted to the ground through the drilling fluid in the drill pipe as a conductor, and enter the ground part of the system. On the ground part, the signal receiver usually installed on the riser converts the parameters into electrical signals and transmits them to the computer through the cable for filtering, decoding, display and recording. Currently, there are two signal transmission systems in common use, one is pulse type and the other is continuous-wave type. The pulse type is divided into positive pressure and negative pressure pulse. The positive pressure pulse system uses a plunger to block the drilling fluid channel instantaneously, causing the riser pressure to suddenly rise and a peak; the negative pressure pulse system uses a relief valve to open instantaneously to drain the drilling fluid to the annular space, causing riser pressure Sudden drop appears negative peak. The continuous wave system uses a set of slotted stators, rotors, and drilling fluid to generate a low-frequency wave of a certain frequency when passing through, and the signal is transmitted to the ground using this wave as a carrier. When using pulse-type MWD tools to measure, generally stop the pump and stop the turntable. When using continuous-wave type MWD tools, the measurement can be performed continuously with the drilling operation without stopping the drilling operation. The frequency of continuous-wave is generally higher than that of positive and negative pulses.
Generally speaking, the difference between the two is that LWD is more comprehensive than MWD. The general use of MWD is probe + battery + pulse + battery + gamma, and general LWD is probe + battery + pulse + battery ++ gamma + resistivity.
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Approximately 2.4 billion people suffer from tooth decay. We may make everyday mistakes regarding the right care for our teeth without even knowing it. But such things lead to dental diseases and a loss of money.
We at Bright Side try to avoid making dental mistakes and would love it if we could prevent any future toothaches.
1. Ignoring a bad smell coming from your mouth
A bad smell from your mouth can signify poor hygiene or gum disease. Sometimes we don’t notice an unpleasant odor by ourselves but people who you talk to can smell it. In this case, there’s an easy way to test it:
1. Lick the inside of your wrist.
2. Wait 5-10 seconds
3. Smell your wrist.
You can also swab the back of your tongue by using a finger or a piece of cotton. Try not to go too far as not to trigger your gag reflex.
2. Drinking after brushing
Yes, of course, you’re going to eat and drink after brushing your teeth in the morning. But it’s crucial that the flavor of your toothbrush should be the last flavor of the day. Even drinking tea just before sleeping can affect your teeth negatively.
3. Rinsing your teeth after brushing
After brushing your teeth, you may rinse your mouth with water. But don’t swallow it, sip it! This habit reduces tooth decay by up to 25%. The flavor of the toothbrush is intense, but soon you will get used to it.
4. Not brushing long enough
Spending just 30 seconds on your teeth daily can hardly lead to a good result. It can cause cavities and other dental problems. There’s a rule to spend at least 30 seconds on each of the 4 quadrants of the mouth. Basically, it’s 2 minutes for the whole mouth.
5. Brushing too hard
When it comes to polishing your teeth, you may scrub them very hard. Unfortunately, by doing this you can only harm your enamel and make your teeth become sensitive. It’s also important to pick the right toothbrush that suits you. It’s best to consult with your dentist.
6. Brushing your teeth right after your meal exclusively
Please note that brushing your teeth immediately after eating may affect your enamel negatively, especially if you’ve consumed something acidic. You should avoid brushing your teeth for about 30 minutes.
7. Not changing your toothbrush
Normally, it’s recommended that you change your toothbrush every 3 months, according to researchers. Otherwise, you need to do it as soon as the bristles are frayed. In this case, your brushing will be productive and each nook and cranny will be cleaned.
8. Not changing your toothbrush when you’re sick
A toothbrush doesn’t kill bacteria in the mouth. When you’re sick, just change your brush as not to catch a disease later on for a second time. And make sure that the toothbrush doesn’t touch other toothbrushes in the days surrounding the time you’re ill.
Did you find any new information in this article? What other dental habits are often neglected? Please write your advice and share your experience with us!
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What is a Toulmin essay?
What is a Toulmin essay? Toulmin, the Toulmin method is a style of argumentation that breaks arguments down into six component parts: claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing. It is, in other words, the main argument. The grounds of an argument are the evidence and facts that help support the claim. What are qualifiers
Why do you choose nursing?
Why do you choose nursing? Nursing is all about the patient. It’s a career that helps you save lives, bring happiness to individuals and their families, and comfort to those in need. While caring for patients fighting for their life can be a challenging experience, nurses still report a high level of job satisfaction. Why
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Never Mind
In 1995, NASA astronomer Scott Sandford became troubled by the phrase “You’re comparing apples and oranges.” “First,” he wrote, “the statement that something is like comparing apples and oranges is a kind of analogy itself. That is, denigrating an analogy by accusing it of comparing apples and oranges is, in and of itself, comparing apples and oranges. More importantly, it is not difficult to demonstrate that apples and oranges can, in fact, be compared.”
He desiccated an apple and an orange and ran samples through a spectrometer. “Not only was this comparison easy to make, but it is apparent from the figure that apples and oranges are very similar,” he concluded. “Thus, it would appear that the comparing apples and oranges defense should no longer be considered valid. This is a somewhat startling revelation. It can be anticipated to have a dramatic effect on the strategies used in arguments and discussions in the future.”
Sure enough, five years later surgeon James E. Barone confirmed this result in the British Medical Journal. He found that apples and oranges are both edible, juiceable fruits grown in orchards on flowering trees and subject to damage by disease and insects, and they have comparable color, sweetness, size, shape, and weight. “In only one category, that of ‘involvement of Johnny Appleseed,’ was a statistically significant difference between the two fruits found.”
“This article, certain to become the classic in the field, clearly demonstrates that apples and oranges are not only comparable; indeed they are quite similar,” he concluded. “The admonition ‘Let’s not compare apples with oranges’ should be replaced immediately with a more appropriate expression such as ‘Let’s not compare walnuts with elephants’ or ‘Let’s not compare tumour necrosis factor with linguini.'”
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Introduction To Dynamic Programming
ynamic Programming
Introduction To Dynamic Programming
DP is a very useful and effective technique for finding optimal solution for problems having exponential time complexities( O(n!) or O(2^n) ) as it may bring down the complexity to O(n^2) or O(n^3).
DP applies to the problems having overlapping sub-problems.DP computes sub-problems before the problem itself and combines value of sub-problem to generate solution to the problem. Since problems are overlapping we may end up computing same sub-problems over and over again.So, DP speeds up the process by storing those results in a table and fetch result instead of computing it again.
For ex : Take an example of Fibonacci series, fibo(4) and fibo(3) are sub-problems to fibo(5) and as we can see from image we'll compute fibo(3) twice one while computing fibo(5) and one while computing fibo(4), that's a lot of wastage, in DP technique we'll store fibo(3) and use this result when required. enter image description here
Let's take a simple example: Problem: Given an array of integers of size n.We've to answer Q queries.Each query consists of 2 integers L and R and we've to print sum of elements of array from L to R(inclusive).
input: 5 1 2 3 4 5 2 1 5 2 5 output: 15 14
Naive: For each query iterate through L to R and calculate the sum
for q<-1 upto Q:
sum = 0
for i<-L upto R:
sum = sum + Arr[i]
print sum
.:for single Query takes O(n) time and for answering Q queries it takes O(Q*n) time.
DP : Find and store the cumulative frequency in a table(array)
table[1...n] = {0}
table[0] = Arr[0]
for i<-1 upto n:
table[i] = table[i-1] + Arr[i]
this pre-computation requires O(n) time. Now we can answer each query in O(1) time as follows:
for q<-1 upto Q:
print (table[R] - table[L-1])
.: for Q queries complexity becomes O(1*Q) = O(Q)
So, overall complexity of problem using DP is: O(Q+n) which is linear in time. Though DP requires Extra space of order O(n), but the reduction in the time complexity covers for it.
Exercise: Write an algorithm to compute Fibonacci series using DP.
The implementation of fibonacci series in Python using both Top down and Bottom approach can be found at - https://youtu.be/OEtW3Fmmrpk
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The Ties That Bind
Oct 04, 10 The Ties That Bind
This article was originally published at The Soulside Out. Reprinted with permission.
The conclusion was far from inevitable. Amidst the ruin of war, the seeds for a new society were being planted. Poor whites took stock of their cultural and economic situation and a few realized that they had common cause with the newly freed black slaves. They had both been victimized by a classically bourgeois system that benefitted the few at the expense of the many. Soon, blacks and whites began organizing around labor and farming rights. The powerbrokers in American society recognized this as a threat and began seeking ways to sow discord and disunity in the nascent labor movement. It was a game as old as empire.
Entrenched power structures become very active right before a pre-Revolutionary period. Although the Civil War proved to be the onset of dramatic changes in American society, the need for cheap labor was not abated by its result. Although Southern planters no longer had access to free labor, the North was on the cusp of an industrial revolution spurred on by the war. While white and black farmers began to unite throughout the south and west, black and white laborers also found common cause. They united to strike for higher wages, shorter hours, and safer work conditions, culminating in the New Orleans general strike in 1892. For the moneyed interests in this nation, this movement was becoming untenable.
Deeply entrenched notions of white supremacy coupled with state sponsored efforts to quash labor movements ensured that black and white workers would never unify fully. The same arbitrary racial constructs that permitted two centuries of chattel slavery also kept blacks subjugated for another one hundred years after they were freed, and inhibited many whites from unifying around common economic goals that may have resulted in a freer, more equitable, and more just society.
Alas, these are lessons that still have not been internalized by a large number of people. For the last thirty years, conservatives in this nation have waged an economic and cultural war that has appealed to the base prejudices of millions of people while seeking to undo New Deal and Great Society gains. While this war raged on, oligarchs were busy stealing trillions of dollars. These actions exacerbated the decline of the middle class and the cycle of poverty that inhibits the type of social mobility that is supposed to form the backbone of the American dream.
After years of stagnant wages, harsh politics, and war mongering based upon official state lies, many people were justifiably upset after the economic collapse of 2008. It was a moment that could have galvanized the nation, a moment when people rose up and united against the corporatocracy that the United States had become. However, cynical politicians and their corporate backers seized this energy and turned a scared populace against itself. By turning the citizenry against each other, the entrenched powers were able to avoid the bottom-up revolution that was sure to completely reverse the balance of power.
The post-Reconstruction labor movement is merely one example of people in this nation voting against their economic interests because of racial or economic prejudice. This pattern has been repeated throughout the world across the ages. However, if humans are going to progress as a species, they must forge alliances across the arbitrary, specious things that divide humans. Uniting behind common economic interests in order to combat the dehumanizing forces of corporate greed is a good place to start. If recent history is illustrative, we have a long road to travel.
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• Eric Stutman
What is the EFC and why should you care?
The Expected Family Contribution, or EFC, is basically how much money you are expected to pay to pay for your student's tuition, given your financial situation. The gap between your EFC and the annual cost of the college, is how much aid you may be eligible to receive. The more money you have, the higher the EFC. The federal government will calculate your EFC based on a lot of financial data you submit when you fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). However, there are two ways you can quickly estimate your EFC.
One way is to use the Net Price Calculator which you will find on the website for every college. Another rule of thumb is to calculate 20% of your annual gross income and add 5% of your savings. This can give you a rough estimate of EFC, which may be more than the cost of tuition (no aid for you!) or less (federal or college aid may be offered).
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Talismans and Amulets: An Enduring Tradition of Meaningful Jewelry
What are Talismans and Amulets?
In his article “Winged serpents as Amulets, Dragons as Talismans, Dragons as Counselors” teacher Robert G. Stevens gives a compelling portrayal of what a charm is and what it bestows to it’s conveyor: “A charm is an article that applies an impact for favorable luck to happen to the person who has it.” He further clarifies, “It changes the individual who holds it so the individual in question can achieve extraordinary deeds.” Comparatively he depicts special necklaces as items accepted to ensure and avoid fiendishness or hurt. So close are these two purposes that it isn’t unprecedented for the qualification among charms and special necklaces to be obscured so the two terms are utilized conversely. Visit :- พระเครื่อง
A charm or special necklace can take numerous structures, however most basic are pendants or charms worn on the body. They can likewise be made of a wide range of materials and in many examples the material from which they are made adds to their planned force. In the event that a thing is made of wood, the sort of wood picked is of hugeness, whenever made of metal, at that point the kind of metal directs the influence the item will have, similarly in the event that stones are incorporated, at that point their shading is both emblematic and powerful. Different models incorporate basic items which have a surprising abnormality (four-leaved clovers), creature parts or carvings of creatures, relics of strict symbols and treasures once possessed by precursors. Eventually, the intensity of an important bit of gems is controlled by the social, profound and passionate significance that an item gains as directed by the way of life the individual occupies and the person’s very own experience encompassing the article.
Charms and War
Generally, it has not been at all extraordinary for fighters to convey charm objects into fight. At the point when the danger of plausible demise or other injury is confronting an individual it is human instinct to look for security and a way to support the inner will to counter nervousness. In a 2003 Washington Post article it was anticipated that in excess of 50% of warriors take some object of centrality with them when they are sent. These articles appear as pendants that can be worn safely on the body however can likewise be strict books, letters, photographs or even canine labels that have a place with a military family member. Strict influences are almost all inclusive charms worn by officers as exemplified via cut pendants of Buddha gave out to the military in Thailand, Koranic sacred writing conveyed by Muslims and emblems portraying Catholic holy people worn by warriors in Europe and America. During WWI numerous officers conveyed some type of Psalm 91, generally alluded to as the “Warrior’s Psalm” on their people, a specific charm that is as yet famous among military as a type of assurance. Likewise regular is for a charm object to be procured by a fighter’s family and introduced to the warrior as an immediate association with kinfolk while away from home.
Charms and Native American Culture
Local American charm adornments with its liberal utilization of carnal iconography is very mainstream in the Western world. In when human effect on the climate has put our own prosperity in peril, many are looking for an approach to realign themselves with the common world. The appropriation of creature charms is one way toward accomplishing this coordination. Anther reason individuals are attached to receiving these creature symbols is a direct result of their representative relationship with specific ascribes that the wearers might want to pick up themselves.
Some regular themes in Native American otherworldly adornments incorporate the falcon, steed, bear and bison. The falcon is frequently viewed as the lord of flying creatures, an image of triumph and force; as per Native American conviction, the taking off intensity of the hawk contains the ability to address the irregularity of abhorrent impacts. North American clans are as yet the most pervasive wearers of falcon charms around the world, regardless of whether for stately formal attire or regular wear. Both the steed and bison represent quality, while the bear represents quality and authority.
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Juvenile Delinquency
Abnormal PsychologyTOPIC: Trauma and Stressor-Related DisordersYour readings for this unit discussed a research study in which participants were exposed to a live cold virus. What are your thoughts about this study? Would you be willing to participate in such research? Why or why not? Post your response to the discussion board. Make sure to respond to it in no less than 300-400 words.Introduction to SociologyPlease choose one of the following prompts and respond to it in no less than 300-400 words. In your response, you must fully answer all aspects of the question and support your answer with reference to course materials (textbook, supplementary readings, videos, etc.).· According to Goffman, we are all just actors on a stage reading/acting from socially prescribed (and proscribed) scripts. This is especially true when we take on different roles. List two different roles you take as an individual. How do these roles guide your behavior when you are in/around certain situations, places, or people? Are these roles in tension with each other, and if so, how does this tension matter for your behavior and the way others perceive you?· In what ways has the development of social media been good for society? In what ways has it been bad for society? Why is a society that uses social media different from one that doesn’t? How does the usage of social media change the way people interact with, relate to, and perceive/judge each other?ResourcesNotes AttachedRead Social InteractionJuvenile DelinquencyAssignment 8- TOPIC: Juvenile InstitutionsIn 3-4 paragraphs, summarize the different types of juvenile facilities. Do you believe any of them are more effective than the other? (Article is attachedAssignment 9- Topic: Girls and DelinquencyAfter reading the article, answer the 2 following questions. What factors put girls at risk of becoming delinquents and can they overcome them? Respond in 2-3 ParagraphsRead InFocus article: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2010). InFocus. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/228414.pdfFor more information on Juvenile Delinquency check on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency
DNP Role Presentation
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Center for Biological Diversity Wants “Nemo” Listed on Endangered Species List
Clownfish in Fuzzy Mushroom
According to a recent Grind TV article, the Center for Biological Diversity filed a petition earlier this week with the National Marine Fisheries Service to list “orange clownfish” and seven other reef fish on the Endangered Species Act. The move comes mostly in response to man-made environmental issues, with a brunt of the concern being laid on ocean acidification, but the aquarium trade is also shouldering some of the blame. Ocean acidification, a byproduct of carbon pollution that drives down oceanic pH, is a major issue for reefs as it causes all sorts of issues such as slowing and/or preventing coral calcification, causing fish and invertebrates to develop improperly, and driving down biodiversity.
Needless to say, ocean acidification is a serious issue, and the guys at the Center for Biological Diversity are geniuses for tying it to the “Finding Nemo” movie. Their whole stance is that the fish from the wildly popular children’s movie will be wiped out if global warming and carbon pollution aren’t stopped. And by tying the issue to the movie, it will get more people to pay attention, including a larger audience of people who normally wouldn’t talk about these issues.
As for the other threatened fish on the petition, the list include the yellowtail damselfish, the Hawaiian dascyllus and blue-eye damselfish, the black-axil chromis, Dick’s damselfish, reticulated damselfish, and the blue-green damselfish. All of these damsels are found in either local waters or waters of U.S. territories in the Indo-Pacific (e.g. American Samoa).
While the acidification argument is certainly a valid one, the anti-aquarium argument doesn’t have near as sturdy a foundation. Clownfish, especially those of the “Nemo” variety, are overwhelmingly produced by fish breeders. Some wild clowns are still collected, but a huge number of fish are born and raised right here in the US. Where the anti-aquarium argument does have some validity is regarding the damselfish. The aquarium trade does import damsels in huge numbers, and despite their hardiness, they are not bred in captivity like clownfish.
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How to Write Annotated Bibliography?
Dealing with essay writing is one thing, but creating an annotated bibliography in a professional manner is something completely different and, as a lot of college and university students would agree, more complicated. This assignment type requires you to compile information sources or authors and then place them against each other. Below you are provided with simple helpful steps on how to write an annotated bibliography and cope with the task professionally. Open a new Microsoft Word file and let’s get it done!
Before you type the first word, make sure to write an outline. Choose the topic for your project and put it down as the number one point for the outline.
Now it’s time to research the selected topic. All in all, an annotated bibliography writing assignment is about collecting the thoughts and ideas of other people. Build up a simple bulleted list of various authors that deal with your topic. Make sure to provide the source you have dug your info from, so you can have an opportunity to read more and then cite it properly.
Provide an outline for the paper. It is recommended to make use of capital letters to present major points and provide some notes on the margins. Roman numerals are to be used for an annotated bibliography – don’t forget about it, as it is a very important aspect of this work.
When you create an annotated bibliography outline, place the information sources related to the same issue together. Do not forget to include info sources state a different point of view. In case they go together, it should be easy to link the info sources that agree and disagree.
When the outline for your information sources is ready, you will have an opportunity to take the next step – to write the work itself. Make sure your writing is unbiased. Dealing with annotated bibliography writing your number one task is to demonstrate what other individuals have to say on the topic and your job is to stay neutral no matter what. Show what kind of viewpoints the other authors have and make sure to treat all the sides as fairly as you can. Write the project as if the information sources were directly conversing and co-operating with each other. Remember that it’s very important to make sure that at least 50% of the writing is done by you – you cannot always cite other people.
When the project is done, you must provide citations for the sources. Choose the style suitable for your discipline to cite information sources. Make sure you mention all the sources you have used. In case you don’t have enough properly quoted sources your project will not be treated seriously.
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As key regulators of mitotic chromosome segregation, the Aurora family of serine/threonine kinases play an important role in cell division. Abnormalities in Aurora kinases have been strongly linked with cancer, which has lead to the recent development of new classes of anti-cancer drugs that specifically target the ATP-binding domain of these kinases. From an evolutionary perspective, the species distribution of the Aurora kinase family is complex. Mammals uniquely have three Aurora kinases, Aurora-A, Aurora-B, and Aurora-C, while for other metazoans, including the frog, fruitfly and nematode, only Aurora-A and Aurora-B kinases are known. The fungi have a single Aurora-like homolog. Based on the tacit assumption of orthology to human counterparts, model organism studies have been central to the functional characterization of Aurora kinases. However, the ortholog and paralog relationships of these kinases across various species have not been rigorously examined. Here, we present comprehensive evolutionary analyses of the Aurora kinase family.
Phylogenetic trees suggest that all three vertebrate Auroras evolved from a single urochordate ancestor. Specifically, Aurora-A is an orthologous lineage in cold-blooded vertebrates and mammals, while structurally similar Aurora-B and Aurora-C evolved more recently in mammals from a duplication of an ancestral Aurora-B/C gene found in cold-blooded vertebrates. All so-called Aurora-A and Aurora-B kinases of non-chordates are ancestral to the clade of chordate Auroras and, therefore, are not strictly orthologous to vertebrate counterparts. Comparisons of human Aurora-B and Aurora-C sequences to the resolved 3D structure of human Aurora-A lends further support to the evolutionary scenario that vertebrate Aurora-B and Aurora-C are closely related paralogs. Of the 26 residues lining the ATP-binding active site, only three were variant and all were specific to Aurora-A.
In this study, we found that invertebrate Aurora-A and Aurora-B kinases are highly divergent protein families from their chordate counterparts. Furthermore, while the Aurora-A family is ubiquitous among all vertebrates, the Aurora-B and Aurora-C families in humans arose from a gene duplication event in mammals. These findings show the importance of understanding evolutionary relationships in the interpretation and transference of knowledge from studies of model organism systems to human cellular biology. In addition, given the important role of Aurora kinases in cancer, evolutionary analysis and comparisons of ATP-binding domains suggest a rationale for designing dual action anti-tumor drugs that inhibit both Aurora-B and Aurora-C kinases.
The Auroras are a conserved family of serine/threonine kinases which have essential functions in cell division [1, 2]. In mitosis, Aurora kinases are required for chromosome segregation, condensation and orientation in the metaphase plate, spindle assembly, and the completion of cytokinesis.
Model organism studies have played a pivotal role in functional characterization of Aurora kinases. Aurora kinases were first identified as mutant alleles in Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) that caused defective spindle-pole formation [3]. Subsequently, Drosophila was found to have a second Aurora homolog [4], and the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, similarly has two Aurora-like genes [5, 6]. The fungi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, have a single Aurora, known as increase-in-ploidy 1 (Ipl1) [7] and Aurora-related kinase 1 (Ark1) [8], respectively. Among cold-blooded vertebrates, Aurora kinases have been most widely studied in the frog, Xenopus laevis, which has two kinases; Aurora-A and Aurora-B [9, 10]. More recently discovered is a third Aurora kinase called Aurora-C in rodents and humans [11].
The Aurora kinases are mitotic kinases that generally associate with chromosomes, often in complexes with other proteins, and interact with cytoskeletal components in cell division. The three mammalian Aurora kinases appear at specific locations during mitosis. Aurora-A, the "polar kinase", primarily associates with the separating centrosomes while Aurora-B, the "equatorial kinase", is a chromosomal passenger protein [1]. The least studied Aurora kinase, Aurora-C, appears to be localized to the centrosome from anaphase to telophase and is highly expressed in the testis [11, 12].
Recent studies indicate that all three Aurora kinases have strong associations with cancer. Aurora-A has been mapped to a region in the human chromosome (20q13.2-13.3) that is amplified in cancer cell lines and primary tumors [13, 14]. Transfected mouse cell lines with Aurora-A have been shown to cause tumors when injected into nude mice [14, 15] and a polymorphic variant (amino acid substitution Phe31Ile) has been associated with human colon tumors [16]. Expression levels of Aurora-B [17] and Aurora-C [12] were elevated in several cancer cell lines relative to normal fibroblasts. Aurora-C is located on chromosome 19q13.2 to 13.4, a region associated with loss of heterozygosity in ovarian cancer [18] and pancreatic carcinomas [19]. Thus, the inhibition of one or more Aurora kinases might be a novel chemotherapeutic strategy against cancer [20]. Recently, several reports by research groups in pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies describe small molecules that target the ATP-binding domain of Aurora kinases, and have effects in human tumor cell lines [2123].
Despite the importance of model organisms in understanding Aurora kinase function, the evolutionary relationships among these variants are unclear. Two previous phylogenetic analyses of Aurora kinases were incomplete because the contemporary complement of Aurora kinases was unavailable [4] or certain family members, namely the Aurora-C kinases, were excluded [1]. Here, we present an evolutionary analysis of all known Aurora kinases. We show that vertebrate Aurora kinases evolved through a series of gene duplication events from a chordate ancestor, and that they are highly distinct from invertebrate homologs. Moreover, the recent divergence, thus high level of sequence similarity, of human Aurora-B and Aurora-C suggests a novel anti-cancer strategy which might simultaneously target the ATP-binding domains of this kinase pair with dual action inhibitors.
Results and discussion
Aurora Evolution in Chordates
In order to construct a comprehensive phylogenetic tree, GenBank was searched for all possible Aurora kinases. In addition to previously published Aurora kinase sequences, further chordate and urochordate Aurora homologs were found by using mammalian Aurora-A, Aurora-B and Aurora-C protein sequences as queries in BLASTP or TBLASTN [24] searches of the genomes of the pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes [25], the zebrafish, Danio rerio [26], and the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis [27].
Multiple sequence alignments show that the Aurora kinase family is highly conserved among species (Fig. 1). Pairwise sequence comparisons estimate that the mean proportion of similar amino acids (based on the Blosum62 matrix) is much higher among all the different families of Aurora-A, Aurora-B and Aurora-C of vertebrates (0.84 ± 0.5) than within the same family (Aurora-A or Aurora-B) between vertebrates and invertebrates species (0.69 ± 0.3 for both families). This would suggest a recent evolutionary radiation of Aurora families within vertebrates.
Figure 1
Multiple sequence alignment of representative Aurora-A (AurA), Aurora-B (AurB), and Aurora-C (AurC) kinases, and their homologs (Air1, Air2, ARK1 and Ipl1). N-terminal regions which are species-specific and could not be accurately aligned are excluded, although the numbering of residues begins at the starting amino acid for that particular peptide. Progressive darker shading indicates conservation of amino acid residues in 60%, 80% and 100% of the sequences, respectively. Dark line at the top of the sequence blocks indicates those regions used in the phylogenetic analyses (Also see additional file 1 and 2). Species include Homo sapiens (hosa), Mus musculus (mus), Danio rerio (dare), Takifugu rubripes (taru), Xenopus laevis (xela), Ciona intestinalis (ciin), Drosophila melanogaster (drme), Caenorhabditis elegans (cael), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (sace) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (scpo). The program CLUSTALW [41] was used to constructed the initial alignment which was subsequently refined manually.
Phylogenetic trees constructed using four methodologies, all rooted using polo-like kinases type 4 (PLK4), show that all vertebrate Auroras form a clade distinct from those of invertebrates (Fig. 2). The phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbour-joining distance method shows moderate boot-strap support (67%) for the evolution of all vertebrate Auroras from a urochordate ancestor, represented by the ascidian, C. intestinalis. The use of alternative kinase families, other than PLK4, to root the tree did not alter the internal topology of the Aurora clade. Although its genome sequence is incomplete, C. intestinalis likely has only a single Aurora homolog since other probable kinase open reading frames associated with the next top five BLASTP [24] hits did not cluster with Auroras from other species in phylogenetic trees.
Figure 2
Phylogenetic tree of Aurora-A, Aurora-B, and Aurora-C kinases rooted by PLK4 kinases. Major organism groups (with colours, fonts) are mammals (red, bold italic), cold-blooded vertebrates (deep blue, italic), urochordates (orange, italic), invertebrates, (purple, italic), plants (green, italic), fungi (black, italic) and protists (light blue, italic). "Original" indicates the first Aurora identified from Drosophila melanogaster [3]. Plant sequences are identified by their Genbank accession number. Stacks of numbers show, in descending order, the percent occurrence of nodes in greater than 50% of 1000 bootstrap replicates of neighbor joining (plain text) and maximum parsimony (italicized text) analyses or greater than 50% of 10000 quartet puzzling steps of maximum likelihood analysis (in curved parentheses) or Bayesian posterior probability (only 0.90 or greater, in square parentheses). Asterisks ("*") indicate those nodes supported 70% or greater by the first three tree-building methods and 0.90 Bayesian posterior probability. Nodes with one or two values less than 50% have dashes ("-") while values less than 50% are unmarked. Scale bar represents 0.1 expected amino acid residue substitutions per site.
Among true vertebrates, our phylogenetic tree shows that the Aurora kinases underwent two major gene duplication events. The first split in cold-blooded vertebrates lead to the formation of two Aurora subfamilies. One branch encompasses all known vertebrate Aurora-A sequences in a single orthologous lineage that includes fishes, amphibians and mammals. This family includes previously identified Aurora-A kinases in Xenopus laevis, rodents and humans as well as a new putative ortholog in T. rubripes.
The second family, previously known as Aurora-B [2, 28] consists of cold-blooded vertebrate and mammalian Aurora-B as well as mammalian Aurora-C. Mammalian Aurora-B and Aurora-C are similarly related to the cold-blooded vertebrate Aurora presently known as "Aurora-B" in amphibians (X. laevis) and fish (D. rerio and T. rubripes). Searches of T. rubripes and D. rerio protein and DNA sequence databases detected several other putative serine/threonine kinase homologs but none were Auroras according to phylogenetic analyses. Thus, cold-blooded vertebrates appear to have only a single Aurora-A ortholog, a single Aurora-B-like homolog, and lack an Aurora-C ortholog. Conversely, Aurora-A, Aurora-B and Aurora-C appear to be ubiquitous to mammals (at least placentals) where they are encoded by separate chromosomal loci. It would appear that mammalian Aurora-B and Aurora-C evolved from a duplication event involving the ancestral Aurora-B found in cold-blooded vertebrates. This depiction of the evolutionary relationships of vertebrate Auroras was consistently determined by four different phylogenetic methods with high bootstrap or Bayesian posterior probability values (Fig. 2).
Comparisons of human Aurora-B and Aurora-C sequences to the resolved 3D structure of human Aurora-A [29] lends further support to the evolutionary scenario that vertebrate Aurora-B and Aurora-C are closely related paralogs (Fig. 3a). Of the 26 residues lining the ATP-binding active site, only three vary among the different human Aurora kinases; Leu215, Thr217 and R220 (numbering and residue identity based on Aurora-A), and all of these variants were specific to Aurora-A (Fig. 3b). Aurora-B and Aurora-C did not vary in their active site residues. Furthermore, all three Auroras have a carboxy-terminal destruction box (D-box) but only Aurora-A has the necessary amino-terminal A-box (also known as the D-box activating-domain) for its functional activation [30, 31]. Collectively, these comparisons of structure and motifs support the phylogeny depicting an early divergence of Aurora-A from an Aurora-B / Aurora-C clade.
Figure 3
Comparisons of the catalytic domains of human Aurora-A, Aurora-B and Aurora-C kinases. A. Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of Human Aurora kinase with an adenosine molecule shown in the binding pocket (PDB ID 1muoA) [29]. Residues lining the active site are colored purple when invariant and red when variant. B, Multiple sequence alignment of Auroras. Using the same color scheme as the structure in panel A, residues identified to be lining the active site are identified with invariant residues among all three Auroras marked with an asterisk. Of the 26 residues lining the active site, only three vary among the different human Aurora kinases; Leu215, Thr217 and R220 (numbering and residue identity based on Aurora-A), and all of this variation was found in Aurora-A.
Non-chordate Evolution
The Aurora kinases of plants and invertebrates are all outgroup lineages to chordates / urochordates (Fig. 2). Although all phylogenetic methods strongly support the monophyly of chordate Aurora kinases, the exact ordering among nodes leading to the various plant and invertebrate clusters were not resolved with similarly high bootstrap or probability values. Placement of plant Aurora kinases between chordates and invertebrates might be an artifact of tree construction methods. (Plant, protist, fungal and invertebrate lineages were all highly diverged from vertebrate Aurora kinases as witnessed by their longer branch lengths.) The earliest lineages of the Aurora tree are those fungal model organisms with a single Aurora-like homolog S. cerevisiae (Ipl1) and S. pombe (Ark1). Other basal branches are the amitochondrial fungi, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and the kinetoplast protist, Leishmania major [32].
Invertebrate Aurora kinases, including those of the model organisms C. elegans and D. melanogaster, occupy separate early branches and are not, as their current names suggest, orthologs to either Aurora-A or Aurora-B of vertebrates. An unrooted phylogenetic tree with only model organism species shows the same topology of vertebrate Auroras as the more species-rich tree rooted by PLK4 kinases (Fig. 4). However, similar kinases from C. elegans and D. melanogaster now cluster together. The unrooted tree suggests that the invertebrate Aurora-B kinase family evolved prior to the invertebrate Aurora-A kinase family although further examples from other species are desirable to confirm this hypothesis. The consensus scenario in both rooted and unrooted trees is that vertebrate Aurora kinases are paralogous, rather than orthologous, to their invertebrate counterparts.
Figure 4
Unrooted phylogenetic tree of Aurora kinases from human and model organisms. Tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood quartet puzzling method [43]. Scale bar represents 0.1 expected amino acid residue substitutions per site. Confidence estimates of nodes, fonts, and colours of species names correspond to Fig. 2.
Model Organisms in Context
Aurora-B and Aurora-C, as specific innovations in mammals, might have distinct protein-binding partners and cellular functions from those of Aurora-B kinases in amphibians. The perturbation of Aurora-B function in different systems suggests variable kinetochore-microtubule interactions [33]. Transfection of normal rat kidney cells with a kinase-inactive, dominant negative form of Aurora-B caused multiple defects in mitosis [34] while an Aurora-B kinase inactivating antibody seemed to have milder effects in Xenopus tissue culture cells [35]. Xenopus Aurora-A functions in the extrusion of the first polar body [36] while in C. elegans Aurora B plays a similar role [5]. Also, C. elegans Aurora-B binds to a protein CSC-1 which has no homolog in other studied systems [37]. While these studies used different experimental methods, the lack of direct orthology among vertebrate and invertebrate Aurora-A and Aurora-B might also account for functional differences in these systems.
The evolutionary analysis presented here also suggests revisiting the present Aurora nomenclature. Adams et al. [28] proposed a naming scheme where, irrespective of species, the original Aurora is known as Aurora-A (also called AIRK1, Aurora, Aurora-2, AIK, BTAK, human STK15, mouse STK6 and others), followed by Aurora-B (also known as AIRK-2, IAL, Aurora-1, AIK2, STK12 and others) and Aurora-C (or STK13). However, the proposed nomenclature fails to reflect evolutionary, and possibly functional, relationships among the Auroras. We suggest that Aurora-A be retained as the name for all orthologs in mammals and cold-blooded vertebrates. While Aurora-B and Aurora-C seem appropriate for mammalian versions, the ancestral cold-blooded vertebrate "Aurora-B" might be renamed "Aurora-BC". As for invertebrates, the so-called Aurora-A or Aurora-B genes are clearly not orthologs to their respective vertebrate counterparts. However, introducing a new nomenclature here might simply add further confusion to the field.
Evolution of an Anti-Cancer Target
There have been several recent reports of Aurora kinase inhibitors that are under development by pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies for cancer treatment. The compounds Hesperadin (Boehringer Ingelheim [21]) and ZM447439 (AstraZeneca [22]) are suggested to be targeted to Aurora-B. While both studies show lesser levels of compound inhibition of Aurora-A as well as several other kinases, neither report included Aurora-C in their kinase profile. Selective inactivation of multiple kinases is not an undesirable pharmaceutical profile for a small molecule inhibitor and, in fact, could be the best strategy to achieve maximal clinical efficacy of an anti-cancer agent [38]. Indeed, an intense area of anti-cancer research is the development of small molecular ATP analogues that generally target the kinase domain of protein kinases [39]. For example, Gleevec (also known as imatinib and made by Novartis) for chronic myelogenous leukemia, is a small-molecule inhibitor that targets BCR-ABL, c-Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinases [40]. Recently, a selective inhibitor of all three Aurora kinases, VX-680 (made by Vertex Pharmaceuticals), was reported to inhibit cell-cycle progression and induce apoptosis in various human tumor cell types and in vivo xenograft models [23]. Interestingly, although VX-680 is a potent inhibitor of all three Aurora kinases, its apparent inhibition constant is much lower for Aurora-A (0.6 nM) than for either Aurora-B (18 nM) or Aurora-C (4.6 nM). Again, the compound's greater affinity for Aurora-A, relative to Aurora-B and Aurora-C is compatible with the proposed evolutionary scenario of mammalian Auroras.
Evolutionary analysis shows that cell division Aurora kinases, while consistent in theme throughout eukaryotes, have undergone lineage-specific expansions and specialization in metazoans. Aurora-C is the least known of the Aurora kinases. Yet as an evolutionary innovation in mammals, further studies are very much warranted from the perspectives of better understanding its potential roles in both cell replication and tumor progression. A better functional understanding of Aurora-C would help clarify the evolutionary relationships of Aurora-B and Aurora-C in mammals relative to the ancestral Aurora-BC in cold-blooded vertebrates. Additionally, the close evolutionary and structural relationships between mammalian Aurora-B and Aurora-C offers the tantalizing opportunity to design dual kinase inhibitors that might circumvent potential tumor cell resistance to mono-target chemotherapeutics.
Database searches
All Aurora kinase orthologs and paralogs were initially collected from GenBank nonredundant protein database by performing separate searches using BLASTP [24] with human Aurora-A, Aurora-B and Aurora-C proteins as query sequences and a cut-off E-value of 1.0e-10. Since this dataset included additional kinases to the Auroras, preliminary multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis using program CLUSTALW v1.7 [41] served to identify the clade of all known Aurora kinases. Takifugu rubripes, Danio rerios and Ciona intestinalis homologs were obtained by BLASTP and TBLASTN [24] of species-specific protein and DNA sequence databases, respectively. The top five homologs from each species retrieved from separate searches with human Aurora-A, Aurora-B and Aurora-C were entered into a preliminary phylogenetic analysis using all retrieved Aurora kinases from Genbank. These analyses revealed that T. rubripes and D. rerios had orthologs to X. laevis Aurora-A and Aurora-B but not mammalian Aurora-C. C. intestinalis had a single Aurora-like kinase.
Phylogenetic and structure analysis
PLK4 kinases were selected as the outgroup for phylogenetic analyses because they were the most similar non-Aurora kinases to either human Aurora-A, Aurora-B or Aurora-C in multiple BLASTP [24] searches of the non-redundant protein database of GenBank. Using alternative kinases as outgroups made no difference to the topology of the Aurora clade. Initial multiple sequence alignments were performed using the program CLUSTALW v1.7 [41] with default settings and subsequently, refined manually using the program SEQLAB of the GCG Wisconsin Package v11.0 software package (Accelrys, San Diego, CA, USA). We removed regions with residues that could not be unambiguously aligned or that contained insertions or deletions. The final multiple sequence alignment was 240 amino acids in length. Pairwise comparisons for the proportion of similar residues were estimated from the length of the shortest sequence without gaps and the Blosum62 weighting matrix as implemented in the program OLDDISTANCES in GCG.
We constructed phylogenetic trees using distance neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood quartet puzzling (QP), and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BP). NJ trees were based on pair wise distances between amino acid sequences using the programs NEIGHBOR and PROTDIST (Dayhoff option) of the PHYLIP 3.6 package [42]. The programs SEQBOOT and CONSENSE were used to estimate the confidence limits of branching points from 1000 bootstrap replications. ML tree topologies were constructed using the software PUZZLE 4.0 [43], employing 1000 puzzling steps, the JTT substitution matrix, estimation of rate heterogeneity using the gamma distribution model with eight rate categories, and the gamma-parameter estimation from the dataset. MP analysis was performed using PAUP4.0b5 software [44] where the number and lengths of minimal trees were estimated from 100 random sequence additions, while confidence limits of branch points were estimated by 1000 bootstrap replications. BP trees were constructed using the software MrBayes v3.0B4 [45, 46]. Bayesian analysis used the mixed model of sequence evolution with random starting trees. Markov chains were run for 106 generations, burn-in values were set for 104 generations, and trees sampled every 100 generations. All trees were visualized using the program TREEVIEW v1.6.6 [47].
For the Aurora kinase phylogeny rooted with PLK4 kinases shown in Fig. 2, the log likelihood of the final ML tree was -8059.78. Four minimal length MP trees were recovered, 1522 steps in length with a consistency index (CI) of 0.5802 and a retention index (RI) of 0.6016. The variable branch arrangements were terminal nodes (human, pig and cow Aurora-B) which did not affect the central findings.
For the unrooted phylogeny of Aurora kinases of model organisms shown in Fig. 3, the log likelihood of the final ML tree was -4469.20. A single minimal length MP trees were recovered, 779 steps in length with a consistency index (CI) of 0.7214 and a retention index (RI) of 0.2786.
The SwissPDBviewer program [48] was used to obtain the surface representation of human Aurora-A kinase (PDB ID 1muoA). The active site residues, defined as being within 5A of the ADP cofactor, were identified using the program CAST [49]. The multiple sequence alignment for the three human Aurora kinase proteins was obtained using CLUSTALW [41]. Multiple sequence alignment and sequence GenBank accession numbers are available as Supplementary Information [see additional file 1 and 2].
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This work was supported by Bioinformatics, Genetics Research, and the Microbial, Musculoskeletal and Proliferative Disease Center for Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline.
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Correspondence to James R Brown.
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Authors' contributions
JRB conceived the study, performed the phylogenetic analysis and drafted the manuscript. KKK performed the 3D structural analyses and contributed to the draft manuscript. MLB participated in the preliminary phylogenetic analysis and contributed to the draft manuscript. PS and DRP both contributed to the draft of the manuscript and added key references.
Electronic supplementary material
Additional File 1: Multiple sequence alignment of edited Aurora and Plk4 kinases used to produce the phylogeny shown in Fig. 2. (DOC 72 KB)
Additional File 2: Accession numbers (gi), Locus link Ids (LID) or genome predicted protein Ids for Aurora and PLK kinases as labelled in the Supplementary Data multiple sequence alignment file S1. (XLS 18 KB)
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Brown, J.R., Koretke, K.K., Birkeland, M.L. et al. Evolutionary relationships of Aurora kinases: Implications for model organism studies and the development of anti-cancer drugs. BMC Evol Biol 4, 39 (2004).
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• Aurora Kinase
• Nonredundant Protein Database
• Model Organism Study
• Aurora Kinase Family
• PLK4 Kinase
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The Remarkable Photophone of Alexander Graham Bell
first_imgScottish-born scientist and inventor, Alexander Graham Bell, is best known for inventing the telephone in 1876, but he lent his powerful mind to a number of other ideas, too. He did important work around communication for the deaf, according to Biography. In his later life, he became involved in a group that was focused on flight, and he also worked on hydrofoils and set a world speed record for this type of boat. One of his most fascinating ideas, which you’ve probably never heard of, is the photophone.Alexander Graham Bell.What, I can hear you asking, is a photophone? This invention was much like the telephone Bell had arguably already invented, but was designed to transmit sound using a beam of light instead of using electricity.The photophone was jointly invented by Bell and his assistant, Charles Sumner Tainter, on February 19, 1880, in Bell’s lab in Washington, D.C.On June 3rd that same year, Tainter transmitted a wireless voice message from the roof of the Franklin School to the window of Bell’s lab about 700 feet away, according to Revolvy.A diagram from one of Bell’s 1880 papers.Thoughtco describes how the device worked. The voice was projected through an instrument toward the back of a mirror, which would oscillate when the vibrations from the voice hit it.Sunlight was directed at the mirror, which captured those oscillations and projected them to a receiving mirror, at which point the oscillations were turned back into sound.It’s a little like the tin-can-and-string telephones some people made as children, with light replacing the string and the mirrors acting as the cans. The photophone was the first device for wireless communication, beating the radio’s invention by 20 years.Actor portraying Alexander Graham Bell in a 1926 silent film. Shows Bell’s first telephone transmitter (microphone), invented 1876 and first displayed at the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia.The master patent for the Apparatus for Signaling and Communicating (photophone) was granted in December of 1880, decades before the principles it used could be put into practical application.Bell described the simplest version of the device as working with a flat, flexible mirror.A photophone receiver and headset, one half of Bell and Tainter’s optical telecommunication system of 1880.Under the vibrations of the voice, the mirror becomes alternately convex and concave, scattering and condensing the light.How bright the light looked from the point of receipt varied as a result of the sound waves acting on the mirror. In its first form, the receiver was also non-electric.Bell discovered that many things could be used as light-to-sound transducers, but that lampblack worked extremely well.Ernst Ruhmer at his photo-electric optical telephone system station, 1905.Bell transferred the intellectual property rights for the photophone to the American Bell Telephone Company in May 1880.He hoped it might be used on ships at sea or as a way of removing the need for the telephone lines that were increasingly snaking their way along city streets, but there were practical factors that precluded that.He also investigated the idea that the photophone may have uses in spectral analysis of things like sunspots and stars. While he did contemplate how his idea might be used in the future, he couldn’t imagine lasers, or mass telecommunications.Illustration of a photophone transmitter, showing the path of reflected sunlight, before and after being modulated.Bell, himself, described it as being his most important invention, even surpassing the telephone — and he was right.The importance wasn’t fully realized for a long time, since there were certain problems with the concept that the technology of the day couldn’t address.The first and most obvious problem was that there was no way to protect photophone transmissions from being interfered with by outside forces, like clouds, rain, snow, or fog.The underlying ideas of transmitting sound by way of light continued to be tinkered with by scientists and engineers for decades, both in the U.S. and Europe, with regular incremental improvements along the way. But it was nearly 100 years later when the true genius of Bell’s idea came to fruition with the invention of fiber-optics in the 1970s, when the idea to protect the light using cables was developed.Read another story from us: Why do People say “Hello” when Answering the Phone?Bell’s work was the seed for the growth of the fiber-optic telecommunication networks that today send telephone and internet signals all around the world.last_img
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Evidence Based
Is Fructose Bad for You? Here’s What You Need to Know
Fructose - Dr. Axe
Fructose is one of the most controversial forms of sugar available. With more and more research emerging claiming it could contribute to obesity, heart disease and liver problems, many have even called for it to be banned or restricted in some parts of the world.
Believe it or not, this type of sugar is likely lurking in many of the foods you consume on a daily basis and is found in far more sources than just sweet treats or candy bars.
So, is fructose better than sugar? Is fructose bad for weight loss, and is the fructose in fruit bad for you?
This article will take a closer look at this simple sugar, including what it is, where it’s found and some key differences between fructose versus sucrose.
What Is Fructose?
According to Merriam-Webster, the official fructose definition is “a crystalline sugar that is sweeter and more soluble than glucose.”
Fructose, also known as levulose or D-fructose, is found on its own in many food sources, or paired with other simple sugars in some ingredients. For instance, glucose plus fructose equals sucrose, also known as table sugar.
Like glucose, fructose sugar is a type of simple sugar, or monosaccharide, which means it can act as a reducing sugar. And similar to other simple sugars, the fructose structure is made up of a linear carbon chain with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
Despite the similarities between fructose and glucose, however, the two are metabolized very differently in the body.
In fact, when consumed in high amounts, some research suggests it could contribute to insulin resistance, liver disease and high cholesterol.
How Is It Bad for You?
Compared to glucose, fructose is metabolized and used differently by the body.
Glucose is the main source of energy for the body, and it’s used directly by the cells for fuel. Fructose, on the other hand, must be metabolized first by the liver.
Eating high amounts can overload the liver, impairing its function and causing it to turn excess amounts into fat.
Because of the issues associated with fructose metabolism, studies show that going overboard on this simple sugar can increase the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as well as other health problems like insulin resistance and high cholesterol levels.
Regular consumption can also negatively impact several other aspects of health. For example, it can increase the production of uric acid, which may increase blood pressure and trigger symptoms of gout.
It could also cause leptin resistance, which can contribute to overeating and weight gain.
Fructose malabsorption, also known as fructose intolerance, is another issue that occurs when your body is unable to break down the sugar efficiently. Caused by a number of different factors including stress, irritable bowel syndrome or chronic inflammation, malabsorption can trigger digestive issues like nausea, bloating, gas and stomach pain.
Related: What Is Invert Sugar?
Top 10 Sources and Types
Check out these 10 common sources that might be sitting on your shelves.
1. Fruit
Most of the natural sugar in fruit is actually fructose. However, this type of fruit sugar is not actually harmful, and fruit can typically be enjoyed in moderation as part of a healthy, well-rounded diet.
This is because fruit is also rich in fiber, plus other vitamins, minerals and antioxidants that your body needs.
Additionally, compared to processed foods with added sugars, you would also have to consume quite a bit of fruit to reach unsafe levels of fructose in the body.
2. Soda
Soda is often pumped full of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), along with many other additives and artificial flavorings.
This common sweetener is made from corn syrup, and it contains varying amounts of both glucose and fructose.
One key difference between HFCS versus sugar is that the glucose and fructose molecules are bound together in sucrose but not in HFCS.
Like other forms of added sugar, some research suggests HFCS may contribute to metabolic syndrome and obesity, along with several other serious health problems.
3. Juice
It’s no secret most fruit juice is already high in sugar.
However, many food manufacturers take it a step further and add extra high fructose corn syrup to help dial up the sweetness and flavor.
Making your own juice at home or switching to low-sugar alternatives like infused water, herbal tea or kombucha is a great way to skip the simple sugars.
4. Convenience Meals
Frozen meals and boxed dinners have become a staple ingredient in many households across the country.
What most people don’t realize, however, is that many of these foods are loaded with additives, preservatives and, yes, even added sugar.
5. Condiments
Besides what you put on your plate, what you put on your food can also impact your intake of this simple sugar.
This is because certain condiments are actually jam-packed with fructose, typically in the form of high fructose corn syrup.
In particular, ketchup, barbecue sauce, relish, jams and jellies are all usually high in added sugars and HFCS.
6. Diet Products
Many products advertised as “low-fat” or “low-calorie” are actually pumped full of this form of simple sugar.
In fact, manufacturers often add extra sugar in low-fat foods to enhance the flavor and produce a more palatable product.
Some also use sugar alternatives like crystalline fructose, which help boost the sweetness while also reducing the amount of sugar in a product.
Low-fat dairy products, salad dressings and baked goods are a few of the most common sources of hidden fructose, so keep an eye out and check the label carefully.
7. Granola Bars
Despite being marketed as a “healthy” snack, most store-bought granola bars are loaded with added sugar.
The solution? Try making your own granola at home using nutrient-rich ingredients like nuts, seeds and oats!
Check out this recipe for homemade granola bars for an idea to help get you started.
8. Candy
Candy and candy bars are two of the most common HFCS foods on the market.
Most contain high amounts of fructose, which is why it can often be spotted among the first few ingredients on the label.
9. Canned Fruit
Not only does fruit naturally contain fructose, but many fruit cocktails are also canned in syrup and sweetened with HFCS to add extra flavor.
For this reason, filling up on fresh fruit is a much better option to keep added sugar consumption in check.
10. Breakfast Cereal
It may seem like a healthy way to kick off your morning, but did you know most breakfast cereals are packed with more added sugars than some desserts?
Next time you’re shopping for cereal, check the label and look for a brand with minimal amounts of added sugar. Alternatively, give oatmeal a try.
Fructose vs. Glucose
Fructose and glucose are both simple sugars and are the two main components of sucrose. Sucrose, also known as table sugar, is a disaccharide found in sources like cane or beet sugar.
Additionally, although their chemical structures are different, the fructose formula is virtually identical to the formula of glucose. In fact, both are comprised of a carbon chain, along with hydroxyl and carbonyl side groups.
That being said, there are several distinctions that set glucose versus fructose apart.
The main difference between glucose and fructose is the way they are each used by the body.
Glucose is considered the main source of energy for the body, which can be used directly by the cells. Fructose, on the other hand, must be metabolized first by the liver, which can cause issues when consumed in high amounts.
Another notable difference between glucose and fructose is their respective effects on blood sugar.
Unlike glucose, fructose does not increase blood sugar or insulin levels. However, some studies have found a connection between consumption of fructose and diabetes, which may be caused by a reduction in insulin sensitivity.
How to Limit Intake
Fructose is found in a number of natural food sources and even contributes to the sugar content in fruit.
However, that doesn’t mean you need to opt for low-fructose fruits or stock up only on the lowest sugar fruits next time you hit the grocery store.
Even high-sugar fruits contain minimal amounts of fructose. This means that, unless you have fructose malabsorption or another digestive disorder, you would have to chow down on quite a bit to reach unsafe levels of this simple sugar.
Unlike processed foods high in added sugars, fruit also contains a wealth of other important nutrients as well. Most fruits are especially high in fiber, antioxidants and vitamin C, making them a worthy addition to any balanced diet.
Therefore, instead of eating only low-sugar fruits or limiting your intake of fructose from natural food sources, it’s best to scale back on added sugars from unhealthy foods instead.
Including a variety of nutritious whole foods in your diet is a great way to keep sugar consumption under control. Similarly, be sure to keep your intake of processed foods like sugar-sweetened beverages, frozen foods, canned fruit and sweets to a minimum.
Checking the ingredients labels of your favorite foods is another easy way to search for hidden sugar. If you spot agave syrup, high fructose corn syrup, molasses, coconut sugar or sorghum within the first three ingredients on a label, it’s best to skip altogether.
Risks and Side Effects
Wondering exactly how much fructose per day is safe? Although the average intake is around 60–70 grams per day, most health authorities recommend restricting added sugar consumption to no more than 25 grams daily.
As a general rule of thumb, limiting your intake of processed foods and sweets can help substantially reduce added sugar consumption.
However, for those with a hereditary fructose intolerance or sugar intolerance, cutting out fructose altogether, even from healthy foods like fruits, may be necessary to prevent intolerance symptoms.
If you experience any adverse side effects after consuming fructose foods, or if you think you may have an intolerance, be sure to talk to your doctor to determine the best course of treatment for you.
Final Thoughts
• Fructose is a type of simple sugar that is found along with glucose in table sugar.
• Unlike glucose, it’s metabolized solely by the liver and can cause several adverse side effects when consumed in high amounts.
• It’s found in a variety of different food sources, including processed foods, granola bars, breakfast cereals and sugar-sweetened beverages.
• It’s also found naturally in fruit. However, this type of simple sugar is not considered harmful because it’s present in small amounts and paired with plenty of fiber, vitamins and minerals.
• Cutting back on your intake of processed foods and filling your diet with healthy, whole-food ingredients instead is a simple way to reduce your intake of this simple sugar.
Josh Axe
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Hans Braxmeier
Weird World
Earth’s Magnetic Field Is Behaving Erratically, Baffling Scientists
byKristin Houser
1. 10. 19
Hans Braxmeier
Magnetic north is moving away from Canada and towards Siberia.
Bust a Move
Earth’s magnetic field is constantly on the move, but lately its behavior has become downright erratic — magnetic North is veering away from Canada and toward Siberia.
Experts aren’t sure what’s going on. According to a report published in Nature, the movement could have something to do with hydromagnetic waves from deep in the planet’s core. Or maybe a fast-moving jet of liquid iron is to blame.
What they do know is that the World Magnetic Model (WMM) — a representation of the global magnetic field — is in need of an update. The problem: they can’t update it until the government shutdown ends.
Navigation Nation
Researchers from the U.S.’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) maintain the WMM, and its role in modern navigation is hard to overstate.
“Although GPS is a great tool for navigation, it is limited in that it only provides your position,” geodetic scientist James Friederich from the U. S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency explained in 2014. “Your orientation, the direction you are facing, comes from the magnetic field.”
“Our war fighters use magnetics to orient their maps. Your smartphone camera and various apps can use the magnetic field to help determine the direction you are facing,” he continued. “All of these examples need the WMM to provide your proper orientation.”
Shut It Down
Researchers update the WMM regularly to keep it accurate. The last update happened in 2015 and the next was set to take place in 2020, but because of the recent erratic activity of Earth’s magnetic field, the NOAA group decided to update the model early.
They fed it three years of recent data, and now have a version they believe will remain accurate until the regularly scheduled update in 2020. They planned to release it on January 15, but they had to push that back to January 30 due to the government shutdown — and they might need to push it again.
“January 30 is only a tentative release date at this point, assuming the government reopens between now and then,” NOAA geomagnetist Arnaud Chulliat told Motherboard. “The World Magnetic Model is distributed by NOAA so we need NOAA to reopen first before being able to release the new model.”
READ MORE: Earth’s Magnetic Field Is Acting up and Geologists Don’t Know Why [Nature]
More on the magnetic poles: The Earth’s Magnetic Poles Are Overdue for a Switch
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Stimuli (cues) in the environment associated with reward can motivate normal behavior, bringing one in close proximity to valuable resources (i.e. food, water, mates); but they can also gain inordinate control over behavior, as is the case with addiction. The ability of reward cues to motivate both normal and maladaptive behavior occurs through Pavlovian learning processes. Thus, when a discrete cue is repeatedly paired with presentation of a reward, it can acquire the ability to act as a predictor, but can also acquire incentive motivational properties. For example, in addicts, cues that have been previously associated with the drug- taking experience acquire the ability to maintain drug-seeking behavior and instigate relapse, even when there is a strong desire to stop use. We have recently discovered that in rats there is considerable individual variation in the extent to which food cues are attributed with Pavlovian incentive motivational value (incentive salience) and this variation predicts how avidly they will later seek drugs and the propensity to relapse. Using a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm, rats can be classified as sign-trackers-those that attribute incentive salience to reward cues, or goal-trackers-those that assign only predictive value to reward cues. Thus, this animal model allows us to parse the incentive from the predictive properties of reward-associated cues and to elucidate the neural circuitry underlying these distinct forms of cue-reward learning. In the proposed studies we will exploit this natural variation in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues, using a uniquely heterogeneous population of rats. Further, we will use a novel molecular-genetic approach that uses viral vectors to express engineered artificial receptors (known as DREADD receptors), to examine how transiently modulating activity of specific brain circuits will alter the propensity to sign-track or goal-track. Specifically, the proposed studies focus on afferent systems to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), a site that has gained increasing attention in the addiction literature, and has recently been shown to play a role in sign- vs. goal-tracking behavior. We will test the hypothesis that sign-tracking behavior, which is dopamine dependent, is mediated via subcortical processes including dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the PVT; and that goal-tracking behavior, which is dopamine-independent, is mediated via cortical top-down afferents to the PVT. We will also examine how altering activity in these specific circuits will affect patterns of food- and drug-cue-induced neuronal activity throughout the brain in sign- trackers vs. goal-trackers. This work will lead to better understanding of the neural mechanisms that go awry in psychopathologies like addiction, and has the potential to lead to novel therapeutic interventions.
Public Health Relevance
The way an individual responds to cues associated with rewards may be a key determinant in vulnerability to addiction and relapse. We will utilize a uniquely heterogeneous population of rats and cutting edge methodology to identify critical components of the neural circuitry that underlies individual differences in the motivational properties of reward-cues. The findings from these studies will enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of substance abuse and could lead to novel targets for the treatment of addiction and related disorders.
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Kuhn, Brittany N; Klumpner, Marin S; Covelo, Ignacio R et al. (2018) Transient inactivation of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus enhances cue-induced reinstatement in goal-trackers, but not sign-trackers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 235:999-1014
Turner, Cortney A; Flagel, Shelly B; Blandino Jr, Peter et al. (2017) Utilizing a unique animal model to better understand human temperament. Curr Opin Behav Sci 14:108-114
Flagel, Shelly B; Robinson, Terry E (2017) Neurobiological Basis of Individual Variation in Stimulus-Reward Learning. Curr Opin Behav Sci 13:178-185
Haight, Joshua L; Fuller, Zachary L; Fraser, Kurt M et al. (2017) A food-predictive cue attributed with incentive salience engages subcortical afferents and efferents of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Neuroscience 340:135-152
Haight, Joshua L; Fraser, Kurt M; Akil, Huda et al. (2015) Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus differentially affect sign- and goal-tracking conditioned responses. Eur J Neurosci 42:2478-88
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You are here: Home / Tags / Animal welfare + Animal behavior / All Categories
Tags: Animal welfare + Animal behavior
All Categories (1-20 of 1905)
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| Contributor(s):: Jaros, F.
2. Locking down the impact of New Zealand's COVID-19 alert level changes on pets
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3. Evaluation of the fitbark activity monitor for measuring physical activity in dogs
Full-text: Available
6. Evaluating stress in riding horses: part one - behavior assessment and serum cortisol
Full-text: Available
| Contributor(s):: Asja Ebinghaus
8. Testing ultra-wideband technology as a method of tracking fast-growing broilers under commercial conditions
| Contributor(s):: Baxter, Mary, O’Connell, Niamh E.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) is an indoor positioning technology that has several advantages over current methods of tracking indoor reared broiler chickens, including providing long-term data on movement patterns without the effect of observer presence. More information is needed on the accuracy of this...
9. A One Health message about bats increases intentions to follow public health guidance on bat rabies
Full-text: Available
| Contributor(s):: Hang Lu, Katherine A. McComas, Danielle E. Buttke, Sungjong Roh, Margaret A. Wild
Since 1960, bat rabies variants have become the greatest source of human rabies deaths in the United States. Improving rabies awareness and preventing human exposure to rabid bats remains a national public health priority today. Concurrently, conservation of bats and the ecosystem benefits they...
11. Ocitocina sérica e comportamento afetivo de cães na interação com crianças e adultos
Full-text: Available
| Contributor(s):: Luelyn Jockyman
A ocitocina tem sido usada como parâmetro para medir os laços sociais em animais. Recentemente foi demonstrado que a concentração de ocitocina aumenta em cães e donos quando interagem positivamente e, possivelmente, que na interação com...
12. Veterinary Behavior: Assessment of Veterinarians' Training, Experience, and Comfort Level with Cases
| Contributor(s):: Kogan, L. R., Hellyer, P. W., Rishniw, M., Schoenfeld-Tacher, R.
13. The Effect of Extensive Human Presence at an Early Age on Stress Responses and Reactivity of Juvenile Ostriches towards Humans
Full-text: Available
| Contributor(s):: Pfunzo T. Muvhali, Maud Bonato, Anel Engelbrecht, Irek A. Malecki, Denise Hough, Jane E. Robinson, Neil P. Evans, Schalk W. P. Cloete
The effect of extensive human presence and regular gentle handling performed at an early age (0–3 months old) on stress responses and reactivity of juvenile ostriches towards humans was investigated. A total of 416 ostrich chicks over two years were exposed to one of three treatments for...
14. Zoo visitor effect on mammal behaviour: Does noise matter?
| Contributor(s):: Quadros, Sandra, Goulart, Vinicius D. L., Passos, Luiza, Vecci, Marco A. M., Young, Robert J.
15. Extensive human presence at an early age of ostriches improves the docility of birds at a later stage of life
| Contributor(s):: Bonato, Maud, Malecki, Irek A., Wang, Magretha D., Cloete, Schalk W. P.
16. Farm Animal Cognition-Linking Behavior, Welfare and Ethics
17. Visitor effects on zoo-housed Sulawesi crested macaque (Macaca nigra) behaviour: Can signs with ‘watching eyes’ requesting quietness help?
| Contributor(s):: Dancer, Alice M. M., Burn, Charlotte C.
Visiting public can cause changes in the behaviour of zoo-housed primates. These effects, if indicative of stress, can be of welfare concern. However, few options to mitigate visitor effects through modulating visitor behaviour have been explored. Here we evaluated the effects of visitor number...
18. Response to novelty as an indicator of reptile welfare
| Contributor(s):: Moszuti, Sophie A., Wilkinson, Anna, Burman, Oliver H. P.
Whilst a great deal of research has been focused on identifying ways to assess the welfare of captive mammals and birds, there is comparatively little knowledge on how reptilian species are affected by captivity, and the ways in which their welfare can be accurately assessed. The present study...
19. How tall should a mink cage be? Using animals’ preferences for different ceiling heights to improve cage design
| Contributor(s):: Díez-León, María, Quinton, Margaret, Mason, Georgia
Regulations and guidelines assume that taller cages are better for mink, because they permit more diverse postures (e.g. standing upright) and freedom to move. New Canadian Codes of Practice therefore stipulate cage ceiling heights of at least 38cm, while in Europe cages must be 46cm or taller....
20. A welfare assessment scoring system for working equids—A method for identifying at risk populations and for monitoring progress of welfare enhancement strategies (trialed in Egypt)
| Contributor(s):: Ali, Ahmed B. A., El Sayed, Mohammed A., Matoock, Mohamed Y., Fouad, Manal A., Heleski, Camie R.
There are an estimated 112 million horses, donkeys and mules (i.e., working equids) in developing regions of the world. Though their roles are often fundamental to the well-being of the families they work for, their welfare is often severely compromised due to the limited resources and/or limited...
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What is the major factor that determines basal metabolic rate?
Factors that influence basal metabolic rate are: Body size: Metabolic rate increases as weight, height, and surface area increase. Body composition: Fat tissue has a lower metabolic activity than muscle tissue. As lean muscle mass increases, metabolic rate increases.
What factors influence basal metabolic rate?
Here are ten factors that affect BMR and metabolism:
• Here are ten factors that affect BMR and metabolism:
• Muscle mass. The amount of muscle tissue on your body. …
• Age. As you get older, your metabolic rate generally slows. …
• Body size. …
• Gender. …
• Genetics. …
• Physical activity. …
• Hormonal factors.
What causes a high basal metabolic rate?
Pathological. A common pathological cause for a high BMR is fever, since a rise in body temperature increases the rate of cellular metabolic reactions. It is estimated that for every degree Fahrenheit of rise in body temperature, the BMR increases by 7 percent.
What stimulates BMR?
IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: What does a BMI of 38 mean?
How do you determine your basal metabolic rate?
What are the three factors affecting metabolic rate?
Age, nutrition, and activity are factors that influence basal metabolic rate.
Is it good to have high BMR?
How do I lower my basal metabolic rate?
Here are 6 lifestyle mistakes that can slow down your metabolism.
2. Skimping on protein. …
3. Leading a sedentary lifestyle. …
4. Not getting enough high-quality sleep. …
5. Drinking sugary beverages. …
6. A lack of strength training.
What happens when BMR increases?
Environmental temperature – if temperature is very low or very high, the body has to work harder to maintain its normal body temperature, which increases the BMR. Infection or illness – BMR increases because the body has to work harder to build new tissues and to create an immune response.
Which hormone increases basal metabolic rate in the body?
IT IS INTERESTING: What hormone increases metabolic rate stimulates physical and mental growth?
Which hormone stimulates the basal metabolic rate the most?
The basal metabolic rate of the body is controlled by the hormones T3 and T4, produced by the thyroid gland in response to the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), produced by the anterior pituitary.
What foods slow down your metabolism?
5 Foods That Slow Your Metabolism
• White Flour. GAJUS/SHUTTERSTOCK. …
• Farmed Beef (Vs. Grass-Fed) …
• Conventional Apples. AFRICA STUDIO/SHUTTERSTOCK. …
• Omega-6 Fatty Acids. KELLIS/SHUTTERSTOCK. …
• Soda (High Fructose Corn Syrup) LI CHAOSHU/SHUTTERSTOCK.
What foes BMR stand for?
resting metabolic rate
How much does my body burn at rest?
How do I know what my metabolism is?
Metabolism is measured by determining how much oxygen your body consumes over a specific amount of time. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a measure of the calories needed to sustain basic body functions at rest, such as breathing, circulation and kidney function.
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How Does Environment Affect Substance Abuse
Published Nov 13, 20
7 min read
Substance Abuse And How It Effects The Brain
The very best method to prevent a dependency to a drug is not to take the drug at all. If your medical professional prescribes a drug with the potential for dependency, use care when taking the drug and follow the directions offered by your doctor. Physicians should recommend these medications at safe dosages and quantities and monitor their use so that you're not provided undue a dose or for too long a time.
Take these steps to help prevent drug misuse in your children and teenagers: Speak to your kids about the threats of drug use and abuse. Be a good listener when your kids speak about peer pressure, and be helpful of their efforts to withstand it. Don't abuse alcohol or addictive drugs.
Deal with your relationship with your kids. A strong, steady bond in between you and your child will decrease your kid's danger of using or misusing drugs. As soon as you've been addicted to a drug, you're at high threat of falling back into a pattern of dependency. If you do begin using the drug, it's likely you'll lose control over its use once again even if you have actually had treatment and you have not used the drug for a long time.
It may appear like you have actually recovered and you don't need to keep taking steps to remain drug-free. However your opportunities of staying drug-free will be much higher if you continue seeing your therapist or counselor, going to support group conferences and taking proposed medication. Don't return to the community where you utilized to get your drugs.
If you start using the drug once again, speak to your physician, your psychological health expert or somebody else who can assist you right away. Oct. 26, 2017.
Lots of people don't comprehend why or how other individuals end up being addicted to drugs. They might mistakenly think that those who utilize drugs do not have ethical concepts or determination and that they might stop their drug use just by picking to. In reality, drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting normally takes more than great intentions or a strong will.
How Does Substance Abuse Affect Individuals, Couples, And Familes
Thankfully, researchers understand more than ever about how drugs affect the brain and have actually discovered treatments that can help people recover from drug addiction and lead productive lives. Addiction is a persistent disease defined by drug looking for and utilize that is compulsive, or hard to manage, despite harmful repercussions. The preliminary decision to take drugs is voluntary for many individuals, however repeated substance abuse can result in brain modifications that challenge an addicted individual's self-discipline and hinder their ability to resist extreme urges to take drugs.
It's typical for a person to relapse, however regression doesn't indicate that treatment doesn't work. As with other persistent health conditions, treatment needs to be ongoing and need to be adjusted based upon how the patient responds. Treatment strategies need to be reviewed often and customized to fit the patient's altering needs.
How To Become Certified Substance Abuse Counselor NcWhat Therioes Can Be Applied To The Prevention Of Substance Abuse
What Is Best Type Of Counselor For Treating Substance Abuse?When Is Using Drugs Considered Substance Abuse
An appropriately operating benefit system inspires an individual to duplicate habits required to grow, such as eating and spending time with loved ones. Surges of dopamine in the benefit circuit cause the support of satisfying but unhealthy habits like taking drugs, leading people to duplicate the behavior once again and once again.
This minimizes the high that the individual feels compared to the high they felt when first taking the drugan effect referred to as tolerance. They might take more of the drug to attempt and accomplish the exact same high. These brain adaptations often result in the individual ending up being less and less able to obtain pleasure from other things they once delighted in, like food, sex, or social activities. what is substance abuse policy.
Nobody element can anticipate if an individual will end up being addicted to drugs. A combination of aspects influences risk for addiction. The more danger aspects a person has, the higher the opportunity that taking drugs can cause dependency. For instance: Biology. The genes that individuals are born with represent about half of an individual's danger for dependency.
Environment. A person's environment includes numerous various impacts, from family and buddies to financial status and general quality of life. Factors such as peer pressure, physical and sexual assault, early exposure to drugs, tension, and parental guidance can significantly affect an individual's likelihood of substance abuse and dependency. Advancement (what mental health means to me). Hereditary and environmental elements connect with vital developmental stages in a person's life to impact dependency risk.
What Is The Best Treatment For Substance Abuse In Older Adults
This is particularly troublesome for teenagers. Since locations in their brains that manage decision-making, judgment, and self-control are still developing, teenagers might be specifically susceptible to risky behaviors, including trying drugs. Similar to most other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, or cardiovascular disease, treatment for drug addiction generally isn't a cure. Arise from NIDA-funded research have actually shown that prevention programs including families, schools, neighborhoods, and the media are effective for preventing or reducing substance abuse and dependency. Although individual events and cultural elements impact substance abuse patterns, when young individuals see drug usage as harmful, they tend to decrease their drug taking.
Educators, moms and dads, and health care suppliers have important roles in informing young people and preventing substance abuse and dependency. Drug addiction is a persistent illness characterized by drug looking for and use that is compulsive, or hard to manage, regardless of damaging effects. Brain modifications that happen with time with substance abuse challenge an addicted individual's self-control and interfere with their capability to withstand extreme advises to take drugs.
Regression is the return to drug usage after an effort to stop. Relapse shows the need for more or various treatment. The majority of drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. Surges of dopamine in the reward circuit cause the reinforcement of pleasurable but unhealthy activities, leading individuals to duplicate the habits once again and again.
They may take more of the drug, trying to attain the same dopamine high. No single aspect can anticipate whether an individual will end up being addicted to drugs. A combination of hereditary, ecological, and developmental factors influences risk for dependency. The more threat aspects a person has, the greater the possibility that taking drugs can lead to dependency.
More excellent news is that substance abuse and dependency are preventable. Educators, moms and dads, and health care service providers have vital roles in educating youths and preventing substance abuse and dependency. For details about comprehending drug use and addiction, go to: To find out more about the costs of drug abuse to the United States, go to: For more details about prevention, go to: To find out more about treatment, go to: To discover a publicly funded treatment center in your state, call 1-800-662-HELP or visit: This publication is readily available for your usage and may be replicated without authorization from NIDA.
Addiction is specified as a chronic, relapsing condition defined by compulsive drug looking for, continued usage regardless of harmful consequences, and lasting modifications in the brain. It is considered both an intricate brain condition and a mental health problem. Dependency is the most serious kind of a full spectrum of substance use conditions, and is a medical illness brought on by duplicated abuse of a substance or compounds.
Why Does Substance Abuse Happen
Nevertheless, addiction is not a particular diagnosis in the fifth edition of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness (DSM-5) a diagnostic manual for clinicians which contains descriptions and symptoms of all mental disorders categorized by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In 2013, APA upgraded the DSM, changing the classifications of compound abuse and substance dependence with a single category: substance use condition, with three subclassificationsmild, moderate, and severe.
The brand-new DSM describes a problematic pattern of usage of an intoxicating compound causing scientifically substantial disability or distress with 10 or 11 diagnostic criteria (depending on the compound) taking place within a 12-month duration. Those who have two or three criteria are considered to have a "mild" condition, four or five is thought about "moderate," and six or more symptoms, "extreme." The diagnostic criteria are as follows: The substance is often taken in bigger amounts or over a longer duration than was planned.
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If you focus solely on gardening to save money, you might be discouraged pretty quickly and decide not to garden. But you might miss out on the rewards some of growing a garden that have nothing to do with money.
For one–gardening is fun! It’s a great thing to do with kids and there are many studies showing the value of gardens as a teaching tool in all aspects of curriculum–science, math, art–you name it. It also teaches kids responsibility and how to develop a work ethic. Kids are also more excited to eat vegetables that they grew.
Vegetables, berries, and fruit from your backyard are fresher, more nutritious, and tastier. Produce that has journeyed across the world loses nutrients along the way. In order to arrive at grocery stores looking appetizing, varieties are grown for their capacity for storage and harvested before they are fully ripe. Tomatoes are a perfect example of this and why they are so much tastier when grown in your own garden or greenhouse. When you grow your own garden, you can choose varieties based on taste or nutrient content or even for their uniqueness, and you can harvest and eat them when they have fully ripened.
Another reason to grow your own food is that food produced on an industrial scale relies on an array of pesticides and chemicals to ensure profitability and marketability of their produce. Some types of produce rely on pesticides more than others. The EPA evaluates the safety of individual pesticides, not how multiple pesticides act together. They also have a limited budget to test long-term effects of pesticides on our health and the environment. Produce that comes from countries outside the U.S. also have different safety standards than we do.
Growing a garden is one way to reduce our impact on the environment. It can reduce our carbon footprint by reducing the amount of oil and gas used to transport our food. If we compost, then it can be a way to keep about a third of our waste out of the landfill and put it to good use in our garden. It’s estimated that half of our produce in the U.S. is thrown away. Food waste happens on farms, at grocery stores, and in our homes. Growing all that extra food takes a great deal of water, fertilizer, and other resources. With a little planning and by growing what you like to eat you can minimize waste. Vegetables keep longer in a garden than in the fridge so rather than stocking up at the grocery store and having some of your produce wilt, just harvest from your garden when you want to eat it. Also, you might just save yourself a few trips to the grocery store as well.
Finally, if you grow a garden, you’ll probably cook more at home. That’s good for you and your family, and if you decide to go out to eat less, that actually could save you quite a bit of money. With so many benefits of growing a garden, don’t disparage if you’re not saving money, just focus on all of the other reasons to grow a garden.
Previously published in the Fairbanks Daily Newsminer June 3, 2018.
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What does with writing mean for college
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What does with writing mean for college
Students should have acquired a sufficient knowledge in the major to pursue independent study and research with methodological tools and models. does these students must be able to obtain relevant information the proper use of resources and libraries. they must be able to assimilate valid information, combine findings into cohesive statements and. what writing college essays is – and what it is not professional essay support is often promised by means of a lot of companies but you will certainly face the difficult facts later. contrary to other businesses which claim to give excellent student essay solutions, our essay writing company was known for offering professional services. see full list on wac. ad the admissions notice or site publicizing the university or college carefully. although kittle does not assign blame for the lack of writing and critical thinking skills of many freshmen, he concluded that “ all students, college- bound or not, should be prepared to read and write critically and competently enough to be active, informed citizens” ( p. the literature now available does on writing- to- learn or writing- to- engage practices is deep and broad, encompassing far more than a brief bibliographic essay can accurately capture. let me offer instead two pieces of advice - consult the more general resources noted here on low- stakes or writing- to- learn activities and look at the journals in your discipline that take up teaching issues. those journals are most likely to include articles that situate writing- to- learn and writing- to- engage activit.
expressive writing: writing in which the author' s primary purpose is to describe or communicate personal feelings, attitudes, and opinions. extended definition : writing that goes beyond a simple definition of a term in order to make a point; it can does cover several paragraphs and include personal definitions and experiences, figures of speech. book description: writing in college: from competence to excellence is designed for students who have largely mastered the conventions of high- school level with writing and are now rising to meet more the advanced expectations of college. students will find in writing in college a warm invitation to think with of themselves as full, self- motivated. the optional writing test measures skill in planning and writing a what short essay. specifically, act states that its scores provide an indicator of " college readiness", and what that scores in each of the subtests correspond to skills in mean entry- level college courses in english, algebra, social science, humanities, and biology. while “ academic writing” means different things to different people, what professors often mean when they use the term is writing that involves some kind of analysis or reflection. whether it is a research paper, lab report, personal essay, or multimedia project, or does some other kind of assignment, professors are usually expecting more than.
see full list on bestcustomwriting. My relationship with writing essay. e full list on wac. t only that, writing coaches are does on hand to offer guidance, give tips on sentence structure, or provide resources to help learners improve their writing abilities. best of all, almost every college writing center provides support free of charge. some of the services a student may expect to find include:. writing is crucial to college does success because it is the single most important means of evaluation. writing in college is not limited to the kinds of assignments commonly required in high school english classes. writers in college must pay close attention to the terms of an assignment. the prompt: what does “ analyze” mean anyway? often, the what does with writing mean for college handout or other written text explaining the assignment— what professors call the assignment prompt — does will explain the purpose of the assignment, the required parameters ( length, number and type of sources, referencing style, etc.
), and the criteria for evaluation. in the us, they can often mean the same thing. however, college has a few other meanings. it may also mean a place for education which students attend at the age of 16. also, college may mean one of the separate and named parts into which a university is does divided. example- king' s college, does cambridge. it means a few other things as well. source- cambridge advanced learner' s dictionary. – rahul mar 19 ' 14. generally, directions for how to submit a writing sample with are included in the job posting or provided by the employer. mean you may be asked either to email your writing sample with your resume and cover letter or to upload it to an online portal along with your other application materials.
how do you submit a writing sample? let’ s take an example based on our handout on thesis statements. suppose you’ re taking a united states history class, and the professor asks what you to write a paper on this topic: compare and contrast the reasons does why the north and south fought the civil war. alex, preparing to write her first college history paper, decides to write a five- paragraph essay, just like she learned in high school. she begins by thinking, “ what mean are three points i can talk about to compare the what reasons the north and south. see full list on with topdegreesonline. most colleges identify introductory classes at the 100- level. these basic or survey classes will have titles like general biology, world history or writing fundamentals. these 100- level courses are usually taken by freshman, although some will be sophomores meeting general education requirements. 200- level classes will be more strenuous and focused on specific topics like asian history, western literature and computer programming. some of these classes may require students to have taken the p. llege writing, also called academic writing, is assigned to teach you the critical thinking and writing skills needed to communicate in courses and in the workplace.
to acquire and practice these skills, you are asked to write many different types of assignments under different circumstances. writing: you should expect to write 5- 6 essays, 4 of which are a minimum of four pages in length, producing a minimum of 20- what 25 typed pages of final draft writing. college writing teaches writing practices such as paraphrase, citation and quotation, and may include a short research with assignment. 100- level courses come with no prerequisites regarding knowledge of a disciplines concepts and terminology. students who enter these classes must be able to compose formal essays and comprehend college- level textbooks. these classes will acquaint students with the basic terms, methods, ideas and language of the does subject. 200- level courses are actually 100- level courses that focus on particular areas within a discipline. students must have finished a 100- level writing or english class, so they. what is free handwriting?
what does attending college mean for me by kristine - june scholarship essay college a place where you does go to become someone to expand your learning. i was raised to be what i want to become and education is the does key to success. attending college means does the world to me. it means that does i am on my way to success. the five- paragraph model is a good way to learn how to write an academic essay. it’ s a simplified version what does with writing mean for college of academic writing that requires you to state an idea and support it with evidence. setting a limit mean of five paragraphs narrows your options and forces you to master the does basics of organization. furthermore— and for many high school teachers, this is the crucial issue— many mandatory end- of- grade writing tests and college admissions exams like the sat ii writing test reward writers who follo. see full list on writingcenter. e full list on writingcenter.
writing lets me see rich, thriving forest, craggy cliff seashores and ocean spray. high quality essay writing. writing lets me smell the salt in the air or hear the crack of a twig as a foot steps on it. writing lets me live the fear, what feel the love, wipe away the tears and chuckle at the humor. it may seem scary at first, but in the end, writing is a powerful skill that can enrich your life, and tone is a very powerful tool that can be used to your benefit. for more information about college essays, check out the following blog posts: application ethics: the importance of writing your own personal essay. students may find themselves a bit flustered during their first essay writing in college. there what does with writing mean for college could be several reasons for that. for some learners, for example, the college- level demands can be ambiguous.
as does in high school, you need to submit a coherent paper with proper punctuation, grammar, and spelling, as well as adhere to the guidelines and standards. but in college, the instructor won' t be impressed with the basics. here, you need to pay more attention to the context of your essay. make relevant statements, prove your points with more extensive evidence, provide non- trivial facts, and come up with reasonable and compelling conclusions. that' s not about simple narration. you will be faced what with more complex issues, lots of thoughtful research and analysis, and most of the what writing assignments focused on your specific field of study. below, we have listed some expectations one has to meet on the way to impressing college instructors. demonstrate individual critical and analyt. theoreticians and practitioners alike agree that writing promotes both critical thinking and learning ( see adams, 1973; applebee, 1985; britton et al. , 1975; bruner, 1975; emig, 1977; herrington, 1981; odell, 1980; and parker, 1985 in does the citations below. ) as toby fulwiler and art youngexplain in their \ \ " introduction\ \ " to language connections: writing and reading across the curriculum: in \ \ " writing to learn means learning to think, \ \ " syrene what mean forsmanmakes the same point, but she direct.
the craft of writing encompasses many disciplines, and there are many related college majors to choose from. potential writing majors should keep in mind mean the conventional advice about selecting a college and program. some other differences that may with come about are with paper/ paragraph structure and format. high school, as well as middle school teachers, usually introduce interesting acronyms, outlines, and useful tips and tricks to help students develop their ideas and formulate various kinds of papers. in college, many of these " tricks" are discouraged because they mirror a structured and formalized approach to writing that many english professors frown upon. there can be much more paragraphs and sections in paper assigned, and formatting here may go far beyond simple apa. critical elements of descriptive essay, format if you are genuinely interested in learning how to write descriptively paper, you will need to remember the following steps or even learn them by heart. always start your introduction with a hook. one of the main steps in writing an essay is creating an outline of material to create does the most effective structure. traditionally, outlines use a system of roman numerals, upper- and lower- case letters, and numbers to classify points. How to write essay plans. create one heading for each paragraph, including what your introduction and conclusion.
for each supporting paragraph in the body of your essay, list the most essential points you want to cover. what are the elements of descriptive writing? the components of with a descriptive essay format. just like any other assignment, descriptive essays have specific elements students should never ignore. specifically, all descriptive essays need to include: introduction. that is where the author briefly introduces the subject or the object of the essay. a step- by- step with 500- word essay example. to with help you see how to write a 500- word scholarship essay, we want to show you each section of the essay step- by- step. use this as a general guide when you write your essay. however, feel free to add your own spin to it. based on my chosen stance against does 5- paragraph essays, my thesis statement will be “ teachers should stop teaching students to write 5- paragraph essays.
notice the word “ should” in. it depends how fast you write, if you write slowly, then obviously it will take considerably longer than if you write at a speedy pace. probably at the most 1 and a half hours. this is also depending on if what ever your writing. before heading towards the writing process of your own book report, it is a good idea to have a look at some of the book reports or book review examples written by professionals. in this way, it will be easier for you to understand the writing techniques and format to get a better idea for your mean own book report. what is a summary of a book report? see full mean list on with dictionary. e full list on myperfectwords. e full list on scribbr.
the answer is, yes using an essay writing service is completely legitimate, safe, intelligent, comprehensive, and in fact indispensable method of enhancing your grades. its a perfectly valid academic assistance option, just like using a tutor or taking special classes as long as you know what your paper talks about. picking a topic: a good essay starts long before any actual writing happens. the first thing you’ ll need to do is select a topic. good essay topicstake careful thought— don’ t just decide to what write about the first thing that comes to mind. one guideline to remember is that, in general, the narrower your topic is the better. a specific, restricted topic helps you keep your essay organized and focused. it’ s also best to choose a topic you mean find interesting— even in the most boring of subjects or books there’ s likely to be one aspect that interests you on some level. doing research: depending on the type of essay, the next step may be to do does some research. how to intext cite a movie. be mean sure to allocate plenty of time for this very important task. use as many different kinds of materials as possible— from websites to books to documentaries— and keep an eye out for themes and ideas that keep popping up.
these are the kinds of things that should probably make an appearance in your essay. and don’ t forget to take notes durin. see more results.
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What is bitcoin and what are bitcoins?
Bitcoin is digital cash that picked up acknowledgment after its fee consistent with-coin transcended $13,000 in mid-2018. The virtual cash (one among many) is at the focus of a perplexing convergence of safety, banking recommendations, and mechanical improvement. These days, some outlets renowned Bitcoin price, at the same time as in extraordinary locales.
Cryptographic money characterized
Cryptographic types of money are traces of laptop code that hold monetary worth. Those traces of code are made through the power and elite desktops.
Cryptographic cash is in any other case referred to as automated cash. It’s a kind of superior cash made employing numerical calculations and policed via a big number of computers (known as excavators) on a similar agency. Genuinely, there may be nothing to hold, despite the reality that crypto may be traded for money. A delineation of ways cryptographic cash features.
Life wire
Crypto comes from the word cryptography, which is the cycle used to comfortable the exchanges that send the strains of code for buys. Cryptography moreover controls the formation of recent cash. Many coin sorts presently spot the crypto markets, but only a modest bunch can probably grow to be reasonable speculation.
Governments don’t have any strength over the manufacturing of virtual currencies, that’s the aspect that in the beginning made them so well known. Maximum digital currencies start because of a marketplace cap, which means that their creation diminishes over the long term. That is just like the real cash associated introduction of cash; advent closes at one point and the cash become larger afterward.
What Are Bitcoins?
Bitcoin becomes the principal mainstream cryptographic money. Nobody realizes who made it — maximum virtual styles of money are intended for finest obscurity — but bitcoins first showed up in 2009 from an engineer reputedly named Satoshi Nakamoto. He has seen that vanished and given up a bitcoin fortune.
On account that bitcoin was the important sizeable cryptographic cash, all advanced economic standards crafted from that point forward are known as altcoins or non-obligatory coins. Lite coin, Peer coin, Feather coin, and lots of unique cash are all altcoins when you consider that they’re now not bitcoin.
One of the advantages of bitcoin is that it thoroughly can be placed away disconnected on close by equipment, as an example, a secure tough power. This cycle is referred to as bloodless stockpiling, and it shields the coins from being taken utilizing others. At this point, while the money is positioned away at the internet in some location that is alluded to as hot stockpiling g, there may be a hazard of it being taken.
On the opposite facet, if a character loses admittance to the equipment that contains the bitcoins, the cash is gone until the cease of time. It is assessed that an awful lot as $30 billion in bitcoins has been misplaced or lost by using diggers and speculators. If you want to know more, you can visit at https://www.webull.com/cryptocurrency.
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The beauty in ancient creatures
The Galapagos Islands are home to some of the world’s most exotic species, from sharks and dolphins to marine iguanas and swallow-tailed gulls. However, the Galapagos are perhaps best known for the giant tortoises that inhabit the Ecuadorian islands.
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Other than Seychelles, the Galapagos Islands are the only place on the globe that these creatures exist. They have been indigenous to the islands for about one million years and are a definitive part of any Galapagos cruise. Many species of animal are tracked to follow their progress and breeding.
In the 1970s, the giant tortoise who later became known as Lonesome George rose to fame after his discovery by Hungarian malacologist József Vágvölgyi. Lonesome George was the last surviving individual of the subspecies Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii, otherwise known as the Pinta Island Tortoise. Due to his status as the last of his kind, George was referred to as the ‘rarest creature in the world’. Shortly after being discovered, he was relocated to the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island for his own safety.
In the hope of prolonging the existence of the subspecies, George was penned with two female giant tortoises from Isabela Island that were genetically similar enough to reproduce with the last Pinta Island Tortoise. Scientists hoped to produce offspring that would be intergrades, as it would be impossible to create pure-breeds of the Pinta subspecies due to the lack of a female Pinta tortoise.
In July 2008, at the age of 98, George was reported to have mated with one of his female companions. Thirteen eggs were produced that summer, offering hope for the conservation of the Pinta Island Tortoise. However, by November, the Charles Darwin Foundation stated that 80% of the eggs were believed to be invisible. By the following month, the remaining eggs had failed to hatch and x-rays showed they were invisible.
On July 23rd 2009, precisely a year after George’s first mating attempt,a second clutch of five more eggs was found, providing another opportunity for the continuation of George’s species. The Galapagos National Park described the eggs as being in perfect condition and prospects for George’s potential offspring looked positive. However, when the eggs were moved to an incubator on 16th December, it was revealed that the incubation period had ended meaning the eggs were invisible.
By 2011, successive reproduction efforts were unsuccessful, leading to the park removing the two female tortoises from George’s enclosure. With mating efforts having proved ineffective, it was accepted that George was to be the very last Pinta Island tortoise, and with his death the species would go extinct.
On June 24th 2012, Lonesome George was announced dead by the caretaker of the Galapagos National Park and the rarest creature in the world went extinct.
Of course not everyone can visit the Galapagos and if you have recently purchased one of the Gloucester Park Homes for Sale you could take a trip to Burford Wildlife Park where you can see these beautiful creatures up close.
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People refer to the term depression even for the slightest bit of sadness, when often it is just a bout of mood swings. Does that mean depression isn’t for real? Not at all. On the contrary, it is a critical mental health disorder people suffer from around the world.
In simpler terms, depression is the feeling of extreme sadness that lasts for more than a couple of weeks. It is more than being dejected and feeling the blues every now and then. This condition is treatable with appropriate medical intervention under the guidance of qualified mental health professionals.
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, in the US, the symptoms of depression surged to over 40% in December 2020 compared to 11% in January 2020. However, people worldwide have understood the gravity of this condition as they are coming out, accepting that they suffer from it and are trying to get help.
What Are the Symptoms of Depression?
The biggest challenge is to figure out when you or someone you know is showing symptoms of depression. Since depression has no physical form and the symptoms are often misunderstood, it rarely gets the attention it deserves.
The extremes of depressive symptoms are such that some people become aggressive, while some slide into self-isolation. As the condition progresses, the person suffering from it starts to show signs indicating that he/she is dealing with some form of depression. Here are some of the symptoms to observe.
• Prolonged sadness extending to more than 2-3 weeks
• Lack of motivation
• Loss of energy and feeling of exhaustion
• Changes in appetite leading to extreme weight loss or gain
• Increased guilt and feeling insignificant
• Inability to think logically, concentrate, or make decisions
• Oversleep or complete loss of sleep
• Suicidal thoughts and death wishes
What Causes Depression?
There may be multiple reasons for someone to have depression. The common causes that lead to this disorder are:
• Medical illness- People with health conditions especially hormonal or metabolic disorders, are at a higher risk for mental illness including depression. At times treatment for health conditions including the use of steroids can promote the incidence of depressive disorder.
• Drug abuse - Consumption of any mind-altering drugs including cannabis, alcohol can cause depression. Drug addiction is a serious issue and can in itself lead to depression.
• Family or childhood trauma - The family or close ones of a person primarily shape their personality. It means that if a person has been a victim of domestic violence or, childhood trauma there are high chances of them encountering depression either when they were a child or while growing up.
How is Depression in Children & Teens Different From Depression in Adults?
Symptoms of depression in younger children may be constant clinginess, irritability, being underweight, pains and aches, and refusal to go to school or avoiding social gatherings. While in adolescents, the symptoms are a little different such as irritability, addiction to alcohol or recreational drugs, withdrawal from friends, poor academic performance, self-harming behavior.
How Can Depression Be Treated?
People can overcome depression with appropriate medical attention from mental health professionals. Treatments for depression include,
Depending on the condition of the person, the various treatments available are:
• Psychotherapy
• Medication in combination with therapy
• Electroconvulsive therapy
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
With increasing awareness of depression as a disease and the emergence of effective treatment, those suffering from it are now becoming empowered to seek out intervention for the same.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is an effective treatment that has been FDA approved for a number of years and has proven groundbreaking as a mode of treatment for depression.
So, reach out to people, consult the right mental health professionals because mental wellbeing is as important as physical wellbeing. Seek help, stay safe.
March 18th, 2021
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Tips For Maintaining Healthy Eyes
Tips For Maintaining Healthy Eyes
Do you know that about 74% of the UK population either wears glasses or has had laser surgery to correct optical defects? That’s shocking right? While we can dive into the multiple reasons for that later in this article, here I have listed a few top foods rich in enough nutrients and antioxidants for maintaining healthy eyes for a very long age. All of them are inexpensive, easily available, can be conveniently incorporated into your daily diet, and can be turned into lip-smacking dishes. Read on.
Healthy foods for the eyes
• Oranges
Vitamin C is the key to eye health and oranges, along with other citrus fruits are abundant with that. Vitamin C ensures healthy blood vessels in the eyes and helps to combat severe eye disorders and diseases.
• Carrots
Carrots contain beta-carotene that acts as a precursor for the production of Vitamin A. While Vitamin A helps to boost eye health, carrots also provide other essential antioxidants like lutein for the eyes.
• Green leafy vegetables
Greens like spinach, kale, and collard greens contain the two most important antioxidants for the eyes – lutein and zeaxanthin. Both of these are stored in the macula, the part of the eye that shields against damaging light.
• Legumes
Kidney beans, lentils, and black beans are rich sources of zinc and bioflavonoids. A large amount of zinc is stored in the eye, that combined with bioflavonoids aids in protecting the retina and lowering the risk of severe diseases like ARMD.
• Bell peppers
Bell peppers are again rich sources of Vitamin C. In fact, they can provide the most amount of this vitamin per calorie than any other fruit or vegetable. And as mentioned above, Vitamin C is imperative for eye health.
Preventing blue light damage
What is blue light?
The sunlight, also known as white light, is a spectrum of seven colors, all of them that you see in the rainbow- Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red. Starting from red and ending on violet, the wavelength of all these colors decreases, and their energy increases. While our eyes have the ability to block more than 90% of the UV rays falling on them, they fail to prevent blue light from entering our eyes. Blue rays move with damagingly high energy and can gradually cause chronic damage to the eye cells, tissues, and parts.
How does blue light damage our eyes?
Cataract: The lens of the human eye can absorb short blue waves to block them from reaching the retina and do light damage. However, during this process, they add substances and derivatives to the lens cells, turning them opaque yellow and thus causing a cataract.
Macular degeneration: The retina of the eyes is very sensitive to light. When blue light rays fall on the retina and its cells, they induce a chain of toxic chemical reactions that damage the retinal tissues. With gradual damage, the eyes develop Age-Related Macular Degeneration. While aging will make you wear varifocals during later years, ARMD is the leading cause of vision loss in the older population of the UK.
Computer Eye Syndrome: Staring into the computer or laptop screen for too long leaves our eyes dry and itchy. Gradually, it develops into the Digital Eye Strain. The symptoms include irritated, dry, itchy, and sore eyes.
Insomnia: Studies also reveal that prolonged exposure to high-intensity blue rays deprives us of sleep. Blue light regulates our sleep cycle by moderating the release of the sleep hormone, melatonin. However, watching screens during bedtime suppresses the production of melatonin and makes our brain more aware and active, thus making us an insomniac.
How to prevent blue light damage?
• Limit screen time. Look away from the screen every 20 minutes.
• Wear reading glasses as they come with a blue light blocking technology to filter blue rays from entering into your eyes.
• When using screens, blink as often as possible to evenly spread the teardrops in your eyes.
• Adjust the brightness of your screen so that is not too bright as compared to the room.
• Add a humidifier under your table to keep the air moist and thus prevent dry eyes.
• Use artificial tears to lubricate your dry eyes after long screen hours.
If you are looking for blue light blocking specs online, you can check Specscart’s website for a good variety of latest designs and premium quality glasses at an extremely affordable price range.
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CDC Issues Warning About the Coronavirus Variants In the US
coronavirus variants
Photo by Ketut Subiyanto from Pexels
Recently, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a report suggesting that the new coronavirus variants can increase the cases significantly. According to the health officials, it can accelerate the speed of the coronavirus spread to an even more dangerous level.
The director of the CDC, Dr. Rochelle Walensky mentioned that he is concerned about the new variants of the virus. Also, this situation is particularly concerning since the coronavirus cases are finally coming down. She also mentioned that the new variants have higher transmission ability. This factor can waste the progress regarding the pandemic over the past couple of months.
Experts recently identified the cases of B.1.1.7 coronavirus variant in the UK and then in Minnesota. The data shows that this variant can become vast spread in the US over the next month due to high transmission ability.
Recently, CDC published a study in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report which mentions the cases of the new coronavirus variant spreading in Minnesota. According to the experts, this new variant stresses the importance of coronavirus guidelines issued by the CDC.
Also read- Scientist Developed a Capsule Probe To Monitor Gut Health
The mitigation measures including wearing masks, social distancing, self-isolation, avoiding public gatherings, and traveling can limit the spread of the virus. Moreover, the CDC director said that we should stick to the guidelines to prevent the spread of the virus to the maximum. This will not only help reduce the number of cases but also lessen the chance of more coronavirus variants.
The CDC is reporting several cases of the new strain of coronavirus that first emerged in the UK. Moreover, this strain has been spotted in Africa and Brazil and now traveled to the US as well. This new variant was detected in 41 US states. Also, most of these cases consist of the strain from UK origin.
The rapid increase in the case shows that the strain can transmit rapidly among people. This eventually increases the number of hospitalizations and fatalities due to the virus. However, the experts are hopeful that the health care system will tackle the new variant and the vaccine will work effectively for this strain as well.
In addition to increasing the vaccination in the country, reducing the transmission of the virus is also important. The coronavirus cases in the US started dropping recently after several months of fighting with the pandemic. Meanwhile, the new variant of the coronavirus can halt this progress and increase the cases once again. In this situation, it is important to stay aware of the guidelines. Also the public should try to limit the spread as much as possible.
Dr. Walensky suggested that the spread of coronavirus will stop with the collective efforts of the authorities and the general public. Only the decrease in the number of cases can make sure the new variant does not get the chance to spread rapidly. Also, the increased spread of the coronavirus variants at this time means that new strains will emerge in the coming months. This can also affect the efficacy of the vaccine on the novel coronavirus.
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US Confirms 500,000 Deaths Caused by Covid-19
Covid-19 US
Image- Kira-Yan at Getty Images
The US has completed half a million Covid-19 deaths and became the country with the highest fatality rate by the pandemic. But the new government has made pandemic management its biggest priority as millions life of millions of Americans is at risk. The US has already started its vaccination programs with Pfizer and Moderna vaccine, trying to vaccinate more and more people before they are exposed to the infection.
Despite these measures, President Biden suspects that the deaths by Covid-19 in the US may cross 600,000. But speeding up vaccination programs in the US and other parts of the world has decreased the number of new cases, giving a little hope that the number of deaths will probably decrease too.
On the other side, British prime Minister Boris Johnson has shared plans of easing the lockdown in the country but advised natives to follow a cautious approach to gradually return back to normal life in the UK. According to him, the country will probably open up completely by the end of June. The country is all set to open schools by the first week of March.
Also read- Coronavirus Vaccines Technology May Help in Cancer Therapy, Study Shows
A recent study by the research team from the University of Edinburgh found that there are no adverse effects linked with Pfizer and Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccines, which may cause a significant decline in hospitalizations linked with extreme Covid-19 cases in Scotland.
Despite the increased number of deaths in the US, caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, there is a significant reduction in new cases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the daily cases are decreasing every week and from December 2020 to February 2021, there is a 39% drop recorded in average daily cases.
India, on the other side, is also one of the worst-hit countries by this pandemic, has recently reported an increase in Covid-19 transmission and infection rate. Only a few states are successfully following controlling measures such as restrictions especially those which have reported the highest number of deaths since this pandemic began in 2020.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at least 61 million Americans have received one shot of Covid-19 vaccines and those who have received both doses are over 18 million.
Australia has just started its vaccination program with Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. The Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison said that the vaccination program will debunk anti-vaxxers’ narratives and misconceptions regarding Covid-19 vaccine safety.
Also read- Playing Video Games Save Young Boys from Depression (New Study)
The UK is working to vaccinate all British adults by the last week of June 2021. Right now 17 million people have got their first dose of Covid-19 that makes up for 1/3rd of the entire population.
World Health Organization (WHO) has openly criticized how some wealthy countries may take over all the Covid-19 vaccines depriving other, especially poor countries to receive the vaccines. Some of the developed countries like the US are contributing to donating the Covid-19 vaccine to the poor countries that can’t buy them on their own. However, WHO says that offering funds is not enough if there are no vaccines in hand to deliver to these countries.
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Vaccine side effects: With all this talk about blood clots, how do I know if I'm affected?
By Malcolm Sutton
Blood corpuscles in clot
An electron micrograph shows blood cells clotting under fibrin mesh.(
Wellcome Images: David Gregory & Debbie Marshall [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0]
Rare cases of blood clotting linked to the administration of COVID-19 vaccine AstraZeneca has thrown the medical condition under the spotlight, but what is blood clotting, and what are the symptoms?
Blood clotting is the body's natural response to injury or trauma.
Cell fragments called platelets activate to stick to a ruptured blood vessel wall, seal it up, and stop it from bleeding.
The platelets work with dissolved clotting factors in the blood that form a strong net called fibrin.
University of Adelaide haematologist and blood researcher Dan Thomas said blood clots could move around the body when the circumstances that produced the clotting overwhelmed the factors that dissolved clots.
For example, when blood is flowing too slowly during prolonged periods of inactivity, like on long plane trips, clotting could form deep within a vein.
"Symptoms of a usual blood clot include leg swelling, calf muscle pain, shortness of breath, pain when breathing in deeply, or coughing up blood," Dr Thomas said.
A syringe is inserted into the left shoulder of a uniformed female nurse, who is seated and smiling.
Authorities started rolling out AstraZeneca to Australians in March.(
ABC News: Bension Siebert
What are the symptoms?
Dr Thomas said the symptoms of vaccine-induced clotting, as they were known so far, included:
• Severe gut pain commencing 4–20 days after receiving the vaccine
• A persistent headache unresponsive to paracetamol
• A general feeling of systemic unwellness beyond four days after the vaccination
• Stroke-like symptoms, seizures or vomiting
He said the stroke-like symptoms, also known as a transient ischaemic attack, could feel like:
• Dizziness
• Transient loss of speech or balance
• Weakness on one side of the body
• Confusion
• Blurred vision
Dr Thomas said platelets had been activated by antibodies in a rare phenomenon where the body thought they were bad because they were sitting next to some of the vaccine, which resembled a foreign pathogen.
"Fortunately, it looks as though these antibodies can go away over time and we can accelerate their removal by treatment with immunoglobulin."
Italy stands by ban of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine to Australia
The AstraZeneca vaccine is now only preferred for Australians over 50.(
ABC News
Dr Thomas said people taking the medication heparin to prevent blood clots could be at increased risk of clotting disorders from COVID-19, or the AstraZeneca vaccine.
"Most importantly, if anyone is worried they may be getting a clotting reaction after being vaccinated, this can be immediately diagnosed with a blood test," he said.
A distinct type of clotting
The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) said symptoms were different to those commonly associated with vaccines.
The common side effects of headaches, muscle aches, fevers and chills can begin within 24 hours of being vaccinated and last up to two days, but the onset of clotting symptoms began four to 20 days after vaccination.
ATAGI said the symptoms resulted from a distinct type of "thrombosis associated with thrombocytopenia".
"Most cases involved a type of clot in the brain called cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST)," it said in a statement.
The ATAGI said CVST had also been noted as a complication of COVID-19 itself.
Dr Thomas said on rare occasions the virus had "caused loss of blood flow to a limb", which would present as whiteness in a person's feet accompanied by pain.
COVID vaccine
Some 1,178,302 vaccine doses were facilitated by the government by April 11.(
Photo: Insiders
Pfizer preferred for under 50s
The Federal Department of Health said about one in every 250,000 people vaccinated with AstraZeneca in Europe had been diagnosed with the rare blood clotting.
So far, there had been just two reported cases likely linked to AstraZeneca in Australia.
The department said there was a potentially greater risk for people below the age of 50 to develop thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after being administered the vaccine.
It had led to a preference towards the Pfizer vaccine for that age group in Australia, while people above 50 would continue to be given the AstraZeneca vaccine.
"It is important to note the AstraZeneca vaccine remains highly effective at preventing death and severe illness among people who have contracted COVID-19," said health department heads in a joint statement last week.
"And that the incidence of the blood-clotting syndrome is very rare."
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Act therapy uk
Act therapy uk
What is ACT therapy good for?
What is the difference between act and CBT?
Does ACT therapy work?
A 2009 meta-analysis found that ACT was more effective than placebo and “treatment as usual” for most problems (with the exception of anxiety and depression), but not more effective than CBT and other traditional therapies.
What is ACT technique?
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ( ACT ) encourages people to embrace their thoughts and feelings rather than fighting or feeling guilty for them. ACT develops psychological flexibility and is a form of behavioral therapy that combines mindfulness skills with the practice of self-acceptance.
What kind of therapy is act?
Is ACT therapy evidence based?
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ( ACT ) has accrued a substantial evidence base . Recent systematic and meta-analytic reviews suggest that ACT is effective compared to control conditions.
What is ACT for anxiety?
Acceptance and commitment therapy ( ACT) for anxiety disorders is an innovative acceptance-based behavior therapy that focuses on decreasing the behavior regulatory function of anxiety and related cognitions, and has a strong focus on behavior change that is consistent with client values (1).
You might be interested: Occupational therapy approaches
What separates DBT from other therapies?
CBT seeks to give patients the ability to recognize when their thoughts might become troublesome, and gives them techniques to redirect those thoughts. DBT helps patients find ways to accept themselves, feel safe, and manage their emotions to help regulate potentially destructive or harmful behaviors.
Is Mindfulness a form of CBT?
Mindfulness -based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is an approach to psychotherapy that uses cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) methods in collaboration with mindfulness meditative practices and similar psychological strategies. MBCT takes practices from CBT and applies aspects of mindfulness to the approach.
How long does it take for therapy to help?
How do you use ACT therapy?
An Introduction to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT focuses on 3 areas: Accept your reactions and be present. Choose a valued direction. Whether it be a situation you cannot control, a personality trait that is hard to change or an emotion that overwhelms, accepting it can allow you to move forward. Summary.
How do you become an act therapist?
There is no ACT certification process. Rather, we aim to foster an open, self-critical, mutually-supportive community which, working together, builds a progressive psychology more adequate to the challenges of human suffering. There is no such thing as an officially certified ACT therapist .
Can I do CBT on my own?
You might be interested: Bowen therapy training uk
How effective is CBT?
Who invented Act therapy?
founder Steven Hayes
Zeus Toby
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Hills Like White Elephants | Study Guide
Ernest Hemingway
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Hills Like White Elephants | Discussion Questions 41 - 50
What is the significance of the train the American and the girl are waiting for in "Hills Like White Elephants"?
A train station is a crossroad where people are constantly moving from one place to another. The train is the vehicle that carries people to their chosen destination. The American and the girl are at a crossroad in their relationship and the destination they must choose could be an abortion—with or without a breakup—or a continued pregnancy—and possibly marriage. The train in this scenario represents the decision they have to make. Either both the girl and the American will get on board, meaning they will agree on a decision, and move toward an uncertain future, or one will board the train, and the other will not, signaling they did not come to a mutual decision.
In "Hills Like White Elephants" how does Hemingway use foreshadowing when the girl gazes out at the fertile landscape of grain fields and the tree-lined banks of the Ebro River?
In the course of her conversation with the American the girl becomes frustrated; she can't seem to make him realize she has serious misgivings about undergoing the "simple operation" he is urging her to have. Taking a break from their discussion, she is enchanted by the view of the fruitful side of the valley. This view seems to give her hope, as she muses, "And we could have all this." Her mood is then dampened by "the shadow of a cloud [moving] across the field of grain." This image of the cloud shadow is an example of foreshadowing. As it darkens the view of the fertile field below, it predicts the death of the girl's fetus if she gives in to the American's wishes.
In "Hills Like White Elephants," if the American and the girl are not truly in love, what forces keep them invested in the relationship?
Although the American professes to love the girl only when she asks if he will love her after the abortion, there is very little evidence that the two are actually in a loving relationship. He seems to have no real respect for the girl, her feelings, or her wishes, though he does pretend to in the interest of getting her to do what he wants. His investment in the relationship seems to be connected to the fact that the girl is a travel companion he can drink and have fun with—as suggested by his glance at the suitcases with tags from all the places they've been. The girl's connection to the American might also be owed in part to that sense of adventure and fun, but she also shows a need for approval. She says she doesn't care about herself, only him. She asks if he will still love her, suggesting that his opinion of her is extremely important. These needs for companionship and approval are not love, but they might be enough for the two characters to want to salvage the relationship.
If Hemingway's "Hills Like White Elephants" alludes to Plato's "Allegory of the Cave," what does the light of the sun symbolize?
In Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" there are characters who live inside a cave, chained to rocks. Behind these characters is the sun, illuminating their shadows on the wall. Since the characters know nothing besides the cave, and don't even know that there is a sun behind them, they believe the shadows are reality. The cave dwellers do not know philosophical truth, which is represented by the sun. They know only the shadowy illusions which they perceive with their eyes. The fact that the girl in "Hills Like White Elephants" is described as standing or sitting in the sunlight suggests that she is the one who sees the truth of the situation: that nothing will be the same whether or not they decide to have the abortion. Meanwhile, the American, who insists everything will go back to normal, sits in the shade and even retreats into the darkened bar at one point. This suggests that he remains in the shadow of illusion.
In "Hills Like White Elephants" what does Hemingway introduce as the inciting incident—the event that causes a major conflict between the American and the girl?
As in many of Hemingway's stories, the inciting incident of "Hills Like White Elephants" is not made explicit in the text. While another writer might have included a scene of the girl discovering her pregnancy and informing the American, Hemingway leaves this detail out of the narrative. Even though this is the inciting incident that leads to the conflict, climax, and resolution, his theory of omission predicts that omitting this detail will increase the tension and drama of the story. This omission leaves readers in suspense wondering how she presented the information, how he reacted, and which kinds of conversations about the situation may have taken place prior to their afternoon at the train station.
In "Hills Like White Elephants" what is the significance of the narration, "They were all waiting reasonably for the train" that describes the travelers the American observes in the barroom?
The travelers are waiting, in a sense, for their futures, as the train will carry them to anticipated destinations and events and they are awaiting these futures "reasonably" or calmly. In contrast, neither the American nor the girl "waits reasonably" for the train. Both are emotional regarding events that wait at their destination. Depending on which resolution readers believe the American and the girl have reached, the couple will soon be en route to terminate her pregnancy or to keep the child, and possibly raise it together. In either case, the individuals may be anxious, sad, excited, or glad, but it's less likely they would be described as "reasonable."
What does the girl's description of the hills reveal about her character in "Hills Like White Elephants"?
It is significant that the girl, rather than the narrator, draws the comparison between the hills and white elephants. This reveals the girl is familiar with various cultural elements to which the white elephants refer. It also reveals she is thoughtful, observant, and prone to thinking in poetic terms. Her decision to use this observation to strike up conversation also shows that she has an indirect communication style, and that she is hesitant to address the subject of her pregnancy with the American. Having the girl deliver this simile allows Hemingway to provide nuanced information about the character without characterizing her directly.
In what ways does the American's ability to converse with the waitress in "Hills Like White Elephants" serve as a foil to his communication with the girl?
The American's brief conversations with the waitress use clear, concrete language and are free of idioms or attempts at coercion. Spanish is his second language and he and the waitress are strangers to each other, but they manage to communicate freely and without misunderstanding. Their fluid, easy communication is in stark contrast to the tense and somewhat muddled conversation with the girl—his romantic partner whom he has known for quite some time. Talking in public about a highly personal—and illegal—topic may be hindering their ability to speak directly. However, never mentioning the words "abortion" or "baby" makes their conversation stilted and confusing. At times it's unclear whether the pronoun "it" is meant to refer to the "simple operation" or to the fetus itself. The emotional charge, vague language, and miscommunication between the American and the girl are all the more striking when viewed alongside the clinical, straightforward exchanges with the waitress.
For what purpose does Hemingway open "Hills Like White Elephants" with a description of the setting?
Opening the story with a paragraph-long description of the setting grounds the reader and establishes dualisms relevant to understanding the characters. There are two railroad tracks, two sides to the valley, and a building that is separated from the outside by a curtain. This sets the reader up for the notion that there are two ways to see the world and to understand significant moments in life. The story delivers on this promise by showing a stark contrast between the views and attitudes held by the American and the girl, and exploring the conflict that arises out of that contrast.
In "Hills Like White Elephants" in what ways does Hemingway establish tone in the story?
A writer's tone represents the author's attitude toward the characters and events of a story and the tone influences how readers, in turn, understand and respond to the narrative. Many writers use adverbs to help convey attitude. In "Hills Like White Elephants" Hemingway adopts an objective and observant, but nonintrusive tone, using simple vocabulary. Remaining faithful to his iceberg technique, he does not employ adverbs to influence tone. Instead, his setting and characters convey his attitude. The station's surroundings are both sterile and fruitful, presenting both sides of the abortion dilemma—whether to have the abortion and continue their self-involved sterile lifestyle or to continue the pregnancy and create a family and a more fruitful life. Conversation between the American and the girl is conducted in short sentences that seem to go in circles, rarely stating what each partner really means. However, his dialogue—although using simple vocabulary—often employs repetition to create an emotional tone, as when the girl is so frustrated with the American's hypocrisy that she begs, "Would you please please please please please please please stop talking?"
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What letter does Mrs. Joe write to Biddy after being struck in the back of the head in Great Expectations?
Expert Answers
An illustration of the letter 'A' in a speech bubbles
Maybe I have always thought about this too figuratively, but I thought the oddly shaped T or J to be a hammer or a mallet to divulge a little information about what had happened to her.
Biddy remembers when talking to Pip one day,
'Why of course!' cried Biddy, with an exultant face. 'Don't you see? It's him.
Orlick, without a doubt. She had lost his name, and could only signify him by his hammer.
Mrs. Joe was trying to tell Biddy how this happened to her. This occured in the very end of chapter 16. A few paragraphs from the bottom are worth reading again to know for sure what happened.
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An illustration of the letter 'A' in a speech bubbles
I think what you are referring to is in Chapter 16. You may be having problems because you might think she has written a letter in the sense of something that starts "Dear Biddy..."
But she hasn't written that kind of a letter. She has written a single letter (like A, B, C) on a slate. Before Biddy came to stay with them, Mrs. Joe had been writing something that looked like "a curious T." Pip can't figure out what it means.
But when Biddy comes, she understands it pretty quickly. It is meant as a symbol for Joe and so it is probably supposed to be a J.
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Cut emissions at the Sherco plant? Switch instead to emission-free nuclear power
A dozen new-generation Westinghouse AP1000 nuclear plants are under construction in China, Georgia and South Carolina. One of those could replace the Sherco facility.
Courtesy of Xcel Energy
Xcel’s Sherco plant burns about 30,000
tons of coal per day.
Xcel Energy is under increasing pressure to limit output at its largest power plant, the Sherco coal plant, which burns about 30,000 tons of coal per day, releasing more than 20 million tons of carbon dioxide per year, not to mention mercury and sulfur emissions.
There are a dozen new generation Westinghouse AP1000 nuclear plants under construction in China, Georgia and South Carolina. One of those AP1000s could replace the Sherco facility with round-the-clock emission-free electric power.
The 1979 Three Mile Island incident in Pennsylvania raised irrational fears about nuclear energy and interrupted nuclear expansion in the United States, exposing us to additional pollution from fossil fuels. Japan’s Fukushima accident has added to those fears.
In 2012, the U.N. General Assembly asked the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, or UNSCEAR, to undertake a “full assessment of the levels of exposure and radiation risks” regarding the Fukushima accident.
UNSCEAR is the independent international body set up in the 1950s to give impartial advice on the effects of radiation on people and the environment. Released recently, the UNSCEAR assessment concluded that “the rates of cancer or future hereditary diseases in Japan were unlikely to show any discernible rise in affected areas, because the radiation doses people received were too low.”
Radiation exposure ‘low to very low’
Although upwards of 20,000 people died or are still missing from the earthquake and tsunami, there have been no reported deaths from radiation at Fukushima. Prompt evacuations from the area around the nuclear plants helped ensure that radiation exposure was reduced to levels that were “low to very low.”
Article continues after advertisement
The report said lifetime additional radiation exposures to the public in the Fukushima region were expected to be less than what the Japanese receive from natural background radiation.
Those conclusions were supported by a January report from the World Health Organization, which said for the general Fukushima area, “the predicted risks are low, and no observable increases in cancer rates above baseline rates are anticipated.”
Switched to fossil-fuel power plants
As a result of Fukushima, Japan shut down nearly all of its 50 nuclear reactors which supplied 30 percent of its electric power. Japan was then forced to switch to fossil fuels for electric power generation. Air pollution from fossil-fuel power plants causes far more sickness and deaths from pollution per unit of electricity produced than carbon-free nuclear plants do.
There is no longer any chance Japan will meet its commitments in the 2009 Copenhagen Accord to cut greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels by 25 percent by 2020. The country’s 2013 total for greenhouse gas emissions was about 1.3 billion tons, making Japan now the fifth-largest emitter worldwide.
It’s time to reconsider carbon-free nuclear energy.
Rolf Westgard is a professional member of the Geological Society of America and is a guest faculty member on energy subjects for the University of Minnesota’s Lifelong Learning programHis fall quarter class will be No. 17041, “CO2 is not C: MN coal plants and the new EPA rules.”
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Different categories of water pumps
When you need to buy a water pump, it is recommendable to research the different types of water pumps. There are a lot of different types of water pumps and they are all used in different occasions. Luckily, they are not all that different, because you can divide them into three main categories. These categories will help you choose the right water pump for the job. The three categories are: centrifugal pumps, self-priming pumps and underwater pumps.
Lets start with the centrifugal pumps. These pumps are usually used for small suctions heights, because centrifugal pumps have less suction power than self-priming pumps and underwater pumps. Therefore, they also have to be started manually. These pumps are placed outside of the water, but you do place the end of the suction hose in the water (or other source). The suction force is to weak to suck the water up by itself, so it is mostly used in situations where the water is already fed to the pump.
The next category is the self priming pump. These types of pumps use impellers to suck up the water. The suction force is created by using multiple impellers. These impellers rotate and this allows the pump to suck up the water. This can be done at a maximum of 8 metres. The more impellers the pump uses, the greater the power is. Pumps that fall into this category are the booster pump, the rainwater harvesting pump and the irrigation pump.
The last category is the underwater pump. On the contrary to the centrifugal pump and the self-priming pump, this type of pump is used completely under water. An example of an underwater pump is a submersible pump. This type of pump also uses impellers, specifically open impellers. These make sure that the water can reach the pump easily.
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How do you shoot photos in an essay?
How do you shoot photos in an essay?
How do you shoot photos in an essay?
How to Create a Photo Essay in 7 StepsTell a diverse, confident story. Know what you’re shooting and why. Make sure you have a wide variety of images. Be a ruthless photo editor. Choose your top 10 images. Ask for outside input. Make your final selections. Write captions.
How can I shoot better pictures?
How do you win photo competitions?
How do you show art in a gallery?
How to Get Your Work in an Art GalleryReflect on Your Work. Be Active in the Art Community. Create A Solid Online Presence. Do Your Research. Utilize Local Resources. Practice Positioning Yourself as an Artist. Use Social Media to Promote Your Art. Read All the Submission Instructions.
How do you write a visual description?
How do you write an exhibition description?
Writing Your Exhibition DescriptionInclude the ‘Big Idea’ The ‘big idea’ of your exhibition answers the question “What is this exhibition about?”. Don’t Repeat Your Bio. Avoid “Artspeak” Don’t dumb it down too much. Keep the structure short and simple.
What are the two types of exhibition?
How do you describe an exhibition?
How do you start an exhibition?
Here are 6 steps for organizing your own group art exhibition, from the ground up!Develop a theme. A group exhibition usually hinges on a unique and dynamic theme. Recruit artists and choose pieces. Pitch the gallery. Write a press release. Install the artwork. Hold an opening.
How do you curate an exhibition?
How to Curate an Art ShowConceptualize the Exhibition. Hero Images/Getty Images. Reserve Exhibition Space and Dates. Hero Images/Getty Images. Consider Your Audience. Oliver Strewe/Getty Images. Procure Funding and Allocate Budget. Assume Nothing. Write Essays and Publish a Catalog. Advertise and Mail Invitations. Site Installation.
What are the reasons for holding exhibition?
10 great reasons to exhibit at a trade showMeet and connect with prospective customers. Strengthen your bond with existing customers. Learn about new developments in your industry. Meet new companies that can help your business. Close deals with new customers during the show. Strengthen (or establish) your brand. Learn what your competitors are doing right.
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How Exercise Might Keep Depression at Bay
Guest Nicole
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But many of these studies have been relatively small in scale or had other scientific deficiencies. A major 2013 review of studies related to exercise and depression concluded that, based on the evidence then available, it was impossible to say whether exercise improved the condition. Other past reviews similarly have questioned whether the evidence was strong enough to say that exercise could stave off depression.
The final review offers some hints about why. Published in February in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, it took on the difficult issue of what happens within our bodies during and after exercise that might affect and improve our moods. The researchers analyzed 20 past studies in which scientists had obtained blood samples from people with major depression before and after they had exercised. The samples on the whole indicated that exercise significantly reduced various markers of inflammation and increased levels of a number of different hormones and other biochemicals that are thought to contribute to brain health.
But the researchers also caution that most of the physiological studies they reviewed were too small and short-term to allow for firm conclusions about how exercise might change the brain to help fight off gloom.
Still, the three reviews together make a sturdy case for exercise as a means to bolster mental as well as physical health, said Felipe Barreto Schuch, an exercise scientist at the Centro Universitário La Salle in Canoas, Brazil, who, with Brendon Stubbs, a professor at King’s College in London, was a primary author on all of the reviews.
Many more experiments are still needed to determine the ideal amounts and types of exercise that might help both to prevent and treat depression, Dr. Schuch said.
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Exercise changes the brains and sperm of male animals in ways that later affect the brains and thinking skills of their offspring, according to a fascinating new study involving mice.
The findings indicate that some of the brain benefits of physical activity may be passed along to children, even if a father does not begin to exercise until adulthood.
We already have plenty of scientific evidence showing that exercise is good for our brains, whether we are mice or people. Among other effects, physical activity can strengthen the connections between neurons in the hippocampus, a crucial part of the brain involved in memory and learning. Stronger neuronal connections there generally mean sharper thinking.
• Guest Nicole
By Guest Nicole
Depression affects one in five people in the UK every year and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Life events - such as trauma or stress - can contribute to its onset, but it is not clear why some people are more likely to develop the condition than others.
Scientists led by the University of Edinburgh analysed data from UK Biobank - a research resource containing health and genetic information for half a million people.
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The exercise programs focused on strength and resistance training, as well as balance and gait. "They included individual and group exercises, as well as referrals to a physical therapist or participation in a class like tai chi," said Krist, who is also a professor of family medicine and population health at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond.
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Unsurprisingly, Freeletics recommends exercise as one of the easiest and most efficient ways to bounce back from a bad day. "We know that a 20-minute bodyweight workout done at home can be just as effective as spending an evening in the gym, so there really are no more excuses not to work on a healthy body and a healthy mind," Freeletics CEO, Daniel Sobhani told Southern Living. But endorphins are a thing, so it's solid advice.
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For people with coronary heart disease, losing weight will not prolong life, a new study reports, but increasing physical activity will.
To their surprise, Norwegian researchers found that in some coronary heart disease patients — those of normal weight — weight loss actually increased the risk for death.
The study, in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, included 3,307 patients followed for an average of 16 years. There were 1,493 deaths.
Lowering body mass index by more than 0.10 in a year was associated with a 30 percent increase in the risk for death, but only in those of normal weight at the start. Weight gain was not associated with mortality.
• By TheWorldNewsOrg
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Exercise could help to make your fat tissue healthier, which, hear me out, is a good thing.
According to a timely new study, a single session of exercise may change the molecular workings of fat tissue in ways that, over time, should improve metabolic health.
This finding has particular relevance during the holidays, when, despite our best intentions, so many of us add to our fat stores. Exercise might make these annual bacchanals less metabolically damaging than otherwise.
Most of probably think of our fat tissue as inert and undesirable. But our fat is, in fact, a busy and necessary tissue, producing and sending out multiple biochemical signals that affect biological operations throughout the body.
Fat tissue’s most important responsibility, however, is to securely store fat, and we should hope that it performs this function well. Provocative recent research in both animals and people has found that, if a person’s or animal’s fat tissue is relatively leaky, allowing fatty acids to ooze into the bloodstream, those roving fat blobs can accumulate in other tissues, particularly the muscles and liver. Once there, they contribute to the development of insulin resistance, a serious metabolic condition that often leads to diabetes.
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CNN)You've likely heard that regular exercise can reduce the risk of chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes or osteoporosis.
In men, regular exercise appears to be a natural Viagra: It's associated with a lower risk of erectile problems.
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• By The Librarian
These coping strategies can help you take the necessary steps toward healing.
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New research shows a major advantage for those who are highly active
May 10, 2017
Brigham Young University
Despite their best efforts, no scientist has ever come close to stopping humans from aging. Even anti-aging creams can't stop Old Father Time. But new research reveals you may be able to slow one type of aging -- the kind that happens inside your cells. As long as you're willing to sweat.
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• By Bible Speaks
• Guest Nicole
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• By Bible Speaks
5 "Every saying of God is refined.
He is a shield to those taking refuge in him."
( Proverbs 30:5) NWT
• By Sammy Burke
Losing body fat fast is a great accomplishment, and doing so without spending excessive time exercising is even better. Dr. Jade Teta, an integrative physician and fitness trainer, created a program called Hello guest! Please register or sign in (it's free) to view the hidden content. that is designed to burn fat faster while spending much less time exercising.
According to studies and experts, any type of exercise that helps a person burn more calories than they need in a day will cause weight loss. So what makes an exercise program like Metabolic Prime a better choice than any other regular program?
Metabolic Prime introduces you to “Metabolic Micro-Bursts” a new exercise strategy that is short, fun, thrilling, and can be done anywhere without weights or gym equipment. These are 45-second movements that take only 15 minutes per workout session to get results.
Metabolic Micro-Bursts moves, or Micro-Bursts for short, has been promoted by Dr. Teta as one of the most effective training methods ever to come down the pike, both for burning fat and for improving health. One of the most popular claims for Micro-Bursts is that it burns a lot more calories than conventional cardio.
Whether you’re looking to shed a few pounds or achieve a drastic body transformation, optimizing the way your body burns calories may be beneficial. You can change your
Hello guest! Please register or sign in (it's free) to view the hidden content. to work faster just by exercising in a certain way. Most people think exercising to burn fat is simply about working out hard or long as they can. This approach may work for some people, but according to Dr. Teta, if you understand the relationship between metabolism and exercise you would know that exercise is not just about quantity, longer is not always better. Intelligent exercise provides just the right type of stimulus, in just the right amounts, to get the body to respond.
"The Micro-bursts strategy in Metabolic Prime time warps your metabolism back to the days when you could eat and move more freely said Dr. Teta. "The special workouts reawakens the “youth genes” currently dormant inside your body and returns you to your metabolic prime".
The first step towards getting a faster metabolism is to know what your metabolism is, how it works, and the important steps to get your metabolism burning. With the right information and guidance, it is easy to ignite your metabolism so you can get the fat loss results you want. With the Metabolic Prime System, Dr. Teta promises it’s possible to do this.
Dr. Jade Teta
Hello guest! Please register or sign in (it's free) to view the hidden content. Adrian Kellogg
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December 20, 2016
University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences
Compared with the total time spent on social media, use of multiple platforms is more strongly associated with depression and anxiety among young adults, researchers have found in a national survey. People who report using seven to 11 social media platforms had more than three times the risk of depression and anxiety than their peers who use zero to two platforms, even after adjusting for the total time spent on social media overall.
Credit: Tim Betler/UPMC
"This association is strong enough that clinicians could consider asking their patients with depression and anxiety about multiple platform use and counseling them that this use may be related to their symptoms," said lead author and physician Brian A. Primack, M.D., Ph.D., director of CRMTH and assistant vice chancellor for health and society in Pitt's Schools of the Health Sciences. "While we can't tell from this study whether depressed and anxious people seek out multiple platforms or whether something about using multiple platforms can lead to depression and anxiety, in either case the results are potentially valuable."
"It may be that people who suffer from symptoms of depression or anxiety, or both, tend to subsequently use a broader range of social media outlets. For example, they may be searching out multiple avenues for a setting that feels comfortable and accepting," said Primack. "However, it could also be that trying to maintain a presence on multiple platforms may actually lead to depression and anxiety. More research will be needed to tease that apart."
Multitasking, as would happen when switching between platforms, is known to be related to poor cognitive and mental health outcomes. The distinct set of unwritten rules, cultural assumptions and idiosyncrasies of each platform are increasingly difficult to navigate when the number of platforms used rises, which could lead to negative mood and emotions. There is more opportunity to commit a social media faux pas when using multiple platforms, which can lead to repeated embarrassments. "Understanding the way people are using multiple social media platforms and their experiences within those platforms -- as well as the specific type of depression and anxiety that social media users experience -- are critical next steps," said co-author and psychiatrist César G. Escobar-Viera, M.D., Ph.D., a postdoctoral research associate at Pitt's Health Policy Institute and at CRMTH. "Ultimately, we want this research to help in designing and implementing educational public health interventions that are as personalized as possible."
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Exercise may aid in weight control and help to fend off diabetes by improving the ability of fat cells to burn calories, a new study reports. It may do this in part by boosting levels of a hormone called irisin, which is produced during exercise and which may help to turn ordinary white fat into much more metabolically active brown fat, the findings suggest.
Irisin (named for the Greek goddess Iris) entered the scientific literature in 2012 after researchers from Harvard and other universities published a study in Nature that showed the previously unknown hormone was created in working muscles in mice. From there, it would enter the bloodstream and migrate to other tissues, particularly to fat, where it would jump-start a series of biochemical processes that caused some of the fat cells, normally white, to turn brown.
Brown fat, which is actually brown in color, burns calories. It also is known to contribute to improved insulin and blood sugar control, lessening the risk for Type 2 diabetes. Most babies, including human infants, are plump with brown fat, but we humans lose most of our brown fat as we grow up. By the time we are adults, we usually retain very little brown fat.
In the 2012 study, the researchers reported that if they injected irisin into living mice, it not only turned some white fat into brown fat, it apparently also prevented the rodents from becoming obese, even on a high-fat, high-calorie diet.
But in the years since, some scientists have questioned whether irisin affects fat cells in people to the same extent as it seems to in mice — and even whether the hormone exists in people at all.
A study published last year in Cell Metabolism by the same group of researchers who had conducted the first irisin study, however, does seem to have established that irisin is produced in humans. They found some irisin in sedentary people, but the levels were much higher in those who exercise often.
But whether irisin acted beneficially in human fat cells the same way as it did in the bodies and cells of mice was still an open and disputed question.
So for the new study, which was published in August in the American Journal of Physiology — Endocrinology and Metabolism, researchers at the University of Florida turned to white fat tissue from women who had undergone breast reduction surgery at the university hospital (with permission) and also to a very small amount of brown fat from people who had had surgery to treat kidney cancer. Most of our meager stores of brown fat cluster around our kidneys.
The researchers, who had previously studied irisin’s effects in mice, had a form of the human hormone available and now set out to marinate the fat cells with it, using three different dosages.
Some of the white fat cells that they treated were mature, while others were baby cells, essentially stem cells that could grow into fat or other types of tissue. They also bathed the brown fat with irisin.
All of the cells were soaked with the hormone for four days.
Throughout, the scientists checked the levels of a protein called UCP1 that is known to contribute to the browning of white fat, as well as for other biochemical markers that would indicate that the white cells were browning.
They found such markers, particularly in the cells that were exposed to moderate or high doses of irisin. Those cells soon began to produce significantly more UCP1 than other cells and also were more metabolically active, meaning that, in the body, they would burn calories.
At the same time, many of the stem cells in the fat tissue exposed to irisin ceased being fat cells and instead became a type of cell that matures into bone. The tissue treated with irisin, in fact, wound up with about 40 percent fewer mature fat cells than tissue untouched by the hormone.
Irisin had no effects on brown fat.
The results strongly indicate that irisin nudges human white fat to become brown and also suppresses the formation of new white fat, says Li-Jun Yang, a professor of hematopathology at the University of Florida and senior author of the study (which was funded by the scientists themselves). It also seems to promote the formation of bone.
“I think this study helps us to understand how, at a cellular level, exercise makes us healthier,” Dr. Yang says.
But these were living cells, not living bodies, and the effects of irisin in actual people still need to be established, she says, especially since many studies have shown that exercise rarely results in significant weight loss. Scientists also do not know what types of exercise lead to the greatest production of irisin or what amount of irisin might be ideal for health purposes.
Dr. Yang hopes to conduct studies of the hormone in people.
But even now, the science related to irisin is compelling enough, she says, that “my advice is, exercise as much as you can. We know it’s healthy and now we’re beginning to understand better why.”
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The driver of an SUV whose car was left covered in body parts when a suicidal construction worker landed on it after jumping from 53 stories is suing his employers.
Donna Crockett has filed a suit against Turner Construction accusing them of negligence, strict liability for an ultra-hazardous activity and loss of consortium between spouses.
She was kept in hospital for 10 hours after electrician Joseph Sabbatino fell 800ft from the $1billion Wilshire Grand Center in Los Angeles onto her vehicle - and says she cannot get over the horrific scene.
Ms Crockett is now seeking unspecified damages alleging that Turner Construction should have been aware of Sabbatino's condition and were negligent in hiring him.
Turner Construction have not yet commented on the case.
Coroner's lieutenant David Smith earlier confirmed that the 36-year-old's death - on only his second day on the job - was suicide.
Around 1,000 employees were given the day off following Sabbatino's death.
James Armstrong III, who had been walking to a nearby bank moments after the fall, said Ms Crockett had been 'hysterical' and waving her hands in the air.
'It's really taken a toll on me, because right now, I'm not strong and right now I am hurting,' Ms Crockett told KTLA.
She was taken to hospital after the incident in shock.
'No one thought it was a body,' Mr Melcon told his paper. 'We heard no screams.'
After Sabbatino's body hit Donna Crockett's car, she got out and saw 'brain and other internal bodily matter splattered across her vehicle and the surrounding scene', CBS reported.
The suit says Crockett had never before seen a dead body and the experience left her 'shocked, overwhelmed, panicked, distressed and completely distraught.'
• By io.porog
Depression is more than just a fleeting downer. We all have downers but they usually short lived. However, when a downer lasts several weeks, it is likely that a person has clinical depression. One's perception of themselves, others and their environment becomes noticeably negative and it can be very hard for a person to lift themselves out of the mire. Telling them to snap out of it, or that it is temporary often has the reverse effect desired. Often just a very patient listening ear is the best treatment that I've found with friends who suffer from depression. What do you think depression is? How do think it should be viewed? What do you think can help a person recover?
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MONDAY, April 18, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Sticking to a moderate or intense exercise regimen may improve a man's odds of surviving prostate cancer, a new study suggests.
The researchers also examined the effects of walking as the only form of exercise. They found that walking for four to six hours a week before diagnosis was also associated with a one-third lower risk of death from prostate cancer. But timing was key, since walking aftera diagnosis was not associated with a statistically significant lower risk of death, the study authors said.
More information
The U.S. National Cancer Institute has more about prostate cancer.
SOURCES: Elizabeth Kavaler, M.D., urology specialist, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City; Manish Vira, M.D., vice chair, urologic research, Northwell Health's The Arthur Smith Institute for Urology, New Hyde Park, N.Y.; American Association for Cancer Research, news release, April 18, 2016
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She was taken to hospital after the incident in shock.
It is expected to open early 2017.
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• My best guess is that Cesar really hates Jehovah's Witnesses, individually ... all of them, and is crude, rude, insulting and vulgar without letup to demonstrate to non-Witnesses that if they are considering the Jehovah's Witnesses religion, they will become like him .... thereby horrifying them, and scaring them away. I would also guess that this is caused by raging, massive and persistent neurotic insecurity, and is over-compensation due to unawareness. I don't expect perfection, or
• Like I said, he's nothing but a troll...
• @César Chávez You appear to have some special reason or need to respond to others with vulgarity. You've done this to several people in the past, too. If "Pudgy" had been vulgar first, perhaps I missed it. Still, considering your claims to moral superiority over everyone, it seems a bit unseemly. This wasn't a topic under any religious heading or club, so I won't spell out Ephesians 5:3-4.
• When there is a good interlocutor, like you, it is so simple and easy to go from the topic of artificial satellites and torn parts flying in Earth orbit to the topic of the persecution of Christians. :))
• Are Cats For Christians QUESTIONS FROM READERS "Is it appropriate for a Christian to own a cat in light of their past pagan religions affiliation and the new medical information that is now coming to light?" Many conscientious ones among Jehovah's people today have wondered if Christians should own cats in view of their sorted past and many health risks. What may be acceptable to one person may, although unintentionally, stumble another. This can become a life-or-death issue since
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• Eric Ouellet
Il est bon de rendre grâces à Jéhovah
et d’exécuter des mélodies pour ton nom, ô Très-Haut !
D’annoncer ta bonté de cœur le matin
et ta fidélité pendant les nuits,
sur un instrument à dix cordes et sur le luth,
aux accords sonores de la harpe.
Car tu m’as réjoui, ô Jéhovah, à cause de ton action ;
à cause des œuvres de tes mains je pousse des cris de joie.
Que tes œuvres sont grandes, ô Jéhovah !
Tes pensées sont très profondes.
L’homme dépourvu de raison ne peut les connaître,
et le stupide ne peut comprendre cela.
Quand les méchants germent comme la végétation
et que fleurissent tous ceux qui
pratiquent ce qui est malfaisant,
c’est pour être anéantis pour toujours.
Mais toi, tu es là-haut pour des temps indéfinis, ô Jéhovah!
Car voici que tes ennemis, ô Jéhovah,
car voici que tes ennemis périront;
tous ceux qui pratiquent ce qui est malfaisant seront séparés les uns des autres.
Mais tu élèveras ma corne comme celle du taureau sauvage;
je m’arroserai d’huile fraîche.
Mon œil regardera mes ennemis;
mes oreilles entendront parler de ceux
qui se dressent contre moi, les malfaiteurs.
Le juste fleurira comme un palmier ;
il grandira comme un cèdre du Liban.
Ceux qui sont plantés dans la maison de Jéhovah,
dans les cours de notre Dieu — ils fleuriront.
Ils prospéreront encore durant les cheveux gris,
ils resteront gras et frais,
pour annoncer que Jéhovah est droit.
Il est mon Rocher, Celui en qui il n’y a pas d’injustice.
Jéhovah lui-même est devenu roi!
De grandeur il est vêtu ;
Jéhovah est vêtu de force Il s’est ceint.
Le sol productif aussi s’établit solidement
de sorte qu’il ne peut chanceler.
Ton trône est solidement établi depuis les temps anciens ;
tu es depuis des temps indéfinis.
Les fleuves ont fait retentir, ô Jéhovah,
les fleuves ont fait retentir leur bruit ;
les fleuves sans arrêt font retentir leur fracas.
Par-dessus les bruits des eaux immenses,
des vagues majestueuses de la mer qui déferlent,
Jéhovah est majestueux dans les hauteurs.
Tes rappels se sont révélés très dignes de foi.
La sainteté convient à ta maison, ô Jéhovah,
pour la longueur des jours.
Ô Dieu aux actes de vengeance
Jéhovah , ô Dieu aux actes de vengeance, apparais.
Lève-toi, ô Juge de la terre!
Fais revenir la rétribution sur les orgueilleux.
Jusqu’à quand les méchants, ô Jéhovah,
jusqu’à quand les méchants vont-ils exulter ?
Sans cesse ils font jaillir un flot de paroles,
sans cesse ils parlent avec audace;
sans cesse ils se vantent,
tous ceux qui pratiquent ce qui est malfaisant.
Ton peuple, ô Jéhovah, ils continuent à l’écraser,
et ton héritage, ils continuent à l’affliger.
Ils tuent la veuve et le résident étranger,
ils assassinent les orphelins de père.
Et ils continuent à dire : “ Yah ne voit pas;
le Dieu de Jacob ne le comprend pas. ”
Comprenez donc, vous qui êtes dépourvus de raison parmi le peuple;
et vous, stupides, quand serez-vous perspicaces ?
Celui qui plante l’oreille, est-ce qu’il ne peut pas entendre ?
Ou Celui qui forme l’œil, est-ce qu’il ne peut pas regarder ?
Celui qui corrige les nations,
est-ce qu’il ne peut pas reprendre,
oui Celui qui enseigne la connaissance aux hommes?
Jéhovah connaît les pensées des hommes,
il sait qu’elles sont comme une vapeur.
Heureux l’homme robuste que tu corriges, ô Yah,
et que tu enseignes par ta loi,
pour lui donner le calme aux jours du malheur,
jusqu’à ce qu’une fosse soit creusée pour le méchant.
Car Jéhovah n’abandonnera pas son peuple,
et il ne quittera pas son héritage.
Car la décision judiciaire retournera à la justice,
et tous ceux qui ont le cœur droit la suivront.
Qui se dressera pour moi contre les malfaiteurs?
Qui se postera pour moi contre ceux qui pratiquent ce qui est malfaisant ?
Si Jéhovah ne m’était venu en aide,
sous peu mon âme aurait résidé dans le silence.
Lorsque j’ai dit : “ À coup sûr, mon pied chancellera ”,
ta bonté de cœur, ô Jéhovah, m’a soutenu sans relâche.
Quand mes pensées troublantes se multiplièrent au-dedans de moi,
tes consolations se mirent à cajoler mon âme.
Sera-t-il allié à toi, le trône qui cause des adversités,
tandis qu’il façonne le malheur par décret ?
Ils lancent de vives attaques contre l’âme du juste
et déclarent coupable le sang de l’innocent.
Mais Jéhovah deviendra pour moi une hauteur sûre,
et mon Dieu, le rocher de mon refuge.
Il ramènera sur eux leurs méfaits
et les réduira au silence par leur malheur.
Jéhovah notre Dieu les réduira au silence.
Oh ! venez, poussons des cris de joie vers Jéhovah !
Poussons des cris de triomphe vers notre Rocher de salut.
Présentons-nous devant sa personne avec des actions de grâces;
avec des mélodies poussons vers lui des cris de triomphe.
Car Jéhovah est un grand Dieu
et un grand Roi au-dessus de tous les autres dieux,
lui en la main de qui sont les profondeurs
les plus secrètes de la terre
et à qui appartiennent les cimes des montagnes;
lui à qui appartient la mer qu’il a faite
et dont les mains ont formé la terre ferme.
Oh ! entrez, adorons et courbons-nous!
Agenouillons nous devant Jéhovah notre Auteur.
Car il est notre Dieu, et nous sommes le peuple
de son pâturage et les brebis de sa main.
Aujourd’hui, si vous écoutez sa voix,
n’endurcissez pas votre cœur comme à Meriba,
comme au jour de Massa dans le désert,
quand vos ancêtres m’ont mis à l’épreuve ;
ils m’ont examiné, ils ont aussi vu mon action.
Pendant quarante ans j’ai éprouvé du dégoût pour cette génération,
alors j’ai dit :
“ C’est un peuple au cœur errant,
et ils n’ont pas appris à connaître mes voies ” ;
à propos de qui j’ai juré dans ma colère:
“ Ils n’entreront pas dans mon lieu de repos
Chantez pour Jéhovah un chant nouveau.
Chantez pour Jéhovah, vous tous, gens de la terre !
Chantez pour Jéhovah, bénissez son nom.
De jour en jour annoncez la bonne nouvelle de son salut.
Proclamez parmi les nations sa gloire,
parmi tous les peuples ses œuvres prodigieuses."
Car Jéhovah est grand et on doit le louer infiniment.
Il est redoutable par-dessus tous les autres dieux.
Car tous les dieux des peuples sont des dieux sans valeur ;
mais Jéhovah, lui, a fait les cieux.
Dignité et splendeur sont devant lui;
force et beauté sont dans son sanctuaire.
Attribuez à Jéhovah, ô familles des peuples,
attribuez à Jéhovah gloire et force.
Attribuez à Jéhovah la gloire qui appartient à son nom;
portez un don et entrez dans ses cours.
Prosternez-vous devant Jéhovah en ornements sacrés;
soyez dans de violentes douleurs à cause de lui,
vous tous, gens de la terre !
Dites parmi les nations :
“ Jéhovah lui-même est devenu roi."
Le sol productif aussi s’établit solidement,
de sorte qu’il ne peut chanceler.
Il va plaider la cause des peuples avec droiture.
Que les cieux se réjouissent, et que la terre soit en joie.
Que gronde la mer et ce qui la remplit.
Qu’exulte la campagne et tout ce qui s’y trouve.
Qu’en même temps tous les arbres de la forêt
poussent des cris de joie devant Jéhovah.
Car il est venu ;
car il est venu pour juger la terre.
Il jugera le sol productif avec justice
et les peuples avec sa fidélité.
Jéhovah lui-même est devenu roi !
Que la terre soit en joie.
Que les îles nombreuses se réjouissent
Des nuages et une obscurité épaisse sont tout autour de lui;
justice et jugement sont le lieu fixe de son trône.
Devant lui marche un feu,
il consume ses adversaires tout autour.
Ses éclairs ont illuminé le sol productif ;
la terre a vu, elle a été prise de violentes douleur.
Alors les montagnes ont fondu
comme de la cire à cause de Jéhovah,
à cause du Seigneur de toute la terre.
Les cieux ont annoncé sa justice,
et tous les peuples ont vu sa gloire.
Qu’ils soient honteux,
tous ceux qui servent quelque image sculptée,
ceux qui se glorifient en des dieux sans valeur.
Prosternez-vous devant lui, vous tous les dieux !
Sion a entendu et s’est alors réjouie,
et les localités qui dépendent de Juda sont devenues joyeuses
à cause de tes décisions judiciaires, ô Jéhovah !
Car toi, ô Jéhovah, tu es le Très-Haut sur toute la terre ;
tu es très haut dans ta montée par-dessus tous les autres dieux.
Ô vous qui aimez Jéhovah,
haïssez ce qui est mauvais.
Il garde les âmes de ses fidèles;
de la main des méchants il les délivre.
La lumière est apparue pour le juste,
et la joie pour ceux qui ont le cœur droit.
Réjouissez-vous en Jéhovah, ô vous les justes,
et rendez grâces à son saint mémorial.
Chantez pour Jéhovah un chant nouveau,
car prodigieuses sont les choses qu’il a faites.
Sa droite, oui son saint bras, lui a procuré le salut.
Jéhovah a fait connaître son salut;
aux yeux des nations il a révélé sa justice.
Il s’est souvenu de sa bonté de cœur et de sa fidélité
envers la maison d’Israël.
Toutes les extrémités de la terre ont vu le salut de notre Dieu.
Poussez des cris de triomphe vers Jéhovah, vous tous, gens de la terre !
Égayez-vous et poussez des cris de joie et exécutez des mélodies.
Exécutez des mélodies pour Jéhovah avec la harpe,
avec la harpe et la voix de la mélodie.
Avec les trompettes et au son du cor,
poussez des cris de triomphe devant le Roi,
Que gronde la mer et ce qui la remplit,
le sol productif et ceux qui y habitent.
Que les fleuves battent des mains ;
que toutes ensemble les montagnes poussent
des cris de joie devant Jéhovah
car il est venu pour juger la terre.
Il jugera le sol productif avec justice
et les peuples avec droiture.
Jéhovah lui-même est devenu roi.
Que les peuples s’agitent.
Il siège sur les chérubins.
Que la terre frémisse.
Jéhovah est grand dans Sion, et il est élevé
par-dessus tous les peuples.
Qu’ils louent ton nom.
Grand et redoutable, celui-ci est saint.
Avec une force de roi il a aimé le jugement.
C’est toi qui as solidement établi la droiture.
Le jugement et la justice en Jacob, c’est toi qui les as réalisés.
Exaltez Jéhovah notre Dieu et prosternez-vous
devant son marchepied ; Car Il est Saint.
Moïse et Aaron étaient parmi ses prêtres,
et Samuel parmi ceux qui invoquaient son nom.
Ils appelaient Jéhovah, et lui leur répondait.
Dans la colonne de nuage il leur parlait.
Ils gardaient ses rappels et la prescription qu’il leur avait donnée.
Ô Jéhovah notre Dieu, tu leur répondais toi-même.
Tu as été pour eux un Dieu qui pardonne,
mais qui exécutait la vengeance
contre leurs actions scandaleuses.
Exaltez Jéhovah notre Dieu
et prosternez-vous à sa montagne saint.
Car Jéhovah notre Dieu est saint.
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• folens » Eric Ouellet
· 1 reply
• Eric Ouellet
T’acquittes-tu de tes vœux envers Jéhovah ?
Des mariés échangent leurs vœux de mariage
· 0 replies
• K625XM
Hello Twyla,
· 0 replies
• Claud's Lst » misette
Bonne journée ou soirée
· 3 replies
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Important Information
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Attainder by confession resulted from a guilty plea at the bar before judges or before the coroner in sanctuary. Attainder by verdict resulted from conviction by jury. Attainder by process resulted from a legislative act outlawing a fugitive. The last form is obsolete in England (and prohibited in the United States), and the other forms have been abolished.
Attainders of English noblemen and women in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
Regnants who used attainder include:
Passage in Parliament
In the Westminster system, a bill of attainder is a bill passed by Parliament to attaint persons who are accused of high treason, or, in rare cases, a lesser crime. A person attainted need not have been convicted of treason in a court of law; in fact, the attainder process is a method of declaring a person a fugitive.
A bill of attainder was last passed in Britain in 1798, against Lord Edward FitzGerald. Attainders by confession, verdict and process were abolished in the United Kingdom by the Forfeiture Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict., c.23).
Section 9 of Article One of the United States Constitution provides that no bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed by Congress.[7] The following section forbids states from passing them.[8]
Corruption of blood
Corruption of blood is one of the consequences of attainder. The descendants of an attainted person could not inherit either from the attainted person (whose property had been forfeited by the attainder) or from their other relatives through him. For example, if a person is executed for a crime leaving innocent children, the property of the criminal is forfeited to the crown and will not pass to the children. When the criminal's innocent father outlives his son, the property inherited by the criminal from the father cannot be inherited by the criminal's children either: it will be distributed among other family members.
The United States Constitution prohibits corruption of blood as a punishment for treason,[9] and when Congress passed the first federal crime bill in 1790, it prohibited corruption of blood as a punishment for any federal crime. In England and Wales, corruption of blood was abolished by the Corruption of Blood Act 1814.
Examples of cases where a person's property was subject to attainder
2. "Attainder, Being Attainted, Attainder Reversed - Luminarium Encyclopedia". Retrieved 2012-10-27.
3. "Domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
5. "William III, 1701: An Act for the Attainder of the pretended Prince of Wales of High Treason". British History Online. Retrieved 2018-01-26.
6. Jon Meacham: Thomas Jefferson The Art of Power
7. U.S. Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 9, ¶ 3.
8. U.S. Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 10, ¶ 1.
9. U.S. Constitution, Art. III, Sec. 3, ¶ 2.
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The Legend of the Engulphed Convent
At the dark and melancholy period when Don Roderick the Goth and his chivalry were overthrown on the banks of the Guadalete, and all Spain was overrun by the Moors, great was the devastation of churches and convents throughout that pious kingdom. The miraculous fate of one of those holy piles is thus recorded in one of the authentic legends of those days.
On the summit of a hill, not very distant from the capital city of Toledo, stood an ancient convent and chapel, dedicated to the invocation of Saint Benedict, and inhabited by a sisterhood of Benedictine nuns. This holy asylum was confined to females of noble lineage. The younger sisters of the highest families were here given in religious marriage to their Saviour, in order that the portions of their elder sisters might be increased, and they enabled to make suitable matches on earth, or that the family wealth might go undivided to elder brothers, and the dignity of their ancient houses be protected from decay. The convent was renowned, therefore, for enshrining within its walls a sisterhood of the purest blood, the most immaculate virtue, and most resplendent beauty, of all Gothic Spain.
When the Moors overran the kingdom, there was nothing that more excited their hostility than these virgin asylums. The very sight of a convent-spire was sufficient to set their Moslem blood in a foment, and they sacked it with as fierce a zeal as though the sacking of a nunnery were a sure passport to Elysium.
Tidings of such outrages committed in various parts of the kingdom reached this noble sanctuary and filled it with dismay. The danger came nearer and nearer; the infidel hosts were spreading all over the country; Toledo itself was captured; there was no flying from the convent, and no security within its walls.
In the midst of this agitation, the alarm was given one day that a great band of Saracens were spurring across the plain. In an instant the whole convent was a scene of confusion. Some of the nuns wrung their fair hands at the windows; others waved their veils and uttered shrieks from the tops of the towers, vainly hoping to draw relief from a country over-run by the foe. The sight of these innocent doves thus fluttering about their dove-cote, but increased the zealot fury of the whiskered Moors. They thundered at the portal, and at every blow the ponderous gates trembled on their hinges.
The nuns now crowded round the abbess. They had been accustomed to look up to her as all-powerful, and they now implored her protection. The mother abbess looked with a rueful eye upon the treasures of beauty and vestal virtue exposed to such imminent peril. Alas! how was she to protect them from the spoiler! She had, it is true, experienced many signal inter-positions of providence in her individual favor. Her early days had been passed amid the temptations of a court, where her virtue had been purified by repeated trials, from none of which had she escaped but by a miracle. But were miracles never to cease? Could she hope that the marvelous protection shown to herself would be extended to a whole sisterhood? There was no other resource. The Moors were at the threshold; a few moments more and the convent would be at their mercy. Summoning her nuns to follow her, she hurried into the chapel; and throwing herself on her knees before the image of the blessed Mary, "Oh, holy Lady!" exclaimed she, "oh, most pure and immaculate of virgins! thou seest our extremity. The ravager is at the gate, and there is none on earth to help us! Look down with pity, and grant that the earth may gape and swallow us rather than that our cloister vows should suffer violation!"
The Moors redoubled their assault upon the portal; the gates gave way, with a tremendous crash; a savage yell of exultation arose; when of a sudden the earth yawned; down sank the convent, with its cloisters, its dormitories, and all its nuns. The chapel tower was the last that sank, the bell ringing forth a peal of triumph in the very teeth of the infidels.
* * * * * * *
Forty years had passed and gone, since the period of this miracle. The subjugation of Spain was complete. The Moors lorded it over city and country; and such of the Christian population as remained, and were permitted to exercise their religion, did it in humble resignation to the Moslem sway.
At this time, a Christian cavalier, of Cordova, hearing that a patriotic band of his countrymen had raised the standard of the cross in the mountains of the Asturias, resolved to join them, and unite in breaking the yoke of bondage. Secretly arming himself, and caparisoning his steed, he set forth from Cordova, and pursued his course by unfrequented mule-paths, and along the dry channels made by winter torrents. His spirit burned with indignation, whenever, on commanding a view over a long sweeping plain, he beheld the mosque swelling in the distance, and the Arab horsemen careering about, as if the rightful lords of the soil. Many a deep-drawn sigh, and heavy groan, also, did the good cavalier utter, on passing the ruins of churches and convents desolated by the conquerors.
It was on a sultry midsummer evening, that this wandering cavalier, in skirting a hill thickly covered with forest, heard the faint tones of a vesper bell sounding melodiously in the air, and seeming to come from the summit of the hill. The cavalier crossed himself with wonder, at this unwonted and Christian sound. He supposed it to proceed from one of those humble chapels and hermitages permitted to exist through the indulgence of the Moslem conquerors. Turning his steed up a narrow path of the forest, he sought this sanctuary, in hopes of finding a hospitable shelter for the night. As he advanced, the trees threw a deep gloom around him, and the bat flitted across his path. The bell ceased to toll, and all was silence.
Presently a choir of female voices came stealing sweetly through the forest, chanting the evening service, to the solemn accompaniment of an organ. The heart of the good cavalier melted at the sound, for it recalled the happier days of his country. Urging forward his weary steed, he at length arrived at a broad grassy area, on the summit of the hill, surrounded by the forest. Here the melodious voices rose in full chorus, like the swelling of the breeze; but whence they came, he could not tell. Sometimes they were before, sometimes behind him; sometimes in the air, sometimes as if from within the bosom of the earth. At length they died away, and a holy stillness settled on the place.
The cavalier gazed around with bewildered eye. There was neither chapel nor convent, nor humble hermitage, to be seen; nothing but a moss-grown stone pinnacle, rising out of the centre of the area, surmounted by a cross. The greensward around appeared to have been sacred from the tread of man or beast, and the surrounding trees bent toward the cross, as if in adoration.
The cavalier felt a sensation of holy awe. He alighted and tethered his steed on the skirts of the forest, where he might crop the tender herbage; then approaching the cross, he knelt and poured forth his evening prayers before this relique of the Christian days of Spain. His orisons being concluded, he laid himself down at the foot of the pinnacle, and reclining his head against one of its stones, fell into a deep sleep.
About midnight, he was awakened by the tolling of a bell, and found himself lying before the gate of an ancient convent. A train of nuns passed by, each bearing a taper. The cavalier rose and followed them into the chapel; in the centre of which was a bier, on which lay the corpse of an aged nun. The organ performed a solemn requiem: the nuns joining in chorus. When the funeral service was finished, a melodious voice chanted, "Requiescat in pace!"--"May she rest in peace!" The lights immediately vanished; the whole passed away as a dream; and the cavalier found himself at the foot of the cross, and beheld, by the faint rays of the rising moon, his steed quietly grazing near him.
When the day dawned, the cavalier descended the hill, and following the course of a small brook, came to a cave, at the entrance of which was seated an ancient man, clad in hermit's garb, with rosary and cross, and a beard that descended to his girdle. He was one of those holy anchorites permitted by the Moors to live unmolested in dens and caves, and humble hermitages, and even to practise the rites of their religion. The cavalier checked his horse, and dismounting, knelt and craved a benediction. He then related all that had befallen him in the night, and besought the hermit to explain the mystery.
"What thou hast heard and seen, my son," replied the other, "is but type and shadow of the woes of Spain."
He then related the foregoing story of the miraculous deliverance of the convent.
"Forty years," added the holy man, "have elapsed since this event, yet the bells of that sacred edifice are still heard, from time to time, sounding from under ground, together with the pealing of the organ, and the chanting of the choir. The Moors avoid this neighborhood, as haunted ground, and the whole place, as thou mayest perceive, has become covered with a thick and lonely forest."
The cavalier listened with wonder to the story of this engulphed convent, as related by the holy man. For three days and nights did they keep vigils beside the cross; but nothing more was to be seen of nun or convent. It is supposed that, forty years having elapsed, the natural lives of all the nuns were finished, and that the cavalier had beheld the obsequies of the last of the sisterhood. Certain it is, that from that time, bell, and organ, and choral chant have never more been heard.
The mouldering pinnacle, surmounted by the cross, still remains an object of pious pilgrimage. Some say that it anciently stood in front of the convent, but others assert that it was the spire of the sacred edifice, and that, when the main body of the building sank, this remained above ground, like the top-mast of some tall ship that has foundered. These pious believers maintain, that the convent is miraculously preserved entire in the centre of the mountain, where, if proper excavations were made, it would be found, with all its treasures, and monuments, and shrines, and reliques, and the tombs of its virgin nuns.
Should any one doubt the truth of this marvelous interposition of the Virgin, to protect the vestal purity of her votaries, let him read the excellent work entitled Espaa Triumphante, written by Padre Fray Antonio de Sancta Maria, a bare-foot friar of the Carmelite order, and he will doubt no longer.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
Add The Legend of the Engulphed Convent to your own personal library.
Return to the Washington Irving Home Page, or . . . Read the next short story; The Stout Gentleman
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The Cursed City of Khara-Khoto
According to one of the many Mongolian legends, the first descendants of the Gods built a beautiful wealthy city which was home to sages, merchants, brave soldiers, and skillful craftsmen. The city was built back in the time when waters of the warm sea washed the picturesque shores that later became the Gobi Desert.
Khara-Khoto was the name of the legendary ancient city. Its doom is mentioned in one more Mongolian tale. It is said that the last ruler of the city was Khara-Bator, who declared war on the Chinese Emperor because he wanted to take over his throne.
But he was forced to hide behind the impassible walls of the city after losing a number of battles. The Chinese Emperor was unable to take over the city so he ordered the riverbed ofEjin River to be moved – depriving Khara-Khoto of water.
Khara-Bator saw that his city and its people were condemned to inevitable doom, so he hid his piles of treasure, murdered his wife and children and dove into a final battle in which he perished. The Chinese army took over the city of Khara-Khoto, killing all of its citizens and leaving it in ruins.
Russian explorers, scientists and researchers were also aware of the dead city that was lost among the sands of the Gobi Desert. Russian researcher, Pyotr Kozlov, organized an expedition in Mongolia in 1907. After several weeks of failed search attempts, Kozlov was able to gain the support of the leader of the Torhout-baile tribe, which inhabited the area. With the help of a guide, the expedition finally reached the dead city on March 19th, the same year.
Foreigners were not allowed to bring large animals into the city, start fires, or eat inside its walls. Women were also forbidden from entering Khara-Khoto. Discompliance would anger the spirits of the ancient city’s founders.
As proof, the guide told the Russian travelers a story of how a 100 years earlier, a local woman stumbled into the city, looking for her lost horse. Among the ruins she found several pearl necklaces. She had barely made it out of the city, when a terrifying sand storm caught her.
Several days later, a passing-by caravan found the woman’s body half-covered with sand, with the burned pearl necklaces in her hands. The leader of the Torhout-baile tribe demanded that the discovered jewels of Khara-Bator be delivered to him.
Priceless Discoveries
High fortress walls, almost completely covered by sand, rose before the Russian travelers. One of the well-preserved tombs was located beyond the walls of the city, and precisely in that tomb, the researchers discovered incredible and priceless (from a historic point of view) artifacts.
Scientists discovered rare samples of Buddhist iconography in the tomb – they were covered with color painted silk tarps, numerous iron and wooden statues. The discovered library was of particular value – it held more than 2000 well-preserved manuscripts and scrolls.
Illustration of some of the clay sculptures.
Illustration of some of the clay sculptures.
There were 20 human-sized clay figures facing each other in the center of the mausoleum. Manuscripts were laid one on top the other next to each of the sculptures. The scientists stumbled upon a well-preserved skeleton in a sitting position in the far corner. They ventured a guess that the skeleton might have belonged to the spiritual leader, in whose honor the mausoleum was built.
The members of the expedition were in for many more interesting and mysterious discoveries inside the city as well. They cleared up a strange structure in the center of Khara-Khoto – circular, 2.5 meters (8 feet) high, resembling a giant piece of cheese. Scientists stumbled upon unclear cuneiform symbols on the upper-most flat part of the structure. They were different from those in the manuscripts, and were obviously from a much earlier time period. And there were also concentric circles, spirals and lines tangled up in a strange web.
Everything was carved into hard rock. According to the scientists, the structure might have served as an observatory, as well as a holy place where ancient priests brought offerings for their Gods.
There was yet another discovery that was waiting for the researchers in one of the half-destroyed structures. A glorious fragment of a wall fresco appeared before the group after they cleared out the sand. There were not only illustrations of priests, but of strange creatures as well – two-headed birds, fish with human heads, and fearsome dragons, and next to those creatures were miniature figures of people.
Khara-Khoto raises the curtain on its secrets
In the midst of the summer of 1907, Kozlov received a message from Mongolian authorities ordering him to immediately cease excavations and leave the city. There were numerous complaints from locals that the foreigners were defiling the “forgotten city”.
Wikimedia Commons
Wikimedia Commons
It so happened that unprecedented drought descended upon the region at the same time of the expedition. As if that wasn’t enough, a series of powerful quakes shook the central part of Mongolia. All of these conundrums were interpreted by the elders as a sign that the mighty spirits were unhappy with the presence of foreigners in their lands.
In spite of all the obstacles, Kozlov was able to send a large part of the discovered relics and manuscripts to the Geographical Society in Saint Petersburg, where experts succeeded in deciphering most of the texts.
Parts of the scrolls were full of possible recipes for healing of people and livestock. A lot of space was dedicated to chronicles from which it became clear that in 1226-1227, the Tangut country was defeated by the armies of Genghis Khan.
But parts of the documents were never deciphered, because they were written in a language unknown the researchers. According to one of the versions, ancient priests had encrypted magic texts in the scrolls. And according to others, those were probably the only documents serving as proof of the ancient civilization that built the city of Khara-Khoto.
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IoT Testing: Everything That There Is To Know!
What is IoT Testing?
IoT testing is a sort of testing performed for testing IoT devices. Today there is an expanding need to convey better and quicker services. There is a huge interest to get to, make, use and offer information from any device. The push is to give more noteworthy understanding and control, over different interconnected IoT devices. Thus, the IoT testing structure is significant.
IoT Testing
Presently to test a design, we need to go through numerous testing approaches, for example,
IoT testing
IoT Test Approaches
1. Usability:
We need to ensure the ease of use of every one of the devices utilized here. The medical care tracking device utilized ought to be sufficiently versatile to be moved into various fragments of the clinical. The hardware ought to be adequately brilliant to push the notifications as well as the error messages, alerts, etc.
The system ought to have an alternative to logging every one of the occasions to give clearness to the end clients. If it isn’t able to do so, the system should push those also to a data set to store them.
The notifications ought to appear and treatment of the showcase ought to be done appropriately in the devices [computers/portable devices]. Ease of use as far as showing information, handling information, pushing job tasks from the devices ought to be tried altogether.
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1. Performance:
At the point when we are discussing a system for a medical care space, we need to ensure the system is versatile enough for the entire emergency clinic. At the point when the testing is completed, it is accomplished for 2-10 patients all at once and the information is engendered to 10-20 devices.
At the point when the entire emergency clinic is associated and 180-200 patients are associated with the system, the information that is proliferated is a lot greater than the tried information.
As testers, we need to ensure the system plays out the equivalent even though the additional information is spread. We ought to test the observing utility to show the system utilization, power use, temperature, and so forth.
1. Compatibility Testing:
Taking a look at the unpredictable design of an IoT system, similarity testing is an unquestionable requirement. Testing things, for example, various working system adaptations, program types and particular renditions, ages of devices, correspondence modes [For example Bluetooth 2.0, 3.0] is important for IoT similarity testing.
1. IoT Security:
IoT Security challenges: IoT is information-driven where every one of the devices/system associated work dependent on the information that is accessible. With regards to the information stream between devices, there is consistently an opportunity that the information can be gotten to or perused when getting moved.
From a testing angle, we need to check if the information is secured/encoded when getting moved from one device to the next. Any place, there is a UI, we need to ensure there is secret word security on it.
IoT testing areas
1. Connectivity:
As it is a medical care solution, availability assumes an imperative part. The system must be accessible constantly and ought to have a consistent network with the partners. According to availability, two things are vital to test. Availability, the move of information, accepting job tasks from the devices ought to be consistent when the association is UP and running.
The other condition is the association down situation. Doesn’t make any difference how hearty is the system and the organization, there are chances that the system will go disconnected. Being a tester, we should test the disconnected conditions also.
When the system isn’t free on the organization, there must be a ready which can incite the doctors with the goal that they can begin to screen the medical issue physically not relying upon the system till it is up.
Then again, there must be an instrument in the system which can store all the information in it during the disconnected period. When the system comes on the web, all that information ought to get spread. Information misfortune ought not to be there in any condition.
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1. Pilot Testing:
All things considered, Pilot testing is an unquestionable requirement. Just testing in the Lab ensures the item/system turns out great. Be that as it may, this may misfire seriously when presented with constant conditions/steps/situations.
During pilot testing, the system is presented to a set number of clients in the genuine field. They utilize the application and give criticisms on the system. These remarks prove to be useful making the application hearty enough for the creation organization.
1. Regulatory Testing:
This being a medical care system needs to go through various administrative/consistency designated spots. Think about a situation where the item goes through all the testing steps yet fizzles in the last consistency agenda [testing performed by the administrative body].
It is a superior practice to get the administrative necessities at the beginning of the advancement cycle itself. The equivalent ought to be made a piece of the testing agenda. By doing that, we ensure the item is affirmed for the administrative agenda too.
IoT testing performance
1. Upgrade testing:
IoT is a mix of numerous conventions, devices, working systems, firmware, equipment, organizing layers, etc. At the point when an update is performed, be it for the system or any of the elaborate things as expressed above, careful relapse testing ought to be done/system ought to be embraced to overhaul related issues.
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IoT Testing Tools
Different devices are utilized during testing IoT systems. They can be grouped depending on the objective and are given as underneath:
• Software
Wireshark: This is an Open source application used to screen the traffic in the interface, source/objective host addresses, and so forth
Tcpdump: This makes a comparative showing that of the Wireshark except, this doesn’t have a GUI. This is an order line-based utility that helps the client in showing the TCP/IP and different bundles that are sent or gotten over an organization.
• Hardware:
JTAG Dongle: This is like a debugger in PC applications. This aids in investigating the objective stage code and shows variables bit by bit.
Computerized Storage Oscilloscope: This is utilized to check different occasions with timestamps, glitches in power supply, signal trustworthiness check.
Software Defined Radio: This is utilized to copy collector and transmitter for a huge scope of remote doors.
To the fast-changing world around, IoT is a developing business sector and has a ton of chances. The time isn’t far when IoT gets fundamental for the tester to make due in the advancement world.
The IoT-empowered drive, cost-effective device application, and correspondence module assume an indispensable part in contemplating and assessing the exhibition and conduct of different IoT administrations. Helpless plan of IoT-empowered devices and administrations can hamper the right working of the application and thus adversely influence the end-client experience.
IoT testing approaches can be diverse depending on the system/engineering included. Testers should focus more on the Test-As-A-User [TAAS] approach as opposed to testing dependent on the necessities. Integration testing is also considered a significant part of IoT testing. IoT is fruitful if the Integration test plan is precise and vigorous enough to get imperfections in the system. IoT testing might be an intense/testing position however, it is energizing also for the testing group to guarantee a particularly confounded cross-section of devices, conventions, equipment, activity systems, firmware, etc.
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The Tradition of Advent – Complete History and Story of Xmas Traditions
Christians celebrate advent every December and the period covers the four Sundays prior to Christmas Day itself.
Advent is when churchgoers and Christians tend to think about the real meaning of Christmas instead of modern-day distractions.
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The word Advent itself is the Latin for Coming and refers to the four weeks coming up to the anniversary of Christ’s birth.
Advent is not just referring to the coming of Jesus as a baby some 2,000 years ago in Bethlehem.
Many Christians also take Advent to mean that Christ is coming into our lives here and now.
Yet another coming that Advent could be pointing towards is some unknown date in the future when Jesus will return to act as a judge and also the king on Judgement Day.
The first Sunday in Advent will be between 27 November (as it was in 2016) and 3 December (in 2017).
Advent has been celebrated for many centuries, though nobody knows the exact date the tradition started from.
The gift of personalization
The earliest mention of Advent celebrations was in 567 when monks were ordered by the church to fast in the four months before Christmas.
There are differences in how Advent is observed among the different Christian denominations.
Some Christians decide to not eat anything (or fast) during Advent to help themselves get ready for the coming of Jesus.
Advent lasts for longer in the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, as it for 40 days instead of four weeks.
It begins on 15 November and is also known as the Nativity Fast, the Celtic Church also started Advent from the same date.
In the Orthodox Churches, worshippers often do not eat meat or consume dairy products for the whole of Advent.
On some days people will not eat fish, drink wine or use oil. The Greek Orthodox Church prepares calendars to show what can be eaten or drunk each day during Advent.
In England, during pre-Medieval and Medieval times, there was an early version of Nativity plays known as the vessel cup or Advent images.
Two dolls of Mary and the baby Jesus were put in a box and taking round villages.
People thought it was unlucky if they did not see at least one Advent before Christmas Eve. People used to pay half a penny to see into the box.
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Some of the best known Christmas carols were actually written as Advent carols.
These favorites include people, look East, O Come O Come Emmannuel, and Lo! He comes with clouds descending.
Tradition also includes being able to count down the days with candles and calendars.
Advent Calendars
There are various Advent calendars available, with the most common types in the United States and Britain being made of card or paper and featuring 24 or 25 small windows.
Every single day in December a window is opened until the last picture is revealed on Christmas Day itself. Some calendars end on Christmas Eve and the rest run till Christmas morning.
The origins of the Advent Calendar can be traced back to the Protestant areas of Germany during the 19th century.
On 1 December 24 chalk lines were drawn on doors and a line was scrubbed out each day until Christmas.
The Germans were also responsible for making cardboard and paper calendars poplar from the early tears of the 20th century.
Before then people had been making their own since the 1850s.
Nobody knows the exact date when these calendars were first mass-produced, yet it would almost certainly have been in Germany before the First World War.
During the Second World War, calendars were not made as there was not enough paper or card.
Originally, the calendars would depict Christmas themes or wintery scenes. However, as Christmas became more about marketing many calendars depict TV shows, celebrities, toys, and even sports teams.
The most popular have chocolates behind each day (which, I loved as a kid), and some must be brought by adults for themselves.
Though chocolate-filled calendars have been sold since 1958 these became really popular from the 1980s.
Some calendars are not made from paper. For instance, in Germany fir wreaths contain 24 little cloth bags, with miniature presents inside.
1. In 2007 the world’s biggest Advent Calendar to date was at St Pancras Train Station in London. The calendar was 71 m in height and 23 m in width. It was made to mark the reopening of the station after a refit.
2. Belgium in 2010 was were the most expensive calendar was made by jewelers. It contained diamonds and silver worth $ 3.3 million (a staggering 2.5 million euros or £2.5 million.
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Advent and Candles
There are two different ways that candles are used in Advent to mark the run into Christmas.
The first way is to have a long candle and mark out 24 lines, all an equal distance from each other.
Each evening the candle is burnt from one line to the next. The final part of the candle is lit and used up on Christmas.
Advent Candles
A different take of lighting 24 little candles in each church was done from the 1700s in the Lutheran Churches of Scandinavia.
The other main way of using Advent is to have five candles. On the first Sunday in advent a single candle is lit, the second week two are lit, until Christmas Day when all five are lit.
Although each denomination attaches different meanings to each candle the following is how it was taught where our family attended church services:
1. The first candle represents the Old Testament prophets that predicted the coming of Jesus, especially Isaiah.
2. The second candle is the Holy Bible
3. The third candle represents Mary, the mother of Jesus.
4. The fourth candle is for John the Baptist, who prepared the world for the coming of Jesus.
5. The final candle is for Jesus himself. The candle is symbolic of Jesus being the light of the world.
Learn More With the Help of Video
Main Points About Tradition of Advent
1. Advent is a time of expectations, patiently waiting and preparing for the celebration of the nativity of Jesus and his second coming.
2. The word Advent means mean arrival or coming. It has its root in the Latin word ‘adventus’.
3. During the advent, some people fast in preparation. Advent is seen from three different perspectives: The nativity, the acceptance of Christ and the actual second coming.
4. One of the traditions associated with advent includes praying a daily advent devotional. During Advent, many Christians attend church services to pray together.
5. Other advent traditions include keeping an advent calendar, putting up a Christmas tree, lighting an advent wreath, lighting a Christingle, putting up Christmas decorations and generally preparing for Christmas.
RECOMMENDED The 12 Days of Christmas - Complete History and Story
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Tradition of Advent
1. What do the candles of Advent symbolize?
The first candle of advent symbolizes hope and II candle symbolizes joy. III and IV candle symbolizes peace and love. Some believe that there is a v candle which symbolizes the light of Jesus Christ.
2. Where did the tradition of Advent come from?
It is believed that the tradition of advent started way back in the fifth century. It was started by the Bishop Perpetuus.
3. Why is Advent important?
The advantages important because it makes the people remember the importance of Christmas Eve and the auspiciousness of the event. It also motivates the people to offer their services in the churches.
4. What is the correct order of the Advent candles?
The first candle is Lit each night after a short prayer is done. On the day of the 2nd Sunday, the Purple candle is Lit. On the third Sunday, the pink candle is Lit. On the fourth Sunday, the final purple candle is Lit.
5. What are the symbols of Advent?
The symbols of advent consist of the wreath which is made up of four candles.
6. What is the first day of Advent called?
The first day of the advent is called the advent Sunday or the first advent Sunday.
Advent is usually the four Sundays before Christmas, although it starts earlier in some Orthodox countries.
Advent is Latin, meaning ”coming” and not ”waiting” as many people believe.
It’s now the time for Jesus coming into the world which is referred to and Christians prepare for and remember the meaning of Christmas during this time, lighting a candle every Sunday.
This is also when the liturgical year of the Church starts.
Word Cloud for Tradition of Advent
The following is a collection of the most used terms in this article on the Tradition of Advent. This should help in recalling related terms as used in this article at a later stage for you.
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OCD and Addiction
Do You Have OCD?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted thoughts and repeated behaviors that you are compelled to perform. Common features of OCD are obsessive thoughts and behaviors that are so compulsive that they interfere with your daily life.
Although it’s not known how many people with OCD also have a substance use disorder (SUD), studies show that people with OCD have a higher rate of addiction than the population in general. Research puts it at about 30%, and alcohol is the most commonly abused substance.
Repetitive Behaviors
It’s normal to occasionally double-check to make sure you locked the door. It’s also normal to worry that you might have been exposed to germs or a virus. You might even have troublesome thoughts from time to time. However, if you have OCD, your brain gets stuck on a certain thought or urge like an old film that’s stuck on the same frame.
You might find you have to check the lock on the door 25 times to be certain that it’s really locked because you are terrified of burglars. You might need to wash your hands until they’re sore and raw because you are paralyzed at the thought of germs or dirt. These repetitive behaviors don’t give you any pleasure by doing them. Yet, they do give you some brief relief from the anxiety caused by your obsessive thoughts.
ocd and addiction
Typical Obsessive Thoughts
Obsessive thoughts are involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that happen over and over in your mind. This isn’t something you’re trying to do, but you can’t stop. Regrettably, these obsessive thoughts are usually disturbing and distracting. They include:
Compulsions are behaviors or actions that you are compelled to act out over and over. They’re usually done in an effort to make the obsessions go away. A person obsessed with germs or contamination might develop compulsive cleaning rituals. But still, the relief never lasts and the obsessive thoughts tend to reappear even stronger. This then leads the compulsive behaviors to cause even more anxiety because they become so urgent and time-consuming. It’s an unending cycle of obsessive thoughts to compulsive behaviors and back to obsessive thoughts, etc.
Typical OCD Compulsions
Causes of OCD
Even though the causes aren’t known at this time, there are several theories about the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder including:
Several factors may interact to spark the development of OCD. Primary, underlying causes might also be influenced by hormonal changes, personality traits, and troubling life events.
What is Substance Use Disorder?
Substance use disorder, also known as addiction, is a brain disease that is exposed by the urgent need to use a substance despite the negative consequences. An individual with an addiction will focus on using certain substances to the point where it takes over their life. And they will use more and more to reach the pleasure they felt initially. In this case, the relief from their anxious thoughts.
You may be able to avoid all the situations that trigger your obsessions and compulsions, but most people find that to be impossible. Unfortunately, many people try to self-medicate with drugs or alcohol. If you take this path to relieve your OCD symptoms, you will find yourself with a substance use disorder.
Your Addicted Brain
Individuals with SUD have distorted thinking, behavior, and body functions. Changes to certain neurotransmitters in the brain cause people to have strong cravings for the substance of abuse. Therefore, it becomes almost impossible to stop using it. Studies of the brain use imaging that shows changes in the brain areas that have to do with judgment, decision making, learning, memory, and behavior control.
Clearly, using drugs and alcohol can have a harmful effect on the way the brain functions. But the changes last long after the first effects of the drug, which is called intoxication. Intoxication is the extreme pleasure, heightened senses, and high caused by the substance. The symptoms of intoxication are different for each substance.
Eventually, people with addiction need more and more of the substance to experience the same effects they felt at first. This symptom of SUD is called tolerance. People who continue to build their tolerance are at higher risk for an overdose because they either use too much at one time or use too many times.
Substance Use Disorder Symptoms
Symptoms of SUD are usually grouped into 4 categories:
1. Loss of control: The individual with SUD will have a strong craving or urge to use the substance. There will be attempts to quit or control substance use that will end in failure.
2. Problems in social situations: Addictions can cause failure to complete tasks at work, school, or home. Work and leisure activities are cut back or given up entirely due to substance abuse.
3. Risky use: Using substances in risky environments and continuing to do so despite known possible consequences.
4. Effects of use: Tolerance with regular use and withdrawal symptoms when stopping.
Co-Occurring Disorders
People often have both a mental disorder and addiction. In fact, more than half the people with serious mental conditions also have a substance use disorder of some type. Sometimes, the mental illness is present before the addiction. On the other hand, the addiction might have worsened the mental illness. This condition is called a dual diagnosis. Either way, they need to be treated at the same time.
OCD sufferers frequently use drugs or alcohol to subdue the intensity of their obsessions and the compulsions produced by the obsessions. They find that the calm and improved mood provides a very much-needed relief. However, the relief is only temporary and usually only ends up causing more severe symptoms of both conditions.
Treating a Dual Diagnosis
Unfortunately, it can be difficult to find treatment for someone who has a mental disorder and an SUD. Many treatment programs that treat mental disorders are not experienced at treating SUDs and programs that treat SUDs are commonly not prepared to treat mental illnesses. Because of this, people with dual diagnoses often go from one program to another. Or worse, they are refused by single-diagnosis treatment programs.
Substance abuse makes almost every phase of treatment more complicated for a person with a mental disorder. The standard of care for most medical professionals when treating comorbid OCD and addiction is to treat the SUD first and then the OCD. However, a recent study researched treating both SUD and OCD at the same time. The research reported positive results, which included a reduction in the severity of the OCD symptoms, longer time spent in treatment, and better abstinence rates as compared to the typical practice.
Treatment for OCD and Addiction
Studies of OCD discovered that the lifetime prevalence for co-occurring OCD and addiction is steadily in the 25% range. For people who meet the criteria for both conditions, it’s important to develop a thorough evaluation to be able to provide the most effective treatment.
It’s also important to remember that it’s common for people with both OCD and addiction to try to hide their symptoms. They do this partly due to embarrassment, shame, and/or denial of the severity of their symptoms. As a result of this, the evaluation process is often done by gathering information throughout several sessions. It’s not just a one-session conclusion.
Family Involvement
Once you identify co-occurring OCD and addiction, the next thing to consider in the evaluation is how the symptoms of each disorder have affected the family system. It is common for families to enable patients, usually intending to be supportive. Frequently there needs to be a recovery process for family members.
Exposure Response Prevention (ERP) for OCD
ERP is considered a behavior therapy because it focuses mainly on modifying the patient’s behavior. Patients with OCD are asked to confront or “expose” themselves to the images, thoughts, and/or situations that cause their anxiety and trigger their obsessions. The response prevention part in ERP refers to the patient making a conscious choice not to engage in compulsive behavior after the anxiety or obsessions have been triggered.
Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF) for SUD
TSF for substance abuse patients combines professional treatment with the experiences of going to a mutual self-help group. This enhances the benefits and use of 12-step meetings such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). TSF is a structured approach to helping with early recovery from alcoholism and other drug abuse and addiction problems.
Clinicians might choose to use the AA manual or adjust treatment based on the principles of TSF. The goal is to highlight the value of less isolation and increased recovery-focused social interactions.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for OCD and Addiction
CBT is an expansive treatment method that has been effectively used with both OCD and addiction patients. The point of CBT is to teach people to increase their awareness of their thought processes. Once they increase their awareness, they learn to respond differently to negative patterns of thinking and behavior.
For example, CBT might help a person be aware of the stressors, situations, and feelings that lead to substance use. The individual can then avoid them or make different choices when they happen. Likewise, CBT for OCD can teach the patient how to increase their awareness of when they are experiencing obsessions. The therapist can then help them learn different responses as opposed to compulsive behavior.
Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) for OCD and SUD
MAT is a combination of medication and behavioral therapies. Studies have looked at OCD and SUD separately and repeatedly indicate that the use of medication combined with behavioral treatment is a practical option that often improves the outcome. They include:
What Will You Do?
Did you recognize yourself or someone close to you? Although OCD is frequently a subject of humor to the public in general, at CNV Detox we know there’s nothing funny about it. And having to turn to drugs or alcohol to ease your symptoms is a very serious matter.
We are a dedicated group of professionals whose only job is to help you or your loved one. In fact, we specialize in dual diagnosis treatment. Contact us now. Get off the OCD-SUD cycle and let CNV get your life heading in the right direction.
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Enter a search term and click .
Capture motion in a series of pictures.
1. Press the I (drive) button to display drive-mode menu and select CH HIGH SPEED BURST or CL LOW SPEED BURST.
2. Choose the frame advance rate and press the shutter button to start shooting.
Shooting ends when the shutter button is released or the memory card is full.
Frame advance rates of 10 fps or faster are available only when sELECTRONIC SHUTTER is selected for ASHOOTING SETTING > SHUTTER TYPE.
If file numbering reaches 9999 before shooting is complete, the remaining pictures will be recorded to a new folder.
Shooting ends when the memory card is full; the camera will record all photos shot to that point. Burst shooting may not begin if the space available on the memory card is insufficient.
Frame rates may slow as more shots are taken.
Frame rate varies with the scene, shutter speed, sensitivity, and focus mode.
Depending on shooting conditions, frame rates may slow or the flash may not fire.
Recording times may increase during burst shooting.
To vary exposure with each shot, select OFF for DBUTTON/DIAL SETTING > SHUTTER AE.
Depending on such factors as aperture, sensitivity, and exposure compensation, exposure may not be adjusted automatically.
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Evaluation research design literature
Evaluation research design literature
Evaluation research design literature how to look at some of the ways you might structure an evaluation and how to choose the way that best meets Evaluation research design literature needs. What do we mean by a design for the evaluation?
Why should you choose a design for your evaluation? When should you do so? Who should be involved in choosing a design? How do you select an appropriate design for your evaluation? In reality, an experiment is just trying something out to see how or why or whether it works.
Evaluation research design literature
It can be as simple as putting a different spice in your favorite dish, or as complex as developing and testing a comprehensive effort to improve child health outcomes in a city or state.
Academics and other researchers in public health and the social sciences conduct experiments to understand how environments affect behavior and outcomes, so their experiments usually involve people and aspects of the environment. A new community program or intervention is an experiment, too, one that a governmental or community organization engages in to find out a better way to address a community issue.
It usually starts with an assumption about what will work — sometimes called a theory of change - but that assumption is no guarantee. Like any experiment, a program or intervention has to be evaluated to see whether it works and under what conditions.
These arrangements for discovery are known as experimental or evaluation designs. Every evaluation is essentially a research or discovery project. Your research may be about determining how effective your program or effort is overall, which parts of it are working well and which need adjusting, or whether some participants respond to certain methods or conditions differently from others.
If your results are to be reliable, you have to give the evaluation a structure that will tell you what you want to know. The design depends on what kinds of questions your evaluation is meant to answer.
Some of the most common evaluation research questions: What component s and element s of the program or intervention were responsible for the change?
What are the unintended effects of an intervention, and how did they influence the outcomes? If you try a new method or activity, what happens? Will the program that worked in another context, or the one that you read about in a professional journal, work in your community, or with your population, or with your issue?
If you want reliable answers to evaluation questions like these, you have to ask them in a way that will show you whether you actually got results, and whether those results were in fact due to your actions or the circumstances you created, or to other factors.
In other words, you have to create a design for your research — or evaluation — to give you clear answers to your questions. An evaluation may seem simple: First, how do you measure progress?
Second, if there seems to be none, how do you know what you should change in order to increase your effectiveness? Third, if there is progress, how do you know it was caused by or contributed to your program, and not by something else? A good design for your evaluation will help you answer important questions like these.
Some specific reasons for spending the time to design your evaluation carefully include: So your evaluation will be reliable. A good design will give you accurate results.
Understanding your program to this extent makes it easier to achieve and maintain success. So you can pinpoint areas you need to work on, as well as those that are successful.
A good design can help you understand exactly where the strong and weak points of your program or intervention are, and give you clues as to how they can be further strengthened or changed for the greatest impact. So your results are credible.
If your evaluation is designed properly, others will take your results seriously. A good evaluation design can help you to identify these, and either correct for them if you can, or devise methods to deal with or incorporate them.
So you can identify unintended consequences both positive and negative and correct for them. A good design can show you all of what resulted from your program or intervention, not just what you expected. It will be much easier to conduct your evaluation if it has an appropriate design. Spending the time to choose and organize an evaluation design will pay off in the time you save later and in the quality of the information you get.
When should you choose a design for your evaluation? Ideally, this all takes place at the beginning of the process of putting together a program or intervention.A systematic review is a critical assessment and evaluation of all research studies that address a particular clinical issue. The researchers use an organized method of locating, assembling, and evaluating a body of literature on a particular topic using a set of specific criteria.
Evaluation/Research Methods. Introduction. Program/Course/Class Evaluation (the type of evaluation design the CLIPs will use to begin their work), and; has identified 20 approaches to evaluation that exist in the literature that he sees as legitimate ways of evaluating programs.
This article is a part of the guide:
He has grouped them into three categories although the. What type of evaluation design do I need? methods including: a review of the literature on tutoring strategies and outcomes, focus groups with teachers, surveys of parents, and interviews with a cross-section of Study Designs for Program Evaluation.
Research Methods is a text by Dr. Christopher L. Heffner that focuses on the basics of research design and the critical analysis of professional research in the social sciences from developing a theory, selecting subjects, and testing subjects to performing statistical analysis and writing the research report.
Principles of Research Design and Drug Literature Evaluation is an ideal foundation for professional pharmacy students and a key resource for pharmacy residents, research fellows, practitioners, and clinical researchers.
Social Research Methods - Knowledge Base - Introduction to Evaluation
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PSY328H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Peremptory Challenge, Confirmation Bias, Penrod
102 views5 pages
15 Feb 2018
Jury Selection and the Challenge for Cause
Jury Functions
1. To use the wisdom of 12 to reach a verdict
2. To act as the conscience of the community
3. To protect against out of date laws
4. To increase knowledge of the justice system
Empanelling a Fair Jury
1) Representativeness
a. Voter registration and enumeration lists
i. Certain people are much more likely to vote than others (young people less likely to vote,
certain ethnicities are less likely to vote)
b. Gender, race, SES
2) Impartiality
a. Must not be biased (towards defendant or particular crime), or if biased they must be able to set
aside any bias and decide the case on the evidence presented at trial alone
Jury Selection Canada vs. USA
In Canada, most cases are judged without a jury
o Most cases are summary offences
o Most hybrid offences are mostly judged with a judge alone
o Even not all indictable offences are judged with a jury
The defendant has a choice to go to trial with judge alone or judge/jury
o They think you should challenge everyone because everyone is inherently biased
o Should take the time to make sure they don’t have these types of biases
In Canada, jurors do not make decisions regarding sentencing (except making recommendations
regarding parole eligibility in murder 2 cases)
often involving jury consultants
o Canada’s jury selection is a lot faster because we assume people are impartial
o Voire dire and challenge for cause happens every time there’s a criminal proceeding where
there’s a jury, so it takes a really long time
physical appearance
Trial Consultation
Jury Selection
Witness preparation
Theory of the case
Cross examination techniques
Impact of pretrial publicity
Expert Testimony
Jury Selection
Mock trials
Focus groups
Questionnaire packages
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Data analysis
Voire dire (challenge for cause)
Effectiveness of Trial Consultants?
Olczak, Kaplan, & Penrod, (1991) in a challenge for cause, lawyers no better at detecting bias than
Videotape: lawyers performed worse than chance at detecting biased jurors
Moran, Cutler, & DeLisa (1994) trial consultation may account for 10-15% of variance and may be
marginally effective in equivocal cases
Sources of Bias
1) Interest bias
a. Anyone who has any interest in the trial/has anything to do with the trial in any way
b. Ex. A witness, connection to a defendant, connection to court staff, the judge, arresting officers,
c. The remedy you use for this is bringing the jury pool in and reading out the names of every
person involved in the case, and if anybody knows any of the people on the list, they are
d. Each side gets 12 peremptory challenges can exclude for no reason
2) Specific bias
a. You have info that is specific to the case a friend told you, you heard through the grapevine,
through the media
b. When people have been exposed to information, even if they weren’t paying attention, it creates
a schema that will begin to filter information and leads to confirmation bias
3) Normative bias
a. Based on what most people think
b. Community beliefs
c. Not necessarily about the accused person, it’s more about the crime in general
4) Generic bias
a. Most common type of bias
b. Any group that people can have a bias for/against such that they can’t hear the evidence is a fair
and impartial manner
c. Challenge for cause is used most for this type of bias
i. Racial bias, drug bias
Jurors are polled at the beginning of jury selection to ensure they have no connection to the case, or
know or have a relationship with anyone who has a connection with the case.
Remedies for Bias
Publication bans
o Quite rare because they are only for the highest priority cases
o Rare because it violates a section of the Charter
o In the US, they sequester the jury
Often they are allowed to go home on the weekends but are told they can’t watch the
news or anything, so it’s very unrealistic
o In the Bernardo case, there was a publication ban
Didn’t work because people could get TV signal from the US, and the internet was
available so people could get a lot of information about the case
o Robert Pickton case is an example of a successful publication ban
o Can’t try the case now because there is too much pretrial publicity, people won’t be impartial, so
they move the trial to a different date
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Future Tense
Welcome to Our Cybersecurity Self-Defense Class
All month long, we’ll be giving you the tools to keep your information safe.
So, my, um, friend was looking at a list of the weakest passwords recently. And it turns out my … friend’s password was on there.
Wow. Like what? 123456? Qwerty? Trustno1?
Your friend sounds like a real dummy.
Actually, my friend is very smart and good-looking. But here’s the thing: My friend isn’t actually doing anything particularly secret online. Does it even matter?
More than you might expect. Think back to the 2014 Sony hack, in which huge amounts of data from company employees showed up online. It was emotionally, professionally, and even financially devastating for many of them, and not because they’d actually done anything wrong. Much the same was true with the Democratic National Committee hack, where mass data dumps left the curious poring over information as benign as John Podesta’s risotto recipe. That kind of scrutiny can be bad for even the best of us. In other words, you don’t have to sign up for a dodgy pro-cheating website to be compromised by a data breach. And that doesn’t even take into account the risks of, say, your credit card information or Social Security number leaking. (I bet that if your friend uses “letmein” or “abc123” for his email, he’s also using it for his Amazon account.)
Yikes! What if I’ve already been hacked? Is it possible I wouldn’t know it?
Given that a whole host of popular sites—including Yahoo, LinkedIn, eBay, and MySpace—have been compromised, it’s not just possible, it’s actually likely. The Yahoo case is particularly bonkers, since that breach pulled in 1 billion email accounts, with the hackers apparently scraping up all sorts of personal information along the way. The New York Times put together a useful interactive to help people figure out whether they’ve been pulled into one of these massive hacks. There’s also the site haveibeenpwned.com, which tells you whether your email address shows up in publicly accessible data dumps from any breaches.
And before you ask: Yes, I have been pwned. Five times, apparently.
So what do hackers, you know, do with the information once they have it?
More often than not, it gets bundled up and sold in bulk via underground marketplaces on the internet. Once your information has been stolen, it might end up circulating widely, sold and resold, copied and pasted, in a variety of forms. Some research indicates that hackers can net millions from those misdeeds. The buyers stand to make even more by extracting credit card info, ransoming accounts, and so on. In other words, cybercrime really does pay.
Well, if everyone’s going to get hacked, maybe I should just give up, right?
I don’t like that defeatist attitude one bit. If you learn a little about cybersecurity, you might be able to get a better sense of what sites and services you should trust in the first place.
What should I be looking for?
That’s going to depend on what actually worries you, but if you’re even a little concerned about privacy, you might want to seek out services that employ end-to-end encryption, a system in which only a message’s sender and receiver have the keys to code and decode it. Plenty of messaging services already feature this technology: It’s helped drive the global popularity of WhatsApp, for example. And lately, an app called Signal has grown increasingly popular with the security community.
As that example suggests, there’s long been a symbiotic relationship between privacy advocacy and the push for stronger cybersecurity. Among other things, advocates have successfully resisted legislation that would have give the president power to shut down the internet or allowed companies to share information about their users with the National Security Agency. They’ve also been critical of attempts to create encryption backdoors, which would allow the government access to otherwise secure systems, pointing out that such initiatives ultimately make everyone less secure. More recently, the Federal Communications Commission has pushed through regulations that require companies to better protect customer data, though we still have a long way to go.
What should I be doing right now, then?
You can start by giving some thought to what you share online and how you share it. Think about what you put up on social media platforms, for example. The information that you leave there could be giving would-be hackers everything they need to weasel their way into your other accounts through social engineering. A clever attacker may not even need you to explicitly provide the details that they’re looking for: If they can figure out, say, your mother’s maiden name, your cat’s name, or your childhood best friend (which may just be a matter of monitoring your public interactions), the security questions on your bank account may not provide much protection.
Similar considerations may come into play for the rest of your web presence. You can’t definitively stop a large-scale hack from happening in the first place, but you can at least limit your exposure. And, of course, you probably should worry about sealing off your own accounts, even if you don’t expect anyone will snoop around in them.
But how?
It sounds like you’re going to want to start by getting yourself a stronger password. Given that you can’t always trust those password-strength meters—and regularly changing your password may degrade its quality—experts tend to recommend that you get a password manager. Password managers are systems that generate and store extremely complicated passwords for you. All you have to do is remember the one (preferably very complicated) password that gets you into the manager itself. While these systems may have weaknesses of their own, it’ll probably be a lot more secure than whatever you’re doing now.
Over the course of this month, we’ll go into a lot more depth about the actual steps you can take, like:
• setting up a virtual private network, which can protect you when you’re on public Wi-Fi
• using multifactor authentication, which makes it harder for someone to log into your accounts without
• cleaning up your social media presence
• using the Tor browser, which helps anonymize and encrypt your web surfing
But I want to make changes to my cybersecurity practices now.
As we’ve suggested in the past, it might be worth putting a sticker over your computer’s camera. Like many of the suggestions we’ll be offering this month, that may seem a little paranoid, but as the artist Momus put it almost 20 years ago, “Paranoia’s simply a word for seeing things as they are.”
And this is easier said than done, but as Jamie Winterton has written in Future Tense, you shouldn’t log on to public Wi-Fi networks anywhere that you wouldn’t walk barefoot. When you do, you’re exposing yourself to all sort of risks, including man-in-the-middle attacks, where a malicious party puts themselves between you and an authentic site you’re trying to visit in an attempt to collect your information.
OK, so better passwords, encrypted communications, VPNs, social media audits. Is that everything?
Not even close. We’ll be going into detail about a lot of these issues in this Futurography course, so come back in the next few weeks to learn ways to help keep your, uh, friend safe.
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Browning - D Y Patil DHTS
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Transcript Browning - D Y Patil DHTS
Compiled by:
Mrs. Vandana Mahajani
What is browning?
Browning is a common colour change seen
in food during prepreperation, processing
or storage of food.
Colour may range from cream or pale
yellow to brown and black.
Browning –desirable or undesirable
In some cases the brown colour may add
to aroma ,flavour and colour as brown
crust of bread, roasted nuts, coffee beans
, caramel peanut brittle etc.
Undesirable effects are seen in milk,
cream, eggs dry fruits, coconut,citrus
fruits and canned juice concentrates and
Types of browning
Enzymatic browning occurs in fruits when cells
are disturbed when cut or bruised. This is due to
the oxidative enzymes present on phenolic
substances present in plant tissues.
Eg. Apples, brinjals, bananas, pears and potatoes
Phenolic compounds------oxygen---------Quonines
Enzymatic browning reaction
Prevention of EB
-by inactivating enzymes by heat, salt, ph levels,
and low temp.
-by avoiding contact with oxygen
Non enzymatic browning
Maillard was the first tp observe browning . The
reaction is also called protein sugar reaction.
Conditions favouring millard reaction
High temperature
Increase in alkalinity
Concentration and type of amino acid and sugar
present (lysine and glucose)
Presence of catalyst (such as copper and iron)
Desirable changes are seen as in roasting of
coffee beans and nuts and quality of baking bread
Undesirable changes like off-odour, off-colour ,
off-flavour can be prevented by low temp and low
Sugars are caramalized at 163 deg C to
170 deg C.
This reaction occurs in sugar alone.
high temp
Ascorbic acid browning and lipid browning
Ascorbic acid browning occurs in strawberry and cocum
where original red colour changes to brown. The
ascorbic acid present in these fruits undergoes oxidation
causing browning.
Lime juice cordial and other preserves see this kind of
Lipid browning occurs when amino acids present in fats
react with aldehydes and reducing sugars causing
It is an undesirable reaction
Role of browning in food preperation
All browning reactions can be controlled.
Enzymatic browning is undesirable especially in
cut fruits and salads.
Natural browning during preparation of food is
Brown colour, aroma and right texture imparted
to food while browning occurs, is desirable.
Detrimental effects of browning
. Poor colour.
loss of nutrients
loss of ascorbic acid.
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Friday, August 28, 2020
Emperor Qins Tomb -- Not Just Terracotta Soldiers
Ruler Qin's Tomb Not Just Terracotta Soldiers The stunning earthenware armed force of the primary Qin Dynasty ruler Shihuangdi speaks to the emperor’s capacity to control the assets of the recently brought together China, and his endeavor to reproduce and keep up that realm in the hereafter. The officers are a piece of Shihuangdis burial place, situated close to the cutting edge town of Xian, Shaanxi area in China. That, researchers accept, is the reason he assembled the military, or rather had them manufactured, and the account of the Qin and his military is an incredible story. The Emperor Qin The principal sovereign of all China was an individual named Ying Zheng, conceived in 259 BC during the Warring States Period, a turbulent, savage, and perilous time in Chinese history. He was an individual from the Qin line, and rose to the seat in 247 BC at twelve years old and a half. In 221 BC King Zheng joined all of what is currently China and renamed himself Qin Shihuangdi (First Heavenly Emperor of Qin), despite the fact that ‘united’ is somewhat a serene word to use for the wicked success of the region’s little nations. As indicated by the Shi Ji records of the Han tradition court student of history Sima Qian, Qin Shihuangdi was an extraordinary pioneer, who started interfacing existing dividers to make the main rendition of the Great Wall of China; built a broad system of streets and trenches all through his realm; normalized reasoning, law, composed language and cash; and annulled feudalism, setting up in its place areas run by regular citizen governors . Qin Shihuangdi kicked the bucket in 210 BC, and the Qin tradition was immediately stifled inside a couple of years by the early leaders of the resulting Han line. Be that as it may, during the short time of Shihuangdi’s rule, an amazing demonstration of his control of the open country and its assets was developed: a semi-underground catacomb complex, which incorporated an expected armed force of 8,000 life-size etched mud earthenware warriors, chariots, and ponies. Shihuangdis Necropolis: Not Just Soldiers The earthenware warriors are just a piece of the immense tomb venture, covering a territory of around 30 square kilometers (11.5 square miles). In the region is the still-unexcavated burial place of the lord, 500x500 meters (1640x1640 feet) square and secured by an earthen hill about 70 m (230 ft) high. The burial place exists in a walled area, estimating 2,100x975 m (6,900x3,200 ft), which ensured managerial structures, horse pens and graveyards. Inside the focal region were discovered 79 pits with internment merchandise, including fired and bronze figures of cranes, ponies, chariots; stone-cut defensive layer for people and ponies; and human models that archeologists have deciphered as speaking to authorities and trapeze artists. The three pits containing the now-celebrated earthenware armed force are found 600 m (2,000 ft) east of the sepulcher region, in a ranch field where they were re-found by a well-digger during the 1920s. Those pits are three out of at any rate 100 others inside a zone estimating 5x6 kilometers (3x3.7 miles). Different pits recognized to date incorporate the burial places of craftspeople, and an underground stream with bronze winged animals and earthenware performers. Notwithstanding about consistent removal since 1974, there are still enormous territories up 'til now unexcavated. As indicated by Sima Qian, development on the catacomb area started not long after Zheng became ruler, in 246 BC, and it proceeded until about a year after he kicked the bucket. Sima Qian additionally portrays the destruction of the focal burial place in 206 BC by Xiang Yus rebel armed force, who copied it and plundered the pits. Pit Construction Four pits were unearthed to hold the earthenware armed force, albeit just three were occupied when development stopped. The development of the pits included removal, arrangement of a block floor, and development of a succession of smashed earth parcels and passages. The floors of the passages were secured with mats, the life-sized sculpture was put erect on the mats and the passages were secured with logs. At long last each pit was covered. In Pit 1, the biggest pit (14,000 square meters or 3.5 sections of land), the infantry was set in columns four profound. Pit 2 incorporates a U-formed format of chariots, rangers and infantry; and Pit 3 contains an order central station. Around 2,000 warriors have been exhumed up until this point; archeologists gauge that there are more than 8,000 troopers (infantry to commanders), 130 chariots with ponies, and 110 rangers ponies. Proceeding with Excavations Chinese unearthings have been led at Shihuangdi’s catacomb complex since 1974, and have remembered unearthings for and around the sepulcher complex; they keep on uncovering surprising discoveries. As paleologist Xiaoneng Yang depicts Shihuangdi’s tomb complex, â€Å"Ample proof shows the First Emperor’s desire: not exclusively to control all parts of the realm during his lifetime however to reproduce the whole domain in microcosm for his after-life.†It would be ideal if you see the slide appear on the earthenware officers for more data on the warriors and ancient rarities found inside the Qins catacomb. Sources Bevan A, Li X, Martinã ³n-Torres M, Green S, Xia Y, Zhao K, Zhao Z, Ma S, Cao W, and Rehren T. 2014. PC vision, archeological order and Chinas earthenware warriors. Diary of Archeological Science 49:249-254. Bonaduce I, Blaensdorf C, Dietemann P, and Colombini MP. 2008. The coupling media of the polychromy of Qin Shihuangs Terracotta Army. Diary of Cultural Heritage 9(1):103-108. Hu W, Zhang K, Zhang H, Zhang B, and Rong B. 2015. Examination of polychromy folio on Qin Shihuangs Terracotta Warriors by immunofluorescence microscopy. Diary of Cultural Heritage 16(2):244-248. Hu Y-Q, Zhang Z-L, Bera S, Ferguson DK, Li C-S, Shao W-B, and Wang Y-F. 2007. What can dust grains from the Terracotta Army let us know? Diary of Archeological Science 34:1153-1157. Kesner L. 1995. Resemblance of No One: (Re)presenting the First Emperors Army. The Art Bulletin 77(1):115-132. Li R, and Li G. 2015. Provenance investigation of the earthenware armed force of Qin Shihuangs catacomb by fluffy group examination. Advances in Fuzzy Systems 2015:2-2. Li XJ, Bevan A, Martinã ³n-Torres M, Rehren TH, Cao W, Xia Y, and Zhao K. 2014. Crossbows and royal specialty association: the bronze triggers of Chinas Terracotta Army. Artifact 88(339):126-140. Li XJ, Martinã ³n-Torres M, Meeks ND, Xia Y, and Zhao K. 2011. Engravings, recording, crushing and cleaning blemishes on the bronze weapons from the Qin Terracotta Army in China. Diary of Archeological Science 38(3):492-501. Liu Z, Mehta A, Tamura N, Pickard D, Rong B, Zhou T, and Pianetta P. 2007. Impact of Taoism on the creation of the purple color utilized on the Qin earthenware warriors. Diary of Archeological Science 34(11):1878-1883. Martinon-Torres M. 2011. Making Weapons for the Terracotta Army. Archaic exploration International 13:67-75. Wei S, Ma Q, and Schreiner M. 2012. Logical examination of the paint and sticky materials utilized in the Western Han line polychromy earthenware armed force, Qingzhou, China. Diary of Archeological Science 39(5):1628-1633.
Wednesday, August 26, 2020
Security In International Relations
Security In International Relations Security has represented a significant reason for worry to numerous states on the planet over the most recent couple of decades. Ordinary individuals are confronted with intense decisions of endurance, much progressively noteworthy ones aggregately as a gathering, as uncertainty has tormented in the long run all aspects of the present reality. In the entire world, in various ways and for a wide range of reasons humanity is confronted with a time of fear, torment and demolition and individuals are killed, starved, assaulted, detained, uprooted and so on., with the third world states as the most defenseless and with next to zero any expectation of strength in the closest future. Despite the fact that it may not be at a similar proportion, yet it is very obvious step by step as appeared by the yearly report of the United Nation Development Program (UNDP). Security examines is the primary focal point of worldwide relations, because of the outcome of the slaughter of the First World War and the critical need to end such horrendous occasion from re-happening once more, in this way this instituted the control global relations in 1919. The idea of security is expansive however its center goal is to develop our comprehension of it, this just implies people can draw a conclusion(s) from their comprehension of what legislative issues implies, got from various methodologies or schools of considerations (Krause and Williams 1997: 111). Security considers is normally connected with danger to endurance (Buzan 1991:1), as indicated by (Booth 2005:21), security implies, the nonattendance of dangers, which means the chance of being sheltered from risk or having a sense of security. However it hushes up tragic as the nonappearance of danger is something that is misrepresented, as security examines perceives perils of pandemics like HIV/AIDS, cholera, ecological debasement and in any event, concentrating more on issues like war, psychological oppression, interstate contention, man controlled society. All these and more has made security an increasingly topical issue particularly since after the Cold war (Alan 2010:2). National security is focal as a state decides states of security for itself as it is supposed to be the most significant referent, yet states think that its troublesome existing together in absolute harmony with each other and this they look for through military may, yet numerous dangers and pandemics are anticipated yearly, looking for states consideration (Buzan 1991:1). The idea immerses contemporary social orders all around the globe (Williams 2008:1), it is inserted in the talks and discussions of lawmakers and systems, visual pictures in the news, on radio, TV and papers, every one of these makes security charming yet lethal. In sociology terms, security can be supposed to be a basically challenged idea, which implies that there is no commonly acknowledged importance or definition to it (Williams 2008:1, Buzan 1991:7). Be that as it may, with the end goal of advertising, it might mean the lightening of dangers to treasured qualities, particularly to which, whenever left unchecked, undermine the endurance of a specific referent item sooner rather than later (Williams 2008:5), implying that security is exceptionally political. Accordingly security ought not be for scholastic purposes alone as it includes genuine individuals, genuine occasions and occurring in genuine spots (Booths 2007, as refered to in Williams 2008:1) to an enormous degree. Secur ity depicts the most exceedingly terrible feelings of trepidation that interminably live in the psyches of the populace. Be that as it may, it is indispensable to consider who is made sure about, who takes security choices for a state, what ought to be viewed as fit for a security plan and how these security issues ought to be dealt with (Williams 2008: 1-9). With the nonstop suspicions and concentrating of the idea of security as a military would, or as to keep up its business as usual which is its principle concentrate steadily extends and widens it that it obscures its appreciation or good for nothing (Alan 2010: 3). Security contemplates is a wide branch of knowledge and have different methodologies and viewpoints of which one can examine it to pick up information on the idea. In any case, this work will be taking a gander at the significance of security, as all progression to be progressively secure makes more space for frailty and the battle for endurance, despite the fact that researchers like Booth (2005: 22) has contended with case of displaced people in long haul camps, that security ought not be confused with or related with endurance since individuals can and have endure even without fundamentally been made sure about. It will consider if security include opportunity from military danger. What are the referent objects of security; the states or its residents? In spite of the challenge of security, the essential enthusiasm of global relations is to know how the referent articles are compromised and what they do to endure. The point of this work is additionally to separate among convention al and non-customary security. Lastly, this exposition gives an outline of human security, the execution and its operational effect. A few meanings of security have been proffered by certain researchers and I expect taking a gander at a couple of them. Security itself is a relative opportunity from war, combined with a moderately exclusive requirement that annihilation won't be a result of any war that ought to happen Ian Bellamy, refered to in Alan (2010:3). As indicated by Giacomo Luciani, refered to in Buzan (1991: 17), National security might be characterized as the capacity to withstand animosity structure abroad. Walter Lippmann characterized it as a country is secure to the degree to which it isn't at risk for giving up basic beliefs in the event that it wishes to evade war, and is capable, whenever tested, to keep up them by triumph in such a war (Buzan 1991:16). Jozsef Balazs says that worldwide security is resolved essentially by the inside and outside security of the different social frameworks, by the degree, all in all, to which framework personality relies upon outer conditions. Specialists for the most part characterize standardized savings as inside security. Its fundamental capacity is to guarantee the political and financial intensity of a given decision class or the endurance of the social framework and a sufficient level of open security (Buzan 1991:16). As indicated by Ayoob (1995:9), security-frailty is characterized comparable to vulnerabilities-both interior and outside that compromise or can possibly cut down or debilitate states structures, both regional and institutional, and administering systems. In all the above definitions, the key things accentuated as goals to states are the insurance of the state an area which includes military hostility, estimations of states against remote burden, the planning and the power of dangers and the political idea of the topic (Buzan 1991:18; Booth 2005:23). All these can accomplish more harm than great as it invigorates off a pointless appearance of and manliness which it doesn't worth. The word security gives a flat out state of tranquil condition and prosperity (Buzan 1991:18). As per (Booths 2005: 22), security is consistently relative, as it gives people or gatherings some decision to become what they try to be, not just existing on the earth surface. However stimulating such a large number of unanswered inquiries; is war the main type of danger regular to a state? Is there truly security in national security? Who precisely is a made sure about, specific prevailing gathering or residents? What right does the state need to actualize secur ity esteems inside its state, which may probably stretch out outside his region to impact past its purview? These are obvious that these definitions are not sufficient enough to cover the extent of security, yet despite gives political force. Despite the fact that it has no commonly acknowledged definition, it doesn't forestall useful conversation as security portrays the capacity of states and individual social orders to keep up their meaningful personality and practical uprightness. Be that as it may, Booth (2005: 23) presents his own definition after the thought of every other definition; Security in world legislative issues is an instrumental worth that empowers people(s) some chance to pick how to live. It is a methods by which people and collectivities can imagine and rethink various thoughts regarding being human. In conventional methodology, security is seen as military wonder as the military were said to shield its domain from dangers presented by other military of different states, as a state and its general public can be in their own terms, secure in the political, financial, cultural and natural measurements, but then every one of these achievements can be fixed by military disappointment (Buzan 2010b: 35 as refered to by Alan 2010:170). Subsequently, military security was for the most part about distinguishing genuine and attainable foes that represented a danger to its state and dispensing with them either by getting increasingly military may or by going into union or partner with different states to have the necessary force or power required. Implying that the main method of been made sure about was through war (Alan 2010:172). For conventional pragmatists where the framework is viewed as insurgency, states are convinced to assemble their military security through their own endeavors w hich may seem threatening to different states in the framework, thus conveying negative impression which may cause in a fierce response in kind, bringing about arms dashing with different states, henceforth making security predicament (Alan 2010:173). No different, states endeavor to procure and keep up suitable military quality as much as possible bear. However, procuring military ability can have outcomes that compromise just as secure a states esteems (Alan 2012:158). Security is foremost, that discloses why government keeps on giving a lot of consideration even as it is incredibly costly to procure. Nonetheless, it is essential to realize that however security is key, yet its deficient in giving its residents the total suspicion that all is well and good required as found in the across the board of wars and the fundamental compassionate intercessions prevalent in the post-Cold War time. Also, the vast majority of these wars confronting the states today are more inside than outsi de military of remote states for example Nigeria, Syria, Argentina,
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Normative and Felt Needs Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Regulating and Felt Needs Assessment - Essay Example Shockingly, these propensities are negatively affecting the bodies and the brains of individuals and they are turning out to be casualty of numerous ceaseless sicknesses because of unfortunate way of life. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of those ailments which is brought about by undesirable way of life. The investigation of the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus shows that if individuals deal with their way of life and become mindful of reasons for this ailment, they can forestall getting Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Ample opportunity has already past that everybody ought to be made mindful of this malady. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus can be characterized as a â€Å"group of metabolic illnesses described and analyzed by a ceaseless height of blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) that outcomes from absconds in insulin segment discharge, insulin activity or both. This might be joined by an assortment of unsettling influences of sugars, protein and fat metabolism†(Levene 2003, p.7). Type 2 diabetes is additionally called as ‘lifestyle disease’ as it is brought about by utilization of unfortunate food and driving a genuinely idle life (What is type 2 diabetes?, n.d.). The significant thing to be noted about Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is that since it frequently shows no solid physical indications, it stays undetected for number of years. Just when an individual experiences some solid signs like a respiratory failure or vision issue does he/she understands that he/she may be sufferin from the malady (What is type 2 diabetes?, n.d.). The absence of solid and explicit physical side effects has made it hard for this malady to be identified. This has made it progressively critical to make individuals mindful about Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus has an inherited propensity and this perhaps as a result of the way of life propensities
Gender Role and Sexuality Essay
I can luckily and joyfully say that I for one have not experienced inconsistent treatment concerning my picked profession, instructive way or recently held occupations. What I do in any case observe right now being generalized are sex jobs and the manner in which they are permitted or not permitted to explicitly communicate in the open eye. From my experience it is increasingly worthy for men to make music about sex, be in predominant press selling sex, have fruitful professions in sex, and regular inconsistent desires in dating, sex and connections. Men have increasingly sexual opportunity on the planet today. Men are empowered and as a rule hailed on the conversation of what number of accomplices they have had before and the particulars of each experience, yet lady are as yet expected to conceal their sex from the world in dread of disparagement and detachment. In our general public today lady who are excessively sexual or dress in structure fitting garments or deficiency in that department are consequently generalized as the indiscriminate sort. Why the twofold norm? I don’t concur at all with showing private sexual acts to the overall population to pick up notoriety and riches and in by doing such adulterating kids and crushing the magnificence of sex however I don’t accept that we ought to need to shroud that ladies are as much sexual creatures similarly as men. I feel religion and culture assume significant jobs throughout the entire existence of sexual constraint of lady. In any event, going back to the Puritan who accepted that anything bringing about delight was a wrongdoing, women’s opportunity to communicate their sexuality has been stifled in dread of mastery since we are similarly as incredible as men. Experiencing childhood in an exacting catholic home I was constantly instructed to act like a woman out in the open. Precisely what was implied by that I wasn’t completely sure yet I realized its fundamental imagery was quelling my sexuality. I wasn’t permitted to wear spaghetti ties, mid float shirts, shorts over my knees, or make up till I was 18 years of age. Sex was not talked about in my family by any stretch of the imagination, and on the off chance that it happened to be found in a film or on TV I was told to cover my eyes since sex was taboo. Being a hot lady was viewed as disgusting. On the off chance that I had male companions I was unable to chat on the telephone with them or play outside of school with them without a parent or chaperone. On that opposite my more youthful sibling was urged to dress well, wear cologne and have numerous female companions. It was an image of fame. In my father’s Hispanic culture the youngsters were spoiled and treated as lords with twofold guidelines. The ladies were there to serve them. We are not permitted to be hot or not to mention talk about sex fit as a fiddle or structure. As a grown-up now I can comprehend why I totally opposed the generalizations made by my religion and culture. It’s not reasonable for cause ladies to feel not exactly human than men. We are sexual animals who share similar wants and needs. I presently grasp my sexuality. I’m not reluctant to be who I am, and state how I feel. Being a single parent in the public arena today places me in another generalization too. Having a youngster without any father present is as yet looked downward on, and all the more so with the mother. We are named as â€Å"promiscuous†, â€Å"unholy†, and â€Å"irresponsible†, yet to me I cherished a man for a long time and needed to make an existence with him. Shockingly the maltreatment I suffered was too extraordinary to even think about allowing after the kid was conceived, so I decided to leave. Then again the single parent is lauded and named as â€Å"hard working†, and â€Å"honorable†. In news and media lady are depicted as sex questions so as to lure society. It attracts ladies since they either need to resemble them or appear as though them and it attracts men since they love the visual incitement. Sexuality is utilized as a stun an incentive for appraisals. Are attractive lady who love their bodies and the manner in which it causes them to feel actually that stunning? Rather than molding our young lady to conceal their sexuality we ought to show them solid approaches to investigate and communicate their human wants of sexuality in a protected, sound way.
Taxation Law and Practice Finance Taxable Purposes
Question: Portray about the Taxation Law and Practice for Finance Taxable Purposes. Answer: Outline This whole task talks about Australian tax assessment laws. By giving case of an organization who bargains in memorial service administrations and subordinate exercises, parts of their exchanges and their strategy for tax assessment are placed into setting. By alluding to the Arthur Murray case, question has been raised with respect to what technique is to be followed to evaluate pay inferred. Two techniques have been talked about as indicated by Income Tax Assessment Act, 1976. They depend on terms of when money is gotten and when there is event of an obligation. The ideal opportunity for appraisal is discovered important to decide with respect to when pay ought to be considered for available purposes. Here it is likewise demonstrated that how the organization is delivering money profit and its treatment of expense, rental extra room taken on rent and the treatment for charge for long help leave account. Duty treatment has additionally been appeared for the different sorts of uses m ade by the organization. Section A. Arthur Murray (NSW) PTY LTD V FC OF T (1965) 114 CLR 314 Realities The citizen for this situation, Arthur Murray maintained a business of educating move. He used to take charges first and afterward used to give exercises. He used to offer limits to his understudies so they would be pulled in to come to him. The education costs which he used to get ahead of time used to be entered in an anticipation account as a subheading unmerited stores under-trained exercises account. At the point when he used to wrap up the educational costs, Arthur utilized exchange an aggregate of cash from the tension record to the income account which coordinated to the real charges for the moving exercises gave. It was normally unmistakably concurred among Arthur and his understudies advance educational cost cash would not be liable to return. Anyway Arthur used to restore the cash for exercises not gave. Arthur never used to make reference to propel educational cost cash as pay determined until the time he had given the genuine educational cost. This training was followed however he used to get advance educational cost cash (Australian Taxation Study Manual, 2016). While figuring his income, Arthur used to mull over just that cash that was available and identified with the move classes in those specific years. Dispute/Rebuttal The Commissioner of Income Tax came into the resolution that the educator used to get his profit on a receipt premise which essentially implies that his duty would be compute on the date he gets the cash however he had given exercises or not. So he chose to sort his development educational cost cash under his available salary as per s 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth (INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997, 2016)). Issues The inquiry that was talked about for the situation was that whether Arthur determined and announced his development educational cost cash in the year he had really given the educational cost or the year when he had really gotten the educational cost cash. Decision Three appointed authorities directed the becoming aware of the current case held in the High Court. They were Chief equity Barwick, Justice Taylor and Justice Kitto. They inferred that: The instructor had delineated the education costs to be gotten in the year when he had given it and not on the year he had really got the expenses. General standards recommend that a pay of an individual can't be identified with cash offered before to the administration for which it is paid. Bookkeeping and business standards don't bolster if there should arise an occurrence of an exchange including purchasing and selling of products and ventures, cash paid ahead of time. Such exchange can't be named as salary. The adjudicators totally consented to this point and didn't discover any focuses to oppose this idea. In spite of the fact that it was explicitly concur among Arthur and his understudies that the development educational cost cash would not be given back, he used to give back cash for which exercises were not given. Thus it was impractical for Arthur to regard that income as pay since he would have restored that cash as discount. So question emerged in that situation where the receipt is enrolled without genuine cash is entered as pay. It was held that one couldn't be burdened or charged on the grounds that he/she gets sooner than the administration or merchandise gave. The winning or income will stay as legitimate salary regardless of whether the method of getting the cash is extraordinary. No lawful snags can be forced on the collector since he/she wishes to work it at their own unrestrained choice. Anyway it is the obligation of the collector of the cash which not really earned to be saved for circumstances when the cash could be must be returned if the circumstance of cash for est eem isn't fulfilled. The income design holds a trademark where cash may be returned. The appointed authorities felt that the current situation is very unique and they recognize the realities however it could likewise be conceivable that the cash got had the attribute of assessable duty cash of the citizen. I) When salary is inferred? As per segment 6 sub segment 5 of Income Tax Assessment Act of 1997, citizens must think about the ordinary profit got over the time of winning while at the same time surveying salary for year of pay. As per Brent v FC of T 71 ATC 4195, charge laws have not characterized the term determined. They don't have any procedure as general technique to find the all out profit got by the taxpaying individual. Since there is no clear law salary inference is found by applying everyday business standards (Tiley, 2004). There are two business acknowledged ways that helps in discovering salary: Money Basis: Also known as the receipts premise, under this strategy pay is resolved when one gets money or something that can be changed over to money is gotten. As per Section 6 Subsection 5 section 4 of the ITAA Act 1997, in deciding if the individual paying expense has gotten customary cash, it is viewed as that the individual got the pay when he applied for it. This standard will work when individual owing cash to the citizen legitimately gives the cash to the individual to whom the citizen owes cash. Collections premise: Also known as the profit premise salary is resolved when the citizen really gains it. This happens when obligation comes into picture. This circumstance happens when administrations are given or vital merchandise are given, and a receipt has been given by the citizen to the purchaser. Here the client probably won't pay for the merchandise or administrations. While breaking down the earnings from the burial service benefits and related exercises it very well may be affirmed that every one of those charges which are yet to be gotten by the organization, for example charges yet to be paid under the net, 30 days receipt and the expenses to be gotten from the agreements of outer protection for which solicitations under the net, 30 days are given are pay as indicated by profit premise. They are those administrations whose installments might be gotten when the administrations will be given. Salary under the receipts premise is the cash gotten from RIP Finance Pty Ltd giving development cash. Additionally the cash which is given by the clients occasionally for future burial service purposes go under the receipts conspire. At the point when the cash is paid then just plans for memorial service is made. Connection of the Arthur Murray case with the current case In the Arthur Murray case, the move educator used to take cash ahead of time from the understudies and offer types of assistance post installment. Anyway he would restore the installments on the off chance that he was unable to give the exercises. There was a possibility for the discount of cash. In any case his salary could be treated under the receipts premise. Correspondingly for this situation Easy Funeral Plan was where cash was given ahead of time by the customers for future memorial services. Administrations were possibly given when the cash got paid. Anyway not at all like the other case no cash was returned or transmitted. Consequently pay can be evaluated for charge reason on the date when commitments were made. Citizens job in technique for representing charge Segment 6-5 subsection 2 and 3 of Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997 says that citizens need to put their all out salary under the ambit of pay which is assessable for charge purposes. There are no hard rules for citizens of the strategy for keeping accounts. It is the decision of citizen to pick the strategy for bookkeeping which would help in the correct depiction of his salary for that specific year. The strategies are based on receipts or profit. As far as money premise, time for surveying pay is when cash is gotten however administration or merchandise are not given. If there should arise an occurrence of profit premise, salary is really viewed as when administration or products is given and cash is because of installment. Relinquished Accounts Payment Treatment By demonstrating the cash moved from Easy Funeral Plan to Forfeited Payments Account charge assessibility can't be kept away from in light of the fact that the organization used to gather cash before offering types of assistance. For this situation the defaulting payers were not offered types of assistance. So not getting cash for administrations not gave didn't make any exchange. The salary got from the arrangement would in any case be surveyed under receipts premise since cash was gotten before giving of administration. Part B:- Nature of exchanging stock and duty treatment for that:- According to the area 70-10 of the annual duty evaluation act 1997, the stock in the idea of exchanging can be clarified as any substance created or procured or fabricated which is held for the goal of build, deal or trade in the general course of business. Accordingly, a thing must exchange stock in the event that it is fit for deal as a feature of an exchange, or on the off chance that it merchandise, property or administrations during the time spent creation yet not yet finished. Tear Pty Ltd. is a private restricted organization which is holding an assortment of three sorts of coffins alongside an assortment of adornments for exchanging reason. So these stocks stayed with by the ought to be taken into contemplations tor the motivation behind calculation of assessment. Presently the organization will get a conveyance of provisions for which it has just made an installment of $25000 in J
Friday, August 21, 2020
Of Mice And Men: Four Major Themes :: essays research papers
Of Mice and Men: Four Major Themes "Of Mice and Men", by John Steinbeck, is made out of four significant topics. These subjects are the estimation of dreams and objectives, moral duty, social foul play, and the obligation of kinship and unwaveringness. The estimation of dreams and objectives are that they give trust and the longing to prop up throughout everyday life, instead of setting down to bite the dust. When Lennie is feeling discouraged in the forested areas he gets some information about the "dream farm" once more. This is the ranch that Geore and Lennie would like to claim sometime in the not so distant future. Despite the fact that this dream appears to be practically inconceivable at the time it despite everything creates enough want to keep Lennie and George going. At the point when George begins talking session it Lennie gets all energized and upbeat thus does George. Another case of the intensity of dreams is when Candy over hears George and Lennie's "dream farm" and turns into a some portion of the fantasy. Candy goes from a discouraged dismal additude to a chipper energized one. He presently has any desire for accomplishing something and it originated from the "dream farm". A last case of the estimation of dreams and objectives is when Crooks hears of the ranch. Criminals is a desolate dark man who has no future, however when he begins to consider how he can be a piece of the fantasy he likewise gets upbeat and energized, until his fantasy is squashed. Many individuals of good character need to respect certin moral responibilites. George is bond by his own good to take care of Lennie. Nobody makes him do it, he simply does it since it feel like the proper activity. Candy felt like he disregarded his ethical responibility to shoot his own pooch. Candy felt genuine terrible inside on the grounds that it was his business to shoot his pooch however rather Carlson shot him. This shows when an individual conflicts with what is moraly right to them , they detest themselves for it. Toward the finish of the story George is constrained, out of good, to shoot Lennie. It was the proper activity, and despite the fact that it nearly murdered George inside to slaughter his closest companion, he despite everything did it. Social shamefulness is the point at which an individual or a goup of individuals feel they are better than individuals who are diverse by race, inteligence, age, sex, or other contrasts. Curley is discourteous and mean toward Lennie for the sole explanation that Lennie is a major person. Curely dosn't care for huge folks so he singles out Lennie and
Non-Invasive Ventilation in Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) Literature review
Non-Invasive Ventilation in Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) optional to an Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pul - Literature audit Example Figure 3: Kaplan-Meier plot indicating total endurance following the commencement of NIV (Chung et al., 2010) 18 Introduction Chronic obstructive aspiratory malady (COPD) is among the main worldwide reasons for interminable bleakness and mortality, being recorded as fourth driving reason for death around the world (British Lung Foundation, 2007). It represents roughly 30,000 passings every year in the United Kingdom (UK) , with over 90% of these happening in the more than 65 age bunch in 2004 (Healthcare Commission, 2006). The pervasiveness of the illness is required to ascend in coming decades and it is anticipated to be the third driving reason for death worldwide by 2020 (Murray and Lopez 1997). A confusion with constant wind current impediment, the meaning of COPD now picking up acknowledgment characterizes COPD as â€Å"a illness state described via wind stream restriction that isn't completely reversible. The wind stream restriction is typically both dynamic and related with a n irregular; fiery reaction of the lungs to harmful particles or gases†(GOLD, 2010). Three general sorts of sores are related with COPD: emphysema, little aviation routes aggravation and fibrosis, and bodily fluid organ hyperplasia (Senior and Anthonisen, 1998). Inordinate decrease of lung work in patients with COPD prompting hospitalization and passing due to COPD is related with nearness of incessant bodily fluid hypersecretion (Vestbo and Lang, 1996). Tobacco use is unquestionably the significant hazard factor for COPD characterized by pack-year or total portion, other than other hazard factors, for example, age (Blanchette et al., 2011), familial propensities, youth respiratory sicknesses, (Senior and Anthonisen, 1998) and word related presentation (Tomas, 2011; Blanc et al., 2009) Up to 20% of COPD patients admitted to medical clinic present with respiratory acidosis (Plant, 2000), portrayed by decay in gas trade, alongside tachypnoea, dyspnoea, and crepitation (Brochard , 2000); as was seen for the situation concentrated by the creator. Studies have suggested the utilization of Non-obtrusive ventilation (NIV) in such instances of intensifications of COPD (Dikensoy et al., 2002). In any case, there are discussions to determination of patients who might be viewed as qualified and may really profit by NIV because of methodological components. Patients with intensifications of COPD who are not prone to react to traditional help treatment and those in which NIV can be utilized for deflecting the necessities of intrusive mechanical ventilation can be chosen for organization of NIV (Garpestad et al., 2007). Other than seriousness of intensifications and respiratory acidosis, a few different factors, for example, singular attributes, timing of intercession, expertise of working
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Free-Writing and Journaling: Tools to Activate Original Ideas
Free-Writing and Journaling: Tools to Activate Original Ideas
In this series, we examine how Umberto Eco’s book, ‘How to Write a Thesis,’ can be used to help writers improve their focus, research smarter and get any writing project done faster. In part five, we explore the benefits of free-writing and journaling.
Umberto Eco’s newly English-translated book: How to Write a Thesis offers generous kernels of advice for writers. Yes, even those making efforts to sustain interest in blog posts, ebooks or long-form journalism.
Essentially, Eco’s stance on writing encourages writers to value academic rigor and critical thinking, especially if one is finding a voice vital to democracy’s free-spirited conversation.
In this blog post, we’ll talk a bit about free-writing and journaling. Though Eco doesn’t use these particular terms to describe his advice to writers, he certainly points to how the practice can help build a writer’s confidence.
how free writing and journaling helps writers generate ideas
Free-writing and journaling: Why do it?
These days, the term, “journaling” has been co-opted as a writing process applied to find the soul and one’s “true feelings” when seeking self-realization. But for skilled writers, journaling is not used to access our deepest, most intimate feelings, but a way to shed the junk off the top layers of a writer’s mind.
Most of us read and collect ideas from other writers. We “borrow” ideas more liberally than we admit. Very frequently, we parrot other people’s ideas without coming up with anything original ourselves.
Eco’s advice on free-writing
• “You may notice that you get carried away with your inspiration, and you lose track of the center of your topic. In this case, you can remove the parenthetical sentences and the digressions.”
Essentially, Eco is telling writers to free-write, a process of putting ideas on paper, unencumbered by judgment. Write thoughts down freely. Just to get the flow going, but always know it’s the first draft.
My analogy is that to watercolor painting: When confronted with a blank sheet, start by layering light colors to your paper. Move to dark colors after sketching. Consider free-writing as your first layer of light colors.
In the process of free-writing, very acute selective thinking is actually happening at the unconscious level. In reality, free-writing allows us to slow down and select keywords and phrases and put them on paper. The results come from re-reading what you wrote.
Upon reading your free-writing, you can begin to decipher between what looks like other people’s ideas and what are yours. Some intermittent thoughts might appear as repeated turns of phrases or word groups which hint at an original idea.
The act of selection, in itself, forces a writer to choose between their narrative stance and their identity. This spot is what we also call a writer’s critical distance. Trust those voices, they will lead you to your original idea.
eco umberto's advice on journaling
Eco’s advice on journaling
• “Do not insist on the beginning with the first chapter.”
• “Perhaps you have more documentation on chapter 4. Start there, with the nonchalance of someone who has already worked out the previous chapters. You will gain confidence.”
Eco’s advice to not start at the beginning is about making sure you find your strong spot when you start writing. Confidence is half the battle for many writers. And if ever you get to the state of “nonchalance,” then such an attitude certainly helps with sounding authoritative.
Journaling often helps when you have a specific quote or series of ideas that you want to delve deeper into. In journaling, allow yourself to use the pronoun: “I” as you write. This will help you distinguish between what you think, and what the other writers are saying about the topic you are investigating.
In later drafts, you can remove the “I” sentences and restructure them without the “I” present. Eco actually prefers the majestic “we” because it presumes that readers can share what the writer is saying. The use of “we” indicates the social act of writing.
how to decide if free writing or journaling is right for you
Free-write or journal: How to decide which technique to use
Now, the techniques of free-writing and journaling share similar goals: Each begins an effort to give the writer a kick-start into writing something, be it a first draft or a few paragraphs on something they feel they know intimately.
To decide where your mind is and which technique to use in your situation, you need to ask yourself:
• Is my mind drowning in other people’s ideas? Overstimulated?
• Is it full of information, but focused on some key issues and ideas?
I find free-writing helps those who feel they need to quiet the noise. When I taught “Writing the Essay” to New York University undergraduates, I started nearly every session with free-writing. Students inundated with a vibrant city found the free-writing sessions of 10-15 minutes very centering. After this exercise, students felt ready to get their mental clogs turning on a directed topic.
Journaling works best when the writer feels really focused about a certain section of their thesis or story, but continues to have lingering questions or thoughts related to subsections or tangential ideas which they think are linked to their central ideas. Journaling creates a space for a writer to explore what she hasn’t yet mentally unpacked.
Often, journaling is a form of getting those intricate, linked thoughts on paper and also giving yourself the space to reflect on why a certain thing is not yet fully conscious to you yet.
Both free-writing and journaling are great tools for writers to bring forth ideas that can contribute to the free-spirit of democratic conversations.
Both free-writing and journaling are great tools for writers to bring forth original ideas. #creativity #writingtips Click To Tweet
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Identify the communication climate in an important relationship in your life. What are the spiral effect of behaviors. Discuss the negative behaviors that people with whom you interact with use
Expert Answers
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In my agency there is a public computer space that many people use frequently. One client has a bad habit of always trying to have the last word and answering for other people. So he gets into arguments over trivial things and ends up apologizing, but also over-explaining why he said what, etc. His interactions often spiral into an endless argument of what he was "trying" to say or do when the other person has gotten fed up with his interference.
We have reminded Client X on many occasions that he needs to let people do their jobs and others have personal conversations without him. I usually just have to look at him or say his name and he knows to shut up. But with others, he just keeps going on and on and never ends the explanation of how he was just trying to help. Then everyone is mad at him.
Here's how it so often happens. Person comes in and asks a question of the volunteer at the desk. Client X opens his mouth and answers the question first. Client X's answer was wrong. Volunteer tries to explain the right answer to the person who asked, but Client X is busy trying to explain what he meant and his loud voice is overriding the volunteer. Staff comes out to ask Client X to let the volunteer do their job; Client X then starts explaining all over again to the staff member, and it just doesn't stop.
Client X also has the bad habit of listening to and then joining in on other people's conversations even when he's not wanted. The same irritating situation ends up happening when he's asked to keep to his own business and let others have their private conversation. This is in a space where it's difficult to have a totally private or personal conversation but most people just mind their own business and let friends talk to each other without needing to join a personal conversation.
This has gone on for several years. We have pointed out to Client X that this is part of why he cannot keep a job. When it's time to lay employees off, they're going to choose someone who is disruptive to the work place and this type of behavior is disruptive.
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Tag Archives: absorption
Mechanism of Action; How iron is absorbed
mechanism of action
Iron is the second most abundant element in the earth’s core; yet deficiency of iron is the most common cause of anemia across the globe. A well- balanced diet can supply recommended daily doses of iron. Human body maintains a steady balance between iron intake and loss. The need and absorption rate of iron increases
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The only major that accrues new interest every day.
We don't think it's breaking news that most people—if not all—would like more money. Right? Right, Shmoopers? Okay, help us help you. If you can't admit that money is important, we can't go any further. Now, say it with us: Show me the money. Show me the money, Shmoop.
Geeze, okay. Since you asked politely…
So yeah, money matters. We know this, you know this, everyone knows this. If you'd like to know more about this, consider majoring in finance. Finance majors know a thing or two about money and how to make it stretch because of all the math and econ classes they've taken. They know the best way to manage investments and understand the topsy-turvy world of corporate finance.
"But wait a minute, Shmoop, isn't that just accounting?" Why, we're glad you asked. The short answer is: Not quite. It's true that they're similar since both deal with numbers and finances, but here's a basic definition: Accounting students study everything to do with numbers from getting the money to organizing where it should all go. Finance majors, on the other hand, focus on how to manage the money. Stocks, bonds, and investment options are big deals in the finance major.
So if you're more interested in figuring out how to manage a portfolio and what the deal is with investment options, finance is for you.
Then, you can show your clients the money.
Percentage of US students who major in Finance:
Stats obtained from this source.
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Comet and Cluster
Comet Garradd will be edging past the relatively bright mag. +6.4 globular cluster M15 in Pegasus, the Flying Horse, in the early hours of tomorrow morning, 3 August.
Closest approach is shown in the mock-up, here. M15 is relatively easy to locate by drawing a line from star Theta (θ) to Epsilon (ε) Pegasi, or Enif.
Extending the line by half as much again will bring you right to M15.
The constellation of Pegasus is best known for the large asterism (unoffiical pattern) known as the Great Square of Pegasus.
This can be seen rising in the east as the sky is getting dark.
Theta and Epsilon belong to the triangular pattern of stars found off the square’s bottom right corner.
Theta is the bottom star of the triangle and Epsilon the rightmost star as seen from the UK.
During the morning of the 3rd, the apparent separation between the centres of M15 and the comet will be less than a degree, (1 degree is two full Moon diameters).
The magnitude of the comet is predicted to be +8.8 at this time.
However, comet magnitudes can be misleading and being an extended object (it’ll have a tangible size in the sky rather than being a point source like a star) will mean that its surface brightness will appear lower than you might expect.
A pair of binoculars should reveal the comet as a faint smudge, but a telescope using a low power will probably fare better.
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Knowing More About Cardboard Engineering
Cardboard engineering is also called cardboard modeling. It is a kind of modeling method that uses card stock, paper, paperboard, and sometimes corrugated fiber boards. The term itself is also used sometimes to differentiate it from creating decorative cards.
Cardboard engineering is also sometimes considered as paper modeling. In the past, though, this was considered just to be a method of modeling because the method itself is cost efficient.
All these started after World War II, when cardboard was heavily promoted and marketed by new growing companies. One of these was the ERG Ltd. Which made an entire book titled “Cardboard Rolling Stock and How to Build It.”
Superquick was another company that pioneered the use of cardboard.
Since then, entire books of how to cut out pieces from cardboard were made and eventually grew further in popularity. Furthermore, the UK is best known for many cardboard micromodels.
Through the years, their popularity grew, which then gave way to the rise of folding paperboard cartons. Cereal makers were also fast to adapt to this as they incorporated this into their packaging as it was not only economical, but aesthetically pleasing as well.
Now, the hobby of cardboard engineering is on a revival thanks to the many IT based printers available in the market. Laser color printers and ink jet printers have indeed made life easier for everyone.
Now that technology is fast developing, the use of vector graphics is also considered as one of the way that makes cardboard engineering even more popular. There are now a lot of models that even beginners and entire paper bag manufacturers can use.
All that’s needed now is the passion and interest of the person to continue diving deeper into cardboard engineering.
It’s not really difficult to do now especially that we have now all the resources needed.
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Kidnapping vs Hijacking
by Weer Welar
(Hhoms, Libya)
Sometimes people try to hijack planes
Sometimes people try to hijack planes
What's the difference between "kidnapping" and "hijacking"? When should I use each one?
Good question Weer welar.
To steal, carry off, or abduct by force or fraud. It is especially common to use kidnap when describing a hostage situation or when a ransom is requested.
Is used when something is stolen or taken by force. (to steal, to rob). It is usually used when something is taken from a contained area. It can also be used when something is stopped or control over something is lost. (a plane, train, bus, security truck).
Examples in Use
• There has been a kidnapping in one of the local schools (a little girl was taken by a stranger and has not been seen for 12 hours).
• The plan was hijacked by three women.
• I couldn't find my son and I was afraid that someone might have kidnapped him.
• The gang was planning to hijack a van before robbing the bank.
• Finding someone within the first 24 hours of being kidnapped is crucial.
• The pirates hijacked the fishing boat and threw all the crew overboard.
• The criminals tried to kidnap the president by hijacking air force one.
General Rule
We use kidnap when someone has been taken away by force or without consent. This happens a lot with children but also adults can be kidnapped. Just remember that "kid" means child...and kidnappings happen to people.
We use hijack when we talk about taking something over by force. It is usually something that is mobile and that contains or carries people or things (boats, planes, cars, buses etc).
I hope that the difference is clear now Weer Welar. :)
Have a great day!
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Water wells play an important role in both developed and developing countries. Water wells provide water for people and animals to drink. Additionally, it allows for irrigation of farms and gardens and provides a source for hygienic cleaning. Given the important role that a water well can provide for a community or a home, owners must maintain. That way, they continue to provide a fresh reliable water source for many years to come. Read on to learn how you can ensure that you have a safe and clean well.
Protect The Opening
Protecting the opening is perhaps the most obvious way to keep the water well safe and clean for human consumption. Contractors builds modern wells with a cap that fits on top of the wellhead and secures the well opening. Owners should inspect the well-cap regularly for cracks or any other damage. Damage may lead to corrosion, thus leaving the wellhead vulnerable and exposed.
Water well in a developing country might not fulfill modern specifications. In these situations, the well needs a concrete wall surrounding it that also allows for drainage. This helps prevent unclean surface water from flowing into the well. Additionally, it acts as an extra barrier to prevent any people or animals from falling in and harming themselves.
Reduce Sediment
Modern wells avoid sediment through the placement of the water pump. The contractor places water pumps about 25 feet above the bottom of the well. This placement avoids the pump drawing sediment into the water. Additionally, they install well screens to also help filter out the sediment. The well screens act as a barrier that allows water to pass through while preventing sediment from entering the well.
In wells in a developing country without the advantage of modern technology, the sediment must be removed by the digger. Once the digger removes all the loose sediment, they need to add a layer of gravel or rocks. The gravel holds the soil down and prevents it from mixing with the water. Additionally, it will also help prevent the bucket from stirring up silt since it cannot penetrate through the rocks.
Treat The Well And Water
Due to the way modern wells are treated, there is no need to have to physically clean the inside of the well to prevent bacterial or fungus growth. Water is filtered and treated through the mechanics of the well and with regular maintenance and testing, most, if not all, problems can be avoided.
In wells in developing countries where they might not be connected to a filtration system, the inside of the well needs to be regularly cleaned and disinfected. The sides of the well should be scrubbed clean with a chlorine solution that kills bacteria and fungus. Additionally, chlorine should be added regularly to the water to kill microbes that are harmful to both human and animal consumption.
Clear Vegetation
In both developed and developing countries, vegetation can cause a problem for wells. If vegetation manages to get into the water, when the vegetation decomposes, it can cause harmful bacteria for humans to consume. Additionally, the root system of vegetation, especially trees or bushes, can break the side of the well and cause the well to collapse into itself thus rendering the well inoperable.
Animals And Chemicals
Although a person may install a well to provide a water source for animals, the animals must be kept away from the wells. Besides the danger of an animal falling in or damaging the top/opening of the wells, most animals contain microbes that are not normally found in humans. If ingested, these microbes can seriously injure or cause death. Lastly, animal waste, if introduced into the water, will contaminate the water and make it unsafe for consumption.
Many people use their wells for agricultural purposes. If chemicals such as pesticides or manure, is normally used in the agricultural process, it is important to store these far away from the well as possible so that you can have a safe and clean well.
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Smith Fellows
Smith Fellow
In many systems, it has now been established that predators can indirectly control plant communities via trophic cascades and that predator re-introduction following local extinctions can promote the recovery of ecosystems and their functioning. Powerful examples include wolf regulation of forest recovery, arctic fox control of plant production and biodiversity, and sea otter impacts in promoting kelp beds. Whereas these examples of predator facilitation of ecosystems occurred in the typical habitat-types where these predators formerly ranged, recent evidence indicates that the conservation of top predators can also lead to their expansion into unexpected habitat types and result in surprising effects to those systems. My recent research has revealed that, when protected, sea otters can expand into estuaries and generate a trophic cascade that promotes the persistence and expansion of seagrass beds in the face of intense nutrient loading that would otherwise lead to algal overgrowth.
For the Smith Fellowship, I will further investigate how the recovery of sea otters in the north Pacific can potentially enhance the persistence and re-establishment of valuable, non-kelp ecosystems. Specifically, I will test if sea otter presence can: 1) facilitate the success of seagrass restoration, 2) suppress crab-generated erosion and dieback in shoreline-protecting salt marshes, and 3) enhance seagrass bed health across the north Pacific, a range that spans 1000s of kms. Finally, I will work with my conservation practitioner mentors to identify regional stakeholders and managers concerned about sea otter recovery and host an information-sharing workshop to: 1) present the results from my research, 2) facilitate discussion on the expected impacts of sea otter expansion – both positive and negative, and 3) develop conservation strategies to better prepare for the impending sea otter expansion. Sea otters serve a as model for other top predators feeding at the same trophic level (e.g., alligators, sharks and other large fish), therefore this project has the potential to inform research and conservation on the impacts of restored food webs on coastal vegetated systems across the world.
Click here to visit Brent's research website.
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Biology Coursework Respiration In Yeast
Respiration is the process by which most organisms produce energy in the form of a universal energy currency, ATP; ATP is produced using energy from glucose and other organic molecules in the following reactions- [Drawings of Glycolysiskrebs would be here] Red NAD/Red FAD then moves to the mitochondrial membrane where it donates an electron to the ETC to energise proton pumps and pump protons into the intermembranal space, creating a chemiosmotic gradient down which protons will flow through ATP Synthase containing stalked particles, the ATP synthase complexes convert the energy from the proton into mechanical energy and back into chemical energy by forming a molecule of ATP from ADP P(I) Some yeast below the surface of the solution may be in anaerobic conditions and will respire anaerobically via fermentation to form ethanol [Drawing of Fermentation would be here] Methylene blue decolourizes when it is reduced, it is an NAD substitute and thus will be reduced during respiration.
As rate of respiration increases, the amount of product produced per unit time by dehydrogenase enzymes in yeast will increase, so more NAD/Methylene blue can be reduced in a given time, so up until an optimum temperature the time taken for Methylene blue to turn from blue to colourless will decrease (As amount of methylene blue reduced per unit time increases); after an optimum temperature the time taken for methylene blue to be reduced and turn colourless will increase as respiratory enzymes begin to denature resulting in less dehydrogenation in a given time, this will occur until the yeast eventually dies and the time taken for methylene blue to turn from blue to colourless would be infinity.
(In my hypothetical nonexistant non EMPA prediction) I predicted that the time taken for methylene blue to turn from blue to colourless would decrease as temperature increased up until an optimum temperature, after this temperature any further increase would cause the time taken for methylene blue to decolourise would increase, this was proven to be correct and is supported fully by my (hypothetical) results If I don't get any replies to this and nobody wants to assess that then count me as a sacrifice to the EMPA gods, if it happens to be of any use to anyone then feel free to use it.
When the sugars have been broken down into anaetobic molecules i. They could wear gloves and use a spatula to take out the yeast from its container.
Other than a switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration which is not possible because O2 was present all the time, the only thing that i can think of is that yeast takes time to accommodate or something? One tube was placed resliration a warm water bath at 42 degrees Celsius and yeasy other was placed in a cold water bath at room temperature.
With strong and reliable results, the conclusion obtained will be strengthened, showing that there is a faster rate of CO2 production when yeast respires a monosaccharide sugar, than a disaccharide sugar. But saying this, I was very surprised with the results obtained in the limited time.
Research Paper On Animal Testing - Biology Coursework Respiration In Yeast
Nevertheless, despite this small difference, I think the experiment justified my results greatly.
This would provide clear and sound evidence on the relationship between the respiration rates with specific monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Coursewodk what biology coursework yeast respiration creative writing residencies fellowships are a one-semester introductory biology.
Similarly cold temperatures and hot temperatures will not have the same effect.
However, care will be needed when dealing with the equipment, such as the conical flask. You can see this result as the red circled one in my results table.
Comments Biology Coursework Respiration In Yeast
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Nuclear Medicine is medical imaging that uses special radiopharmaceuticals to diagnose various conditions and is sometimes used to treat disease.
Radiopharmaceuticals are substances that are attracted to specific parts of the body and highlight the way that certain organs function.
All Dr Jones & Partners Nuclear Medicine scanners have a technology called SPECT/CT that combines a state-of-the-art NM camera with the ability to perform low-dose CT. This technology allows the fusion of structural and functional information in the one study and has increased the diagnostic usefulness of this discipline.
Preparation – Nuclear Medicine Scan
Before the scan, you may be asked to change into an examination gown for your comfort, and to ensure clothing does not affect the images and diagnostic quality of the scan. You may also be asked to remove jewellery, eye-glasses and any metal objects that might interfere with the images.
If you are breastfeeding, pregnant or possibly pregnant, staff will ask for more information to determine the timing and type of test you will need. Staff will ask about medications you may be taking. Some drugs may alter the results of a test (particularly kidney, stomach and bowel scans) and may need to be stopped for a few days beforehand.
Does it matter if I am pregnant or breastfeeding?
Yes. If there is a possibility of pregnancy, we prefer to delay the test unless it is necessary. Some tests may need to be changed if you are breastfeeding or you may need to avoid breastfeeding for up to 1 hour after the test. Please tell us when you make your booking, and we will discuss this with you.
During the procedure, you are given a small dose of a radiopharmaceutical. What is given and how you are given it (whether it be by injection into a vein, through a breathing apparatus or by mouth) depends on which test you are having, although most commonly it involves a small injection into a vein. The substance goes to a specific organ or part of your body (e.g., kidneys or bone).
A device called a gamma camera is placed next to the organ being examined to produce the images. The timing of this depends on the particular test. For example, the thyroid gland is scanned approximately 20 minutes after you are given the substance. For a bone scan, you will be asked to return between 2 to 4 hours after the injection, during which time the radiopharmaceutical will have been taken up by the bones. Occasionally, some tests may require returning on an additional day for images.
How long a procedure takes will vary; the delay between being given the radiopharmaceutical and the scan can be several minutes, several hours, and rarely, several days.
Risks / Side effects
Side effects from radiopharmaceuticals such as nausea, vomiting or a rash are very uncommon, occurring in approximately 1 in 10,000 people.
After the Test
After the test, the specialist will examine the films and send a report to your doctor.
Staff will advise you if there are any precautions you need to follow after your tests. For example, if you are breastfeeding, you may need to avoid breastfeeding for up to 1 hour after the test. It may be necessary to avoid close contact with pregnant women or young children for several hours after the test.
After the procedure, you can drive a car, and eat and drink normally.
How long will I have the radiopharmaceutical in me?
The radiopharmaceuticals break down by themselves in a short time. Most are undetectable within 24 – 36 hours. The total radiation dose is similar to or less than other imaging procedures such as CT scans.
Will I glow in the dark?
No, you won’t. There is only a small amount of radioactivity in the injection which disappears quickly.
View the Patient Care page for additional information regarding patient safety.
Are you ready to make your Nuclear Medicine appointment?
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Getting the Radius of an angle within an ellipse
I’m trying to build a camera look ahead system for a top down game. One which has different X/Z values in order to deal with 16:9 ratio screens. To do this, I want to generate an ellipse from X and Z values.
I want to know what the radius is of a given angle within that ellipse, which is where I am stuck. I am trying to replicate the following formula in Blueprints:
But ingame, I am getting some odd results. Currently X&Z are both set to 500, and anything less than ~45 degress or over ~135 degrees is coming back as 0, and anything in between is within the range of 25 to 75. I would expect all resutls to come back as 500.
Does anyone know where I am going wrong?
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Artificial intelligence has been a driving force behind the digital transformation that is characterizing the current IT and business landscape. The information age has given us access to more data than humans can process, and relying on AI systems to work with vast data repositories is empowering us to find new ways of deriving value from information.
We don’t have the kind of thinking and feeling machines that science fiction movies portray, but the many uses of Artificial Intelligence are sources of considerable progress for several industries.
A brief history of AI
The concept of AI is not new, but a lot of current applications weren’t possible until computer science and hardware innovations caught up. Here are some significant milestones in the history of AI:
• In his 1950 paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Alan Turing formulated the idea that humans rely on information and logic systems to make the best decision possible and that this model could be transposed to machines.
• In 1956, the Logic Theorist program organized by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky brought together researchers from different fields to discuss AI. The term artificial intelligence was coincidentally coined during this conference.
• Technological innovations throughout the 1960s and 1970s were instrumental to the development of AI. Machines could store commands rather than merely executing them, and memory miniaturization made complex machines more cost-effective.
• The 1980s saw the rise of new concepts like algorithms, deep learning and expert systems for decision-making. The Japanese government funded research to develop expert systems, marking one of the first uses of AI in a business setting to duplicate the decision-making process of experts in a given field.
• IBM’s Deep Blue decision-tree AI beat world chess champion Gary Kasparov in 1997, a symbolic milestone for AI outperforming humans.
Different types of AI
Functional AI systems fall into the artificial narrow intelligence, or weak AI, category. These systems operate with predefined functions and are designed to perform a specific type of task.
There are different types of systems within the weak AI category:
• Reactive machine AI. One of the earliest examples of reactive machine systems is IBM’s Deep Blue AI, mentioned above. It makes decisions based on the current configuration of the chess board, and all the possible configurations are built into the initial algorithm. The system doesn’t learn from the outcome of previous games.
• Limited memory systems. Most modern AI systems fall into this category. These systems have the capacities of reactive machine systems, but they can use historical data to make decisions. Self-driving vehicles and personal assistants are based on limited memory systems.
• Theory of mind. This branch of AI aims to develop systems that can incorporate factors like human needs and emotions. It’s still theoretical.
• Self-awareness. In theory, AI systems could achieve capabilities like consciousness, representation of self and internal states.
Strong AI, or artificial general intelligence, replicates the way humans function by drawing parallelisms between different areas of knowledge and handling a much wider range of tasks. These systems are still theoretical but could open up infinite possibilities since they carry out complex tasks without being limited by predefined functions.
Artificial superintelligence is the next step in AI evolution, with capabilities that exceed human thinking.
Top AI trends and branches
There are some innovative concepts shaping the development of AI within the limited memory system category.
Machine learning. Machine learning is a major trend shaping current AI uses. An AI system is fed massive amounts of data and looks for patterns. The more experience a system has, the more accurately it finds patterns. There are different methods used to provide feedback and improve the system, including supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning. AI systems like Netflix’s recommendation algorithm use machine learning.
Deep learning and neural networks. Neural networks possess several nodes that act as steps in a complex decision-making process. These AI systems are attuned by attributing more or less weight to a specific node to achieve a more accurate outcome. The purpose is to create a system that can process varying input. Examples of deep learning and neural networks include speech recognition and automated translation tools.
AI applications
Various sectors are embracing AI and driving research.
Health care. Health care is a field that can greatly benefit from adopting new techniques to derive value from medical data. AI is the perfect answer.
IBM’s Watson is an AI platform that sifts through data from clinical trials and matches patients to the most relevant trials. It’s an example of a task that a human couldn’t perform due to the sheer size of the data set. Here are other uses of AI in health care:
• AI systems can draw on historical data from other patients with similar symptoms to formulate a more accurate diagnosis or use technology like image recognition to support medical imaging diagnoses.
• An AI system can adjust medication doses based on a patient’s symptoms, history and biology.
• Natural language processing can sort through medical literature and identify drug interaction risks. Japanese company Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma pioneered a new way of creating treatments with an AI system that generated a molecule for an OCD treatment.
• AI and predictive analytics are valuable tools for gaining insights into how a disease is likely to progress in a patient or how an outbreak could spread.
• AI can power features like chatbot interactions for telehealth patients.
Business processes. AI has revolutionized the corporate world with uses like process automation. Repetitive tasks such as updating customer files, billing or marketing communication can be automated to save time.
We’re also seeing businesses implement AI systems to optimize existing processes. An example is fleet management with an AI that creates the most time- and cost-effective routes.
Analytics solutions leverage AI to derive value from data and provide businesses with actionable insights and predictive analytics that support decision-making.
Security and fraud prevention are other areas where businesses can benefit from adopting AI. Modern fraud prevention systems analyze data from payments and look for unusual patterns. They also monitor traffic in real time and stop attacks.
AI and the IoT. The internet of things is another area where we’re seeing new uses for AI:
• Smart home products rely on AI systems to deliver a more personalized experience and automate actions based on preferences or behaviors.
• Self-driving cars use AI systems to analyze the environment and make the best decisions possible.
• Industry 4.0 needs AI systems to work with the data generated by connected machines and data points across the supply chain.
• We could see more AI-controlled drones and robots in the future.
Getting started with AI
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Rules-based fraud prevention processes are no longer a match for the kind of sophisticated schemes criminals are putting together.’s solution is to combine the power of deep learning with consortium data from multiple sources to detect unusual transaction patterns in real time. Learn more about the technology we use and get started with a free trial.
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World in focus
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USA: Obama is re-elected
November 7th 2012Barack Obama was re-elected president of the US on November 6th, winning a surprisingly comfortable victory over his Republican challenger, Mitt Romney. An improving economy supported Mr Obama in the closing months of the campaign, as did a broad base of voters that offset the staunch opposition of conservatives.
Mr Obama won a majority of the so-called battleground states that have decided the presidency in recent elections. Ohio, an industrial state with an important auto manufacturing sector, pushed Mr Obama past the threshold of 270 electoral votes needed to win. Under the US system, presidents are elected by the popular vote in individual states, which then assign all of their electoral votes to the winning candidate.
The Democrats also held control of the Senate, the upper house of Congress; the Republicans, who had a large majority in the House of Representatives, retained control of the lower chamber. The result leaves the balance of governmental power exactly as it was before the election, although the outcome marks a significant setback for conservatives, who expected to capitalise on a weak economic recovery to take full control of the government.
Despite the Obama victory, the country remains almost evenly divided politically. A majority of the counties in the US voted for Republicans, and a significant share of states, especially in the South and the West, are staunchly conservative. Mr Obama will have more latitude to pursue his economic agenda in a second term, but his victory is something well short of a mandate. Indeed, all recent presidents who have won second terms, including George W Bush and Bill Clinton, secured a larger share of the vote when re-elected. Mr Obama won a smaller share.
Final election results were not available as of 1:00am Wednesday Washington, D.C. time, but Mr Romney conceded the election in a call to Mr Obama at around 12:30am. US television networks gave Mr Obama the victory about an hour earlier based on a projected count of electoral votes in the states. The popular national vote may not be known for several days, but will likely be closer than the electoral vote.
The election will likely lead to a period of soul-searching for Republicans. The economy, as the Economist Intelligence Unit has always insisted, was the major issue in the campaign, and US economic performance in the past year has been lacklustre. This should have favoured Mr Romney, but ultimately did not make enough of a difference. This was, in part, because Mr Romney, a former private equity executive, did not offer a convincing or a coherent economic alternative. He also seems to have lost because of strongly conservative views, especially on social issues, that alienated many independent voters. Overall, the election was a significant setback for the so-called Tea Party, the far-right wing of the party that performed strongly in 2010 in mid-term elections but this time supported candidates, especially in the Senate, who ultimately proved to be unelectable.
Improving economy
Mr Obama was able to win, in part, because the economy has improved in recent months. The two most politically important economic indicators, employment and consumer confidence, were strengthening in the period before the election. According to the Bureau of Labour Statistics, employers created an average of 173,000 jobs in each of the four months before the election, a respectable total. In the three months prior to that, during an early-summer slowdown, the economy created less than half that number—an average of just 67,000 jobs.
Consumers were also decidedly more upbeat ahead of the election. The most closely watched measure of consumer confidence, the Reuters/University of Michigan survey, was at its highest level in five years in early October. This suggests that spending is likely to climb in coming months.
Several other measures of the economy have also been breaking Mr Obama's way, even if they remain weak by pre-recession standards. The housing market is clearly, if slowly, recovering; home prices are rising, construction is increasing and mortgage originations have been climbing. Thirty-year mortgages in the US are available from as little as 3.5%, which is attracting new buyers into the market.
The consumer outlook may also be benefitting from a steady rise in the stockmarket, which is an increasing source of wealth for many Americans whose pensions are partially tied to equities. The S&P 500 index rose by around 12% between June and the start of November. An easing of the debt crisis in Europe and a concerted bond-buying programme by the US Federal Reserve significantly boosted investor sentiment, driving markets higher and creating something of a wealth effect.
Mr Obama was also clearly helped by his support for the auto industry during the recession. This appears to have been a significant factor in states such as Michigan and Ohio, which Mr Obama won. Mr Romney opposed government intervention in the restructuring of the car companies.
The outlook for policy in a second Obama is uncertain, but prospects for a comprehensive fiscal consolidation programme will be better. Although conservatives in the Congress will not abandon their positions, they will likely give ground in some areas, especially their resistance to tax increases for wealthier Americans—a key demand of Mr Obama. Indeed, some Republicans privately are already conceding this point. Mr Obama, for his part, will be more open to greater spending cuts, mainly because he knows that a responsible fiscal policy is impossible without such steps.
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You are here: Home / Tags / Leadership + Animal behavior / All Categories
Tags: Leadership + Animal behavior
All Categories (1-6 of 6)
1. Is consensus-seeking unique to humans? A selective review of animal group decision-making and its implications for (human) social psychology
Contributor(s):: Kameda, Tatsuya, Wisdom, Thomas, Toyokawa, Wataru, Inukai, Keigo
2. Synchronization and leadership in switches between resting and activity in a beef cattle herd - a case study
Contributor(s):: Sarova, R., Spinka, M., Panama, J. L. A.
The mechanisms of activity synchronization in group living ungulates are not well understood. In a case study on herd of 15 Gasconne beef cows with calves observed during a total of 25 summer daylight periods in 2004 and 2005, we examined whether cows similar to each other in body weight or in...
3. Consistency of animal order in spontaneous group movements allows the measurement of leadership in a group of grazing heifers
Contributor(s):: Dumont, B., Boissy, A., Achard, C., Sibbald, A. M., Erhard, H. W.
The term 'leadership' has been used in several different senses, resulting in very different ways of identifying leaders and apparently inconsistent conclusions on how leadership is determined in herbivores. We therefore propose the following definitions: (i) a leader is the individual that is...
4. Evaluation of physical and behavioral traits of llamas associated with aggressiveness toward sheep-threatening canids
Contributor(s):: Cavalcanti, S. M. C., Knowlton, F. F.
Aggressiveness of llamas (Lama glama) toward dogs was evaluated. Physical and behavioural traits were identified in individual llamas. 20 llamas were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups (5 animals per group). Focal group sampling techniques were used to rank individual llamas according to...
5. The relationship of dominance, forced and voluntary leadership and growth rate in weaned pigs
Contributor(s):: Blackshaw, J. K., Thomas, F. J., Blackshaw, A. W.
Food competition dominance order was determined for 31 groups of weaned pigs (nine to 13 pigs per group, 12-14 weeks old). Voluntary leadership order was determined by allowing the pigs free access to a passage (41.5 m long x 1.35 m wide) and forced leadership order was recorded by forcing the...
6. Dominance versus leadership in dog training
Contributor(s):: Yin, S.
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In acquiring knowledge we make use of generalisations, and generalisation is based upon observation. We first observe facts, then generalise, and then draw conclusions or principles. The knowledge of the mind, of the internal nature of man, of thought, can never be had until we have first the power of observing the facts that are going on within. It is comparatively easy to observe facts in the external world, for many instruments have been invented for the purpose, but in the internal world we have no instrument to help us. Yet we know we must observe in order to have a real science. Without a proper analysis, any science will be hopeless — mere theorising. And that is why all the psychologists have been quarrelling among themselves since the beginning of time, except those few who found out the means of observation.
There is only one method by which to attain this knowledge, that which is called concentration. The chemist in his laboratory concentrates all the energies of his mind into one focus, and throws them upon the materials he is analysing, and so finds out their secrets. The astronomer concentrates all the energies of his mind and projects them through his telescope upon the skies; and the stars, the sun, and the moon, give up their secrets to him. The more I can concentrate my thoughts on the matter on which I am talking to you, the more light I can throw upon you. You are listening to me, and the more you concentrate your thoughts, the more clearly you will grasp what I have to say.
It is easy to concentrate the mind on external things, the mind naturally goes outwards; but not so in the case of religion, or psychology, or metaphysics, where the subject and the object, are one. The object is internal, the mind itself is the object, and it is necessary to study the mind itself — mind studying mind. We know that there is the power of the mind called reflection. I am talking to you. At the same time I am standing aside, as it were, a second person, and knowing and hearing what I am talking. You work and think at the same time, while a portion of your mind stands by and sees what you are thinking. The powers of the mind should be concentrated and turned back upon itself, and as the darkest places reveal their secrets before the penetrating rays of the sun, so will this concentrated mind penetrate its own innermost secrets. Thus will we come to the basis of belief, the real genuine religion. We will perceive for ourselves whether we have souls, whether life is of five minutes or of eternity, whether there is a God in the universe or more. It will all be revealed to us. This is what Raja-Yoga proposes to teach. The goal of all its teaching is how to concentrate the minds, then, how to discover the innermost recesses of our own minds, then, how to generalise their contents and form our own conclusions from them. It, therefore, never asks the question what our religion is, whether we are Deists or Atheists, whether Christians, Jews, or Buddhists. We are human beings; that is sufficient. Every human being has the right and the power to seek for religion. Every human being has the right to ask the reason, why, and to have his question answered by himself, if he only takes the trouble.
So far, then, we see that in the study of this Raja-Yoga no faith or belief is necessary. Believe nothing until you find it out for yourself; that is what it teaches us. Truth requires no prop to make it stand. Do you mean to say that the facts of our awakened state require any dreams or imaginings to prove them? Certainly not. This study of Raja-Yoga takes a long time and constant practice. A part of this practice is physical, but in the main it is mental. As we proceed we shall find how intimately the mind is connected with the body. If we believe that the mind is simply a finer part of the body, and that mind acts upon the body, then it stands to reason that the body must react upon the mind. If the body is sick, the mind becomes sick also. If the body is healthy, the mind remains healthy and strong. When one is angry, the mind becomes disturbed. Similarly when the mind is disturbed, the body also becomes disturbed. With the majority of mankind the mind is greatly under the control of the body, their mind being very little developed. The vast mass of humanity is very little removed from the animals. Not only so, but in many instances, the power of control in them is little higher than that of the lower animals. We have very little command of our minds. Therefore to bring that command about, to get that control over body and mind, we must take certain physical helps. When the body is sufficiently controlled, we can attempt the manipulation of the mind. By manipulating the mind, we shall be able to bring it under our control, make it work as we like, and compel it to concentrate its powers as we desire.
According to the Raja-Yogi, the external world is but the gross form of the internal, or subtle. The finer is always the cause, the grosser the effect. So the external world is the effect, the internal the cause. In the same way external forces are simply the grosser parts, of which the internal forces are the finer. The man who has discovered and learned how to manipulate the internal forces will get the whole of nature under his control. The Yogi proposes to himself no less a task than to master the whole universe, to control the whole of nature. He wants to arrive at the point where what we call “nature's laws” will have no influence over him, where he will be able to get beyond them all. He will be master of the whole of nature, internal and external. The progress and civilisation of the human race simply mean controlling this nature.
Different races take to different processes of controlling nature. Just as in the same society some individuals want to control the external nature, and others the internal, so, among races, some want to control the external nature, and others the internal. Some say that by controlling internal nature we control everything. Others that by controlling external nature we control everything. Carried to the extreme both are right, because in nature there is no such division as internal or external. These are fictitious limitations that never existed. The externalists and the internalists are destined to meet at the same point, when both reach the extreme of their knowledge. Just as a physicist, when he pushes his knowledge to its limits, finds it melting away into metaphysics, so a metaphysician will find that what he calls mind and matter are but apparent distinctions, the reality being One.
The end and aim of all science is to find the unity, the One out of which the manifold is being manufactured, that One existing as many. Raja-Yoga proposes to start from the internal world, to study internal nature, and through that, control the whole — both internal and external. It is a very old attempt. India has been its special stronghold, but it was also attempted by other nations. In Western countries it was regarded as mysticism and people who wanted to practice it were either burned or killed as witches and sorcerers. In India, for various reasons, it fell into the hands of persons who destroyed ninety per cent of the knowledge, and tried to make a great secret of the remainder. In modern times many so-called teachers have arisen in the West worse than those of India, because the latter knew something, while these modern exponents know nothing.
Anything that is secret and mysterious in these systems of Yoga should be at once rejected. The best guide in life is strength. In religion, as in all other matters, discard everything that weakens you, have nothing to do with it. Mystery-mongering weakens the human brain. It has well-nigh destroyed Yoga — one of the grandest of sciences. From the time it was discovered, more than four thousand years ago, Yoga was perfectly delineated, formulated, and preached in India. It is a striking fact that the more modern the commentator the greater the mistakes he makes, while the more ancient the writer the more rational he is. Most of the modern writers talk of all sorts of mystery. Thus Yoga fell into the hands of a few persons who made it a secret, instead of letting the full blaze of daylight and reason fall upon it. They did so that they might have the powers to themselves.
In the first place, there is no mystery in what I teach. What little I know I will tell you. So far as I can reason it out I will do so, but as to what I do not know I will simply tell you what the books say. It is wrong to believe blindly. You must exercise your own reason and judgment; you must practice, and see whether these things happen or not. Just as you would take up any other science, exactly in the same manner you should take up this science for study. There is neither mystery nor danger in it. So far as it is true, it ought to be preached in the public streets, in broad daylight. Any attempt to mystify these things is productive of great danger.
Before proceeding further, I will tell you a little of the Sânkhya philosophy, upon which the whole of Raja-Yoga is based. According to the Sankhya philosophy, the genesis of perception is as follows: the affections of external objects are carried by the outer instruments to their respective brain centres or organs, the organs carry the affections to the mind, the mind to the determinative faculty, from this the Purusha (the soul) receives them, when perception results. Next he gives the order back, as it were, to the motor centres to do the needful. With the exception of the Purusha all of these are material, but the mind is much finer matter than the external instruments. That material of which the mind is composed goes also to form the subtle matter called the Tanmâtras. These become gross and make the external matter. That is the psychology of the Sankhya. So that between the intellect and the grosser matter outside there is only a difference in degree. The Purusha is the only thing which is immaterial. The mind is an instrument, as it were, in the hands of the soul, through which the soul catches external objects. The mind is constantly changing and vacillating, and can, when perfected, either attach itself to several organs, to one, or to none. For instance, if I hear the clock with great attention, I will not, perhaps, see anything although my eyes may be open, showing that the mind was not attached to the seeing organ, while it was to the hearing organ. But the perfected mind can be attached to all the organs simultaneously. It has the reflexive power of looking back into its own depths. This reflexive power is what the Yogi wants to attain; by concentrating the powers of the mind, and turning them inward, he seeks to know what is happening inside. There is in this no question of mere belief; it is the analysis arrived at by certain philosophers. Modern physiologists tell us that the eyes are not the organ of vision, but that the organ is in one of the nerve centres of the brain, and so with all the senses; they also tell us that these centres are formed of the same material as the brain itself. The Sankhyas also tell us the same thing The former is a statement on the physical side, and the latter on the psychological side; yet both are the same. Our field of research lies beyond this.
The Yogi proposes to attain that fine state of perception in which he can perceive all the different mental states. There must be mental perception of all of them. One can perceive how the sensation is travelling, how the mind is receiving it, how it is going to the determinative faculty, and how this gives it to the Purusha. As each science requires certain preparations and has its own method, which must be followed before it could be understood, even so in Raja-Yoga.
Certain regulations as to food are necessary; we must use that food which brings us the purest mind. If you go into a menagerie, you will find this demonstrated at once. You see the elephants, huge animals, but calm and gentle; and if you go towards the cages of the lions and tigers, you find them restless, showing how much difference has been made by food. All the forces that are working in this body have been produced out of food; we see that every day. If you begin to fast, first your body will get weak, the physical forces will suffer; then after a few days, the mental forces will suffer also. First, memory will fail. Then comes a point, when you are not able to think, much less to pursue any course of reasoning. We have, therefore, to take care what sort of food we eat at the beginning, and when we have got strength enough, when our practice is well advanced, we need not be so careful in this respect. While the plant is growing it must be hedged round, lest it be injured; but when it becomes a tree, the hedges are taken away. It is strong enough to withstand all assaults
A Yogi must avoid the two extremes of luxury and austerity. He must not fast, nor torture his flesh. He who does so, says the Gita, cannot be a Yogi: He who fasts, he who keeps awake, he who sleeps much, he who works too much, he who does no work, none of these can be a Yogi (Gita, VI, 16).
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How to Troubleshoot Household Electricity
A typical household electrical system isn't as forbidding as you might think. All the circuits branch out from a central panel, which receives the power from the electricity supplier. When something goes wrong, the panel is a good place to start looking for the cause. Working in the panel is dangerous, though, because the main connections are always live. If you find a problem, you should get an electrician to fix it.
Residential Electrical Service
Power comes to every residence in North America through two hot wires, each at a voltage of 120 volts. Each wire connects to a bus bar in the panel, and circuits connect to the bus bars by means of circuit breakers, which are safety devices that trip in the event of a current surge. Circuits running at 120 volts connect to one bus bar via one breaker, while those running at 240 volts, such as your dryer or water heater, connect to both bus bars via two paired breakers. Although servicing the panel is a job for an electrician, it's safe to reset tripped breakers.
Power Outages
When the power goes off to a light fixture or receptacle, the first thing to look for is a tripped breaker, signified by an orange flag on its front. To reset it, turn it all the way off and all the way on again. If the breaker won't stay on, or you can't find one that's tripped, look for other lights or receptacles that don't work. If you can't find any, the device that isn't working is either faulty or poorly connected. To find out, you'll have to turn off the breaker for that circuit and expose the wiring of the device in question. Blackened wires and melted plastic are the signs of a poor connection.
Ground and Arc Faults
When more than one fixture or receptacle on a circuit doesn't work, the problem could be a ground fault, which can happen when bare wires contact water or short out for another reason. If the circuit has a ground fault interrupting receptacle, it may have tripped, and to restore power, you have to locate and reset it. It may be in the bathroom, outside or in the laundry room and not necessarily near the devices that don't work. Some receptacles and breakers are arc-fault protected; they are designed to guard against arcing electricity. A faulty light bulb or loose-fitting plug can trip one of these.
Flickering, Dim or Bright Lights
Flickering lights are almost always the result of loose connections. A series of flickering fixtures points to a loose connection in a common junction box, such as the switch box. If only one light is flickering, however, and tightening the bulb has no effect, look for loose wire connections on the fixture. If some of the lights in your house burn dimly or you notice some burning more brightly than they should, it probably means that either one of the main input hot wires to the panel or the return wire is loose. This can happen in an older panel after a heavy thunderstorm, and it must be repaired by an electrician.
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Anti-virus protection
When you use anti-virus software, make sure that you carry out regular software updates to keep it as up to date as possible. If your anti-virus software has a virus scanner option, we recommend that you do regular scans of your computer. If a virus is ever found, you should follow the instructions provided by your anti-virus software.
Updates and patches
Personal firewall
In addition to using anti-virus software, you should also use a personal firewall. This will help to protect you from online threats by acting as a barrier between the public internet and your personal computer, provided that you carry out regular updates.
There are many internet frauds that rely on people downloading software to their computer often without their knowledge or consent. Don’t download any software onto your computer unless it’s from a trusted source or site.
Email attachments
Emails are a common way to spread viruses. If you’re at all suspicious, don’t open the email and delete it immediately.
Email security
If you believe an account has been compromised, sign in and change your password immediately. If you can’t access your account because a password has been changed, contact your email service provider immediately.
Spyware is a program that can secretly gather information about you as you use your computer. It’s commonly downloaded without the knowledge or consent of the user. It can slow down your computer, change your homepage, create lots of adverts or links to websites and even include keystroke loggers to record details such as passwords and user names. If your security software detects a threat on your computer, we recommend that you follow the instructions provided by your software.
Trojan programs
Trojan programs are hidden programs, again commonly downloaded without the knowledge or consent of the user, that can give control of your computer to a hacker or collect information about you as you use your computer. A Trojan is a type of computer worm or virus that’s installed on your computer without your knowledge or consent.
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Essay on Trees in English – Value of Trees @ 2019
6 min read
Hello Friend This is special category for our small reader who study in school. If they looking for english essay for their school homework or any kind of english essay article then this special category might help you all guyz. in this article we will share Value of Trees Essay in English for all class children and student . Initially we have published 900 word article for Value of Trees.
essay on trees in english – Value of Trees
essay on trees in english
The very shape of a tree is akin to that of a canopy. A canopy provides shelter from rain, Sun and any thing extraneous and is considered a sort of religious symbol. Thus, it is deemed a part of a holy and sacred plan. This lends sanctity to a tree and brings it closer to a part of some holy plan, designed and devised by Some divine force.
in ancient times, an over whelming area of the earth was covered with lush green trees. Thanks to the modern times, the area has diminished in major parts of the world, particularly in countries that are either highly urbanised or have mammoth populations, India is one of the countries where forests have been cut down ruthlessly. It is said that when the Europeans migrated to the American Continent the first thing they did was the axing down of the trees in an unprecedentedly ruthless manner. The end result was that the central part of America, particularly South America changed to a desert-a condition which since has only partly been arrived and that with strenuous efforts some enlightened people.
it is of not little significance that the Vedas sing highly of trees and in ancient India, some trees were particularly looked upon with a great amount of reverence and even worshipped. We know that certain trees are like pipal and jind‘ are still worshipped in temples and els where in India. Many trees are associated with great myths, stories and legends of the past heroes and are not allowed to be felled down.
Today even small children know that trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen in the presence of sunlight, The process is known as photosynthesis. Thus they clean the atmosphere and keep a balance of oxygen with other gases. Trees make the air cool around them. This coolness makes the water vapour in the air heavier and causes clouds to rain down. The areas where there are no or few trees such as Sudan and Ethiopia, often go dry. Thus deserts are caused which get perpetuated for want of dense forests.
Rajasthan is Such an area in India and such is Sahara in Africa, Now great efforts are going on to plant trees, in such areas. The Ganganagar area of Rajasthan in now overgrowing with vegetation because of the supply of water through a canal. Also efforts are going on to store rain water in Rajasthan to facilitate ‘the plantation of more trees and crops.
Most of the trees except a few such as Eucalyptus provide us shade. In olden times (and probably still in some villages) the people used to sit under shady trees. The children played games under huge oak and pipal trees and the village elders held their meetings and panchayats delivered their judgements under the trees. In modern times, Rabindranath Tagore, a man of great vision, expected the Shantiniketan University started by him, to be able to teach the students in the shade of trees. We know that no less a person than Indira Gandhi got a part of her education in the austere atmosphere of the Shantiniketan.
Trees give us various kinds of fruits. The leavers of some trees are used as fodder for animals. Bark of some trees proves useful in tannery. Trees provide us gums, rubber ant certain medicines like quinine.
Trees are useful in several other way’s. Their wood is used for making doors, Windows and ventilators for homes. It is also used for making furniture. Almost all the paper industry depends upon trees.
Some people, particularly the villagers, use the wood of the trees as fuel and use it for cooking and other such purposes. Actually, wood should not be used as fuel, as just for this reason so many trees have to be cutdown, such that there is a constant depletion of the forest area and this is a dangerous sign for environmental good health,
It is, therefore, of paramount importance that we grow more trees instead of cutting down the existing trees. Of course, sometimes trees which go dry due to several reasons have to be axed. But fresh trees must be grown in their place.
It is in the fitness of things that “Afforestation” or Vanmahotsav” is celebrated every year in India on first July. On this day saplings of trees of various kinds are grown in large numbers all over the country. The celebration was started after partition by the famous leader, K. M. Munshi, then a Union Minister. Let us all participate in this great event and grow more and more trees not only on this day but also during the whole of the rainy reason in July-August when the saplings catch roots in the soil readily and grow quickly into tall trees. This way we can increase greenery and get more fresh oxygenated air and rain besides several other gains.
As regards the usefulness of the wood of certain trees which We may normally think to be not of much use, here is an extract from the detail given by an expert in a newspaper about the utility of the wood of the spruce tree, which is a tall, handsome, evergreen Pine tree growing in temperate and arctic regions: Its knotfree logSal highly priced for the timber required for building aircraft. The rest the wood, whether knotted or free of the lacuna, is highly prized packing cases, making cheap furniture, bedsteads, drawing board plane tables, roof ceiling, wall planking, shingles, paper PuIP matches, etc.
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Mukesh Sharma
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Reflection on Vignelli Canon…
Massimo Vignelli was a famous graphic designer who designed numerous iconic signage from the early sixties until the late nineties and most would call a superstar of the design world. He created a design firm with his wife based on his work that concentrated on modernism and simplicity. He did this because his primary focus was geometric shapes, which can be seen throughout his work, with fonts, signage, calendars, maps, and furniture. He also had many other designs that spanned throughout his career for many decades. In his book, he discusses the need to help other young design students with his knowledge and in the hope of assisting them to become a better designer and hone in on their design skills. Vignelli believed that creativity was essential and wanted to be one that supported and helped others to be able to carry out their creativity as best as possible. He created and an array of works throughout his career and was very accomplished with his designs from airliners, subway maps, and many other designs he created.
Vignelli contributed so much to the world of design throughout his life and still provides this after his death. The design and art that he created during his lifetime is something that we still use every day. If it is a particular font on our computer to a sign or map we use to get from point A to pot B; His contributions to the art world were enormous. His need to educate others to make them better designers even makes his legacy more crucial. He has also shown that even though people can have design skills, they do not have an overall style. Uncomplicated works could be regarded as graphic design art, which gives designers or just people the sense that anyone can create art, primarily through simplistic design. He was a genius of his time, who still has effects on millions of people around the world every day. Having the ability to learn about his accomplishments and art of design that still affects us today was an honor.
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Consent is a voluntary, informed, and freely given agreement, through words and/or actions, to participate in mutually agreed-upon sexual acts. Consensual sexual activity happens when each partner willingly and affirmatively chooses to participate in each sexual act.
In evaluating whether consent has been freely given, NMU will consider the presence of any force, threat of force, or coercion; whether the Complainant had the capacity to give consent; and, whether the communication (through words and/or actions) between the Parties would be interpreted by a reasonable person as a willingness to engage in a particular sexual act.
Consent cannot be gained by force or coercion or by taking advantage of another person’s incapacitation. Force is the use or threat of physical violence or intimidation to overcome an individual’s freedom of will to choose whether or not to participate in sexual activity. Coercion is conduct, including intimidation and/or expressed or implied threats of immediate or future physical or other harm to the Complainant or others, that would reasonably place an individual in fear and that is employed to compel someone to engage in sexual activity.
Important points regarding consent include:
• A person who initiates a specific activity is responsible for obtaining consent for that activity.
• Consent to engage in one sexual activity is not consent to engage in a different sexual activity or to engage in the same sexual activity on a later occasion.
• Consent can be withdrawn or modified at any time, and sexual contact must cease immediately once consent is withdrawn.
• Consent cannot be inferred from silence, passivity, or lack of resistance; relying solely upon non-verbal communication can lead to a false conclusion about whether consent was sought or given.
• Consent is not to be inferred from an existing or previous dating or sexual relationship. Even in the context of a relationship, there must be mutual consent to engage in any sexual activity.
• Consent to engage in sexual activity with one person is not consent to engage in sexual activity with any other person.
• Under Michigan law, individuals younger than 16 years of age are legally incapable of giving consent to sexual activity.
• Under Michigan law, individuals older than 16 years of age may not be legally capable to give consent if there is a special relationship.
Incapacitation (Incapacitated) means a person’s inability, temporarily or permanently, to communicate a willingness to participate in an activity (e.g., sexual contact or sexual penetration) because of mental or physical helplessness, sleep, unconsciousness, or other lack of awareness that the activity is taking place.
Incapacitation can be voluntary or involuntary. Signs of incapacitation may include, without limitation: sleep; total or intermittent unconsciousness; lack of control over physical movements (e.g., inability to dress/undress without assistance; inability to walk without assistance); lack of awareness; vomiting; incontinence; unresponsiveness; and inability to communicate coherently. Incapacitation is an individualized determination based on the totality of the circumstances. Alcohol and drugs may be causes of incapacitation.
In evaluating consent where the question of incapacitation is at issue, NMU considers two questions: (1) did the person initiating sexual activity know that the other Party was incapacitated, and if not, (2) should a reasonable person, in the same situation, have known that the other Party was incapacitated? If the answer to either question is yes, then there has not been consent.
One should be cautious before engaging in sexual activity when either Party has been drinking alcohol or using other drugs. The use of alcohol or other drugs can lower inhibitions and create an atmosphere of confusion about whether consent is effectively sought and freely given. If there is any doubt as to the level or extent of one’s own or the other individual’s intoxication or incapacitation, the safest course of action is to forgo or cease any sexual contact.
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“Car culture is really a brief 50- or 60-year blip in history.”
— Gabe Klein, Zipcar founder.
The winter solstice is next week (December 22nd), that time of year when the days stop getting shorter and start to get longer. During this time of still waning days, it seems appropriate to take a look at the waning of the automobile. Here are ten reasons why the Age of the Automobile is in decline.
10. Online shopping reduces the need to haul goods.
You can now go shopping from the comfort of your living room. You don’t have to have a car when Amazon, Etsy, and even big box stores like Walmart will ship goods right to your door.
9. Car noise is decreasing our quality of life.
Noise pollution, with traffic being one of the largest causes, can not only lead to hearing loss, but it has also been tied to heart disease, ulcers, asthma, high blood pressure, headaches, and colitis. (From a 1978 report by the Environmental Protection Agency. For a more extensive bibliography of research on the topic, see the source notes on the Wikipedia article on Health Affects from Noise.)
“Calling noise a nuisance is like calling smog an inconvenience. Noise must be considered a hazard to the health of people everywhere.” — Dr. William H. Stewart, former U.S. Surgeon General
8. Automobiles are no longer the popular means of social escape they once were.
Cruising up and down College Avenue used to be one of the most popular ways young people hung out in Fort Collins. The practice was tied to a sense of independence and even rebellion. But today, with smartphones and the internet, students can be independent and rebellious from the comfort of their bedroom.
Much of the emotional meaning of the car, especially to young adults, has transferred to the smartphone, says Mark Lizewskie, executive director of the Antique Automobile Club of America Museum in Hershey, Pa. “Instead of Ford versus Chevy, it’s Apple versus Android, and instead of customizing their ride, they customize their phones with covers and apps,” he says. “You express yourself through your phone, whereas lately, cars have become more like appliances, with 100,000-mile warranties.” — Cruising Toward Oblivion, by Marc Fisher in the Washington Post (September 2, 2015).
7. Increasing urbanism is changing how people choose to get around.
We’ve tried the suburban experiment and found it wanting. People like to congregate. But when homes are spread out, every social experience comes with a commute. The younger generation is returning to urban style living, with the coffee shop on the first floor and good friends, if not in the same building, then just down the street.
“The return of young people to city centers brings a permanent pivot in how people think about getting around, says Gabe Klein, a Zipcar founder who went on to run the city transportation departments in Chicago and Washington.” — Cruising Toward Oblivion, by Marc Fisher in the Washington Post (September 2, 2015).
“People talk about the open road, but in my experience, the road is tolls and traffic cameras.” — Regina Catipon in Cruising Toward Oblivion, by Marc Fisher in the Washington Post (September 2, 2015).
6. Cars have been unable to pay their own way.
Cars are economically unsustainable. They don’t work well in compact environments. In order to avoid traffic, people choose to move further and further out of town where there are fewer cars. But the further out people move, and the less dense the population, the fewer people there are paying for ever more expansive roads. According to the Larimer County website, “In general, those living in the cities subsidize the lifestyle of those who live in the country by making up the shortfall between the cost of services and the revenues received from rural dwellers.”
Road building, repair, and improvements are paid for through a variety of taxes, only a portion of which is covered by license plate fees or the gas tax. That means that the entire population, whether using cars or alternative means for transportation, are paying into the system so that motorists can have access to maintained roads.
Cars were used to build up the edges of the Poudre river and were only just removed recently.
5. Cars are not environmentally sustainable.
When comparing the number of miles per person that a vehicle provides to the costs it takes to create that vehicle in the first place, cars are far and away the most environmentally costly form of transportation in America — especially when, more often than not, cars are used to convey only one person at a time. And that’s not even taking into account the environmental costs resulting from the extraction and combustion of the fuel that runs those cars once they’re on the road.
Until fully-recyclable vehicles that run entirely on renewable resources are available and accessible to the general public, cars will continue to be a drain on our environmental resources.
4. Reducing our overall health as a nation.
Car exhaust and brake dust cause respiratory illnesses that raise mortality rates in America. As mentioned above, the noise from traffic leads to a host of illnesses as well. Car crashes cause injury and death. And to top it all off, even if there were no pollution, no noise, and no crashes, the very fact that using a motorized vehicle keeps people from getting regular daily exercise as they travel is a major factor in rising obesity rates and all of the illnesses that come with that.
Exercise is also a means for our body to flush toxins from our system. So not only does the car create additional pollution that our bodies have to process, but it reduces the likelihood that we’ll flush them from our system through exercise.
3. Oil is a finite resource.
Gas prices today might bely this point, but there is a finite amount of gasoline in the world and (with the exception of Saudi Arabia’s easy access oil) it’s becoming increasingly harder to reach, leading to more and more intensive extraction methods such as fracking.
We may have cheap gas prices today, but that is only because of Saudi Arabia’s desire to crush non-OPEC producers like the United States. The fact that other OPEC countries, such as Venezuela, are struggling financially because of the drop in prices only strengthens the point that Saudi Arabia is acting over-aggressively during a time when petroleum is simply not as available as the Saudis would have us believe. Their current strategy is similar to Walmart’s policy of overlapping its stores to crush opposition, then shutting one of their own stores once the mom and pop shops have been driven out. OPEC may crush, or at least do damage, to the opposition, but at what cost to member countries and to the world’s access to gasoline in the future?
2. Congestion will soon hit the tipping point.
As our population increases, more and more cars are clogging up our streets. And there’s only so much the City can do to improve traffic flows. Computerized traffic signals can ease congestion somewhat, but there comes a point when there are so many vehicles on the road that it’s simply not possible to move at the posted speeds, leading to longer travel times and higher frustration levels.
When people can get across town faster by bicycle or rapid transit, they’ll opt out of driving in order for the faster, less stressful ride.
1. There are only so many cars that will fit on a street.
Congestion is a bummer; it keeps us from traveling as smoothly or as quickly as we’d like. But at some point increased congestion leads to gridlock. Unless there’s a decrease in population or folks get better about carpooling, there simply isn’t enough room to keep adding car after car to the finite spaces we call streets. And we can’t keep widening streets without having to tear down homes and businesses. There comes a point when you just can’t widen a street any further or build a street any longer without a substantial loss of land that would be better used for other things.
I for one want to spend my life living, not driving. We need to build cities that are for people, not cars. We need to stop throwing money at our automobile culture trying to put bandaids on a system that simply isn’t sustainable. The car culture is in decline. But the solstice is coming. And as one era declines, another is rising to take its place.
Watch for next week’s post on “10 Reasons Why Alternative Transportation Is on the Rise”.
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How to Correctly Say “Dachshund”?
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How to correctly say dachshund
It could be that you are unsure how to say “Dachshund” in German the correct way. Perhaps, you have come across different pronunciations and want to know which one is right.
How to correctly say dachshund?
Dachshund is a German word. You need to break it into two words, namely Dachs (pronouncing it as ‘dax’) and hund (pronouncing it as ‘huhnt’ or ‘hoont’). Swap ‘t’ German sound for ‘d’ at the end. So, it will be pronounced as ‘dax-huhnd’ instead of ‘dax-huhnt’.
In the UK or the US, the more natural way is used to pronounce ‘Dachshund’ using less German pronunciation. Most U.S. people are found to pronounce this breed more like ‘Dock-sund’ or Dochs-hund’ with an American accent. It is considered to be one of the dog names that the majority of the people tend to struggle to say or pronounce correctly.
Many pronounce it incorrectly like ‘Dash-hound’ or ‘Dash-und’, something quite understandable. The reason is that it is in this way that it is spelled as. However, the correct way of pronouncing this breed is ‘Dachs-hund’ something that sounds like ‘dax-hund’.
It’s fine to say ‘Dash-und’. Although not technically correct, people will easily understand which dog breed you are referring to.
How to spell Dachsund?
D-A-C-H-S-H-U-N-D is the correct way to spell Dachsund. Many people tend to miss out ‘ch’ and be confused with ‘chs’ part. Hence, they end up saying it ‘Dashund’ which is completely incorrect. ‘Dachshund’ is the official name of this dog breed. In case, you get muddled, keep in mind two important words, namely, ‘dachs’ and ‘hund’. It will be much easier to remember and spell understanding this aspect.
How did this breed derive its name?
This dog breed derived its name due to the purpose for which it was bred. Hunting badgers was this dog’s main objective. ‘Dachs’ stands for ‘badger’ while ‘hund’ means ‘dog’. Hence, Dachshund stands for ‘Badger dog’. It is also often referred to as a ‘Badger hound’. Both are the same. Originally, this dog was bred with the purpose to dig badger holes and hunt them out. It is for this reason, they have a low, long body and stubby legs allowing them to tunnel small spaces. Their large paws are ideal for digging. Their long nose allows them to sniff their prey effortlessly.
Hence, going through this guide will help you to know how to say “Dachshund” the right way.
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Become a German to English Translator
German is one of the most popular and widely spoken languages in the world. About 100 million people speak German as their first language, making it the most spoken language inside European Union. A number of words in German are derived from other languages such as Latin, French, and Greek.
Becoming a German to English translator is not an easy task. It takes a lot of practice and patience to become a good translator. Same can be said about online translator tools that make automated translations. Because of the language's complexity, most online translation tools are not 100% accurate. Therefore, it’s always advisable to use the service of a professional translator service.
German to English translators approach translations in two ways:
• Metaphrase – a word-to-word literal translation of German to English
• Paraphrase – a sentence from the source language is translated using different words from the target language to output a meaningful sentence.
Although a lot of German people are fluent in English, they rarely speak the language. Therefore, if you are visiting Germany, either for business or leisure, you would need a German to English translator to assist you in various places – such as restaurants, museums, etc.
There are several key instructions that a German to English translators should follow. Germans capitalize each noun, therefore, in translation, one needs to make sure to use proper sentence case. Further, there are some German words which are fairly long and difficult to find the meaning in English. However, with a little look around, you would be able to find the correct English term, therefore it’s not advisable to leave it in German. There are about 30,000 core words in the German vocabulary, therefore becoming a German to English translator is a real challenge.
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Symbolism In The Lottery
Satisfactory Essays
From the beginning of the story, we view the powerful and governing figure, Mr. Summers. He leads the lottery because he has “the time and energy to devote to civic activities” and runs “the coal business” (Jackson 25). There are signs of a class society within the village as citizens represent both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. He can be considered the bourgeoisie of the village due to his ownership of the company and running of the event. He exemplifies the higher class because he owns the company instead of working for it and therefore has time and energy to put into the affair. The villagers, or the proletariat, represent those that work and produce for the bourgeoisie (Rummel). The men gather, “speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes,” while the women “wore faded housedresses and sweaters” (Jackson 25). In contrast, Mr. Summers is dressed in a “clean white shirt and blue jeans” (Jackson 26). This represents both classes and the differences between the working and owning classes. While Mr. Summers stands at the front of the crowd at a podium dressed professionall...
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Germany has banned political parties in the past. Can it credibly condemn Turkey for doing the same?
Supporters of the Alternative for Germany party assemble in Berlin on May 27, 2018. (Michael Sohn/AP)
Last month, the Turkish government sought to ban the People’s Democratic Party (HDP). Germany denounced the proposal. Turkey alleges that the party is affiliated with the Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK), which Turkey, the United States and the European Union designate as a terrorist organization — although the HDP rejects the claim. Germany argues that parties should only be banned as a last resort, since democracy requires a vibrant opposition and a system in which all citizens’ opinions are represented.
But Germany itself has banned, and attempted to ban, parties in the past. Just last month, Germany’s domestic intelligence agency announced its intention to place its largest opposition party, the Alternative for Germany (AfD), under surveillance, even though the AfD has no alleged affiliation to terrorist groups.
This places Germany in an uncomfortable position. How can Germany advocate for party banning at home while credibly criticizing the same tactic in Turkey? Why has Germany been so willing to ban parties while admonishing other countries for doing what looks like the same thing?
Germany advocates “militant democracy"
Germany is willing to ban parties because of its particular take on what’s sometimes called the “democratic dilemma.” The dilemma is straightforward: Anti-democratic parties can use democratic elections to come to power and then end democracy, as did Hitler and the Nazi Party in the 1930s. Solving this dilemma involves protecting democracy from those willing to use democratic institutions to subvert it. Germany has adopted an approach sometimes dubbed “militant democracy.” Political scientist Karl Loewenstein first developed the idea of militant democracy in the 1930s as a response to fascism. Militant democracy is the idea that democracies have the right, even the duty, to ban anti-democratic organizations and parties to protect the democratic regime.
With the Nazis’ rise in the rearview mirror, those who wrote Germany’s post-Third Reich constitution, called the Basic Law, made certain that it enabled banning anti-democratic parties. These provisions were first exercised in the 1950s, when West Germany banned the far-right Socialist Reich Party and the Communist Party of Germany.
In 2013, the Upper House of the German parliament tried and failed to ban the extreme right NPD, or National Democratic Party. The Federal Constitutional Court, which decides on party bans, ruled that though the NPD was certainly unconstitutional in its aims and attitudes, it couldn’t plausibly achieve its goals. The implication was that the country could only ban parties that posed a tangible threat to the democratic order.
Unlike the NPD, the AfDhas a real base of support. It is the biggest opposition party in Germany and attracts millions of voters. Conceivably, the investigation into the AfD could be followed by an attempt to ban the party. If the AfD loses its legal challenge against its classification as an extremist organization, its leaders and members will be placed under surveillance. The AfD is polling worse than it has in previous years, perhaps in part because of the controversy around surveillance. This might lead Germany’s critics to argue that state surveillance is diminishing its own vibrant opposition.
Turkey has a similar history
Turkey, too, has a long history of banning political parties. Its provisions are similar to Germany’s: any party that is contrary to the “indivisible integrity” of the state and its democratic and secular principles may be banned. Party banning has been a popular tool of past Turkish governments — almost 20 political parties have been banned since the 1980s. Twenty years ago, the secular Turkish government banned Islamist parties, including two precursors to the ruling AK party. The current Islamist government is using the provision with the aim of suppressing Kurdish political designs.
Turkey’s latest proposed ban targets the HDP, a left-wing party that advocates for direct democracy, workers’ rights and Kurdish rights. The HDP is the third-largest party in the Turkish parliament.
Germany is in an awkward situation
Germany’s relationship with Turkey is already strained. In 2017, Germany, which has a sizable Turkish population, prevented Turkish politicians from holding rallies in Germany, attempting to reach expatriates who could still cast votes in Turkish elections. In retaliation, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan urged Turkish Germans to vote against Chancellor Angela Merkel’s CDU party.
Given Germany’s efforts to surveil its own opposition party, Erdoğan could accuse Germany of hypocrisy for rebuking Turkey’s proposed ban. Militant democracy may not only be an imperfect answer to problems at home — proscribed parties can reappear with new names and platforms — but can also cause problems abroad. When illiberal regimes argue that they’re simply taking militant democratic measures like banning a “terrorist” party, sincere militant democracies have less credibility in criticizing their actions. In other words, democracies that ban undesirable parties may give illiberal or non-democratic regimes a language to justify and defend their own suppression of opposition parties.
Mika Hackner is a PhD candidate at Brandeis University whose research focuses on militant democracy.
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Genetic medicine raises questions: A conversation about the many perspectives
Sanford Health
Now that we can with increasing chance of success use new technology to prolong life or change the ordinance of life to be, the question for many individuals is ‘should we?’
Advancements in genetic medicine have opened many possibilities for what can be discovered. While this unlocks countless doors into improving patient care and quality of life, there is also room for much ethical deliberation.
Where do you draw the line? Is there a line at all? Is the line communal or personal? These are difficult questions that are hard to answer. Each person is unique, with a different history, opinion and set of beliefs.
A time for exploration
On Sept. 11 at 7 p.m., Sanford Health experts are having a conversation with the community to address these very valid and challenging questions. Join Kristen DeBerg, MS, a certified genetic counselor, Gretchen Spars, MA, an ethicist, and Jordan Baye, PharmD, a pharmacist, for:
• A discussion of ethics and genetic medicine
• A group conversation on specific scenarios and case studies
• A period for questions and answers
An ethical dialogue
Now that we can with increasing chance of success use new technology to prolong life or change the ordinance of life to be, the question for many individuals is ‘should we?’ And, must we always? Often, patients wrestle through personal conflicts as they try to understand why someone else would or would not do genetic testing,” explains Spars. “People start asking questions of right and wrong. And what I do as an ethicist is facilitate discussion to prompt critical thinking and broaden understanding beyond right and wrong.”
DeBerg adds, “As a genetic counselor, we also aren’t there to say if a decision is right or wrong. We are there to provoke thought. We want our patients to think about all angles ahead of time and make the best decision for their needs.”
Patients and families have many reasons for completing genetic testing. This can be due to a family history of a certain condition, symptoms that occur in a family member, in response to screening or genetic testing, or something completely unrelated. Additionally, genetic testing can occur at any age, even before a child is born.
Baye explains, “At this discussion, we are going to help people consider what these things mean personally and ethically. Our goal is to make sure there is the opportunity to ask questions, get answers and consider how this information affect their lives.”
A hard choice
“Whether or not to complete genetic testing is a difficult decision,” says DeBerg. “The family dynamics can get very complicated. For example, there can be an adult child interested in testing and a parent who is not. Maybe a parent has a hereditary heart condition; the parent is the best option for testing but may not want to get tested. So, the adult child needs to complete additional screenings throughout his or her life due to family risk, and some of that may be unnecessary. Because if a parent carries a variant, predictive testing could see if the child was also at risk for the disease associated with the genetic variant.”
Ethics is always a part of the conversation in genetic medicine. From processing the effect of the results to the fear of discrimination and more, doctors and genetic counselors at Sanford Health work through each question, fear and possible outcome with patients. Sanford Health also has a team of ethicists as a resource to patients, families, and the healthcare team and able to offer consultation. The Sanford Health Biomedical Ethics Committee, an interdisciplinary team of hospital and community members, support the ethicists in case consultation and to consider effective strategies and policies to improve the health care experience.
A list of concerns
“Privacy is often a big question. ‘What happens with these results?’ ‘Are they going to be private?’ ‘Do they get sent to insurance or my employer?’ To add a layer, there are times when a patient is looking for gene X, but genetic testing finds the patient has gene Y, which the patient was not looking for,” says Baye. “There’s always a risk of incidental findings. So the issue becomes what do we do with those results and how can we as a health care system make sure we are not leading patients down the wrong path.”
Spars adds, “Patients having the right to decide for themselves. That is at the forefront of conversations regarding privacy and confidentiality. We consider this on every level because the information from genetic testing can really impact a patient’s life. This is knowledge we cannot change. We want to ensure patient autonomy and that they are provided every opportunity to be informed.”
To learn more, call (605) 312-GENE or attend “Yours, Mine and Ours: Ethical Perspectives in Genetic Medicine” on Tuesday, Sept. 11 at 7 p.m. at the Sanford Imagenetics Courtyard.
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Societal Uses of Genetics and Genomics
People’s genetic information is increasingly being used for a wide range of non-clinical purposes, such as solving crimes, determining paternity, and exploring one’s ancestry. As research and the increased use of genetic tests reveal ever more about people’s genetic constitution, policies must protect genetic privacy and prevent the misuse of genomic information. ASHG opposes discrimination based on genetic information, such as by employers or insurers, and opposes the use of genetics to justify restrictions on reproductive freedom.
The Society supports the teaching of genetics and greater genetic literacy. This will build public understanding and appreciation for genetics research, the diversity of life, and the role of genetics in health and disease, and also empower people to make informed medical and ethical decisions. The Society also supports inclusion of genetics in medical training and continuing education to consistently integrate translation of research advances into healthcare.
Key Issues
Privacy of Individuals’ Genomic Information
A person’s genome includes information on his or her risk for disease, ancestry, and relatedness to others. ASHG believes that, regardless of purpose, disclosure of this information should be entirely voluntary. Similarly, ASHG believes surreptitious testing of individuals to be unethical, and supports measures that prohibit such testing. In establishing privacy protections, it is critical to avoid imposing undue restrictions on the conduct of genetics research, which is already subject to federal regulations that protect the rights of research participants, including informed consent.
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Race, Ancestry, & Genetics
The study of human genetics challenges the traditional concept of different races of humans as biologically separate and distinct. It is important for the research community to continue to contribute new fundamental knowledge to the societal dialog about ancestry, supporting greater diversity in research, continuing to engage the field and public to build genetic literacy, and addressing misconceptions of genetics and ancestry.
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Genetic Discrimination
ASHG supports policies that ensure that an individual’s genetic information cannot be used against them and has long supported the establishment of strong protections against genetic discrimination. For 13 years, the Society advocated for the U.S. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) until it was passed into law in 2008, thereby establishing new protections for Americans against genetic discrimination in the workplace or through health insurance. The Society continues to advocate for the robust implementation of GINA, and for similar protections outside the United States.
Related Statements
Restrictions on Human Reproduction
ASHG opposes laws, regulations, and any other efforts intended to restrict reproductive freedom or to constrain freedom of choice based on known or presumed genetic characteristics of potential parents or the anticipated genetic characteristics, health, or capacities of potential offspring. Such efforts are scientifically and ethically unacceptable.
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K-12 Genetics Education Policy
Genetics is an important part of K-12 education, including patterns of inheritance, gene expression, genetic variation, evolution, and the ethical, legal, and social issues associated with the use of genetic technologies. Children should have the benefit of a comprehensive genetics curriculum. ASHG opposes efforts that undermine the teaching of evolution, or that attempt to establish a false equivalence between evolution and alternative explanations about the origins of life that are not science-based.
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Coffee: How it goes from crop to cup
Coffee is a truly global commodity—and the actual cost of this simple drink is complex and far-reaching.
Jorge Silva/Reuters/File
Venezuelan coffee beans in a roaster in Caracas.
Enjoyed all over the world, coffee is a truly global commodity—and the actual cost of this simple drink is complex and far-reaching. According to the International Coffee Organization (ICO), the coffee industry had an estimated gross value of about US$173.4 billion in 2012, while worldwide coffee consumption has grown an average of 2.4 percent per year since 2000. From the fields of Ethiopia and Guatemala to trendy coffee shops in the United State and Spain, the coffee industry has a worldwide social and economic impact.
study presented at the 2014 International Coffee Council asserts that production costs have steadily increased over time, while the recent decline in world coffee prices forced many producers to sell their product at a loss. The study identifies the social repercussions of this trend, noting that “when prices are lower than production costs, opportunities for the rural population to renew itself are diminishing given the lack of interest in farming among young people and the exodus to urban centers and developed countries.” This pattern threatens the economic stability of countries for which coffee is a principal export.
Farmers typically make only a fraction of the market price, much of which goes to paying workers and absorbing farm costs. The ICO pinpoints labor, fertilizers, and farm products (such as pesticides) as the industry's top three production costs. The National Coffee Association defines 10 steps in the labor-intensive harvest and production process; however, the market value of cheap coffee can't cover the total cost of that same coffee's many transformations from grower to exporter to roaster and, finally, to market.
A January 2015 market report from the ICO shows the composite daily price fell from US$1.85 per pound in October 2014 to US$1.30 in February 2015. The ICO expects production to decline as well. In the 2014-2015 crop year, world production hit its lowest level in three years. Variations in production of coffee are difficult to anticipate, as they may be due to factors as varied as agricultural and climatic conditions, labor availability, and production costs.
The ICO also identified a negative correlation between global availability of coffee and its consumption (quantified by pounds of beans roasted). The market had average ratio of 1.5 bags of raw beans to one bag of roasted. Thus, more coffee exists than the global population can drink; indicating that, despite high production costs, there is no market incentive for prices to increase. According to the same Januray 2015 report, continuation of this trend has put the coffee market at a deficit for the current year. A saturated market favors the consumers and brings prices down to below true cost. Your favorite coffee may have traveled thousands of miles before reaching your cup, and you may be getting a bargain.
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The many faces of Linux
Read: 2208 Comments: 14 Rating: 14
Friday, August 7, 2020
There exists a huge variety of Linux distributions. Virtually everyone can use the Linux kernel created by Linux Torvalds to make their own distribution.
In a menagerie of this kind, compatibility issues are unavoidable. However, Linux is not the only system that makes room for creativity. Although Android also uses the Linux kernel, it doesn’t rival Linux in terms of the number of available distributions.
However, Android is an open-source operating system. And while Google develops it, Nexus phones are probably the only devices that are guaranteed to run stock Android—after all, these phones are designed and maintained by Google itself. All other device manufacturers modify Android. Some of them make big changes, while others only introduce minor tweaks. Some include useful utilities in their Android builds, while others add malware.
The Android operating system is completely open source. That means anybody—even Android competitors—can choose to download, install, modify, and distribute its source code for free.
Why is that so? Manufacturers don't have to commit their resources to develop an operating system from scratch.
Fire OS is a good example. It is based on Android, and Amazon didn't have to pay license fees or spend money on designing an operating system of their own.
As a matter of fact, this issue was inspired by a search query.
The author decided to find out more about an operating system he knew nothing about. And it turned out to be Android too. Magic UI 3.0 is created by Huawei. It uses a different boot-up animation and offers a variety of customisation options and flexibility to match user preferences. It also uses new icons and animations to give the impression that it is an original and innovative product.
And then there are also alternative versions of Android:
There exist enthusiast communities developing open-source versions of Android firmware, such as CyanogenMod, MIUI and AOKP (Android Open Kang Project). The modified versions are created to add new settings, options and features and remove Google services to prevent user information from being transmitted to the company's services. That, for example, includes real-time location data (something that spawned a lawsuit). Other open-source Android-based operating systems may also enjoy more frequent releases of new versions.
Gadget users can replace the firmware from their manufacturer with these alternatives. Of course, they do so at their own risk.
As a result, Android software developers have to test their apps not only using Google's original firmware, but also on devices from other leading manufacturers. If the UI has been modified, they at least need to make sure that the application works properly and looks good.
#Google #Android #names #terminology
The Anti-virus Times recommends
If you are going to buy a smartphone, you will most probably end up with a device running an operating system from either Google or Apple. Even if it is shipped under its own title. So, if you come across an operating system name that is unfamiliar to you, find out which platform the operating system is based on.
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What types of textile equipment?
by：GESTER Instruments 2021-04-25
Textile instruments are commonly used testing instruments in the textile industry. The main function of textile instruments is to test the quality of textiles, especially under the premise that the market management and standards of the textile industry are more standardized and strict, and my country’s textile industry exports a large number of international markets. Wait, there are clear regulations and requirements for the quality and compliance of textiles, so what types of textile instruments are used? Fibers: fiber trash analyzer, fiber length analyzer, fiber friction coefficient tester, single fiber strength function, etc. Yarn category: yarn length measuring machine, single yarn strength tester, yarn twist tester, noodle, roving, spun yarn evenness tester, etc. Fabric tired: fabric strength tester, fabric thickness tester, color fastness tester for rubbing, perspiration, washing, etc. 1. Instruments for testing the physical, mechanical and technological properties of textile fibers, yarns and textiles Textile testing instruments are a means of textile production development, from simple testing tools to manual mechanical testing instruments, and then to electromechanical integration Modern testing equipment. In the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, China used human senses to assess the quality of silk fabrics and also used five-color pheasant feathers as the color standard for dyeing fabrics. Starting from the Zhou Dynasty, the length and width of fabrics were measured with a ruler, and public standards were drawn up. With the development of textile technology, special instruments are required to inspect products to ensure stable product quality. Since the 20th century, textile enterprises have used manual and mechanical instruments to test semi-finished products and finished products. On the one hand, they check the quality, and on the other hand, they have become a tool to control the normalization and standardization of textile production. After the emergence of chemical fibers, more test items and instruments are required to reflect the quality and characteristics of the products. With the rapid development of modern electronic technology and computer technology, some modern textile instruments adopt direct digital display, and some are equipped with a micro-processing computing system to directly print out the average number and discreteness of test results, which improves test efficiency and reduces Human error. There are many types of textile testing equipment, including mechanical property testing equipment, appearance quality testing equipment, fabric style testing equipment, physical property testing equipment and process property testing equipment. 1. Mechanical property testing equipment tests various properties of textile materials under mechanical external force, including tensile property testing equipment and wear resistance testing equipment. There are three types of tensile properties testing instruments: ① Constant rate elongation type (CRE): The deformation rate per unit time of the sample remains constant during the tensile process; ② Constant load type (CRL): When the sample is stretched The load increase rate is basically constant; ③ Constant velocity traction type (CRT): When the sample is pulled by the lower clamp, the upper clamp has an irregular displacement according to the stress-strain characteristics of the material. The constant velocity traction type instrument appeared early and widely used, belonging to the mechanical type, often called the pendulum powerful machine. Using appropriate fixtures and automatic recording devices, multiple tensile properties can be tested. However, because the inertia of the pendulum and the strain rate per unit time vary with the stress-strain characteristics of the material, the accuracy of the instrument is low and the comparability is poor. The representative of the equal load type instrument is the inclined plane strength machine, which can be used to measure the tensile properties of fibers and yarns. Among them, the electromechanical inclined plane strength machine can continuously and automatically stretch 10 bobbins according to the specified number of tests and exchange bobbins. At the same time, it can also draw graphs of breaking strength and breaking elongation. The instrument is equipped with a data processing system, which can directly print out the test results. At the end of the 1970s, a constant-speed elongation electronic full-automatic single-yarn strength tester was developed, which uses strain-type sensors to measure force, with high accuracy and automation, low inertia and full functions. According to the different capacity, it can be divided into general type and special type. The universal instrument can measure various tensile properties, elasticity and compressibility of fibers, yarns and fabrics by changing sensors of different capacities. If equipped with appropriate accessories, shear, bending and friction performance tests can also be carried out. This kind of instrument is sometimes called a universal strength tester, which can digitally display, automatically process data, and print out test results. Some models of instruments are also attached with high and low temperature test devices.
The point for GESTER International Co.,Limited is that managerial processes are as important as other inputs in production and can create significant competitive advantage.
GESTER International Co.,Limited is an expert manufacturer that offers top-notch tensile tester manufacturers textile testing equipment products in tensile tester manufacturers. The company has a a lot of experience to offer quality ensured that cater to various customer demands. Simply visit GESTER International Co.,Limited website to learn more.
The development of tensile tester manufacturers textile testing equipment products has massive potential for expansion.
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Scientists Find Mammoth Seemingly Butchered by Humans on Arctic Island
Scientists Find Mammoth Seemingly Butchered by Humans on Arctic Island
A snowmobile is parked next to a building at the Russian northern military base on Kotelny island. (Photo: Maxime Popov / AFP, Getty Images)
Kotelny Island sits high up in the Arctic, off the coast of Northern Siberia. It’s cold and barren now, mostly absent of humans. But over 20,000 years ago, this island was home to huge megafauna. Melting permafrost is exposing evidence of this past life, including three large woolly mammoth skeletons discovered there in 2019.
One of those skeletons, named the Pavlov mammoth after the man who found it, appears to have been butchered by ancient hunters. We can imagine them, huddled around an enormous carcass, cutting through tangles of fur and thick skin towards the sinew. We might even hear the grunts of their efforts — it’s no easy task — and see their breath in the bitter cold. What was once a substantial woolly mammoth had fallen.
Traces on the mammoth’s bones indicate scavenging from both predators and rodents, numerous breaks, circular cuts along a tusk, and embedded objects within some of the bones, most notably in the shoulder. The intriguing question is: Did humans leave these marks?
Olga Potapova, a paleontologist with The Mammoth Site in South Dakota and an associate researcher with the Pleistocene Park Foundation, Academy of Sciences of Sakha (Yakutia) and Russian Academy of Sciences, presented details of this research during a virtual poster session at the recent annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists. Paleontologists, paleogeneticists, an archaeologist, and others teamed up to get a better understanding of this particular fossil.
The team made several field trips to the frigid island in recent years, led the project’s scientific advisor Albert Protopropov, head of the Department for Study of Mammoth Fauna, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). On one of these trips, Innokenty Pavlov discovered the mammoth skeleton and recognised the marks on its bones as possible human hunting marks. Pavlov, according to Potapova, is “a talented field worker, taxidermist and artist/sculptor,” and he led the field work.
The Pavlov mammoth thoracic and neck vertebrae, ribs, and cranium, laid out after being excavated. (Photo: I.S. Pavlov) The Pavlov mammoth thoracic and neck vertebrae, ribs, and cranium, laid out after being excavated. (Photo: I.S. Pavlov)
This remote island currently supports a Russian military base, the source of transport for the scientists who travel there. Protopopov, in an email translated from Russian to English by Potapova, described the Kotelny Island as “covered by Arctic deserts. Summer lasts only one and a half months, and in summer there is often snow. The usual temperature is 5 degrees C at the end of July (the warmest period). There are no mosquitoes here; it’s very cold for them to live here.” Polar bears and walruses, however, are numerous.
Protopopov described the unintended discovery of the Pavlov mammoth. “Our expedition team went to dig up the carcass of the Golden mammoth [another known mammoth in the area] in the north of Kotelny Island in the spring of May 2019,” he wrote, “but due to the early melting of the snow, the place where the carcass lay was already under the water and could not be excavated. The failure of the expedition was saved due to help of local fishermen, who showed us a place 10 kilometers from the carcass of the Golden Mammoth, where they once saw the bones of a mammoth. A group led by Innokenty Pavlov went there and found dozens of mammoth bones.”
Much of the skeleton was recovered, and all of the bones have marks on them. These marks provide invaluable clues. They do not, however, immediately point to human interaction. Consider natural processes that occur over thousands of years when anything is buried: the shifting of sediments, geological pressure that can cause damage to the bones, not to mention scavenging from other animals and possible trampling by other megafauna at any point in the decaying process. Deciphering these marks has been an important aspect of this research and one that these scientists hope to continue with other experts in the field.
The mammoth scapula (shoulder bone) with embedded bone object. (Image: Innokentiy Pavlov (Department of Study of the Mammoth Fauna, Academy of Sciences of Sakha Republic, Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russian Federation).) The mammoth scapula (shoulder bone) with embedded bone object. (Image: Innokentiy Pavlov (Department of Study of the Mammoth Fauna, Academy of Sciences of Sakha Republic, Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russian Federation).)
Potapova is no stranger to working with remarkable specimens found in Siberia. Some of them include the Yuka Mammoth, the Yukagir Bison, and the Yukagir Horse, incredibly well-preserved natural mummies from the Pleistocene.
“Unlike other isolated fossil bones found in this particular region and in Northeast Siberia in general,” she explained in an email, “almost every bone of the Pavlov mammoth had tens and hundreds of cut marks and very little indication of [scavenger] gnawing. Many scratches, indeed, will be hard to classify. However, unlike random scratches in many directions caused by sediments and animals’ trampling (and sometimes wear), the large number of long and very thin cuts clustered in parallel fashion are typically recognised by archeologists as being of human origin.”
It’s the location of many of these cut marks that offers insight. Marks around specific bones reflect possible skinning and the removal of fleshy areas that may have been of interest for human consumption.
“For example,” she continued, “the clusters of parallel cut marks around the nasal opening (upper maxillary bones) indicate purposeful de-fleshing in this area. [T]his particular skull area supports the base of the trunk, and it is logical to suggest that these cuts reflected the human activity of separating the meaty and boneless trunk from the head.”
A number of cut marks are also seen along a section of the cranium, suggesting either defleshing of the bone in that area or disarticulating the jawbone from the skull.
The Pavlov mammoth's three lumbar vertebrae, laid out after excavation. (Photo: I.S. Pavlov) The Pavlov mammoth's three lumbar vertebrae, laid out after excavation. (Photo: I.S. Pavlov)
The high number of cut marks led Kathryn Krasinski, assistant professor of anthropology at Adelphi University, to question the skills of those particular human hunters.
“When butchering something,” she said in a video chat with Gizmodo, “you actively avoid hitting the bone, because it dulls your tools, so you expect few cut marks on bone.”
She’s not entirely convinced the marks indicate human hunting and is eager to read more once the paper is published. Krasinski and her colleagues studied various ways in which cracks and marks can be made on the bones of proboscideans — a term that encompasses mammoths, elephants, mastodons, and others — using the remains of elephants from Zimbabwe that had died naturally, as well as those that had been culled decades ago. But it’s rare to be able to study post-mortem effects on today’s elephants, as these animals are ecologically threatened. Interpreting marks on proboscidean fossils is highly subjective, making claims about human hunting somewhat controversial.
Although not discovered with a wealth of human artifacts around it, material in and around the bones offer intriguing evidence that there is more to this mammoth than meets the eye. Embedded stone objects remain in the tusk, and an embedded bone object is lodged in the scapula (shoulder), after which the bone healed, which may be the remnants of a weapon made from bone.
“What is most exciting to me about the Pavlov mammoth, yet needs verification, was the apparent lithic embedded in a tusk fragment,” Krasinski said, referring to the embedded stone fragment. “While ivory processing was common in the Paleolithic, it is equally plausible this could have occurred millennia after the mammoth died, as ivory from the far north preserves well. That is to say, the death of the mammoth need not be synchronous with the processing of the faunal remains. We have many examples of this kind of scavenging, particularly across Beringia and into Alaska, where people were picking up fossil ivory hundreds and even thousands of years after the death of the animal. In fact, this still happens today.”
Scientists have yet to find any remains of ancient people on Kotelny Island. This mammoth research provides the first evidence that humans lived that far north.
Chris Widga, paleontologist at the Centre of Excellence in Paleontology at East Tennessee State University and someone who has spent a great deal of his career studying proboscideans, is encouraged by the information provided by the researchers.
“Looking at the authors,” Widga wrote in an email to Gizmodo, “these are people who primarily work on the European and Russian/Siberian record. As such, they are very familiar with the Paleolithic record of mammoth hunting.”
“The modified bone images are fuzzy, but if their descriptions hold out, this is definitely a strong candidate for a human-butchered mammoth,” he said. “There are flakes embedded in bones, chop marks, and circular cuts on the tusk. These are things that we see in other mammoths, as well as elephants that have been butchered in experimental archaeology projects.”
Potapova maintains that the cut marks appear deliberate and that these traces are in very specific locations on the bones and are often parallel to each other. The breaks on the bone, much like the marks, do not suggest the random effects of geological pressures. Rather, they seem strategic.
“According to our study of the Pavlov mammoth skull,” Potapova wrote in an email, “its damage was quite different from these random-broken bones.”
Of particular note, she said, is the example learned from a site in the Russian Plain referred to as the “Yudinovo” site, where evidence of mammoth hunting by humans is well documented. The broken skulls of 32 mammoths suggest humans valued the mammoth brain as food. The Pavlov mammoth skull has similar breakage. Areas where the tusks are connected to the skull are also broken, indicating tusk removal.
The scientists turned to their colleagues at the Centre for Palaeogenetics in Sweden for ancient DNA analysis of the shoulder bone and the bone object embedded within it. They were able to pull almost 8 million reads of mitochondrial DNA from the scapula and a little over that same amount for the embedded object. Those numbers might seem enormous, but Marianne Dehasque, PhD candidate and aspiring paleogeneticist, explained that something like a well-preserved mammoth might offer over 600 million reads.
“What we do here [at the Centre for Palaeogenetics] in Stockholm is we basically [place] all the DNA that we have on a sequencing instrument, and then we look at what appears there. This is called ‘shotgun sequencing.’ You just sequence everything. We also use this approach to generate high-quality genomes,” she said in a video chat. “And in that respect, less than 10 million [reads] is actually not that much.”
But they don’t need much, she explained, to determine basics about the animal. With a little ancient DNA, they can determine the sex. The Pavlov mammoth, they learned, was male.
While the number of mitochondrial DNA reads seemed large, the percentage of endogenous material — DNA that originates from the animal or object in question — seemed shockingly sparse. The poster lists a mere 6% of endogenous material from the scapula; 3% from the embedded object.
“When we try to extract DNA and sequence it, we will see that some part of the DNA will be of the organism of interest, but a large part of the DNA that we retrieve will often be bacterial contamination. But sometimes they’re also caused by people handling it,” Dehasque explained and then laughed. “I’m pretty sure there’s a little bit of my DNA in there, for example.”
Ancient DNA could not prove that the scapula and embedded object were from different individuals, which would offer more conclusive evidence that the embedded object was foreign material introduced into this mammoth. In other words, more proof that this mammoth was hunted.
“There’s a ton of research to do here,” Krasinski noted, “and I’m glad that people are working on questions of bone taphonomy, because if we’re really going to understand mammoth extinction and human interactions with these big creatures, we need to continue studying all of the mammoth collections we can. This poster is an excellent contribution in that direction.”
Widga mirrors that enthusiasm.
“I’m really looking forward to a full report on this mammoth,” he wrote. “This is clearly a detailed, complex, interdisciplinary project with lots of moving parts. A poster just doesn’t do it justice. This is yet another site that is bringing the question of ‘how did people hunt and butcher mammoths?’ into better focus. This question is harder to answer than it would seem — and in the last few years, as we have discovered some really good northern mammoth butchery sites, we have made a lot of progress on the issue.”
If ancient humans did hunt woolly mammoths and other animals on this island, what else can we learn about that ancient ecosystem and those that lived there?
“We view [the Arctic] region as holding clues to the earliest human population in Western Beringia, with direct ties to that of the North American population,” Potapova wrote. “I personally also hope that this find and our research will deepen people’s perception of the Arctic during the Last Glacial Maximum. Due to a drop in sea levels, [land] expanded far north, forming a massive Arctic plain in Western Beringia covered by grasslands. Attracted by its high numbers of megafauna, this region provided a habitat for the Paleolithic human population that was well adapted to the extreme climate and capable of successfully hunting the woolly mammoths. We speculate that during the Last Glacial maximum, Kotelny Island was host to the human population that may have been the Native American founder population, whose origin remains unknown.”
The island is largely inaccessible most of the year under normal circumstances, and certainly more so during a global pandemic, but the team intends to return regularly as soon as they can. They hope to uncover further evidence of Paleolithic hunters, from the remains of the animals they felled to the camps themselves. The relatively few researchers who have access to this area, and thus the comparatively few discoveries that have been made so far in an area that “froze during the time of mammoths about 15,000 years ago,” per Protopopov, almost ensures exciting future revelations.
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Martin L. Perl dies at 87; Nobel winner discovered tau lepton
Martin Perl after the announcement of his Nobel Prize in Physics in October 1995. The discovery in 1975 of what now is known as the tau lepton helped fill a gap in the standard model of particle physics.
(Steve Castillo)
Long before he would be awarded a Nobel Prize, Martin L. Perl liked to do his own plumbing repairs.
He usually had spare time, and he clearly knew the physics, his oldest son, Jed, recalled. And Martin Perl was, first and foremost, a hands-on experimenter. His persistent re-testing of theories to dispel the doubts of his colleagues eventually proved there was a new subatomic particle that existed for trillionths of a second and was 3,500 times as massive as an electron.
The discovery in 1975 of what now is known as the tau lepton helped fill a gap in the standard model of particle physics and won Perl a Nobel Prize in physics in 1995.
Perl, 87, died of a heart attack Tuesday at Stanford Hospital, according to family members.
“Martin was one of those people who had his own ideas about what’s important in physics, and he pursued those and pursued them hard, and he was right,” said fellow Nobel laureate Burton Richter, who oversaw Perl’s early work at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
Born in 1927 in New York City to Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, Perl was encouraged to channel his scientific interests to the more practical career of engineering. He graduated from high school at 16 and enrolled at Polytechnic Institute in Brooklyn. After serving in the merchant marine and the Army during World War II, he received his bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering in 1948 and headed to Schenectady, N.Y., to work for General Electric Co.
Needing a crash course on the electron vacuum tubes that then powered electronics, Perl took classes at Union College, where a professor reportedly advised him that the answer to how electrons behave was not to be found in chemistry, but physics.
“He was bored” at G.E., said Jed Perl. “He actually did a little bit of sculpture at that point, in his early 20s.” Perl’s then-wife, Teri, convinced him to pursue physics at Columbia University, even though he had only a basic course in Newtonian mechanics on his resume.
Perl’s interest in atomic and subatomic particles came as the technology to smash particles into their components was booming in the Cold War atomic age. After getting his doctorate from Columbia and joining the University of Michigan faculty, Perl conducted research at the Brookhaven Cosmotron, then the most powerful accelerator, and at the Berkeley Bevatron.
But by 1962, engineers were building “Project M,” a 2-mile-long linear accelerator in the hills west of Stanford University that would accelerate electrons nearly to the speed of light. Perl accepted a position at the newly christened SLAC in 1963.
It was at that rapidly expanding facility that physicists, Richter among them, proved that smaller particles called quarks underlie protons. Matter was thought to consist of two generations of quarks and leptons (the latter of which includes the electron) accompanied by neutrinos.
Perl suspected there was a third generation, or family, including a lepton far more massive than either the electron or its brother particle, the muon. Many theoreticians were skeptical and remained so even after Perl’s data suggested he had detected it.
Perl confirmed the presence of the new particle in a series of experiments from 1974 to 1977. Much of that time was spent explaining his data to skeptical audiences, then returning to the lab to answer their doubts. He christened the new particle the tau lepton, from the first letter of the Greek word for three.
“It was the first discovery of this third generation that took us 30 years to fill out” with the confirmation of additional quarks, said David MacFarlane, associate lab director for particle physics and astrophysics at SLAC. “It opened up this whole new avenue.”
In an essay marking the 30th anniversary of his discovery, Perl chided his particle physicist colleagues for being slow to acknowledge the existence of dark matter, already a mainstay of astrophysics.
He pushed MacFarlane to let him set up his own experiments related to dark energy in one of several encounters that made a lasting impression on the relatively new administrator. “Here’s someone beyond 80 years, very sharp intellectually, demonstrating an inventiveness that has been the hallmark throughout his career,” MacFarlane said. “We set up a lab for him.”
He lambasted the string theory of particle physics, arguing that it relied too much on theoretical, rather than physical, proof. “We have better things than string theory to work on with our time and limited money,” he wrote.
Perl also was deeply engaged in social issues, pushing the American Physical Society to take a stand against the Vietnam War, an unsuccessful battle that led to the founding of the left-leaning Scientists and Engineers for Social and Political Action in 1969.
At home, Perl was “intense,” his son said, but he cultivated a playful and imaginative side, collecting children’s construction toys: Erector sets, Lincoln Logs and building blocks dating to the 19th century.
“He saw that kind of play as a preparation for scientific exploration,” Jed Perl said. In recent years, he brought that message to students in Asian countries, where science teaching can be rigidly orthodox. “He told them to let their minds wander and use their imagination,” Perl said.
In addition to Jed, of New York City, Perl is survived by his sons Joseph of Oakland and Matthew of San Diego; a daughter, Anne Bernard of Palo Alto; eight grandchildren and one great-grandchild.
Twitter: @LATsciguy
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Donald Trump doesn't understand why the Civil War couldn't have been worked out
A passing familiarity with Abraham Lincoln would have answered Trump's question
By Matthew Rozsa
Published May 1, 2017 5:56PM (UTC)
main article image
Andrew Jackson; Donald Trump (Wikimedia/Getty/Chip Somodevilla/Salon)
President Donald Trump has a well-known affinity for Andrew Jackson, but if he was a tad more familiar with Abraham Lincoln, he may have been able to avoid his latest gaffe.
"I mean, had Andrew Jackson been a little bit later, you wouldn't have had the Civil War," Trump told Sirius XM News & Issues. "He was a very tough person but he had a big heart, and he was really angry that he saw what was happening with regard to the Civil War. He said there's no reason for this."
Jackson died in 1845 and the Civil War broke out in 1861.
"People don't realize that the Civil War — if you think about it, why?," Trump asked. "People don't ask that question. But why was there the Civil War? Why could that one have not been worked out?"
Given Jackson's history of racism and imperialism, it is likely that millions of people (particularly men and women of color) would have vehemently disagreed with Trump's characterization of Jackson as a man with "a big heart." As for Trump's other big historical gaffe: Although the causes of the Civil War were quite complex, its main catalyst was the issue of slavery. After Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, much of the slave-owning South was certain (perhaps incorrectly) that the Republican Party's policies would gradually lead to the end of slavery in this country. This convinced them that it was necessary to secede from the Union to preserve their so-called "peculiar institution."
Incidentally, Lincoln himself broke down why the Civil War was inevitable in his famous 1858 "House Divided" speech.
Matthew Rozsa
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1. Articles made of tin or tin plate.
2. tinworks(used with a sing. verb) A place where tin is smelted and rolled.
(Crafts) objects made of tin
work made of tin.
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References in periodicals archive ?
Sensing a gap in his skill set, Glen took coursework in exhaust systems, drafting and tinwork at the Mankato (Minnesota) Vo-Tech.
Other traditional crafts and sought-after handmade goods include: San Antonio embroidery, tinwork, Talavera pottery, Oaxacan wooden animal carvings, Guatemalan weaving, various colorful and symbolic wall art and sculptures, Huichol yarn and bead paintings and one-of-a-kind pottery from the farthest regions of Mexico.
Numerous b&w historical photos show craftsmen at work and catalog crafts including furniture, textiles, tinwork, and woodwork.
Despite the gilt of our living rooms, the tinwork of our churches, we are poor, appallingly poor.
The new website features a sophisticated design incorporating a punched tinwork border of the ad ACVB campaign, developed in 2006.
"Who'll give me fifty pounds to start for the hayrack then?" shouts the auctioneer, bringing his stick down on the rusting tinwork.
In the front yard, an extended porch serves as a gallery for Rudolph's many collectibles, such as wood carvings, tinwork, and clay masks.
We have people who do tinwork and make lanterns, people who do woodwork and make chairs, tables, etc.
Ornamental tinwork from the mid-1800s began in Santa Fe, New Mexico with a sardine can and worked its way into other applications: so begin Lane Coulter and Maurice Dixon Jr.
Art historian Gloria Giffords in Tucson, for example, coordinated three issues dealing with votive paintings, tinwork, and postcards.
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CONTEXT: The intentional use of Bacillus anthracis transmitted via the US mail in October-November 2001 resulted in 22 people developing inhalation or cutaneous anthrax. Glove use with handwashing prior to and after contact with potential contaminated environmental surfaces and cutaneous lesions has been recommended. However, only limited data are available on the susceptibility of B anthracis to antiseptics. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of several hand antiseptics (interventions) and soap and water (control) against Bacillus atrophaeus, a surrogate of B anthracis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Challenge study conducted among healthy adult volunteers, using the Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Health Care Professional Handwash Formulations (American Society for Testing and Materials E 1174-94) to determine the efficacy of various hand hygiene products at wash times of 10, 30, and 60 seconds. Volunteers were excluded if they had eczema, psoriasis, or other chronic skin conditions; nonintact skin; or allergies to any study agent. Study agents were a waterless rub containing 61% ethyl alcohol, a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate preparation, and an antibacterial microfiber towel that releases hypochlorite. A nonantimicrobial soap was used as a control. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Reduction of B atrophaeus spores (log10 CFU/mL) on contaminated hands. RESULTS: Washes of 10, 30, and 60 seconds with either soap and water or 2% chlorhexidine gluconate eliminated 1.5 to 2.0 log10 CFUs/mL of B atrophaeus spores at wash 3. Mean reductions (95% confidence intervals) with 10-, 30-, and 60-second washes with soap and water were 2.4 (2.2-2.5), 2.3 (2.2-2.4), and 2.1 (1.9-2.4) log(10) CFUs/mL, respectively; and with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 2.1 (2.0-2.3), 1.8 (1.5-2.0), and 1.7 (1.5-1.9) log10 CFUs/mL, respectively. Handwashing with chlorine-containing towels was increasingly effective as the wipe time increased; reductions at 10, 30, and 60 seconds were 1.3 (1.1-1.5), 1.6 (1.2-2.0), and 2.2 (2.1-2.2) log10 CFUs/mL, respectively. A waterless rub containing 61% ethyl alcohol was ineffective in eliminating B atrophaeus spores at all times tested (0 [-0.1 to 0.1], -0.2 [-0.3 to -0.1], and 0 [-0.2 to 0.2] log10 CFUs/mL). CONCLUSIONS: In this evaluation of hand hygiene agents, handwashing with soap and water, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, or chlorine-containing towels reduced the amount of B atrophaeus spore contamination, whereas use of a waterless rub containing ethyl alcohol was not effective in removing spores.[1]
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The Mythology of the Polio and Smallpox Vaccines
Posted 3/1/2021
An acquaintance who disagrees with me on vaccinations recently asked whether I had been vaccinated against polio and smallpox. Here's the answer I posted on Facebook.
Thanks for playing the Smallpox & Polio card, Matt. It’s always a great teaching opportunity.
Yes, my parents permitted the state to vaccinate me in the late 1950s and early 1960s for both of those illnesses. They were as naïve about government as you still seem to be today. Admittedly, even I was naïve about the smallpox and polio vaccines until about five years ago, when I read Dr. Suzanne Humphries’ book” Dissolving Illusions”. However, if you’re suggesting that those vaccinations actually saved my life from smallpox or polio, you need to learn more history. Humphries’ book would be a great place to start.
Human beings suffered and died from many, many infectious diseases before the modern era. But the major change between then and now was not the development of vaccines: it was the leaps-and-bounds increases in economic prosperity, and the improved sanitation and hygiene (private and public) that came along with that.
If you look at the mortality graphs for polio, smallpox, measles, and several other diseases (I’ll attach these later) you’ll see that deaths from these diseases had already declined to almost zero BEFORE the vaccines were developed.
In the 19th century, most people lived under difficult, filthy, polluted conditions that we would find intolerable today. They worked much longer hours (including children) to scrape by, drank polluted water from streams and rivers into which they themselves emptied all their putrid wastes, often ate the meat from animals that had died of disease, and lived in clouds of soot and smoke from coal fires and wood fires. The city streets ran with human waste and horse waste. People didn’t know about vitamins or vitamin deficiencies. Disease was rampant, as it remains in those places in the third world where these conditions remain. People’s damaged bodies had no chance to heal, and no raw materials to do it with.
However, as society grew richer, many things changed. We got indoor plumbing. We got sewage treatment plants. The waterways were cleaned up. We got cars, so that the streets were no longer filled with manure. The air became less polluted due to liquid natural gas pipelines. We could afford decent meat instead of eating only diseased animals. In fact, we got meat inspectors who supposedly protected us from the worst of this (but it was really market competition that did it). Homes got refrigerators. We got central heating systems that kept us warm without smoking us into lung disease. Vitamin D was routinely added to products such as milk. Iodine was added to table salt. B vitamins and iron were added to some cereal products.
And illnesses declined accordingly. People’s resistance to infection increased, and their ability to heal from infections leapt too. The mortality rates dropped drastically. But most tellingly, the mortality rates declined in lockstep for diseases such as scarlet fever and typhoid fever—for which there was never a vaccine! So if you’re going to attribute the eradication of smallpox and polio to vaccines, what eradicated scarlet fever and typhoid fever?
Smallpox is the illness for which vaccines have been around longest. If you look at the graphs for smallpox and note the points during which they were mandatory (it varied, off and on, from place to place), you’ll find that the imposition of mandatory smallpox vaccination generally resulted in a huge INCREASE in smallpox deaths. That’s why the laws see-sawed back and forth between mandatory and voluntary, as populations became rebellious of having smallpox inflicted upon them.
Polio is an extremely interesting case. It has been around for centuries, but until about 1880, it was a mild illness that most people recovered from without becoming paralyzed and with no after-effects. In fact, Health Canada notes on its website that “Most polio infections (90-95%) are asymptomatic…less than [sic] 1% of cases result in paralysis.”
The word “poliomyelitis” before the 1950s was a catch-phrase for a wide variety of diseases that involved the inflammation of the grey portion of the spinal cord. “Polio” comes from the Greek word for “grey” and “myelitis” means “inflammation of the spinal column.” Nobody even discovered what is now officially designated to be the “polio virus” until the early 1950s. So, during the first half of the 20th century, many diagnoses of “polio” were made on diseases that we would today diagnose as coxsackievirus, septic meningitis, or EV-D68. It was only after the vaccine was developed that doctors around the world agreed upon new diagnostic requirements for “polio”, including the presence of a particular virus, and paralysis that exceeded 60 days.
In fact, this adoption of new diagnostic criteria immediately wiped out 80% of polio cases. Poof! They were gone! People were still sick, with the same symptoms, but now they were being labelled as sick with something else. Vaccines got the credit.
Despite its previous mildness, polio started to become paralytic around 1880. The book “The Moth in the Iron Lung” describes how an accidental release of the invasive gypsy moth, imported from Asia, soon became an environmental catastrophe in the Boston area. The moths had no natural North American predators, and they quickly denuded whole neighbourhoods of vegetation. Farmers found that lead arsenate, sprayed on crops, would prevent the gypsy moth caterpillars from devouring them. They began spraying heavily, and soon, paralysis epidemics broke out in the sprayed neighbourhoods.
Graphs showing the production of lead arsenate pesticides, plotted against paralytic polio, show a remarkable correlation. The lead arsenate didn’t “cause” polio, but it caused inflammation of children’s spinal cords, probably through leaky gut, and paralysis or death often resulted. It was labelled “polio” because that’s what all cases of spinal cord inflammation with paralysis were called in those days.
During WW2, another environmental toxin, DDT, was added to the lethal mix, resulting in the huge spikes in “polio” of the early 1950s. Everyone was told it was safe. There are videos and photos from that era showing clouds of DDT being sprayed on kids in swimming pools and people out picnicking in the park, often by trucks bearing signs, “DDT is good for me!”.
When you overlay the DDT production with the lead arsenate graph, the correlation to paralytic “polio” is unmistakeable. I’ll add the graph later.
As the use of lead, arsenic, DDT and other pesticides declined, so did incidents of paralytic “polio”. This was BEFORE the vaccines.
As with smallpox, the introduction of the polio vaccines by Salk and Sabin both brought sudden surges in polio cases. Then they “solved” that problem by redefining the diagnostic criteria, and the myth of the polio vaccine was solidified.
There were two types of polio vaccines developed: an oral vaccine with live polio virus in it, and a killed injectable vaccine. Here’s what Health Canada has to say about the oral vaccine (OPV):
“In persons who have received oral polio vaccine (OPV), poliovirus can be present in the throat for 1 to 2 weeks following immunization and can remain in feces for several weeks. In rare cases, including immunocompromised persons, poliovirus (from natural infection or OPV vaccine) can be excreted for prolonged periods of time (from greater than 6 months to a number of years)”
In other words, people who get the OPV can be shedding polio virus—the vaccine variety–for years, thereby infecting untold numbers of other people.
So now the world distinguishes between “wild” poliovirus and something else: i.e. the polio caused by OPV itself. Here’s Health Canada again:
“In 1994, Canada was certified as being free of WILD poliovirus by the World Health Organization. More recent cases of paralytic polio in Canada have been associated with importations of wild poliovirus AND THE USE OF OPV. The last nationally reported case of paralytic polio occurred in 1995 and WAS RELATED TO OPV RECEIPT. [Emphasis added.]”
To be clear, Canada stopped using the OPV in 1995 because it was causing polio in Canada and was considered too dangerous for our population. However, it is still being injected in people around the world. The US stopped using it domestically in 2000, according to the CDC:
“Polio can be prevented with vaccine. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is the only polio vaccine that has been given in the United States since 2000. It is given by shot in the arm or leg, depending on the person’s age. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is used in other countries.”
For the last several decades, foreigners have descended upon Third World countries and insisted on vaccinating their kids against polio, using the OPV that’s considered too dangerous for our own countries. Many of those Third World countries continue to use DDT and other pesticides that we have banned. Many have polluted air, polluted water, and no sanitation in their homes. That’s why they continue to get paralysis. It’s not a lack of vaccination. The do-gooders from the west would help them a lot more by putting in clean water systems, but there’s little profit in that. So they vax the hell out of them. And guess what?
In 2012, two doctors in India wrote: “while India has been polio-free for a year, there has been a huge increase in non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NPAFP). In 2011, there were an extra 47,500 new cases of NPAFP. Clinically indistinguishable from polio paralysis but twice as deadly, THE INCIDENCE OF NPAFP WAS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO DOSES OF ORAL POLIO RECEIVED. Though this data was collected within the polio surveillance system, it was not investigated. The principle of primum-non-nocere was violated.” [Emphasis added. That Latin means “first do no harm” and it has been part of the Hippocratic oath for millennia.]
That’s all for now. I’d be happy to take questions and post links for people to refer to.
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What is the use of silicon metal?
What is the use of Silicon Metal?
Kevin / Jul 31, 2019 / 710 views
James / Jul 31, 2019
Silicon Metal, also known as crystalline silicon or industrial silicon, is mainly used as an additive for non-ferrous alloys. Metallic silicon is a product made from quartz and coke in an electric furnace. The content of silicon is about 98%(in recent years, 99.99% of silicon is also included in metallic silicon). The other impurities are iron, aluminium and calcium.
Silicon is widely used in smelting ferrosilicon alloys as alloying elements in iron and steel industry, and as reducing agents in many metal smelting. Silicon is also a good component in aluminium alloys, and most cast aluminium alloys contain silicon. Silicon is the raw material of ultra-pure silicon in electronic industry. The electronic devices made of ultra-pure semiconductor monocrystalline silicon have the advantages of small size, light weight, good reliability and long life. High-power transistors, rectifiers and solar cells made of silicon single crystals with specific trace impurities are better than those made of germanium single crystals. The research progress of amorphous silicon solar cells is very fast. The conversion rate of amorphous silicon solar cells is over 8%. The maximum operating temperature of silicon-molybdenum rod electrothermal element can reach 1700 C, which has resistance, aging resistance and good oxidation resistance. Silicon trichloride produced from silicon can be used to prepare hundreds of silicone resin lubricants and waterproof compounds. In addition, silicon carbide can be used as abrasive. Quartz tubes made of high purity silicon oxide are important materials for high purity metal smelting and lighting lamps. Silicon, the paper of the 1980s, is called "paper of the 1980s". This is because paper can only record information, and silicon can not only record information, but also process information to obtain new information. In 1945, the world's first electronic computer, equipped with 18,000 electronic tubes, 70,000 resistors and 10,000 capacitors, weighed 30 tons and occupied 170 square meters, equivalent to the size of 10 houses. Today's computers, due to technological advances and material improvements, can accommodate tens of thousands of transistors on a silicon chip the size of a nail cap, and have a series of functions such as input, output, operation, storage and control information. Microporous calcium silicate thermal insulation material Microporous calcium silicate thermal insulation material is an excellent thermal insulation material. It has the characteristics of small heat capacity, high mechanical strength, low thermal conductivity, non-combustion, non-toxic, odorless, cutting, convenient transportation, etc. It can be widely used in metallurgy, power, chemical industry, ships and other thermal equipment and pipelines. The test results show that the energy-saving benefits are superior to those of thermal insulation materials such as asbestos, cement, vermiculite and cement perlite. Special calcium silicate materials can be used as catalyst carriers and are widely used in petroleum refining and automobile exhaust purification.
Hot Visit on FerroEast.com: Ferroalloys Conference Ferrosilicon Silicon Metal High Carbon Ferro Silicon Silicon Briquette FerroSilicon Briquette Ferromanganese Silicon Manganese Graphite Powder Petroleum Coke Calcium Silicon Calcium Silicon Cored Wire Silicon Slag Silicon Carbide Silicon Barium Electrolytic Manganese Metal Flakes Ferro silicon Ferro Manganese
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Blue Whales Make Startling Recovery
The California blue whale, the largest creature that has ever existed in the history of our planet, has finally recovered from centuries of whaling.
According to recent figures, the majestic creaturesâ numbers are returning to historic levels, with an estimated 2,200 individuals currently living on the eastern side of the Pacific Ocean.
The figures, reported in the journal Marine Mammal Science, suggest that California blue whales are now at 97% of their original levels.
It is incredible that the species even survived in the area, considering that between 1905 and 1971, an estimated 3,400 whales were killed in the Pacific. Sadly, in Antarctica, where whaling was far more severe, blue whales only number at about 1% of their original population.
For thousands of years, whales of all kinds have been hunted and killed by Humans, usually for food. However, in the 17th century and into the 19th century, whale oil became a greatly valued commodity and let to an enormous amount of overhunting.
In the early part of the 20th century, whale harvesting emerged as a concept, which caused whale numbers around the world to plummet.
Despite bans on commercial whaling taking effect throughout the latter half of the 20th century, the countries of Japan, Norway and Iceland still slaughter 2000 whales a year between them. Since the first ban on commercial whaling was introduced in 1986, countries exploiting loopholes in the ban have killed over 30,000 whales. These include endangered species such as humpbacks and fin whales.
An adult blue whale can grow up to 33 metres in length and weigh up to 190 tonnes, but, despite their great size and strength, they are largely docile creatures that feed on plankton.
It is encouraging to know that whales, the majority of which are slow to mature and reproduce, can, if left alone, bounce back from Human predation. Clearly, it is not too late to save other whale species from extinction.
The news of the blue whaleâs incredible resurgence comes in the same month as several countries agreed to ban the trade of certain shark and manta ray species that are threatened by overfishing.
Many of these species are used for traditional medicine or shark fin soup. Sharks, of course, pre-date dinosaurs and play such a large role in the ecosystems of our oceans that the natural world would be in a great deal of trouble without them.
The recent ban represents a landmark in shark protection, despite the shortsighted refusal of several nations (Canada, Greenland, Guyana, Japan and Iceland) to adhere to its rules. The new laws now protect five of the shark species that are most at risk from overfishing, along with manta rays. These laws will be supported across 180 countries, which is a monumental result.
As encouraging as these results are, it is still worth remembering that today there are only 3% of the whales that existed 200 years ago, when commercial whaling began in earnest.
To donate to the charity WDC (Whale Dolphin Conservation) go to this website
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85. Reading Skills Comprehension: DISCOVERY
By | May 30, 2020
Reading Skills get sharpened by unseen passage reading comprehension test. We provide reading comprehension exercises with answers. Go through reading comprehension passages with multiple choice questions will help you in reading comprehension questions. We provide simple comprehension passages with questions and answers which have value based questions. These unseen comprehension passages are really helpful to all. Go through this reading comprehension pdf and reading passage worksheets to learn English. This passage is a discovery definition and tells you something about discovery and invention. Read this discovery English article and gain knowledge.
Read the passage given below:
1. If you discover that your credit card, chequebook, debit card or cash card is missing, telephone the credit card company or bank as soon as possible. Follow this up with a letter. If you suspect theft, tell the police as well. In no circumstances, provided you act quickly, you will not have to pay any bills which a thief runs up on your account. Most home instance policies will also cover you against even this limited risk.
2. Because plastic money is now so common, central registration schemes such as Credit Card Shield and Card Protection System exist to help customers whose cards are lost or stolen. Under the schemes, you file details of all your cards -including cash cards and account cards issued by shops – with a central registry, for a small annual fee. Then, if any or all of your cards are stolen, you need to make only one phone call to the registry, which is open around the clock 365 days a year. M soon as you have called, your responsibility for any bills run up by the thief ends and the scheme’s staff make sure that all the companies whose cards you had been notified.
3. What you stand to lose on a stolen card
4. Credit Card: You will not have to pay more than fifty pounds of the bills a thief runs up with your card. If you report the loss before the card is used, you will not have to pay anything.
5. Cheques and Guarantee Card: Unless you have been careless- by signing blank cheques, say you will not have to pay for any forged cheques a thief uses. The bank or shops that accept them will have to bear the loss.
6. Debit Card- (Switch or Visa Delta): The banks operate a system similar to that for credit cards, in that you are liable for bills up to fifty pounds.
7. If your cash-card is stolen: Legally, you can be made to pay back any sums a thief withdraws using your card, but only up to the time you report the loss and up to fifty pounds, unless the bank can prove gross negligence, such as writing your personal identification number on your card.
8. Never keep your card and a note of your personal number (which does not appear on the card together). Memorize your personal number if possible. If you must make a note of it disguise it as something else- a telephone number, say. The same rules and precautions apply to a credit card used as a cash card.
Choose the correct alternatives from the options given below:
(a) What is the first thing one should on losing one’s credit card?
(i) contact the insurance company
(ii) write a letter to the credit card company
(iii) contact the police
(iv) make a phone call to the bank or the credit card company
(b) A Credit Card Shield is
(i) an insurance company that deals with credit card thefts
(ii) a system for registering people’s card details
(iii) an emergency telephone answering service
(iv) an agency for finding lost or stolen cards
Answer the following questions briefly in your own words:
(c) According to the writer, why is it safe to write your personal number on a card?
(d) What is the work of the Card Protection System?
(e) Under what conditions do both the bank and the shops cover the loss incurred by purchases made using a forged cheque?
(f) What happens if your cash card is stolen?
(g) Mention one of the ways mentioned by the writer to remember the personal number?
(h) Under what conditions can a bank charge a customer for the transaction made on the stolen card?
Find words from the passage which mean the same as each of the following:
(i) informed (para-3)
(j) neglect/carelessness (pare-7)
(a) (iv)
(b) (i) (I have googled to make sure it is, in fact, an insurance package. Does not specify so in the passage).
(c) The writer says that one should not write one’s personal identification number on the card, or on a note and keep it with the card. One should memorize it instead. If one must make a note of it to remember, the note should be kept separately or disguised (like a phone number).
(d) The Card Protection System is a central registration scheme that helps people whose cards have been lost or stolen. Customers file their cards’ details with such systems for a fee. If a customer loses his/her card, they need to make a call to the registry whose staff members then notify the concerned card companies about the theft or loss of cards.
(e) When banks or shops accept stolen cheques with forged signatures, they have to bear the loss incurred by purchases.
(f) If one’s cash card is stolen, legally, one can be made liable to pay all the bills run up by the thief up to the time when one reports it and up to fifty pounds, unless the bank can prove gross negligence on the part of the customer concerned, such as writing one’s personal identification number on one’s card.
(g) One way suggested by the writer to remember one’s personal identification number is to make a note of it but in a disguised manner, such as writing it like a phone number.
(h) Banks can charge a customer for transactions made on a stolen card if and till the time the customer fails to report the loss. Banks can also charge the customer if proven that they have committed negligence, such as writing their personal identification number on the card.
(i) Notified.
(j) Negligence.
Download the above Passage in PDF Worksheet (Printable)
More Comprehension Passages:-
Passage No.141 Village Fairs (523Words Subjective and Objective Solved)
Passage No.142 Chocolate (550 Words objective unsolved)
This passage describes chocolate benefits including chocolate nutrition and chocolate processing. Chocolate brown is widely used these days so chocolate gift has become so common. chocolate day is also celebrated. Read and know more about chocolate colour.
Passage No.143 Alone In The Atlantic Ocean (646 Words Subjective Solved)
Passage No.144 The Plight of Remand Homes (693 Words Subjective/Objective Solved)
Passage No.145 Excursion (622 Words Subjective Solved)
This passage is all about the excursion. It describes excursion meaning like excursion trip uses excursion car. You will know much about excursion school and excursion holidays.
Passage No.146 My Experience (622 Words Subjective Solved)
Passage No.147 Making It To Hospital (655 Words Subjective Solved)
Passage No.148 Style (507 Words Subjective/Objective Unsolved)
Passage No.149 Adapt! Adapt ! (593 Words Subjective Solved)
Passage No.150 Mother (535 Words Subjective/Objective Solved)
This passage is a great mother essay in English. This Mother essay describes mother care in relation to mother and child or mother and baby with mother love.
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Settlement of freed slaves from the US in what is today Liberia began in 1822; by 1847, the Americo-Liberians were able to establish a republic. William TUBMAN, president from 1944-71, did much to promote foreign investment and to bridge the economic, social, and political gaps between the descendents of the original settlers and the inhabitants of the interior. In 1980, a military coup led by Samuel DOE ushered in a decade of authoritarian rule. In December 1989, Charles TAYLOR launched a rebellion against DOE's regime that led to a prolonged civil war in which DOE himself was killed. A period of relative peace in 1997 allowed for elections that brought TAYLOR to power, but major fighting resumed in 2000. An August 2003 peace agreement ended the war and prompted the resignation of former president Charles TAYLOR, who faces war crimes charges in The Hague related to his involvement in Sierra Leone's civil war. After two years of rule by a transitional government, democratic elections in late 2005 brought President Ellen JOHNSON SIRLEAF to power. The UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) maintains a strong presence throughout the country, but the security situation is still fragile and the process of rebuilding the social and economic structure of this war-torn country continues.
Kpelle 20.3%, Bassa 13.4%, Grebo 10%, Gio 8%, Mano 7.9%, Kru 6%, Lorma 5.1%, Kissi 4.8%, Gola 4.4%, other 20.1% (2008 census)
Christian 85.6%, Muslim 12.2%, Traditional 0.6%, other 0.2%, none 1.4% (2008 census)
Country information from the CIA World Factbook.
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How do I study organic chemistry for the JEE Mains easily?
• How do I study organic chemistry for the JEE Mains easily?
• In JEE mains there will be 10 questions from organic part and you just need to follow some points and trust me you will score very good marks.
Here are some tips to study organic chemistry easily:
1. For jee mains just avoid the reaction which are not mentioned in NCERT text book.
2. Don't skip any reaction mentioned in NCERT text book and go through the mechanism of the reactions mentioned in NCERT text book..... although direct question on mechanism will not be there but it will help you to remember the reactions....and also to crack some tricky questions
3. Pay more attention to basic concepts, first understand general organic chemistry well , then proceed to reactions part .
4. Basic concepts like acidic basic strength are very important to understand the mechanism .
5. Don't neglect last three chapters of 12 NCERT text book ( 2nd part) direct 2-3 question will be there.
6. organic needs sincerity read at least one reaction / concept daily.
7. Solve many questions ( avoid solving questions based on reactions not in NCERT).
8. Solve / Work more on conceptual questions .
9. Just don't have any doubt on basics.
10. Many times question asked in jee main is just a repetition from previous year questions. Solve all the previous year questions honestly, from that you will get to know the depth and level of questions.
11. For solving purpose refer himanshu pandey's book and for understanding Paula bruce's book.
Here are some more tips that will help you in scoring good marks in JEE Mains Chemistry:
1. You have to know your strengths from Inorganic, Physical or Organic and give you focus on the ones in which you are weak.
2. You have to use relevant study material and remember quality is better than quantity. You have to study the whole NCERT book and then move on to some reference books like OP Tandon and KS Verma.
3. You have to devote at least 2 hours to chemistry daily.
4. You have to focus more on chapters like equilibrium, chemical kinetics, thermo, atomic structure, etc.
5. In Organic chemistry Mechanism of a reaction is very important. So you have to study all the reactions.
6. You have to read line by line chapters like s,p,d,f block, metallurgy, polymers, biomolecules, chemistry in everyday life, etc.
7. You have to memorize the formulas of Physical chemistry and keep practising. You need to make a habit of solving 50 objective questions daily.
8. You have to create short notes to revise the theory and formulas before the exam.
9. You have to study Inorganic chemistry repeatedly as most of the questions will come directly from NCERT.
10. After reading and memorizing NCERT you can solve previous year papers which will make you familiar with the exam pattern and also increase your speed and accuracy. This will help you in knowing which topic needs further preparation.
11. Time management is very important if you want to score good marks in JEE Mains. You need to spend the least amount of time to get the maximum marks so that you can use the time you saved on chemistry to solve lengthy questions of maths and physics.
12. You have to stay confident and try to understand the concepts rather than cramming them up.
When you are studying these chapters and solving problems, you are bound to get some doubts or queries and you might get stressed when you feel you have hit a wall on some topics.
But there is no need to be stressed about it because you can get solutions to the questions NCERT books from our Doubtnut app and clear your doubts or queries through us or by going to our Doubtnut website. There you can find better study material, mock tests, sample papers and previous year papers with their solutions. Through our Doubtnut app you can get video solution to all your doubts within seconds, you just need to click a picture of your doubt and send it to us and we will provide you with the solution instantly.
So Chill out and remember,
We at Doubtnut are always there to solve your doubts 🙂
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July 11, 2012
On the streets of downtown Toronto, one is as likely nowadays to see people who could be from Pakistan or India as any other minority. Visible minorities were always integral to the scene but they were usually from countries further east, particularly Hong Kong and China. Immigration from Pakistan jumped in the year 2000, with many more immigrants also coming in from India.
But this pattern could change. The Canadian government has made reforms recently to the immigration policy, some of which are already being implemented. The reforms announced earlier this year by Canada’s Minister for Citizenship and Immigration, Jason Kenney, clearly highlight the importance of language ability, job skills and age.
New immigrants will need to show ability, if not fluency, in one of Canada’s official languages. The reason offered for this is that people who lack the requisite language skills do not integrate into society and are hampered in their capacity to find employment and earn well. Currently 60 % of immigrants are below level three in literacy.
Canada needs younger, educated people and, therefore, students enrolled in Canadian universities will be able to stay on and apply for immigration after they graduate. Recent graduates will be preferred over parents and grandparents who are sponsored by primary migrants, as was the case for many years.
In the past the numbers of people accepted would vary from 60,000 to 150,000 each year. From 1984 onwards Canada began to take in 250,000 immigrants annually. The family reunification and refugee category grew to be 30% of all immigrants. Refugees have more settlement costs associated with them, and older people, parents and grandparents, invariably require more healthcare.
Immigrants will be selected on the basis of their skills matching job requirements. Business leaders are seeing jobs going unfilled in several industries and have been asking for increased immigration. Canada needs to better connect the immigration policy to labour shortages in the country.
Toronto's urban mix: Canada's larger cities attract more newcomers.
Toronto’s urban mix: Canada’s larger cities attract more newcomers.
The reforms, to ensure immigrants do better in economic terms and integrate faster into Canadian society, are going to have an impact on where immigrants come from — i.e the source countries.
In 2000, Pakistan was among the top ten source countries with 14,000 people entering as immigrants to Canada, the third highest number after China and India. But Pakistan’s immigrant numbers fell soon after and the country is now no longer in the top ten source countries. The reforms could further impact Pakistani immigration.
While language requirements favour western European countries, and could benefit India and Pakistan, and might make it tougher for applicants from non-English speaking countries like China, reducing the numbers in the family reunification category is likely to affect Pakistanis or Indians who tend to bring in parents and other relatives unlike people from western nations.
Immigrant employment rates have been on the decline for decades and entry income levels have been lower for many years compared to the general population. Immigrants from Iran, Pakistan and China tend to have lower income levels than the general population. Since the rising immigration from Asia, 2004 arrivals are three times more likely to have low incomes compared to the general population.
By contrast Europeans do better than others in finding jobs and earning well. In times of economic crisis in Europe an effort is made to attract people from that part of the world. Provinces are actively recruiting and agencies hope young people from Greece and Spain among other Europeans, will consider moving here. They also have the skills to fill the current need for construction workers, truckers and oil field workers.
Kenney says the reforms are based on studies his department has carried out to determine what kind of immigrant is successful and what kind is not, as well as what the public is willing to accept.
The reforms have generated much discussion with some people wondering whether Canada should show a preference for those immigrants whose culture and social systems match the Canadian ethos more closely to make integration easier, while others press for diversity, which also helps trade ties grow.
Business groups ask the government for more manpower to satisfy labour requirements. Another view is that Canada’s demographic needs require reinforcement via immigration. Some suggest that Canada has the potential to become a bigger economic force and bringing the population up to as much as a hundred million, would go a long way towards achieving this.
However, there is still a small segment of the population that believes Canada is overwhelmed by immigrants. They say they were never consulted about the immigration policy and that the influx of new people is changing the appearance of cities.
There might be some substance regarding their concerns. Midday last week for several blocks not a single white skinned person was visible in Mississauga’s downtown, a neighbouring city in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The people walking to and fro appeared to be made up of entirely one ethnic group: South Asians from the Indian subcontinent.
Canada has too many immigrants and yet not enough.
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How do you deal with impulsive behavior?
What triggers impulsive behavior?
Studies suggest that chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine, play a major role in impulsive behavior disorders. Many ICD patients show responsiveness to medications typically used for depression and anxiety.
How do you treat impulsivity?
1. Atypical antipsychotics: Abilify (aripiprazole) is seen to reduce interpersonal problems and impulsivity.
2. Mood stabilizers: Lamictal (lamotrigine) may help reduce impulsivity and anger, while Topamax (topiramate) may ameliorate impulsivity, anger, and anxiety. 9
What are examples of impulsive behavior?
Some examples of impulsive behaviours include:
• Engaging in dangerous activities without considering possible consequences.
• Difficulty waiting turns.
• Calling out in class.
• Intruding in on or interrupting conversations or games.
• Blurting out answers before questions have been completed.
12 мар. 2008 г.
What are signs of impulsive behavior?
Impulsive behavior symptoms and examples
• bingeing: overindulging in things like shopping, gambling, and eating.
• destruction of property: destroying your own or someone else’s things in a moment of anger.
• escalating problems: taking minor situations and making them more urgent and important than necessary.
Can stress cause impulsive behavior?
Impulsive behaviour is often observed during states of emotional distress and might be exaggerated by current attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in individuals with BPD.
IT IS INTERESTING: Which stream should I choose for psychology?
Why do I struggle with impulse control?
A lack of impulse control may be associated with certain neurological disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It may also be related to an intersecting group of conditions known as impulse control disorders (ICDs).
What medication is best for impulsivity?
These drugs can help control impulsivity and hyperactivity symptoms.
These medications include:
• Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin, Focalin XR)
• Dextroamphetamine/amphetamine (Adderall, Adderall XR)
• Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)
• Methylphenidate (Concerta, Quillivant XR, Ritalin)
7 июн. 2019 г.
At what age does impulse control develop?
Children don’t actually develop this kind of self-control until 3.5 to 4 years of age, and even then they still need a lot of help managing their emotions and impulses.
What does emotionally impulsive mean?
Emotional impulsivity (EI): Impulsivity is broadly defined in the DSM-V as actions that are poorly conceived, prematurely expressed, unnecessarily risky, and inappropriate to the situation. EI specifically was defined by Barkley in 20151 as difficulties with emotion generation that is highly impulsive.
What mental illness causes impulsive behavior?
Disorders that involve deficits in impulse control include pathological gambling, externalizing disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder, and substance and behavioral addictions.
Is impulsiveness a sign of bipolar?
Impulsiveness is a clinical feature of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (Najt et al, 2007; Ouzir, 2013).
Is impulsivity a symptom of anxiety?
Yes, anxiety can cause impulsivity. Let’s break it down. Anxiety is typically defined as a condition that causes a person to overthink.
Kind psychologist
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You are viewing the version of this documentation from Perl 5.12.2. View the latest version
The hash %SIG contains signal handlers for signals. For example:
sub handler { # 1st argument is signal name
my($sig) = @_;
print "Caught a SIG$sig--shutting down\n";
$SIG{'INT'} = \&handler;
$SIG{'QUIT'} = \&handler;
$SIG{'INT'} = 'DEFAULT'; # restore default action
$SIG{'QUIT'} = 'IGNORE'; # ignore SIGQUIT
Using a value of 'IGNORE' usually has the effect of ignoring the signal, except for the CHLD signal. See perlipc for more about this special case.
Here are some other examples:
$SIG{"PIPE"} = "Plumber"; # assumes main::Plumber (not recommended)
$SIG{"PIPE"} = \&Plumber; # just fine; assume current Plumber
$SIG{"PIPE"} = *Plumber; # somewhat esoteric
$SIG{"PIPE"} = Plumber(); # oops, what did Plumber() return??
Be sure not to use a bareword as the name of a signal handler, lest you inadvertently call it.
If your system has the sigaction() function then signal handlers are installed using it. This means you get reliable signal handling.
The default delivery policy of signals changed in Perl 5.8.0 from immediate (also known as "unsafe") to deferred, also known as "safe signals". See perlipc for more information.
Certain internal hooks can be also set using the %SIG hash. The routine indicated by $SIG{__WARN__} is called when a warning message is about to be printed. The warning message is passed as the first argument. The presence of a __WARN__ hook causes the ordinary printing of warnings to STDERR to be suppressed. You can use this to save warnings in a variable, or turn warnings into fatal errors, like this:
local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub { die $_[0] };
eval $proggie;
As the 'IGNORE' hook is not supported by __WARN__, you can disable warnings using the empty subroutine:
local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {};
The routine indicated by $SIG{__DIE__} is called when a fatal exception is about to be thrown. The error message is passed as the first argument. When a __DIE__ hook routine returns, the exception processing continues as it would have in the absence of the hook, unless the hook routine itself exits via a goto, a loop exit, or a die(). The __DIE__ handler is explicitly disabled during the call, so that you can die from a __DIE__ handler. Similarly for __WARN__.
Due to an implementation glitch, the $SIG{__DIE__} hook is called even inside an eval(). Do not use this to rewrite a pending exception in $@, or as a bizarre substitute for overriding CORE::GLOBAL::die(). This strange action at a distance may be fixed in a future release so that $SIG{__DIE__} is only called if your program is about to exit, as was the original intent. Any other use is deprecated.
__DIE__/__WARN__ handlers are very special in one respect: they may be called to report (probable) errors found by the parser. In such a case the parser may be in inconsistent state, so any attempt to evaluate Perl code from such a handler will probably result in a segfault. This means that warnings or errors that result from parsing Perl should be used with extreme caution, like this:
require Carp if defined $^S;
Carp::confess("Something wrong") if defined &Carp::confess;
die "Something wrong, but could not load Carp to give backtrace...
To see backtrace try starting Perl with -MCarp switch";
Here the first line will load Carp unless it is the parser who called the handler. The second line will print backtrace and die if Carp was available. The third line will be executed only if Carp was not available.
See "die" in perlfunc, "warn" in perlfunc, "eval" in perlfunc, and warnings for additional information.
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How to Measure Your Pupillary Distance?
When you want to know how your pupillary distance can be measured you are in the right place. After reading this article you will know what tools can be used and what you should think about when performing the measurements. The pupillary distance can be measured with the following tools:
• A ruler
• A pupillometer
• An app that analyzes a photo
• An app that analyzes a video
• Using a sample frame and a marker
With all the tools listed, you should have the same basic rules in mind to perform the best measurement possible. The person performing the measurement or your phone/camera should not be shifted more to one side or a parallax error will make one distance from one eye to the middle of the bridge smaller while it gets bigger for the other eye.
When the measurement is done the test person that is the one who wants to know the PD needs to focus on something that is 14 feet or even further away. This is crucial when measuring the PD. Because when the test person looks at something in front of him/her the eye will turn inward and will therefore manipulate the PD which is the measurement from the pupillary center when the test person looks into the distance straight ahead.
Oftentimes people measure the distance between both pupils in millimeters divide the distance by two and think they have the position defined correctly for where they look through. This is not the correct way to do it. The PD measurements should always be done with the already adjusted frame on your nose.
The reason is individual anatomical differences that could lead the actual frame to sit slightly shifted on your nose because of their shape. In some cases, people still want to know how big their PD is despite the drawbacks of this method. So let us begin with the ruler.
Using a Ruler to Measure Pupillary Distance
The cheapest tool to measure the PD which can be found in every household is the good old ruler. The ruler needs to be placed on the nose so the millimeters can be read on the ruler directly under the middle of the pupils. This is how easy it is to measure the PD with the ruler theoretically. In practice, a lot of people will not see if the PD is 62mm or 63mm. Or even something in the middle? Look at the picture and ask yourself. Can you read the millimeters accurately here?
An experienced optician measures the PD confidently. But in most cases, they do not use rulers anymore because of the issue I just described.
When the PD gets measured the person looking at the ruler needs to place his or her eye directly in front of the eye which gets looked at to check which millimeter marking perfectly aligns with the middle of your pupil. When the person observing the ruler and the pupils look from an askew angle the whole measurement will be false.
Can I Measure My PD With My Phone?
Yes, you can measure pupillary distance with a phone. There are a bunch of apps available. One of the easy-to-use ones is glasses on which gets a closer look at in the video below. Here are the download links below. All you need is a standard magnetic card so the app has something for reference when a picture is taken with your phone.
Glasses on for Android
Glasses on for iOS
The app will then guide you through the process. One thing to keep in mind which could cause trouble in some cases is the PD gets measured without glasses on. When the PD measurement is done without the frame on the nose you get the distances from the middle of one pupil to the middle of the other pupil. If your face would be perfectly symmetrical this would be right. However, assuming your nose is a little crooked then the whole measurement will deviate from the actual positions you will look through your glasses.
So this is still not the best option. Especially not with higher prescriptions. When this option is used you will be probably slightly off target and eye strain or headaches could be the case. I say this out of my experience as an optician.
An App That Uses a Photo or a Video to Measure Your PD
This is the professional version an optician or optometrist would use to measure your PD. The setup is more sophisticated to produce more reliable results. In reality, the experienced optician still will see the pitfalls as no tool is perfect. But what makes this approach a lot better as your DIY measurement is the perfectly pre-adjusted frame.
This way the optician knows where to place the optical centers of the lenses to ensure you get the best visual experience possible.
Using a Sample Frame and a Marker
While this approach is available to opticians for decades to measure the needed PD for the new glasses you could do the same. The same rules apply as mentioned above with the ruler to make sure the markings sit directly in front of the pupil. When you, not an optician this process looks pretty straightforward but will probably go wrong as you have no experience with how accurate you need to be with the markings. And with accuracy I mean there is no tolerance for a deviated marking.
Here in the picture above you can see the yellow points are directly positioned in front of the pupils. In comparison to that, the red markings are wider than the actual pupils. This could lead to problems you could more read about here in this article.
When you want to measure your PD with your phone or with the old ruler method you can do so. I personally as a master optician am not really enthusiastic about people performing that measurement themselves. The reason is just I saw so many bad examples where people do not know what the parallax error is. They are not positioning the ruler to parallel to their face as a frame would sit, gauge where they should not. And this is the experience I have with people learning the craftsmanship of an optician.
I wish you a great day.
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Animal Farm Chapter Summaries
Terms in this set (11)
Old Major, a prize-winning boar, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must work toward such a paradise and teaches them a song called "Beasts of England," in which his dream vision is lyrically described. The animals greet Major's vision with great enthusiasm. When he dies only three nights after the meeting, three younger pigs—Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer—formulate his main principles into a philosophy called Animalism. Late one night, the animals manage to defeat the farmer Mr. Jones in a battle, running him off the land. They rename the property Animal Farm and dedicate themselves to achieving Major's dream. The cart-horse Boxer devotes himself to the cause with particular zeal, committing his great strength to the prosperity of the farm and adopting as a personal maxim the affirmation "I will work harder."
At first, Animal Farm prospers. Snowball works at teaching the animals to read, and Napoleon takes a group of young puppies to educate them in the principles of Animalism. When Mr. Jones reappears to take back his farm, the animals defeat him again, in what comes to be known as the Battle of the Cowshed, and take the farmer's abandoned gun as a token of their victory. As time passes, however, Napoleon and Snowball increasingly quibble over the future of the farm, and they begin to struggle with each other for power and influence among the other animals. Snowball concocts a scheme to build an electricity-generating windmill, but Napoleon solidly opposes the plan. At the meeting to vote on whether to take up the project, Snowball gives a passionate speech. Although Napoleon gives only a brief retort, he then makes a strange noise, and nine attack dogs—the puppies that Napoleon had confiscated in order to "educate"—burst into the barn and chase Snowball from the farm. Napoleon assumes leadership of Animal Farm and declares that there will be no more meetings. From that point on, he asserts, the pigs alone will make all of the decisions—for the good of every animal.
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Napoleon now quickly changes his mind about the windmill, and the animals, especially Boxer, devote their efforts to completing it. One day, after a storm, the animals find the windmill toppled. The human farmers in the area declare smugly that the animals made the walls too thin, but Napoleon claims that Snowball returned to the farm to sabotage the windmill. He stages a great purge, during which various animals who have allegedly participated in Snowball's great conspiracy—meaning any animal who opposes Napoleon's uncontested leadership—meet instant death at the teeth of the attack dogs. With his leadership unquestioned (Boxer has taken up a second maxim, "Napoleon is always right"), Napoleon begins expanding his powers, rewriting history to make Snowball a villain. Napoleon also begins to act more and more like a human being—sleeping in a bed, drinking whisky, and engaging in trade with neighboring farmers. The original Animalist principles strictly forbade such activities, but Squealer, Napoleon's propagandist, justifies every action to the other animals, convincing them that Napoleon is a great leader and is making things better for everyone—despite the fact that the common animals are cold, hungry, and overworked.
Mr. Frederick, a neighboring farmer, cheats Napoleon in the purchase of some timber and then attacks the farm and dynamites the windmill, which had been rebuilt at great expense. After the demolition of the windmill, a pitched battle ensues, during which Boxer receives major wounds. The animals rout the farmers, but Boxer's injuries weaken him. When he later falls while working on the windmill, he senses that his time has nearly come. One day, Boxer is nowhere to be found. According to Squealer, Boxer has died in peace after having been taken to the hospital, praising the Rebellion with his last breath. In actuality, Napoleon has sold his most loyal and long-suffering worker to a glue maker in order to get money for whisky.
Years pass on Animal Farm, and the pigs become more and more like human beings—walking upright, carrying whips, and wearing clothes. Eventually, the seven principles of Animalism, known as the Seven Commandments and inscribed on the side of the barn, become reduced to a single principle reading "all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." Napoleon entertains a human farmer named Mr. Pilkington at a dinner and declares his intent to ally himself with the human farmers against the laboring classes of both the human and animal communities. He also changes the name of Animal Farm back to the Manor Farm, claiming that this title is the "correct" one. Looking in at the party of elites through the farmhouse window, the common animals can no longer tell which are the pigs and which are the human beings.
As the novella opens, Mr. Jones, the proprietor and overseer of the Manor Farm, has just stumbled drunkenly to bed after forgetting to secure his farm buildings properly. As soon as his bedroom light goes out, all of the farm animals except Moses, Mr. Jones's tame raven, convene in the big barn to hear a speech by Old Major, a prize boar and pillar of the animal community. Sensing that his long life is about to come to an end, Major wishes to impart to the rest of the farm animals a distillation of the wisdom that he has acquired during his lifetime.
As the animals listen raptly, Old Major delivers up the fruits of his years of quiet contemplation in his stall. The plain truth, he says, is that the lives of his fellow animals are "miserable, laborious, and short." Animals are born into the world as slaves, worked incessantly from the time they can walk, fed only enough to keep breath in their bodies, and then slaughtered mercilessly when they are no longer useful. He notes that the land upon which the animals live possesses enough resources to support many times the present population in luxury; there is no natural reason for the animals' poverty and misery. Major blames the animals' suffering solely on their human oppressors. Mr. Jones and his ilk have been exploiting animals for ages, Major says, taking all of the products of their labor—eggs, milk, dung, foals—for themselves and producing nothing of value to offer the animals in return.
Old Major relates a dream that he had the previous night, of a world in which animals live without the tyranny of men: they are free, happy, well fed, and treated with dignity. He urges the animals to do everything they can to make this dream a reality and exhorts them to overthrow the humans who purport to own them. The animals can succeed in their rebellion only if they first achieve a complete solidarity or "perfect comradeship" of all of the animals against the humans, and if they resist the false notion spread by humans that animals and humans share common interests. A brief conversation arises in which the animals debate the status of rats as comrades. Major then provides a precept that will allow the animals to determine who their comrades are: creatures that walk on two legs are enemies; those with four legs or with wings are allies. He reminds his audience that the ways of man are completely corrupt: once the humans have been defeated, the animals must never adopt any of their habits; they must not live in a house, sleep in a bed, wear clothes, drink alcohol, smoke tobacco, touch money, engage in trade, or tyrannize another animal. He teaches the animals a song called "Beasts of England," which paints a dramatic picture of the utopian, or ideal, animal community of Major's dream. The animals sing several inspired choruses of "Beasts of England" with one voice—until Mr. Jones, thinking that the commotion bespeaks the entry of a fox into the yard, fires a shot into the side of the barn. The animals go to sleep, and the Manor Farm again sinks into quietude.
Although Orwell aims his satire at totalitarianism in all of its guises—communist, fascist, and capitalist—Animal Farm owes its structure largely to the events of the Russian Revolution as they unfolded between 1917 and 1944, when Orwell was writing the novella. Much of what happens in the novella symbolically parallels specific developments in the history of Russian communism, and several of the animal characters are based on either real participants in the Russian Revolution or amalgamations thereof. Due to the universal relevance of the novella's themes, we don't need to possess an encyclopedic knowledge of Marxist Leninism or Russian history in order to appreciate Orwell's satire of them. An acquaintance with certain facts from Russia's past, however, can help us recognize the particularly biting quality of Orwell's criticism (see Historical Background).
Because of Animal Farm's parallels with the Russian Revolution, many readers have assumed that the novella's central importance lies in its exposure and critique of a particular political philosophy and practice, Stalinism. In fact, however, Orwell intended to critique Stalinism as merely one instance of the broader social phenomenon of totalitarianism, which he saw at work throughout the world: in fascist Germany (under Adolf Hitler) and Spain (under Francisco Franco), in capitalist America, and in his native England, as well as in the Soviet Union. The broader applicability of the story manifests itself in details such as the plot's setting—England. Other details refer to political movements in other countries as well. The animals' song "Beasts of England," for example, parodies the "Internationale," the communist anthem written by the Paris Commune of 1871.
In order to lift his story out of the particularities of its Russian model and give it the universality befitting the importance of its message, Orwell turned to the two ancient and overlapping traditions of political fable and animal fable. Writers including Aesop (Fables), Jonathan Swift (especially in the Houyhnhnm section of Gulliver's Travels), Bernard Mandeville (The Fable of the Bees), and Jean de La Fontaine (Fables) have long cloaked their analyses of contemporary society in such parables in order to portray the ills of society in more effective ways. Because of their indirect approach, fables have a strong tradition in societies that censor openly critical works: the writers of fables could often claim that their works were mere fantasies and thus attract audiences that they might not have reached otherwise. Moreover, by setting human problems in the animal kingdom, a writer can achieve the distance necessary to see the absurdity in much of human behavior—he or she can abstract a human situation into a clearly interpretable tale. By treating the development of totalitarian communism as a story taking place on a small scale, reducing the vast and complex history of the Russian Revolution to a short work describing talking animals on a single farm, Orwell is able to portray his subject in extremely simple symbolic terms, presenting the moral lessons of the story with maximum clarity, objectivity, concision, and force. Old Major's dream presents the animals with a vision of utopia, an ideal world. The "golden future time" that the song "Beasts of England" prophesies is one in which animals will no longer be subject to man's cruel domination and will finally be able to enjoy the fruits of their labors. The optimism of such lyrics as "Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown" and "Riches more than mind can picture" galvanizes the animals' agitation, but unwavering belief in this lofty rhetoric, as soon becomes clear, prevents the common animals from realizing the gap between reality and their envisioned utopia.
Three nights later, Old Major dies in his sleep, and for three months the animals make secret preparations to carry out the old pig's dying wish of wresting control of the farm from Mr. Jones. The work of teaching and organizing falls to the pigs, the cleverest of the animals, and especially to two pigs named Napoleon and Snowball. Together with a silver-tongued pig named Squealer, they formulate the principles of a philosophy called Animalism, the fundamentals of which they spread among the other animals. The animals call one another "Comrade" and take their quandaries to the pigs, who answer their questions about the impending Rebellion. At first, many of the animals find the principles of Animalism difficult to understand; they have grown up believing that Mr. Jones is their proper master. Mollie, a vain carriage horse, expresses particular concern over whether she will be able to continue to enjoy the little luxuries like eating sugar and wearing ribbons in the new utopia. Snowball sternly reminds her that ribbons symbolize slavery and that, in the animals' utopia, they would have to be abolished. Mollie halfheartedly agrees.
The pigs' most troublesome opponent proves to be Moses, the raven, who flies about spreading tales of a place called Sugarcandy Mountain, where animals go when they die—a place of great pleasure and plenty, where sugar grows on the hedges. Even though many of the animals despise the talkative and idle Moses, they nevertheless find great appeal in the idea of Sugarcandy Mountain. The pigs work very hard to convince the other animals of the falsehood of Moses's teachings. Thanks to the help of the slow-witted but loyal cart-horses, Boxer and Clover, the pigs eventually manage to prime the animals for revolution.
The Rebellion occurs much earlier than anyone expected and comes off with shocking ease. Mr. Jones has been driven to drink after losing money in a lawsuit, and he has let his men become lazy, dishonest, and neglectful. One day, Mr. Jones goes on a drinking binge and forgets to feed the animals. Unable to bear their hunger, the cows break into the store shed and the animals begin to eat. Mr. Jones and his men discover the transgression and begin to whip the cows. Spurred to anger, the animals turn on the men, attack them, and easily chase them from the farm. Astonished by their success, the animals hurry to destroy the last remaining evidence of their subservience: chains, bits, halters, whips, and other implements stored in the farm buildings. After obliterating all signs of Mr. Jones, the animals enjoy a double ration of corn and sing "Beasts of England" seven times through, until it is time to sleep. In the morning, they admire the farm from a high knoll before exploring the farmhouse, where they stare in stunned silence at the unbelievable luxuries within. Mollie tries to stay inside, where she can help herself to ribbons and gaze at herself in the mirror, but the rest of the animals reprimand her sharply for her foolishness. The group agrees to preserve the farmhouse as a museum, with the stipulation that no animal may ever live in it.
The pigs reveal to the other animals that they have taught themselves how to read, and Snowball replaces the inscription "Manor Farm" on the front gate with the words "Animal Farm." Snowball and Napoleon, having reduced the principles of Animalism to seven key commandments, paint these commandments on the side of the big barn. The animals go to gather the harvest, but the cows, who haven't been milked in some time, begin lowing loudly. The pigs milk them, and the animals eye the five pails of milk desirously. Napoleon tells them not to worry about the milk; he says that it will be "attended to." Snowball leads the animals to the fields to begin harvesting. Napoleon lags behind, and when the animals return that evening, the milk has disappeared.
By the end of the second chapter, the precise parallels between the Russian Revolution and the plot of Animal Farm have emerged more clearly. The Manor Farm represents Russia under the part-feudal, part-capitalist system of the tsars, with Mr. Jones standing in for the moping and negligent Tsar Nicholas II. Old Major serves both as Karl Marx, who first espoused the political philosophy behind communism, and as Vladimir Lenin, who effected this philosophy's revolutionary expression. His speech to the other animals bears many similarities to Marx's Communist Manifesto and to Lenin's later writings in the same vein. The animals of the Manor Farm represent the workers and peasants of Russia, in whose name the Russian Revolution's leaders first struggled. Boxer and Clover, in particular, embody the aspects of the working class that facilitate the participation of the working class in revolution: their capacity for hard work, loyalty to each other, and lack of clear philosophical direction opens them up to the more educated classes' manipulation.
The pigs play the role of the intelligentsia, who organized and controlled the Russian Revolution. Squealer creates propaganda similar to that spread by revolutionaries via official organs such as the Communist Party newspaper Pravda. Moses embodies the Russian Orthodox Church, weakening the peasants' sense of revolutionary outrage by promising a utopia in the afterlife; the beer-soaked bread that Mr. Jones feeds him represents the bribes with which the Romanov dynasty (in which Nicholas II was the last tsar) manipulated the church elders. Mollie represents the self-centered bourgeoisie: she devotes herself to the most likely suppliers of luxuries and comfort.
The animals' original vision for their society stems from noble ideals. Orwell was a socialist himself and supported the creation of a government in which moral dignity and social equality would take precedence over selfish individual interests. The Russian revolutionaries began with such ideals as well; Marx certainly touted notions like these in his writings. On Animal Farm, however, as was the case in the Russian Revolution, power is quickly consolidated in the hands of those who devise, maintain, and participate in the running of society—the intelligentsia. This class of Russians and their allies quickly turned the Communist Party toward totalitarianism, an event mirrored in Animal Farm by the gradual assumption of power by the pigs. After Lenin's seizure of power, Communist Party leaders began jockeying for position and power, each hoping to seize control after Lenin's death. Snowball and Napoleon, whose power struggle develops fully in the next chapters, are based on two real Communist Party leaders: Snowball shares traits with the fiery, intelligent leader Leon Trotsky, while the lurking, subversive Napoleon has much in common with the later dictator Joseph Stalin.
Orwell's descriptions in this chapter of the pre-Rebellion misery of the farm animals serve his critique of social inequality and the mistreatment of workers. They also make a pointed statement about humans' abuse of animals. Indeed, the same impulse that led Orwell to sympathize with poor and oppressed human beings made him lament the cruelty that many human beings show toward other species. He got the idea for Animal Farm while watching a young boy whipping a cart-horse. His pity for the exploited horse reminded him of his sympathy for the exploited working class.
Orwell creates a particularly moving scene in portraying the animals' efforts to obliterate the painful reminders of their maltreatment: this episode stands out from much of the rest of the novella in its richness of detail. In the attention to "the bits, the nose-rings, the dog-chains, the cruel knives," and a whole host of other instruments of physical discipline, we see Orwell's profound empathy with the lowest of the low, as well as his intense hatred for physical suffering and its destruction of dignity.
The animals spend a laborious summer harvesting in the fields. The clever pigs think of ways for the animals to use the humans' tools, and every animal participates in the work, each according to his capacity. The resulting harvest exceeds any that the farm has ever known. Only Mollie and the cat shirk their duties. The powerful and hard-working Boxer does most of the heavy labor, adopting "I will work harder!" as a personal motto. The entire animal community reveres his dedication and strength. Of all of the animals, only Benjamin, the obstinate donkey, seems to recognize no change under the new leadership.
Every Sunday, the animals hold a flag-raising ceremony. The flag's green background represents the fields of England, and its white hoof and horn symbolize the animals. The morning rituals also include a democratic meeting, at which the animals debate and establish new policies for the collective good. At the meetings, Snowball and Napoleon always voice the loudest opinions, though their views always clash.
Snowball establishes a number of committees with various goals, such as cleaning the cows' tails and re-educating the rats and rabbits. Most of these committees fail to accomplish their aims, but the classes designed to teach all of the farm animals how to read and write meet with some success. By the end of the summer, all of the animals achieve some degree of literacy. The pigs become fluent in reading and writing, while some of the dogs are able to learn to read the Seven Commandments. Muriel the goat can read scraps of newspaper, while Clover knows the alphabet but cannot string the letters together. Poor Boxer never gets beyond the letter D. When it becomes apparent that many of the animals are unable to memorize the Seven Commandments, Snowball reduces the principles to one essential maxim, which he says contains the heart of Animalism: "Four legs good, two legs bad." The birds take offense until Snowball hastily explains that wings count as legs. The other animals accept the maxim without argument, and the sheep begin to chant it at random times, mindlessly, as if it were a song.
Napoleon takes no interest in Snowball's committees. When the dogs Jessie and Bluebell each give birth to puppies, he takes the puppies into his own care, saying that the training of the young should take priority over adult education. He raises the puppies in a loft above the harness room, out of sight of the rest of Animal Farm. Around this time, the animals discover, to their outrage, that the pigs have been taking all of the milk and apples for themselves. Squealer explains to them that pigs need milk and apples in order to think well, and since the pigs' work is brain work, it is in everyone's best interest for the pigs to eat the apples and drink the milk. Should the pigs' brains fail because of a lack of apples and milk, Squealer hints, Mr. Jones might come back to take over the farm. This prospect frightens the other animals, and they agree to forgo milk and apples in the interest of the collective good.
Boxer's motto, in response to the increased labors on Animal Farm, of "I will work harder" is an exact echo of the immigrant Jurgis Rudkus's motto, in response to financial problems, in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Whereas Boxer exerts himself for the common good, as his socialist society dictates he must, Jurgis exerts himself for his own good, as his capitalist society dictates he must. Both possess a blind faith that the key to happiness lies in conforming to the existing political-economic system. Committed to socialism, Orwell would almost certainly have read The Jungle, which, published in its entirety in 1906, was a searing indictment of capitalism and galvanized the American socialist movement. His appropriation of Jurgis's motto for Boxer implicitly links the oppression of capitalism with that of totalitarian communism, as, in each case, the state wholly ignores the suffering of those who strive to be virtuous and work within the system.
The varying degrees of literacy among the animals suggest the necessity of sharing information in order for freedom to be maintained. To the pigs' credit, they do try to teach the other animals the basics of reading and writing, but the other animals prove unable or unwilling. The result is a dangerous imbalance in knowledge, as the pigs become the sole guardians and interpreters of Animal Farm's guiding principles. The discrepancy among the animals' capacity for abstract thought leads the pigs to condense the Seven Commandments into one supreme slogan: "Four legs good, two legs bad." The birds' objection to the slogan points immediately to the phrase's excessive simplicity. Whereas the Seven Commandments that the pigs formulate are a detailed mix of antihuman directives ("No animal shall wear clothes"), moral value judgments ("No animal shall kill another animal"), and utopian ideals ("All animals are equal"), the new, reductive slogan contains none of these elements; it merely establishes a bold dichotomy that masks the pigs' treachery. The motto has undergone such generalization that it has become propaganda, a rallying cry that will keep the common animals focused on the pigs' rhetoric so that they will ignore their own unhappiness.
In its simplicity, this new, brief slogan is all too easy to understand and becomes ingrained in even the most dull-witted of minds, minds that cannot think critically about how the slogan, while seeming to galvanize the animals' crusade for freedom, actually enables the pigs to institute their own oppressive regime. The animals themselves may be partially responsible for this power imbalance: on the whole, they show little true initiative to learn—the dogs have no interest in reading anything but the Seven Commandments, and Benjamin decides not to put his ample reading skills to use. Though the birds don't understand Snowball's long-winded explanation of why wings count as legs, they accept it nonetheless, trusting in their leader. It would be unfair, however, to fault the common animals for their failure to realize that the pigs mean to oppress them. Their fervor in singing "Beasts of England" and willingness to follow the pigs' instructions demonstrate their virtuous desire to make life better for one another. The common animals cannot be blamed for their lesser intelligence. The pigs, however, mix their intelligence with ruthless guile and take advantage of the other animals' apathy. Their machinations are reprehensible.
Squealer figures crucially in the novel, as his proficiency in spreading lie-filled propaganda allows the pigs to conceal their acts of greed beneath a veneer of common good. His statements and behaviors exemplify the linguistic and psychological methods that the pigs use to control the other animals while convincing them that this strict regime is essential if the animals want to avoid becoming subject to human cruelty again. In the opinion of Orwell, the socialist goals of the Russian Revolution quickly became meaningless rhetorical tools used by the communists to control the people: the intelligentsia began to interpret the "good of the state" to mean the good of itself as a class, and anyone who opposed it was branded an "enemy of the people." On Animal Farm, Squealer makes himself useful to the other pigs by pretending to side with the oppressed animals and falsely aligning the common good with the good of the pigs.
By late summer, news of Animal Farm has spread across half the county. Mr. Jones lives ignominiously in Willingdon, drinking and complaining about his misfortune. Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick, who own the adjoining farms, fear that disenchantment will spread among their own animals. Their rivalry with each other, however, prevents them from working together against Animal Farm. They merely spread rumors about the farm's inefficiency and moral reprehensibility. Meanwhile, animals everywhere begin singing "Beasts of England," which they have learned from flocks of pigeons sent by Snowball, and many begin to behave rebelliously.
At last, in early October, a flight of pigeons alerts Animal Farm that Mr. Jones has begun marching on the farm with some of Pilkington's and Frederick's men. Snowball, who has studied books about the battle campaigns of the renowned Roman general Julius Caesar, prepares a defense and leads the animals in an ambush on the men. Boxer fights courageously, as does Snowball, and the humans suffer a quick defeat. The animals' losses amount only to a single sheep, whom they give a hero's burial. Boxer, who believes that he has unintentionally killed a stable boy in the chaos, expresses his regret at taking a life, even though it is a human one. Snowball tells him not to feel guilty, asserting that "the only good human being is a dead one." Mollie, as is her custom, has avoided any risk to herself by hiding during the battle. Snowball and Boxer each receive medals with the inscription "Animal Hero, First Class." The animals discover Mr. Jones's gun where he dropped it in the mud. They place it at the base of the flagstaff, agreeing to fire it twice a year: on October 12th, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed—as they have dubbed their victory—and on Midsummer's Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion.
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This chapter extends the allegory of the Russian Revolution to Russia's interwar period. The spread of Animalism to surrounding farms evokes the attempts by Leon Trotsky to establish communism as an international movement. Trotsky believed, as did Karl Marx, that communism could only achieve its goals if implemented on a global scale, and he devoted much of his formidable intelligence and eloquence to setting off what Western leaders later called the "Domino Effect." The Domino Effect, or Domino Theory, posited that the conversion or "fall" of a noncommunist state to communism would precipitate the fall of other noncommunist governments in nearby states. Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson used this theory to justify their military involvement in Greece, Turkey, and Vietnam—countries they hoped to "save" from the spread of communism. In Animal Farm, the proprietors of the neighboring farms fear a similar contagion, which we might term the "Snowball Effect." Just as the West tried to discredit Russian communism, so do Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick spread disparaging rumors about Animal Farm. Just as diplomatic skirmishes between the West and Russia ended up bolstering Trotsky and his allies, the armed skirmish between humans and animals ends up strengthening the animals' hold on the farm.
In this chapter, Orwell makes masterful use of irony, an important component of satirical writing, to illustrate the gap between what the animals are fighting for and what they believe they are fighting for. All of the animals—except Mollie—fight their hardest in the Battle of the Cowshed, but as Chapter III demonstrates, they do not fully understand the ideals for which they fight, the principles that they defend. In putting all of their energies toward expelling the humans, the animals believe that they are protecting themselves from oppression. In reality, however, they are simply and unwittingly consolidating the pigs' power by muting the primary threat to the pigs' regime—the human menace. Moreover, though the animals are prepared to give their lives in defense of Animal Farm, they appear unprepared to deal with the consequences of their fight: Boxer is horrified when he thinks that he has killed the stable boy.
Snowball's emphatic declaration after the battle of the need for all animals "to be ready to die for Animal Farm" sets up Orwell's scrutiny of the motivations behind mass violence and manipulative leadership. Many readers have assumed that Animal Farm, in its critique of totalitarian communism, advocates the Western capitalist way of life as an alternative. Yet a closer reading suggests that Orwell may take a more complicated stance. For if the animals represent the Russian communists and the farmers represent noncommunist leaders, we see that Orwell denounces the communists, but also portrays the noncommunists in a very harsh light. Mr. Jones proves an irresponsible and neglectful farm owner, and neither Mr. Pilkington nor Mr. Frederick hesitates to quash violently any animal uprisings that threaten his own supremacy. There is nothing noble in the men's unprovoked attack on Animal Farm—they undertake this crusade merely out of self-interest.
Mollie becomes an increasing burden on Animal Farm: she arrives late for work, accepts treats from men associated with nearby farms, and generally behaves contrary to the tenets of Animalism. Eventually she disappears, lured away by a fat, red-faced man who stroked her coat and fed her sugar; now she pulls his carriage. None of the other animals ever mentions her name again.
During the cold winter months, the animals hold their meetings in the big barn, and Snowball and Napoleon's constant disagreements continue to dominate the proceedings. Snowball proves a better speaker and debater, but Napoleon can better canvass for support in between meetings. Snowball brims with ideas for improving the farm: he studies Mr. Jones's books and eventually concocts a scheme to build a windmill, with which the animals could generate electricity and automate many farming tasks, bringing new comforts to the animals' lives. But building the windmill would entail much hard work and difficulty, and Napoleon contends that the animals should attend to their current needs rather than plan for a distant future. The question deeply divides the animals. Napoleon surveys Snowball's plans and expresses his contempt by urinating on them.
When Snowball has finally completed his plans, all assemble for a great meeting to decide whether to undertake the windmill project. Snowball gives a passionate speech, to which Napoleon responds with a pathetically unaffecting and brief retort. Snowball speaks further, inspiring the animals with his descriptions of the wonders of electricity. Just as the animals prepare to vote, however, Napoleon gives a strange whimper, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars charge into the barn, attack Snowball, and chase him off the farm. They return to Napoleon's side, and, with the dogs growling menacingly, Napoleon announces that from now on meetings will be held only for ceremonial purposes. He states that all important decisions will fall to the pigs alone.
Afterward, many of the animals feel confused and disturbed. Squealer explains to them that Napoleon is making a great sacrifice in taking the leadership responsibilities upon himself and that, as the cleverest animal, he serves the best interest of all by making the decisions. These statements placate the animals, though they still question the expulsion of Snowball. Squealer explains that Snowball was a traitor and a criminal. Eventually, the animals come to accept this version of events, and Boxer adds greatly to Napoleon's prestige by adopting the maxims "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right." These two maxims soon reinforce each other when, three weeks after the banishment of Snowball, the animals learn that Napoleon supports the windmill project. Squealer explains that their leader never really opposed the proposal; he simply used his apparent opposition as a maneuver to oust the wicked Snowball. These tactics, he claims, served to advance the collective best interest. Squealer's words prove so appealing, and the growls of his three-dog entourage so threatening, that the animals accept his explanation without question.
This chapter illuminates Napoleon's corrupt and power-hungry motivations. He openly and unabashedly seizes power for himself, banishes Snowball with no justification, and shows a bald-faced willingness to rewrite history in order to further his own ends. Similarly, Stalin forced Trotsky from Russia and seized control of the country after Lenin's death. Orwell's experience in a persecuted Trotskyist political group in the late 1930s during the Spanish Civil War may have contributed to his comparatively positive portrayal of Snowball. Trotsky was eventually murdered in Mexico, but Stalin continued to evoke him as a phantom threat, the symbol of all enemy forces, when he began his bloody purges of the 1930s. These purges appear in allegorized form in the next chapters of Animal Farm.
Lenin once famously remarked that communism was merely socialism plus the electrification of the countryside, a comment that reveals the importance of technological modernization to leaders in the young Soviet Union. The centrality of the electrification projects in the Soviet Union inspired the inclusion of the windmill in Animal Farm. Communist leaders considered such programs absolutely essential for their new nation, citing their need to upgrade an infrastructure neglected by the tsars and keep up with the relatively advanced and increasingly hostile West. Russia devoted a great deal of brain- and manpower to putting these programs in place. As suggested by the plot of Animal Farm, Stalin initially balked at the idea of a national emphasis on modern technology, only to embrace such plans wholeheartedly once he had secured his position as dictator.
This chapter lies near the middle of Orwell's narrative and, in many ways, represents the climax of the tension that has been building from the beginning. Since the animals' initial victory over Mr. Jones, we have suspected the motives of the pig intelligentsia and Napoleon in particular: ever since the revelation in Chapter III that they have been stealing apples and milk for themselves, the pigs have appeared more interested in grabbing resources and power than in furthering the good of the farm. Now, when Napoleon sets his dogs on Snowball, he proves that his socialist rhetoric about the common good is quite empty. The specifics of Napoleon's takeover bespeak a long period of careful plotting: Napoleon has been deliberating his seizure of power ever since he first took control of the dogs' training, in Chapter III. Thus, the banishment of Snowball constitutes the culmination of long-held resentments and aspirations and climactically justifies our feelings of uneasiness about Napoleon.
In his use of the dogs, Napoleon has monopolized the farm's sources of defense and protection—the dogs could have guarded the farm and warded off predators—in order to create his own private secret police. The pigs claim a parallel monopoly on logic. Squealer linguistically transforms Napoleon's self-serving act of banishing Snowball into a supreme example of self-sacrifice and manages to convince the animals that no contradiction underlies the leader's abrupt about-face on the issue of the windmill. Each of Napoleon's acts of physical violence thus gains acceptance and legitimacy via a corresponding exercise of verbal violence. Political subversion depends on a subversion of logic and language. The connection between these two forms of violence and subversion remained a central concern for Orwell throughout his life, and he examines it both in later chapters of Animal Farm and in his last major novel, 1984.
For the rest of the year, the animals work at a backbreaking pace to farm enough food for themselves and to build the windmill. The leadership cuts the rations—Squealer explains that they have simply "readjusted" them—and the animals receive no food at all unless they work on Sunday afternoons. But because they believe what the leadership tells them—that they are working for their own good now, not for Mr. Jones's—they are eager to take on the extra labor. Boxer, in particular, commits himself to Animal Farm, doing the work of three horses but never complaining. Even though the farm possesses all of the necessary materials to build the windmill, the project presents a number of difficulties. The animals struggle over how to break the available stone into manageable sizes for building without picks and crowbars, which they are unable to use. They finally solve the problem by learning to raise and then drop big stones into the quarry, smashing them into usable chunks. By late summer, the animals have enough broken stone to begin construction.
Although their work is strenuous, the animals suffer no more than they had under Mr. Jones. They have enough to eat and can maintain the farm grounds easily now that humans no longer come to cart off and sell the fruits of their labor. But the farm still needs a number of items that it cannot produce on its own, such as iron, nails, and paraffin oil. As existing supplies of these items begin to run low, Napoleon announces that he has hired a human solicitor, Mr. Whymper, to assist him in conducting trade on behalf of Animal Farm. The other animals are taken aback by the idea of engaging in trade with humans, but Squealer explains that the founding principles of Animal Farm never included any prohibition against trade and the use of money. He adds that if the animals think that they recall any such law, they have simply fallen victim to lies fabricated by the traitor Snowball.
Mr. Whymper begins paying a visit to the farm every Monday, and Napoleon places orders with him for various supplies. The pigs begin living in the farmhouse, and rumor has it that they even sleep in beds, a violation of one of the Seven Commandments. But when Clover asks Muriel to read her the appropriate commandment, the two find that it now reads "No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets." Squealer explains that Clover must have simply forgotten the last two words. All animals sleep in beds, he says—a pile of straw is a bed, after all. Sheets, however, as a human invention, constitute the true source of evil. He then shames the other animals into agreeing that the pigs need comfortable repose in order to think clearly and serve the greater good of the farm.
Around this time, a fearsome storm descends on Animal Farm, knocking down roof tiles, an elm tree, and even the flagstaff. When the animals go into the fields, they find, to their horror, that the windmill, on which they have worked so hard, has been toppled. Napoleon announces in appalled tones that the windmill has been sabotaged by Snowball, who, he says, will do anything to destroy Animal Farm. Napoleon passes a death sentence on Snowball, offering a bushel of apples to the traitor's killer. He then gives a passionate speech in which he convinces the animals that they must rebuild the windmill, despite the backbreaking toil involved. "Long live the windmill!" he cries. "Long live Animal Farm!"
Part of the greater importance of the novella owes to its treatment of Animal Farm not as an isolated entity but as part of a network of farms—an analogue to the international political arena. Orwell thus comments on Soviet Russia and the global circumstances in which it arose. But the tactics that we see the pigs utilizing here—the overworking of the laboring class, the justification of luxuries indulged in by the ruling class, the spreading of propaganda to cover up government failure or ineffectiveness—evoke strategies implemented not only by communist Russia but also by governments throughout the world needing to oppress their people in order to consolidate their power.
Napoleon makes the outrageous claim that Snowball was responsible for the windmill's destruction in order to shift the blame from his own shoulders. Governments throughout the world have long bolstered their standing among the populace by alluding to the horrors of an invisible, conspiratorial enemy, compared to which their own misdeeds or deficiencies seem acceptable. Stalin used this tactic in Russia by evoking a demonized notion of Trotsky, but the strategy has enjoyed popularity among many other administrations. Indeed, during much of the twentieth century, it was the communists who served as a convenient demon to governments in the West: both German and American governments used the threat of communism to excuse or cover up their own aggressive behaviors.
More broadly, the windmill represents the pigs' continued manipulation of the common animals. They not only force the animals to break their backs to construct the windmill by threatening to withhold food; they also use the windmill's collapse—the blame for which, though it is caused by a storm, rests with the pigs for not having the foresight to build thicker walls—to play on the animals' general fear of being re-enslaved. By deflecting the blame from themselves onto Snowball, they prevent the common animals from realizing how greatly the pigs are exploiting them and harness the animals' energy toward defeating this purported enemy.
In this chapter, Orwell also comments on the cyclical nature of tyranny. As the pigs gain power, they become increasingly corrupt. Soon they embody the very iniquity that Animal Farm was created to overturn. As many political observers have noted, Stalin and his officials quickly entered into the decadent lifestyles that had characterized the tsars. The communists themselves had pointed to these lifestyles in maligning the old administration. Orwell parodies this phenomenon by sketching his pigs increasingly along the lines of very grotesque human beings. Throughout the novel, the pigs increasingly resemble humans, eventually flouting altogether Old Major's strictures against adopting human characteristics. With the pigs' move into the farmhouse to sleep in the farmer's beds, Orwell remarks upon the way that supreme power corrupts all who possess it, transforming all dictators into ruthless, self-serving, and power-hungry entities that can subsist only by oppressing others.
In the bitter cold of winter, the animals struggle to rebuild the windmill. In January, they fall short of food, a fact that they work to conceal from the human farmers around them, lest Animal Farm be perceived to be failing. The humans refuse to believe that Snowball caused the destruction of the windmill, saying that the windmill's walls simply weren't thick enough. The animals deem this explanation false, but they nevertheless decide to build the walls twice as thick this time. Squealer gives ennobling speeches on the glory of sacrifice, but the other animals acquire their real inspiration from the example of Boxer, who works harder than ever. In order to feed the animals, Napoleon contracts to sell four hundred eggs a week. The other animals react with shock—one of Old Major's original complaints about humans focused on the cruelty of egg selling, or so they remember. The hens rebel, and Napoleon responds by cutting their rations entirely. Nine hens die before the others give in to Napoleon's demands.
Soon afterward, the animals hear, to their extreme dismay, that Snowball has been visiting the farm at night, in secret, and sabotaging the animals' efforts. Napoleon says that he can detect Snowball's presence everywhere, and whenever something appears to go wrong by chance, Snowball receives the blame. One day, Squealer announces that Snowball has sold himself to Mr. Frederick's farm, Pinchfield, and that the treacherous pig has been in league with Mr. Jones from the start. He recalls Snowball's attempts at the Battle of the Cowshed to have the animals defeated. The animals hear these words in stupefied astonishment. They remember Snowball's heroism and recall that he received a medal. Boxer, in particular, is completely baffled. But Napoleon and Squealer convince the others that Snowball's apparent bravery simply constituted part of his treacherous plot. They also work to convince the animals of Napoleon's superior bravery during that battle. So vividly does Squealer describe Napoleon's alleged heroic actions that the animals are almost able to remember them.
Four days later, Napoleon convenes all of the animals in the yard. With his nine huge dogs ringed about him and growling, he stages an inquisition and a purge: he forces certain animals to confess to their participation in a conspiracy with Snowball and then has the dogs tear out these supposed traitors' throats. The dogs, apparently without orders, even attack Boxer, who effortlessly knocks them away with his huge hooves. But four pigs and numerous other animals meet their deaths, including the hens who rebelled at the proposal to sell their eggs. The terrible bloodshed leaves the animals deeply shaken and confused. After Napoleon leaves, Boxer says that he would never have believed that such a thing could happen on Animal Farm. He adds that the tragedy must owe to some fault in the animals themselves; thus, he commits to working even harder. Clover looks out over the farm, wondering how such a glorious rebellion as theirs could have come to its current state. Some of the animals begin to sing "Beasts of England," but Squealer appears and explains that "Beasts of England" may no longer be sung. It applied only to the Rebellion, he says, and now there is no more need for rebellion. Squealer gives the animals a replacement song, written by Minimus, the poet pig. The new song expresses profound patriotism and glorifies Animal Farm, but it does not inspire the animals as "Beasts of England" once did.
The humans react with relief when the windmill topples because its failure seems to justify their contempt for the animals and their belief in their own superiority. Similarly, Soviet Russia struggled against a largely justified reputation for industrial incompetence, famine, and poor management. Stalin's vaunted Five-Year Plans for agriculture resulted in the starvation of millions of people, and industrial production lagged far behind the capitalist West. But the Soviets were determined to mask their problems and keep them from the eyes of the rest of the world. Correspondingly, the pigs of Animal Farm devise elaborate schemes to keep the human farmers from learning about their difficulties. The windmill becomes an important measure of the farm's competence, and its collapse deals a major blow to the pigs' prestige as equals in the community of farms—just as Soviet Russia's industrial setbacks threatened its position as an equal to the leading nations of the world and as a viable model of communist revolution.
Chapter VII joins Chapter VI in focusing primarily on the violent tactics employed by oppressive governments—again explored through the behavior of the pigs—to maintain the docility and obedience of the populace even as their economic and political systems falter and grow corrupt. In Soviet Russia, these tactics led to a massive class division in a supposedly egalitarian society. Orwell suggests that as long as a leadership claims a monopoly on logic, it will be able to justify its monopoly on resources, while the common people suffer and grow hungry. Similarly, as life on Animal Farm grows leaner and leaner for most of the animals, the pigs live in increasing luxury.
Napoleon's transformation of the exiled Snowball into a despicable enemy to all who care about the good of Animal Farm mirrors Stalin's abuse of the exiled Trotsky. Those animals who show even a glimmering of disapproval toward Napoleon, such as the hens who oppose the selling of their eggs, meet a swift death. Similarly, after forcing Trotsky's exile from Russia, Stalin continued to claim the existence of Trotskyist plots throughout Soviet society. During the 1930s, he staged a number of infamous "purges," show trials during which Stalin and his allies essentially forced government members and citizens to "confess" their complicity with Trotskyist or other anti-Stalinist conspiracies. In many cases, the purge victims would admit to activities in which they had never engaged, simply to put a stop to their torture. But after confessing, the alleged conspirators were executed as "enemies of the people." Stalin used his purges to eliminate any dissident elements in his government, provide his people with a common enemy to despise, and keep both the populace and his staff in a state of fear for their own safety, making them far less likely to disobey orders or challenge his rule in any way.
Just as the pigs rewrite history, they manipulate statistics in their favor, claiming that every important aspect of life on the farm has improved statistically since the Rebellion: animals live longer, eat more, have more offspring, work fewer hours, and so forth. In this way, the pigs produce a false vision of reality. Then, by ensuring that this reality is the only one to which the other animals have access and by establishing an effective death penalty for any animal who questions it, they render their dictatorship indestructible. Fear makes the animals inclined to believe the pigs' propaganda, and by allowing themselves to believe in the comforting lies, the animals find what may be their only safe haven from violence and terror.
A few days after the bloody executions, the animals discover that the commandment reading "No animal shall kill any other animal" now reads: "No animal shall kill any other animal without cause." As with the previous revisions of commandments, the animals blame the apparent change on their faulty memories—they must have forgotten the final two words. The animals work even harder throughout the year to rebuild the windmill. Though they often suffer from hunger and the cold, Squealer reads continuously from a list of statistics proving that conditions remain far superior to anything the animals knew under Mr. Jones and that they only continue to improve.
Napoleon has now taken the title of "Leader" and has dozens of other complimentary titles as well. Minimus has written a poem in praise of the Napoleon and inscribed it on the barn wall. A pile of timber lies unused on the farm, left over from the days of Mr. Jones, and Napoleon engages in complicated negotiations for the sale of it to either Mr. Frederick or Mr. Pilkington. When negotiations favor Mr. Frederick, the pigs teach the animals to hate Mr. Pilkington. When Mr. Pilkington then appears ready to buy the timber, the pigs teach the animals to hate Mr. Frederick with equal ferocity. Whichever farm is currently out of favor is said to be the hiding place of Snowball. Following a slew of propaganda against Mr. Frederick (during which Napoleon adopts the maxim "Death to Frederick!"), the animals are shocked to learn that Mr. Frederick eventually comes through as the buyer of the timber. The pigs talk endlessly about Napoleon's cleverness, for, rather than accept a check for the timber, he insists on receiving cash. The five-pound notes are now in his possession.
Soon the animals complete the construction of the windmill. But before they can put it to use, Napoleon discovers to his great outrage that the money Mr. Frederick gave him for the timber is simply a stack of forgeries. He warns the animals to prepare for the worst, and, indeed, Mr. Frederick soon attacks Animal Farm with a large group of armed men. The animals cower as Mr. Frederick's men plant dynamite at the base of the windmill and blow the whole structure up. Enraged, the animals attack the men, driving them away, but at a heavy cost: several of the animals are killed, and Boxer sustains a serious injury. The animals are disheartened, but a patriotic flag-raising ceremony cheers them up and restores their faith somewhat.
Not long afterward, the pigs discover a crate of whisky in the farmhouse basement. That night, the animals hear singing and revelry from within, followed by the sound of a terrible quarrel. The next morning the pigs look bleary-eyed and sick, and the animals hear whisperings that Comrade Napoleon may be dying. By evening, however, he has recovered. The next night, some of the animals find Squealer near the barn, holding a paintbrush; he has fallen from a ladder leaned up against the spot where the Seven Commandments are painted on the barn. The animals fail to put two and two together, however, and when they discover that the commandment that they recall as stating "No animal shall drink alcohol" actually reads "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess," they once again blame their memories for being faulty.
By this point, Napoleon and Squealer have so systematically perverted the truth that the animals cannot recognize their leaders' duplicity even when they witness it directly. Karl Marx had theorized the need for a "dictatorship of the proletariat" during the early years of his prescribed revolution, under which democratic freedoms would take second place to stamping out resistance in the bourgeoisie. In Soviet Russia, Stalin and his colleagues used Marx's theories as a justification for their increasingly violent and tyrannical actions. Moreover, they used this one Marxist principle to justify their neglect of the other principles. The Stalinist government, for example, quickly altered the noble ideals of equal work and equal compensation in order to favor the politically and militarily powerful. Even when the machinations of the government became clear to everyone in Russia—in the novella we see such a moment when the animals catch Squealer literally rewriting the law on the side of the barn—no significant popular revolt among the working classes ever occurred. Similarly, the animals show no signs of rebellion.
Minimus's poem provides compelling evidence for the animals' largely uncritical attitude toward the regime that oppresses it. Though the poem is outrageously inflated and tastelessly sentimental, the animals don't question it; instead, they allow it to speak for them. With the poem, Orwell creates a passage of great irony and a wonderful satire of patriotic rhetoric. Much of the poem's humor arises from its combination of high and low language, exposing the ridiculousness of what it intends to celebrate. Thus, the poem praises Napoleon as "Fountain of happiness!" but also "Lord of the swill-bucket!" While it glorifies life under Napoleon, it emphasizes its simple triviality: "All that [his] creatures love" amounts to a "full belly" and "clean straw." This stylistic use of contrast helps render the poem's tone of utter devotion ("Oh how my soul is on / Fire") a mockery of itself. At the same time, of course, the poem parodies actual anthems and patriotic odes. Orwell aims to expose the inanity of such patriotic sentiment, and also its emptiness, if not its misdirection. He suggests that such rhetoric fails to examine the essence of that which it praises.
The description of Napoleon's dealings with his neighbors, Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick, elaborately parodies Stalin's diplomatic tap dance with Germany and the Allies at the outset of World War II. Stalin, faced with an unpleasant choice between the capitalist Allies and the fascist Germans and reluctant to enter into another large war, stalled by alternately siding with one country and then the other, using propaganda to drag the populace along with his changing allegiances. At the last minute, and quite unexpectedly, he signed the Non-Aggression Pact (an agreement not to wage war on each other) with the German leader Adolf Hitler, much as Napoleon makes the surprise move of selling the timber to Mr. Frederick. Hitler almost immediately went back on his word—as is evoked by Mr. Frederick's forged banknotes—and invaded Russia's western frontier, eventually killing over twenty-five million Russians and demolishing much of the infrastructure that the Soviets had built since the Russian Revolution. In his depiction of the animals' response to Mr. Frederick's gratuitous destruction of the great windmill, Orwell aptly conveys the tremendous sense of betrayal and feelings of anger that Russians felt toward Germany during and after World War II.
The pigs, echoing another tactic of the victorious governments after World War II, use the heroism of individuals from the lower classes to reinforce the patriotism of the demoralized survivors. Orwell crafts particularly keen descriptions of the patriotic celebrations and rituals after the animals' war with Mr. Frederick's men. He subtly implies that while such ceremonies have the apparent function of bestowing the glory of the state upon the individual, they truly serve the opposite goal: to transfer the nobility of individual sacrifices onto the state.
There are several notable parallels between Animal Farm and Orwell's final novel, 1984. One can argue that Animal Farm was even a sort of study for 1984, which applies many of Animal Farm's themes and ideas to human society, rendering the horror of totalitarian government all the more real. One of the principal ideas that each work addresses is the ability of those in power to control and alter both attitudes and history, especially by subverting language. Just as Squealer offers a host of statistics to show that Animal Farm is in better shape than ever, despite the fact that the animals are hungry and cold, so too does the Ministry of Plenty, in 1984, crank out misleading reports about how greatly production has increased; indeed, the ministry reduces rations but convinces people that it is actually increasing them. Similarly, Animal Farm's ever-alternating alliance with Mr. Frederick and Mr. Pilkington and the leaders' claim that the farm has always remained committed to the same farmer reaches the apex of absurdity in 1984. In the middle of a speech during Hate Week, the masses mindlessly accept the speaker's assertion that their country, Oceania, which has indeed been at war with Eurasia, is actually not at war and never has been at war with Eurasia. He says the country is and always has been at war with Eastasia. The masses, carrying explicit anti-Eurasia signs, become embarrassed about their apparent mistake.
Wearily and weakly, the animals set about rebuilding the windmill. Though Boxer remains seriously injured, he shows no sign of being in pain and refuses to leave his work for even a day. Clover makes him a poultice for his hoof, and he eventually does seem to improve, but his coat doesn't seem as shiny as before and his great strength seems slightly diminished. He says that his only goal is to see the windmill off to a good start before he retires. Though no animal has yet retired on Animal Farm, it had previously been agreed that all horses could do so at the age of twelve. Boxer now nears this age, and he looks forward to a comfortable life in the pasture as a reward for his immense labors.
Food grows ever more scarce, and all animals receive reduced rations, except for the pigs and the dogs. Squealer continues to produce statistics proving that, even with this "readjustment," the rations exceed those that they received under Mr. Jones. After all, Squealer says, when the pigs and dogs receive good nourishment, the whole community stands to benefit. When four sows give birth to Napoleon's piglets, thirty-one in all, Napoleon commands that a schoolhouse be built for their education, despite the farm's dwindling funds. Napoleon begins ordering events called Spontaneous Demonstrations, at which the animals march around the farm, listen to speeches, and exult in the glory of Animal Farm. When other animals complain, the sheep, who love these Spontaneous Demonstrations, drown them out with chants of "Four legs good, two legs bad!"
In April, the government declares Animal Farm a republic, and Napoleon becomes president in a unanimous vote, having been the only candidate. The same day, the leadership reveals new discoveries about Snowball's complicity with Jones at the Battle of the Cowshed. It now appears that Snowball actually fought openly on Jones's side and cried "Long live Humanity!" at the outset of the fight. The battle took place so long ago, and seems so distant, that the animals placidly accept this new story. Around the same time, Moses the raven returns to the farm and once again begins spreading his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain. Though the pigs officially denounce these stories, as they did at the outset of their administration, they nonetheless allow Moses to live on the farm without requiring him to work.
One day, Boxer's strength fails; he collapses while pulling stone for the windmill. The other animals rush to tell Squealer, while Benjamin and Clover stay near their friend. The pigs announce that they will arrange to bring Boxer to a human hospital to recuperate, but when the cart arrives, Benjamin reads the writing on the cart's sideboards and announces that Boxer is being sent to a glue maker to be slaughtered. The animals panic and begin crying out to Boxer that he must escape. They hear him kicking feebly inside the cart, but he is unable to get out.
Soon Squealer announces that the doctors could not cure Boxer: he has died at the hospital. He claims to have been at the great horse's side as he died and calls it the most moving sight he has ever seen—he says that Boxer died praising the glories of Animal Farm. Squealer denounces the false rumors that Boxer was taken to a glue factory, saying that the hospital had simply bought the cart from a glue maker and had failed to paint over the lettering. The animals heave a sigh of relief at this news, and when Napoleon gives a great speech in praise of Boxer, they feel completely soothed.
Not long after the speech, the farmhouse receives a delivery from the grocer, and sounds of revelry erupt from within. The animals murmur among themselves that the pigs have found the money to buy another crate of whisky—though no one knows where they found the money.
As members of the revolutionary era in Russia began to expect to receive some compensation for all of the terrible sacrifices they had made in the revolution and in the war with Germany, they became painfully aware of the full extent of their betrayal at the hands of the Stalinist leadership. The quality of life for the average citizen continued to decline, even as the ruling class grew ever larger and consumed ever more luxuries. Orwell uses Boxer's death as a searing indictment of such totalitarian rule, and his death points sadly and bitterly to the downfall of Animal Farm. The great horse seems to have no bad qualities apart from his limited intellect, but, in the end, he falls victim to his own virtues—loyalty and the willingness to work. Thus, Boxer's great mistake lies in his conflation of the ideal of Animal Farm with the character of Napoleon: never thinking for himself about how the society should best realize its founding ideals, Boxer simply follows Napoleon's orders blindly, naïvely assuming that the pigs have the farm's best interest at heart. It is sadly ironic that the system that he so loyally serves ultimately betrays him: he works for the good of all but is sold for the good of the few.
The pig leadership's treachery and hypocrisy becomes even more apparent in the specific manner of Boxer's death: by selling Boxer for profit, the pigs reenact the very same cruelties against which the Rebellion first fights—the valuing of animals for their material worth rather than their dignity as living creatures. When a new crate of whisky arrives for the pigs, we can reasonably infer that the money for it has come from the sale of Boxer. Moreover, the intensely pathetic nature of Boxer's fate—death in a glue factory—contrasts greatly with his noble character, and the contrast contributes to the dramatic effect of Boxer's death, increasing the power of Orwell's critique. Boxer's life and death provide a microcosm for Orwell's conception of the ways in which the Russian communist power apparatus treated the working class that it purported to serve: Orwell suggests that the administration exhausted the resources of the workers for its own benefit and then mercilessly discarded them.
In order to defuse potential outrage at his blatant cruelty, Napoleon brings Moses back and allows him to tell his tales of Sugarcandy Mountain, much as Stalin made a place for the once-taboo Russian Orthodox Church after World War II. Moses's return signals the full return of oppression to the farm. While the pigs object early on to Moses's teachings because they undermine the animals' will to rebel, they now embrace the teachings for precisely the same reason. Napoleon further hopes to appease his populace by means of his Spontaneous Demonstrations, which force the animals to go through the motions of loyalty, despite what they may actually feel. The name of the new ritual bears particular irony: these gatherings are anything but spontaneous and demonstrate very little beyond a fearful conformity. The irony of the title indicates the overriding hollowness of the event.
Because the elite class controls the dissemination of information on Animal Farm, it is able to hide the terrible truth of its exploitation of the other animals. Fallible individual memories of Snowball's bravery and Napoleon's cowardice at the Battle of the Cowshed prove no match for the collective, officially sponsored memory that Squealer constructs, which paints a picture indicating completely the reverse. With no historical, political, or military resources at their command, the common animals have no choice but to go along with the charade.
Years pass. Many animals age and die, and few recall the days before the Rebellion. The animals complete a new windmill, which is used not for generating electricity but for milling corn, a far more profitable endeavor. The farm seems to have grown richer, but only the many pigs and dogs live comfortable lives. Squealer explains that the pigs and dogs do very important work—filling out forms and such. The other animals largely accept this explanation, and their lives go on very much as before. They never lose their sense of pride in Animal Farm or their feeling that they have differentiated themselves from animals on other farms. The inhabitants of Animal Farm still fervently believe in the goals of the Rebellion—a world free from humans, with equality for all animals.
One day, Squealer takes the sheep off to a remote spot to teach them a new chant. Not long afterward, the animals have just finished their day's work when they hear the terrified neighing of a horse. It is Clover, and she summons the others hastily to the yard. There, the animals gaze in amazement at Squealer walking toward them on his hind legs. Napoleon soon appears as well, walking upright; worse, he carries a whip. Before the other animals have a chance to react to the change, the sheep begin to chant, as if on cue: "Four legs good, two legs better!" Clover, whose eyes are failing in her old age, asks Benjamin to read the writing on the barn wall where the Seven Commandments were originally inscribed. Only the last commandment remains: "all animals are equal." However, it now carries an addition: "but some animals are more equal than others." In the days that follow, Napoleon openly begins smoking a pipe, and the other pigs subscribe to human magazines, listen to the radio, and begin to install a telephone, also wearing human clothes that they have salvaged from Mr. Jones's wardrobe.
One day, the pigs invite neighboring human farmers over to inspect Animal Farm. The farmers praise the pigs and express, in diplomatic language, their regret for past "misunderstandings." The other animals, led by Clover, watch through a window as Mr. Pilkington and Napoleon toast each other, and Mr. Pilkington declares that the farmers share a problem with the pigs: "If you have your lower animals to contend with," he says, "we have our lower classes!" Mr. Pilkington notes with appreciation that the pigs have found ways to make Animal Farm's animals work harder and on less food than any other group of farm animals in the county. He adds that he looks forward to introducing these advances on his own farm. Napoleon replies by reassuring his human guests that the pigs never wanted anything other than to conduct business peacefully with their human neighbors and that they have taken steps to further that goal. Animals on Animal Farm will no longer address one another as "Comrade," he says, or pay homage to Old Major; nor will they salute a flag with a horn and hoof upon it. All of these customs have been changed recently by decree, he assures the men. Napoleon even announces that Animal Farm will now be known as the Manor Farm, which is, he believes, its "correct and original name."
The pigs and farmers return to their amiable card game, and the other animals creep away from the window. Soon the sounds of a quarrel draw them back to listen. Napoleon and Pilkington have played the ace of spades simultaneously, and each accuses the other of cheating. The animals, watching through the window, realize with a start that, as they look around the room of the farmhouse, they can no longer distinguish which of the cardplayers are pigs and which are human beings.
"If you have your lower animals to contend with," he said, "we have our lower classes!"
(See Important Quotations Explained)
The last chapter of Animal Farm brings the novel to its logical, unavoidable, yet chilling conclusion. The pigs wholly consolidate their power and their totalitarian, communist dictatorship completely overwhelms the democratic-socialist ideal of Animal Farm. Napoleon and the other pigs have become identical to the human farmers, just as Stalin and the Russian communists eventually became indistinguishable from the aristocrats whom they had replaced and the Western capitalists whom they had denounced. The significance of Napoleon's name is now entirely clear: the historical Napoleon, who ruled France in the early nineteenth century and conquered much of Europe before being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1814, originally appeared to be a great liberator, overthrowing Europe's kings and monarchs and bringing freedom to its people. But he eventually crowned himself emperor of France, shattering the dreams of European liberalism. Rather than destroying the aristocracy, Napoleon simply remade it around himself. Similarly, the pig Napoleon figures as the champion of Animalism early on. Now, however, he protests to the humans that he wants nothing more than to be one of them—that is, an oppressor.
Throughout the novella, Orwell has told his fable from the animals' point of view. In this chapter, we see clearly the dramatic power achieved by this narrative strategy. The animals remain naïvely hopeful up until the very end. Although they realize that the republic foretold by Old Major has yet to come to fruition, they stalwartly insist that it will come "[s]ome day." These assertions charge the final events of the story with an intense irony. For although Orwell has used foreshadowing and subtle hints to make us more suspicious than the animals of the pigs' motives, these statements of ingenuous faith in Animal Farm on the part of the common animals occur just before the final scene. This gap between the animals' optimism and the harsh reality of the pigs' totalitarian rule creates a sense of dramatic contrast. Although the descent into tyranny has been gradual, Orwell provides us with a restatement of the original ideals only moments before the full revelation of their betrayal.
Orwell uses emphatic one-line paragraphs to heighten the terror of this betrayal: the succinct conveyance of "It was a pig walking on his hind legs" and "He carried a whip in his trotter" drops this stunning information on us without warning, shocking us as much as it does the animals. Moreover, Orwell's decision to tell the story from the animals' point of view renders his final tableau all the more terrible. The picture of the pigs and farmers, indistinguishable from one another, playing cards together is disturbing enough by itself. Orwell, however, enables us to view this scene from the animals' perspective—from the outside looking in. By framing the scene in this way, Orwell points to the animals' total loss of power and entitlement: Animal Farm has not created a society of equals but has simply established a new class of oppressors to dominate the same class of oppressed—a division embodied, as at the opening of the novella, by the farmhouse wall.
The final distillation of the Seven Commandments that appears on the barn—"all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others"—stands as the last great example of how those in power manipulate language as an instrument of control. At the beginning of the novella, the idea of "more equal" would not only have seemed contrary to the egalitarian socialist spirit of Animal Farm, it would have seemed logically impossible. But after years of violence, hunger, dishonesty, and fear, the spirit of Animal Farm seems lost to a distant past. The concept of inherent equality has given way to notions of material entitlement: Animal Farm as an institution no longer values dignity and social justice; power alone renders a creature worthy of rights. By claiming to be "more equal"—an inherently nonsensical concept—than the other animals, the pigs have distorted the original ideals of the farm beyond recognition and have literally stepped into the shoes of their former tyrannical masters.
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Apollo and muses - Folk
Literature of antiquity and the Middle Ages - Summary - 2019
Apollo and muses
In the spring and summer on the slopes of the wooded Helicon (2), where the sacred waters of the source of Gippocrena (3) and the high Parnassus (4) mysteriously squeal in the clear waters of the Castilian Spring (5), Apollo (1) leads a round dance with nine muses. Young, beautiful muses, daughters of Zeus and Memosina (6), are the constant companions of Apollo. He leads the choir of muses and accompanies their singing with their golden kifar game (7). The Apollo goes majestically ahead of the choir of muses crowned with a laurel wreath followed by all nine muses: Calliopa is a muse of epic (8) poetry, Euterpa - a lyric song (9), Erato - a muse of love songs, Melpomene - a muse of tragedy (10) - muse comedy, Terpsichore - music of dances, Klio-muse of history, Urania -muse of astronomy and Polygimnia - muse of sacred hymns (11). Their choir rattles solemnly, and the whole nature, as enchanted, listens to their divine singing.
When Apollo accompanied by muses appears in the sleep of the gods on the light Olympus, and the sounds of his kifara and the singing of the music are heard, then everything is stopped at Olympus. Forgets Ares (12) about the noise of bloody battles, lightning does not shine in the hands of the tediatrist Zeus, the gods forget the discord, peace and silence reign on Olympus. Even the eagle of Zeus lowers his mighty wings and closes his sharp eyes, his terrible whimble can not be heard, he quietly drowses on the baton of Zeus. In full silence, the souls of the kyphars of Apollo sound solemnly. When Apollo is striking fun golden strings of kifar, then a bright, radiant round dance moves in the hall of the gods. Muses, Hari, ever-young Aphrodite (13), Ares with Hermes (14) - all participate in a fun round dance, and in front of them there comes a majestic maiden, the sister of Apollo, the beautiful Artemis (15). Filled with streams of golden light, the young gods are dancing to the sounds of the kithara of Apollo.
(1) Apollo is one of the most ancient gods in Greece, the patron of art, poetry and music. Therefore, in Moscow, on the building of the Great Academic Theater there is a statue of Apollo with a lyre in his hand, riding in a chariot.
(2) Helikon is a mountain in central Greece, on which, according to the Greeks, lived muses. They were sometimes called "the queen of Helikon".
(3) Hypocrene - a key (spring) on the top of the Helikon mountain ridge. According to the legend, a key came from the knife of a Pegasus winged horse. In the figurative sense, "Saddle Pegasus" - to become a poet.
(4) Parnas - in the myths - the habitat of Apollo and muses. In a figurative sense, Parnas is a community of poets.
(5) The Kastal Spring (the key) is a source on Mount Parnas. In the modern language, the Kastal Key means a source of inspiration.
(6) Memosina (Mnemozina) - the goddess of memory.
(7) Kifar is a string instrument similar to a lyre.
(8) Epic - narrative.
(9) Lyrics - one of three types of literature (epic, lyric, drama), poems, songs.
(10) Tragedy is a dramatic work, often ending with the death of the protagonist.
(11) The anthem is a solemn song.
(12) Ares (Araj) is the god of war.
(13) Aphrodite - the goddess of beauty and love.
(14) Hermes is god, the messenger of the gods, the patron of the trade.
(15) Artemis is a hunter goddess.
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