Split (1)

train · ~125M rows (showing the first 849k)

text stringlengths 144 682k
Blood Pressure - Something that Everybody should know about Did you know that high blood pressure is the same as hypertension. It actually the medical term for high blood pressure. High blood pressure has no signs or symptoms. The only way to know if you have high blood pressure is to get tested. By taking steps to lower your blood pressure, you can reduce your risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Lowering your blood pressure can also help you live a longer, healthier life. What is blood pressure? Blood pressure is how hard your blood pushes against the walls of your arteries when your heart pumps blood. Arteries are the tubes that carry blood away from your heart. Every time your heart beats, it pumps blood through your arteries to the rest of your body. How can I get my blood pressure checked? To test your blood pressure, the nurse or doctor will put a cuff around your upper arm and pump up the cuff with air until it feels tight. This usually takes less than a minute. The doctor or nurse can tell you what your blood pressure numbers are right after the test is over. You can also check your own blood pressure with a blood pressure machine. You can find blood pressure machines in malls, pharmacies, and grocery stores. What do blood pressure numbers mean? A blood pressure test measures you how hard your heart is working to pump blood through your body. Blood pressure is measured with 2 numbers. The first number is the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats. The second number is the pressure in your arteries between each beat, when your heart relaxes. Compare your blood pressure to these numbers: Normal blood pressure is lower than 120/80 (said “120 over 80”). High blood pressure is 140/90 or higher. Blood pressure that’s between normal and high (for example, 130/85) is called pre hypertension , or high normal blood pressure. Am I at risk for high blood pressure? One in 3 Americans has high blood pressure. Most Americans over age 40 are at risk. You may be at extra risk for high blood pressure if you: • Are overweight or obese • Smoke • Have a family history of high blood pressure • Eat foods high in sodium (salt) • Get less than 30 minutes of activity on most days • Drink more than a moderate amount of alcohol (2 drinks a day for men or 1 drink a day for women) Related Posts Post a Comment Follow by Email
News feed Good to see How to learn foreign languages with the Quantum Leap? Language learning can often be a source of anguish. Fear of public speaking or comprehension difficulties often form a blockage that begins in highschool, and which sometimes may be hard to handle. While the French foreign language school of the Collège de Paris, Elfe, had already established very singular learning courses under hypnosis, it brings once again innovation at the heart of his pedagogy with the quantum leap method. To learn more about this concept, we interviewed Richard Grandison, associate professor at the Collège de Paris, which provides these outstanding courses… Can you tell us more about this notion of quantum leap? Imagine a rapid change where nothing is as before. In physics, a quantum leap is a sudden change in the state of a system, almost instantaneously. Moving from one energy state to another given energy state. Applied to language learning, it comes out of a state where one is often installed with long certainties about the impossibility of progress and to eventually be able to use that language fluently in various situations of oral communication. It’s also the leap that any student can do with an intensive training in oral expression and listening comprehension at the end of the level A21, that is to say “basic” level. How did the idea of making the quantum leap a learning method come to you? Since 1986 I have taught mainly to senior multinational executives. In Brussels, Seville, Madrid, Barcelona, Paris, Moscow or Bilbao, I continually meet students who have already acquired many bases but cannot use them correctly. They remain blocked at the intermediate level. This is also the case for those who leave highschool. I first started by creating a special unit of expression and oral comprehension at the end of level A2 with a lot of listening exercises and role plays to develop these skills. But it must be noted that people who have the level B1 (intermediate) are left with the same difficulties of comprehension and expression, because they have learned in a very didactic way with their intellect without involving other elements of the learning process (pleasure, emotion, game), and partly because they are convinced to be incompetent. This certainty can come from personal or family programing… It was then that I leaned on the use of personal development techniques and / or therapeutic as part of language learning. Hypnosis, NLP, Sophrology to deprogram this inability certainty but without forgetting the use of systematic exercises that involve concentration, memory, responsiveness, alertness, etc. You put this technique into practice following the success of your language module under hypnosis, already provided in Elfe, French Foreign Language School of the Collège de Paris. How do you bring something more with the quantum leap method? I’ve done so for many years now. But, in fact, we started with Elfe, following the success of French group classes where I applied some of the quantum leap method. The good results under hypnosis courses in English, French and Spanish also encouraged us to continue on this path. A strong demand exists among French customers, and the quantum leap responds it perfectly. They really want to make a qualitative leap in the use of English or Spanish at work or in their personal lives. You know, the need is enormous. What happens during a session? There is a protocol, a spine, but which must adapt to the profile of the person or group. 1. Systematic listening exercises with the help of existing methods and focus on listening comprehension and oral expression. 2. The use of the song, not just as opening to the francophone culture, English-speaking or Spanish, but as a mean of memorizing idioms, vocabulary, and become familiar with the rhythm of the language. A playful learning, good for the brain to cease associating learning with difficulty. 3. Oral comprehension exercises and expression of a pre-intermediate and intermediate levels at the lower level, with the help of short television news and role play between two or more characters corresponding to the information. This is the key to this training. The student understands nothing, or almost nothing at first listen. Gradually, we help him to understand, and then later he is able to reproduce all the information from the first year. The change is important. The brain of the learner begins to realize that he is able to speak, to clarify his thinking, to explain something in detail. 4. If necessary, for mental blockages, hypnosis, sophrology², the NLP3 and even EMDR4 may be used. In terms of time, there are blocks of 20 hours per week, renewable for 20 hours 4 times depending on the starting level and the speed of movement. They may be supplemented by blocks of 10 hours of lessons by phone, Skype and / or Webex. Have you ever seen the efficiency of its implementation among Elfe students? Yes, for the French with Chinese students groups, Swiss, American, Brazilian, Polish, German, Japanese, British, Dutch for English and Spanish with French students coming from very diverse sectors (insurance, cosmetics, construction …) who were able to free themselves from the slowness and lack of confidence that they could feel. 1The European Framework of Reference for Languages -CECRL- was developed by the Council of Europe (European Union). It provides a common basis for the design of programs, diplomas and certificates for foreign languages. It validates skills in languages and has six skill levels: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2; C2 being the highest level. 2Technique based on relaxation breathing exercises and management thinking. It plunges the subject into a state of semi-consciousness that enables him then focus on a very specific need. The four main principles of relaxation therapy are breathing, physical and mental relaxation, visualization and thought. 3The neurolinguistic programming is a specific communication technique, which aims at changing our old mental patterns to find more confidence in life and optimize our energy and creative potential. 4Desensitization and Reprocessing Eye Movement deals primarily with post traumatic syndromes. It is intended for patients with significant behavioral modification, conscious or unconscious, following an old trauma. Its uniqueness lies in the sensory stimulation through eye movements most often. Published by Collège de Paris On 13 January 2016
Knowledge Center Get expert knowledge about the latest precision metal manufacturing advances. Recycled Aluminium vs Pure Aluminium Recycled Aluminium vs. Pure Aluminium Aluminium is the most abundant metal on earth. The physical and mechanical properties of Aluminium make it the ideal choice for parts that can be used in almost any industry. Aluminium is corrosion resistant, durable, and has a high strength-to-weight ratio. Benefits of choosing Aluminium for your part When considering the type of metal for an application, many companies put Aluminium at the top of their list. With its unique mechanical and physical properties, Aluminium offers design engineers significant advantages. The metal creates lighter parts with more surface finishing options than other die cast alloys. It can also withstand the highest operating temperatures of all the die cast alloys, making it a great choice for products that require heat dissipation, like computers and handheld devices. And moreover, cast Aluminium is versatile, corrosion resistant, and retains high dimensional stability with thin walls that can be used in almost any industry. With all the benefits Aluminium offers, it may come as a surprise that a majority of Aluminium is actually mixed with other materials such as magnesium, iron, and copper. That's because the use of pure Aluminium, or primary Aluminium, in casting is quite costly due to the high amount of energy used during extraction. Recycled Aluminium, or secondary Aluminium, is much more cost-effective and readily availablenot to mention, good for the Earth. Discover additional benefits of Aluminium die casting metals in our Knowledge Centre's Material Information section. Cold Chamber \| Die Casting \| Recycled Aluminium How do you extract pure Aluminium? 150 years ago, Aluminium was more expensive than gold—not because of how rare it was, but how expensive it was, and still is, to extract. Production of primary Aluminium is quite demanding and costly. In its purest state, Aluminium is extracted from a clay ore called bauxite. The bauxite ore is purified to yield a fine white powder, Aluminium oxide. Aluminium ions are separated from the oxide through electrolysis—a process in which Aluminium sinks to the bottom of a melt tank in liquid form and is withdrawn and solidified to become the metal we recognize as Aluminium. Extracting primary Aluminium is not only energy-intensive, running up a costly bill with the amount of electricity used, but environmentally detrimental. Large amounts of CO2 are leaked into the atmosphere during the extraction process, making recycled Aluminium the perfect alternative for a more energy-efficient source of Aluminium. Recycled Aluminium Aluminium is 100% recyclable. And 75% of all the Aluminium ever produced is still in use today. Since Aluminium maintains all of its physical and mechanical properties, it makes the perfect, greener replacement to primary Aluminium. Secondary Aluminium begins by being extracted from various waste streams. Scrap is separated by chemical composition—with purer forms of recycled Aluminium maintaining the highest value and Aluminium with mixtures of other alloys and other having the lowest. Since Aluminium is non-magnetic, contaminants from the scrap are removed using magnets to remove debris. The remaining Aluminium is shredded into small pieces, stripped of existing surface finishes and melted down to purify the molten metal. The final product is an Aluminium alloy with pure Aluminium properties. Closed-loop recycling Industrial scrap, or discarded metal from manufacturers and other foundries, is a key source for providing suppliers with material for recycling. At Dynacast, we send off all scrap that was produced as a by-product of our operations to be recycled and used for future projects. The closed-loop cycle prevents waste from going to landfills. Consumer products make up the remaining scrap that gets recycled. Items like Aluminium window frames are sorted, shredded, cleaned and melted before removing all by-products. At this point, other alloys can be added to the Aluminium, creating an almost-exact recreation of primary Aluminium. Closed Loop Recycling \| Aluminium Die Casting \| Aluminium Casting Savings from recycled Aluminium The amount of energy used to produce Aluminium is the ultimate differentiator when it comes to cost. Primary Aluminium extraction uses a great deal of energy, consisting mainly of electricity, natural gas and liquified petroleum gas consumption. The aerospace industry is most commonly known for using primary Aluminium due to strict regulations and quality measures. Using secondary Aluminium is a more energy-efficient choice than extracting pure Aluminium since secondary Aluminium casting can produce a large amount of usable material with less effort. To put it in perspective, recycled Aluminium uses approximately 90% less energy than mining for pure Aluminium. Most of the energy consumption in Aluminium die casting is used to heat and remelt the metal during fabrication. For this reason, Dynacast is able to save more time, energy, and money by remelting in-house. And since a majority of products can be cast out of secondary Aluminium, while still maintaining like properties and material characteristics, recycled Aluminium can be a solution for your next design. To learn more about our thin wall Aluminium casting capabilities, contact our engineering team today. comments powered by Disqus ©2021 Dynacast. All rights reserved Last updated 03.22.2021
Everyone knows the importance of fruits and the great nutritional value which they are loaded with. Except few there would be a majority of them who would like to have fruits on any given time of the day. All the fruits have some or the other necessary vitamins which are needed by our body and what best are provided by our mother nature. So instead of going for alternatives we can try those fruits which are available in that particular season. Best time to have fruits So now everyone knows their benefits but is there any particular timing when we should eat the fruits. Some say we should have it on this time then it will be beneficial. Some say it should be consumed during the daytime some say it should be consumed at night time. Fruits contain fructose which is like a sugar or fruit sugar or natural glucose which when consumed in large quantities can be harmful but fruits which are known to have fructose in small quantities hence are not a concern to us. When we have fruits the glucose enters our bloodstream through digestion. If our stomach is full then it will not get digested properly we will feel bloated. Have fruits at right time So how can we eat fruits in the right way? Let’s find out When fruits should be eaten to get maximum benefits from them Morning is best time to eat fruits Tip 1:: All fruits can be consumed in the morning and can be included in the breakfast too. Fruits get digested fast in our body hence you should always consume the fruits early morning on an empty stomach for best results. Never eat fruits after your lunch as the digestive system is still processing on the meals which you have just eaten. Fruits will stay longer in our stomach and might rot or ferment which may also be bad for those who are working on staying slim. Also after our sleep our body needs some booster to get the energy level back and since the fruits are easily digestible the nutrient will get broken down quickly. Fruits to eat Tip 2:: Don’t cut the fruit and eat it later. One might think this is a healthiest option to cut the fruit and have it in their lunch bag for the latter part of the day. Once cut the fruits should be eaten within 15-20 minutes. Instead try to take whole fruits (i.e. apples, banana or oranges) in the office and eat them later. Once cut they are exposed to oxygen, heat and light and that may result in losing their water content faster or degrading contents like vitamins B or C. Though there are few fruits which can be cut & kept in an airtight container for consumption later. They are pineapple, mangoes, papaya, watermelon, muskmelon which can be stored. But they also would require a fridge to keep it fresh. Eating fruits on time Tip 3:: Always try to have seasonal fruits which are grown in the particular season. When you have seasonal fruits the taste will be better, fruits will be much sweeter. When they are plucked off from the plants or vine they will have higher nutrients & flavor’s which our body will enjoy the most. When you are having fruit which are off-season then think of the various stages the fruits might have gone through. It might be loaded with pesticide, wax coatings, preservatives or ripening agents to make it look healthy. The longer it stays this way faster the more it will lose its nutrients. When you eat a seasoned fruit it helps our local farmer to grow more thereby supporting them. Also one of the important points is when its fruit season they are available in abundance and also at lower price which will fit our pocket too. Best time to eat fruits Tip 4:: Though many people like fruit salad which has all fruits in it. But you should be aware that certain fruits should not be combined with others. This can impact your health and your digestion. Mixing fruits can not only make you unhealthy but can put you in danger too. Acidic, sweet or neutral are three categories which you need to think about while mixing fruits or vegetables. Never mix acidic, sub acid with sweet fruit, never have fruits with vegetables, starchy with high protein. Examples are like oranges with carrots, orange or pineapple with milk, Guava with banana, Papaya with lemon. If you want to have fruit, have it single on an empty stomach. Avoid fruits after meal Tips 5:: Best time to have fruits is in the morning as this will fuel your digestive system. Fiber enzymes which are present in fruits help in triggering the juice in our stomach and helps in getting rid of waste from the previous day. Fruit fiber will help you to clean your colon which will leave you feeling light and refreshed the whole day. Fruits to eat Tips 6:: To get the best benefits out of fruits one must have whole fruit instead of fruit juice. As when we have full fruit the dietary fiber in the pulp sticks with natural sugar as it travels in our body. Because of this our body will take time to absorb the sugar directly from the fruit. Juices are not recommended for diabetic as they cause an instant increase in blood sugar levels. While preparing juice in a blender the heat which is generated can at times take away the nutrients in fruits. Sometimes cooking fruit and then trying to make juice is not beneficial as when heated they rob away the entire nutrient which is present in it. Fiber is known to improve our gut health when we make a juice out of fruit it is without any fiber. Also fruit will make you fuller for a longer period. Love your fruits Hope you have understood when to have the fruit at the right time to gain maximum benefits from them. So hurry up and grab some fruits. For disclaimer section read the disclaimer page. Your comment means a lot to me....Please leave an feedback
U.K.-based Genus teams with U.S. scientists for resilient pigs (Getty Images) Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a deadly virus that causes an estimated $550 million in damage to swine producers each year. Now U.K.-based Genus says it has used gene editing to create pigs that are resistant to the virus, and that it will continue to develop the technology under an exclusive license with the University of Missouri. Genus' gene editing technique resulted in pigs that lack the specific protein that causes PRRS to spread, according to a press release from the company. In early studies, the gene-altered pigs did not get sick when exposed to the virus. The company estimates it will take at least 5 years to get to the stage where the PRRS-resistant pigs can be made available to farmers. "There are several critical challenges ahead as we develop and commercialize this technology; however, the promise is clear, and Genus is committed to developing its potential," said Jonathan Lightner, chief scientific officer and head of R&D at Genus, in a press release. Genus described the technology it used to create the pigs in a recent issue of Nature Biotechnology. Researchers from the University of Missouri's Division of Animal Science and Kansas State University's Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology also contributed to the advance. Editing the genes of animals to improve their health is controversial but gaining in popularity. The Roslin Institute in the U.K. has used the technique to make pigs resistant to another devastating disease called African swine fever. And last spring, a startup called Recombinetics produced dairy calves that were born without horns and thus were able to dodge a painful but common practice known as dehorning. There is no cure for PRRS, which causes reproductive problems, growth issues and premature death. Several companies market vaccines against the disease, including Merck ($MRK) and Boehringer Ingelheim's Vetmedica, but the disease continues to cause major losses for the swine industry. - here's the Genus press release - access the Nature Biotechnology paper here
Importance of Rivers for Humans and Environment Rivers are the lifeline of our civilizations. Most of the civilizations were established and flourished near the rivers. Importance of rivers 1. Support living and civilizations 2. For farming and agriculture 3. Scope of transport 4. Water storage and energy generation 5. Enhance the economy. 6. Support nature. Support living and civilizations Most of the human civilizations started near the rivers. This is because water is an essential need for living next to air. importance of rivers London city at the banks of River Thames Rivers provide clean and fresh water for all the daily needs of life like drinking, cooking, washing, cleaning, etc. Hence, whenever people migrated or wanted to establish a new colony, they set it up near a river. For farming Rivers are major sources of irrigation for agriculture. Unlike rains, rivers enable cropping in the summer season too. That too, they provide an option for the farmer to irrigate the crop as per requirements. The river water is rich is in nutrients, elements needed for crop growth. Hence, the crop yield is high and profitable. Scope of transport Since most towns and villages are situated near river banks, rivers are also used to transport. People travel from one place to another through rivers using boats. rivers for transport Even in some countries, rivers are used to transport goods as it is less expensive and accessible to remote areas. Water storage by dams Rivers facilitate the storage of water. This stored water can be used to manage harsh summers and drought conditions. Further, this water, while being released, is used to generate hydroelectricity. This electricity is environmental-friendly too. Enhance the economy. Rivers contribute to the economy in areas that are largely dependent on agriculture. This is the reason why there are conflicts among countries that share rivers. Due to rivers, there is a possibility of more than two crops in a year. This leads to sufficient farm produce, which can be exported and enhance the nation’s financial reserves. Industries related to steel, cement, chemicals require huge amounts of water. Even such industries can be set up in those areas with access to rivers as they can be provided with sufficient water all round the year. Rivers also provide an option for fishing, which is a major source of income for fishers. Rivers also are a major source of attraction for tourists. Support nature. Rivers support nature in many ways. They help carry the excess water from lakes, pools, streams into the sea. They are places of habitat for many types of fishes, birds, and other animals. Many forests grow near the rivers and it leads to green vegetation for other animals to thrive. For animals Many animals live in the forest which is closer to some river. The presence of a river satisfies the drinking needs and food sources for animals. Leave a Comment
Open 7 Days a Week One of our wonderful doctors will: Perform a comprehensive examination of your pet's teeth and mouth Discuss with you which dental package is the best option for your pet's specific needs Provide you with a quote to fit your pet's needs Approaching the need for a dental scaling and polishing starts with explaining what periodontal disease is and what happens to the body as a result. Why Periodontal Disease is Harmful ? Why Periodontal Disease is Harmful ? Periodontal disease is just that—a disease. Once you understand that it is a disease just like hyperthyroidism, arthritis or heart disease, you will begin to understand why it is so important to treat. Gingivitis is defined as reversible inflammation of the tissues surrounding the tooth crown or normal exposed tooth surface. Most cats and dogs develop gingivitis by two years of age. Periodontal disease is an irreversible condition that results in gum recession, tooth root exposure, loss of surrounding bone, altloosening of the tooth, and eventual tooth loss. If untreated, most pets will develop periodontal disease by age three to five. Pain develops as the gum recedes, exposing underlying sensitive tissues, and as the tooth becomes loose. Once tartar and plaque become established on the tooth surface, it begins to harden and mineralize. This is called calculus and is often found on the upper third and fourth premolars of dogs and cats. The bacteria that cause periodontal disease also cause problems throughout the body. As the number of pathogenic bacteria increase in the mouth, they are absorbed through the inflamed gums into the bloodstream and enter the intestinal tract through swallowing. These bacteria contribute to the development or urinary tract infections, kidney infections, diminished immune system and heart valve infections (endocardiosis and endocarditis). Tooth Loss Bad Breath Yellow or Brown Crust Abnormal Drooling Going to Food but Not Eating Dropping Food out of Mouth Bleeding Gums
When people get sick, it is everywhere! Its in the air!! The rise of antibacterial products and medicines is rippling a wave in the morphology of disease that renders them increasingly ineffective in protecting you. You don’t want to get sick, and you certainly don’t want your children to get sick. You probably want to save your sick days for when you are really sick, or so you can stay with a loved one when they need you. So how do you do to protect yourself? How do you stay healthy?...more They may not be painful, but it is natural to be concerned when you see them. Most often people can be embarrassed, otherwise fearful of a sign that it may suggest that something is not right in their body. Aside from mainstream ideas like surgery or wearing compression socks, people do not know what to do with unsightly varicose veins.
AI Startup Incubator Logo AI Startup Incubator Logo Education & Research Using Artificial Intelligence in Education to augment learning, teaching and leadership: For decades people have discussed how to revolutionize education with technology, whether “gamifying” instructional materials or expanding access to knowledge via massive open online courses. EdTechXGlobal and Ibis capital estimated that schools spent nearly $160 billion on education technology, or edtech, in 2016, and forecast spending to grow 17 percent annually through 2020. Private investment in educational technology grew 32 percent annually from 2011 through 2015, rising to $4.5 billion globally. AI’s share of these flows is only likely to increase, because these technologies are well suited to achieving crucial education objectives, such as enhancing teaching efficiency and effectiveness, providing education for all, and developing the skills that will be essential in the 21st century. So where will education be in 2030 in terms of artificial intelligence? Experienced trainer, facilitator, author, presenter and coach. Co-founder of several enterprises. Over 20 years of focus on education. It is highly likely to make an impact in the following areas: • Enhancing Individualized Learning – AI has the potential to truly bring about Individualised Learning which has been spoken about for a number of years. This is likely to be achieved through enhancing adaptive learning, recuperating course and content structure, and providing suitable and useful feedback. • Augmenting the Role of the Teacher – AI has the potential to transform the role of the teacher to becoming a learning facilitator, as opposed to currently spending significant time on planning, developing and marking in relation to set content and curriculum. • Augmenting Educational Leadership – As in many other sectors the role of AI to enhance and augment leadership is significant. From helping with HR type activities, to assisting in scenario and strategy planning. The role of AI in assisting educational leaders be even more effective is significant. However, the success of AI in education hinges not only on technical issues but on ethical issues, starting with, for example, who owns data on students, who can see it, who can use it, and for what purposes.ues, starting with who owns data on students, who can see it, who can use it, and for what purposes.
Antisemitism and Israel Criticism of Israel, which has been on the rise since the late 1970s, has various causes and sources. Generally speaking, they can be separated into two larger categories. Firstly, antizionism, which brings into question the basic right of existence of the State of Israel and secondly, the criticism of Israel’s politics and policies. Antizionism is the opposite of the term Zionism. Zionism describes the Jewish national movement which was established due to antisemitism in Europe. It started to politically organize itself in the 1880s and has the goal of establishing a Jewish nation state in Palestine, the area from which most Jews where exiled nearly 2000 years ago. Antizionism puts into question the right of self-determination of the Jewish people, expressed through Zionism. It ignores that Zionism’s goal of establishing a Jewish state was not to create an area where only Jews live, but rather a country where Jews could find a safe haven in times of trouble and persecution. Antizionism, when used to call for the destruction of the Jewish State, can be antisemitic. Crossing the line of legitimate criticism Criticism of Israel’s politics and policies, its government or its socio-political set up are valid, just as such criticism is valid towards any other country. The situation changes as soon as criticism is moved from the government or Israeli politics towards all Israelis. Especially when calling all Israelis or even all Jews perpetrators in the Middle East conflict, the line of legitimate criticism is crossed and it becomes an antisemitic statement. A further example of the blurred line between legitimate and illegitimate criticism is when the State of Israel is held to a higher standard than other comparable countries. It is often not possible to differentiate clearly between criticism of the State of Israel, Antizionism and antisemitism. Therefore, a mix of the three can often be observed.
 [email protected]  +86-057489206365 The Advantages of Ozone Sterilization Technology in Poultry Breeding Views:212 Author:Site Editor Publish Time: 2021-01-04 Origin:Site Ozone, also known as active oxygen, is a broad-spectrum and highly effective disinfectant. Its bactericidal mechanism is that it acts on the cell membrane of bacteria to damage it, leading to metabolic disorders and death. It directly destroys ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid. Ozone can kill Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Aspergillus flavus, etc.. Disinfection is an important link in the chickens breeding. It is a prerequisite to ensure normal breeding. The traditional method of raising chickens has a high breeding density and is susceptible to vertical and parallel infections. If the disinfection measures cannot keep up, it will bring serious adverse consequences to the health of the chickens. Applying ozone to the chicken breeding is the most effective way to improve the chicken breeding environment in China. Traditional sterilization and disinfection methods have their insurmountable limitations, and they are expensive, easy to produce secondary pollution and drug residues. Compared with traditional sterilization and disinfection methods, ozone disinfection has the following advantages: 1. Broad-spectrum Quickly and thoroughly kill all kinds of pathogenic microorganisms in air, feed and drinking water, effectively remove the odor of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other gases produced by feces, and purify the breeding environment immediately. 2. Strong Sterilization Ability The sterilization ability of ozone sterilization and disinfection is 1.5-5 times that of ultraviolet lamps and 2 times that of chlorine. The sterilization speed in water is 600-3000 times faster than that of chlorine. So it is often used in domestic water treatment. 3. No Dead Spots when Disinfecting Ozone has good diffusivity, it is easy to spread to dead spots, and the concentration is evenly distributed. It can achieve satisfactory disinfection effects on the surface of irregular objects and hidden dead spots. 4. Green and Environmental Protection ozone disinfection does not leave any toxic residues, its after-act product is oxygen, and there is no secondary pollution. 5. Abundant Raw Materials Ozone is produced by air, without the need for raw material storage, which saves the space required for storage. 63-1-sterilization and disinfection techniques 6. Reduce Investment Costs Applying ozone technology can greatly reduce labor input and the use of chemical antibiotics, improving breeding automation, and reducing the incidence of chicken diseases. 7. Increase Egg Production Excessive use of chemical drugs will damage the ability of chickens to absorb calcium and add the possibility of them produce soft-shell eggs. 8. Improve Survival Rate Using ozone disinfection technology can effectively prevent and control blue ear disease, Newcastle disease, and other major livestock and poultry diseases, reduce the incidence of livestock and poultry, reduce mortality, increase survival rate, and promote the healthy and rapid growth of livestock and poultry. It can activate the immune cells and increase the disease resistance of livestock and poultry by more than three times. Poultry are less likely to get disease and are free from disease. 9. Improve Feed Conversion Rate Applying ozone disinfection can promote aerobic metabolism of poultry and enhance the digestion and absorption function of poultry, thereby effectively increasing the feed conversion rate. The feed conversion ratio is 1.74:1. Due to its characteristics, ozone not only has great advantages in poultry breeding, but also plays a great role in sewage treatment and air purification. It is very beneficial to our lives. Our company mainly produces ozone water purifiers and ozone generators, which can bring you a healthier life. Please contact us for more information. Contact Us About Us
Editor's Picks History News Opinions World History \| D-Day \| June 6, 1944 \| The United States Army, U.K., France, and Canada By the late spring of 1944, Nazi Germany was being squeezed from two sides. Allied forces in Western Europe had slowed Adolph Hitler’s ruthless and relentless campaign of conquest and murder across the continent. In the East, the Russians were putting enormous pressure on German forces who were locked in a brutal war of attrition. Nazi Germany, however, was still firmly lodged in the continental fortress it had created, and scores of conquered nations were suffering under the brutality of their occupation. Then came D-Day. On that day, Allied planes, ships, vehicles, supplies, and men from the U.K., U.S., France, and Canada stormed the coast of occupied France’s Normandy region in numbers so staggering that they’re hard to comprehend. The most massive undertaking in the history of warfare, the Normandy landings—or D-Day—were years in the making. Supported by meticulous planning and cunning deception, D-Day was a gargantuan effort to dislodge from Europe one of the most effective and destructive war machines ever assembled. »»» Free National Prayer Gold Coin for American Patriots – How to Get It For the individual human beings who stormed the beaches, however, it was a day of chaos, terror, and death. Normandy became the final resting place for thousands. The initial punch of the D-Day landings was the start of a grueling, monthslong battle that culminated with the liberation of Nazi-occupied Paris. The German defenders, however, did everything they could to prevent that from happening. The Nazis used the wealth they plundered from the countries they conquered—not to mention armies of slave laborers they captured—to construct defensive fortifications that remain among the largest and most robust military entrenchments ever built. Those fortifications were manned by well-armed and battle-hardened German troops who fought savagely to defend the real estate they were charged with holding. The result was one of the most epic battles in human history. It was the largest amphibious assault in history Although it’s based in mythology, the Greek siege of ancient Troy is probably the most famous and romanticized amphibious assault in history. The Normandy invasion, however, was very real, and it was the largest water-borne attack ever to take place on any shoreline anywhere at any time. [Pictured: Robert Sargent’s iconic D-Day photograph “Into the Jaws of Death.”] The ‘D’ in D-Day is redundant The “D” in D-Day stands for “Day,” the traditional military protocol used to indicate the day of a major operation. The day before D-Day, June 5, was D-1. The day after, June 7, was D+1. [Pictured: Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower gives the order of the day, “Full victory, nothing else,” to paratroopers in England prior to the Normandy invasion.] Secrecy and deception were key In what the Saturday Evening Post calls “the century’s best-kept secret,” the Allies bluffed the enemy with a yearslong series of elaborate ruses known collectively as Operation Fortitude, which was designed to trick the Germans as to Allied intentions. They spread misinformation through false news reports, planted intelligence, and false radio broadcasts that were designed to be intercepted by the enemy. They also created fake armored columns of make-believe tanks comprised of wood and rubber, fake troop encampments, and launched fleets of inflatable dummy warships. [Pictured: Nazi leader Adolf Hitler stands with Heinrich Himmler and staff while looking across the English Channel from Calais in August 1940.] The practice run turned deadly Called Exercise Tiger, a D-Day dress rehearsal proved as fatal as Omaha Beach to around 700 Allied sailors and soldiers who died in a training exercise at a friendly British beach. Speedy German attack vessels called E-boats became aware of the maneuver and attacked the Allied flotilla, sinking several ships with torpedoes. Some survivors who went on to storm the beaches of Normandy later recalled that the Exercise Tiger fiasco was more terrifying than D-Day itself. [Pictured: American troops on Slapton Sands in England during a training exercise.] Forces landed on five code-named beaches The landing zones were code-named as part of the massive effort to maintain secrecy. The Americans landed at Omaha and Utah beaches, the British at Gold and Sword, and the Canadians and British at Juno Beach. [Pictured: Map details the Allied Invasion of Normandy.] Omaha Beach was the hardest fought The movie “Saving Private Ryan” depicts events that took place at Omaha Beach, the deadliest of all five landing zones and one where the German defenses remained almost entirely intact. The first infantry wave at Omaha experienced the worst carnage of the D-Day campaign, with large sections of entire companies killed or drowned before ever reaching the shore or firing a shot. In the end, U.S. forces suffered 2,400 casualties on Omaha Beach. [Pictured: American assault troops of the 3d Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st U.S. Infantry Division, who stormed Omaha Beach on June 6, 1944.] A massive bombardment preceded the invasion The mighty German Atlantic Wall and its sprawling coastal fortifications were the targets of a crushing Allied aerial bombardment that preceded the infantry invasion. On June 6 shortly after midnight, 2,200 Allied bombers attacked German positions to soften the landing zones for amphibious troops. One of the reasons that Omaha Beach was so bloody is that thick cloud coverage in that area rendered the bombing campaign at Omaha ineffective, leaving enemy infrastructure—and guns—in perfect working order. [Pictured: Soldiers load 2,000-pound bombs on aircraft in England prior to D-Day.] Thousands of paratroopers landed first After the aerial bombardment but before the beach landings, 24,000 American, Canadian, and British paratroopers parachuted in behind enemy lines to secure the beaches’ exits. The same heavy cloud coverage that hindered the Omaha Beach bombardment also foiled the paratroopers. Many units ended up far away from their intended landing zones amid the chaos. [Pictured: A U.S. infantry paratroop regiment are shown inside a C-47 transport in England in the early hours of June 6, 1944.] Canadian forces captured the most ground The Canadians attacking Juno Beach suffered carnage similar to what the Americans experienced at Omaha, particularly the first wave of troops, many of whom died before reaching the shore thanks to rough seas and relentless Nazi artillery. In the end, however, it was the Canadians who captured more towns, more strategic positions, and more ground than any other battalions. [Pictured: Canadian soldiers land on the beach in Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944.] The operation had a code name Like the beaches and landing zones themselves, the invasion as a whole had a code name. What history knows as the Battle of Normandy was called Operation Overlord by Allied planners. The initial beach landings on D-Day were called Operation Neptune. [Pictured: U.S. troops prepare to board landing ships in Weymouth, England, prior to D-Day.] D-Day involved nearly 7,000 Allied ships… The beach invasion involved an unprecedented 6,939 ships and other vessels. Eighty percent of them were British. [Pictured: Allied landing craft protected by barrage balloons cross the English Channel on June 6, 1944.] …and more than 11,500 Allied aircraft The operation also included 11,590 aircraft. They supported the naval fleets, dropped off paratroopers, conducted reconnaissance, and bombarded Nazi defensive positions. [Pictured: Allied aircrews work around C-47 transport planes shortly before D-Day.] There were 73,000 Americans at D-Day Along with the Americans were 61,715 British Allied liberators and 21,400 Canadian troops. In total, 156,115 Allied troops stormed the beaches of Normandy. [Pictured: British troops embark at Southsea, Portsmouth, England, on June 5, 1944.] Comanche ‘code-talkers’ joined the siege The U.S. government enlisted the service of now-famous Comanche “code-talkers” in both World War I and World War II. Using their native tribal language, they developed a secret messaging code that proved unbreakable for the Germans. Thirteen of these cod-talkers were among the Allied soldiers landing at Normandy. [Pictured: Comanche code-talkers of the 4th Signal Company stand for a portrait.] The Allies faced 50,000 German defenders Dug into the massive structures of the Atlantic Wall were roughly 50,000 German defenders. Bristling with weaponry and ordered to hold their ground at all cost, they were among the hardest and most seasoned veterans in the Nazi war machine. [Pictured: Allied ships are attacked by German fighters on June 6, 1944.] The battle lasted until August D-Day was only the start of the long and brutal Battle of Normandy, which raged until the end of August. In terms of average daily casualties, the campaign was bloodier than the infamous Battle of the Somme during World War I. [Pictured: American howitzers shell German forces retreating near Carentan, France, on July 11, 1944.] The exact number of fallen is unknown It’s believed that 4,413 Allied troops were killed on D-Day, but reliable records of German fatalities are much harder to come by. Estimates range between 4,000–9,000 Germans were killed on June 6, 1944. [Pictured: British engineers fill the wreck of a German tank with landmines in order to destroy it after the allies recaptured the village of Villers-Bocage in Normandy, France, in August 1944.] The operation led to the liberation of Paris On Aug. 8, the Germans staged a last-ditch counterattack that the Allies repelled. It was the beginning of the end of the Nazi occupation of France. The Allies finally broke out of Normandy a week later on Aug. 15 and on Aug. 25, they liberated Paris. [Pictured: American troops parade through the Arc de Triomphe during the liberation of Paris on Aug. 25, 1944.] A memorial cemetery sits on US soil in France Most of the 9,387 Americans buried at the Normandy American Cemetery were killed on D-Day or in the early stages of the Allied fight to establish a beachhead. It’s one of 14 permanent World War II military cemeteries the American Battle Monuments Commission built on foreign soil. It sits on land granted to the United States by France. [Pictured: An American cemetery in Normandy, France.] Around 14,000 corpses were returned home There used to be far more fallen servicemen buried at the cemetery and in the surrounding region. Remains of roughly 14,000 people were returned home at the request of their families. [Pictured: A rifle and helmet mark the site of a fallen soldier in Normandy.] The Allies lost more than 11% of their troops The Battle of Normandy caused more than 226,386 casualties of the 2 million-plus Allied liberators. Of those, 72,911 were either killed or missing and 153,475 were wounded. [Pictured: Second Lieutenant Walter Sidlowski of 348th Engineer C Battalion, 5th Engineer Special Brigade, on Omaha Beach, after helping to rescue a group of drowning soldiers.] German casualties exceeded 240k The Nazi defenders suffered similar losses, with German casualties topping 240,000 throughout the Battle of Normandy. The Allies also captured more than 200,000 German prisoners. [Pictured: German prisoners carry their fallen comrades to the cemetery in Bréhal, France, in July 1944.] The action was far from consistent Allied troops on D-Day had radically different experiences depending on where they landed. In some places along the 50-mile front, there were almost no casualties at all. In other places, casualty rates were as high as 96%. [Pictured: American soldiers help the wounded come to shore during the Allied invasion on June 6, 1944.] The tide was a double-edged sword The planning for an operation of this magnitude required a meticulous consideration of an uncountable number of details and variables. If the attack happened at high tide, for example, landing craft might hit submerged German obstacles. If the Allies landed at low tide—the course that planners eventually chose—they would avoid those obstacles but troops would be forced to sprint the length of the beach with no cover under relentless fire. [Pictured: Columns of Coast Guard LCIs protected by barrage balloons advance across the English Channel on June 6, 1944.] The beach was a minefield The most enduring images of D-Day are of exposed Allied troops being raked down by machine-gun fire from elevated German positions—and machine guns certainly caused a hideous number of casualties. Death and danger, however, didn’t only come from above. It’s estimated that the Germans planted roughly 4 million landmines on the Normandy beaches, making every footstep a potential catastrophe for every soldier. [Pictured: Royal Marine Commandos prepare to demolish German obstacles on a beach in Normandy in June 1944.] D-Day was the result of trial and error U.S. and British commanders reviewed plans for Operation Overlord at the Quadrant Conference in 1943. The seeds of D-Day, however, were planted the year before. In 1942, the Allies suffered heavy losses during a failed raid on French port, a moment that persuaded military strategists to plan for beach landings, instead. [Pictured: Aircraft complete a pre-invasion bombing of Pointe du Hoc over Normandy, France.] The Germans almost guessed it right The Germans knew that a sea-based attack in Northern France was imminent, they just didn’t know where. They concentrated their forces near a place called Calais because it was at the English Channel’s thinnest point. It was the logical move, but Supreme Allied Commander Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower was a step ahead and chose Normandy because it was west of that obvious landing point. [Pictured: Airmen of the U.S. 8th AAF paint their bombs before setting off for a raid over Caen and Calais, France, on June 12, 1944.] Nature played a key role Poor weather almost caused another delay in June, but this time, Eisenhower decided to attack. Relying on natural illumination, the Allies had to invade during a full moon, and by June 5, that window was beginning to close. Eisenhower ordered the attack for the following day both despite the bad weather and because of it—not only did they still have the crucial full moon, but angry skies kept German planes grounded. [Pictured: An LCI noses into the beach as a German mine explodes off the bow on June 6, 1944.] Higgins boats whisked many troops to shore Fleets of now-iconic Higgins boats ferried most men ashore on D-Day. Technically called LCVP for “landing craft vehicles and personnel,” the vessels were designed and built by an ambitious and eccentric Irish-American industrialist named Andrew Higgins. Made from wood and steel, Higgins boats were simple, practical, reliable, and easy to mass-produce—in 1964, Eisenhower famously credited Higgins and his efforts with winning the war. [Pictured: American troops board their Landing Craft Vehicle-Personnel at Torquay Hards, England, on June 3, 1944.] D-Day films have become part of American popular culture The Normandy invasion has been the subject of countless movies and television series, some of which are considered to be among the finest films ever made. At the top of nearly every D-Day movie best-of list is Steven Spielberg’s “Saving Private Ryan.” In one of the most notorious episodes in Oscars history, the celebrated Normandy epic lost out to Harvey Weinstein’s “Shakespeare in Love” for Best Picture at the 1999 Academy Awards after the now-disgraced producer muscled his period piece through with a campaign of back-room bullying and politicking. [Pictured: Director Steven Spielberg and actor Tom Hanks at work on the set of “Saving Private Ryan” in 1998.] A D-Day movie star served on D-Day Actor Henry Fonda was 37 in 1942 when he enlisted for service. On D-Day, he served as quartermaster on the USS Satterlee, an American destroyer. He went on to star in “The Longest Day,” a 1962 film that, along with “Saving Private Ryan,” is consistently ranked near the top of the list of best D-Day movies—and war movies in general—of all time. [Pictured: Actor Henry Fonda gets a Navy physical in August 1942.] Many other famous people served on D-Day Yankees catcher Yogi Berra took part in the D-Day invasion, as did author J.D. Salinger and slain civil rights activist Medgar Evers, who supported the invasion as part of a segregated unit. Golf great Bobby Jones was 40 when he successfully petitioned his Army Reserve commander to allow him to join the fray and Oscar-winning British actor David Niven was among the first officers to land; he won a U.S. Legion of Merit Medal. Before he played Scotty on “Star Trek,” James Doohan sustained six bullet wounds and lost his middle finger on Juno Beach. Actor Charles Durning—thrown into the first-wave at Omaha Beach—won a Silver Star and a Purple Heart and was among the only survivors from his landing group. [Pictured: An Allied soldier looks out over the Normandy operations underway on June 6, 1944.] 17 million maps were needed Allied commanders planned meticulously for years, photographing the area from the air and painstakingly cataloging every detail of the landscape. In the end, war planners created 17 million maps to support D-Day operations. [Pictured: U.S. Army generals review a map in Corsica in August 1944.] The landings opened a supply line By establishing a beachhead, the Allies were able to open a supply chain that allowed desperately needed resources to flow into France. By June 11 (D+5), 104,428 tons of supplies, 54,186 vehicles, and 326,547 troops had followed in the footsteps of the first infantrymen to hit the shores. [Pictured: Operations underway as landing ships put cargoashore on Omaha Beach in June 1944.] The Army attacked with 6 divisions The 1st, 4th, and 29th Infantry divisions were called to serve in the D-Day landings. The 82nd and 101st Airborne divisions were there, too. Finally, a massive collection of non-divisional units served at Normandy, as well. [Pictured: U.S. Soldiers of the 8th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division, move out over the seawall on Utah Beach after coming ashore.] 500 gliders took to the air Five hundred primitive but effective motorless gliders were launched to support the paratroopers and their bungled parachuting mission behind enemy lines. Glider infantry carried not only weapons but badly needed signal and medical units. Although the pilots were technically Army Air Corps personnel, they became infantrymen the moment their aircraft hit the ground. Those aircraft were made of plywood. [Pictured: Gliders bring supplies to troops on Utah Beach on June 6, 1944.] The mighty Atlantic Wall fell in a day The 80 miles of the German Atlantic Wall that stretched along the coastline of France was believed to be impregnable by some commanders. It fell in a single day—June 6, 1944. [Pictured: A view of the fallen Atlantic Wall on Omaha Beach in June of 1944.] One African American combat unit participated The Army was segregated during World War II and African American units were largely relegated to supporting roles and manual labor. On D-Day, however, a single segregated black unit participated in the landings: the 330th Barrage Balloon Battalion. [Pictured: A platoon of African American troops prepare to eliminate a German sniper on June 10, 1944.] That unit’s medic is an unsung hero Waverly B. Woodson Jr. served as a medic with the invasion’s only African American unit and, despite being badly injured himself, saved hundreds of lives—including four men he rescued from drowning. He ignored the constant threat of death and his own potentially mortal wounds while establishing a medical station where he treated at least 200 men for 30 hours before collapsing from exhaustion and his own injuries. In recent years, his incredible story emerged and his backers have pressed the military to award him the Medal of Honor. [Pictured: A 1944 photo of some of the Normandy Beach invasion group of the 320th Anti-Aircraft Balloon Barrage Battalion.] Germany surrendered less than one year later The Normandy landings breached a continent that the Nazis had transformed into a fortress. It was the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany and a major turning point in the war. On May 7, 1945—less than one year after D-Day—Germany surrendered unconditionally to the Allies. [Pictured: Allied solider parachutes and supplies fill the sky over the beachhead between Marseilles and Nice during the Allied Invasion of France in August 1944.] Related posts The End is Near:FEMA Camps,5G Weapon,Guillotines,Agenda 21,Martial Law, NWO Medeea Greere The Dulce Underground Base: The Deep Dark Secret at Dulce Medeea Greere BREAKING: Martial Law Began in Minneapolis: N.G and M.P.D Sweeping Residential Street- VIDEO Medeea Greere Fema Camps, Underground Military Bases, Bunkers and Tunnels Under the USA Medeea Greere How To Build An Old Fashioned Root Cellar in 7 Steps Medeea Greere Asteroid Bennu Is One Of Many Potential Threats To Life on Earth-Now NASA Has a Plan To Destroy It… Medeea Greere Leave a Comment
When Michael Phelps won his 19th, 20th, and 21st gold medals in the Rio Olympics he was covered in purple circular marks. His appearance sparked a fire on social media. What were those marks and how and why did he get them? Turns out the American swimmer was getting Cupping therapy to relieve pain and muscle tension from all the workouts! What is cupping and how does it work? Cupping is a form of therapy where negative pressure cups (suction cups) are placed on and/or moved around on the skin. It has been used for thousands of years to promote healing. The earliest record of it’s use can be found in the Ebers Papyrus from Egypt which dates back to 1550BC. It is also mentioned in the Bo Shu, an ancient book found in a tomb that was sealed shut in 168BC during the Han Dynasty. Ancient people would accomplish a vacuum suction by adding a flash of heat or fire inside a cup commonly made of bamboo, then immediately place it on the body. As the air inside the cup cools, suction is created and the skin and the surrounding tissues are drawn upwards bringing blood flow and oxygen to the area to promote healing. Today acupuncturists still use fire cupping but we also use modern materials such as glass, plastic or silicone cups that can create the same response without the use of heat or fire. What can cupping treat? Cupping is used to treat a wide variety of conditions including muscle aches and pains, migraines, arthritis, the common cold, bronchitis, cough, asthma, indigestion, inflammation. It is also used to treat skin issues such as scars, cellulite, and to tighten the skin on the face, abdomen, buttocks, and thighs. Cupping assists with lymphatic drainage and brings blood flow up to area being treated. I use it in facial treatments to diminish swelling and puffiness in the face. It can also help tighten the skin and relieve muscle tension in the jaw and neck. An added benefit of the increased blood flow is that it leaves your skin glowing after the session. Facial Cupping What is a typical cupping session like? Cupping can be done anywhere on the body but most commonly it is done on the back, neck and shoulders to relieve pain. Depending on your ailment we would place one or more cups on various areas of the body. Sometimes the cups are left in place for a few minutes, other times massage oil is applied to your skin and the cups are moved around creating a massage like sensation. Acupuncturists commonly perform cupping immediately before or following an acupuncture session. We also combine it with other techniques such as gua sha and massage but it is not uncommon to have a cupping only session. Depending on the individual and the condition being treated, the longer the cups are left in place the darker the marks will be on the body. You can expect the marks to disappear within two weeks. During facial cupping I gently glide the cups across the skin, they are not left in place. Because of the constant movement no marks are left on the face, just a rosy glow. Be sure to drink plenty of water before and after the session to assist with detoxification. Cautions and contradictions As with any form of therapy cupping has cautions and contradictions. If you are unsure if cupping can be performed on you please ask ahead of time. Below is a list of contraindications: • Sacral areas of pregnant women • Skin ulcers in the area being treated • Active herpes in the area being treated • Those who bruise or bleed easily • Anyone with a serious medical condition must get approval from their medical doctor before cupping • Caution with eczema or rashes in area being treated Book an Appointment
Dental Crowns & Bridges A beautiful smile, no matter how tempting, is often difficult to achieve. People with stained, misaligned, or missing teeth can often shy away from social circles or look away when they speak. In fact, recent research indicates that people who neglect to care for their oral health or those who avoid the dentist like a plague, tend to be unhappier in their lives, likely due to poor oral health concerns that torment them. A direct link has been identified between a beautiful smile and poor self-esteem, which is why many dentists around the world encourage their patients to be proactive about their precious smiles by brushing and flossing regularly. Unfortunately, substandard oral hygiene habits are difficult to break, which often condemns you down the path of weakened teeth and a dreadful cosmetic bearing. But, as luck would have it, dental crowns and bridges are among the most common restorative prostheses that help alleviate your dental concerns while also keeping up with the aesthetic needs that today’s Insta culture has inculcated. Adorn your teeth with a stunning crown, because what is a King without one? What is a dental crown? A dental crown is a custom-made hollow “cap” or cover that is placed on a prepared tooth in order to restore its structure. Since the crown is made to cover the entire visible portion of the tooth that lies at and above the gum line, it helps strengthen a damaged tooth while also improving its quality. The crown is fabricated to alter the shape, alignment, and appearance of a defective tooth and is a permanent restorative solution. What is a dental bridge? A dental bridge is offered to patients who are missing more than one tooth in their mouth. This “bridge” is made up of two or more dental crowns on either side of a gap made by a missing tooth with a false tooth (or teeth) placed in between. These fake teeth are called pontics and can be made of multiple dental materials such as alloys, porcelain, gold, or a combination of them. The anchoring teeth are called abutments and hold the adjoining crowns in place. According to the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry (AACD), porcelain bridges versatile in their function and can be any one of these types: ● Traditional bridges: Pontic teeth are held in place by abutment teeth on two sides ● Cantilever bridges: Pontic teeth are held in place by abutment teeth on only one side ● Implant-supported bridges: Pontic teeth are held in place by implants on two sides When are dental crowns and bridges used? Your dentist may recommend you a dental crown or bridge in the following cases: ● To replace a large filling when there isn’t enough tooth material remaining ● To restore fractured or cracked tooth ● To protect a weakened tooth from fracturing ● To cover a dental implant ● To strengthen a tooth that has recently undergone root canal therapy ● To cover a tooth that is discolored or poorly shaped How long do dental crowns and bridges last? Ideally, crowns and bridges can last anywhere between seven to fifteen years depending on your standard of care. Your oral hygiene routine plays a crucial role in the longevity of these dental prostheses. Dental crowns and bridges are great alternatives to dentures for eradicating the problem of toothlessness. If you are keen on taking your smile to the next level, dental crowns or bridges may be the right options for you. Want your smile to be your crowning glory? Get your dental crowns or bridges done today! 1. American Dental Association (ADA), “Crowns” –,are%20discolored%20or%20badly%20shaped. 2. American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry –
OJML Vol.8 No.2 , April 2018 Research on the Subjective Quantity of Modern Chinese Language Formula “There Is No (X) More W than Y” (“没有(X)比Y更W的(了)”) Show more Abstract: “Subjective quality” is the specific embodiment of language subjectivity in a quantitative category. “There is No (X) more W than Y” is one of the more common structures in modern spoken Chinese, and which has strong subjectivity and large subjective. The paper analyzed subjective construction from subjectivity, inscape, subjective representation and other aspects. 1. Research Generalization to “Subjective Quantity” “Subjective quantity” is the specific embodiment of language subjectivity in a quantitative category, which is a kind of quantity with subjective feeling, attitude and assessment meaning. Outside of China, research carried out on this subject is early, and subjectivity and subjectivism research became a hot point for linguistic research until Langacker (1990) , Traugott (1995) and Lyons (1995) . Domestic attention to the quantitative category is long-standing, including Gao Mingkai (1948) , Wang Li (1954) , Zhao Yuanren (1979) , Zhu Dexi (1980) , Lu Jianming (1989) . The first one who examined “subjective quantity” was Ma Zhen (1981) , but Chen Xiaohe (1994) proposed conception of “subjective quantity” at the very first time. Ma Zhen proposed: in modern Chinese, there are parts of adverbs which modify quantifiers and indicate one’s opinion and attitude towards a certain quantity. Like “he eaten five only” (“他吃了才五个”), that just narrates the quantity he has eaten objectively.) If “just” is added before “five,” which means “he just eaten five”, this is speaker’s subjective attitude to that quantity and means the five is not too many in the opinion of the speaker.” Ma Zhen also classified adverbs which directly modify quantity structure into “enough”, “many”, “equivalent”, “appraise”, “real quantity”, “total” and made complete analysis of grammar and semanteme. The adverbs like “many” and “few” are “subjective mass” and “subjective small quantity” proposed by Chen Wen, whose work discussed adverbs related to subjective quantity and means of expressing subjective quantity as stress, statement label designator, suffix, which has had pioneering significance. Li Yuming (1997, 1999a, 1999b) and Li Xishan (2003) further developed the framework of the quantitative category system: material quantity, time quantity, movement quantity, order quantity and linguistic potential; they made deep and comprehensive research on expression means of subjective quantity. Zhang Guoxian (1996) , Zhang Yisheng (1990) , Cao Xiuling (2005) , Li Jinrong (2007) , Wen Suolin (2012) also made relevant research on problems of Chinese subjective quantity, and this research pushed research on subjective quantity a big step whatever in depth or breadth. The formula “there is no (X) more W than Y” is a negative comparative construction, which means reaching comparison by negative form. As to the construction formula, Li Xiao (2014) and Shi Mengjie (2005) made relevant research. 2. Subjectivity of “There Is No (X) More W than Y” Subjectivity is embodied in the vision and emotion of the speaker. 2.1. Vision of the Speaker “Vision” is the speaker’s observation vision to objective status or starting point to tell objective status (Shen Jiaxuan, 2011) . The angles of different people looking at the same thing will produce different emotional attitudes or realizations. “It’s like a range when you look at the mountain from the front. But it’s like a peak when you look at it sideways. The mountain shows its different features in different levels near and far”. But different “vision” is for our different emotional attitudes or realizations of or toward things, hence it is said that vision, emotion and realization affect themselves mutually. The research on “vision” can be realized by analyzing grammar form. 1) On such a day, there is nothing more comfortable than sleeping. (这样的天，没有比睡觉更舒服的。) In example 1), the speaker appraises “there is nothing more comfortable than sleeping on such a day,” which is to character degree of the thing. In fact, “there is nothing more comfortable than sleeping” is the speaker’s subjective judgement with strong subjectivity, but there hasn’t appear “I think” or “I believe”, which is because the judgement is made at the angle of the periphery and the expressed meaning is obvious, hence the receiver’s acceptance to the information given by speaker is increased. Therefore, the speaker’s vision exists in “there is nothing (X) more W than Y”, and most of it is the speaker’s judgement at the outer angle with intensive subjectivity. 2.2. The Speaker’s Emotion In abroad sense, the word of “emotion” includes emotion, mood, intention, attitude and so forth. The first two are referential function and expressive function, and the third kind is emotion when people use language to express a proposition there will have emotion. The expressed emotion of “there is no (X) more W than Y” has intensive subjective emotion, which is brought by complete construction formula. 2) He is a kind person. (他是个善良的人。) 3) There is no man more kind than him. (没有比他更善良的人了。) Example 2) stated an objective truth that “What kind of men he is? He is a kind man”. Example 3) used our construction formula and expressed meaning includes speaker’s trust and appreciation to “him” except “he is the kindest man”. The deeper research on “emotion” is “pragmatic empathy”. In language interaction, the communicative parties can imagine and understand opposite intention and encode and decode at opposite position. Successful “pragmatic empathy” not only can make interaction in process but can deepen mutual understanding between speaker and listener and make interaction develop in a favorable direction. For instance: when someone says, “there is no more kind man than him”, the listener is aware that the speaker very much appreciates “him”, and the listener should consider the speaker’s feeling if he or she wishes to continue the topic, so the listener shouldn’t say “he is not kind”. 3. Construction Elements of “There Is Nothing (X) More W than Y” 3.1. Negative Adverb “Nothing” The negative adverb “nothing” in “there is nothing (X) more W than Y” construction formula is simple but vital, the complete meaning of construction formula will be changed thoroughly if there is no “nothing” present. As 1), it will become “the one while more kind than him” if “nothing” is removed, the meaning is converse with original meaning of construction formula, meanwhile, there should fill out contrasting preceding before the sentence. Thus “nothing” is vital in construction formula. There are few situations of “no” replacing “nothing”, and there are more adverbs “again”, “no longer” for strengthening comparison in front. As: 4) there is no more serious thing than this. (再没比这件事更严重的了。) 3.2. Limiting the Scope of Comparison X can appear in construction formula or not, and X has great relation with “of” and “over” which is behind construction. Construction meaning negated X’s real existence, X will can be exhibited in language is for predominating non-existent X and emphasize “Y is more W”. for instance, 5) “there is nothing more happy than grasping bad man. (没有什么比抓住坏人更痛快。) The construction got rid of possibility of thing or phenomenon of “more W than Y”, therefore, it will limited by cycle semantic condition in its semanteme if there appear X in construction, which means the role of X is to delimit comparison range with Y. X can be spreading as “what”, “any”, “where”, “which place”, “who” and so forth. 3.3. Comparison Term and Comparison Focus W Y as a comparison term is very free, but Y is affiliated with X in semantic scope, and W has the relation of nature and attribute, W is the nature of Y and is restricted by Y. As in example 5) of “grasp bad man} has feature and attribute of “happy” while the ingredient of modifying Y. A certain aspect of W as X to compare with Y is the focus of their comparison, often used as an adjective or predicate phrase. [9] 3.4. Evaluative Adverb “More” “More” has evaluative meaning in the construction, and there are situations where “again” and “also” are used in the construction, as in examples 6), 7), but the uses are limited and the construction is prone to the adverb “more”. 6) There is nothing more forwarding than honor! (真是没有比荣誉再令人向往的了！) 7) There is nothing happier than this. (没有比这还快活的了。) The adverb “more” (“again” and “also”) gives a degree of meaning to Y to some degree, and the inner meaning of this degree can reach the limit after negative comparison, hence there produced a great deal of subjective degree. If the construction removes “more” (“again” and “also”) can be tenable in sentence structure, but will lose the color of subjective appraisal. 4. Subjective Quantity Performance of “There Is No (X) More W than Y” “Subjective quantity” is specific embodiment of subjectivity of language in quantitative category. Human beings’ recognition is not a direct reflection of the world quantity passively but rather with subjective feeling, attitude and appraisal, making the objective quantity possess a degree of subjectivity. Modern Chinese adjectives have a degree of quantitative property, such as: state adjective and nature adjective have difference in quantity degree. Due to quantitative property of state adjective is stronger, they themselves have included ingredient of expressing degree, hence they cannot be modified by degree adverbs, as “snow-white and ice-cold” have strong quantitative property with meaning of “very while and very cold”, hence state adjective cannot enter into the construction we research (W is modified by adverb “more”), only part of nature adjectives can serve as W, these nature adjectives have quantitative property, their quantitative property is not too strong but diffused and invisible. Except nature adjectives, psychological verbs, volitive auxiliaries, with or without verbs, some double syllable literal verbs and some predicate nouns can serve as W, they are all have character meaning which characterized in quantitative property, but their quantitative property features are diffused and invisible like quantitative property features of nature adjectives. Quantitative property of “there is nothing (X) more W than Y” is implicated in variable Y, its subjective mass is performed by adverb markers, sentence end mark and complete construction of the whole negative comparison, besides, potential intonation also promotes formulation of subjective mass. Subjective mass meaning of construction is embodied by the complete construction, various structural elements play the role in promoting produce of subjective mass meaning, superposition of negative adverbs and comparison structure makes Y with degree meaning performs meaning of subjective host by reverse negation. The understanding to counter quantity is different from different people, the linguistic basis of subjective host meaning of construction is comparison meaning of the construction and negative existential meaning produced by negative adverbs “nothing” acting on after construction. But in the final analysis, subjective mass of construction is based on the speaker’s presupposition. Speaker and listener have a degree of recognition basis to the compared thing, hence X, Y, Z appeared in construction have a familiarity and typicalness in a certain semantic domains, we call it semantic presupposition; or three parties have an account in language environment and we call it contextual presupposition; therefore, construction can make semanteme clean only when apply it in larger environment, subjectivity will be more predominant whatever in any presupposition if without negative function of “nothing” and expressed speaker’s attitude and opinion to quantity, even speaker’s exaggerated emotional color. Cite this paper: Huang, Y. (2018) Research on the Subjective Quantity of Modern Chinese Language Formula “There Is No (X) More W than Y” (“没有(X)比Y更W的(了)”). Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 8, 17-22. doi: 10.4236/ojml.2018.82003. [1] Cao, X. L. (2005). Study on “Even...... All/Also...” Sentence Pattern. Linguistic Research, 1, 17-20. [2] Chen, X. H. (1994). Preliminary Study on Subjective Quantity—On the Adverb “Just”, “CAI”, “all”. World Chinese Language Teaching, 4, 18-24. [3] Gao, M. K. (1948). Chinese Grammar. Shanghai: Shanghai Kai Ming Bookstore. [4] Langacker, R. M. (1990). Subjectification. Cognitive Linguistics, 1, 5-38. [5] Li, J. R. (2007). Some Problems in the Research of Chinese Quantity Category. Journal of Ningxia University, 5, 1-7. [6] Li, M. Y. (1997). The Cause of Subjective Measurement. Chinese Learning, 5, 3-7. [7] Li, S. X. (2003). Research on the Expression of “Subjective Quantity” in Chinese. Ph.D. Thesis, Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. [8] Li, X. (2014). “No (A) More Y than X” Syntax Analysis. Master’s Thesis, Guilin: Guangxi Normal University. [9] Li, Y. M. (1999a). Structure of “一V... 数量” and Subjective Large Quantity. Chinese Language Learning, 4, 2-6. [10] Li, Y. M. (1999b). Quantitative Words and Subjective Quantities. Journal of Central China Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 6, 90-97. [11] Lu, J. M. (1989). Measuring Adjectives. Language Teaching and Research, 3, 46-59. [12] Lyons, J. (1995). Linguistics Semantics: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [13] Ma, Z. (1981). The Adverb of Modification of Quantitative Words. Language Teaching and Research, No. 1, 53-60. [14] Shen, J. X. (2001). The “Subjectivity” and “Subjectivization” of Language. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 4, 268-275, 320. [15] Shi, M. J. (2005). “No More Y than X (a)” Research on the Structure Type of the Subjectivity and Subjective Quantity. Modern Chinese Language Study Edition, 2, 70-74. [16] Traugott, E. C. (1995). Subjectification in Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [17] Wang, L. (1954). Author of Chinese Grammar Theory. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, [18] Wen, S. L. (2012). The Quantitative Expression of Discourse Subjectivity. Language Studies, 32, 72-80. [19] Zhang, G. X. (1996). The Quantity of Adjectives. Chinese Teaching In the World, 4, 35-44. [20] Zhang, Y. S. (1990). A Synchronic Comparison of Modern Chinese Adverbs “Cai”. Journal of Shanghai Normal University, 3, 45-50. [21] Zhao, Y. R. (1979). Spoken Chinese Grammar. Beijing: Commercial Press. [22] Zhu, D. X. (1980). Study on Modern Chinese Grammar. Beijing: Commercial Press.
Why not learn more about ? Art Via the Ages Innovative art is the expression of different human tasks to evoke emotional feedback. It can be an imaginative manufacturing such as painting, sculpture, as well as dancing; a business art product such as a painting; or a performative work such as a dramatization. Art is a broad spectrum of human imaginative activities involving the generation of aesthetic, auditory or doing art work (non-artworks), that reveal the musician’s imagination, aesthetic idea, or technical knowledge, meant to be appreciated largely for their aesthetic beauty or psychological value. Since the begin of the twentieth century, art has progressed right into both an art type as well as a market that generate a big quantity of revenue each year. Art typically describes aesthetic art (the artwork in picture type), but it can also include doing arts (such as acting or vocal singing) and literary works. Considering that this was not constantly the case, it is now considered having several types as well as areas. In the last few years art scholars have progressively checked out the suggestion of the multiplicity of Art develops to assist understand modern art. The term “art” is usually utilized in connection with aesthetic art, but this broad interpretation has actually additionally consisted of a number of non-visual (or “intellectual”) elements such as music, literary works, movies and also sculpture. In the past artists were usually connected with the church, or perceived to have some spiritual importance; nowadays several modern artists have actually turned down religion and also have opted instead to speak about issues of social significance such as politics, environmental concerns as well as anti-war activities. The term ‘art’ is commonly made use of to define any kind of visual art created by human beings, as well as consists of both creative productions and commercial imaginative expressions. Art buyers shop for artworks based upon the artists’ portfolios or personal choices. Artists market art to customers who commission the art for display screen and/or as presents. Musicians do not generally offer their very own works. Art can be of diverse kinds; it can be formal and abstract in nature. An even more details description of art would be ‘virtual reality’. Digital truth art is generally computer system generated and also the artworks are normally presented within a digital atmosphere. Online fact art work might consist of computer produced images (CGI); 3D computer system graphics (utilizing programs like Adobe Photoshop, Dreamweaver, or InDesign) and audio electronically produced imagery (making use of devices like Air flow and Softereo). Artworks in the online fact style might be computer produced and/or real. Some may also entail interaction with the individuals in some way, although this is not usually taken into consideration to be a kind of art. Art has actually been historically taken into consideration to have 3 general classifications: Realistic look, Imaginary Art and Impressionism. Realism is the kind of art that tries to depict reality as we see it, while fictional art attempts to predict the future of our world and portray events that could/will take place. Impressionism is the kind of art that makes use of painting, attracting and also the media to influence the detects of the customer. The three classifications of art are commonly known by the term ‘Simulationism’ after the French painter Camille Fontaine, that is the archetype musician of this category. As discussed above, there are lots of categories of art consisting of Pop Art, Pre-Raphaelites, Post-Impressionism as well as Abstract Expressionism. Pop art, a term popularized by the art supplier Andy Warhol, is defined by an over-production of imagery, which it identifies under categories of style such as emotional, funny, outrageous, slapstick, paradoxical, cute, weird, and hip. The style of this art design typically utilizes daily objects to create a particular motif. Instances of prominent posters from this age include’Abstract Expressionism: An Intro’, ‘Abstract Art Posters’, ‘Naked Man’ and also ‘FAKE.’ Other popular posters from this period are ‘White Chair’ and also ‘Famous Paintings (Paint Collectibles)’. If You Think You Get , Then Read This The Beginners Guide To (From Step 1)
Updated date: Are Hounds Hard to Train? Are hounds difficult to train? Are hounds difficult to train? Why Are Hounds Difficult to Train? The notion that hounds are difficult to train has persisted for quite some time, and you may be wondering what makes these dogs more challenging. Knowing what hounds were bred to do and their unique physical characteristics may help us understand why this belief began in the first place. If you are the owner of a hound and he is posing some challenges, you may feel better by learning that many hounds have attained obedience titles. The secret is knowing this breed a little better and implementing some strategies to keep their motivation high. 3 Different Types of Hounds First and foremost, consider that there are three different types of hounds. 1. There are scent hounds and sight hounds. Scent hounds are hounds who specialize in hunting using their nose. Examples include beagles, bloodhounds, coonhounds, dachshunds, and foxhounds. 2. Sight hounds are hounds who specialize in hunting by using their eyes. Examples include afghan hounds, borzoi, greyhounds, Irish wolfhounds, Italian greyhounds, salukis, and whippets. 3. There is actually a third category of hounds, versatile hounds which can hunt by using both scent and sight. An example is the Rhodesian ridgeback, but we won't be discussing those here. What these categories have in common is that they are dogs selectively bred to hunt, and as such, they have strong desire to pursue prey. This is one of the reasons why these dogs may pose some challenges, but there are other details that are worthy of evaluation. Let's go over some unique characteristics that may interfere with training. Hounds have a strong pack instinct because they were bred to work in packs. While sight hounds are built for speed, just as Ferrari, scent hounds are built for endurance just as off-road vehicles. The Challenges of Training a Scent Hound Meet the scent hound. You will most likely readily recognize a scent hound by simply looking at those pendulous dog ears and the stocky, muscular body which is designed for endurance (ability to travel long distances tirelessly) more than speed. Several specimens have short legs, allowing them to be close to the ground, so they can do what they do best: sniff. In general, the taller scent hounds are traditionally used by men on horses, while the shorter ones are used by men on foot. And they sure smell well, way better than other dogs! Their large nostril openings allow for maximum sampling of the vast array of incoming scents—even the most subtle ones. Their loose lips and long ears seem to also be capable of trapping scent so it can be properly processed by the nose. Scent hounds were selectively bred to work in packs, which explains why these dogs tend to get very well along with other dogs and seek their companionship. This also explains why some hounds are prone to separation anxiety. A hound's mellow personality, friendly nature, and intelligence appear to be quality traits for a good pet. However, owners should consider that hounds require loads of exercise and mental stimulation. These are dogs who have been bred to walk several miles a day while tracking smells. This tendency is innate, the dog was born with it, and it cannot be modified. Since most hounds today are kept in the home, there are high chances hounds are unable to fulfill the tasks they have been bred for over the years. This can lead to frustration and problem behaviors over time. How to Train Scent Hounds The problem with training scent hounds is that they can be easily distracted and will want to chase prey. On top of that, they are quite independent too as they often hunted at a distance from their masters. All these challenges can be overcome by resorting to some strategies. • Start Inside. Because these dogs can get easily distracted outdoors, it's best to start training indoors in an area that is quiet. This will help the scent hound focus better. Once behaviors are fluent indoors, they can go to gradually more distracting areas. • Use Rewards. Because hounds are stubborn, you have to find a way that you can answer their question of "what is in for me?" Positive reinforcement works best. The use of high-value treats that are very smelly (dried fish, freeze-dried liver) will keep these dogs motivated. Hounds are very intelligent dogs, and when you motivate them, they will be eager to learn all sorts of tricks. • Do Your Research. Coming when called may be a challenge, but there are several strategies that may benefit your hound. For more on this, read "Training your scent hound to come when called." However, keep in mind that in the old days, their masters were happy to see these fellows run and chase after prey. Nowadays, dog owners call their dogs away from prey which is the opposite of what they were bred for! • Invent Challenges and Play Games. Bored, frustrated, and underexercised scent hounds may love to engage in canine nosework, brain games, search and rescue, and games where they get to put their noses at work. Fun games are the shell game, where the hound must find treats hidden under cups, the treasure hunt game where treats are scattered around the home, and hide-and-seek. Sight hounds have dolicomorphic heads. Sight hounds have dolicomorphic heads. Sight hounds are the "Ferrari" of the dog world, built for speed. The Challenges of Training a Sight Hound Meet the sight hounds. These are specimens who primarily hunt using their sight. Unlike the scent hounds who were bred for endurance, these fellows were bred for speed. Indeed, they are blessed with a very large heart and super efficient lungs.Their back is very flexible and they have long legs, so they can capture fast prey such as hare and deer. The head of these fellows is long and thin, a trait that is known as dolichocephalic. This shape of the head allowed them to have a wider field of vision so they could better visualize prey. There appears to be evidence that dolichocephalic breeds have more retinal ganglions compared to other breeds, allowing them to be more receptive to rapid movements in their visual field. It is estimated that a greyhound is capable of detecting prey on a flat surface up to a quarter mile away. These dogs are quite ancient and have been selectively bred to detect sudden movements of prey, so they could sprint and kill them. This required them to be somewhat independent as they worked at a distance from their master. Yet, they often worked in packs so they are quite social overall with other dogs. Because they have mellow temperaments and are visually appealing, they are often kept as pets. Yet these dogs thrive on physical activity and have a very strong instinct to chase fleeing animals. How to Train Sight Hounds Because these dogs were hunters and used to rely on their eyesight, they may pose some training challenges. They can get easily distracted and may want to take off when they see anything that resembles prey. Training them requires patience, consistency, and persistence. • Avoid Distraction. To help set these dog up for success, it's best to start training them in a room with little distractions. Once the dog is fluent in the command, he can be taken to areas with more distractions. Classes may be a good idea, so the dog learns to obey despite the presence of other dogs/people. • Be Gentle and Use Rewards. Sight hounds are sensitive creatures and do best with gentle training techniques. After all, as with all dogs, verbal or physical punishment will affect trust and cause them to be confused, shut down, and dislike being trained. Using rewards under the form of high-value treats may help them stay more focused. However, many like play, so allowing them to chase a pole with a string attached to some stuffed animal may be rewarding enough to use. • Use a Martingale Collar. Because sight hounds have a particular conformation with their heads narrower than their necks, it's easy for regular buckle collars to slip right through their neck. In this case, you may find helpful a collar known as martingale collar or greyhound collar. • Play Chasing Games. Their play style with other dogs may be a tad bit different and this at times may create a bit of conflict. Sight hounds over all prefer chasing games over the rough wrestling and tumbling styles of other dogs. • Don't Overdo It. When it comes to sports, these fellow thrive on lure coursing. Yet, many are intimidated by these dogs' need for exercise but fail to remember that these are sprinters, so after running a few minutes and burning their fuel, they may turn into couch potatoes for the rest of the day. Scent Hounds vs. Sight Hounds As seen, scent hounds and sight hounds may pose some challenges, but many can be overcome by using some strategies. However, it's important to realize that instincts may always prevail so it's unrealistic to expect them to stay in a yard with no fence and ignore their hardwired desire to chase fleeing creatures or track intriguing smells. It's always best to have them on leash or a long line and invest in a fence to keep them safe. Adrienne Farricelli (author) on July 03, 2020: Hi Patti, cases of resource guarding require management and behavior modification. Please find a behavior consultant to help you out. Muzzling is important to prevent accidents. You may find this read helpful: https://pethelpful.com/dogs/How-to-Stop-a-Dog-From... Patti on June 25, 2020: I have an Afghan that is getting a little unpredictable. He has even turned on us a couple of times for taking something away from him. Would you recommend a muzzle when other people or dogs come over. Have any idea why he is like this. Adrienne Farricelli (author) on July 05, 2013: Thanks! I am happy you are enjoying my hubs, take care! Bala from India on July 05, 2013: Thanks anyway Alexa, for this wonderful hub of yours! Great fan of all your work here @Hub Pages! Adrienne Farricelli (author) on July 02, 2013: I really am not familiar with prices of mixed breeds. I wished I could help you with that. Bala from India on July 01, 2013: Very informative Alexa.. I am buying a puppy this weekend. I was wondering if you could help me out with it! The pup is a Rottweiler-Retriever mix. I buying it from a home. The guy expects 10000/-Rs. which is $170 approx. Do you think the cost is o.k? I am new to these mix breeds. Do you think the mix is worth the price? Thanks in advance. Great Hub you've got here. Really nice. Adrienne Farricelli (author) on July 01, 2013: Thanks for commenting wetnose. I had a lab mix not too long that was obsessed with sniffing on walks. It took several weeks of training to make myself more interesting than all those smells she was intrigued by and teach her to walk on a loose leash with her head off the ground. Sniffing is highly reinforcing behavior and it gets habitual. The good thing is that also sniffing is a tiring activity, as clients report their dogs are always tired after search and rescue and nosework. wetnosedogs from Alabama on July 01, 2013: Jenny is part lab and shepherd. Might be the lab, but she acts hound-ish. She is very easily distracted outside. If her nose isn't busy, her eyes are concentrating on something and it's not me calling her. She also likes being around the other wetnoses, especially Roscoe. She needs to make sure she doesn't go out alone, and Roscoe is usually her shadow. So I don't know if that is considered packish. I believe she thinks she is the pack leader. But then again, she doesn't do real well in crowds. Great article. Related Articles
Infection with pus in the middle ear,tribal earrings tumblr,sudden sensorineural hearing loss stem cell xenotransplantation,noise cancelling headphones ear protection 2014 - Review Author: admin, 28.06.2014 Yeast Infection Sufferer Reveals Complete System That Will Show you How To Permanently Cure Your Yeast Infection. A disorder characterized by deposit of amyloid (a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissue) in organs or tissues and is often secondary to chronic rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis or multiple myeloma. Chronic gingivitis is the term used for the inflammation of gums and is generally due to the long-term effects of plaque deposits. Management: Practice good oral hygiene with proper tooth brushing techniques, floss and mouthwash. Management: The majority of newborn cysts break by themselves, a few days after birth though some may remain for several months. Management: Practice good oral hygiene and usage of a chlorhexidine mouthwash may be helpful. Exostoses are benign outgrowths from bone and are usually seen like protrusions from the gums. In order to learn how to treat yeast infection, it is necessary to be able to learn what does yeast infection look like. This overgrowth may occur in various parts of the body, such as the underarms, groin, lower abdomen, under the breasts, between the fingers and toenails and under the buttocks. This condition is often diagnosed in individuals who are suffering from cancer and AIDS, and is proven fatal if left untreated. An abscess is a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue located on the gums around the tooth. Both cysts are usually painless swellings on the gums and could arise from developmental remnants. Most commonly phenytoin (for epilepsy), ciclosporin (an immunosuppressive drug) and calcium-channel blockers (especially nifedipine, mainly used as anti-hypertensive agents). Enlarged tissues can be excised but gum enlargement will tend to reoccur unless the drug has been stopped. From what I know of, those drugs that you mentioned have very low possibility of causing swollen gums. Learn how to treat and deal with the condition by reading our articles and gain more knowledge about yeast infection through our website. Many different conditions may present as oral lumps and swellings so try not to jump into any conclusions until you get a confirmation from your dentist. It usually originates from a bacterial infection due to tooth decay or severe periodontal disease but a failed root canal therapy treatment can also lead to abscess formation. I tried using goo & it helps but still have irritation and swelling even if I only wear them when I go out. When wiped out, these patches may start to bleed and these may result to the formation of ulcer patches. Obese individuals are prone to the condition, as well as those suffering from diabetes and those with weak immune system. Esophageal thrush, on the other hand, usually results to esophagitis, which can make it hard for an individual to swallow food or drink water. However, oral yeast infection treatment for men and women can be easily obtained over the counter. I take warfarin, atenolol, levothyroxine, Lasix, meclizine, and spironolactone for brain, heart. Jewelry display necklace bust Surgical treatment for tinnitus efectos • ANILSE Okay it can other individuals the altars had tinnitus is a distressing situation. • NEW_GIRL Tinnitus Relief At The Bottom Of Your Morning Cup Rosenthal tinnitus I do not normally.
Answers to big questions increasingly require access to the realm of the very small. As researchers continue to push the limits of imaging, a scientist at Washington University in St. Louis has uncovered a fundamental barrier to accuracy when it comes to measuring the rotational motion of molecules. Matthew Lew, professor of electrical & systems engineering at the McKelvey School of Engineering, likens the consequence of this barrier to something many are familiar with. “When you look at your sideview mirror in the car, there is a disclaimer: objects are closer than they appear,” said Lew, whose research was published in the Physical Review Letters, the flagship publication of the American Physical Society. “We have found that objects in the microscope are less confined than they appear. Fluorescent molecules always appear to be more confined in rotational freedom than they actually are,” Lew said. This discrepancy is a result of measurement noise. This is important because molecules are not smooth, round balls moving along straight paths, bumping into each other and sticking together—they have a topography of sorts. This is critical to chemical and biological reactions: “There needs to be the right matching of pockets and binding motifs,” Lew said. The puzzle pieces, that is, need to match and connect in order for reactions to occur. In addition to moving in three dimensions, molecules also rotate, like a ball rolling down an uneven surface they wobble, twist, and spin in all directions. Researchers need to see both the straight, translational movement and the spinning, rotational movement to understand how molecules interact. In order to see anything, however, an imaging device needs to capture light emitted from the fluorescing object. In the case of these tiny bits of matter, that may mean a relatively small number of photons. The limit Lew has discovered deals with light: If the object being imaged is too dim, it will appear rotationally constrained and look like it has less rotational movement than it actually does. Like a spinning fan, a rotating molecule should look smooth—like the blurred blades. But if that fan is dimly lit, the blades won’t look perfectly smooth and will instead appear to be “stuttering.” Therefore, they appear to be rotating less than they actually are. (The underlying physics of the fan analogy is different than that of imaging molecules, however). “If a molecule was completely free to rotate, it would look like a smooth ball,” Lew said. “The ball can never be smooth if there’s noise on top of it. That noise, that roughness makes it look like the ball made up of a molecule that’s not completely free to rotate.” That noise is a result of light. Imaging something as small as a molecule deals with a small number of photons. Taking photographs of these photons, an exquisitely small amount of light, falls within the realm of the quantum world. Such a photograph can never be perfectly smooth, since it is made up of a finite number of photons. Taking a photo with only a few photons produces a fuzzy or noisy picture—like taking a photograph at night. Trying to capture the rotational motion underneath that noise is akin to flashing a strobe light in front of a moving fan—the resulting picture misses some of the movement, making it seem as if the molecule more restrained than it actually is: Often, scientists will average multiple images to reduce the effect of noise, but in this case, averaging noisy images won’t produce an accurate result. “This is a fundamental physics problem,” Lew said. His research has worked out the lower bound—the dimmest a molecule can be—after which it is fundamentally impossible to determine whether an object that looks as if it is partially fixed in place really is, or if it’s actually rotating freely but being disturbed by noise. In addition, the research showed that scientists need to choose carefully between using methods that measure 2-D rotation versus 3-D rotation, as these technologies actually perceive the same rotational motion differently, possibly leading to different interpretations. Regardless of the imaging technique, however, the uncertainty caused by noise remains. The research is not entirely about uncertainty. “We can use simulations to model these limits and figure out what their effects are in our imaging of single molecules,” Lew said, “and incorporate this knowledge into image processing algorithms.” Fundamentally, though, the math says that at a certain point, there is no way to distinguish between something that is completely rotating and something that is partially confined. “But at least,” Lew said, “we’ll now know where that limit is.” Why imaging research matters Imaging research matters in the the fight against many diseases. In amyloid disease, such as Alzheimer’s, for example, certain proteins like amyloid beta and tau will clump and cause tangles in the brain. Before that happens, before there are any symptoms, individual copies of these proteins are moving around in the cell. “We don’t know what they do,” said Lew. “Occasionally they will assume some kind of shape that causes them to aggregate,” those aggregations may signal the earliest stages of the disease. “We’d like to understand what causes those individual proteins to change from just flopping around, not causing any ill effects, into a conformation that ushers in the first stage of disease progression.” Provided by: Washington University in St. Louis More information: Oumeng Zhang et al. Fundamental Limits on Measuring the Rotational Constraint of Single Molecules Using Fluorescence Microscopy. Physical Review Letters (2019). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.198301 Image: Comparison of in-plane γ2D and 3D γ3D rotational constraints. CreditPhysical Review Letters (2019). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.198301
French colonial empire The French Colonial Empire (French: Empire colonial français) comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. A distinction is generally made between the "First French Colonial Empire," that existed until 1814, by which time most of it had been lost or sold, and the "Second French Colonial Empire", which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830. At its apex, the Second French colonial empire was one of the largest empires in history. Including metropolitan France, the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11,500,000 km2 (4,400,000 sq mi) in 1920, with a population of 110 million people in 1936. French colonial empire Empire colonial français French colonial empire 17th century-20th century First colonial empire (after 1534) Second colonial empire (after 1830) StatusColonial empire Catholicism, Islam, Judaism,[3] Louisiana Voodoo,[4] Haitian Vodou,[5] Buddhism,[6] Hinduism[7] Cartier claimed Gaspé Bay Independence of Vanuatu 1670 (first colonial empire peak)[10]3,400,000 km2 (1,300,000 sq mi) 1920 (second colonial empire peak)[11]11,500,000 km2 (4,400,000 sq mi) CurrencyFrench franc and various other currencies Succeeded by Overseas departements Overseas territory (France) France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India in the 17th century but lost most of its possessions following its defeat in the Seven Years' War. The North American possessions were lost to Britain and Spain but the latter returned Louisiana (New France) to France in 1800. The territory was then sold to the United States in 1803. France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850, concentrating chiefly in Africa as well as Indochina and the South Pacific. As it developed, the new French empire took on roles of trade with the motherland, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items. Rebuilding an empire rebuilt French prestige, especially regarding international power and spreading the French language and the Catholic religion. It also provided manpower in the World Wars.[12] A major goal was the Mission civilisatrice or "The Civilizing Mission". 'Civilizing' the populations of Africa through spreading language and religion, were used as justifications for many of the brutal practices that came with the French colonial project.[13][14] In 1884, the leading proponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry, declared; "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior races." Full citizenship rights – assimilation – were offered, although in reality "assimilation was always receding [and] the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens."[15] France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire, with the notable exception of Algeria, where the French settlers took power while being a minority. In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French took control of the overseas colonies one-by-one and used them as bases from which they prepared to liberate France. Historian Tony Chafer argues: "In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation, France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War."[16] However, after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority. Major revolts in Indochina and Algeria proved very expensive and France lost both colonies. Then followed a relatively peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960. The French Constitution of 27 October 1946 (Fourth Republic), established the French Union which endured until 1958. Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic. These now total altogether 119,394 km2 (46,098 sq. miles), with 2.7 million people in 2013. By the 1960s, says Robert Aldrich, the last "vestiges of empire held little interest for the French." He argues, "Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria, however, what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed."[17] Nevertheless, French colonization dramatically impacted its colonies through policies and systems that entrenched internal strife, lack of economic diversity, aid dependency, and loss of cultural treasures.[18][19] Links between France and its former colonies persist through La francophonie, the CFA franc and military operations such as Operation Serval. First French colonial empire The Americas French North America was known as 'Nouvelle France' or New France. Africa and Asia Arrival of Marshal Randon in Algiers in 1857 by Ernest Francis Vacherot French colonial expansion was not limited to the New World. With the end of the French Wars of Religion, King Henry IV encouraged various enterprises, set up to develop trade with faraway lands. In December 1600, a company was formed through the association of Saint-Malo, Laval, and Vitré to trade with the Moluccas and Japan.[29] Two ships, the Croissant and the Corbin, were sent around the Cape of Good Hope in May 1601. One was wrecked in the Maldives, leading to the adventure of François Pyrard de Laval, who managed to return to France in 1611.[29][30] The second ship, carrying François Martin de Vitré, reached Ceylon and traded with Aceh in Sumatra, but was captured by the Dutch on the return leg at Cape Finisterre.[29][30] François Martin de Vitré was the first Frenchman to write an account of travels to the Far East in 1604, at the request of Henry IV, and from that time numerous accounts on Asia would be published.[31] From 1604 to 1609, following the return of François Martin de Vitré, Henry developed a strong enthusiasm for travel to Asia and attempted to set up a French East India Company on the model of England and the Netherlands.[30][31][32] On 1 June 1604, he issued letters patent to Dieppe merchants to form the Dieppe Company, giving them exclusive rights to Asian trade for 15 years. No ships were sent, however, until 1616.[29] In 1609, another adventurer, Pierre-Olivier Malherbe, returned from a circumnavigation of the globe and informed Henry of his adventures.[31] He had visited China and India and had an encounter with Akbar.[31] Colonial conflict with Britain French and other European settlements in Colonial India The British invasion of Martinique in 1809 In the middle of the 18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and Britain, which ultimately resulted in the destruction of most of the first French colonial empire and the near-complete expulsion of France from the Americas. These wars were the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the American Revolution (1775–1783), the French Revolutionary Wars (1793–1802) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). It may even be seen further back in time to the first of the French and Indian Wars. This cyclic conflict is sometimes known as the Second Hundred Years' War. The slaves, led eventually by Toussaint L'Ouverture and then, following his capture by the French in 1801, by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, held their own against French and British opponents, and ultimately achieved independence as Empire of Haiti in 1804 (Haiti became the first black republic in the world, followed by Liberia in 1847).[34] The black and mulatto population of the island (including the Spanish east) had declined from 700,000 in 1789 to 351,819 in 1804. About 80,000 Haitians died in the 1802–03 campaign alone. Of the 55,131 French soldiers dispatched to Haiti in 1802–03, 45,000, including 18 generals, had died, along with 10,000 sailors, the great majority from disease.[35] Captain [first name unknown] Sorrell of the British navy observed, "France lost there one of the finest armies she ever sent forth, composed of picked veterans, the conquerors of Italy and of German legions. She is now entirely deprived of her influence and her power in the West Indies."[36] In the meanwhile, the newly resumed war with Britain by the French, resulted in the British capture of practically all remaining French colonies. These were restored at the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, but when war resumed in 1803, the British soon recaptured them. France's repurchase of Louisiana in 1800 came to nothing, as the success of the Haitian Revolution convinced Napoleon that holding Louisiana would not be worth the cost, leading to its sale to the United States in 1803. The French attempt to establish a colony in Egypt in 1798–1801 was not successful. Battle casualties for the campaign were at least 15,000 killed or wounded and 8,500 prisoners for France; 50,000 killed or wounded and 15,000 prisoners for Turkey, Egypt, other Ottoman lands, and Britain.[37] Second French colonial empire (after 1830) In 1825 Charles X sent an expedition to Haïti, resulting in the Haiti indemnity controversy.[38] The beginnings of the second French colonial empire were laid in 1830 with the French invasion of Algeria, which was conquered over the next 17 years. One authority counts 825,000 Algerian victims of the French conquest.[39] Franco-Tahitian War (1842–1847) Queen Pōmare IV in 1860. Tahiti was made a French protectorate in 1842, and annexed as a colony of France in 1880. In 1838, the French naval commander Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars responded to complaints of the mistreatment of French Catholic missionary in the Kingdom of Tahiti ruled by Queen Pōmare IV. Dupetit Thouars forced the native government to pay an indemnity and sign a treaty of friendship with France respecting the rights of French subjects in the islands including any future Catholic missionaries. Four years later, claiming the Tahitians had violated the treaty, a French protectorate was forcibly installed and the queen made to sign a request for French protection.[40][41] Queen Pōmare left her kingdom and exiled herself to Raiatea in protest against the French and tried to enlist the help of Queen Victoria. The Franco-Tahitian War broke out between the Tahitian people and the French from 1844 to 1847 as France attempted to consolidate their rule and extend their rule into the Leeward Islands where Queen Pōmare sought refuge with her relatives. The British remained officially neutral during the war but diplomatic tensions existed between the French and British. The French succeeded in subduing the guerilla forces on Tahiti but failed to hold the other islands. In February 1847, Queen Pōmare IV returned from her self-imposed exile and acquiesced to rule under the protectorate. Although victorious, the French were not able to annex the islands due to diplomatic pressure from Great Britain, so Tahiti and its dependency Moorea continued to be ruled under the protectorate. A clause to the war settlement, known as the Jarnac Convention or the Anglo-French Convention of 1847, was signed by France and Great Britain, in which the two powers agreed to respect the independence of Queen Pōmare's allies in Leeward Islands. The French continued the guise of protection until the 1880s when they formally annexed Tahiti with the abdication of King Pōmare V on 29 June 1880. The Leeward Islands were annexed through the Leewards War which ended in 1897. These conflicts and the annexation of other Pacific islands formed French Oceania.[41][42] Napoleon III: 1852–1870 The last photograph of Napoleon III (1872) To carry out his new overseas projects, Napoleon III created a new Ministry of the Navy and the Colonies and appointed an energetic minister, Prosper, Marquis of Chasseloup-Laubat, to head it. A key part of the enterprise was the modernization of the French Navy; he began the construction of 15 powerful new battle cruisers powered by steam and driven by propellers; and a fleet of steam-powered troop transports. The French Navy became the second most powerful in the world, after Britain's. He also created a new force of colonial troops, including elite units of naval infantry, Zouaves, the Chasseurs d'Afrique, and Algerian sharpshooters, and he expanded the Foreign Legion, which had been founded in 1831 and won fame in the Crimea, Italy and Mexico. By the end of Napoleon III's reign, the French overseas territories had tripled in the area; in 1870 they covered a 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi), with more than 5 million inhabitants.[43] New Caledonia becomes a French possession (1853–54) Colonization of Senegal (1854–1865) French trading post on Gorée, an island offshore of Senegal France in Indochina and the Pacific (1858–1870) In 1863, the ruler of Cambodia, King Norodom, who had been placed in power by the government of Thailand, rebelled against his sponsors and sought the protection of France. The Thai king granted authority over Cambodia to France, in exchange for two provinces of Laos, which were ceded by Cambodia to Thailand. In 1867, Cambodia formally became a protectorate of France. Intervention in Syria and Lebanon (1860–1861) The French conquest of Algeria Algeria had been formally under French rule since 1830, but only in 1852 was the country entirely conquered. There were about 100,000 European settlers in the country, at that time, about half of them French. Under the Second Republic the country was ruled by a civilian government, but Louis Napoleon re-established a military government, much to the annoyance of the colonists. By 1857 the army had conquered Kabyle Province, and pacified the country. By 1860 the European population had grown to 200,000, and lands of native Algerians were being rapidly bought and farmed by the new arrivals.[48] Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Algerians, out of a total of 3 million, were killed within the first three decades of the conquest as a result of war, massacres, disease and famine.[49][50] French losses from 1830 to 1851 were 3,336 killed in action and 92,329 dead in the hospital.[51][52] French–British relations Despite the signing of the 1860 Cobden–Chevalier Treaty, a historic free trade agreement between Britain and France, and the joint operations conducted by France and Britain in the Crimea, China and Mexico, diplomatic relations between Britain and France never became close during the colonial era. Lord Palmerston, the British foreign minister from 1846 to 1851 and prime minister from 1855 to 1865, sought to maintain the balance of power in Europe; this rarely involved an alignment with France. In 1859 there were even briefly fears that France might try to invade Britain.[57] Palmerston was suspicious of France's interventions in Lebanon, Southeast Asia and Mexico. Palmerston was also concerned that France might intervene in the American Civil War (1861–65) on the side of the South.[58] The British also felt threatened by the construction of the Suez Canal (1859–1869) by Ferdinand de Lesseps in Egypt. They tried to oppose its completion by diplomatic pressures and by promoting revolts among workers.[59] Most Frenchmen ignored foreign affairs and colonial issues. In 1914 the chief pressure group was the Parti colonial, a coalition of 50 organizations with a combined total of only 5,000 members.[61][62] The Presidential Palace of Vietnam, in Hanoi, was built between 1900 and 1906 to house the French Governor-General of Indochina. In 1849, the French Concession in Shanghai was established, and in 1860, the French Concession in Tientsin (now called Tianjin) was set up. Both concessions lasted until 1946.[64] The French also had smaller concessions in Guangzhou and Hankou (now part of Wuhan).[65] The Third Anglo-Burmese War, in which Britain conquered and annexed the hitherto independent Upper Burma, was in part motivated by British apprehension at France advancing and gaining possession of territories near to Burma. French colonies in 1891 (from Le Monde illustré) 2. Yun-nan, in the quay of Hanoi. 3. Flooded street of Hanoi. 4. Landing stage of Hanoi France also extended its influence in North Africa after 1870, establishing a protectorate in Tunisia in 1881 with the Bardo Treaty. Gradually, French control crystallised over much of North, West, and Central Africa by around the start of the 20th century (including the modern states of Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Benin, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the east African coastal enclave of Djibouti (French Somaliland), and the island of Madagascar). Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza helped to formalise French control in Gabon and on the northern banks of the Congo River from the early 1880s. The explorer Colonel Parfait-Louis Monteil traveled from Senegal to Lake Chad in 1890–1892, signing treaties of friendship and protection with the rulers of several of the countries he passed through, and gaining much knowledge of the geography and politics of the region.[66] The Voulet–Chanoine Mission, a military expedition, set out from Senegal in 1898 to conquer the Chad Basin and to unify all French territories in West Africa. This expedition operated jointly with two other expeditions, the Foureau-Lamy and Gentil Missions, which advanced from Algeria and Middle Congo respectively. With the death (April 1900) of the Muslim warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, the greatest ruler in the region, and the creation of the Military Territory of Chad (September 1900), the Voulet-Chanoine Mission had accomplished all its goals. The ruthlessness of the mission provoked a scandal in Paris.[67] Central and east Africa, 1898, during the Fashoda Incident As a part of the Scramble for Africa, France aimed to establish a continuous west–east axis across the continent, in contrast with the proposed British north–south axis. Tensions between Britain and France heightened in Africa. At several points war seemed possible, but no outbreak occurred.[68] The most serious episode was the Fashoda Incident of 1898. French troops tried to claim an area in the Southern Sudan, and a British force purporting to act in the interests of the Khedive of Egypt arrived to confront them. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew, implicitly acknowledging Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. An agreement between the two states recognised the status quo: acknowledging British control over Egypt while France became the dominant power in Morocco, but France suffered a humiliating defeat overall.[69][70] Pacific islands At this time, the French also established colonies in the South Pacific, including New Caledonia, the various island groups which make up French Polynesia (including the Society Islands, the Marquesas, the Gambier Islands, the Austral Islands and the Tuamotus), and established joint control of the New Hebrides with Britain.[71] Leeward Islands (1880–1897) The captured rebels of Raiatea, 1897 In contravention of the Jarnac Convention of 1847, the French placed the Leeward Islands under a provisional protectorate by falsely convincing the ruling chiefs that the German Empire planned to take over their island kingdoms. After years of diplomatic negotiation, Britain and France agreed to abrogate the convention in 1887 and the French formally annexed all the Leeward Islands without official treaties of cession from the islands' sovereign governments. From 1888 to 1897, the natives of the kingdom of Raiatea and Tahaa led by a minor chief, Teraupo'o, fought off French rule and the annexation of the Leeward Islands. Anti-French factions in the kingdom of Huahine also attempted to fight off the French under Queen Teuhe while the kingdom of Bora Bora remained neutral but hostile to the French. The conflict ended in 1897 with the capture and exile of rebel leaders to New Caledonia and more than one hundred rebels to the Marquesas. These conflicts and the annexation of other Pacific islands formed French Polynesia.[41][42] Final gains Civilising mission Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913 French colonial officials, influenced by the revolutionary ideal of equality, standardized schools, curricula, and teaching methods as much as possible. They did not establish colonial school systems with the idea of furthering the ambitions of the local people, but rather simply exported the systems and methods in vogue in the mother nation.[78] Having a moderately trained lower bureaucracy was of great use to colonial officials.[79] The emerging French-educated indigenous elite saw little value in educating rural peoples.[80] After 1946 the policy was to bring the best students to Paris for advanced training. The result was to immerse the next generation of leaders in the growing anti-colonial diaspora centered in Paris. Impressionistic colonials could mingle with studious scholars or radical revolutionaries or so everything in between. Ho Chi Minh and other young radicals in Paris formed the French Communist party in 1920.[81] Tunisia was exceptional. The colony was administered by Paul Cambon, who built an educational system for colonists and indigenous people alike that was closely modeled on mainland France. He emphasized female and vocational education. By independence, the quality of Tunisian education nearly equalled that in France.[82] African nationalists rejected such a public education system, which they perceived as an attempt to retard African development and maintain colonial superiority. One of the first demands of the emerging nationalist movement after World War II was the introduction of full metropolitan-style education in French West Africa with its promise of equality with Europeans.[83][84] In Algeria, the debate was polarized. The French set up schools based on the scientific method and French culture. The Pied-Noir (Catholic migrants from Europe) welcomed this. Those goals were rejected by the Moslem Arabs, who prized mental agility and their distinctive religious tradition. The Arabs refused to become patriotic and cultured Frenchmen and a unified educational system was impossible until the Pied-Noir and their Arab allies went into exile after 1962.[85] In South Vietnam from 1955 to 1975 there were two competing colonial powers in education, as the French continued their work and the Americans moved in. They sharply disagreed on goals. The French educators sought to preserving French culture among the Vietnamese elites and relied on the Mission Culturelle – the heir of the colonial Direction of Education – and its prestigious high schools. The Americans looked at the great mass of people and sought to make South Vietnam a nation strong enough to stop communism. The Americans had far more money, as USAID coordinated and funded the activities of expert teams, and particularly of academic missions. The French deeply resented the American invasion of their historical zone of cultural imperialism.[86] Critics of French colonialism While the first stages of a takeover often involved the destruction of historic buildings in order to use the site for French headquarters, archaeologists and art historians soon engaged in systematic effort to identify, map and preserve historic sites, especially temples such as Angkor Wat, Champa ruins and the temples of Luang Prabang.[88] Many French museums have collections of colonial materials. Since the 1980s the French government has opened new museums of colonial artifacts including the Musée du Quai Branly and the Cité Nationale de l’Histoire de l’Immigration, in Paris; and the Maison des Civilisations et de l’Unité Réunionnaise in Réunion.[89] Revolt in North Africa Against Spain and France The Berber independence leader Abd el-Krim (1882–1963) organized armed resistance against the Spanish and French for control of Morocco. The Spanish had faced unrest off and on from the 1890s, but in 1921 Spanish forces were massacred at the Battle of Annual. El-Krim founded an independent Rif Republic that operated until 1926 but had no international recognition. Paris and Madrid agreed to collaborate to destroy it. They sent in 200,000 soldiers, forcing el-Krim to surrender in 1926; he was exiled in the Pacific until 1947. Morocco became quiet, and in 1936 became the base from which Francisco Franco launched his revolt against Madrid.[90] World War II The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to Free France and the Allies by 1943. Legend. The overseas empire helped liberate France as 300,000 North African Arabs fought in the ranks of the Free French.[92] However Charles de Gaulle had no intention of liberating the colonies. He assembled the conference of colonial governors (excluding the nationalist leaders) in Brazzaville in January 1944 to announce plans for postwar Union that would replace the Empire.[93] The Brazzaville manifesto proclaimed: The manifesto angered nationalists across the Empire, and set the stage for long-term wars in Indochina and Algeria that France would lose in humiliating fashion. France was immediately confronted with the beginnings of the decolonisation movement. In Algeria demonstrations in May 1945 were repressed with an estimated 6,000 to 45,000 Algerians killed.[96][97] Unrest in Haiphong, Indochina, in November 1945 was met by a warship bombarding the city.[98] Paul Ramadier's (SFIO) cabinet repressed the Malagasy Uprising in Madagascar in 1947. The French blamed education. French officials estimated the number of Malagasy killed from a low of 11,000 to a French Army estimate of 89,000.[99] Also in Indochina, Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh, which was backed by the Soviet Union and China, declared Vietnam's independence, which started the First Indochina War. The war dragged on until 1954, when the Viet Minh decisively defeated the French at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ in northern Vietnam, which was the last major battle between the French and the Vietnamese in the First Indochina War. Following the Vietnamese victory at Điện Biên Phủ and the signing of the 1954 Geneva Accords, France agreed to withdraw its forces from all its colonies in French Indochina, while stipulating that Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel, with control of the north given to the Soviet-backed Viet Minh as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh, and the south becoming the State of Vietnam under former Nguyen-dynasty Emperor Bảo Đại, who abdicated following the 1945 August Revolution under pressure from Ho.[100][101] However, in 1955, the State of Vietnam's Prime Minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, toppled Bảo Đại in a fraud-ridden referendum and proclaimed himself president of the new Republic of Vietnam. The refusal of Ngô Đình Diệm, the US-supported president of the first Republic of Vietnam [RVN], to allow elections in 1956 – as had been stipulated by the Geneva Conference – in fear of Ho Chi Minh's victory and subsequently a total communist takeover,[102] eventually led to the Vietnam War.[103] In France's African colonies, the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon's insurrection, which started in 1955 and headed by Ruben Um Nyobé, was violently repressed over a two-year period, with perhaps as many as 100 people killed. However, France formally relinquished its protectorate over Morocco and granted it independence in 1956. French involvement in Algeria stretched back a century. The movements of Ferhat Abbas and Messali Hadj had marked the period between the two world wars, but both sides radicalised after the Second World War. In 1945, the Sétif massacre was carried out by the French army. The Algerian War started in 1954. Atrocities characterized both sides, and the number killed became highly controversial estimates that were made for propaganda purposes.[104] Algeria was a three-way conflict due to the large number of "pieds-noirs" (Europeans who had settled there in the 125 years of French rule). The political crisis in France caused the collapse of the Fourth Republic, as Charles de Gaulle returned to power in 1958 and finally pulled the French soldiers and settlers out of Algeria by 1962.[105][106] The French Union was replaced in the Constitution of 1958 by the French Community. Only Guinea refused by referendum to take part in the new organisation. However, the French Community ceased to operate before the end of the Algerian War. Almost all of the other former African colonies achieved independence in 1960. The French government refused to allow the populations of the former colonies the right they had in the new French Constitution of 1958, as French citizens with equal rights, to choose for their territories to become full départements of France. The French government had ensured that a constitutional law (60-525) was passed which removed the need for a referendum in a territory to confirm a change in status towards independence or départementalisation, so the voters who had rejected independence in 1958 were not consulted about it in 1960.[107] Very few former colonies chose to remain part of France, under the status of overseas départements or territories. Critics of neocolonialism claimed that the Françafrique had replaced formal direct rule. They argued that while de Gaulle was granting independence on one hand, he was maintaining French dominance through the operations of Jacques Foccart, his counsellor for African matters. Foccart supported in particular Biafra in the Nigerian Civil War during the late 1960s.[108] Robert Aldrich argues that with Algerian independence in 1962, it appeared that the Empire practically had come to an end, as the remaining colonies were quite small and lacked active nationalist movements. However, there was trouble in French Somaliland (Djibouti), which became independent in 1977. There also were complications and delays in the New Hebrides Vanuatu, which was the last to gain independence in 1980. New Caledonia remains a special case under French suzerainty.[109] The Indian Ocean island of Mayotte voted in referendum in 1974 to retain its link with France and not become independent like the other three islands of the Comoro archipelago.[110] Population of the French Empire between 1919 and 1939 1921 1926 1931 1936 Metropolitan France39,140,00040,710,00041,550,00041,500,000 Colonies, protectorates, and mandates55,556,00059,474,00064,293,00069,131,000 Percentage of the world population5.02%5.01%5.11%5.15% Sources: INSEE,[112] SGF[113] French settlers In 1787, there were 30,000 white colonists on France's colony of Saint-Domingue. In 1804 Dessalines, the first ruler of an independent Haiti (St. Domingue), ordered the massacre of whites remaining on the island.[115] Out of the 40,000 inhabitants on Guadeloupe, at the end of the 17th century, there were more than 26,000 blacks and 9,000 whites.[116] Bill Marshall wrote, "The first French effort to colonize Guiana, in 1763, failed utterly when tropical diseases and climate killed all but 2,000 of the initial 12,000 settlers."[117] See also 2. Melvin E. Page, ed. (2003). Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 218. ISBN 9781576073353.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) 3. 1946–2011., Hyman, Paula (1998). The Jews of modern France. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520919297. OCLC 44955842.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) 4. Hinson, Glenn; Ferris, William (2010), The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife, University of North Carolina Press, p. 241, ISBN 9780807898550 6. Jerryson, Michael K. (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism. Oxford University Press. p. 279. ISBN 9780199362387. 7. Heenan, Patrick; Lamontagne, Monique, eds. (2014). The South America Handbook. Routledge. p. 318. ISBN 9781135973216. 12. Tony Chafer (2002). The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?. Berg. pp. 84–85. ISBN 9781859735572. 13. Herbert Ingram Priestley (2018). France Overseas: A Study of Modern Imperialism. p. 192. ISBN 9781351002417. 14. Mathew Burrows, "'Mission civilisatrice': French cultural policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914." Historical Journal 29.1 (1986): 109–135. 15. Julian Jackson, The Other Empire, Radio 3 16. Tony Chafer, The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonization? (2002)see Chafer abstract Archived 14 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 18. Huillery, Elise (2014). "The Black Man's Burden: The Cost of Colonization of French West Africa". The Journal of Economic History. 74 (1): 1–38. ISSN 0022-0507. 19. Kwon, Roy (1 February 2011). "How the Legacy of French Colonization has Shaped Divergent Levels of Economic Development in East Asia: A Time-Series Cross-National Analysis". The Sociological Quarterly. 52 (1): 56–82. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01194.x. ISSN 0038-0253. 20. Singer, Barnett; Langdon, John (2008). Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780299199043. 21. Steven R. Pendery, "A Survey of French Fortifications in the New World, 1530–1650." in First Forts: Essays on the Archaeology of Proto-colonial Fortifications ed by Eric Klingelhofer (Brill 2010) pp. 41–64. 22. Marcel Trudel, The Beginnings of New France, 1524–1663 (McClelland & Stewart, 1973). 23. James R. Miller, Skyscrapers hide the heavens: A history of Indian-white relations in Canada (University of Toronto Press, 2000). 24. Edward Robert Adair, "France and the Beginnings of New France." Canadian Historical Review 25.3 (1944): 246–278. 25. Helen Dewar, "Canada or Guadeloupe?: French and British Perceptions of Empire, 1760–1762." Canadian Historical Review 91.4 (2010): 637–660. 26. Carl J. Ekberg, French roots in the Illinois country: The Mississippi frontier in colonial times (U of Illinois Press, 2000). 27. Paul Cheney, Revolutionary Commerce: Globalization and the French Monarchy (2010) 28. H.P.Davis, Black Democracy The Story of Haiti (1928) pp 16–86 online free 29. Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 1, Donald F. Lach pp. 93–94 30. Newton, Arthur Percival (1936). The Cambridge History of the British Empire, volume 2. p. 61. Retrieved 19 December 2010. 31. Lach, Donald F; Van Kley, Edwin J (15 December 1998). Asia in the Making of Europe. p. 393. ISBN 9780226467658. Retrieved 19 December 2010. 32. A history of modern India, 1480–1950, Claude Markovits p. 144: The account of the experiences of François Martin de Vitré "incited the king to create a company in the image of that of the United Provinces" 33. Colin Gordon Calloway, The scratch of a pen: 1763 and the transformation of North America (2006). pp 165–69 34. Mimi Sheller, "The 'Haytian Fear': Racial Projects and Competing Reactions to the First Black Republic." Research in Politics and Society 6 (1999): 285–304. 35. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. McFarland. 9 May 2017. p. 142. 36. Scheina. Latin America's Wars. 40. Garrett, John (1982). To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. pp. 253–256. ISBN 978-2-8254-0692-2. OCLC 17485209. 41. Gonschor, Lorenz Rudolf (August 2008). Law as a Tool of Oppression and Liberation: Institutional Histories and Perspectives on Political Independence in Hawaiʻi, Tahiti Nui/French Polynesia and Rapa Nui (PDF) (MA thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. pp. 32–51. hdl:10125/20375. OCLC 798846333. 42. Matsuda2005, Matt K. (2005). "Society Islands: Tahitian Archives". Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 91–112. ISBN 978-0-19-534747-0. OCLC 191036857. 43. Pierre Milza, Napoléon III (in French, Paris: 2006), pp. 626–636 47. Girard, 1986, p. 313 48. Girard, 1986, p. 320 51. Bennoune, Mahfoud (22 August 2002). The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987. ISBN 9780521524322. 52. "French Conquest of Algeria (1829–47)". 53. Girard, 1986, p. 321-322 54. Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0. Retrieved 10 November 2010. 55. Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge U.P. p. 264. ISBN 9780521337670. 56. Girard, 1986, p. 322-23 61. Anthony Adamthwaite, Grandeur And Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe, 1914–1940 (1995) p 6 62. L. Abrams and D. J. Miller, "Who Were the French Colonialists? A Reassessment of the Parti Colonial, 1890-1914" Historical Journal 19#3 (1976), pp. 685-725 online 63. "Kwangchow Bay" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed. 1911) p. 957. 66. Claire Hirshfield (1979). The diplomacy of partition: Britain, France, and the creation of Nigeria, 1890–1898. Springer. p. 37ff. ISBN 978-90-247-2099-6. 67. Bertrand Taithe, The Killer Trail: A Colonial Scandal in the Heart of Africa (2009) 70. William L. Langer, The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902 (1951) pp 537–80 71. Linden A. Mander, "The New Hebrides Condominium." Pacific Historical Review 13.2 (1944): 151-167 online. 75. Le Cour Grandmaison, p. 60, note 9. 78. Remi Clignet, "Inadequacies of the notion of assimilation in African education." Journal of Modern African Studies 8.3 (1970): 425-444. online 79. B. Olatunji Oloruntimehin, "Education for Colonial Dominance in French West Africa from 1900 to the Second World War." Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 7.2 (1974): 347-356. 80. James E. Genova, "Conflicted missionaries: power and identity in French West Africa during the 1930s." The Historian 66.1 (2004): 45-66. 81. Louisa Rice, "Between empire and nation: francophone West African students and decolonization." Atlantic Studies 10.1 (2013): 131-147. 82. Barbara DeGorge, "The modernization of education: A case study of Tunisia and Morocco." European Legacy 7.5 (2002): 579-596. 83. Tony Chafer, "Teaching Africans To Be French?: France's 'civilising mission' and the establishment of a public education system in French West Africa, 1903-30." Africa (2001): 190-209 online. 84. David E. Gardinier, "Schooling in the states of equatorial Africa." Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines 8.3 (1974): 517-538. 85. Alf Andrew Heggoy, and Paul J. Zingg, "French education in revolutionary North Africa." International Journal of Middle East Studies 7.4 (1976): 571-578. 86. Thuy-Phuong Nguyen, "The rivalry of the French and American educational missions during the Vietnam War." Paedagogica Historica 50.1-2 (2014): 27-41. 90. Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. ISBN 9781598843361. 91. Martin Thomas, The French Empire at War, 1940–1945 (Manchester University Press, 2007) 92. Robert Gildea, France since 1945 (1996) p 17 94. Gildea, France since 1945 (1996) p 16 96. Horne, Alistair (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. New York: The Viking Press. p. 27. 97. Bouaricha, Nadjia (7 May 2015). "70 ans de déni". El Watan. 98. J.F.V. Keiger, France and the World since 1870 (Arnold, 2001) p 207. 99. Anthony Clayton, The Wars of French Decolonization (1994) p 85 101. "Playboy, bon vivant and the last emperor of Vietnam: Bao Dai". South China Morning Post. 30 July 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2020. 102. Chapman, p. 699. 103. Fear, Sean. "The Ambiguous Legacy of Ngô Đình Diệm in South Vietnam's Second Republic (1967–1975)" (PDF). University of California. 104. Martin S. Alexander; et al. (2002). Algerian War and the French Army, 1954–62: Experiences, Images, Testimonies. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 6. ISBN 9780230500952. 105. Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (2018). The Roots and Consequences of Independence Wars: Conflicts that Changed World History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 355–57. ISBN 9781440855993.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) 106. James McDougall, "The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962," Journal of Modern History 89#4 (2017) pp 772–811 excerpt 107. Sanmarco,Louis Le colonisateur colonisé, Ed. Pierre-Marcel Favre-ABC, 1983, p.211, Mbajum, Samuel and Sanmarco, Louis Entretiens sur les non-dits de la décolonisation, Ed. de l’Officine, 2007, p.64, Gerbi, Alexandre Histoire occultée de la décolonisation franco-africaine: Imposture, refoulements et névroses, L'Harmattan 2006. 108. Dorothy Shipley White, Black Africa and de Gaulle: From the French Empire to Independence (1979). 109. Robert Aldrich, Greater France: A history of French overseas expansion (1996) pp 303–6 110. "Mayotte votes to become France's 101st département". The Daily Telegraph. 29 March 2009. 111. Herbert Ingram Priestley, France overseas: a study of modern imperialism (1938) pp 440–41. 114. "British North America: 1763–1841". Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. 115. Girard, Philippe R. (2011), The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801–1804, Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, pp. 319–322, ISBN 978-0-8173-1732-4 116. Guadeloupe : the mosaic island 118. "For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures". The New York Times. 6 April 1988. Retrieved 2 April 2016. 119. France, U.N. Start Ivory Coast Evacuation, Fox News Channel Further reading • Langley, Michael. "Bizerta to the Bight: The French in Africa." History Today. (Oct 1972), pp 733–739. covers 1798 to 1900. Policies and colonies • Aldrich, Robert. The French Presence in the South Pacific, 1842–1940 (1989). • Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 (2001), covers New France in Canada • Betts, Raymond. Tricouleur: The French Overseas Empire (1978), 174pp • Chafer, Tony (2002). The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?. Berg. ISBN 9781859735572. • Gamble, Harry. Contesting French West Africa: Battles over Schools and the Colonial Order, 1900–1950 (U of Nebraska Press, 2017). 378 pp. online review • Kang, Mathilde (2018). "II The affirmation of the French presence in Asia". Francophonie and the Orient: French-Asian Transcultural Crossings (1840-1940). Translated by Martin Munro. Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv80cd6t. ISBN 9789048540273. JSTOR j.ctv80cd6t. • Lawrence, Adria. Imperial rule and the politics of nationalism: anti-colonial protest in the French empire (Cambridge UP, 2013). • Newbury, C. W.; Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1969). "French Policy and the Origins of the Scramble for West Africa". The Journal of African History. 10 (2): 253–276. doi:10.1017/S0021853700009518. JSTOR 179514.. • Manning, Patrick. Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa 1880-1995 (Cambridge UP, 1998). online • Neres, Philip. French-speaking West Africa: From Colonial Status to Independence (1962) online • Priestley, Herbert Ingram. France overseas: a study of modern imperialism (1938) 464pp. • Quinn, Frederick. The French Overseas Empire (2000) online • Pakenham, Thomas (1991). The Scramble for Africa, 1876–1912. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-51576-2.. • Roberts, Stephen H. History of French Colonial Policy (1870-1925) (2 vol 1929) vol 1 online also vol 2 online; Comprehensive scholarly history • Segalla, Spencer (2009). The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956. Lincoln: Nebraska UP. ISBN 978-0-8032-1778-2.. • Strother, Christian. "Waging War on Mosquitoes: Scientific Research and the Formation of Mosquito Brigades in French West Africa, 1899–1920." Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences (2016): jrw005. • Wellington, Donald C. French East India companies: A historical account and record of trade (Hamilton Books, 2006) • Wesseling, H.L. The European Colonial Empires: 1815–1919 (Routledge, 2015). • Betts, Raymond F. France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960 (1991) • Rothermund, Dietmar. Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013 (2015) excerpt; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan • Smith, Tony. "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946–58." Journal of Contemporary History (1974): 217–247. in JSTOR • Von Albertini, Rudolf. Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919–1960 (Doubleday, 1971), scholarly analysis of French policies, pp 265–469.. Images and impact on France • Andrew, Christopher M., and Alexander Sydney Kanya-Forstner. "France, Africa, and the First World War." Journal of African History 19.1 (1978): 11–23. • Andrew, C. M.; Kanya-Forstner, A. S. (1976). "French Business and the French Colonialists". Historical Journal. 19 (4): 981–1000. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00010803.. online • Andrew, C. M., and A. S. Kanya-Forstner. "The French 'Colonial Party': Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885-1914." Historical Journal 14#1 (1971): 99-128. online. • Chafer, Tony, and Amanda Sackur. Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France (2002) online • Confer, Vincent (1964). "French Colonial Ideas before 1789". French Historical Studies. 3 (3): 338–359. doi:10.2307/285947. JSTOR 285947.. • Martin, Guy (1985). "The Historical, Economic, and Political Bases of France's African Policy". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 23 (2): 189–208. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00000148.. Historiography and memoir • Bennington, Alice. "Writing Empire? The Reception of Post-Colonial Studies in France." Historical Journal (2016) 59#4: 1157–1186. abstract • Dubois, Laurent. "The French Atlantic," in Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal, ed. by Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, (Oxford UP, 2009) pp 137–61 • Emerson, Rupert (1969). "Colonialism". Journal of Contemporary History. 4 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/002200946900400101. S2CID 220878619..
Many countries are using 3D-printers to build small homes in a matter of days Many countries are exploring 3D-printing to build small homes. Picture: Ranglen/Shutterstock. I spoke at a conference in Eindhoven in 2009. It was a city that I was not familiar with so I asked the receptionist to tell me the two things I should know about this location. The answer was quick and definitive. White bicycles and innovation. The Witte Fietsenplan (white bike plan) was a plan by an anarchistic movement in the mid 60s to introduce a free bicycle-sharing system, but it was short-lived as white bikes were constantly removed by police. Apparently it is still a sore point. And innovation. Over 30 per cent of money spent on research in the Netherlands is spent in the city of Eindhoven, despite a population of only 230,000. This is largely due to Brainport, a huge innovation park that combines accelerators, incubators and R.D. centres and creates an ecosystem in which innovative start-ups are born. With that backdrop, it is no surprise that the very first legally-habitable 3D-printed house in Europe is located in this innovative metropolis. The home is made up of 24 concrete units "printed" by a 3D printer that squirts layer upon layer of concrete. After just 120 hours of printing, these units are transported to their final location, then joined and a roof is added. It delivers a home that uses a third less concrete and is cheaper and quicker to build. In Mexico, a giant 3D printer is being used to print small houses on-site in just 24 hours. 3D printing has revolutionised many industries around the world. The aerospace industry requires low-volume but high-quality parts. 3D printing allows engineers to create, test and then manufacture a design in low volumes. The medical industry is 3D printing body parts, such as knee and shoulder joints, so they can be precisely matched to the requirements of each individual patient. Even movie studios are using a mix of 3D printed objects and CGI on small-scale sets to create realistic but cost-effective movie scenes. Why blow up an actual Hummer when you can blow up a scale-model, 3D-printed one? The manufacturing industry is currently the largest user of 3D printing, but the construction industry is poised to accelerate its use of large-scale 3D printing. In Italy, a modular 3D printer is being demonstrated that can print very small houses (30 square metres) with a 3D printed outside shell which supports a timber roof. India just unveiled its first 3D printed home. The home was small but able to be built in just five days and is customisable so the technology is seen as suitable for the government's affordable housing program. In Nevada, the PassivDom House is printed in a factory. The house is completely off-the-grid and can be printed and delivered to your location ready to move in. No waiting for services to connect - because there are no services to connect. Aussies are on board as well. A biotech company is currently designing a house that will be 3D printed from industrial hemp. But back to Eindhoven. Proof of concept is one thing but Eindhoven now has a married couple living in a 3D-printed house and paying rent for the privilege. If this house - and others being printed in a similar fashion - are successful, the thousands of new homes that the Netherlands needs to accommodate its growing population may have a high percentage of fast and cheap 3D printed houses in amongst them. Tell me if you would feel comfortable living in a 3D printed house that took just days to go from screen to reality at • Mathew Dickerson is a technologist, futurist and founder of several tech start-ups. This story Could 3D-printed homes solve affordable-housing problem? first appeared on The Canberra Times.
What Is IQ OQ PQ in Software Validation If you work in a business regulated by a government agency, once you’ve implemented or upgraded your LIMS, ELN, or CDS, you need to validate it for your intended use. One part of the validation process that often seems confusing to our clients is the IQ, OQ, PQ testing. This blog will demystify these validation protocol test scripts. When your laboratory operates in one of the regulated businesses, such as pharmaceuticals or food and beverage, it is critical that you validate your lab informatics system to ensure that it is fit for purpose. When a regulatory agency (such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or Health Canada) comes to audit your facility, you will need to have the proper documentation that shows you have performed this validation. There is a lot of documentation needed to complete the picture of a validated system; however, when it comes to providing the evidence that your system operates as intended and is fit for purpose, validation protocol test scripts are critical. What Are Validation Protocol Test Scripts? White Paper: "How to Author, Set Up, and Execute IQ, OQ, and PQ Documents with Their Testing" Validation protocol test scripts provide a standard framework for the testing process. Each step in the testing process verifies specific pieces of the planning and specifications that were used to design the system. This is seen in the classic V model that is used in the GAMP guidelines. The left side of the model addresses the requirements and specifications that are required to define and build a system. The right side of the model addresses the associated testing that is required to verify the requirements and specifications. V Model What Are IQ (Installation Qualification) Test Scripts? IQ test scripts ensure that the laboratory informatics system is received and properly installed in your environment based on the vendor installation requirements, and that the environment is suitable for the operation of the laboratory informatics system. The system is usually first set up in a test or validation environment to perform this testing. Vendors often provide IQ test scripts and associated documentation; however, that documentation should be reviewed before it’s executed to make sure there are no changes required to address your specific environment. What Are OQ (Operation Qualification) Test Scripts? OQ test scripts demonstrate that the laboratory informatics system will function according to the operational specifications in its final operating environment, based on how it was developed. This testing confirms that all functionality defined in the Functional Requirements Specification is present and working as it should, and that there are no bugs. OQ testing also confirms that design elements not tested during IQ testing, such as configuration and customization, also work as they should. Vendors often provide OQ test scripts and associated documentation for the out-of-the-box functionality of their system, based on how they developed it. However, once installed, if there are any configurations and/or customizations made for your specific intended use, that functionality should also be addressed in supplemental OQ test scripts to verify it meets the functional specifications. What Are PQ (Performance Qualification) Test Scripts? PQ test scripts (sometimes referred to as user acceptance testing) demonstrate the overall intended use of the system according to your procedures and processes. They are derived from the User Requirements Specification and should reflect the day-to-day or end-to-end use of the system in your environment. PQ test scripts are executed in an environment that simulates your production environment. PQ testing also verifies that the LIMS, ELN, or CDS is fit for its intended purpose, operates in accordance with defined standard operating procedures, performs according to the user requirements, and complies with 21 CFR Part 11. This testing will also look at the support environment within which the system is to operate, for example training or maintenance. Vendors do not often provide PQ test scripts or associated documentation, as it is based on your intended use, processes, and procedures. White Paper: "Computer System Validation Documents and Their Authors" When and How Should You Perform IQ OQ PQ Testing? All testing is done after the system requirements have been gathered and the system is ready to be installed. A test plan or validation plan should include the scope of the testing and the testing levels, which are determined by a risk assessment. The test plan also includes staffing and software requirements, roles and responsibilities, and reports and metrics. The testing itself consists of test cases that are written specifically to address each aspect of the user and functional requirements. The order of testing starts with the IQ, then the OQ, and finally the PQ. It is important that the installation of the system be verified before any functional testing is performed. It is a best practice that any performance testing occurs after operational testing so that any potential issues with basic functionality can be addressed before verifying end-to-end testing of your processes. Webinar: "Overcoming Informatics Validation Challenges through Proper Planning" Why Do I Need IQ OQ PQ? Proper IQ, OQ, and PQ testing is critical to demonstrate to any regulatory body that your LIMS, ELN, or CDS has been properly validated and that it is fit for your intended purpose. This is necessary if your company desires to do business in one of the regulated industries. Failure to properly validate your laboratory informatics system can result in unnecessary rework at best and in an FDA audit or production shutdown at worst. Understanding the role of IQ, OQ, and PQ testing and how each relates to specific parts of the validation process can help you get the most out of your laboratory informatics investment. Do you have more specific questions about IQ, OQ, PQ test scripts and how they should be applied in your validation process? If so, share them below. Share Now: 5 responses to “What Is IQ OQ PQ in Software Validation” Could you recommend software that will help me do those IQ, OQ and PQ validations. I am self employed consultant that are looking for simple software to do equipment validations for companies. Do you have that software and how much it cost? • Thank you for your question. If we understand correctly, you are asking about software that will automatically perform IQ/OQ/PQ on instruments. As far as we know, there isn’t such software; at least not for the instrumentation that we most often work with in our targeted industries. There are applications that can be used to electronically execute test scripts (e.g., HP ALM), but you still have to write the scripts and interact with the systems. We are unaware of the cost for these applications as we don’t have/use any of them. However, if script writing is something you’re in need of, that is a Service CSols offers and can help you with. If you are asking about something else, please let us know. 2. Kareem Khalil says: Thanks for sharing this information. I would like to ask about the manufacturer software validation (MSV), is it something can replace the PQ? 3. ES says: How does this model apply when cloud based software are considered by the customers? • Megan Cavanaugh says: Great question. The basic model of IQ/OQ/PQ still applies to hosted and cloud-based systems. As an end-user of any software in a GxP regulated environment, you are required to show evidence that the system is fit for purpose based on your intended use, and regulatory requirements. The difference with cloud-based systems is that Vendors will often “roll out” system updates to all of their customers automatically. Therefore, you need to be aware of that schedule so you can make sure they are doing their functional testing (OQ) for the update, and you can do any necessary requirements testing (PQ). Leave a Reply
Geoengineering - Climate Change Mitigation Design Desk Inc. Roadway Modifications In the current state of roadway design we have ( in my opinion ) mis managed the design of roadway systems for human safety. Ideas presented are multiple effect corrections. First for driving safety, we suggest subterranean road ways that are two stories deep with the first level then bio gardens and storm shelter with Aquaponics and green houses for food production by artificial light ( powered by bio tank design ) . The current heavy equipment by powered diesel fuel is not the correct system to dig the trenches for the modification. Fuel less high voltage Heavy equipment can then do the job cost effective to implement the adaptation. So, then the second floor of the trench is then the roadway......currently we have two lane highways.....and many problems with cars and trucks merging into high velocity rate traffic. So we suggest the fast lane then would become the "rate" lane the slow lane become the merge lane and the system will sense with modified fuel less self charging electric cars when it is safe to switch lanes ....merge.....proximity sensors within the new automobiles will prevent crashes ( auto breaking and lane deviation ) and will also cause safe merging. all exiting vehicles would then exit left as to not to have to cross into the merge lane...with long "off ramp" lanes to then also have the road enter a dual helix spiral exit tower that will prevent storm water and or flood water from entering the road system. Having the roadway under ground allows for safer pedestrian foot traffic and avoids wildlife injury above ground . The rail way should also by subterranean on the second floor decks to get the semi trucks off the interstate high ways then using smaller short range transport vehicles to get from intermodal depots then transporting the products to their respective retailers...this will produce more trucking jobs smaller loads...more trucks...less fuel ...see? The exits of the redesigned road system are all left exits from the left lane with no 90 degree intersections. The merge lane then for the most part being kept open is then for Emergency vehicles such as Fire / Police / Rescue would then have the traffic free merge lane with the incoming traffic then halted by traffic lights and gate bars that resemble rail road crossing hinged gates... The advancing Emergency vehicles will then have transmitters activating the merge lane on ramp traffic to halt to then cause clear lane blocking in coming traffic..... The lower deck ( plant bay ) can then be used as a detour when road resurfacing is required upon the upper deck so that no road workers are in harms way due to traffic... roller coaster road.... :). it has it's up and downs.... The dashed lines and lane edge upon the roads surface are then a paint that will be electrically effected causing a luminary "glow" effect. Also a magnetic guide track maybe embedded within the rate lane to then assist the automobile guide itself.... with automobiles that can also gauge the rate of the vehicle and sense the vehicle in front of them then to cause automatic breaking.... the magnetic guide track in the road will also be able to steer the car as the automobile once locked into the rate lane will then have it's on board processing system be activated by the driver... The driver will be able to manually over ride the system by human interaction... ie. manually turning the wheel and or using the breaks.. and or accelerator.... For emergency vehicles ( police , fire and rescue ) , an additional radio frequency transmitter within the emergency vehicles can then alert other drivers through the audio warming system sensor within their cars ( warning sensor description upon , ). Rate of travel is also a major issue that causes injury so with the automotive advancements presented upon this site we will also recommend lowering the speed limit to a maximum rate of travel in the new system to 35 MPH. That way the auto cars design material selections.. can be cost effective to produce and mated with the required safety level required to better avoid injury should crashes occur. It's dual cost factor and worth the slower travel time. For heavy traffic areas where multi lane high ways exist currently multiple additional tunnel systems may be then dug deeper. The systems will if deeper will also have to then be supported correctly for seismic activity with required pedestrian exits ( stair wells also flood safe towers ). Because the Adaptation of "Active" self charging electric cars...the tunnels will also have to be vented correctly for Ozone production.... Also small shops / rest areas can be the off the new roadway system ....also subterranean. For travel safety hazard warning lights to alert drivers to slow down upon the ceiling and or walls of the tunnel can be activated by activators with in the cars themselves and or by manual activation at locations at intervals within the system....lights will also be caused to activate if vehicles are following to close to each other. Also a three rail system for trains should be in place two rail base and one top rail installed... so that guide wheel assemblies mounted upon the roof of train cars would then be guided by the fixed top rail , then prevents de-railment. The current systems for public transportation within urban environments can become costly as so many short trips are required...Changing the way the transportation system operates ie. the implementation of fuel less generators that self sustain , then makes the cost of the tickets to ride less...allowing for more money to up keep and operate the upgraded public transportation systems.. Above ground travel is cumbersome ... a slow moving "Disk Lifter" ( zero pneumatic intake ) personal float disk ( engine system ) that can hover low to the ground and then be sensitive to objects people to prevent collisions may be an alternative..... In addition... cities like Detroit have lost their Industrial base an have many other American how to re vitalize an industry? A New Product to replace what currently cannot be sustained. So manufacture an upgraded automotive product ( many listed upon the site ) and increase the job opportunities creating a greater tax base to then also be used to improve the living conditions for the people and municipal infrastructure and upgrade the water , sewage and utility system for the general public..... make sense to me... The way we are currently doing things leads to hyper inflation and the people with less will be effect first..presenting an alternative but it takes work... and assistance... The domes may also the replace dilapidated dwelling with safer structures within urban better protect people..the cost for the correction can in be generated by the low cost monetary charge for the electricity that the improved automobiles use. Currently gasoline is $3.00 +/- per gallon and you get from 30 - 50 miles per gallon so it's aprox $0.10 dollars per mile....think what bringing the cost down per mile does... still have to extract small amount to keep roadway current...paving , bridge maintenance repair etc. ( cost of infrastructure also drops with the generator designs used for maintenance equipment... so bring it down to $0.05 dollars...then the profit is invested in the infrastructure assist to poor and the money is not burned ..wasted ( also poisoning the environment causing health cost to rise)...see? Fuel is like an out of control interest rate on a credit card... and in time cost of fuel may rise due to oil production rates... Lets examine public transportation a little more... So we will ask .. Why do people not use public transportation more? Several issues... accessibility / cost ..the bus designs not ergonomically comfortable for the people...handicap access....rider safety equipment ever seen people standing on a crowded city bus? Solve ; redesign the bus so that seating is not cramped.... to deal with the numbers of people needing transportation within a given time frame then more buses can be upon their respective routes so standing while riding will not be required......with fuel less electric generators the municipality can afford more buses active then not having to pay for a product ( fuel ) that is expensive and in most cases causing pollution...diesel, gasoline, Plug in electrics ( unless by alternative energy / vehicles that charge upon electricity from coal / nuclear Natural gas power station don't fix the problem ) and Natural gas powered vehicles still cause air borne emissions ....all of that can be corrected with our upgraded automotive engine systems.. Weather plays a large part in traffic accidents and all of that can be avoided....if the roads are covered.... underground.... saves lives....To prevent flooding waters from entering the subterranean road system double helix entry towers will be constructed equipped with hyper capacity fuel less pumping for water removal around the double spiraling entry towers and within the tunnels themselves. So from outside the entry spiral will travel upward ( above "possible" flooding ) and the down spiral will then lead to tunnel entry.Type your paragraph here.
Facilitating the spread of knowledge and innovation in professional software development Choose your language InfoQ Homepage News Uber Open-Sources AI Abstraction Layer Neuropod Uber Open-Sources AI Abstraction Layer Neuropod This item in japanese Uber open-sourced Neuropod, an abstraction layer for machine learning frameworks that allows researchers to build models in the framework of their choice while reducing the effort of integration, allowing the same production system to swap out models implemented in different frameworks. Neuropod currently supports several frameworks, including TensorFlow, PyTorch, Keras, and TorchScript. Vivek Panyam, senior autonomy engineer at Uber's Advanced Technologies Group (ATG), described Neuropod in a blog post. ATG researchers have adopted several deep-learning frameworks over the years, including Caffe2, TensorFlow, PyTorch, and JAX. Using a new framework in production required integration work on several different system components. ATG engineers developed Neuropod as a way to reduce the integration burden. According to Panyam, Over the last year, we have deployed hundreds of Neuropod models across Uber ATG, Uber AI, and the core Uber business. ATG's deep-learning framework of choice has evolved over time, as researchers found that different frameworks may be more or less suitable to a given task. In 2016, ATG's primary framework was Caffe2. Over the next several years, the team added support for TensorFlow, PyTorch, JAX, and others. Supporting a new framework required integration with each component in Uber's infrastructure and tooling, and often introduced problems such as dependency conflicts or memory corruption. It was difficult to compare performance of models from different frameworks intended to solve the same problem, since each model had framework-specific metrics pipelines. The solution was to build Neuropod, an abstraction layer for models. To use Neuropod, model developers first create a "problem API" definition or spec that defines the model interface. Any model that implements the spec can be executed by Neuropod, which invokes the proper framework. This allows developers to easily swap out different models, even ones written in different frameworks, without re-writing the consuming code. Neuropod currently only supports consuming models from Python or C++ code, but Panyam says it is "straightforward" to add support for additional languages. #Example Spec for 2d Object Detection (source: # BGR image {"name": "image", "dtype": "uint8", "shape": (1200, 1920, 3)}, # shape: (num_detections, 4): (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax) # These values are in units of pixels. The origin is the top left corner # with positive X to the right and positive Y towards the bottom of the image {"name": "boxes", "dtype": "float32", "shape": ("num_detections", 4)}, # The list of classes that the network can output # This must be some subset of ['vehicle', 'person', 'motorcycle', 'bicycle'] {"name": "supported_object_classes", "dtype": "string", "shape": ("num_classes",)}, # The probability of each class for each detection # These should all be floats between 0 and 1 {"name": "object_class_probability", "dtype": "float32", "shape": ("num_detections", "num_classes")}, The models themselves are deployed in a package (called a "neuropod") which can also contain test code and custom framework operations. The models can be executed in the calling process or out-of-process. The Neuropod documentation highlights several potential benefits of out-of-process execution, such as not sharing the Python GIL between multiple models. Panyam joined a discussion about Neuropod on Hacker News, answering several questions. One user wondered how Neuropod differs from ONNX, a machine-learning interoperation format. Panyam replied that: Neuropod is an abstraction layer so it can do useful things on top of just running models locally. For example, we can transparently proxy model execution to remote machines...Including GPUs in all our cluster machines doesn’t make sense from a resource efficiency perspective so instead, if we proxy model execution to a smaller cluster of GPU-enabled servers, we can get higher GPU utilization while using fewer GPUs. Panyam also noted that the project's roadmap includes adding support for ONNX as well as TensorRT. Neuropod joins several other open-source deep-learning projects released by Uber. In 2017, Uber open-sourced Michelangelo, an end-to-end ML platform, and Horovod, a distributed deep-learning training framework. Last year Uber released Ludwig, a code-free deep-learning toolbox. Neuropod's source code is available on GitHub. We need your feedback How might we improve InfoQ for you Thank you for being an InfoQ reader. Take the Survey Rate this Article Hello stranger! Get the most out of the InfoQ experience. Community comments Company name: Company role: Company size:
Forget It: How to Learn New Words for Real Words are without a doubt the basic elements, the “bricks” of a language. And if you want to learn new words and remember them, then you've got to face a serious challenge. Acquiring lots of words fast is a dream for every language learner. For some, it is a real obsession. Quite often, these efforts are met with disappointment and frustration. It is no surprise, then, that one of the most frequent questions that I get here and on YouTube is about how to learn vocabulary. Why is it so hard to learn new words? Imagine remembering every single detail that enters your brain: you would remember thousands of words effortlessly, but would also be paying a terrible price: your brain would be constantly fighting against a permanent, unwanted and annoying interference of useless information. Fortunately, our brain works on its own rhythm and it “self-regulates” when it comes to organizing information. So, forgetting information is actually a good thing. The goal is to help the brain to remember the information that we consider important. Language learners want to remember as many words as possible and they often cannot. They come to the conclusion that they simply do not have a good memory and thus language learning is not for them. This is another myth that must be dispelled. Whatever its limitations, the brain possesses an extraordinary ability to learn and retain information. The secret is to learning how to really use it. There's a famous graph called the “forgetting curve”: If we learn a new word or expression on day X, this information will fade in our memory within just a few days. Do not be surprised, then if you cannot recall a given word after having learned it just a few days earlier. How can we improve our capacity of retaining new words? The process of acquiring new information can be generally divided into 3 categories: decoding, storage and retrieval. When the brain receives new information, it decodes it and then stores it. The stored information can then be retrieved in the future. If we cannot recall something (the so called “knowledge-gap”), something went wrong during one of these phases. There are several types of memory: short and long-term memory, sensory memory etc. The latter receives information through the stimulation of the senses such as sight, touch, smell. The short-term memory, also called working memory, retains small amounts of information for short periods of time. We use it when we do mental calculations, remember a password, a code or a phone number. If we want to store a word, we have to put it into our long-term memory. How can we do it efficiently? Memory is like a muscle, it atrophies if it does not work. Each capacity/faculty that is neglected tends to weaken and eventually disappear. So it must be constantly stimulated. The best way to do it is to repeat continuously. If you want your memory to work well, make it work a little bit everyday. The repetition of an operation has a cumulative effect whose main goal is that of forcing information into our brain without us making deliberate efforts. 9 Key Factors Here are some key factors for improving your overall capacity to learn new words and expressions. 1. Interest In order to improve your ability to recognize and learn new words and expressions, you need to be interested in and passionate about what you are doing. Cultivating an interest in a particular field and constantly reminding yourself why you are doing it provides an incredible boost in your learning process. When you start learning a language, imagine the immense possibilities that speaking it would bring in terms of work, friendships, feelings. Emotions enhance memory. It is up to you to make this happen. 2. Attention Concentration and attention are key factors in the learning process. In the Internet era, concentration is diminished due to multitasking. So, I suggest you eliminate the music radio and all other potential distractions and focus on the task at hand. Concentration helps boost your performance enormously. 3. Comprehension We only learn what we can understand. Whenever you fully understand a sentence or a concept, you also understands its single parts and the connections among them. An engineer who figures out how an electronic circuit works is more likely to understand its single components. The same goes for a language learner: if he understood a given sentence, he will remember the words better. 4. Association Our brain is a huge network of neurons: every single neuron is connected with tens of thousands of other neurons So if we want to make the best of learning processes we should adapt them to the way our brain is structured. One of the most effective tools for doing this is association, that is, linking new information with old information, which is stored in our long-term memory. This can be done in many ways. 5. Visualization One of these ways is through visualizing images. Our brain also processes information via colors, forms, etc. If you link a given word with an image, that word will be more likely to be linked with other information already stored in our memory. As a result, we will remember it better. For example to remember the name of a person, you can put it in relation to a particular feature of his appearance. The more the association is absurd, the easier you will remember that person’s name. 6. Consolidation Take the time to process and store information. One of the best and simplest ways to do this is simply to review what you have learned at regular intervals. Repeating something makes your brain realize that it might need that information and it helps you to fix that information in a much more effective way. 7. Context Context is king in language learning. It is important to always learn new words in their context which helps your brain to form images, associate the word to other words. The more interesting a text is, the more we will be motivated to understand it and thus remember it. 8. Reading Reading makes us connect the dots. When we read a lot, we enormously raise the possibility of finding the same word in different contexts, which enormously reinforces our capacity to retain it. Once again, association plays an important role here too. 9. Dynamism Learning a language is a skill that we acquire. A dynamic learning process is preferable to a static “study” of the language, where parts are analyzed in isolation and without a context instead of being absorbed within interesting content. How to Learn New Words: Final Thoughts If you want to learn new words, you first have to throw traditional methods out of the window and change your mindset. Acquiring new vocabulary may seem like rocket science at first, but by now I hope you're convinced that it is just a natural process that is built up on your interests and passions surrounding your target language. Keep in mind that forgetting is actually great for your brain and that you should use it to your advantage in order to learn new words. Do you have any special techniques to learn new words? Let me know in the comments because I am always open to trying new methods. Written by Luca Lampariello Related posts How to Learn the Korean Writing System in Just a Few Hours Learn to Read in a Foreign Language Quickly with Interlinear Books – Linas Vaštakas How to Memorize Vocabulary in a Foreign Language with These 7 Insanely Effective Techniques • In one of your recent video interviews, you mentioned that you hoped your book would be finished by the end of the year. I’m really looking forward to it! Do you have any plans for how and/or where it will be made available? • Hi there! Well, I am currently overwhelmed by things to do and it is slowing me down. This summer, though, I’ll have two “free” months that I’ll entirely dedicate to my book so hopefully it will come out by the end of 2012 🙂 It is a real pleasure to know that there are quite a few people out there who are looking forward to it 🙂 • Great and very useful post. It´s great to see that you master the theory as well as the practice 😉 ¡Un saludo! • You are making some great points here Luca! Good job! The brain needs reinforcement (repetition), it needs to do something that it feels is beneficial to the person whom it serves (use it or lose it) and it needs context. If you fulfill those conditions, you can and will remember anything! • Luca, let me first wish you a good luck with your book project, I hope it will be available in Brazil, if not, I’ll have to import it.I have a lot of difficulties to memorize words in Hebrew and in Germany, for example, when i learn a new word in Hebrew, i can say the word by heart, but when i need to write it down, i always forget it, you know hebrew language don’t use vowells,so i feel so insecure when i’m reading, to pronounce and remember the word. I’m so anxious to buy and read your book.I’m sure it’ll be so hepful for language lovers, and i’m so eager to know all about your methods. Wellington Dall’Apollonio • Buongiorno Luca, Mi chiamo Jean-Baptiste. Abbiamo parlato l’altro giorno nel Facebook. Sono francese da Parigi ma adesso vivo a Vigo in Spagna. Ho avuto la sorpresa di trovare il tuo blog a caso nel Youtube, e devo dire che non pensava che c’era una comunitá poliglotta tanta importante online. It’s really been a pleasure to discover all the information you share on your experience of language learning. I’m sure that many people already and will benefit from it. Languages are an excellent way to get closer to people and to broaden one’s personal culture. En cuanto a mí, pues tengo un camino bastante parecido al tuyo. Empecé a estudiar inglés y alemán con 11 años como muchos niños en francia. Con 12 años empecé a estudiar japonés yo solo, y el español con 16 años. Cuando entré en la facultad, estudié el sueco y el chino mandarino, y ahora por fin el malayo y el thai. Sin embargo, entre tanto, estuve investigando el funcionamiento de muchos idiomas, y de eso vengo a hablarte ahora. Jag är inte säker om du förstår svenska, då fortsätter jag på tyska. Als ich dein Blog gelesen habe, habe ich auf etwas gesucht das ich nicht gefunden habe. Ich denke, dass um verschiedene Sprachen zu können, das heisst, um Polyglott zu werden, muss man viele Sprachen vergleichen. Ich lehre dich nichts wenn ich sage, dass alle Sprachen gehören einer Gruppe. Dann kann man die Sprachen einer Gruppe vergleichen und Regeln ausbilden. Ausserdem, die Wörter einer Sprache haben eigene Geschichte und gehören einer Geschichte. Wenn man diese Geschichten studiert, wird es direkt viel leichter eine Sprache gut anzugleichen. Ich wollte nur wissen, was du darüber hälst. De mon expérience, je retiens que l’assimilation d’une langue est beaucoup plus aisée lorsqu’on l’approche d’un point de vue étymologique, plutôt que purement grammatical ou lexical. Evidemment, cela demande plus de travail d’étude, mais il me semble que dans ce cas, l’oubli de vocabulaire est moins facile, puisque le mot n’a pas été appris ex-nihilo. En étudiant son origine, son histoire et ses usages ainsi que les petites anecdotes qui peuvent éventuellement l’accompagner, on a créé au mot une véritable identité, moins asceptisée que le mot seul avec son équivalent dans la langue d’origine. La notion de groupe linguistique est particulièrement intéressante. Au sein du groupe indo-européen, par exemple, on retrouve des traits communs d’une langue à l’autre, aussi bien au niveau de la grammaire qu’au niveau de la construction du vocabulaire. Ex. Le mot „mère“ qui dérive du sanskrit „matar“ a donné tous les équivalents dans les langues du groupe (madre en espagnol, mutter en allemand, mother en anglais, mater en latin…). Ensuite à l’intérieur du groupe les sous-groupes présentent aussi des similitudes de construction du vocabulaire. Ex. Dans le groupe des langues romanes, les mots français en „-tion“ comme „attention“, se terminent en „zione“ en italien, en „ción“ en espagnol, en „ção“ en portugais. Ou encore, dans les langues germaniques, les verbes qui se terminent en „ern“ en allemand prennent la terminaison „ra“ en suédois: „sich erinern“, „erinra sig“, „wandern“ „vandra“… Les exemples précédents concernant les langues indo-européennes ont déjà été bien étudiés et il est très facile aujourd’hui de trouver des ouvrages qui traitent de l’histoire de ces langues et de l’influence qu’elles ont eues les unes sur les autres. La chose devient moins aisée lorsque l’on cherche à comparer des langues qui n’appartiennent pas à un même groupe. C’est cependant possible avec un peu d’histoire et d’observation. Par exemple, le thaï qui semble à des années lumières de nos langues indo-européennes, présente tout de même quelques similitudes lexicales. Sous l’influence indienne, et notamment à travers le sanskrit et le pali, le thaï a assimilé une énorme quantité de vocabulaire qui n’était pas originaire de la région. Comme le décrit l’auteur du blog Women learn thai, le mot thai „tohra sap“ est à comparer avec notre „téléphone“ où „tohra“ et „télé“ ont la même racine sanskrite qui signifie „à distance“ et où „phone“ et „sap“ signifient tous deux voix/parler. Un autre exemple est celui du mot roi, prononcé en thai: „phramahakasat“ . L’orthographe correcte de ce mot en thai est: „phramahaksatriy“ où la dernière syllabe est muette. On retrouve ici le mot thai „phra“ qui signifie „moine“, le mot sanskrit „maha“ qui signifie „grand“ (maharaja=grand roi) et le mot „ksatriy“ qui dérive du sanskrit „kshatriya“ qui signifie „guerrier“, nom de la caste la plus élevée après celle des brahmanes (Brahmanes, Kshatriya, Vaishyas, Shudras). Enfin, si l’on pousse l’analyse encore plus loin, en comparant le thaï avec le malais (groupe Tai Kadai VS groupe Malayo-polynésien), on retrouve, toujours grâce cette influence indienne, que deux des mots basiques du vocabulaire de ces deux langues sont quasiment égaux: „Bahasa“ et „Phasaa“. „Bahasa melayu“ = Langue malaise en malais et „phasaa thai“ = „langue thaïe“ en thaï. Les deux mots phasaa et bahasa dérivent du sanskrit Bhãsa, qui signifie tout simplement, langue. Lorsque l’on sort du contexte des langues européennes et que l’on s’attaque à des langues moins connues comme le thaï ou le malais, sachant que les ouvrages analytiques ne présentent pas toujours précisémment les combinaisons de langues recherchées (peu d’ouvrage à ma connaissance comparent le thaï et le malais), il peut être intéressant de se plonger dans les cultures et les mouvements d’influence communs à une zone. De cette manière, on parvient à créer de nouvelles connexions logiques en dehors de son mode de pensée traditionnel et à adopter une logique d’apprentissage plus pertinente à la langue cible. Mon approche pour parler les langues étrangères a été celle-ci. J’ai commencé para faire une étude comparative pour ensuite me plonger dans l’apprentissage concret. Et maintenant que je commence à pratiquer, les mots rentre dans ma tête beaucoup plus facilement et je peux même deviner beaucoup de mots dans les langues que j’étudie. Ainsi, j’ai peu étudié le portugais, ce qui ne m’empêche pas de le parler puisque c’est une langue que j’ai devinée plus qu’autre chose. Podería falar assim durante muitas horas mais, mas após tudo o que já escrevi penso que seria melhor parar antes de que seja indigesto. Espero que gostaras deste comentario, que me daras a tua opinão e que podremos falar disso pronto. Iîù cordiali saluti, • Merci pour ta passion et tes idées Jean-Baptiste! Ta méthode me paraîs très logique et interesante et je vais l’essayer 🙂 • Hey Luca, great article. I recently stumbled upon this language game called “where are your keys?” at I haven’t had a chance to try it yet but I thought you should check it out. Basically it’s a way to get a grasp on any language by having a native speaker and a few objects to talk about. Everything is done in the target language so there is no need for translation. By using sign language as the “bridge” language one starts thinking in the target language immediately. Anyway, love your blog and videos! • hello Luca! I thought the article was awesome and it came just in time for me! This summer I am going to be spending 8 weeks in the andes mountains in a community that is bilingual in Quechua/Spanish. But I really wanna learn Quechua. The thing I’m finding the worst is REMEMBERING these very long very foreign words! What is your opinion on “Speed Studying” what do you suggest? I once learned Spanish to about b2 in 6 months but I’m Italian American so I had a HUGE advantage, and I’m leaving for Peru in 9 weeks ;P What’s your advice? Mille Grazie! • Hi Luca, I definitely agree with you with all you say. ‘Learning vocabulary’ is a still a highly controversial issue in language learning and pedagogy. Opinions vary, of course. Flashcards and systems such as Anki are highly regarded as tools that can help people to learn new words. However, as you say, whatever the method you use, learning words from a given context is always key. Reinforcing memory with visual associations and reviewing at fixed intervals of time helps even more. Thanks a lot for sharing your experience with us, Luca! Ciao Luca, sono completamente d’accordo con te su tutto cio’ che dici. “Imparare parole nuove” resta ancora una questione molto controversa nell’apprendimento e nell’insegnamento delle lingue. Chiaramente, le opinioni sono varie. Flashcard e sistemi quali Anki sono tenuti in grande considerazione come strumenti per l’apprendimento di parole nuove. Tuttavia, come dici, qualunque sia il metodo che uno usa, impare partendo da un contesto e’ fondamentale. Il rinforzare la memoria con associazioni visive e il ripetere a intervalli di tempo stabiliti aiuta poi ancora di piu’. Grazie mille per aver condiviso con noi la tua esperienza, Luca! • Ciao Luca. Sono Marian. Le miei lengue (fino adesso) sono francese, spagnolo, italiano, serbo-croata (adesso “BCS”) e l’inglese. Sono statunitense di nascita, e “afrodescendiente” degli USA. Vivo anche in Italia. Molto lieta. A presto! • Thank you for sharing your experiences. I totally agree the fact that you mentioned about motivation. I have a personal experience that clarifies it. But this approach totally changes the role of a language teacher. • Hello, Please email me so I have your contact details and send you details on the status of the competition and the badge. For further information on the Top 100 Language Lovers 2011 competition, visit Best wishes, Stefanie for the and Lexiophiles team • Remembering words is a really weird area of language learning. I find that when I actively try to remember a word, it doesn’t stick. However when I’m having a conversation and someones says something and I ask what it is, it seems to stick. Similarly, when I am reading in L2 or L3 and stop in my tracks to look up a particular word (after relying on context only for the other non-known words), I seem to remember it. Keep up the great posts Luca! • Luca, as I recently comment in your ytbe channel, I had the doubt of how important is it really to get material in you mothertongue, as I explained I have been trying to teach myself some Finnish as well as French and German but the material I use its mostly aimed for english native speakers when my mother tongue its spanish. Dada tu experiencia con los idiomas, tu normalmente usas libros enfocados al italiano o al ingles para aprender algun otro idioma? el problema es que es mucho mas facil encontrar material en ingles que español, pero logicamente busco agilizar mi aprendizaje lo mas que pueda. Hay realmente una diferencia en el modo de aprendizaje o es algo mas de comodidad personal? Abraço Luca. • Hi Jorge. I generally suggest you get hold of bilingual material with L1 being your native tongue – English-Spanish in your case. Many people think that using another language – be it a L1 or a language you know well – might hinder or slow down your language learning process. I think that it facilitates it, especially in the early stages, provided that you follow certain rules. Once you get to a certain level, you reach the so-called “linguistic autonomy” and you don’t need but the language you have been acquiring. Having said that, even if I generally use italian (L1) in order to learn a foreign language (L2), it did happen that I had to use either English or French in order to figure out the meaning of texts in Swedish and Dutch. So, the answer for your is: If you can get Finnish/French/german-Spanish material, it would be great. If you can’t and you speak good English, material in English is great as well. Remember: L1 is only a tool to learn L2. In other words, you have to focus on L2 through L1/other language you know well. The key is to use a language you know well enough to figure out the one you are learning/acquiring: we only learn what we can understand. This will be clear when I will publish all the articles I am preparing for you guys 🙂 • Hey Luca! I’ve been following you for years, but this is the first time I leave a comment. Your advices and reflections are always usefule & interesting. I’m eagerly waiting to hear about the 2 techniques you mention at the end. Un saluto dalla Slovenia! • Ciao Luca, per curiosità, in che lingua lo stai scrivendo il libro? Secondo te su un determinato argomento pensando in una lingua diversa, si elaborano le informanzioni seguendo altri pattern e si generano pensieri diversi? Se si, approcciare un problema/tema in più lingue potrebbe essere una buona strategia per aumentare la creatività. Cosa ne pensi? • Ciao Miglena per curiosità, in che lingua lo stai scrivendo il libro? Lo sto scrivendo in italiano. La risposta è sì 🙂 Ti consiglio di leggere a questo proposito “Through the language glass – why the world looks different in other languages”, di Guy Deutscher. Offre una prospettiva molto interessante e controtendza sul fatto che le lingue influenzano i nostri pensieri. Direi proprio di sì 🙂 • hai luca, i’ve been learning english for a very long time now but it is still very difficult for me to speak and write in english. i’d just encountered your method and very interested to follow the learning plan, do you have any recommended sources of audio files or script that you used when you were studying english?. • Luca, I was looking for some explanation in youtube about why is so difficult to control another language specially on adults, and I saw one of your videos! In my case, I received bilingual education in Mexico practically all my life! but I never learned english well, Indeed I was a very bad english student, I always had fear and felt insecurity in front of the teacher and classmates. Right now I am coursing a master in USA, and I am still feel insecure when I am infront of the classroom God damn it! jajaja, well this message is a kind of “get -out” energy exercise, any comments? abrazo. Gerardo • Luca, Thanks for the wonderful website about language learning. I have been looking for websites like yours that talk about the process of learning a language and you touch upon many different aspects of the process. As a language teacher I am constantly looking for new ideas, so I will be going through more of your materials. As regards this article, I think the same words in multiple contexts is really important. When I take vocabulary we have been learning for a week and throw it on the smartboard in a new different way, I can see their neurons firing as it becomes a fixture in their brains, but one point I do need to check on is do they remember it 30 days after. You brought that up in the article, and I think I need to do more long term reviewing in my class, so the kids do not forget what we learned earlier in the year. • Hi George Yes, that’s a very important step, but there are other things that you can do so that the information sticks for good in your student’s minds 🙂 • Ciao Luca sei un grande!!complimenti! anche a me come a te piacciono le lingue e le vorrei imparare tutte,in questi giorni mi trasferisco a Torino,ma a Marzo andro a vivere in Austria,sai mica qual e il modo migliore per assimilare e imparare il tedesco e eventualmente libri da comprare che mi possono aiutare? che dici,ce la faccio a imparare anche un altra lingua insieme al tedesco,tipo portoghese? hai mica qualche consiglio su quali siano i libri migliori da acquistare per imparare la lingua portoghese? Un ultima cosa, e poi smetto di farti domande,che mi starai odiando haha,senti mi piacerebbe sostenere l esame dello IELTS per entrare all universita del Sud africa tra un anno,qual e la miglior bibliografia e il modo piu consono tu reputi necessario per passare quest esame? ti faccio il mio in bocca al lupo per ogni cosa, Gianni da FIRENZE • Caro Gianni, la maniera migliore per assimilare il tedesco è comprare un libro che si chiama ASSIMIL e cominciare ad usarlo in maniera efficace. Come ripeto sempre, se da una parte avere buon materiale è una condizione “sine qua non”, ciò che fa la differenza è come si usa questo materiale a disposizione. Nessuno ti impedisce di imparare portoghese e tedesco allo stesso tempo, ma questo significa meno tempo per il tedesco stesso, e se a marzo ti trasferisci in Austria, sarebbe meglio concentrarsi su una sola lingua. Stabilire priorità è un altro segreto nell’apprendimento delle lingue e nella vita in generale. Per quanto riguarda la preparazione all’IELTS la maniera migliore di procedere è: I) due mesi prima dell’esame comincia a fare tutto in inglese: pensare, parlare il più possibile (magari su Skype) scrivere, leggere ed ascoltare almeno 2-3 ore al giorno, compatibilmente con i tuoi impegni II) Comprare un libro specifico per la preparazione a questo esame è fondamentale se vuoi conseguire un buon risultato. Molte persone sottovalutano l’importanza di questa preparazione ed all’esame prendono un voto basso rispetto alle proprie aspettative e capacità perchè non sono psicologicamente preparati. Avendo sostenuto 4 prove C2 in 4 lingue, ti posso dire che è una cosa abbastanza comune, non commettere questo errore 😉 Lasciami infine dire che Firenze è una città stupenda, spero di venirci ad aprile per rilassarmi un po’, dato che non sono mai stato così occupato in vita mia..ovviamente mi piace perchè ormai lavoro con le lingue a tempo pieno, ma dopo un po’ diventa impegnativo. Un abbraccio! My idea below may be important to you to improve your language materials. As you know word combinations in speaking are unpredictable. There are different word collocations/phrases and synonyms to convey a thought in a language. It’s possible to encompass in ready-made materials a wide variety of phrases for each conversation topic. It is a good idea to prepare a potential list of phrases with sentences on each conversation topic, for example fixed conversational phrases that do not require English grammar knowledge (greetings, forms of addressing a person, thanks, well-wishing, apology, agreeing, disagreeing, emotions, etc.). Practicing with such materials can help a learner easier choose the most appropriate word combinations to convey a thought. Multiple frequent reading of such sentences will gradually ensure firm memorization of vocabulary and contribute to developing good speaking skills. By combining the most inclusive phrase books, conversation books, general English thematic dictionaries, software, audio and video aids and websites you can create the most practical and thorough content for mastering each conversation topic in English for all levels including a wide selection of ready-to-use phrases, vocabulary and sentences for daily use. Your own ready-made materials could be superior to (more helpful than) any conversation book or a phrase book in terms of useful comprehensive content and vocabulary. • This design is incredible! You definitely know how more than that, how you presented it. Too cool! • Ciao Luca and world’s polyglots, I am from Verona and speak 7 languages (european + russian) Regarding your article about remembering Words, I would like to comment about the tecnique of Association. It is – in my opinion – the strongest and I found useful to use multilingual dictionaries, because different languages share the same roots and that helps memorization a lot. Of course this works well for indo-european languages which are more or less related. In this case I noticed an Economy of Scale in learning (that is, starting for example from a basis of one latin + one anglosaxon language, learning the third one and so on will be considerably easier. • Hey Luca! I’ve been reading your blog recently and I must tell you that you’re doing a great job! 🙂 Thanks for the amazing and useful articles/videos! I’ve got a question, though, which can be related to this article: what do you think about Spaced Repetition Systems (for example Anki)? Do you use such a thing or do you think that they are not necessary to reach, let’s say, fluency? Doesn’t refraining from their usage slow down the whole learning process? I mean – but it’s only a hunch on my part – one can study many more words by means of an SRS. (I know, quality over quantity, but quality can be sustained by an SRS, methinks.) I’d be grateful if you could share your thoughts with us on this topic. 🙂 • I’ll allow myself to “butt in” a bit. I apologize if I’m about to say something already mentioned but I can’t watch the video since my internet connection has declared a war on me. I’m an avid 18-year-old polyglot whose mother tongue is Bulgarian and from all these years of studying languages I’ve discovered a few tricks to avoid having all your words jumbled up in your mind and your brain having to try hard to retain them – GROUPING is the king. A lot of people have tried to convince me that reading whatever I get my hands on, highlighting all the unfamiliar words, looking them up and just studying them like that is going to enhance my vocabulary. No, that’s not how it’s done. You WILL retain most words, but not all of them. Everything has to be organized accordingly. If you follow this way of studying you’ll only end up feeding your passive vocabulary. The words have to be integrated into your active memory so that you use these words actively. If you opt for grouping them then here’s how it look like: -to boil (Derivatives (if any) – boiling, boiled, etc.) -to blend -to garnish -grater (Derivatives – to grate) -ambrosial (Derivatives: etc etc) Successful retention is more likely to be achieved with this tactic. Also, a lot of writing. Writing is the key. I love studying new words and then organizing them into a short story (maximum 10 lines long). I found that this tactic succeeds in allocating all the studied words into your active vocabulary. Mainly because you have them in context and you start associating similar situations with the story or parts of it. Of course, every person is different, I’m just sharing my own opinion and views based on how I’ve been studying languages up till now. I have a lot more to learn, I admit I’m not so good at it yet but I’m improving. I’m looking forward to more articles, I enjoy reading everything posted here. • All of the concepts mentioned above are important and play a big role in learning new words. In my opinion, the most important one is CONTEXT. When I am learning new vocabulary, I am always trying to learn them with some context. So, if I am studying a new word, I always write down a whole sentence or maybe even several sentences to learn a specific words. This works best for me when creating an odd sentence. Odd things are more likely to “stick” in your brain and therefore you are more likely to remember a specific word later on. Of course you will need to write down the sentences several times and repeat on a regular basis for a couple of weeks to make sure that they will remain in your long-term memory. • I consider you an amazing polyglot. I hope you´ll sell your book on amazon. _The first day it will be available, I´ll buy it. You are a master of foreign pronunciation, in spanish my mother tongue you sound exactly like a native. I hope you´ll explain in your book with detail how to improve pronunciation. • Hi! I have recently taken an interest in learning German. I have watched many of your videos, but I’m still unsure where to officially START. I am a beginner and have not began learning yet because I do not want to start learning the wrong way. What I want to know, for now, is what should be my FIRST step? Should I look for a language learning application on my phone, should I buy a book, should I listen to lectures or stories through my phone, etc.? I have enjoyed watching your videos and I am truly inspired by what you are doing. Any type of answer would be much appreciated! • Ciao, Lucca, come stai? Sono brasiliano e sto imparando l’italiano da solo.. Questo non mi dispiace, invece, mi piace tantissimo essere il mio insegnante e il mio alunno, allo stesso tempo. hehehe Voglio imparare più parole, ho un po di fretta, sai? Quest’anno ero in Copacabana Spiaggia, Rio de Janeiro. Ho visto gli italiani parlando.. CHE BELLO! Ancora il mio desiderio è stare lì nel Capodanno e poter conversare con loro senza molta difficoltà. Un’idea che mi sembra moltissimo brava è ascoltare tutti i giorni una stazione da radio, perché così sarebbe più facile e utile da imparare meglio. Cosa ti piace?? Conosci qualche stazione per suggerirmi? Può essere qualche on-line, per Android oppure altro suggerimento, boh. Aspetto riposta. Grazie mille! • I’m now not sure the place you’re getting your info, but good topic. • Hey would you mind letting me know which webhost you’re using? I’ve loaded your blog in 3 completely different browsers provider at a honest price? Kudos, I appreciate it! • ฉัน อย่างต่อเนื่อง ทุกครั้งที่ ใช้เวลาครึ่ง ชั่วโมง ของฉันในการอ่าน บล็อก นี้ บล็อก ‘ s บทความ หรือความคิดเห็น • Excellent post. I used to be checking constantly this weblog and I am inspired! Very useful information specifically the final section 🙂 I care for such information much. I was looking for this particular information for a long time. Thank you and good luck. nonetheless, you command get bought an nervousness over that you wish be delivering the following. • If there is one guaranteed way to retain what you learn then it is this: Develop a keen interest in the subject matter. To illustrate what I mean I shall relate my own experience. I am British and live in the UK and I am absolutely passionate about American geography and history. I devour everything I can find in printed matter on those subjects and consequently I consider myself something of a buff on the US. I visit the US every year on holiday and Americans I speak to are amazed at my comprehensive knowledge of the US. I am now convinced beyond a scintilla of a doubt that I have found the Holy Grail as far as committing knowledge to long term memory is concerned. The bottom line, as far as I am concerned anyway, is that if you are really interested in a subject you will excel at it. • First of all I want to say excellent blog! I truly do enjoy writing however it just seems like begin. Any recommendations or hints? Kudos! Maybe you could write subsequent articles regarding this article. I wish to learn more issues about it! • Luca, I have to say that in the day that I’ve known about you, you’ve successfully impressed and inspired me. I dream of communicating with people from all over the world, and of opening doors to entirely new paths of thinking by accessing people in their own language. Right now I’m at the very start of my journey. I’ve been learning Latin American Spanish in Mexico for six months and can comfortably travel and discuss things. But I have a problem. First, my mind works with pattern recognition, which is fantastic for finding shortcuts and skipping unneeded steps in many areas of life. The issue is that with many language learning tools (I’ve mainly used Duolingo to this point but am looking into LiveMocha, too.) I defeat much of the purpose by seeing patterns in the programming, and once I’ve done that, I know the answers without knowing or needing to access the language. The main source of my learning right now is with people and applying the language through listening to speeches and starting to read the language, but I’m finding that even at the base of the language with grammar/etc, I put things in a box and create patterns for everything. The issue is that once a pattern is established, I’ve basically restricted myself to it and have difficulty breaking from the pattern to engage in normal and fluid dialogue. I’m hoping you have advice for this. I won’t be able to access a country full of native spanish speakers all the time, but I hope to continue my language acquisition. My second issue is probably more common. Whenever I know that someone in the group speaks English (my first language) my mind throws up barriers to Spanish. I can speak pretty well in a group that only speaks Spanish, but once I have the crutch of English to fall back on, I cripple myself. This is really only for bilingual participants, as when I’m in a mixed group and the only one who speaks both, I’m back to being able to translate pretty well. Thank you for all the work you do! I hope to buy your product after I return to the states and get a job. The reviews are so positive I can’t wait to jump on the bandwagon. God bless you! • […] Luca Lampariello at The Polyglot Dream discusses how we can improve our capacity to retain new words in our memory. He talks about how memory needs to be constantly stimulated, and the importance of repetition. He also talks about the role of interest, attention and comprehension in the process of memorising new words. […] • Luca, I would like to know when your book comes out! Because I would benefit a lot from your memory techniques to learn vocabulary. Can you give a preview? At least for beginners? Thanks • Friend Luca, I already have seen this awesome article, and actualy, it changed completely the way I learn English, since then I started using Anki every single day in my life. Recently I am making flashcards with real audio from series and movies, I have even uploaded some audios from it at soundcloud. You can see them here: Thank you for so increadible dedication. • You can use any audio recorder on your computer, in my case (using linux) I am used to recording audios with VLC or audio-recorder, after that, I open the audio with Audacity (audio editor) to clip the part I want to use. Almost every sound comes from a tv-series, a movie or a real audio from “youglish” (find it out on Google). Afte clipping the audio you must have to put it into the correct folder on Anki (a little research on google on Where put my Anki audios?) To me the greatest advantage of this method is that you can use it not only to develop vocabulary, also you can underline linking words in order to learn connected speech, using Anki also to a kind dictation. • Ciao Luca, per me eri e resti un mito. Solo che qualche anno fa trovavo i tuoi contenuti più interessanti. Non che ora non lo siano, ma sono pieni di marketing superficialone all’americana… segreto quà segreto là, le tre regole per… manca solo la pillola magica che vi farà dimagrire ed allo stesso tempo apprendere 2 lingue in 7 giorni. • Olá, Luca. A melhor forma de ampliar o vocabulário na língua estrangeira é mesmo ler, sem preocupação com memorização deliberada? • If you want to add learn and remember vocabulary quickly, then I recommend using the Magnetic Memory Method by memory pro Anthony Metivier. Basically you create a memory palace (like Hannibal Lector) and you put all new words into it like in a store house. Like that you can ‘go’ there anytime and get your stored vocabulary with translation. Marko gives all details in a summary here: • I have an English exam tomorrow, and my teacher said to memorize 100 words. The problem is she’s only putting 50 on the exam. We have to know our grammar, the 50 FULL definition (if we don’t know the exact definition she’ll count it wrong), and we have to do an essay as well. I’ve tried flash cards, which only helped me memorize about 10 words, when I need like 40 more. This is just awful. I’ve done well on all the other exams, but this is the only one I’m having a struggle with. My teacher says that the essay is more important than the words, and we also have a Literature exam with the same teacher. This is just giving me anxiety and I am so stressed out right now. I’ve tried almost everything, and none worked. I know by the time I someone reads this, I’ll be either taking the exam, or done with it. I have a B, and if I fail this exam, it will drop my grade big time. If someone reads this, which will be a miracle, before my exam I am urging you to help me…please. • His concept of context applies here. So you are immersing yourself into that culture and everywhere you go, you see that language in different contexts. Your brain learns many different nuances and starts to get the complete feel for the language. • When my daughter was little and acquiring her native language she automatically practised every new word she learned, she kept inventing reasons for using the new word – even if just to point to something and say “that’s not a XXXXX”. I found this fascinating! • It was really great for me because I am studying English for IELTS exam and I really need a good way to memorize words. For those who are in a situation like me I wanna to share my experience. Among all application I had, there is an app which it’s really can memorize and learn a large number of words with a little fun. Called “WordUp”. I wanna strongly recommend all of you to use it.this app will help you to learn words and realize when or where you need them to can learn the root of each word, synonyms and all conditions of a word! It’s available at Good luck everyone. • I want to share my experience about using an application named WordUp which is so useful to help in words so you can introduce it to your readers to develop their english easily. • Thank you so much!I am studying English and trying to get ready for IELTS exam,all my teachers told me not to try to gather a vocabulary notebook, because it’s less than 1% you go back to check the words wrote down before. So I needed something to memorise as well. In my opinion all the suggestions properly work when we are trying to study for some special exams for instans. I really need such tips to improve myself in writnig. In my opinion one of the most important way to achieve good grades in writing is learning words and absolutely have good knowledge about when we need to use them or how we should use them indeed.I personally need text, sentences or even movies which include meaning of that special almost hard word and need to undrestand when/how I can use it. Recently I have found an application which is really helpful. I can say it’ an “all in one application”.It contains lots of movies, text, synonyms and etc.”WordUp” is an amazing app that you can enjoy your studying with. For those who want to see “Wordup” have a look at . • Tsm, I’m having a lot of trouble with my German and French classes. Maybe this’ll help. 🙂 • Hi Luca, your work advice is mastery, and teachable you never wanted to stop reading. Don’t be afraid to be different, be afraid to be overage! • I am learning Turkish with interest and passion as I am elderly and it is suggested learning something helps to delay dementia. I also know some Turkish people. I find it absolutely enthralling, agglutination is so clever. I also find the explanation of grammar very informative, helping my interest in my native language, English , immensely. I have loved your videos . My problem is I became behind in my revision and it is too daunting to start. I agree daily study helps retain my learning, and your comments are applicable to many fields of study, such as learning a process with IT. I also tried to brush up my schoolgirl French and Italian learnt at a later stage, and surprised at what I remember. Thank you very much for your wonderful lectures • I forgot to tell you I am very deaf, and have great trouble repeating words which are corrected for pronunciation in my program
Meaning of (होँठी) hoँthee in english - (होँठी) Hoँthee meaning Meaning of (होँठी) hoँthee in english Suggested : to cry out in a loud voice shout an act of helpful activity help aid to name , write, or otherwise give the letters, in order, of (a word , syllable , etc) the highest or loftiest point or part of anything apex summit Synonyms to cause to move around on an axis or about a center rotate Exampleहोँठी का हिन्दी मे अर्थ Word of the day 17th-Jun-2021 Usage of होँठी: 1. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan 2. Passenger rail service provided by Amtrak stops at the Topeka Station. 3. d Natural History Who has the right to withdraw, to go inside 4. often given the impersonal round to this way of talking 5. It also says to the set movement of the sea to the shore at certain hours of the day 6. It means, in terms of War Do not do neighborhood, killing, with the edge of the sword 7. The CPR hauls over 34 million tons of coal to the west coast each year 8. In the most recent list 9. In terms of agriculture, it is used transitively with sense Make a small plowing the stand, in a board in a crate, etc 10. Lord Harris took his side away from Sydney (होँठी) hoँthee can be used as noun. and have more than one meaning. No of characters: 5 including consonants matras. The word is used as Noun in hindi and falls under Feminine gender originated from Hindi language . Transliteration : hoँThii Have a question? Ask here.. Name* Email-id Comment* Enter Code:
Sponsored by Wild Cities: What an Explorer's Brain Revealed about Edinburgh As National Geographic explorer Dan Raven-Ellison walked across Edinburgh his progress was tracked using the GPS on his phone, while a portable electroencephalography (EEG) device measured the electrical activity in his brain. By comparing Dan’s geographic location with his levels of engagement, stress, interest, focus, excitement, and relaxation, we can begin to understand how different environments affect our moods. This knowledge can help urban planners to build cities that are not only technologically smart, but are also designed to optimise our health, happiness, and quality of life. Click on the orange dots to explore Dan's journey.
Department of Analytical Chemistry. Photo: André Künzelmann/UFZ Department of Analytical Chemistry Why do some chemicals and pharmaceuticals reach our drinking water? How does natural organic matter affect the quality of our waters? Which compounds do humans take up from personal care products and what happens to them in our bodies? How can all these compounds be analyzed? Which properties are essential for chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides or nanomaterials to be benign for humans and the environment? Which technologies can remove contaminants from the environment? Such questions, which are related to the complex interactions of chemicals in natural and technical systems, are within the focus of research in the Department of Analytical Chemistry. We are developing and using innovative analytical methods to better understand the occurrence and fate of a broad spectrum of contaminants in the environment and in humans, including potential health effects. Such knowledge is the basis for the assessment of chemicals, for fate prediction and improvement of processes for contaminant removal. Science-based evidence is also the foundation on which chemical regulation builds. We use our broad analytical expertise (a) to develop quantitative methods of high precision and sensitivity suitable for analyzing large numbers of samples and (b) to detect previously unknown contaminants or transformation products and to identify them. Together with partners in academia, industry and authorities we develop solutions and processes that aim at safeguarding humans as well as the environment from harmful chemicals. Our work is organized in five thematic areas, which are represented by five working groups:
This post is also available in: Arabic Holy Harar Harar is a region located on a hilltop in the eastern extension of the Ethiopian highland. Known for its colorful houses and mosques, the Harari people repaint the walls every Ramadan with bright vibrant colors. The majority of Harari people are Muslims, and they are known to be very jovial and easygoing so that it’s almost is established as a trait that the Hararis possess. Harar is one of the oldest cities found in Ethiopia and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2006. Source: Facebook Harar has more than 82 mosques dating back 7,000 years with more than 100 shrines; this fact deemed Harar to be one of the four holiest sites of Islam. Through different periods in history, 5 ancient gates were built surrounding the city. To name them in an anticlockwise order from Harar gate (a modern gate created under the reign of Haile Selassie to facilitate car access to the central Feres Megala square), they are Shoa (Victory Gate), Buda (Hakim Gate), Sanga (Peace Gate), Erer (Mercy Gate), and Fallana (Liberty Gate) gates. These gates encompass sacred Mosques and shrines, and although the exact periods they were built in aren’t clear, an estimate of when they were built is established between the 13th and 16th century at a height of 4 meters by one of the 72 princes of the city to protect it against attacks. Source: Far and Wild Lives “Believed to have been founded by Arabian immigrants around the 10th century, Harar became a crossroads for trade and culture, ideally situated between the Ethiopian highlands to the west and the shores of the Gulf of Aden to the east. The city evolved into a center of Islamic scholarship and culture and eventually was considered a sort of capital city of Islamic northeast Africa” reports CNN’s, James Jeffery. The city is highly influenced by Arabian immigrants; it was initially built as an Arab city. Hence, the buildings and Mosques all have distinct architectural details related to Arabian styles and cultures that influenced the city across different periods. Source: No Leg Room The City that Swallowed a Rainbow Source: Mvslim Harar, known as “The City of Rainbows”, is snaked by its colorful walls. Before Ramadan starts, locals gather to re-paint the walls of shrines, mosques, and throughout its narrow cobblestone lanes with vibrant colors to indicate the festivity of the occasion with various colors such as purple, yellow, green, orange, white, blue, and pink. Although these colors don’t have a special meaning, they are part of the emblazonment for the highly anticipated Ramadan. Source: Pascal Mannaerts - A Harari woman going about her day through the alleyways of Harar, her red skirt compliments the warm color of the walls. Source: Pinterest Source: BBC Living in a predominantly Muslim city, Hararis observes Ramadan in similar ways to other Muslim communities in Ethiopia and around the world. Muslims are forbidden to eat and drink during the day, including chewing Khat; a herbal drug sold openly in the streets, and like cigarettes, it is consumed normally by the Hararis in their daily routine. As a month of spirituality and self-observance, Muslims tend to better their religious duties in many ways. Source: Huck magazine Muslims indulge themselves in helping others who are less fortunate. Families or individuals who have a comfortable living condition prepare large meals throughout the day and give them out to people who can't afford to break their fast. That also goes for incarcerated people as an act of kindness. Non-Muslim Hararis also join their Muslim counterparts with charity and community activities in Ramadan, assisting and feeding the needy and unfortunate in this season. Source: Jonathan Rashad via Huck magazine - The family gathered around Iftar time inside a traditional Harari house As the sun sets,the Azahns call out marking the end of the day, and the excitement for Iftar time echoing from home to home is palpable. Muslims are then eager to share their happiness to break their fast with their families and enjoy a meal together. Harari iftar consists of a variety of dishes influenced by many regions and cultures over the years, such as sambusas, a favorite dish among Hararis made of thin sheets of dough filled with either lentils or meat. Source: Pinterest – Sambusa More dishes such as Fatira - egg pancakes cut into bite-size pieces, fenugreek stews, fried dough, barley soup, and more are served during an iftar meal. All of which are made by local and organic ingredients. For dessert, mushabaks are prepared, otherwise known as Jalebi, a fried intertwined dough soaked in a sweet syrup and drizzled in yogurt, a perfect treat to end the iftar meal and regain the sugar intake the feasters have been longing for. Source: Mark Wiens- Mushabak Ramadan, as a much anticipated holiday season, requires a lot of preparation. It is a time where people come together and give out a helping hand. However, this Ramadan isn't the same as every year, although it might be far less scary and constricting than 2020. But with the continuous dangers of COVID-19, large gatherings are still prohibited in public congregations- especially in mosques. Yet the sense of community and togetherness is still intact, and Hararis still find a way to join together in good deeds and prayers, hoping the pandemic will end soon. Source: Kisua Ethiopia Kalkidan Zelalem Kalkidan Zelalem is studying biotechnology, but her passion lies in writing, photography, telling people’s stories, art and empowering people. She enjoys documentaries, whether they’re crime, investigative, or biopics. Kalkidan feels like an old soul and indulges herself in collecting vintage materials- books in particular- which she wholeheartedly owes to her late grandfather. Her ultimate goal is to shed light on Ethiopia’s richness and to inspire young women to stand up for themselves and never give up.
5 Representations of Technology in the World of Architecture 5 Representations of Technology in the World of Architecture We, humans, have a tendency to evolve. And, this tendency only makes everything easier for us. From farming to architecture, what we had a century ago, is miles better than what we have evolved into now. The 21st century is the era of technology, and every possible domain is related to it directly or indirectly. Architecture and technology go hand in hand. Moreover, both of them inter-relate so much that we can’t imagine either one without the other. We have come a long way, from using basic tools to meet our construction needs to now use high-tech machines. But again, we tend to evolve, and to justify that, we can’t stay still. So, here is a list of the top five representations of technology on ArchiVerse in the field of architecture. 1. Architecture and Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence, attributed to AI, is the tech of the future. Remember Jarvis from Iron Man movies, well, that is a prime example of AI. It is the simulation of human intelligence in machines. That means machines can ‘think’ like human beings, and even solve problems! Architecture and AI (A representation) Now, what does that mean in our journey of architecture? Well, as an example, it means that the machines we use to design a blueprint will independently find flaws in it, and even suggest improvements! Clearly, there can be even more implementations of this tech for our architecture, and that secret lies in the future. 2. 3D and 4D Printing to facilitate Architecture: These marvels of technology are achieving a lot of buzz since their launch. 3D printer, as the name suggests, is a printer that can print 3D objects, as programmed. Similarly, you can now define a 4D printer. A major difference between these two is that a 4D printer offers more depth immersion and detail, which is something an architect can appreciate. What is 3D printing technology? How it is used in Architecture? A 4D Printer These devices can be used to carve seemingly impossible structures much easily. You need to use software to command the printers, and they will deliver the same structure as commanded. A 3D and a 4D Printer would take much less raw materials and would create details that are hard to achieve by hand. So, we can increase efficiency, and that too with lesser expenditure! 3. The World of Augmented Reality: Augmented Reality, abbreviated as AR, is another gift of technology. Its potential is so vast, that Apple decided to put a dedicated LiDAR sensor (which helps with AR) in the iPhone 12 Pro Max and the iPad 2020. Although, we have not yet reached the peak of this tech, which still makes it a gizmo, we are walking towards it. AR is an amalgamation of technology and the real world, and it helps to see hypothetical things (recorded through camera or sensor) in the real world surroundings. A Representation of AR in Architecture Did you play the Pokemon Go game? It is a perfect example of AR. Various Snapchat filters make use of this tech too. But, now let’s see the architectural representation of AR. AR can be used to showcase a prototype construction of a building in a 3D structure to your team and clients. This will make it easier for them to analyze the details more. Further, they can even interact with it, zoom in or out, for instance. Moreover, the LiDAR sensor in the iPhone 12 can also measure the height and distances of objects, which is another amazing application of this tech. Clearly, with more research, we can explore more advancements of AR in architecture. 4. Holograms: Now, a hologram is another step forward from AR. A hologram is a 3D (or even 4D) representation of an object in the real-time world, without depending on a screen, like we do in AR. That is, you need a screen to display a model in AR, but you need projectors in the case of holograms. Although it was coined in 1948, this technology hasn’t reached a lot of practical applications yet. But, it holds a ton of potential. A Practical Example of Hologram in Architecture As explained above, holograms are images that you can interact with, without any intervention of a screen. You can see ample applications of this gizmo in some sci-fi movies. By creating a hologram model, architects can analyze deeply, and look into flaws of a build deeply, and at much more efficiency, without building anything at all. This technology can help to avoid constructional failures, and will also let anyone be more clear of their ideology. 5. Lasers: Considered to be nothing more than just a beam of coloured light by many, a Laser is much more than that. Scientists are continuously working on finding more applications of this technology, and it is going places! Lasers are now being used in the medical field, big industries, and even warfare. A Laser Being Used as a cutting tool A laser is a wonderful tool when it comes to architecture. We do not know everything about it, so its use is limited to specified areas. But, when it comes to cutting, nothing can beat the precision of a laser. It is further used in welding, drilling, and even cleaning! It is such a package of tech, that its applications are way more diverse than we can expect. Positively, many more representations of this technology are yet to be found in architecture. So, these are some of the many representations of technology that we can expect in the future of architecture. All of these are in development stages, and who knows what more we can expect from them! But, one thing we can be sure of is that the future of architecture is going to be magnificent with them. Which one of these technologies is your favorite? Do let us know in the comments. Also, make sure to keep visiting us for more such content on architecture. Leave a Reply This Post Has One Comment
St. Kitts and Nevis > Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis are separated by a shallow 3-kilometre channel known as "The Narrows". Nevis is roughly conical in shape with a volcano known as Nevis Peak at its centre. The island is fringed on its western and northern coastlines by sandy beaches which are composed of a mixture of white coral sand with brown and black sand which is eroded and washed down from the volcanic rocks that make up the island. The gently-sloping coastal plain has natural freshwater springs as well as non-potable volcanic hot springs, especially along the western coast. The island was named Oualie by the Caribs and Dulcina by the early British settlers. The name Nevis is derived from the Spanish Nuestra Señora de las Nieves ; the name first appears on maps in the 16th century. Nevis is also known by the sobriquet "Queen of the Caribees", which it earned in the 18th century, when its sugar plantations created much wealth for the British. In 1498, Christopher Columbus gave the island the name San Martin (Saint Martin). However, the confusion of numerous poorly-charted small islands in the Leeward Island chain meant that this name ended up being accidentally transferred to another island, which is still known as Saint-Martin/Sint Maarten. The current name Nevis was derived from a Spanish name Nuestra Señora de las Nieves by a process of abbreviation and anglicisation. The Spanish name means Our Lady of the Snows. It is not known who chose this name for the island, but it is a reference to the story of a 4th-century Catholic miracle: a snowfall on the Esquiline Hill in Rome. Presumably the white clouds that usually cover the top of Nevis Peak reminded someone of this story of a miraculous snowfall in a hot climate. Nevis was part of the Spanish claim to the Caribbean islands, a claim pursued until the Treaty of Madrid (1670), even though there were no Spanish settlements on the island. According to Vincent Hubbard, author of Swords, Ships & Sugar: History of Nevis, the Spanish ruling caused many of the Arawak groups who were not ethnically Caribs to "be redefined as Caribs overnight". Records indicate that the Spanish enslaved large numbers of the native inhabitants on the more accessible of the Leeward Islands and sent them to Cubagua, Venezuela to dive for pearls. Hubbard suggests that the reason the first European settlers found so few "Caribs" on Nevis is that they had already been rounded up by the Spanish and shipped off to be used as slaves. Nevis was first sighted by Columbus in 1493; an island settled for more than two thousand years by Amerindian people. The indigenous people of Nevis during these periods belonged to the Leeward Island Amerindian groups popularly referred to as Arawaks and Caribs, a complex mosaic of ethnic groups with similar culture and language. Lennox Honychurch (D. Phil. in Anthropology) from Dominica, a leading scholar in the history and culture of Caribs, traces the European use of the term "Carib" to refer to the Leeward Island aborigines to Columbus, who picked it up from the Taínos on Hispaniola. It was not a name the Caribs called themselves. "Carib Indians" was the generic name used for all groups believed involved in cannibalistic war rituals, more particularly, the consumption of parts of a killed enemy's body. Colonial era In spite of the Spanish claim, Nevis continued to be a popular stop-over point for English and Dutch ships on their way to the North American continent. Captain Bartholomew Gilbert of Plymouth visited the island in 1603, spending two weeks to cut twenty tons of lignum vitae wood. Gilbert sailed on to Virginia to seek out survivors of the Roanoke settlement in what is now North Carolina. Captain John Smith visited Nevis also on his way to Virginia in 1607. This was the voyage which founded Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World. On 30 August 1620, James 6th of Scotland – James I of England asserted sovereignty over Nevis by giving a Royal Patent for colonisation to the Earl of Carlisle. However, actual European settlement did not happen until 1628 when Anthony Hilton moved from nearby Saint Kitts following a murder plot against him. He was accompanied by 80 other settlers, soon to be boosted by a further 100 settlers from London who had originally hoped to settle Barbuda. Hilton became the first Governor of Nevis. After the Treaty of Madrid (1670) between Spain and England, Nevis became the seat of the British colony and the Admiralty Court also sat in Nevis. Between 1675 and 1730, the island was the headquarters for the slave trade for the Leeward Islands, with approximately 6,000–7,000 enslaved West Africans passing through en route to other islands each year. The Royal African Company brought all its ships through Nevis. A 1678 census shows a community of Irish people – 22% of the population – existing as either indentured servants or freemen. Due to the profitable Slave Trade and the high quality of Nevisian sugar cane, the island soon became a dominant source of wealth for Great Britain and the slave-owning British plantocracy. When the Leeward Islands were separated from Barbados in 1671, Nevis became the seat of the Leeward Islands colony and was given the nickname "Queen of the Caribees". It remained colonial capital for the Leeward Islands until the seat was transferred to Antigua for military reasons in 1698. During this period, Nevis was the richest of the British Leeward Islands. The island outranked larger islands like Jamaica in sugar production in the late 17th century. The wealth of the planters on the island is evident in the tax records preserved at the Calendar State Papers in the British Colonial Office Public Records, where the amount of tax collected on the Leeward Islands was recorded. The sums recorded for 1676 as "head tax on slaves", a tax payable in sugar, amounted to 384,600 pounds in Nevis, as opposed to 67,000 each in Antigua and Saint Kitts, 62,500 in Montserrat, and 5,500 total in the other five islands. The profits on sugar cultivation in Nevis was enhanced by the fact that the cane juice from Nevis yielded an unusually high amount of sugar. A gallon (3.79 litres) of cane juice from Nevis yielded 24 ounces (0.71 litres) of sugar, whereas a gallon from Saint Kitts yielded 16 ounces (0.47 litres). Twenty percent of the British Empire's total sugar production in 1700 was derived from Nevisian plantations. Exports from West Indian colonies like Nevis were worth more than all the exports from all the mainland Thirteen Colonies of North America combined at the time of the American Revolution. The great wealth generated by the colonies of the West Indies led to wars between Spain, Britain, and France. The formation of the United States can be said to be a partial by-product of these wars and the strategic trade aims that often ignored North America. Three privateers (William Kidd being one of them) were employed by the British Crown to help protect ships in Nevis' waters. During the 17th century, the French, based on Saint Kitts, launched many attacks on Nevis, sometimes assisted by the Island Caribs, who in 1667 sent a large fleet of canoes along in support. In the same year a Franco-Dutch invasion fleet was repelled off Nevis by an English fleet. Letters and other records from the era indicate that the English on Nevis hated and feared the Amerindians. In 1674 and 1683 they participated in attacks on Carib villages in Dominica and St. Vincent, in spite of a lack of official approval from the Crown for the attack. On Nevis, the English built Fort Charles and a series of smaller fortifications to aid in defending the island. This included Saddle Hill Battery, built in 1740 to replace a deodand on Mount Nevis. In 1706, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, the French Canadian founder of Louisiana in North America, decided to drive the English out of Nevis and thus also stop pirate attacks on French ships; he considered Nevis the region's headquarters for piracy against French trade. During d'Iberville's invasion of Nevis, French buccaneers were used in the front line, infamous for being ruthless killers after the pillaging during the wars with Spain where they gained a reputation for torturing and murdering non-combatants. In the face of the invading force, the English militiamen of Nevis fled. Some planters burned the plantations, rather than letting the French have them, and hid in the mountains. It was the enslaved Africans who held the French at bay by taking up arms to defend their families and the island. The slave quarters had been looted and burned as well, as the main reward promised the men fighting on the French side in the attack was the right to capture as many slaves as possible and resell them in Martinique. During the fighting, 3,400 enslaved Nevisians were captured and sent off to Martinique, but about 1,000 more, poorly armed and militarily untrained, held the French troops at bay, by "murderous fire" according to an eyewitness account by an English militiaman. He wrote that "the slaves' brave behaviour and defence there shamed what some of their masters did, and they do not shrink to tell us so." After 18 days of fighting, the French were driven off the island. Among the Nevisian men, women and children carried away on d'Iberville's ships, six ended up in Louisiana, the first persons of African descent to arrive there. One consequence of the French attack was a collapsed sugar industry and during the ensuing hardship on Nevis, small plots of land on the plantations were made available to the enslaved families in order to control the loss of life due to starvation. With less profitability for the absentee plantation owners, the import of food supplies for the plantation workers dwindled. Between 1776 and 1783, when the food supplies failed to arrive altogether due to the rebellion in North America, 300–400 enslaved Nevisians starved to death. On 1 August 1834, slavery was abolished in the British Empire. In Nevis, 8,815 slaves were freed. The first Monday in August is celebrated as Emancipation Day and is part of the annual Nevis Culturama festival. A four-year apprenticeship programme followed the abolishment of slavery on the plantations. In spite of the continued use of the labour force, the Nevisian slave owners were paid over £150,000 in compensation from the British Government for the loss of property, whereas the enslaved families received nothing for 200 years of labour. One of the wealthiest planter families in Nevis, the Pinneys of Montravers Plantation, claimed £36,396 (worth close to £1,800,000 today) in compensation for the slaves on the family-owned plantations around the Caribbean. Because of the early distribution of plots and because many of the planters departed from the island when sugar cultivation became unprofitable, a relatively large percentage of Nevisians already owned or controlled land at emancipation. Others settled on crown land. This early development of a society with a majority of small, landowning farmers and entrepreneurs created a stronger middleclass in Nevis than in Saint Kitts where the sugar industry continued until 2006. Even though the 15 families in the wealthy planter elite no longer control the arable land, Saint Kitts still has a large, landless working class population. 1800 to the present day Before 1967, the local government of Saint Kitts was also the government of Nevis and Anguilla. Nevis had two seats and Anguilla one seat in the government. The economic and infrastructural development of the two smaller islands was not a priority to the colonial federal government. When the hospital in Charlestown was destroyed in a hurricane in 1899, planting of trees in the squares of Saint Kitts and refurbishing of government buildings, also in Saint Kitts, took precedence over the rebuilding of the only hospital in Nevis. After five years without any proper medical facilities, the leaders in Nevis initiated a campaign, threatening to seek independence from Saint Kitts. The British Administrator in Saint Kitts, Charles Cox, was unmoved. He stated that Nevis did not need a hospital since there had been no significant rise in the number of deaths during the time Nevisians had been without a hospital. Therefore, no action was needed on behalf of the government, and besides, Cox continued, the Legislative Council regarded "Nevis and Anguilla as a drag on St. Kitts and would willingly see a separation". Finally, a letter of complaint to the metropolitan British Foreign Office gave result and the federal government in Saint Kitts was ordered by their superiors in London to take speedy action. The Legislative Council took another five years to consider their options. The final decision by the federal government was to not rebuild the old hospital after all, but to instead convert the old Government House in Nevis into a hospital, named Alexandra Hospital after Queen Alexandra, wife of King Edward VII. A majority of the funds assigned for the hospital could thus spent on the construction of a new official residence in Nevis. Modernised classrooms and better equipped schools, as well as improvements in the educational system, have contributed to a leap in academic performance on the island. The pass rate among the Nevisian students sitting for the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) exams, the Cambridge General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE) and the Caribbean Advance Proficiency Examinations is now consistently among the highest in the English-speaking Caribbean. After d'Iberville's invasion in 1704, records show Nevis’ sugar industry in ruins and a decimated population begging the English Parliament and relatives for loans and monetary assistance to stave off island-wide starvation. The sugar industry on the island never fully recovered and during the general depression that followed the loss of the West Indian sugar monopoly, Nevis fell on hard times and the island became one of the poorest in the region. The island remained poorer than Saint Kitts until 1991, when the fiscal performance of Nevis edged ahead of the fiscal performance of Saint Kitts for the first time since the French invasion. The European Commission's Delegation in Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean estimates the annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on Nevis to be about 10 percent higher than on St. Kitts. Offshore accounting The introduction of new legislation has made offshore financial services a rapidly growing economic sector in Nevis. Incorporation of companies, international insurance and reinsurance, as well as several international banks, trust companies, asset management firms, have created a boost in the economy. During 2005, the Nevis Island Treasury collected $94.6 million in annual revenue, compared to $59.8 million during 2001. In 1998, 17,500 international banking companies were registered in Nevis. Registration and annual filing fees paid in 1999 by these entities amounted to over 10 percent of Nevis’ revenues. The offshore financial industry gained importance during the financial disaster of 1999 when Hurricane Lenny damaged the major resort on the island, causing the hotel to be closed down for a year and 400 of the 700 employees to be laid off. In 2000, the Financial Action Task Force, part of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), issued a blacklist of 35 nations which were said to be non-cooperative in the campaign against tax evasion and money laundering. The list included the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, as well as Liechtenstein, Monaco, Luxembourg, the British Channel Islands, Israel, and Russia. No alleged misconduct had taken place on Nevis, but the island was included in the blanket action against all offshore financial business centres, as such centres cause a considerable loss of tax revenue for the G7 countries. The political structure for the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is based on the Westminster Parliamentary system, but it is a unique structure in that Nevis has its own unicameral legislature, consisting of Her Majesty's representative (the Deputy Governor General) and members of the Nevis Island Assembly. Nevis has considerable autonomy in its legislative branch. The constitution actually empowers the Nevis Island Legislature to make laws that cannot be abrogated by the National Assembly. In addition, Nevis has a constitutionally protected right to secede from the federation, should a two-third majority of the island's population vote for independence in a local referendum. Section 113.(1) of the constitution states: "The Nevis Island Legislature may provide that the island of Nevis shall cease to be federated with the island of Saint Christopher and accordingly that this Constitution shall no longer have effect in the island of Nevis." Nevis has its own premier and its own government, the Nevis Island Administration. It collects its own taxes and has a separate budget, with a current account surplus. According to a statement released by the Nevis Ministry of Finance in 2005, Nevis had one of the highest growth rates in gross national product and per capita income in the Caribbean at that point. The federal prime minister, Denzil Douglas, is the leader of the majority party of the federal House of Representatives in Saint Kitts, and his cabinet conducts the affairs of state. The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis has a 14 or 15-member unicameral legislature or parliament (the Senate and House of Representatives sit and vote together): A Senate, with three or four members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; and a popularly elected House of Representatives with 11 members, eight Saint Kitts seats and three Nevis seats. The prime minister and the cabinet are responsible to the Parliament. Nevis elections are scheduled every five years. The Nevis elections of 2013, called on 23 January 2013, was won by the party in opposition, the Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), led by Vance Amory. The CCM won three of the five seats in the Nevis Island Assembly, while the incumbent party, the Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), won two. In the federal elections of 2010, the CCM won two of the three Nevis assigned Federal seats, while the NRP won one. Of the eight Saint Kitts assigned federal seats, the St Kitts-Nevis Labour Party won six and the People's Action Movement (PAM) two. Movement for constitutional reform Joseph Parry, leader of the opposition, has indicated that he favours constitutional reform over secession for Nevis. His party, the NRP, has historically been the strongest and most ardent proponent for Nevis independence; the party came to power with secession as the main campaign issue. In 1975, the NRP manifesto declared that: "The Nevis Reformation Party will strive at all costs to gain secession for Nevis from St. Kitts – a privilege enjoyed by the island of Nevis prior to 1882." A cursory proposal for constitutional reform was presented by the NRP in 1999, but the issue was not prominent in the 2006 election campaign and it appears a detailed proposal has yet to be worked out and agreed upon within the party. In Handbook of Federal Countries published by Forum of Federations, the authors consider the constitution problematic because it does not "specifically outline" the federal financial arrangements or the means by which the central government and Nevis Island Administration can raise revenue: "In terms of the NIA, the constitution only states (in s. 108(1)) that 'all revenues...raised or received by the Administration...shall be paid into and form a fund styled the Nevis Island Consolidated Fund.' [...] Section 110(1) states that the proceeds of all 'takes' collected in St. Kitts and Nevis under any law are to be shared between the federal government and the Nevis Island Administration based on population. The share going to the NIA, however, is subject to deductions (s. 110(2)), such as the cost of common services and debt charges, as determined by the Governor-General (s.110(3)) on the advice of the Prime Minister who can also take advice from the Premier of Nevis (s.110(4))." According to a 1995 report by the Commonwealth Observer Group of the Commonwealth Secretariat, "the federal government is also the local government of St Kitts and this has resulted in a perception among the political parties in Nevis that the interests of the people of Nevis are being neglected by the federal government which is more concerned with the administration of St Kitts than with the federal administration." Secession movement Simeon Daniel, Nevis' first Premier and former leader of the Nevis Reformation Party (NRP) and Vance Amory, Premier and leader of the Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), made sovereign independence for Nevis from the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis part of their parties' agenda. Since independence from the United Kingdom in 1983, the Nevis Island Administration and the Federal Government have been involved in several conflicts over the interpretation of the new constitution which came into effect at independence. During an interview on Voice of America in March 1998, repeated in a government issued press release headlined "PM Douglas Maintains 1983 Constitution is Flawed", Prime Minister Denzil Douglas called the constitution a "recipe for disaster and disharmony among the people of both islands". A crisis developed in 1984 when the People's Action Movement (PAM) won a majority in the Federal elections and temporarily ceased honouring the Federal Government's financial obligations to Nevis. Consequently, cheques issued by the Nevis Administration were not honoured by the Bank, public servants in Nevis were not paid on time and the Nevis Island Administration experienced difficulties in meeting its financial obligations. There is also substantial support in Nevis for British Overseas Territory status similarly to Anguilla, which was formerly the third of the tri-state Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla colony. Legislative motivation for secession In 1996, four new bills were introduced in the National Assembly in Saint Kitts, one of which made provisions to have revenue derived from activities in Nevis paid directly to the treasury in Saint Kitts instead of to the treasury in Nevis. Another bill, The Financial Services Committee Act, contained provisions that all investments in Saint Kitts and Nevis would require approval by an investment committee in Saint Kitts. This was controversial, because ever since 1983 the Nevis Island Administration had approved all investments for Nevis, on the basis that the constitution vests legislative authority for industries, trades and businesses and economic development in Nevis to the Nevis Island Administration. All three representatives from Nevis, including the leader of the opposition in the Nevis Island Assembly, objected to the introduction of these bills into the National Assembly in Saint Kitts, arguing that the bills would affect the ability of Nevis to develop its offshore financial services sector and that the bills would be detrimental to the Nevis economy. All the representatives in opposition in the National Assembly shared the conviction that the bills, if passed into law, would be unconstitutional and undermine the constitutional and legislative authority of the Nevis Island Administration, as well as result in the destruction of the economy of Nevis. The constitutional crisis initially developed when the newly appointed Attorney General refused to grant permission for the Nevis Island Administration to assert its legal right in the Courts. After a decision of the High Court in favour of the Nevis Island Administration, the Prime Minister gave newspaper interviews stating that he "refused to accept the decision of the High Court". Due to the deteriorating relationship between the Nevis Island Administration and the Federal Government, a Constitutional Committee was appointed in April 1996 to advise on whether or not the present constitutional arrangement between the islands should continue. The committee recommended constitutional reform and the establishment of an island administration for Saint Kitts, separate from the Federal Government. The Federal Government in Saint Kitts fills both functions today and Saint Kitts does not have an equivalent to the Nevis Island Administration. Disagreements between the political parties in Nevis and between the Nevis Island Administration and the Federal Government have prevented the recommendations by the electoral committee from being implemented. The problematic political arrangement between the two islands therefore continues to date. Nevis has continued developing its own legislation, such as The Nevis International Insurance Ordinance and the Nevis International Mutual Funds Ordinance of 2004, but calls for secession are often based on concerns that the legislative authority of the Nevis Island Administration might be challenged again in the future. Fiscal motivation for secession The issues of political dissension between Saint Kitts and Nevis are often centred around perceptions of imbalance in the economic structure. As noted by many scholars, Nevisians have often referred to a structural imbalance in Saint Kitts' favour in how funds are distributed between the two islands and this issue has made the movement for Nevis secession a constant presence in the island's political arena, with many articles appearing in the local press expressing concerns such as those compiled by Everton Powell in "What Motivates Our Call for Independence": 1998 referendum A referendum on secession from the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis was held in 1998. Although 62% voted in favor of a secession, a two-thirds majority would have been necessary for the referendum to succeed. The island of Nevis is divided into five administrative subdivisions called parishes, each of which has an elected representative in the Nevis Island Assembly. The division of this almost round island into parishes was done in a circular sector pattern, so each parish is shaped like a pie slice, reaching from the highest point of Nevis Peak down to the coastline. The parishes have double names, for example Saint George Gingerland. The first part of the name is the name of the patron saint of the parish church, and the second part of the name is the traditional common name of the parish. Often the parishes are referred to simply by their common names. The religious part of a parish name is sometimes written or pronounced in the possessive: Saint George's Gingerland. The five parishes of Nevis are: Seven volcanic centers make up Nevis. These include Round Hill (3.43 Ma), Cades Bay (3.22 Ma), Hurricane Hill (2.7 Ma), Saddle Hill (1.8 Ma), Butlers Mountain (1.1 Ma), Red Cliff and Nevis Peak (0.98 Ma). These are mainly andesite and dacite lava domes, with associated block and ash flows, plus lahars.Nevis Peak has the highest elevation at 984 m. Cades Bay and Farm Estate Soufriere are noted areas of hydrothermal activity. Water has been piped since 1911 from a spring called the "Source", located 1800 feet up the mountain, to storage tanks at Rawlins Village, and since 1912, to Butler's Village. Additional drinking water comes from Nelson's Spring near Cotton Ground and Bath Spring. Groundwater has been extracted since the 1990s, and mixed with the Source water. Nevis Peak (985 m /3,232 ft) is the dormant remnant of one of these ancient stratovolcanoes. The last activity took place about 100,000 years ago, but active fumaroles and hot springs are still found on the island, the most recent formed in 1953. The composite cone of Nevis volcano has two overlapping summit craters that are partially filled by a lava dome, created in recent, pre-Columbian time. Pyroclastic flows and mudflows were deposited on the lower slopes of the cone simultaneously. Nevis Peak is located on the outer crater rim. Four other lava domes were constructed on the flanks of the volcano, one on the northeast flank (Madden's Mount), one on the eastern flank (Butlers Mountain), one on the northwest coast (Mount Lily) and one on the south coast (Saddle Hill, with a height of 375 metres). There are visible wave-breaking reefs along the northern and eastern shorelines. To the south and west, the reefs are located in deeper water and are suitable for scuba diving. The most developed beach on Nevis is the 6.5 km long Pinney's Beach, on the western or Caribbean coast. There are sheltered swimming beaches in Oualie Bay and Cades Bay. The eastern coast of the island faces into the Atlantic Ocean, and can have strong surf in parts of the shore which are unprotected by fringing coral reefs. The colour of the sand on the beaches of Nevis is variable: on a lot of the bigger beaches the sand is a yellow grey in colour, but some beaches on the southern coast have darker, reddish, or even black sand. Under a microscope it becomes clear that Nevis sand is a mixture of tiny fragments of coral, many foraminifera, and small crystals of the various mineral constituents of the volcanic rock of which the island is made. Colonial deforestation During the 17th and 18th centuries, massive deforestation was undertaken by the planters as the land was initially cleared for sugar cultivation. This intense land exploitation by the sugar and cotton industry lasted almost 300 years, and greatly changed the island's ecosystem. In some places along the windswept southeast or "Windward" coast of the island, the landscape is radically altered compared with how it used to be in pre-colonial times. Due to extreme land erosion, the top soil was swept away, and in some places at the coast, sheer cliffs as high as 25 metres (82 ft) have developed. Thick forest once covered the eastern coastal plain, where the Amerindians built their first settlements during the Aceramic period, complimenting the ecosystem surrounding the coral reef just offshore. It was the easy access to fresh water on the island and the rich food source represented by the ocean life sheltered by the reef that made it feasible for the Amerindians to settle this area around 600 BC. With the loss of the natural vegetation, the balance in runoff nutrients to the reef was disturbed, eventually causing as much as 80 percent of the large eastern fringing reef to become inactive. As the reef broke apart, it in turn provided less protection for the coastline. During times of maximum cultivation, sugar cane fields stretched from the coastline of Nevis up to an altitude at which the mountain slopes were too steep and rocky to farm. Nonetheless, once the sugar industry was finally abandoned, vegetation on the leeward side of the island regrew reasonably well, as scrub and secondary forest. Water resources Nevis has several natural freshwater springs (including Nelson's Spring). The island also has numerous non-potable volcanic hot springs, including most notably the Bath Spring near Bath village, just south of the capital Charlestown. After heavy rains, powerful rivers of rainwater pour down the numerous ravines (known as ghauts). When the water reaches the coastline, the corresponding coastal ponds, both freshwater and brackish, fill to capacity and beyond, spilling over into the sea. With modern development, the existing freshwater springs are no longer enough to supply water to the whole island. The water supply now comes mostly from Government wells. The major source of potable water for the island is groundwater, obtained from 14 active wells. Water is pumped from the wells, stored and allowed to flow by gravity to the various locations. Music, theatre and dance Nevisian culture has since the 17th century incorporated African, European and East Indian cultural elements, creating a distinct Afro-Caribbean culture. Several historical anthropologists have done field research Nevis and in Nevisian migrant communities in order to trace the creation and constitution of a Nevisian cultural community. Karen Fog Olwig published her research about Nevis in 1993, writing that the areas where the Afro-Caribbean traditions were especially strong and flourishing relate to kinship and subsistence farming. However, she adds, Afro-Caribbean cultural impulses were not recognised or valued in the colonial society and were therefore often expressed through Euro-Caribbean cultural forms. Examples of European forms appropriated to express Afro-Caribbean culture are the Nevisian and Kittitian Tea Meetings and Christmas Sports. According to anthropologist Roger D. Abrahams, these traditional performance art forms are "Nevisian approximation of British performance codes, techniques, and patterns". He writes that the Tea Meetings were staged as theatrical "battles between decorum and chaos", decorum represented by the ceremony chairmen and chaos the hecklers in the audience, with a diplomatic King or a Queen presiding over the battle to ensure fairness. The Christmas Sports included a form of comedy and satire based on local events and gossip. They were historically an important part of the Christmas celebrations in Nevis, performed on Christmas Eve by small troupes consisting of five or six men accompanied by string bands from different parts of the island. One of the men in the troupe was dressed as a woman, playing all the female parts in the dramatisations. The troupes moved from yard to yard to perform their skits, using props, face paint and costumes to play the roles of well-known personalities in the community. Examples of gossip about undesired behaviour that could surface in the skits for comic effect were querulous neighbours, adulterous affairs, planters mistreating workers, domestic disputes or abuse, crooked politicians and any form of stealing or cheating experienced in the society. Even though no names were mentioned in these skits, the audience would usually be able to guess who the heckling message in the troupe's dramatised portrayals was aimed at, as it was played out right on the person's own front yard. The acts thus functioned as social and moral commentaries on current events and behaviours in Nevisian society. This particular form is called "Bazzarding" by many locals. Abrahams theorises that Christmas Sports are rooted in the pre-emancipation Christmas and New Year holiday celebrations, when the enslaved population had several days off. American folklorist and musicologist Alan Lomax visited Nevis in 1962 in order to conduct long-term research into the black folk culture of the island. His field trip to Nevis and surrounding islands resulted in the anthology Lomax Caribbean Voyage series. Among the Nevisians recorded were chantey-singing fishermen in a session organised in a rum shop in Newcastle; Santoy, the Calypsonian, performing calypsos by Nevisian ballader and local legend Charles Walters to guitar and cuatro; and string bands, fife players and drummers from Gingerland, performing quadrilles. The island is also known for "Jamband music", which is the kind of music performed by local bands during the "Culturama Festival" and is key to "Jouvert" dancing. The sounds of the so-called "Iron Band" are also popular within the culture; many locals come together using any old pans, sinks, or other kits of any sort; which they use to create sounds and music. This form of music is played throughout the villages during the Christmas and carnival seasons. Two famous Nevisian buildings from the 18th century are Hermitage Plantation, built of lignum vitae wood in 1740, the oldest surviving wooden house still in use in the Caribbean today, and the Bath Hotel, the first hotel in the Caribbean, a luxury hotel and spa built by John Huggins in 1778. The soothing waters of the hotel's hot spring and the lively social life on Nevis attracted many famous Europeans including Antigua-based Admiral Nelson, and Prince William Henry, Duke of Clarence, (future William IV of the United Kingdom), who attended balls and private parties at the Bath Hotel. Today, the building serves as government offices, and there are two outdoor hot-spring bathing spots which were specially constructed in recent years for public use. An often repeated legend appears to suggest that a destructive 1690 earthquake and tsunami destroyed the buildings of the original capital Jamestown on the west coast. Folk tales say that the town sank beneath the ocean. However, archaeologists from the University of Southampton who have done excavations in the area, have found no evidence to indicate that the story is true. They state that this story may originate with an over-excited Victorian letter writer sharing somewhat exaggerated accounts of his exotic life in the tropical colony with a British audience back home. One such letter recounts that so much damage was done to the town that it was completely evacuated, and was engulfed by the sea. Early maps do not, however, actually show a settlement called "Jamestown", only "Morton's Bay", and later maps show that all that was left of Jamestown/Morton's Bay in 1818 was a building labelled "Pleasure House". Very old bricks that wash up on Pinney's Beach after storms may have contributed to this legend of a sunken town; however these bricks are thought to be dumped ballast from 17th and 18th century sailing ships. Notable natives and residents Alphabetical Index of Pages \| Hierarchical Index of Pages
Student Agency: What are the behaviours exhibited by a student when they have agency? I’m receiving questions about agency, so here are some ideas… Nina Davis: Teaching & Learning in Australia Bill Ferriter Follow the link to read more from Bill Ferrier Learner Agency is something we talk about often, but what does this look and sound like? Engagement is a word teachers use but has its meaning changed? So what is Learner Agency and why do we want our students to be empowered? A student developing Learner Agency strives to: Identify their learning goals using appropriate tools e.g. Learning Cycle, pre-tests, continuums, rubrics, exemplars, reflection, etc. Identify their learning goals based on previous learning, reflections, evidence, etc. Be open to and explores possibilities for appropriate learning goals. Use learning goals to monitor and advance their own learning. Manage a number of learning goals at the same time – incorporating different transdisciplinary skills. Identify ‘stretch’ goals and understands the incremental steps to achieve them. Focus on the process, in addition to the product. Articulate why they are learning it and how it connects to previous and… View original post 339 more words Leave a comment Filed under Uncategorized Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Can Crocodiles Be Friendly? Why do crocodiles cry? Can crocodiles be tamed? The majority of crocodiles cannot be tamed. There HAVE been some individuals which have been tamed, but the normal personality for most crocodile species is high strung and aggressive. So don’t count on it. American alligators, on the other hand, can usually be tamed. Which is more dangerous an alligator or a crocodile? Will an alligator attack you? Alligators don’t often attack humans. … In fact, the Sunshine State is home to around 1.3 million alligators, and that’s where the majority of alligator attacks take place. The first fatal alligator attack recorded in the United States occurred in 1973 near Sarasota. Since then, 23 more deaths have been reported. Can crocodiles bond with humans? Do crocodiles feel pain? Do crocodiles attack on land? Who would win alligator or crocodile? Size Comparison. Not only do crocodiles beat alligators in the sheer power of their bites, they also do in size potential. The biggest verified saltwater crocodile specimen exceeded 2,000 pounds and length of more than 23 feet. The biggest verified American alligator specimen was approximately 1,000 pounds and 19 feet. Can alligators be friendly? Do crocodiles feel love? Do crocodiles feel sad? When someone feigns sadness they ‘cry crocodile tears,’ a phrase that comes from an old myth that the animals cry while eating. … Now, a University of Florida researcher has concluded that crocodiles really do bawl while banqueting – but for physiological reasons rather than rascally reptilian remorse. How smart is a crocodile?
About sudden death This page provides a brief introduction to sudden deaths and the devastation they cause to people’s lives. If you have been suddenly bereaved by any cause, including by COVID-19 (coronavirus) you can also read our help for bereaved adults pages. If children have been bereaved you can read our information on caring for bereaved children. If you are caring for, or providing support for, a suddenly bereaved person you can learn more about sudden death by reading our help for friends and communities pages. If you are a professional providing support to a suddenly bereaved person, you can find information and resources to help your work here. A sudden death is an unexpected death A sudden death is any kind of death that happens unexpectedly. This includes: • suicide • road crash or other transport disaster • drowning, falling, fire or other tragedy • undiagnosed advanced terminal illness, such as advanced cancer • sudden natural causes, such as heart attack, brain haemorrhage, or cot death • sudden death from a communicable disease such as COVID-19 • sudden death from a serious illness that was known about, but where death wasn’t expected, for example epilepsy • murder • war or terrorism A sudden death is an unanticipated death While sudden deaths have very different causes, what unites them all is that they are unexpected and consequently unanticipated. The people bereaved by these deaths have no time to prepare for their loss, or say goodbye. Their bereavement consequently comes as a shock; a bolt from the blue. A sudden death rips apart people’s lives By their very definition, sudden deaths are more likely to occur among children, young people, and healthy mid-life adults. Therefore, sudden deaths often mean people’s lives are ripped apart by the death of somebody very significant, close and central to their life, such as a life partner, father, son, brother, mother, daughter or sister. People bereaved by sudden death often suffer severely Suddenly bereaved children, as well as suddenly bereaved adults, share these needs. Often the needs of bereaved children are the same as those of bereaved adults. Challenging grief Many people bereaved suddenly are often described as suffering from ‘complicated grief’ or ‘traumatic grief’. Rather than going through a smooth process of initial sadness and then coming to terms with the death and moving forwards happily, people bereaved suddenly may have a range of powerful reactions to their bereavement, resulting from the shock of their bereavement and the devastation it has caused to their lives. These reactions may be different at different times and over a long time. Some of these reactions may be frightening and mentally or physically painful and debilitating, affecting people’s ability to live their lives constructively in many ways. Massively changed lives As well as having to cope with the traumatic nature of their bereavement and its effect on them, suddenly bereaved people often have their day to day lives irrevocably altered, due to, for example, the death of a life partner who provided financial support, or the death a child who required daily care. As well as working to recover emotionally, suddenly bereaved people often have to rebuild their lives and make a new plan for the future, as the plan they had before the death has been destroyed. It can be extremely hard to plan a new direction in life when suffering the after-shocks of a sudden death. In addition, suddenly bereaved people may suffer their bereavement at a time when they are already dealing with a major life challenge; for example domestic abuse, job loss, marriage break up, another bereavement, or some other calamity. Support and recovery It is possible to recover following a sudden bereavement and lead a full and happy life again. However, people bereaved suddenly often need sensitive and significant support to help them recover fully, and as soon as possible. Support should be tailored to the particular needs of the individual, after careful identification of these needs. It may be provided by more than one person or agency responding to these identified needs. Support may be appropriate, depending on the individual’s circumstance and needs, from relatives and friends, professionals specialising in providing therapy for complex grief and / or post-traumatic stress disorder, government agencies such as housing agencies, and community, health and spiritual leaders. There are often also charities specifically offering support to specific types of suddenly bereaved people, for example charities specialising in caring for victims of road crashes, murder, suicide, cot death, or war. These charities offer a variety of services including, often, contact with people bereaved in the same way. However, people suddenly bereaved by other causes, such as at-work accidents or cardiac arrest, may not have charity services specifically aimed at supporting them. More information about appropriate support can be found in the Help for bereaved adults, Help for friends and communities, and Help for professionals sections of this site.
All shades now come with a limited lifetime warranty! Brief History of Sunglasses Post - May 16, 2021 May 16, 2021 Ancient History Well before laser measuring, alloy metals, high grade plastics, and Hollywood glam, humans needed to protect their eyes from the sun’s harmful rays. The origins of sun protecting eyewear from prehistoric times are thought to have come from Inuit tribes, and they were hardly the frame and lens combination we know today. In fact, the earliest eye protection was simply thin slits cut into walrus ivory, bone, or wood--blocking the sun’s oppressive glare in snowy areas by creating a very narrow opening for the ancient wearers to look through. © Science Museum, London, Wellcome Images -- No copyright infringement intended © Science Museum, London, Wellcome Images Another very old “version” of sunglasses traces back to China in the 12th century where people used smoky quartz to reduce glare (but not to correct vision). It is also believed that Chinese judges used these quartz lenses like screens so that witnesses would not be able to see their facial expressions during questioning. While not specifically designed to block the sun’s rays, many mark the work of English Optician James Ayscough in the mid 18th century as another leap in eyewear. He believed that using green and blue tinted lenses could help alleviate some vision problems, and was right; Green lenses are still considered one of the best lens colors for creating contrast by filtering out blue light! Modern History As we turned into the 20th century, sunglasses innovation started heating up. Sir William Crookes invented the first UV blocking lens by using the element cerium in 1913. Movie stars began wearing them to avoid the prying eyes of the paparazzi in the 1920s, which of course only made them more popular. And, by the end of that decade, Sam Foster began bulk producing sunglasses out of celluloid, and selling them in Atlantic City, New Jersey. His company, Foster Grant, is often thought to be the first company to bring inexpensive sunglasses to the masses. In the 1930s and 1940s, with the world at war, the US military became another big catalyst for the evolution of sunglasses. The Army Air Core specifically, sought out lenses which could help reduce glare at high altitudes for their pilots. From green-tinted aviators as we know them today to the development of gradient lenses (so pilots could see their instruments looking down, while protecting their eyes at the top) are a prime example. In 1936, Edwin Land who co-founded the Polaroid company, also developed filtered lenses to polarize light, and polarized sunglasses became a reality. This post is for educational purposes, and no copyright infringement is intended. Image found on With the functional aspects of sunglasses sorted, the remainder of the 20th century saw a greater focus on the style and aesthetics of sunglasses. Styles that are still popular today like cat-eyes and wayfarers (1950s), round lenses (1970s), and curvy wrap-arounds (1990s) all had their moment in the sun (pun intended)--yet they continue to attract wearers keen on a specific look. Like many products, sunglasses have also become more refined, less fragile, and better-shaped to compliment activities and styles of the wearer. While we certainly didn’t invent the wheel, here at SunHeist, we are proud to focus on being a part of the current history by making our line of high-quality sunglasses!
Question: Is Hearsay Enough To Convict Someone? What are the 3 types of evidence? Evidence: Definition and TypesReal evidence;Demonstrative evidence;Documentary evidence; and.Testimonial evidence.. What is best evidence rule in law? What are the two main types of evidence? Can police charge me without evidence? What it comes down to is evidence, if you have been caught during the commission of a crime then you can be arrested on the spot, charged at the police station and interviewed under caution. If they have only a suspicion and no evidence then they can interview you voluntarily or under caution, then charge you. When can hearsay be used in court? Section 114 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 defines hearsay evidence as a statement not made in oral evidence in criminal proceedings and admissible as evidence of any matter stated but only if certain conditions are met, specifically where: It is in the interests of justice to admit it (see section 114(1)(d)) How do you get around hearsay? Opposing a Hearsay Objection If you are offering the evidence, consider whether you can argue that the statement is not being offered for the truth of the matter. For example: Your Honor, the evidence is not offered to prove the truth of the matter stated. Is hearsay circumstantial evidence? Hearsay evidence can be used in court under the following scenarios. The reality is that few cases involve “smoking-gun evidence,” and the law recognizes that most claims will be proven through circumstantial evidence, or evidence that requires drawing an inference to reach a conclusion. This includes hearsay evidence. Why is hearsay unreliable? According to American legal tradition, hearsay is inherently unreliable for the purpose of proving whatever was said by the person who made the statement—also known as “the declarant”—is true. As a result, hearsay statements are inadmissible to prove the truth of whatever the declarant stated. Can hearsay be used in a trial? Hearsay evidence is often inadmissible at trial. However, many exclusions and exceptions exist. For something to be hearsay, it does not matter whether the statement was oral or written. Generally speaking, hearsay cannot be used as evidence at trial. What is first hand hearsay? (1) A reference in this Division (other than in subsection (2)) to a previous representation is a reference to a previous representation that was made by a person who had personal knowledge of an asserted fact. Can police report be used as evidence? Police Reports Can Provide Important Facts. So, though you cannot use statements in a police report as evidence in court, you can try to contact those same witnesses and ask them for an informal statement about their observations, which you can then use as leverage in settlement talks. What is hearsay example? Examples of Hearsay For example, it is not appropriate for a witness to testify about something he or she heard as office gossip about a coworker. … Earlier in the night, you overheard two people arguing in the bathroom — this overheard argument would be hearsay if you testified about it in court. What are exceptions to hearsay? Are texts enough to convict? What is considered hearsay evidence? Hearsay evidence, in a legal forum, is testimony from a witness under oath who is reciting an out-of-court statement, content of which is being offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. … The hearsay rule does not exclude the evidence if it is an operative fact. Can you be convicted without evidence? What evidence is admissible in court? Evidence and witnesses It can be spoken evidence, or in the form of a document or object. In most cases, evidence is provided by witnesses who can tell the court what they saw or heard (or in some cases, smelt or touched). Witnesses may also introduce physical evidence – such as weapons, drugs, fingerprints and so on. Are tax returns admissible evidence? 12 Thus, anyone who has a right to inspect a given tax re- turn is entitled to use a copy of that return in any case in which he is a party. Some cases hold that income tax returns are privileged com- munications between taxpayer and government, and therefore inadmissible in evidence. What is the strongest type of evidence? Can someone be convicted on hearsay evidence? If all the evidence against you is hearsay, it is all inadmissible. Therefore, no evidence would be admitted. You can’t be convicted if the prosecution submits no evidence of your guilt. … There are also many exceptions to the hearsay rule. What are the 4 main dangers of hearsay? Hearsay Risks:There are 4 hearsay risks associated w/ out-of-court statements.1) Risk of Misperception: Risk not only a function of sensory capacity but of physical circumstance and of mental capacity and psychological condition.2) Risk of fault memory: … 3) Risk of Mistatement: … 4) Risk of Distortion: Is a police report hearsay? Police reports are hearsay. They are something the officer stated (in this case wrote) outside of the current court proceeding and they are typically introduced to show that the events described in them actually happened. You might, therefore, think that they should not be used in court. What are three exceptions to the hearsay rule? What type of evidence is not admissible in court? What happens if there is no evidence in a case? If there is no evidence, no witnesses, no statements, nothing against you, then the Prosecutor would not have much of a case. If so, charges should be dismissed. … If there really is no evidence whatsoever, an Attorney would be able to work to get the charges dismissed without having to go to trial. Is a contract hearsay? A contract, for example, is a form of verbal act to which the law attaches duties and liabilities and therefore is not hearsay. . . . In addition, various communications – e.g., conversations, letters, and telegrams – relevant to the making of the contract are also not hearsay. What evidence do you need to charge someone? The police can consider many kinds of evidence and information in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest someone, including: statements of the victim. statements of witnesses who saw or heard the events. statements of the person accused of committing the crime. Can statements be used as evidence? What is hearsay evidence in criminal proceedings? Hearsay evidence is, essentially, any oral or written statements made by a person who is not testifying in court but those statements are relied upon to prove that which is contained in them. For example, a witness in a murder trial heard a man say he saw the accused stab the victim to death. Can you be found guilty on circumstantial evidence?
What is an idle thread? What is an idle thread?.. Answer / v.vijayakumar The special thread a dispatcher will execute when no ready thread is found. Is This Answer Correct ? 6 Yes 0 No Post New Answer More Operating Systems General Concepts Interview Questions What does microprocessor speed depend on? 3 Answers What mean operating system? 0 Answers How do you know if you need 32 bit or 64 bit software? 0 Answers Explain trashing? 0 Answers much time is spent usually in each phases and why? 0 Answers Which is the best operating system for pc? 0 Answers What is live boot? 0 Answers What are threads in OS? 0 Answers Fidelity, List the sub-components of i/o manager in windows nt? 0 Answers How do I get the ie tab in chrome? 0 Answers Define max, min heap and search time of heap. 0 Answers Amdocs, Tavant Technologies, Thomson Reuters, Verifone, what are Demand paging, page faults, replacement algorithms, thrashing 1 Answers
Learning Challenges When children and adolescents struggle with academics in school, it is sometimes hard for parents to know why or what to do about it. When not identified or addressed properly, learning challenges can lead to increased frustration, anxiety, low mood, and self-esteem issues. Many parents are told by schools that their child may need a “psycho-educational assessment”, but the waitlists for such assessments within the school district are often long (taking up to 3 years), sometimes preventing timely supports to be put in place for your child. However, psycho-educational assessments (or “psych-eds” or “psychoeds”) are also available in private practice. If you believe your child may be struggling at school and you would like to pursue a private psycho-educational assessment, the team at ChildForward Inc. will be able to clarify your concerns, conduct the assessment to understand your child’s specific learning strengths and challenges, and provide recommendations on how best to support your child at home and at school. Does your child have an extensive and detailed memory? Advanced vocabulary? Learn very quickly? If you have wondered if your child is gifted, or if you want your child to attend a school or program for gifted children, you may also be looking for an assessment to better understand your child’s abilities to help them reach their full potential. What is a Psycho-educational Assessment? A Psycho-educational Assessment is a comprehensive evaluation typically performed by a psychologist to provide detailed information on how a child learns, their strengths and learning challenges, why they are having difficulty at school, and how their specific learning profile can be best supported at home and at school. Assessments typically include a combination of direct standardized tests (e.g., tests of cognitive/intellectual functioning, academic achievement), observations of the child, questionnaires, a review of background information (including a review of report cards), interview with parents, as well as obtaining collateral information from parents, teachers, and/or other educational/health professionals. The purpose of the assessment is to acquire a full picture of your child’s functioning relating to their school performance, which includes their cognitive/intellectual functioning, academic skills, attention/concentration, executive functioning (e.g., planning, organization), fine motor abilities, social, emotional, and behavioural functioning, and adaptive functioning (daily life skills). The assessment may identify or diagnose learning difficulties/disabilities, intellectual delays, ADHD, or giftedness and will provide recommendations on how to best support your child’s unique learning profile. What Can I Expect From a Psycho-Educational Assessment? At ChildForward Inc, Psycho-educational Assessments typically occur in four stages, taking 6-8 weeks on average from start to finish. Stage 1: Initial Interview/Overview of Background Information (1-2 hours) In the first stage, parents will be invited for an initial interview to discuss their main concerns about their child’s learning and the questions they would like the assessment to address. The psychologist will gather relevant background information about your child, such as their developmental, health, academic, and social history. At this time, you will likely be provided with questionnaires to fill out. Stage 2: The Assessment (5-7 hours) This stage will involve the actual assessment. The psychologist will meet and get to know your child and will conduct direct testing with your child one-on-one. Your child will complete activities that involve answering questions, working with blocks, solving puzzles, as well as various academic tasks (e.g., reading, writing, and math). Children typically find the assessment interesting, but it can also be hard work. In order to receive your child’s best effort and prevent fatigue, we usually limit each testing session to last about 2-3 hours at time with a small break in between. If it is needed, and with your consent, this stage of the assessment may also involve a phone call with school personnel and other professionals your child may be working with to gather further information. Stage 3: Scoring, Interpreting, and Report Writing (2-4 weeks) You and your child have completed your portion, and now the psychologist gets to work scoring, interpreting, and writing up your report! Stage 4: Feedback and Follow-Up (1+ hour) In the final stage of the assessment, you will meet with the psychologist for a feedback meeting to discuss the results of the assessment and recommendations to best support your child. You will also receive an assessment report detailing all this information, which you are able to provide to your child’s school. If applicable, the psychologist may also follow-up with your child’s school to provide consultation.
COVID-19 Vaccine Questions & Answers Public Health Department Saba and Saba Health Care Foundation created a survey to get feedback on issues related to the upcoming vaccination against the Covid-19 virus. They thank those who have filled out their survey. Below answers are provided to the questions that came out multiple times. Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine Everyone is looking forward to living without the COVID-19 measures and restrictions. Vaccination will be a major step towards this goal. Currently, several vaccines against COVID-19 are being developed, tested, and then reviewed. Only coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines that are safe and effective will be approved. An approved vaccine will then give you the best protection against coronavirus. Saba will receive vaccinations from The Netherlands. It is not known yet which vaccine will be made available, or how many vaccines Saba will receive. We hope to receive the first shipment of vaccines in February. Why would I want to be vaccinated? Getting a vaccine against COVID-19 is a way to protect yourself and your family, friends, and colleagues, as well as any vulnerable people around you. If many people are vaccinated, coronavirus cannot spread unchecked. Fewer measures will then be necessary to ensure the virus is contained. Who can get the COVID-19 vaccine? Depending on the number of vaccines Saba receives in the coming period, Saba will follow the advice of The Health Council and prioritize vaccinating the following groups 1. Clients in The Home 2. Healthcare personnel 3. People over 60 4. People with pre-existing health conditions (diabetes; severe heart, lung, or kidney disease; immune deficiency) After these groups are vaccinated, other adults on Saba can be vaccinated, starting with the older age groups. Who should not get the COVID-19 vaccine at this moment in time? The vaccines have been tested on tens of thousands of people. However, for the following groups it has yet to be determined if the vaccine is safe: • Children and youth under 16 years old • Pregnant and breastfeeding women • People with a history of severe allergies There is no evidence it’s unsafe if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding. But more evidence is needed before you can be offered the vaccine. How is the COVID-19 vaccine given? It is given as 2 doses, at least 21 days apart. How safe is the COVID-19 vaccine? At the moment only the vaccine developed by Pfizer/BioNTech has received approval for use in the European Union, and hence The Netherlands including Saba. The vaccine developed by Moderna is expected to be reviewed in early January. For approval, vaccines have to meet strict standards of safety, quality and effectiveness set out by the independent European Medicines Agency (EMA) Any coronavirus vaccine that is approved must go through all the clinical trials and safety checks all other licensed medicines go through. The EMA follows international standards of safety. Other vaccines are being developed. They will only be available in The Netherlands once they have been thoroughly tested to make sure they are safe and effective. How effective is the COVID-19 vaccine? After having both doses of the vaccine most people will be protected against coronavirus. It takes a few weeks after getting the 2nd dose for it to work. There is a small chance you might still get coronavirus even if you have the vaccine. What are known COVID-19 vaccine side effects? • a sore arm where the needle went in • feeling tired • a headache • feeling achy If you have a high temperature you may have another infection. If your symptoms get worse or you are worried, call Saba Health Care Foundation. What about Allergic reactions? Tell healthcare staff before you are vaccinated if you have ever had a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). You should not have the vaccine if you have ever had a serious allergic reaction to medicines, vaccines or food. If you do have an allergic reaction to the vaccine, it usually happens in minutes. Staff giving the vaccine are trained to deal with allergic reactions and treat them immediately. What are the COVID-19 vaccine ingredients The COVID-19 vaccine developed by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna do not contain any animal products or egg. BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine first for elderly on islands Islands’ passengers don’t need negative test result Leave a Reply
Coral reefs at risk of dissolving as oceans get more acidic: Study Acidification will threaten sediments that are building blocks for reefs. Acidification will threaten sediments that are building blocks for reefs.PHOTO: AFP OSLO (REUTERS) - Coral reefs could start to dissolve before 2100 as man-made climate change drives acidification of the oceans, scientists said. "Coral reefs will transition to net dissolving before end of century," the Australian-led team of scientists wrote in the US journal Science and published on Thursday (Feb 22). "Net dissolving" means reefs would lose more material than they gain from the growth of corals. "This probably reflects the corals' ability to modify their environment and partially adapt to ocean acidification whereas the dissolution of sands is a geo-chemical process that cannot adapt," he wrote in an e-mail. The report said it was "unknown if the whole reef will erode once the sediments become net dissolving" and whether reefs "will experience catastrophic destruction" or merely a slow erosion. "An increase of carbon dioxide in the ocean theoretically could stimulate higher growth of kelp and seaweeds," Kasper Hancke, a biologist at the Norwegian Institute for Water Research, wrote in a statement. (Study summary at: )
Vietnam War Quiz - Free Printable Student Test \| Student Handouts Share the learning joy! Vietnam War Printable Pop Quiz www.studenthandouts.com > U.S. History > Decades of Change > Miscellaneous Multiple-Choice Questions: Scroll down for a printable version of this quiz. There are 10 multiple-choice questions & one essay question. 1. The U.S. campaign of aerial bombardment against North Vietnam, begun in March of 1965, was known as Operation _____. 2. What European country controlled Vietnam until World War II? 3. Which of the following was not used by the American military in Vietnam? 4. Who led the Viet Minh in the early 1900s? 5. According to what Cold War philosophy did the United States believe that, if Vietnam fell to communism, all of southeastern Asia would fall to communism? 6. Where was the United States Navy allegedly attacked in 1964? 7. The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army launched the _____ in 1968. 8. The Ohio National Guard shot and killed student anti-war protestors on the campus of what college in 1970? 9. The report “United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945-1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense,” published by the New York Times in 1971, is better known as what? 10. When did Saigon fall to the North Vietnamese? DBQ: Document-Based Essay Questions Base your answer to the questions below on the following statement and on your knowledge of social studies. "Our purpose in Vietnam is to prevent the success of aggression. It is not conquest, it is not empire, it is not foreign bases, it is not domination. It is simply put, just to prevent the forceful conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam." President Lyndon B. Johnson Imagine that you are an American reading these words in 1966. How might you react to this statement (belief, disbelief, support, condemnation)? Would you support American involvement in Vietnam? Might your opinions have changed by late 1968? Include facts regarding the Vietnam War in your answer. Click here to print. Click here for the answer key. Decades of Change: 1960-1980 Books and Films Decades of Change: 1960s-1980s Miscellany Decades of Change: 1960-1980 Image Galleries Decades of Change: 1960s-1980s Learning & Study Games Decades of Change: 1960s-1980s Worksheets Decades of Change: 1960s-1980s Outlines & PowerPoints
30 Aug By Richard Taavon, MD, FACOG of Wendover OBGYN Uterine leiomyomas (myomas), or fibroid tumors, are the most common pelvic tumors in women and the leading indication for hysterectomy and a major health concern in the United States. The proportion of women in which fibroid tumors develop is unknown but a hysterectomy study published in 1990 found myomas in 77 percent of uterine specimens. There are many risk factors for fibroids which include race, hormonal contraception, weight, and diet. Fibroids are more common in black women than in white women. The reason for this is unknown. In addition, fibroids appear at younger ages in the black female population and tend to grow consistently until later ages. Early menarche (onset of menstruation) appears to be associated with an increased risk of fibroids while increasing parity (pregnancies extending beyond 20 weeks) seems to decrease the risk of myoma formation. Hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills) do not appear to affect fibroid growth while progestin only contraceptives (IUD, depo medroxyprogesterone) might protect against fi broid formation. Most studies seem to suggest a relationship between myoma growth and increasing body mass index (obesity). The diagnosis of fibroids is usually based on the finding of an enlarged irregularly shaped uterus on physical exam and is usually confirmed by ultrasound. Symptoms attributable to fibroids can be classified by their impact on bleeding, pain, and fertility. Heavy and/or prolonged bleeding is the most common fibroid symptom. Dysmenorrhea (painful menses) and dyspareunia (painful intercourse) are also commonly reported by many women with fibroids. Leiomyomas can distort the cavity of the uterus in some instances causing difficulty in conceiving a pregnancy and an increased rate of miscarriage. The natural growth/shrinkage of fi broids has never been systematically studied. Most studies have shown that myoma growth rates were not influenced by fibroid size, fibroid location, obesity, or number of pregnancies. Many experts would agree that 1. Spontaneous shrinkage of fi broids occurs; 2. Fibroids from the same woman grow at different rates; and 3. Fibroid size does not predict growth rate. At the time of menopause, the relief of bleeding related to fibroids should occur. As estrogen levels decrease, most, but not all, women will experience shrinkage of fibroids. The prevalence of fibroids in postmenopausal women is approximately one-tenth of that of premenopausal women. Therefore, myomas are a potential but uncommon cause of bleeding in menopausal women. The diagnosis of sarcoma (aggressive rare cancerous tumor) should be considered in postmenopausal women who are thought to have myomas causing symptoms. The incidence of sarcomas is higher in this group is higher, but is still very small. Use of postmenopausal hormone therapy in women with leiomyomas may cause continued symptoms after menopause. These risks appear to depend on the location of the fibroid tumor and possibly on the type/dose of estrogen preparation. * The email will not be published on the website.
See also the "Styles" menu item . A style defines the way text is formatted. It may defined any or all of If you want to format a piece of text, then you must use a style, rather than formatting it explicitly. There is a set of common styles from which you must choose. Advantages of styles When you use styles, it is possible to reformat your document, and translate it into different representations in a more meaningful way. For example, an immediate benefit of using a style (Heading2) for your second level headings is that you can reformat all the level 2 headings in you document just by changing style Heading2. A less obvious advantage is that your level 2 headings can later be represented the right way if you ask for a translation into some other document format. Also, a list of contents can be automatically generated. WorldWideWeb uses styles for loading information from remote servers, news items, etc. By changing your default style sheet, therefore, you can indulge your personal preference for the way that information is provided on your screen. Style Sheets A style sheet is a collection of styles. At any one time, WorldWideWeb uses a particular stylesheet for formatting text. You can load new styles into the sheet using the "load" button on the the "Styles" panel. You can save style sheets with the "Save" button. When WWW starts, it searches for a style sheet to use as a default. It first trys ~/WWW/ and, failing that, /usr/local/lib/WWW/ which should have been installed when WorldWideWeb was installed .
A dentist, also referred to as a dentist, is an oral medical professional who specifically specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of dental disorders and diseases of the mouth. The dentist’s supporting medical staff helps in giving oral healthcare services to patients. In addition to basic oral hygiene procedures such cleaning, x-rays, fluoride treatments, and scaling, a dentist can diagnose oral diseases using various tools such as digital rectal exams (DRE), protoplasty, malocclusion, and toothache examinations. Dental hygienists and orthodontists can also diagnose certain oral conditions using dental instruments such as digital dental cameras and endodontic headgear.Feel free to visit Dentists of Ivanhoe Central for additional information. The field of dentistry makes use of various modes of transportation including airplanes, helicopters, ships, trains, automobiles, and buses; and is known for its advanced emergency services. Dentists are highly trained professionals who must undergo intensive training to acquire the necessary qualifications and licenses before practicing dentistry. In the United States, a dentist can become qualified by taking either a two-year associate degree program or a four-year bachelor degree program from an accredited university or college. Dentists need to have a good level of physical stamina because they usually perform multiple tasks while working in their offices, sometimes performing up to 500 jaw impressions in one hour. As part of oral health care, dentists and dental hygienists are required to complete either a two-year or a four-year degree program from an accredited university or college. A dentist needs to be licensed before he can practice dentistry. To get a license, a dentist must pass both a written and field examination given by the state board of dental assistants. Today, there are numerous online schools that offer dental programs to aspiring dental hygienists and dentists.
Skip to main contentSkip to main content Air or gas embolism It can happen if a scuba diver: • spends too long underwater • surfaces too quickly • holds their breath as they come up Symptoms of an air or gas embolism after diving Symptoms of an air or gas embolism after diving include: You may not have these symptoms immediately. They can develop within 10 to 20 minutes or sometimes even longer after surfacing. Do not ignore these symptoms – get medical help immediately. Getting medical help Why diving can lead to an air or gas embolism Surfacing too quickly or holding your breath while you swim to the surface can cause the air in your lungs to expand. This may rupture lung tissue (pulmonary barotrauma), which can lead to gas bubbles being released into the arterial circulation (arterial gas embolism). If the gas bubble blocks an artery, it can cut off the blood supply to a particular area of the body. An air or gas embolism can cause different problems depending on where the blockage is: These conditions are very serious and can be fatal, particularly if the air embolism is not treated quickly. Treating an air or gas embolism caused by diving A person lying on a bed inside a hyperbaric chamber. They're wearing a mask and a clinician is attending to them. In cases of decompression sickness, the pressure forces the bubbles of nitrogen to dissolve into the bloodstream. Preventing an air or gas embolism while diving To reduce your risk of getting an air or gas embolism when diving you should: • limit the depth and duration of your dives • always surface slowly and perform safety stops to allow any air in your tissues and blood vessels to escape safely; use a dive computer or dive tables to maintain a safe rate of ascent, and do not dive again until you've spent a suitable amount of time at the surface • relax and breathe normally as you ascend • do not dive with a cold, cough or chest infection • avoid vigorous exercise before, during and after a dive • make sure you're well hydrated before diving Although uncommon, it's possible to get an air or gas embolism during surgery, some medical procedures, and when ascending to a high altitude. • removing air from syringes before injections and from intravenous lines before connecting them • closely monitoring patients during surgery to help ensure air bubbles do not form in their blood vessels
Smart Contracts 101: An introduction to smart contracts on Ethereum Before we get started This series of articles aims to introduce newcomers with basic knowledge in IT and programming to the world of smart contracts and to cover the various aspects related to the development of such. My goal is that by the end of this series you will have a broad knowledge about the most important topics and underlying technologies and that you will be able to develop and deploy your own secure and efficient contracts to the Ethereum blockchain. What is a smart contract? There are a lot of misconceptions about what a smart contract actually is. The confusion might originate from the fact that the term contract is included in the name given to this invention which leads people to believe that it is in some way related to legal contracts. That’s not the case however. Simply put, a smart contract is a decentralized program which lives on the blockchain. The term program is self-explantory — it’s a set of instructions which can be executed. But what does decentralized mean in this context? It means that all of the benefits which apply to payments on a decentralized blockchain — the five pillars of open blockchains — apply to the program as well: Open, public, borderless, neutral and censorship resistant. But wait, not all contracts match these criteria! At the time of writing this article one of the most used smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain is the USDT (Tether) token contract which manages over 10 billion USD. Its token is supposed to represent the US Dollar on Ethereum. Here is an interesting excerpt from its source code: function addBlackList (address _evilUser) public onlyOwner { isBlackListed[_evilUser] = true; function destroyBlackFunds (address _blackListedUser) public onlyOwner { uint dirtyFunds = balanceOf(_blackListedUser); balances[_blackListedUser] = 0; _totalSupply -= dirtyFunds; DestroyedBlackFunds(_blackListedUser, dirtyFunds); Don’t worry if you do not understand the syntax just yet, we will cover that later! This contract supports two functions: addBlackList which adds an address to the blacklist and destroyBlackFunds which destroys all funds from a blacklisted address. onlyOwner means that these functions may only be executed by the admin. The admin in this case refers to the Tether Treasury. It is the company behind the USDT token which handles the issuance and 1:1 backing of the USDT token in fiat currency. So what about the five pillars now? This is the point where we reach a very important distinction: the general concept of a smart contract and a specific smart contract’s implementation are two different things. The USDT contract is still accesible to everybody. You can interact with it no matter your country of origin, age, ethnicity or credit score. You can view its source code, address and verify every single action it performs. Its history is etched into the Ethereum blockchain and it cannot be deleted. However by interacting with a smart contract you oblige to follow the rules it sets with its code. There is no doubt that it is possible to create a highly centralized system on top of a decentralized one. The fact that USDT is one of the most used contracts shows that this thought has not reached the majority of users yet. Summary This initial article in the series is supposed to give you an abstract understanding of the concepts behind a smart contract. In the following articles we will start to dive into the technical content by exploring the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). I am happy to receive feedback and suggestions for content you would like to see covered by the following posts. Feel free to reach out to me! No Comments Yet
The Genetic Link All Posts Article by: Megan McGrath How critical is it to stabilize & standardize the microbiome profile? One of the most critical components of studying the microbiome is ensuring you have a profile that is representative of the microbial community present in the donor. The reality of microbiome research, and any research for that matter, is that a variety of factors can impact the quality of your sample and its microbial community and thus, the quality of your data. Assume for example, that the microbial profile resembles Diagram “A” when in the in vivo state. The goal is to minimize any potential source of variability so that your sample accurately reflects that of the in vivo state (Diagram B) rather than an “ex vivo” artefact (Diagram C). Think of it like this: you could take a “snapshot” of the microbial community at the time of collection, preserve it through the analysis and generate an accurate microbiome profile. So, why is it so important to preserve a profile and what might a researcher be looking for in that profile? In the microbiome field, it is important to take a full inventory of the microbial community. This will uncover what types of bugs are present and their diversity. Does the diversity of bug types, also known as “richness”, tell us anything about one’s state of health or disease? Likewise, does the absence or presence of certain bugs tell us anything about health status or potential therapeutic interventions? A study by Le Chatelier et al. concluded that individuals with a low bacterial richness are characterized by more marked overall adiposity, insulin resistance and dyslipidamia and a more pronounced inflammatory phenotype when compared with high bacterial richness individuals[i]. This example shows how richness of the microbial profile or lack thereof, helps researchers to look at the impact of changes in the bug population. The richness of a microbial community is highly susceptible to environmental conditions including temperature, PH, oxygen concentration and chemical composition[ii]. Richness of a microbial profile is an important concept that goes hand in hand with abundance. Now that we know what types of bugs are in the profile, it is also critical to assess the number of each bug type in the sample. Does each type of bug have similar representation or are there, for example, three types of bugs that predominate the profile and fifty types that have limited representation? Are the three predominant bugs critical in determining the state of obesity or is it the rare bug type that provides critical information about one’s health or disease? A recent study by Zhou Y. et al, demonstrates a link between diversity and abundance of a profile in relation to disease, “The microbiome of healthy participants was influenced by age and season of sample collection with increased richness and diversity seen in younger participants and in samples collected during the dry season. Decreased diversity and an increased abundance of Corynebacterium and Streptococcus were seen in participants with conjunctival scarring compared to normal controls.[iii] describe the image Now if you consider richness (diversity of bug types/unweighted inventory) and abundance (amount of each bug type/weighted) it becomes more obvious why it is important for a researcher to ensure that each sample captures and preserves the profile of the microbial community immediately at the moment of collection. It is accepted in the microbiome field that an “unstabilized” sample will change its microbial profile when subjected to time and environmental sources of variability such as temperature fluctuations, transport conditions and freeze-thaw cycles. For example, Sergeant et al. showed that “the number of freeze-thaw cycles has been reported to have an effect on the composition of the microbial community.[iv]” In terms of “richness”, unstabilized samples run the risk of bug types being eliminated from the profile or alternatively some bugs might start to grow altering the results. With respect to abundance, if an unstabilized profile changes, you could risk artificially modifying the relative abundance of certain bugs, masking meaningful differences in the profile and increasing the complexity of the analysis and validation of biomarkers. The unfortunate reality of this profile change is that a researcher would not even know that his/her hypothesis is based on an experimental artefact. Even when DNA extraction, library prep, sequencing and analysis are done following the strictest of protocols, an inadequate sample can result in a wrong conclusion. In a nutshell, if the profile is not a proper representation of the in vivo state, the researcher will miss valuable pieces of information, impact the differences found between cases and controls, and in the worst case, publish based on an artefact. The importance of ‘snapshoting’ or stabilizing the microbial profile as the goal for a reliable representation of the in vivo profile has been established. Now let’s take a look at the factors that can play a role in negatively impacting a sample, also known as sources of variability of the microbial profile. A major source of variability in the microbial profile emerges during sample collection and handling; including exposure to a wide range of temperatures and transport conditions. Depending on the location of study participants and the lab, a sample can be exposed to time, extreme temperatures, fluctuations of temperature and freeze-thaw cycles due to shipping delays. A study by Cardona, S et al stated that storing fecal samples at room temperature over 3 hours after collection or allowing them to thaw and refreeze is not recommended for shotgun metagenomic sequencing, since DNA extracted from these samples can be significantly fragmented[v]. Consider the example of your laboratory (facility “A”) that wants to replicate a microbiome study that was completed by one of your collaborators (facility “B”). In order to reproduce the research results, lab “A” will need to follow standardized methods and protocols detailed in the study completed by facility “B”. The ability to standardize methods as much as possible will enable facility “A” to reproduce facility “B’s” study. The research community’s thinking over the past few years has evolved to identify the need to stabilize a sample even for short term storage and standardize methods as much as possible to achieve quality results. Choices made from study design through to analysis can impact results. Biological variability for example, can occur if fecal samples are collected from different geographic regions, age ranges and from people with different habits. This intrinsic variability can certainly increase the complexity of studying microbial communities; however, a careful study design can minimize the impact of such variables, resulting in meaningful contributions to the scientific community. It is widely recognized that laboratory methods (i.e. PCR, extraction and sequencing) also introduce some changes to the profile (known as technical variability) but the impact on the interpretation of the results is negligible. As an example, OMNIgene●GUT* is a device for the collection of microbial DNA from feces that can both standardize and stabilize a sample such that it immediately captures the microbial profile at the time of collection and preserves it to eliminate degradation or microbial growth. In a recent white paper titled “OMNIgene●Gut stabilizes the microbiome profile at ambient temperature for 14 days and during transport”, there was no significant difference between OMNIgene●GUT samples stored at room temperature for 14 days and -80°C samples, when compared to fresh samples. Unstabilized samples however, showed significant dissimilarity when compared to either -80°C control or OMNIgene●GUT. describe the image “As the microbiome field matures and technology further develops, improvements and standardization of microbiome research are expected.[i]” Standardization will be required for quality data in multicentre research studies needing to minimize sources of variability and reproduce results. New Call-to-action [i] Goodrich, Julia K et al. Conducting a Microbiome Study. Cell. 158, Jul 17, 2014. [i] Le Chatelier, E et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 500. 541-549. [ii] Doukhanine, E et al. OMNIgene●GUT enables reliable collection of high quality fecal samples for gut microbiome studies. PD-WP-0040 1/2014-09. [iii] Zhou Y, et al. (2014) The conjunctival microbiome in health and trachomatous disease: a case control study. Genome Medicine, 6:99. [iv] Sergeant, M.J. et al. (2012). High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons: effects of extraction procedure, primer length and annealing temperature. PLoS ONE 7 e38094. [v] Kennedy N et al. 2014, The impact of different DNA extraction kits and laboratories upon the assessment of human gut microbiota composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Plos ONE 9 (2). Subscribe and Get The Latest News Input your email to subscribe Recent Posts Genetic evolution of human taste found from saliva samples of hunter-gatherers, nomad herders, and farmers in Africa and Asia “Taste is essential for the interaction of animals with their food and has co-evolved with diet. Humans h... Katherine Lawless Jun 15, 2021 11:00:00 AM Kumamoto University, Japan, research group finds saliva a suitable alternative to blood for DNA methylation Epigenetic information such as DNA methylation is a useful biomarker that reflects complex gene‐environme... Katherine Lawless Apr 6, 2021 12:00:00 PM All-of-US research program - collecting 1 million diverse DNA samples across America. Project highlights presented at the Festival of Genomics 2021. In January of this year, the 6th annual Fe... Katherine Lawless Mar 31, 2021 1:33:28 PM
Are Electronic Cigarettes HARMFUL TO Your Health? Are Electronic Cigarettes HARMFUL TO Your Health? DescriptionAn e-cigarette is really a small electronic device which closely resembles tobacco smoking. It usually includes a tank, an atomizer, and an electrical generator like a battery. Rather than tobacco, the smoker inhales nicotine vapor instead. Like a cigarette, using an e cigarette is frequently referred to as “smoking” instead of smoking tobacco. In the usa, smoking is banned in public places, while in most other countries it isn’t prohibited. Juuls CAN BE AN Alternative To Tobacco – This might seem obvious to some but what many people don’t understand is a juul can have nicotine, albeit in very small doses. This means that they are an excellent alternative to smoking, specifically for teens who don’t desire to expose themselves to medical risks associated with smoking. They are available in various flavours such as for example fruit, chocolate, mint, or some other flavors the customer may request. Various e-cigs resemble the actual appearance of a cigarette plus some even appear to be a cigar. Countless adolescents and children utilize them, particularly anyone who has no real desire to have tobacco. E-Cigarettes Do Not Cause Lung Disease – It is a claim that has Vape Pen been commonly made against them, usually by the tobacco industry. This is primarily due to the fact that e-cigs do not contain any tar or any chemicals which may damage the lungs in any way. Tar and chemical agents within tobacco cigarettes are known to cause cancer. The evidence implies that e-cigarette users are not at increased risk of developing a cancer. E-Cigarettes Do Not Look Like cigarettes – It is claimed by some experts that an e-cigarette looks more like a toy rather than regular cigarette. You can find e-cigs which look like a regular cigarette and some seem to appear to be a pen. They have under no circumstances been tried to be smoked in actual terms so we can not say that they are bad for your health at all. However, there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that the nicotine content within them will harm the fitness of users. The simple truth is that e-cigarettes do not contain any addictive substances and as long because they are kept from the reach of children and young adults you will see no problem with them. You can find of course dangers that can come from the use of the electronic cigarettes. They will have not been found to comprise any addictive or toxic substances, but should not be utilized by people who have problems with serious nicotine addiction. When you are one of those individuals who have problems with nicotine addiction and desire to completely stop then e-cigs might not be the best way to help you. If however you are an occasional user and only want to free of charge yourself from the bonds of using tobacco then an e-cigarette can provide you that flexibility. This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
Titan Arum and Rafflesia are Different The rafflesia flower was often confused by titan arum flower. Even few of media in Indonesia made the common mistake. Rafflesia and Titan arum both are giant flowers. They give off the rotten smell, like a cadaver, so both can be nicknamed as “corpse flower”. The odor’s function is for attracting beetles and flies to do pollinate. The both also grow in Sumatran rainforest. In Bengkulu, rafflesia has been a motif of Besurek batik (kind of batik specialty Bengkulu) since a long time ago. In other hand, titan arum is official flower of Bengkulu province. So this is a little bit confusing, in no doubt. But you’ll see the clear different within this table: Titan Arum Rafflesia arnoldii Rafflesia arnoldii Latin name Titan arum Amorphpophallus titanium Cream on the outside and purple in the crown Parasite to lianas (if the nursemaid dies, Rafflesia will also dies) Up to 0.5 m high, diameter 1 m Posture when blossom Up to 4 m high, diameter 1.5 m Cannot (the nursemaid, Tetrastigma vine, grows only in primary rainforests) Cultivation outside the habitat Can (that’s why it can be found in many botanic gardens around the world) Lacks any observable leaves, stems or roots. Grow on its roots. Has a big leaf and stem. 9 months Grow of flower Many months 5-7 days, then wilted and died Blooming period 7 days, then wilted Odoardo Beccari, an Italian botanist, first discovered titan arum in Sumatra 1878. Though found in many botanic gardens around the world, titan arum is still indigenous only to the Sumatra’s tropical forests. If the largest branched inflorescence in the plant kingdom belongs to the Talipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera), titan arum is a flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world. Meanwhile, the largest single flower is borne by the Rafflesia arnoldii. Rafflesia is rare. It’s difficult to locate the strange plants in forests as the buds take many months to develop and the flower lasts for just a few days. How many of these flowers still survive is unknown. It might be almost extinction. As the remaining primary (undisturbed) forests of Borneo and Sumatra disappear, it can only be assumed that their numbers are declining. If you’d like to see the both flowers in indigenous habitat, visit Indonesia. I’ll tell you when hear that they are about to bloom. 12 Replies to “Titan Arum and Rafflesia are Different” 1. presty larasati nice to read this article thx to write this article in english.. so we can tell everyone that rafflesia is different from titan arum.. i ever wrote this article in indonesian, bunga rafflesia vs bunga bangkai. and i had plan to write those article in english, but till now, im still not translette it yet.. thx for you.. who have write it in english. to told everyone in this world… 😀 2. Brahmanto Anindito Post author Thanks for coming and commenting, Presty. When I was younger, I was confuse, which one exactly the giant flower is. And now, when I recognize the differrent, I just write it up. ^_^ 3. L Soeryo Hi Brahmanto, thank you for your article about Madurasa Restaurant in Bangkalan..seems so wonderful, hope i can visit Madura island when i back home.. 4. sheriel bunga bangkai adalah bunga terbesar didunia yang hanya da di indonesia…., bunga bangkai adalah bunga yang langka dan harus di lindungi oleh bangsa indonesia….!!! OCRE PREN………. 5. christine Titan arum and rafflesia are actually flowers belonging in the same family, with different modifications in their physical appearance whereas titan arum has a tall built, rafflesia is bulged or even bulbular. 6. Lucky Restu Prasetya It’s a great article and I get more information about it, thanks. But, I’ve heard that Rafflesia Arnoldi was successfully cultivated in Sabah. Is it true? and how they can cultivate it? 7. Soumya Das Chakraborti I had a confusion about Rafflesia and Titan arum but now…It’s clear to me. Thanks for this article. Leave a Reply to Brahmanto Anindito Cancel reply CommentLuv badge
Projects In-Course 1 .- Development of Silver-Silica nanocarriers and their stabilisation in solid materials against pathogen bacteria. Towards advanced nano-antibiotics, wound dressing and anti-biofilm surfaces. SiSi4Bacter Funding: 233.032,55 Euros PI: Dr. Javier Fernandez Lodeiro CoPI: Dr. Carlos Lodeiro Espiño Bacteria induced-infectious are a worldwide problem and responsible for numerous cases of morbidity and mortality.1 For instance, wound infections in diabetic patients, increasingly lead to amputations; as a consequence of bacterial infections that do not respond to the administration of conventional drugs.2 The over-use of antibiotics has resulted in the spread of resistant bacteria. In consequence, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents towards pathogenic bacteria. In such a situation, silver-based materials, that that were already widely used by ancient civilizations, has resurfaced as a potent therapeutic option, as evidenced by the increasing number of publications and patents related to the application of silver materials.3,4 Actually, the manipulation of this metal at the nano-metric scale to engineer nanoparticleshas reinforced its therapeutic effectscompared with their silver-bulk conunterpart.5 In recent decades, the fine control in silver colloidal chemistry has allowed the synthesis of AgNPs in wide range of shapes and sizes.6 Note that AgNPs show different susceptibility to oxidation (therefore differentiated anti-microbial effect) depending on their size and shape.7 Additionally to the ionic silver release effect, surface charge,8,9 and/or molecular functionalization (e.g. antibiotics drugs)10 have been shown improve the antimicrobial effects of Agor even AuNPs.8 As an example between many others, our group has discovered a synthetic route to produce silver NPs in sizes of 15 or 25 nm using tetracycline as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The as so synthesized NPs showed potent antibacterial effects against Gram+ and Gram- pathogenic bacteria. More importantly, a potent antimicrobial effect against tetracycline-resistant bacteria was also observed.11 Unfortunately, there is still a long way to properly implement this “Holy Grail” biocide. Common drawbacks that silver AgNPs or their organically functionalized analogues present are related to their colloidal stability in biological medium. The aggregation process that, usually, AgNPs undergo/suffer can hinder their antimicrobial effect.12 On the other hand, the high oxidation tendency can hinders their consistent application as a bacterial agent during long time periods.13 Therefore, while the benefits of AgNPs are attracting increasing attention, several publications have pointed out potential adverse effects from the overuse of silver, such as ecosystem disturbance,14 health effects15 or even bacterial resistance to silver.12 At this stage, silver NPs represent a new hope, but conscious use should be considered since early stage to avoid the repetition of past mistakes. To overcome this situation, a coating where Ag NPs are immobilized and containable, can permit the control of ionic silver release in solution, the subsequent organic functionalization and also with a biocompatible character, can become a powerful strategy that will allow the implementation of AgNPs as a safe antibacterial agent in a multitude of applications. With these considerations in mind, we propose the synthesis of a novel library of nanocarriers based on silver and silica (Ag@Si, Ag@Si@Simes and Ag@GAP@Simes) for the application in bacteriological control. The design proposed here would be flexible and convenient to control the bacterial adhesion properties, as well as load and release behaviour of drug and silver ionic species. The nanocarriers will be conjugated with commercial antimicrobial drugs (Amikacin, Kantamycin Oxacillin and Doxorubicin) in order to study cytotoxicity, bacterial adhesion properties, drug/ionic silver release as well as analysis of the antimicrobial properties against pathogenic Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. Furthermore, stabilization of nanocarriers in PVA hydrogels and surface deposition via electrospray technics are proposed to obtain advanced antimicrobial wound dressing and surfaces. 2 .- Unlocking the secrets of sumoylation and phosphorylation crosstalk in neurodegeneration using new sumo/phospho-nano traps and quantitative proteomics. PI: Dr. Hugo M. Santos Fungind: 50,000.00 Euros Parkinson, Alzheimer, and brain cancer are characterized by malfunction of cellular signalling networks as a consequence of deregulation of a delicate mechanism of crosstalk between protein phosphorylation and sumoylation. Understanding how phosphorylation and sumoylation impacts cellular signalling networks and its role in disease, has eluded the research community to date because they are dynamic, both occurring at low abundance and both are linked to each other in a complex equilibrium where phosphorylation can either enhance or inhibit sumoylation leading to conformational changes of the substrate protein, altering its activity and function. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) approach is proposed to overcome these challenges. This 3D method encompasses capturing sumoylated-proteins and phosphorylated peptides at a given time, in a given space and under a given equilibrium using new sumo/phospho-nano traps and quantitative proteomics. We propose to apply this workflow to study the role of sumoylation and phosphorylation crosstalk in brain neurodegeneration and cancer in mice as a consequence exposure to ultrafine particulate matter present in air pollution. The identification of specific alterations of phosphorylation and sumoylation crosstalk and its functional impact will cast light in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and cancer that can be particularly interesting to select potential targets for new drugs to slow the development and progression of neurodegeneration. 3 . Scroll to Top
How General Strike Rhetoric Became a Reality in Seattle Calls for a general strike have long been a staple of “resolutionary activity” on the U.S. left. During moments of crisis and militancy—from the mass firing of air traffic controllers in 1981 to Occupy Wall Street and last winter’s federal government shutdown—rousing speeches are invariably made and motions duly adopted, which urge all workers to walk out in protest. Such efforts represent a triumph of hope over experience. In our entire history, only a handful of labor disputes have mushroomed into broader, city-wide work stoppages. On the “left coast,” this has occurred, most recently, in San Francisco in 1934 and Oakland twelve years later. The one notable 21st century exception to this historical pattern was the “day without immigrants” protests in 2005, when talented organizers, with deep roots in their own immigrant communities, managed to mobilize up to five million people in 160 cities. In contrast, most general strike calls—if workers even knew about them– fall on deaf ears because of the widespread disconnect between individual advocacy of such action and the working-class base and organizational leadership necessary to undertake it. A century ago, as we learn from labor historian Cal Winslow, there was far more grassroots connectedness between would-be instigators of general strike activity and unions in Seattle, the author’s hometown. Winslow’s new book, Radical Seattle: The General Strike of 1919 (Monthly Review Press) hows how “labor’s most spectacular revolt” was many years in the making. It drew on the experience of previous “workplace struggles and political battles, in which working people built an infrastructure for radical politics” and became class conscious “political actors in their own right.” An Activist CLC The Seattle general strike was coordinated by an activist central labor council (CLC), quite unlike the multi-union bodies that exist in Seattle and other U.S. cities today. The 110 local unions affiliated with it operated under the banner of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). But, as Winslow notes, CLC leaders were sympathetic to industrial unionism and they had previously used the threat of a general strike “as a bargaining chip in fights for wages and benefits.” In January of 1919, thirty thousand Seattle shipyard workers went on strike for better pay and working conditions, in the wake of a punishing World War I wage freeze. At a CLC membership assembly in Seattle’s “Labor Temple,” the local Metal Trades Council asked for broader union solidarity—in the form of a city-wide walk-out involving workers of all kinds. More than 65,000 union members responded with a shut-down that lasted five days and engaged thousands of others in the community. During that general strike, a 300-member committee, largely composed of rank-and-file representatives, coordinated its activities. Their role included taking responsibility, in a highly disciplined way, for “the health, welfare, and safety” of a city then populated by 300,000 people. As Winslow writes: Garbage was collected, the hospitals were supplied, babies got milk, people were fed, including some 30,000 a day at the strikers’ kitchens. There may have been no other time, before or since, when no one went hungry in the city.’ The streets were safe, rarely safer—patrolled by an unarmed labor guard. Off the streets, Seattle was a festival—in union halls, the co-op markets, the “feeding stations,” and neighborhood centers where workers and their families gathered. Meanwhile, the worker representatives who packed the rowdy, emotion-filled Strike Committee meetings came prepared—they were making history and the knew it. Among those patiently paving the way for this upsurge were radical street speaker Kate Sadler, a critic of unions which excluded black and Asian workers, and Anna Louise Strong, a crusading labor editor who served on the Seattle school board. Like Kshama Sawant today, Strong was a strong left-wing voice much reviled by Seattle conservatives; unlike Sawant so far, she was driven from elected office because of her controversial views. Sadler, Strong, and others did succeed in turning Seattle into “a Socialist Party stronghold, its members proponents of industrial unionism and thorns in the side of national Party officials who supported Samuel Gompers, conservative president of the craft-based AFL.” The Union Record, with a peak circulation of 120,000, became Strong’s platform for education and agitation about labor causes, at home and abroad. As Winslow documents, the city also served as a “base camp” for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), whose free speech fights, mass arrests, and militant strikes had roiled timber camps and saw mills throughout the Pacific Northwest. According to the author, many workers held “an AFL card for the job and IWW card for the principle,” creating a working-class culture in which “social democracy and revolutionary unionism intermingled.” Straddling both political currents was CLC secretary Jimmy Duncan, a Scottish immigrant always at odds with AFL national officers who “supported strict jurisdictional divides, opposed sympathy strikes, and considered the IWW to be dual unionists.” Under Duncan’s unusual leadership, “skilled workers enjoyed no permanent place of privilege, the CLC represented skilled and unskilled alike, its Labor Temple was home to all.” The local labor movement backed consumer co-ops and expanded public ownership. It sponsored the Union Record, whose daily news coverage spanned workplaces and neighborhoods, local politics and world events. Labor-Management Opposition Labor and management foes of the 1919 uprising were greatly concerned that it might lead to a worker take-over of industry, per the IWW’s “One Big Union” scenario. So Seattle employers persuaded federal and state authorities to deploy thousands of soldiers, police officers, and newly deputized civilians against the strikers. Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson denounced them as Bolshevik agents and threatened to impose martial law. The city’s two major newspapers were filled with fear-mongering headlines and demands to know “under which flag” Seattle workers were marching—the “red, white and blue” or just a red one. Equally terrified labor bureaucrats responded with “telephone calls, telegrams, a deluge of intimidation, threat and vilification from union headquarters.” The strike was denounced by Gompers and the national AFL. The Teamsters Joint Council in Washington state ordered strikers back to work. Other International union officers threatened to rescind local union charters and seize the property of striking locals. Unfortunately, too many other west and east coast ship builders failed to join the work stoppage which triggered the general strike. This lack of solidarity and industry-wide coordination resulted in members of the Seattle Metal Trades returning to work without achieving their own strike objectives. Despite this setback, and later attempts to downplay the impact of the general strike on worker consciousness, labor in Seattle remained very “strike prone,” until the recession of 1920-21 hit the city long and hard. The Central Labor Council continued to press for industrial organization, although this running battle with AFL headquarters was not won until the mid-1930s. That’s when some AFL unions created an industrial worker organizing committee and then a rival national federation, the Congress of Industrial Organizations CIO), which remained separate until the two merged in 1955. Open Shop Conditions, then and now Winslow’s account of local movement building in Seattle is extremely valuable for present-day radicals trying to reconnect labor to the left, build new unions, or remake old ones. His history lessons are particularly relevant to the situation of “red state” teachers. They have been organizing and striking under “open shop” conditions in West Virginia, Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Arizona, where bargaining or work stoppages by public employees have no more statutory support than private sector labor militancy did in Washington state a century ago. In our modern day “red states,” neither the American Federation of Teachers or the National Education Association can create formal bargaining units or be legally recognized as the exclusive representative of teachers. Yet thousands of members of both unions—or neither—have been involved in state-wide strike activity. In the absence of collective bargaining rights, their demands were directed, out of necessity, at governors and state legislators responsible for funding teacher salary and benefit increases or making other public education improvements. Two years ago in West Virginia, a statewide struggle involving more than 20,000 teachers and school aides was greatly influenced by new rank-and-file leaders. Through membership mobilization from below, they were able to prevent full-time union officials from settling short. And when right-wing Republican legislators tried to nullify some of the gains made during the 2018 strike a year later, teachers took direct action again to defend them. Before this kind of strike activity developed and spread, it was widely assumed that the only way educators could make real gains was by winning a signed contract with their local school board—like teachers in Chicago, Los Angeles, Denver, and Oakland have done recently, using more traditional strikes for collective bargaining purposes. However, on this familiar “blue state” terrain, fragmentation of union bargaining power is institutionalized via separate bargaining units and different contract expiration dates for each school district. In contrast, recent struggles by teachers in “open shop” America have been far more political, fluid, and worker-driven than contract fights confined to a single city or county school system. Out of this new mix of local contract campaigning and statewide work stoppages or mass protests–occurring in the absence of formal collective bargaining—public school teachers are forging bonds of solidarity, personal and political relationships, and rank-and-file networks like those which pre-figured the Seattle uprising. Although largely limited to just one part of the public sector today, the recent teacher strike wave demonstrates how worker solidarity can occur unexpectedly and on a large scale, with workplace radicals playing a catalytic role (a process well described in Eric Blanc’s Red State Revolt.) Anyone interested in encouraging similar trends, elsewhere in the public and private sector, should take a close look at Radical Seattle. Winslow’s work provides not just a window into the world of left-wing labor activism during its last century glory days. His book contains many illustrative examples of socialist agitators and organizers steadily expanding the audience for their ideas, becoming working class organization leaders, and then transforming ideas into action—in a fashion worthy of emulation by those following in their footsteps today.
Fog Lights Research Paper 1065 Words 5 Pages Learn in 10 minutes on how to turn on fog lights Why is it important to understand about fog lights? As the name suggests, Fog lights in a car are for you to get the required visibility while driving through mist or thick fog. You can also use them in other conditions when the visibility is limited. The fog light units are separate units from the headlights. The headlights don't help for visibility in the fog as they reflect off the fog or dust causing glare. A common question the new drivers keep asking is how to turn on fog lights. We will see how to locate the fog light switches in your car and use them. It is also important for the driver to know, when to turn the fog lights on and when to turn them off to drive safe in fog and mist. …show more content… Be in your car when you are following the step by step instructions or while watching the video, and it should be a quick five-minute job to learn this mechanism. Having a car user manual handy is a good idea; if your car has totally different switches or controls than the ones described here. Even if the buttons and their positions change, the steps will remain same. Steps to be followed for how to turn on fog lights: The fog lights are secondary lights tied to the headlight system. The location of the front fog lights is below the headlights, near the bumper. These lights get used in combination with the headlights and never independently. Though they are part of the headlight unit, they are technically a separate part. Let’s see the steps of how to turn on fog lights Are you sitting in the driver’s seat in your car? Ok. …show more content… They can blind other drivers, and you are also not allowed to use them unnecessarily. How to use different light controls in Toyota cars along with fog lights: Conclusion Understanding how to turn on fog lights is simple, and once you go through the above steps once, you can use it quickly while driving. The fog lights have a unique beam shape like a narrow bar, and apart from signals on the dashboard, you should be able to see the beam in front of your car when the fog lights are on. The beams are on the lower side of the car near the bumper. It is important to learn these steps as there is no time to experiment when you are in the middle of the fog. It is a risk to drive without fog lights being on during fog. As soon as you are out of the fog or mist, make sure to turn the fog lights off. Don’t get pulled over by an Officer for using the fog lights in a clear vision as it is distracting for other Related Documents
How is mercury mined? © iStock How is mercury mined? Liquid mercury is a fluid at room temperature, so extracting it from the earth can seem a challenge. Asked by: Keith Fawcett, Lutterworth
Point and Shoot Data Point and Shoot Data was a project I worked on at the MIT Media Lab with three other researchers while I was a research assistant in the Changing Places research group. It was essentially an Android application and associated hardware that wirelessly transmitted data between two mobile phones using visible light, rather than standard radio waves. The demo application allowed a user to write a note on the phone, then make a swiping gesture to send it to another, nearby phone. The sending phone would transmit the data using an external, blinking LED light to a light sensor attached to the receiving phone. The motivation for this was the observation that wireless communication today is very abstract and intangible. The majority of users have no clear understanding of what radio signals are, how they carry information, how their performance can be modified, how to initiate communication channels, or how to debug broken ones. In certain applications, we felt that a visible communications medium might provide a more intuitive and meaningful user experience. To explore this concept, we used visible light to transmit information due to its deeply rooted role in human perception and non-verbal communication. Related Projects
Subscription Notification Please update your billing information Your subscription will end shortly Will a longer school day help pupils catch up? Creating extra hours of lesson time would be expensive and most parents are opposed to it — let us know what you think The Times The government is considering introducing a longer school day as part of plans to help children bounce back from the pandemic. Sir Kevan Collins, the education recovery commissioner, has identified an extended day as a way of catching up on lost learning. The extra time would also be used for non-academic activities including drama, music and sport. A YouGov poll for The Times found that 60 per cent of parents opposed extending school hours, while 30 per cent agreed. Such a move would also be expensive and require more teachers or existing staff members to be paid more to work longer hours. However, Collins is convinced that a longer school day would be the best way of helping pupils overcome the impact of months
Example Of Report On Capital Controls Type of paper: Report Topic: Finance, Capital, Russia, Investment, Economics, Politics, Money, Control Pages: 7 Words: 1925 Published: 2020/12/29 New WowEssays Premium Database! Find the biggest directory of over 1 million paper examples! Businesses require capital in order to start up a new venture or expand their operations in a current industry . There is one key requirement for businesses to be able to start up a new venture or expand their operations on a current one and that key requirement is cash; that is cash in the form of capital. Now, there are two general sources of cash in the form of capital. It may either come from the earnings generated by the company itself, perhaps from the net income it accrued in the previous fiscal years; or it may also come from other forms of financing such as loans and sales of new shares to retail and institutional investors . The objective of this report is to discuss capital and capital controls in general, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of capital controls. The total amount of cash that will be generated as a result of any of these two processes would be considered as capital. Within the context of economics, capital can, in fact, pertain to many things aside from the cash necessary to maintain current business operations and fund the creation of new ones. It may also refer to the financial resources that are available for use by the company that owns it. There is also a general principle that applies to capital and this general principle suggests that companies and governments that have a larger amount of capital (i.e. available financial resources) are better off compared to those that have a smaller amount of it . This is mainly because of the fact that the larger the capital a company or a government has, the larger the degree of freedom it gets . If, for example, there are two countries that are vying to be the top performing country, economically, in the region, the country that has access to a larger amount of capital would most likely be the first one to achieve this goal because this means that it would have a larger amount of cash to finance the projects that would make it the most economically productive country in the region. It would be unwise to say that the country that has access to a smaller amount of capital would not be able to reach the same goal because it surely can, only that the process would take longer. Simply put, for businesses and governments who want to accomplish the next big thing for their company or country (respectively), cash and or capital is king, for without it, it would be impossible to go to the next steps; because every single one of which apparently requires cash. Capital, aside from the typical financial resources, that it is associated with, may also pertain to other forms of investment that may lead to the ability to generate revenue in the future such as software products, patents, automobiles, and even brand names . Basically, the term may be used to describe anything that may be used to generate wealth. Based on the premise that was generated earlier about the disadvantages that countries and businesses with a smaller amount of capital one can safely assert that countries that are experiencing the economic phenomenon called capital outflow are expected to face some serious problems. Now, the question is, what are the negative effects of this economic phenomenon and what are some of the effective strategies that may be used to counteract its effects, if not prevent the phenomenon causing the negative effects altogether. Capital outflow can be defined as “the movement of assets of a country that is considered undesirable and results from political or economic instability that occurs when foreign and domestic investors sell off their assets in a particular country because they no longer perceive it as a safe haven for their investments” . There are many real-life economically relevant examples of this phenomenon. One good example is Russia. Russia has been one of the hottest topics of article and news headlines lately. This is largely due to the fact that it is, based on the reports, stirring chaos in Europe, after it illegally invaded a portion of Ukraine’s territory, specifically the Crimean Peninsula. As a result of the allegedly illegal actions that Russia took when it annexed the Crimean Peninsula, regardless of the casus belli (i.e. rationale) it declared for doing so, western countries, particularly the United States and the member countries of the European Union (EU) issued economic sanctions against Russia . The economic sanctions were meant to encourage Russia to bring back the geopolitical status quo in the region and more importantly, to serve as warning to the aggressor country that more economic and possibly military sanctions may follow if it continues to head towards the geopolitical path it is traversing. As a result of the economic sanctions, some key companies that are based in Russia got blacklisted from the U.S. and EU capital and consumer markets. For Russian companies that heavily rely on export revenues (i.e. companies that sell their products to the U.S. and EU consumer markets) and those whose liquidity are heavily dependent on access to cheap cash and credit made available by U.S. and EU member counties’ banks and financial institutions, the economic sanctions could be a huge blow. Months after the economic sanctions were implemented, the Rubble, Russia’s currency, collapsed. It started to lose its value in the foreign exchange market by double digits. One of the results of a currency collapse is an above average, if not an extremely high level of inflation—as a direct result of the currency losing its value. This is exactly what happened to Russia. It is important to note that all of these events were the result of the political and economic instability that Russia itself caused. Because of the rapidly depreciating currency, investors and asset owners in the country decided to liquidate their investments which meant to practically pull out their assets from Russia and store it in a bank or use the proceeds to buy assets that may be considered as safe havens because at that point, keeping their assets denominated in Russian currency would lead to significant losses in value. This is what fueled the outflow of capital in Russia’s case. There are of course a lot of other examples of this phenomenon but it is important to remember that in most cases, political and economic tensions are the main causes of the loss of investor confidence which in turn leads to the phenomenon called capital outflow. So, now that some of the major and most common causes of capital outflow have been identified, the next step would be to know the different strategies how capital outflow can be stopped. Perhaps the most direct solution to capital outflow is a strategy called capital control. Capital control can be defined as “any measure taken by a government, a central bank or any other regulatory body to limit the flow of foreign capital in and out of the domestic economy including manipulation of taxes, tariffs, outright legislation and volume restrictions, as well as market-based forces” . Whenever the term capital control is used in a public policy discussion or debate, it often generates a negative impression or connotation because it often means that the government or any regulatory body would have to intervene manually or simply to manipulate the market’s otherwise normal behavior just so an economic collapse or any serious effects of negative phenomenon like capital outflow can be prevented . It is also important to note that despite the fact that capital outflow is a negatively perceived phenomenon, it is completely normal . In Russia’s case, the capital control strategy that the government implemented is this: the president and the finance minister, conducted a meeting with the owners and executives of the largest corporations and businesses in the country and asked them to not participate in the large scale exodus of capital out of the country; the president also asked them to recall their assets denominated in foreign currencies and those that are stationed in overseas markets so that they may be brought back to Russia. The effect of this would be the opposite of the effects of capital outflow because should the business leaders follow the country’s president’s call, that can be considered as a form of capital inflow. However, the problem with this approach is that the president does not really have any form of leverage to convince, if not threaten, the parties in the said meeting to oblige to his request. So, in a nutshell, this government strategy may not be considered effective. Another reason that adds up as evidence to the fact that this government strategy is not effective is the fact that no business owner or corporate executive and or leader would want to just sit down and watch while his or her assets are getting burned as a result of the massive capital outflow happening in the country . What would prevail in a scenario where there is an ongoing capital outflow phenomenon happening is the investors and asset holders’ herd mentality . So, if the herd mentality kicks in despite the government’s capital control strategy, such as what the president of Russia did to mitigate the impact of the large scale capital outflow in the country, the net flow of capital into the country would still fall into the negative territory. Once the phenomenon called capital outflow kicks in, a vicious cycle of asset liquidation and pull-outs get created. This is because every investor and asset holder in a particular country that experiences capital outflow is afraid that their holdings would lose value as a result of other investors and asset holders pulling out their possessions. This is, in fact, what causes most economies to crash. The creation of this vicious cycle is what most capital control strategies aim to counter. If these things get countered, then, the market would have enough time to realize the real depth of the situation and adjust their behaviors accordingly. It is also important to remember that most economic downturns as a result of capital outflows are just caused by investors and asset holders panicking. However, it is important to remember that the number one disadvantage of capital controls is that they do not really solve the underlying problem causing the capital outflows—they merely address the manifestations. In the recent Great Financial Crisis, countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Chile, Brazil, and even developed and industrialized economies such as the United States have suffered from the destructive effects of large scale capital outflows. A lot of investors and asset holders got afraid that their holdings would lose value as a result of the financial crisis and as a result, the turned into cash and other investment safe havens. As a result, countries from around the world experienced the much dreaded phenomenon called capital outflows. At that time, no capital control method really worked because the problem was so severe. According to an article published in the Journal of International Money and Finance, the market is a force that is hard, if not impossible, to control . This is why, most, if not all government or other regulatory group-induced capital control methods and strategies fail to do what they are meant to do—to prevent excessive capital outflow in the country. In cases where the capital outflow is caused by political and economic instabilities and one of the manifestations is the loss of the country’s currency’s value, which is similar to what happened recently to the Russian economy, the country’s central bank has the option to intervene. The central bank may do so by increasing the standard interest or borrowing rates in the country significantly. Doing so would lead to a proportional increase in the interest rates that bonds and other fixed-income instruments that are required to be transacted using the country’s currency would yield. If, for example, the key interest rate prior to the capital outflow phenomenon’s start was set at 5%, raising it to higher levels, say, to 10% or even 15% would make it more attractive for investors and other asset-holders to leave their assets in the country that is experiencing the capital outflow. However, it is important to note that this is basically a form of central bank manipulation. In this case, they merely increased the interest rates so that bank deposits and other fixed income instruments would generate higher yields; in reality, however, the factors that caused the capital outflow (i.e. the economic and political instabilities) are still present. In an academic journal published in the Transition Studies Review, the authors explored the savings investment relationship in the context of different financial liberalization and flexible exchange rate regimes. The authors in that paper concluded that “in the presence of inadequate capital mobility within the country, domestic investors have financed investment projects from international market; furthermore, devaluation and inflation have stimulated investment activities in the country and significantly contribute in closing the gap between the domestic savings and investment” . In summary, most, if not all, capital control methods are just means of mitigation, of addressing the symptoms and manifestations of the real problems. The real problem in this case is not the capital outflow because it merely is the manifestation of the real problem. The real problems are the economic and political turmoil. The loss of the confidence of the investors and asset-holders are only normal market reactions that appear in times of economic panic and crisis. The main advantage of capital control methods is that they enable the government or the responsible regulatory body to buy time to solve the problems causing the capital outflow. Its main disadvantage, however, is that they do not really solve the main problem that causes the capital outflow; they are merely a form of remedy. Aizenman, J., & Pasricha, G. (2013). Why do emerging markets liberalize capital outflow controls? Fiscal versus net capital flow concerns. Journal of International Money and Finance. Bai, C., & Shang, W. (2001). The quality of bureaucracy and capital account policies. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. Battiston, S. (2004). Inner Structure of Capital Control Networks. Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 107-112. Bhattacharya, A. (2001). The Asian Financial Crisis and the Malaysian Capital Controls Abstract. Asia Pacific Business Review, 181-193. Chinn, M., & Hiro, I. (2006). What matters for financial development? Capital controls, institutions, and interactions. Journal of Development Economics, 163-192. Czarnitzki, D., & Kraft, K. (2009). Capital Control, Debt Financing and Innovative Activity. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 372-383. Dabrowski, M. (2015). It's not just Russia: Currency Crisis in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Bruegel Policy Contribution. Hutchinson, M., Kendall, J., Pasricha, G., & Singh, N. (2009). Indian Capital Control Liberalization. Investopedia. (2015). Capital Control. Investopedia. Investopedia. (2015). Capital Outflow. Investopedia. Joeveer, K. (2006). Sources of Capital Structure. CERGE-EI Working Paper. Levine, R. (2001). International Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth Abstract. Review of International Economics. Shahbaz, M., Ahmad, N., & Wahid, A. (2011). Savings-Investment Correlation and Capital Outflow: The Case of Pakistan. Transition Studies Review. Srikanth, M., & Kishore, B. (2012). Net FII Flows into India: A Case and Effect Study. ASCI Journal of Management, 107-120. Cite this page Choose cite format: • APA • MLA • Harvard • Vancouver • Chicago • ASA • IEEE • AMA WePapers. (2020, December, 29) Example Of Report On Capital Controls. Retrieved June 18, 2021, from https://www.wepapers.com/samples/example-of-report-on-capital-controls/ "Example Of Report On Capital Controls." WePapers, 29 Dec. 2020, https://www.wepapers.com/samples/example-of-report-on-capital-controls/. Accessed 18 June 2021. WePapers. 2020. Example Of Report On Capital Controls., viewed June 18 2021, <https://www.wepapers.com/samples/example-of-report-on-capital-controls/> WePapers. Example Of Report On Capital Controls. [Internet]. December 2020. [Accessed June 18, 2021]. Available from: https://www.wepapers.com/samples/example-of-report-on-capital-controls/ "Example Of Report On Capital Controls." WePapers, Dec 29, 2020. Accessed June 18, 2021. https://www.wepapers.com/samples/example-of-report-on-capital-controls/ WePapers. 2020. "Example Of Report On Capital Controls." Free Essay Examples - WePapers.com. Retrieved June 18, 2021. (https://www.wepapers.com/samples/example-of-report-on-capital-controls/). "Example Of Report On Capital Controls," Free Essay Examples - WePapers.com, 29-Dec-2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.wepapers.com/samples/example-of-report-on-capital-controls/. [Accessed: 18-Jun-2021]. Example Of Report On Capital Controls. Free Essay Examples - WePapers.com. https://www.wepapers.com/samples/example-of-report-on-capital-controls/. Published Dec 29, 2020. Accessed June 18, 2021. Share with friends using: Related Premium Essays Contact us Chat now
vaping health risks ALL YOU NEED to Know About E-Cigs We have heard a lot concerning the possible health threats of e-cigarette use, particularly among teenagers. E-Cigarettes are also called vaporizers, due to their appearance plus some of the components they use to produce their nicotine liquid. They appear to be real cigarettes, but the ingredients and internal design will vary. Also, there is absolutely no smoke produced with one of these devices. However, what people don’t realize is that the vapor from e-cigarette uses many of the same harmful chemicals within cigarette smoking. If you smoke, you know these harmful chemicals as long-term irritants. In fact, these chemicals have been associated with various cancers and other illnesses. The same goes for vapors via e-cigs: long-term exposure can also cause cancer. The vapor from the unit also contains nicotine along with other chemicals. Long-term smoking of any product containing nicotine could cause the lungs to become overworked and damaged. This is just what happens when e-cigarette users breathe the smoke produced from the products. Nicotine may weaken the liner of the respiratory system. Through the use of these products regularly, long-term lung damage is likely. These vapors also contain small particles of metal, such as for example cadmium. These can transfer into the blood stream and increase the risk of developing a amount of diseases, including cancer. E-cigs also contain lead, another element that is known to increase the threat of developing heart disease. Long-term using tobacco increases the risk of developing heart disease along with other diseases. Simply because nicotine is a stimulant, and it stimulates the heart to work harder. One of the primary dangers of e-cigs comes from their effect on brain development. Children who smoke while growing up have problems with several problems, including an increased chance of developing depression and anxiety. Those that use them frequently may face more serious brain development problems. According to a report, long-term smokers have a higher possibility of having undamaged brains. These smokers’ brains show fewer signs of brain growth than do those of non-smokers. The second biggest problem connected with e-cigs are the short-term unwanted effects of inhaling them. The chemicals that are present can affect the the respiratory system and digestive tract. Long-term smoking can cause numerous illnesses, including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Many of the same symptoms can be expected of those who vaporize their bladders. These include difficulty in urination, painful urination, coughing, chest pain, dizziness, and issues with digestion and absorption of nutrients. Lastly, there are several cardiovascular diseases that can develop as a direct result of long-term smoking. The worst risk that is associated with this is actually the development of blood clots that may block the arteries of the center. The buildup of the clots can cause a coronary attack or stroke. In extreme cases, prolonged nicotine use may also result in the development of lungs cancer. It has additionally been speculated that the intake of e-juices can donate to the onset of asthma attacks. Most people who suffer from asthma can attest they get attacks when they use the inhaler. But interestingly, some individuals who have never suffered from asthma before develop the problem after using e-liquids. The reason behind this discrepancy isn’t fully understood. However, most experts agree that using vaporizers is really a much better choice than inhalers since they usually do not produce any detrimental unwanted effects. But like all other products in the market, there are also e-cigarette health risks to be wary of. Among the worst ailments which can be due to regular and prolonged usage of e-liquids is lung cancer. The problem with this type of cancer is that it’s difficult to detect. Most victims of this disease are unaware that they have it because the symptoms often resemble those of other illnesses such as bronchitis or emphysema.
<< Home Page \| Oxford (Gibbs) Index Aesop's Fables, translated by Laura Gibbs (2002) Perry 563 (Ademar 35) While he was wandering in the fields, a lion got a thorn stuck in his paw. He immediately went to a shepherd, wagging his tail as he said, 'Don't be afraid! I have come to ask your help; I'm not looking for food.' The lion then lifted his paw and placed it in the man's lap. The shepherd pulled out the thorn from the lion's paw and the lion went back into the woods. Later on, the shepherd was falsely accused of a crime and at the next public games he was released from jail and thrown to the beasts. As the wild animals rushed upon him from all sides, the lion recognized that this was the same man who had healed him. Once again the lion raised his paw and placed it in the shepherd's lap. When the king understood what had happened, he commanded that the lion be spared and that the gentle shepherd be sent back home to his family. When a man acts righteously, he can never be defeated by the punishments inflicted on him by his enemies. Note: The most famous version of this story is found in Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 5.14, where the shepherd is named 'Androcles' (Latin 'Androclus'). This is the only Aesopic fable that ever gave rise to a full-length Hollywood film: Androcles and The Lion, made in 1952 (based on a play of the same name by George Bernard Shaw).
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island also known as PEI or just The Island is one of the three Maritime Provinces. The crescent shaped island is separated from the mainland by the Northumberland Strait. Its neighbours are the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia both on Canada's mainland. Its total size is 2184 square miles making it Canada's smallest province. No place in the Province is more than 16 km (10 mi) from the sea. The 9 mile long Confederation Bridge, which opened in 1997, joins PEI with New Brunswick and is the longest bridge over ice covered waters in the world. There is a toll payable when leaving the island. The Province is in the Atlantic Time Zone which is Greenwich Meantime -4 hours. Between the months of April and October Daylight Saving is in effect and the difference is GMT -3 hours. There is a population of 135,294 people (2001 census). The Province is divided into three counties; in the middle is Queens County, to the east Kings County and to the west Prince County. The Provincial capital of Charlottetown is located in Queens County and the second city of PEI is Summerside located in Prince County. There are many smaller communities throughout the Province. The terrain is mostly gently rolling hills, there are no mountains on the Island, the highest point of land is only 152 metres (499 feet) above sea level at Springton, Queens County. The Northern shores are predominantly white sandy beaches and in the south it is mostly red sandstone cliffs. There are many small lakes, rivers and Parks PEI's climate is normally milder than the mainland due to the warm waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence that surround it. It receives an average of 868mm of rainfall annually and an average of 340cm of snowfall. Winters are generally cold with an average of -7 degrees Celsius in January. The snow usually comes in November and stays until late April. Summers are usually warm, with an average temperature of 19 degrees Celsius in July. The Provincial Government of Prince Edward Island is led by Premier the Hon. Patrick George Binns who is the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party. The Province is responsible for administering the Healthcare System which provides a basic care system for the PEI residents. The Education System and the Driving Regulations are also regulated by the Province and have differences from other parts of Canada. The Provincial Revenue Tax (PST) is a 10 per cent tax applied to the retail sale or rental of most goods and certain services in Prince Edward Island. The tax is calculated on the selling price, after the Federal GST (Good and Services Tax) is applied. Residents of PEI are subject to Provincial and Federal Taxation. The Government is actively seeking new residents and has a dedicated Provincial Nominee Program for both Business people and Skilled workers with a profile of high demand jobs. They offer a very informative section on immigration on the government's Website that can offer advice on employment standards, minimum wages, arrival info and assistance to name a few. The PEI Association for Newcomers to Canada is an organization that help immigrants settle in Prince Edward Island. I'd recommend contacting them if you plan on living in PEI as they can offer invaluable advice and assistance. For more, detailed information please go to http://www.onestopimmigration-canada. com/prince_edward_island.htm l . By: Dave Lympany Travel Tips Florida Vacation Villas - Florida Vacation Villas Ah. Barracuda-UAE.com © Copyright 2021, All Rights Reserved. Health & Traveling Safety US Hideaways Best International Getaways Travel Tips
Photo by Gavin Leavitt Gavin Leavitt and Jeff Newbold Imagine yourself in a store, looking at the shiny new album by your favorite musical group. You decide that, being the impoverished high school student you imagine yourself to be, you need this CD more than the musicians who created it need the money. So, you make off with the disc, probably concealing it in your shirt or purse depending on your gender. Is this course of action one that you would consider acceptable? Thousands of people around the world do something similar to this every day. Instead of stealing a CD from a store, however, these people download a file from the internet. As the internet becomes more prominent in our society, the ease of pirating software, or downloading files without purchasing them, is increasing. Many people download songs, games, and other media from the internet without paying for them and don’t even realize what they’re doing is a crime. These forms of media, though intangible, are created by real people investing real time, effort, and money. Most people are unaware that it’s not just the files or the information they’re taking– it’s the ideas and intellectual property of the creators. However, some do realize the illegality of this behavior, but justify it by claiming, ‘if I can figure out how to pirate it, I deserve it for free.’ The fact that it is a digital file doesn’t make it less valuable, nor does it condone stealing it. Though it is often confused with plagiarism, piracy is very different. While plagiarism is passing off others’ ideas as your own, piracy is the use or distribution of copyrighted intellectual property which is being sold for a profit. Both are illegal and punishable by law. Civil copyright infringement can run you a hefty $100,000 fine for each product; a criminal violation could result in up to five years of jail time and a $250,000 fine. Illegal distribution is also a form of piracy. Have you ever burned a CD and given it to a friend? Maybe you’ve let someone borrow the disc for a certain program so they could download it too. Those are both forms of illegal distribution, and therefore acts of software piracy. In many cases, software piracy is a crime of ignorance. Most people don’t even think twice about using programs for piracy such as Limewire or the infamous Napster and burning CDs to give to friends. Even cheap music websites such as LegalSounds, although allegedly legal, give little to no royalties to the artists who create the music. Many would argue that people who create such media don’t need royalties because they’re wealthy enough already. However, musicians who aren’t mega-stars find it very difficult to make ends meet. Several musicians publish their products on websites or services such as iTunes. Even students at Bingham have software available for purchase on the internet, and are therefore vulnerable to piracy. “I would feel enraged,” said senior Easton Hedman, a member of Bingham band Hardly Common. “You put work into it, and then you feel like your work should be rewarded. If it goes unrewarded, it’s not fair for anyone.” Senior Dallin Smith of Foundry, another band at Bingham, said, “I feel like piracy isn’t just stealing one’s works; it is also stealing their thoughts and feelings. When I write music, it takes a lot of time and effort. A lot of thought goes into a song I write, lyrically and musically. If someone were to steal that, it would be very offensive.” Music isn’t the only form of software that falls victim to piracy. Video game piracy has become rampant, tearing through China and Eastern European countries like some software Godzilla, destroying the profits of game developers with its atomic breath and destructive tail sweeps. According to nationmaster.com, China has an astonishing 82% software piracy rate. Just think about that for a second. In China, more than four out of every five software titles are pirated. Is that the road that we, as citizens of the United States, want to go down? Piracy is not only illegal, it harms the people who create entertainment and other useful programs. Creating media and entertainment software is an occupation just like any other. These professionals spend their whole lives perfecting their craft, then spend months and even years creating and working on their product. Most software projects require a team of skilled laborers and designers. Without profit made by selling software online, how will these individuals make a living? You wouldn’t walk into a restaurant, eat, and then leave without paying the skilled craftsman who prepared your meal. Although no food or any physical objects are involved, piracy is essentially the same crime. Software piracy is almost as bad as actual piracy, minus the whole killing people and ransacking coastal villages part.
Is There a Safe Amount of Nicotine Levels in E-Cigs? As the number of young people who vaporize continues to improve, new vaporizing health risks are appearing. The main element to avoiding these new vaporizing health risks is to be informed. How is Vaping Considered? Vaping generally identifies the act of exhaling and inhaling the steam, or aerosol, produced by a vaporizing device found in smoking cigarettes. Now, when it comes to thinking about Vaping, what do you consider you should know? First of all, you should understand what it is not. A common misconception is that Vaping is somehow bad for your health. While you can find no harmful chemicals involved with vaporizing a cigarette, there are certainly some harmful chemical compounds involved when you smoke. If you are not aware of the dangers, then you need to be. You see, Vaping is very different from normal cigarettes because there are no tar or nicotine found. Actually, there are no toxins or harmful chemicals at all. The reason for this is that e-cigarette companies been employed by very hard to eliminate any possible risk from their product by cutting out any chemical ingredients. However, a number of the ingredients that stay in the smokes can cause long-term health problems. It is critical that you become alert to the long-term consequences of Vaporizing, so you will be better ready to protect yourself and your family members. Here are a few of the more common risks associated with E-smoking and something of the best ways to safeguard yourself and others is to quit smoking all together. Just about the most common chemicals found in the smokes is Nicotine. Nicotine is toxic chemicals that are found in every drop of non-juice e cigarette you have ever tried. Nicotine is really a drug that your body does not know what to do with and often becomes addictive. After a while, the body will crave nicotine and it will become harder to stop smoking. Apart from the potential health issues that you could be facing, addititionally there is another important fact that you need to be familiar with: Nicotine is highly addictive, so it can become impossible to quit over time. Once you decide to quit, it is extremely difficult to prevent the onset of nicotine addiction in the event that you haven’t already stopped smoking regular cigarettes. Your likelihood of lung disease are greater if you quit smoking with e cigarettes than with any method, including herbal treatments, gum, patches, inhalers or other methods. Another risk that you have to consider with E-smoking is the risk of developing lung disease. Exactly like regular cigarettes, the vapor from E Cigels could cause damage to your lungs. The damages due to E Cigarette vapors can reach up to 10 times the amount of a cigarette plus some of the harmful chemicals found in vapor can be extremely dangerous if inhaled. Lung disease is highly treatable, but quitting smoking can greatly improve your odds of living an extended and healthy life. By quitting smoking, you will be going for a major step towards protecting yourself against E Lung Disease. One more serious issue that you have to be aware of may be the risk of death caused by second hand cigarette smoking. Lots of people who are heavily dependent on nicotine have developed difficulty in breathing, especially when they’re puffing on their E-Cigarettes. Invest the into consideration the dangers of E-Laughter, it’s no wonder why E-Cigarettes are viewed as a risky solution to deliver nicotine. Carbon monoxide smoke is just as harmful to your lungs, and the evidence surrounding the safe use and benefits of electronic cigarettes is simply not yet determined. There is no safe level of nicotine which can be delivered via E Cigels, so it is always safer to stay away from them whenever you can. As you can plainly see, there are several very serious issues surrounding E-Cigarettes. The truth that they are inexpensive to obtain and simple to use means adults are flocking to get them and using them to get high, despite the fact that the dangers they carry are unknown. As parents we should all take into account the potential dangers, which are extremely real, and make quitting E-Cigs a top priority for the children.
Harriet Lerner Quotes Harriet Lerner Anger is a signal, and one worth listening to. Harriet Lerner (The Dance of Anger, 1985) We'll always be disappointed if we believe that we can plan for a peak experience and make it happen. True joy can't be anticipated or planned. It just strikes. Harriet Lerner Fear is a message - sometimes helpful, sometimes not--but often conveying critical information about our beliefs, our needs, and our relationship to the world around us. Harriet Lerner (Fear and Other Uninvited Guests, 2004) Those of us who are locked into ineffective expressions of anger suffer as deeply as those of us who dare not get angry at all. Harriet Lerner (The Dance of Anger, 1985) What fuels human unhappiness can be boiled down to three key emotions ... anxiety, fear, and shame ... perhaps nothing is more important than understanding how these emotions affect us and how to manage ourselves when we are in their grip. Harriet Lerner We will be in tune with our bodies only if we truly love and honor them. We can't be in good communication with the enemy. Harriet Lerner (The Dance of Deception, 1993) It is not just anger and fighting that we learn to fear; we avoid asking precise questions and making clear statements when we unconsciously suspect that doing so would expose our differences, make the other person feel uncomfortable, and leave us standing alone. Harriet Lerner (The Dance of Anger, 1985) Throughout evolutionary history, anxiety and fear have helped every species to be wary and to survive. Fear can signal us to act, or, alternatively, to resist the impulse to act. It can help us to make wise, self-protective choices in and out of relationships where we might otherwise sail mindlessly along, ignoring signs of trouble. Harriet Lerner (Fear and Other Uninvited Guests, 2004) Intimate relationships cannot substitute for a life plan. But to have any meaning or viability at all, a life plan must include intimate relationships. Harriet Lerner (The Dance of Intimacy, 1989) Harriet Lerner Biography Born: November 30, 1944 Harriet Lerner is an American psychologist. She is best known for her various books on family and work relations. Notable Works The Dance of Anger (1985) Life Preservers (1996) The Dance of Fear (2004)
The Migrant Experience: The Great Depression Packing up and moving west to California was a tough decision for farmers in during the Great Depression. Nine text-rich slides contains information separated into six main categories related to the migrant experience. They'll discuss, the people, the Depression, the drought, dust storms, and the move west. 15 Views 19 Downloads Classroom Considerations
Origins of Childhood Asthma Can Be Traced To Very Early in Pregnancy Interview with: Dr Steve Turner MD MBBS Lead investigator of the study team and Respiratory paediatrician Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital Dr. Stephen Turner Dr Steve Turner MD MBBS Lead investigator of the study team and Respiratory paediatrician Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital What is the background for this study? Response: For almost thirty years there has been evidence that we are all born with a certain predisposition to what are called non communicable diseases (NCD) such as high blood pressure, type II diabetes and heart disease. The evidence comes from studies which have linked reduced birth weight with increased risk for these NCDs in later life. The question which arises, and which has been more difficult to answer, is “when during pregnancy is the predisposition to for NCDs first seen?” This is important to any attempt to reduce the unborn baby’s risk for NCD. We and other researchers have used fetal ultrasound data to link size before birth to non communicable diseases outcomes. In childhood, NCDs include asthma. What are the main findings? Response: The main finding is that in our study we were able to link fetal size at ten weeks gestation, when the fetus was typically was 5 cm long, to asthma and breathing tests at five, ten and fifteen years of age. We found that small fetal size in early pregnancy, before some mothers might have known that they were pregnant, was linked to increased risk for asthma and for poorer breathing tests throughout childhood. We checked to see that this was not simply small fetuses growing into small children with small lungs and it is not that simple – the link between fetal size and childhood asthma is independent of the child’s size. What should readers take away from your report? Response: The origins of childhood asthma can be traced to very early pregnancy. It is important to point out that not everyone at risk for developing asthma gets asthma and we know that things happening after birth are also important to developing asthma, for example exposure to the common cold virus and cigarette smoke. Put another way, the “bullet” which causes asthma is loaded before birth but it is exposures after birth which pull the trigger. What recommendations do you have for future research as a result of this study? Response: We need to better understand both the factors acting before birth and after birth and how these combine to cause asthma. Then we can start to prevent asthma. If the “action” (causing asthma) before birth is over with very early, any intervention will have to be done after birth and we know that this is likely to involve changes to the air and diet that the newborn child is exposed to before their first birthday. Thank you for your contribution to the community. European Respiratory Society abstract: Fetal origins of persistent childhood asthma More Medical Research Interviews on
The Year Everything Changed The Year Everything Changed Thirty thinkers tell us which years altered the course of Jewish history. In the midst of today’s cataclysmic events, it is hard not to view 2020 as a year that will change the course of human history. And while it may, there have been many other years that felt—and were—equally significant. Moment looks back at them and how they altered the world for Jews and non-Jews alike. For this endeavor, we’ve enlisted the help of a distinguished group of thinkers who study the past or contemplate the future. Each contribution tells its own story, and together they compose a bigger one that we hope will expand your thinking. To view the symposium in timeline format, click here. Above: The first chapter of Genesis (Bereshit in Hebrew) written on an egg. Courtesy of the Israel Museum 3761 BCE The first words of Genesis are: “In the beginning.” But when was the beginning? Genesis doesn’t mention the year of creation, but for millennia, calculating it was a matter of great importance to religious and other scholars. One of the earliest was Rabbi Yose ben Halafta, a student of the famed Rabbi Akiva, who lived in the Galilee in the 2nd century BCE. After many years of study, he determined the year of creation was 3761 BCE, based on references to time in the Torah, including the life spans of biblical figures. The significance of his work was not immediately recognized: The year 3761 BCE became widely accepted only when Maimonides, the 12th-century rabbi, philosopher and scientist, expanded upon it in his writings. Many Jewish scholars after ben Halafta tried their hand at computing the year of creation, and the results varied little, usually within a few hundred years, depending on different interpretations of biblical life spans. This work might not have had repercussions beyond the Jewish world if not for another religion to which the biblical date of creation mattered greatly: Christianity. Early Christian scholars made their own calculations, but unlike Jews, who largely based their timeline on the Hebrew Masoretic text, they based theirs on the Greek translation of the Five Books of Moses, known as the Septuagint. The numerical discrepancies in the Book of Genesis between these two texts are significant. So instead of 3761 BCE, Christians dated creation to 5500 BCE, later settling on 4004 BCE. So why should we care about any of this in the Jewish year of 5780 and the year 2020 CE in the Gregorian calendar? (That calendar is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in 1582, and like all Christian calendars counts forward from the birth of Jesus, although it is customary today to use the terms BCE (Before the Common Era) and CE (Common Era) in place of BC (Before Christ) and AD—Anno Domini, Latin for “in the year of the lord.”) Most Jews haven’t heard of 3761 BCE, let alone take it as the literal beginning of the universe. We’re largely willing to side with science on these matters. And modern dating measurement techniques (first put forward by a geologist named James Hutton in the 1700s) tell us the Earth formed billions of years ago and that the Bronze Age was beginning in the 4th millenium. But the year of biblical creation continues to matter to those inclined to take the Bible literally. While some ultra-Orthodox Jews reject evolution, many try to bridge Torah and science, finding, for example, similarities between the Torah’s description of creation and the Big Bang, and suggesting that the term “day” in Genesis (at least before the creation of the sun and moon on the fourth day) may refer to millions of years rather than 24 hours. There’s plenty of rabbinical discussion on this matter, but historically this debate has raged more fiercely in the Christian world. While the vast majority of modern-day Christians in the United States reject literal biblical interpretations, a vocal minority of fundamentalists hold fast to the belief that creation occurred 6,000 or so years ago.This influences how they view the world, helping to fuel contemporary debates about religious freedom, education and censorship, and stoking the polarization at the heart of our era’s culture wars. Nadine Epstein is the editor-in-chief of Moment. 1177 BCE The time period around 1177 BCE was a monumental era in the history of Judaism—one that most people don’t consider. During that era, virtually all the Bronze Age empires in the Mediterranean and Near East collapsed: the Babylonians, Assyrians and others—almost every kingdom between modern-day Italy and Afghanistan. Egyptian records blame the “Sea Peoples”—the best known of whom were the Philistines—who invaded on ships. There were other calamities as well; the century was marked by plagues, famine and drought. It was one of those dayenu moments. Among those affected were the city-states and the small kingdoms of Canaan. And into that vacuum stepped the Israelites. Just 30 years earlier, in 1207 BCE, Pharaoh Merneptah had mentioned Israel as a people—not a place—in an inscription that is the first time the name appears outside the Bible.It was only then (possibly after the Exodus from Egypt) that the Israelites were eventually able to establish the Kingdom of David and Solomon, which split into Israel and Judah. Israel, the northern kingdom, lasted until 720 BCE, when it was conquered by the Neo-Assyrians. And Judah existed until 586 BCE, when the Neo-Babylonians sent its people into exile and slavery. But none of this would have happened had the Bronze Age kingdoms not collapsed. The two Israelite kingdoms lasted only for a few hundred years, but it was long enough for the Israelites to establish a national identity and a connection to a particular geographic area. Eric H. Cline is a professor of classics and anthropology at George Washington University and author of 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed. 586 BCE The year that permanently inflected the history of the Jews and Judaism was 586 BCE, when the Kingdom of Judah was destroyed and the First Temple was burned. Some Jews stayed in the land. Most were sent to Babylonia or fled to Egypt. (The Babylonian exile had actually begun 11 years earlier, when the Babylonians deported King Jehoiakim and many of the Judahite/Judean elite to Babylonia.) This is the origin of diaspora Judaism. It is the beginning of the articulation of a kind of Jewishness that can be practiced even without the sacrificial cult. Even though the Temple is restored and remains a major symbol and pilgrimage site for hundreds of years, from that point on a permanent community of Jews will live in diaspora. In the long duration of Jewish history this has far-reaching implications. The redaction, the integration, of the Five Books of Moses—the Torah—into a common book is a direct response to this exile. Although parts of the text had an earlier origin, the process of redaction began, according to some scholars, in Babylonia itself among the Judahites, who no longer had access to the Temple in Jerusalem. They needed a new locus of Jewish spirituality. So they turned to the written text. When in 539 BCE, Ezra the scribe and priest led a return to the now Persian province of Judea, they read the Sefer Torat Moshe. Even though there was a return and the Temple was rebuilt, the exile did not entirely end. Most Jews opted to stay where they were. But they didn’t disappear from history the way the ten tribes of Israel of the north did when they were driven out of their land by the Assyrians in 720 BCE. They survived in Babylonia and Egypt by redefining themselves. It is in their exile that the Torah becomes central to Judaism and Jewish identity. Prior to the exile, the Israelite religion was the state religion of the Judahites. Their primary identity was political and territorial. Post-exile, the idea of the Jews as a people remained. But what unified them was no longer territory or national boundaries per se, but rather a common ethnoreligious identity that traced itself to a particular homeland. Even though it is estimated that by 2050 a majority of Jews will live in the State of Israel, I do not expect the diaspora to go away. This duality will remain. Daniel B. Schwartz is associate professor of history and director of the Judaic studies program at George Washington University and author of Ghetto: The History of a Word. “Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem,” by Francesco Hayez (1867). “Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem,” by Francesco Hayez (1867). (Wikimedia Commons) 70 CE I always say that 70 CE is when Judaism becomes a virtual-reality system. Religion at that time was all about the sacrificial cult. There were the laws of the Torah, but many of these laws were centered around the Temple priesthood. The main way of gaining divine favor was to kill some sheep. And what’s amazing about that is—now with Judaism an intellectual tradition—there was nothing intellectual then about making sacrifices. It was very visceral and physical and bloody, and required being in one place at one time, chosen by God. It wasn’t that “this blood represents X.” No, you’re killing a goat, then being absolved of your sins by the priests. It was like the childhood of a people. Childhood involves immediacy of experience and connection and encounter, not mediated by any kind of abstraction or intellectual thought. When the Temple was destroyed, the Jewish people and Judaism should have died too. There’s a story in the Talmud about the sage Yochanan ben Zakkai. During the Roman siege of Jerusalem, there is a Jewish revolt, and ben Zakkai sees that this revolt is going to fail. He is trying to find a way to salvage something, so he fakes his own death by having himself smuggled out of the city in a coffin and brought to the headquarters of the Roman general Vespasian. There, he pops out of the coffin and says, “Long live the Emperor.” And Vespasian says, “I should have you executed for disrespecting me because I am not the Emperor.” Two minutes later, a messenger walks in and says to the general, “We have an urgent message from Rome. Nero has died and you are being called back to Rome to become the new Emperor.” Vespasian looks at ben Zakkai and says, “What can I do for you?” There were so many things ben Zakkai could have requested. The rabbis wonder why he didn’t ask to save the Temple. He says it’s because he knew that wouldn’t happen. Instead, he asks to create an academy for Torah scholars. Vespasian replies, “Sure, no problem.” The general then goes to Rome to become the new Emperor, and his son Titus crushes the Jewish revolt. Jerusalem is destroyed, the Temple is destroyed and the Jewish people live in exile for 2,000 years. That should have been the end of everything. The only reason it wasn’t is because ben Zakkai and Judaism both fake their own deaths to survive this cataclysm. Ben Zakkai creates this virtual-reality system, where Temple rituals are transmuted—transformed into virtual versions of themselves. Today, our prayers reflect the sacrifices in the Temple. Mincha, for instance, doesn’t mean “afternoon prayer.” It means “grain offering.” In the Avoda service on Yom Kippur, we read the Torah portion about putting the sins of the people onto the head of a goat. All these things we do today are an adult, intellectual version of this childhood memory. Dara Horn is a novelist who teaches Jewish and Yiddish literature. Her latest book is Eternal Life. 70 CE The year when Jewish history stopped and began again in a totally different way was the year 70 CE, when the Romans destroyed the second Holy Temple in Jerusalem and sent the people of Israel into exile. This was a before-and-after moment. Everything that we are as Jews today is an echo of this event. There was a first destruction hundreds of years earlier, which also was a terrible shock, but then some of the Jews returned to the land of Israel and the Second Temple was built, and again there was a sense of a Jewish center in Israel, a groundedness, a connection of heaven and earth, a chosenness. The Second Temple started as a very modest structure but grew with the generations until King Herod built a magnificent building that was a jewel of the human race. When the Temple was destroyed, the whole nature of Jewish identity collapsed with it. We moved from sacrifice to words as a means of worship and instead of feeling like the beautiful, chosen, beloved children, we became the unwanted, unloved, loathsome strangers—people who were not part of anything. Our whole self-image changed from beautiful and chosen to ugly and perverse. If you think about all of Jewish humor and Jewish folklore, it’s all about that, all about this feeling that we’re not wanted. This was a big, big switch in our identity. This event had a deep psychological effect on the Jewish people as a collective and reshaped us as a very different nation. And, as immense trauma does, it froze us in time at a point that put us outside of history. And while we were kind of pickled in sorrow and pain, nations that were happy and grounded and had a normal course of history have long gone. They evolved into totally different nations, cultures, religions. But we somehow froze in time because of that trauma. And the fact that we became an abnormal nation, a nation without a territory, a nation without a single language, is probably also the reason we’re still alive and active and have had so much influence on the world. Having more influence, but also living in a constant tragedy. I like to refer to the entire Jewish existence and culture, with all its grandeur, as scar tissue. Scar tissue that was formed on this great wound we suffered. Ruby Namdar is an Israeli novelist living in New York City who teaches Jewish literature. His latest book is The Ruined House: A Novel. 70 CE Sometime between 66 and 70 BCE, Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai reinvented Judaism. He is identified with the decision, but I think it was made from multiple points of view, as the Jewish people debated how to respond to Roman hegemony. This very difficult decision led Rabbi Yochanan to forego, essentially, the idea that the identity of the Jewish people would be tied to the Temple. He caused, or some would say just foresaw, a new definition of the Jewish people without animal sacrifices or the Temple in Jerusalem. I picked this date because it has relevance to potentially divisive discussions and decisions to be made today in the Jewish world—questions of militancy and of accommodation with reality. Back then—almost at the last moment when the Jewish people had initiative—a large camp within Judea saw accommodating with the Romans as the right way to go. They wanted to stay and pay the price. We see something like that today. I recently read a political discussion among Reform rabbis in North America asking what Judaism would look like today if there were no Jewish state. When I read that, I thought about Rabbi Yochanan. The story is told that on his deathbed, he wept bitterly and when asked why, he said he realized the gravity of his decision, and he was never really sure he hadn’t made a horrible mistake, and therefore was not at rest, even though he probably saved the identity of the Jewish people. Why do I say that? Because being able to admit to uncertainty and revisit highly weighty decisions is also something we need to be able to do today. The Jewish people need to learn that. I feel we are again at a critical time, for the Jewish people in Israel and worldwide. Karl Skorecki, a nephrologist who also studies population genetics, is dean of the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine at Bar-Ilan University. 70 CE What is a decisive moment, anyway? History seldom nails radical alterations to a single year. All the same, three dates—all of them obvious—changed the fate of the Jewish people. The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE ended not just the Jewish polity but Judaism as a ritual sacrifice cult. The removal of Yochanan ben Zakkai’s academy to Yavneh meant that Judaism would become a rabbinically prescribed religion with Sadducees and Essenes marginalized. It would take longer for the Hebrew Bible canon to be closed, but the seeds were sown for the creation of the Mishnah and then the broader Talmud, encoding the status of an oral law beside the written text. Thus the infinite creativity and staying power of Judaism were born out of political calamity. The atrocious brutality of November 9, 1938—Kristallnacht—was not the founding moment of Nazism as a program of annihilation of Jewish life, nor its most hideous consummation, but it tested the compliance and collaboration of ordinary Germans and Austrians in the brutal dehumanization that would culminate in the Shoah. Those who stood by as depraved atrocities were inflicted on Jews were rehearsing the bystanding of all those who witnessed or participated in the Aktionen (actions) and mass murders of the Einsatzgruppen (Nazi death squads). It was the moment when killing Jews could produce a shrug or a smile. But then ten years later came May 14,1948 and the creation, under conditions of extreme peril, of the State of Israel. There could be other contenders for this moment of revival and redemption—the first Zionist Congress, the Balfour Declaration, the United Nations vote in November 1947. But there is still something supremely dramatic about David Ben-Gurion’s declaration at the Tel Aviv Museum, not least because of the profound moral dignity of the commitment to “complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex” and the guarantee of “freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture.” Simon Schama is a professor of history and art history at Columbia University and author of The Story of the Jews. 70 CE Any war is a traumatic event—a time of upheaval, death and suffering, and all of the losses that come with a war. So, in a historical context, 70 CE was a transformative year because of the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple. But it’s also a date that increased in significance at later historical moments as well. As you move later in history, 70 CE became more and more important. Part of that story is that 70 CE, along with the ninth of Av (the Hebrew date of the destruction of the Second Temple), is a conflated date. It gets conflated with the destruction of the First Temple; it’s also enshrined in the calendar. Then other later traumatic events get lumped into the ninth of Av. And so we have this year, and then a date associated with it, that stands in for all Jewish destruction and suffering. But if I were to tell my colleagues that I had chosen 70 CE, I think that I would get some pushback. Not all scholars agree that the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE was a watershed event. Some argue that the Temple and Jerusalem weren’t that significant and that their absence wasn’t seen as the greatest of losses. But regardless of what we think about how Jews immediately thought about the destruction, what we see is that later sources came to regard 70 CE as a turning point. One example is in Lamentations Rabbah, a 5th-century rabbinic text entirely devoted to the book of Lamentations. It contains the rawest stories about the destruction. It’s a text with deep anguish in it. When I read that Midrash, the question I asked myself was why in the 5th century, in particular, did the rabbis return to such deep mourning of the temple? We don’t have that in earlier rabbinic sources from the 2nd, the 3rd or the 4th century. We don’t have that reckoning. So what was it about the 5th century that caused the rabbis living in the Galilee to open up those rawest of ruins? I think that the answer lies in the rabbis’s own historical circumstances. In the 5th century the Galilee and Jerusalem were rapidly Christianizing. It was becoming a Christian Roman Empire. It’s in the 4th century that Constantine builds the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, and over the course of the hundred years that follow, Christian churches and convents and monasteries and libraries start being built throughout the region. Sunday becomes a holy day in the empire, and the theology of supersessionism and the idea that the destruction of the Temple and of Israel was replaced by the new Israel, meaning the Christian community, emerge. What the rabbis are doing is turning to a text that’s written in the aftermath of the first disruption in 586 BCE, the book of Lamentations, and they’re using it to write a commentary about the disruption of 70 CE by the Romans in order to deal with and cope with what they saw as another series of destructions of their cities and their identities in their own time period, while they are grappling with a Christianizing context. And then all kinds of catastrophes become associated with the destruction. The book of Lamentations is dealing with those, and the ninth of Av becomes the date on which other Jewish tragedies and catastrophes are also marked, including the Spanish Inquisition, and the ninth of Av becomes another day to mourn for the Holocaust. Additionally, we often think about the destruction of the Temple as a spatial trauma—the loss of a cultic site of worship, a place of pilgrimage, a capital city. But what our sources also tell us is that it was a temporal trauma, which is actually quite similar to other moments of social, political, economic and cultural upheavals that cause individuals and communities to question our sense of time—the rhythm of daily life, the organization of time, how we think about history. One of the most famous examples is the French Revolution. One of the first things that happened after the French Revolution was that there was a new chronology proposed; they dispensed with the week and they started a decade, a 10-day cycle. We also see it with the industrial revolution and the railroads and this idea that there needed to be some sort of standardized time to coordinate between everything that was going on and people moving through vast distances. We even see it with the digital revolution, which is something we can all relate to: this idea of the acceleration of time, work being something you do all the time, always being accessible, and that communication goes much quicker. And now, more so than ever in the global pandemic, one of the dominant discourses about the coronavirus is how no one knows what time it is, what day it is, what month it is. Moments like those cause us to ask fundamental questions about what time means. How does time work? How should we use our time? Sarit Kattan Gribetz is a professor in the Department of Theology at Fordham University. Her first book, Time and Difference in Rabbinic Judaism, is being released by Princeton University Press in November. “Kabbalah Cosmos” manuscript art by Jehan Thenaud (15th century). (Biliotheque Nationale de France) On or about the 18th day of Iyar, in the year 3920 in the Jewish calendar (160 CE), the whole cosmos was altered. For about 80 years, while Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai walked the earth, the most recondite mysteries were visible in all of nature. Even small children effortlessly revealed words of the deepest wisdom (Zohar I:93a). Love of soul and spirit prevailed among Rabbi Shimon’s disciples (Zohar II:190b). When Rabbi Shimon departed this earth, he ascended to the heavens on four great wings. He took with him all books of sublime secrets and legends, leaving not a one (Zohar I:217a). Yet he bequeathed unto the world a tiny bit of his wisdom, the tenth of an ephah. This remnant was hidden away in a small pot “before God” (Exodus 16:33). Since that time, anyone who seeks kabbalistic wisdom must search for the place of the divine and there endeavor to open the vessel containing the vestige of Rabbi Shimon’s teaching. The foregoing tale belongs to the realm of myth, in a time beyond time. When it comes to Kabbalah, myth is the only true way to recount the turning points in history. The non-mythical correlate to this tale is the enormous change in Jewish religiosity wrought by the advent of Kabbalah in the 12th and 13th centuries, whose crowning achievement was the Zoharic literature. The historical authors, as well as the dates and even places of authorship, remain hotly debated by academics. As renowned scholar and theologian Melila Hellner-Eshed has said, the more academics analyze and dissect the Zohar, the more mysterious the process of its composition becomes. The only true way to tell its turning points is to recount one of the many myths it tells about itself…as I have just done. Nathaniel Berman is a professor of international affairs, law and modern culture at Brown University and author ofThe “Other Side” of Kabbalah: Divine and Demonic in the Zohar and Kabbalistic Tradition. Babylonian Talmud. Excerpt from the Babylonian Talmud. (British Library) Our world can change in a number of ways. It can change for the better through developments or innovations that improve human life or the life of the Jewish people. In 200 CE, the Mishnah (the first major written collection of Jewish oral traditions and the first major work of rabbinic literature) was written down. If it hadn’t been, it might have been the end of Judaism. In 550 CE, the final redaction of the Babylonian Talmud was finished. That meant the end of a huge cumulative process. The first printed volume of codes was published circa 1450 and the first printed Talmudic tractate in 1483. Printing changed our world incredibly. It was a tool of empowerment because information could be so much more widely circulated. In 1791, French Jews became full citizens. And in the wake of that, a number of other European republics gave Jews citizenship. We all know what a complex change that was. When Jews became citizens, they had equal rights with all other citizens. Special taxes, for example, could not be levied upon them simply because they were Jews—a common practice in both European and Islamic countries. However, when Jews had the freedom to assimilate, a flood of Jews left Judaism. It was a very, very big change from the past. In 1948, the State of Israel was established. That’s a huge difference. Our world can also change disastrously. Examples of that are 1095, the First Crusade; 1492, the expulsion of Jews from Spain; 1648, the Khelmnytsky massacres in Russia; 1938, Kristallnacht. Rachel Adler is a rabbi, professor of Jewish religious thought at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion and author of the forthcoming Tales of the Holy Mysticat: Jewish Wisdom Stories by a Feline Mystic. Read the extended response from Rachel Adler here. For modernity, a really influential moment is the year 1205, which saw the emergence of a racialization of Jewish identity or Jewish status in Christian theology and law. In 1205, Pope Innocent III wrote a letter called Etsi Judeaos, in response to a problem in France where the Jews were not behaving in the way that the Pope thought was appropriate. He brought in biblical commentary as a justification for social and legal subordination of Jews to Christians. This idea emerges out of medieval ideas about Jews, earlier Christian ideas about Jews and medieval commentaries on the Bible that say the stories of Ham and Cain and Ishmael are actually allegories signaling the forced submission of Jews to Christians through enslavement, even though those texts in the Hebrew Bible don’t have anything to do with crucifixion or the Jews. The Pope’s letter says that the Jews, by their own guilt, are consigned to perpetual servitude because they crucified Jesus. It says that Jews should understand that they are slaves rejected by God, and by the effect of their alleged participation in the crucifixion should recognize themselves as the slaves of those whom Jesus’ death set free. This letter was incorporated into the larger code of international church law, which governed all of Western Christianity. It meant that all Jews in areas over which the church had authority were liable to legal punishment if they somehow behaved in a way that put them in a position of power over Christians, and that they were inherently inferior and needed to visibly occupy that inferior status or be forced into it. This resulted in the gradual expulsion of Jews from Western Europe. Once this construct of inherent hereditary inferiority enters into the ecclesiastical legal system, it can be transferred to other groups. The same idea is used to punish Muslims for the crime of the crucifixion, even though Islam didn’t exist at that time. It is also used to justify the idea of Muslims as slaves, and to justify and describe the relationship of Africans to Christians, even though there were Africans who were already Christian. The curse of Ham is originally developed around Jews, but once there’s expansion into Africa in the 15th century, it translates into justifying the actual enslavement of Africans. M. Lindsay Kaplan is an English professor at Georgetown University. Her latest book is Figuring Racism in Medieval Christianity. Generally I would say that there is very little chance of identifying a moment where everything changes, but 1492 divides the before and after for the Jews in terms of modernity. It was the moment in which Europe and the Americas found each other. There is no proof that Columbus was actually a Jew, but there are rumors, and the moment Columbus set sail was crucial for the Jews in the Iberian Peninsula, who were being persecuted by the Spanish Inquisition. Columbus, like Moses, opened up a new promised land for the Jews. The year 1492 is the moment when Spain expels the Jews, finds what would become the new colonies and encounters a whole new world of people whom it will need to address and look at differently. It was a very traumatic year for the Jews, but it was also the year in which a number of Jews were able to go to other places, such as the Balkans, Italy, Amsterdam, Northern Africa and Palestine. It is the time during which the Arabs are pushed out of Spain, and the country becomes a nation in our contemporary sense. It is the end of the Reconquista, the final conquest by Catholic Spain of the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula. There’s another crucial reason why 1492 is very important. It’s the year when the very first grammar of the Spanish language is published, the moment in which Spanish becomes, so to speak, an official language, and it is done by poet and humanist Antonio de Nebrija, a New Christian who is a descendant of Jews. Several hundred years later a descendant of Sephardic Jews, Emma Lazarus, would write “The New Colossus,” a sonnet that is engraved on the plaque at the base of the Statue of Liberty. “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free…” Just a few months before writing that sonnet, Lazarus wrote another one, titled “1492.” Thou two-faced year, Mother of Change and Fate, Didst weep when Spain cast forth with flaming sword, The children of the prophets of the Lord, Prince, priest, and people, spurned by zealot hate. Hounded from sea to sea, from state to state, The West refused them, and the East abhorred. No anchorage the known world could afford, Close-locked was every port, barred every gate. Then smiling, thou unveil’dst, O two-faced year, A virgin world where doors of sunset part, Saying, “Ho, all who weary, enter here!… The vision of what had happened in 1492 reverberated in the vision of the United States as a safe haven. Often Jews have to suffer enormously in order to make it to the next diaspora, and 1492 is no exception. But it proves yet again that as one door closes, other doors open, and Jews find ways in the next chapter of their history to look back at what they lost, and also to be re-energized and do new things. Ilan Stavans is a professor of humanities and Latino culture at Amherst College and host of NPR’s In Contrast. Jews had lived in Portugal since the time of the Roman Empire, but those centuries of peaceful coexistence came to a violent end in 1506. On April 19 of that year, a pogrom broke out in Lisbon that was led by Dominican priests shouting “Death to the Jews!” Rioters following these fanatical churchmen through the city ended up murdering some 2,000 New Christians, Jews who’d been forcibly baptized in a mass conversion nine years earlier. Their bodies were dragged to Lisbon’s central square—the Rossio—and burned in two huge pyres. Given that there were between 3,000 and 6,000 New Christians living in Lisbon at the time, every family would have lost a son, daughter, father, mother or sibling during the three days of rioting. Historians refer to this pogrom as the Lisbon Massacre of 1506. This tragic episode became a lesson: Portugal’s Jews realized that they would always be regarded as dangerous heretics in the country of their birth and never be entirely safe. Some courageous New Christians stayed and continued to practice Judaism in secret over the next decades, but others left for Istanbul, Smyrna, Salonika and a number of other welcoming places, creating a large and important Portuguese Jewish diaspora. Richard Zimler is the author of the 1998 bestseller, The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon. His latest novel is The Gospel According to Lazarus. Read the extended response from Richard Zimler here. 16th century painting of Krakow A view of Krakow in the 16th century from Frans Hogenberg’s Civitates Orbis Terrarum. (Wikimedia Commons) In 1550, Jews began to have full civil rights in European society. In 1547 in Italy, Pope Paul III had allowed Jews to settle in Ancona and have parity with Christians. About the same time in Eastern Europe, Jews were invited by Polish magnates into private market towns, what we call shtetls. Jews again were given parity with Christians. The Sejm (Poland’s parliament) had allowed magnates to establish these private towns for Jews on their estates. Contrary to the notion of the shtetl as a place of extreme poverty, the shtetl of the 16th century to the mid-19th century was a place of affluence. The poverty depicted in Fiddler in the Roof came in the second half of the 19th century. But before then, Jews had privileges allowing them to own property (houses, not agricultural land), build synagogues and become part of the urban landscape. It was a great leap forward. In many shtetls, Jews, for the first time, were awarded full equal rights and full citizenship. At the end of the 18th century, Poland was partitioned by three powers: Prussia, Russia and the Hapsburgs. Under Prussian rule, Jews gained rights in 1833. And in Galicia, in 1867, Jews were granted equal rights by the Hapsburgs. There were, however, steps backward. The 1648 Khelmnytsky disaster (the Cossack uprising in the eastern territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that resulted in mass atrocities committed against the civilian population, especially Jews) was directed at Polish-colonizing nobles who used Jews to manage their estates. But this was the beginning of Jewish emancipation, the process through which Jews obtained political and social equality. It’s a struggle we are still engaged in today. It’s a step forward and a step back, a constant ebb and flow, progress and retrogression. When people talk about anti-Semitism, it should be seen as an attack on the equality and emancipation that began around 1550. David Sorkin is a professor of Jewish history at Yale University and author of Jewish Emancipation: A History Across Five Centuries. In 1677, a manuscript that had been locked away in a desk drawer was quietly published. Its author had died the year before, at the age of 44. He had become so notorious during his brief years that he had judged his magnum opus unsafe to publish during his lifetime. Excommunicated by his own Jewish community of Amsterdam when he was only 23, it had then fallen on greater Christian Europe to castigate him. It was a small group of his friends, all of them dissenting Christians, who arranged for the publication of the book that bore the incendiary title Ethica. In an age when it was unthinkable to try to establish ethics on non-theistic grounds, making no allusions to God’s intentions or commandments, this is exactly what this book did. The notoriety of the author of Ethica didn’t diminish with his death. Well-rehearsed denunciations of the philosopher became a prerequisite for entrance into the academic and ecclesiastical ranks. Perhaps, in retrospect, it wasn’t prudent for the religious and academic authorities to demand that those seeking admittance to their ranks must carefully consider the arguments of Ethica in order to know how to refute them, since, for some, the careful consideration led to persuasion. An underground appreciation of the book and its author gradually gathered strength internationally, ultimately flowering in what we now call the Enlightenment: rejecting the traditional forms of authority, both religious and civic, promoting reason and science over religious dogma, and republicanism over monarchy. The spirit of the book even found its way into the writing of our Declaration of Independence, whose major author, Thomas Jefferson, was an admirer of the book that had been quietly published in 1677. And the name of the author? It is, of course, Baruch Spinoza. Rebecca Goldstein is a philosopher and novelist. She has authored ten books, both fiction and nonfiction, including Betraying Spinoza. In 1782 there were fewer than two million Jews in the world, about three-quarters of them in Europe. That winter, the usually skeptical German Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn was for a short while swept up with enthusiasm. The Edict of Tolerance, signed by the Emperor Joseph II, had recently been published in Vienna, arousing great hopes and expectations. At the end of January, Naphtali Herz Wessely’s Words of Peace and Truth, the far-reaching program for the transformation of Jewish education, was printed in Berlin. “Thank kind Providence,” Mendelssohn wrote, “that I live to see yet, in my old days, the happy time, when the Rights of Man are beginning to be taken to heart, in their true extent.” Portrait of Moses Mendelssohn. Portrait of Moses Mendelssohn. (Wikimedia Commons) At the very time when the Haskalah [the Jewish enlightenment] was emerging and faith in the supernatural was being subjected to criticism, the Hasidic movement of religious revival was on the rise in Eastern Europe. In 1782, the Korits press printed Tsofnat Pa’anei’ah, one of the first Hasidic books. Its elevation of the mission of the tzaddik had a negative effect on the status of the non-Hasidic elite of Talmudic scholars, known as mitnagdim, and was a rebellion against the religious elite. Then on December 11 came another formative document: Nachal habesor, signed by the founders of the Jewish Enlightenment movement, The Society of the Friends of Hebrew Literature, headed by Isaac Euchel, a young maskil [enlightened Jew] from Copenhagen. It was the “declaration of independence” of the movement, which was founded in Koenigsberg, Prussia. Their new publication, Hameasef, the first Hebrew periodical, which started publication in 1784, was intended to create a modern network of communication linking the maskilim in Europe and enhancing their ability to exert influence. If we look at the history of modern Jewish culture as a chessboard, then in 1782 most of the pieces of Jewish modernity were already laid out on the board. The Kulturkampf that erupted at that point marked the new boundaries and great schisms at the heart of Jewish society. The evaluations at the time were divided, but in all camps, people felt that for better or worse modern times had begun. In 1782 we can already observe the emergence of modern self-awareness, challenges and identities, and also the great debate over the desirable vision for the future of the Jewish people. Shmuel Feiner is a professor of Jewish History at Israel’s Bar-Ilan University and author of Moses Mendelssohn: Sage of Modernity. Everything changed for Jews in France in 1791, the year they received full civil rights. The Jews had been expelled from France in the Middle Ages and had begun to come back in the 16th century. When the French annexed the German-speaking territories of what became Alsace-Lorraine, the Jews were allowed to stay, but with severe limits on what professions they could practice or where they could live. In 1791, the Revolutionary National Assembly voted to give the Jews full citizenship as part of its philosophy of the Rights of Man. Not that the Rights of Man were applied equally everywhere—the French continued to hold slaves in their Caribbean colonies, justifying the practice by the argument that the Declaration of the Rights of Man protected property, including human property—but in France itself it led to civil rights first for Protestants, then for Jews. It was not a gift without conditions—the Jews were expected to give up their communal organizations and courts and surrender any self-governing authority to the state. When Napoleon took power, he created a communal organization for the Jews, the Consistoire, which still exists. But he also passed legislation accusing the Jews of usury and demanding that they stop exploiting Christians, which was a signal for pogroms to break out in eastern France. The Napoleonic army did break down ghetto walls in Eastern and Central Europe. Early emancipation also set an example for other countries, and indeed to the whole world, of giving Jews opportunities. During the French Revolution, Jews served as officers in the French Army, which hadn’t happened before. A century later there were prominent intellectuals like Émile Durkheim, actresses like Rachel Félix and Sarah Bernhardt, bankers like the Rothschilds and successful politicians. That’s the good side, of course. The bad side was the reaction against emancipation, which was extremely strong: the Dreyfus affair, and later Vichy. Even today in France, there are these two sides: There are tons of Jews in extremely prominent positions—intellectuals, journalists, entertainers, politicians and TV personalities—and yet something like 35 percent of French Jews have said they’re thinking about emigrating because of anti-Semitism. David A. Bell is a professor of history at Princeton and author most recently of the forthcoming Men on Horseback: The Power of Charisma in the Age of Revolutions. The best-remembered years in Jewish history tend to be associated with tragedies, from the destruction of the First Temple in 586 BCE to the expulsion from Spain in 1492. But 1881 deserves to be remembered as the year that led, by a long and convoluted road, to the salvation of modern Judaism. On March 13, 1881, Tsar Alexander II was killed by bomb-throwing assassins in St. Petersburg. While neither of the killers was Jewish, the government encouraged Russians to blame the killing on the Jews, leading to dozens of pogroms throughout the empire. (It was in 1881 that the word “pogrom” entered the English language.) In May of the following year, the new tsar announced a series of repressive measures aimed at the Jews, forbidding them from purchasing land or living in major cities. These “May Laws” made existing Jewish poverty even worse. Victims of a pogrom in Kiev, Ukraine in 1919. (Wikimedia Commons) In response, Eastern Europe’s Jews began to emigrate. Starting in 1881, a total of two million Jews would leave Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania and other Ashkenazi heartlands for the United States, before new anti-immigrant laws closed America’s doors in 1924. They transformed what had been a small Jewish community, largely of German origin, into the thriving American Jewish world we know today. At the same time, a smaller number of Jews started to look to Palestine as a solution. The Hovevei Zion (“Lovers of Zion”) movement began in 1881, and the next year, ten of its members founded Rishon LeZion, the first Zionist settlement, which today is Israel’s fourth largest city. By World War I, about 35,000 Jews had settled in Palestine—the nucleus of what would become the State of Israel. Of course, in 1881 the Jews of Eastern Europe never imagined that their civilization would soon be annihilated. But if it weren’t for the movements to America and Israel that began in that year, Ashkenazi civilization might have had no successors. Adam Kirsch is a poet and literary critic who teaches at Columbia University and is the author of The People and the Books: 18 Classics of Jewish Literature. For American women and for America’s Jewish women, 1893 was a pivotal year. When Chicago’s elites began planning for a world’s fair marking the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s voyage to the New World, they were determined to include women in the more than 200 congresses—we would call them conferences—to be held at the fair exploring recent developments in science and technology, culture and the arts, and religion. As a result, one-fourth of all the congress speakers at the World’s Columbian Exposition were female, including a number of America’s Jewish women, many of them participants in the fair’s Jewish Women’s Congress. In September 1893, 28 Jewish women addressed visitors to the Exposition over a period of four days, speaking for the first time ever as authorities on Jewish history, culture, religion and social welfare. They drew such large crowds that some sessions had to be repeated. At the conclusion of the Jewish Women’s Congress at the Exposition, the attendees founded the National Council of Jewish Women, the first of the powerhouse women’s organizations that still stand today. (Jewish women were not comfortable joining the largest women’s organization of the day, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union.) In its earliest years, the Council’s social-welfare activities included settlement houses for immigrants and stationing an agent at Ellis Island to greet girls and women traveling on their own to make sure that they did not fall into nefarious hands. Rosa Sonneschien Photograph of Rosa Sonneschein. (Courtesy of The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the Jewish American archives) Jewish women also presented papers at other congresses at the Exposition. Rosa Sonneschein, the future editor of the first English-language Jewish women’s magazine, The American Jewess, spoke at the Press Congress, and Nina Morais Cohen discussed Homer’s poems at the Congress of Representative Women. Henrietta Szold, still two decades away from founding Hadassah, and Josephine Lazarus, the sister of the poet Emma Lazarus, presented papers at the World’s Parliament of Religions. In 1893, Jewish women burst into view on the national stage and have never retreated. Finally, there is a footnote and additional reason why 1893 stands out for Jewish women and all American women. The first dishwasher was ceremoniously unveiled at the World’s Columbian Exposition. Pamela S. Nadell is a professor of women’s and gender history and director of Jewish studies at American University. She is the author of American Jewish Women: A History from Colonial Times to Today. Photograph of Theodor Herzl Photograph of Theodor Herzl (1897). (Wikimedia Commons) The landmark events of 1897—a truly remarkable, banner year—determined, in great measure, the course of modern Jewish history, and the current State of the (Jewish) Nation. In 1897, as is widely known, Theodor Herzl—having just a year earlier published his epic work and first political Zionist manifesto, Der Judenstaat (The Jews’ State, or The Jewish State)—convened the First International Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, setting in motion a political process that ultimately gave rise to the State of Israel. Another major secular, and revolutionary, Jewish movement, the General Jewish Labor Movement (Algemeiner Yiddisher Arbeter Bund), which would become the ideological nemesis of Zionism, was founded that same year in a basement in Vilna, the Jerusalem of Lithuania, then under brutal tsarist rule. Despite its ultimate failure to flourish in Poland and Russia, the Bund’s influence is still felt in its institutional establishment of a secular form of Jewish identity that has come to define the Judaism of a large majority of contemporary world Jewry. Finally, in North America, there appeared that same year the inaugural issue of the Forverts, the Yiddish Daily Forward, which quickly grew to have the widest influence of any diaspora newspaper in Jewish history, helping hundreds of thousands of Yiddish speaking immigrants adapt to, and thus prosper in, the Goldeneh Medineh [the Golden Land—America]. The Forverts was critically important in the establishment of a large, stable and flourishing Jewish community in America. Allan Nadler is a rabbi, author and professor emeritus of religious studies, and former director of the Jewish studies program at Drew University. Read the extended response from Rabbi Allan Nadler here. Henri Bergson, Émile Durkheim, Marcel Proust and Sigmund Freud. From left: Henri Bergson, Émile Durkheim, Marcel Proust and Sigmund Freud. (Wikimedia Commons) In 1900, Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams; in 1903, the French philosopher Henri Bergson published the article “Introduction to metaphysics”; in 1912, Émile Durkheim published The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life; in 1913, Marcel Proust published Swann’s Way, the first part of In Search of Lost Time. These four figures, all of Jewish birth, some quite religious in their upbringing (Durkheim was the son of a rabbi and trained as a rabbi, and Freud had a solid Jewish education and studied the Talmud and Torah as a young man, though he didn’t talk about it much), changed the way we think of time. In psychology, sociology, philosophy and literature, they put a name to something that was happening anyway: the division between private, subjective time and public, objective time, which was becoming important with the advent of railway schedules and global business. Cultural historians identify this distinction as the beginning of modernity. Freud’s theory of dreams introduced the idea that there is an interior time that is not chronological. It made a clear distinction between the objective time of a patient’s biography and the subjective time in which the patient experienced it. Bergson’s essay attacked what he called objective and scientific time, which he distinguished from “duration,” the inner time we experience. Space, he argued, is static, time is dynamic; space is divisible, time is not; space is quantitative, time is qualitative. Next, Durkheim, the sociologist, talked about social or collective time, calendars and the rhythms of collective activity, embodied in rituals and feasts and public ceremonies. In his view, religion was the source of public time. And in Swann’s Way, Proust slowed time down. It takes hours and hours of anguish for his mother to get upstairs and give him that goodnight kiss, and it’s highly associative. It’s proving Freud’s point that time is associative, and also Bergson’s point that time is experienced, not measured. One literary theorist has calculated that time passes on average 16 times slower in Proust than in Balzac. It’s the subjective time of memory, moving backward and forward. These ideas are secular, but they’re Jewish too—the nonlinear time of memory, and the distinction between the linear time of history, which is the distinctive Jewish contribution of the Bible, and the circular time that keeps coming around, God’s eternal time. Judith Shulevitz is a journalist, editor, critic and the author of The Sabbath World: Glimpses of a Different Order of Time. Classic Zionist history has generally presented the pre-1948 period through the lens of five waves of migrations, or aliyot (literally “ascents,” the classic term for pilgrimage to Jerusalem), each with its own character, failures and successes. The year 1904 is taken as the start of the second, and most famous, of these waves, concluding in 1914. What made the Second Aliyah so special? First, its numbers—some 35,000 in 10 years, driven by the terrifying pogroms and crushing poverty of the decaying Russian Empire. The Western European Zionism of Theodor Herzl supplied the movement with political organization and direction, but it was Eastern European Jews who gave the movement its demographic heft and its most powerful moral claims. This Second Aliyah also brought large numbers of highly motivated young activists such as David Ben-Gurion and Berl Katznelson, and writers and thinkers such as Aaron David Gordon, Yosef Hayim Brenner, and the poet Rachel (Bluwstein). These migrants brought youthful idealism and energy, and, crucially, their program differed from Herzl’s Western European, liberal, middle-class nationalism and its relatively benign view of colonialism. They were socialists and revolutionaries; unlike Herzl, an assimilated Jew who imagined a religiously benign Jewish state, they were in passionate rebellion against tradition and actively sought to create a new Hebrew culture of their own. They loom large for the institutions they created out of those ideas and ideals—the labor unions, the Labor Party, the kibbutzim, the newspapers and publishing houses and more—and because they were able to take control of Jewish Palestine’s political institutions in the wake of Herzlian Zionism’s greatest achievement, the Balfour Declaration, and after World War II. Photograph of David Ben-Gurion (1918). Photograph of David Ben-Gurion (1918). (Wikimedia Commons) Another important émigré who came in 1904 was a revolutionary activist and thinker of a different kind, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, who laid the foundations for Religious Zionist thought and the modern Chief Rabbinate. He too had a radical understanding of the place of Zionism in Jewish history, and of these young immigrants themselves. In his reading of Jewish history, deeply informed by the Kabbalah, he saw their principled idealistic rebellion against tradition as itself part of the messianic advent, and their criticisms of tradition as godsends to revitalize Jewish commitments to peoplehood and social justice. Most Orthodox rabbis of the time didn’t support Zionism—so secular, and so contrary to centuries of the political quietism that had served the Jews so well for so long. For the rabbis who supported Zionism, it was the best scheme offered to ameliorate Jewish social, political and economic troubles, but not a grounds for revitalizing Jewish spirituality and culture. Rav Kook saw things differently, with deep consequences down to the present. His latter-day followers were spearheads of the current settler movement and saw themselves as the truest inheritors of the idealism of the Second Aliyah. Secular Israel, for its part, has, for better or worse, yet to offer a definitive answer to that challenge. An even sharper counterpoint to all the above is another important year, 1878, which saw the founding of Petach Tikvah, the first Jewish agricultural settlement—two years before the “official” opening of Zionist history with the First Aliyah. Those 1878 pioneers were not at all socialist revolutionaries, or even Maskilic, Enlightenment Jews, but very traditional Ashkenazi Jews—some migrants, others whose families had been in Palestine for generations—who for a variety of reasons, both pious and practical, thought Jews should become economically viable in the Land of Israel. They weren’t motivated by Zionism because it didn’t exist yet. And let us not forget that alongside all of these groups were the Sephardic Jews who had been in the Land of Israel for a very long time, building institutions, societies and cultures of their own. In other words, looking at specific years can be helpful points of orientation; but we can’t let them blind us to the richness and diversity and complexity of everything that was going on in Late Ottoman Palestine, a time when all sorts of possibilities had not yet been foreclosed, and all kinds of questions not yet answered. Yehudah Mirsky is professor of Near Eastern and Judaic studies at Brandeis University and author of Rav Kook: Mystic in a Time of Revolution. When I consider the last couple of hundred years of intellectual development as we—not just Jews, but we as a species—have sought to understand the big question of reality ever more deeply, the year that pops out is 1905, when Albert Einstein (who of course is among the more famous of the tribe) revolutionized our understanding of space and time and set us on a path to revolution that ultimately changed our understanding of the fundamental laws of how space, time and matter behave. This is often called Einstein’s miracle year, his annus mirabilis, when he wrote four papers that forced us to conceive of everything completely differently. Our understanding of the world thus went through perhaps the most radical shift that it has ever been subjected to. Until 1905, the view of reality that most people (and most scientists) held was not much different from the view that came to us from Isaac Newton. Einstein realized that space and time are far more fluid than Newton would ever have thought: Time elapses at a different rate for you than it does for me if we’re moving relative to each other; space has different sizes for you compared to me if we’re moving relative to one another. Everything that we do—everything we think, everything we experience—takes place in some region of space during some interval of time, so if you learn that space and time are not what you thought they were, in essence you’re learning that reality is not what you thought it was—and that’s a big deal. Colorized image of Albert Einstein (1939). Colorized image of Albert Einstein (1939). (Flickr, Donkey Hotey) It was a Jewish man who was the spark of the revolution, but it was a revolution that, in the end, everybody can enjoy and marvel at. To Einstein, being a Jew was not about adhering to particular rituals that are specific to a certain faith. But he often invoked God when talking about the quest he was on. He wanted to know God’s thoughts; he said everything else is just details. He wanted to know whether God had any choice in creating the universe. He was thinking about God as representative of the deep harmonies of reality, of the deep laws that describe how particles move and how they affect the structure of space and time. Brian Greene is a professor of mathematics and physics at Columbia University. His latest book is Until the End of Time: Mind, Matter, and Our Search for Meaning in an Evolving Universe. Read the extended response from Brian Greene here. Try to imagine what it was like being a Polish Jewish Zionist on the eve of World War I. You lived in a country that had been almost completely erased from the map. Poles were powerless in their own country, and you could be pretty sure they would remain so, unless Tsarist Russia, Prussia and Austria-Hungary all fell apart—which was plainly impossible. And yet that’s just what happened. Suppose in 1914 you went to a not-yet- Mandatory Palestine. It was obvious, as it was to David Ben-Gurion, how you’d go about creating a Jewish state: You’d have to become the Jewish representative in the Ottoman parliament, replacing the old Romaniote Jews, and advocate for independence for the Jews in Palestine. This is why Ben-Gurion went to Salonika to learn Turkish and then to Istanbul to study Turkish law, and it’s why in early pictures you see all the leaders of the Zionist movement wearing fezzes. For Jews in Europe, as for so many others, 1914 was a disastrous moment. In 1914, all of Austria-Hungary was held together by a leader, Emperor Franz Joseph, who had come to office in 1848 and held this dysfunctional multinational empire together by force of personality. Thirty years later the two world wars had totally destroyed the Jewish world. The tolerant Austro-Hungarian Empire was replaced by smaller nation-states that defined citizenship by ethnicity, not loyalty to the emperor. It was pretty much the end of serious royalism, which was a system Jews could live under, protected by the king. It showed the weakness of Jewish assimilation; about 30 Italian generals in World War I were Jewish, but later their patriotism counted for nothing. At the beginning of the war, the misconceptions about how this was going to end up, what it was all about, how long it was going to take, were colossal. As in many of these pivotal years, you couldn’t foresee how things were going to end. Robert Siegel, a special literary correspondent for Moment, was host of NPR’s All Things Considered. Read the extended response from Robert Siegel here. The year 1924 was the year Congress enacted the Johnson-Reed Act, which set very strict immigration quotas and reduced Jewish immigration to a trickle. It was momentous because it made clear why there was a need for a Jewish homeland, a place without restrictions where all Jews could enter. It also made the Holocaust possible, thus paving the way for the destruction of European Jewry. Without it, the whole history of Judaism would have been different. Several million more Jews would have found refuge. Many other nations took their cues from the United States’ enactment of Johnson-Reed and also closed their doors. At its peak, between 1903 and 1907, the U.S. accepted an average of 123,000 Jews a year. Between 1925 and 1930, it accepted an average of only 11,240 a year. By the time Hitler came to power in 1933, the number of Jews admitted was down to an average of 5,300 a year. In the early years, Hitler was quite willing to expel Jews. If someone would have taken them, he would have offloaded them quite gladly. It was only later that Nazi policy turned to extermination. The fact that the U.S. would not allow the St. Louis to land on our shores in 1939 represented a microcosm of the nativist sentiment that wouldn’t permit Jews to enter. We don’t often think of 1924 and how difficult it became for refugees to enter the United States. We don’t think of the impact. But when you consider the restriction of immigration and what it led to, you realize it shaped the two most important events for Jews in the 20th century: the Holocaust and the creation of the State of Israel. Jonathan Sarna is professor of American Jewish history at Brandeis University. If I had to choose one year, I would choose 1933, specifically Hitler’s assumption of power in Germany. At that moment there were nine million Jews in Europe. At Hitler’s death, there were three million. Two-thirds of the Jews of Europe were gone. And with that loss there was so much heartache: the destruction of communities, architecture, life, everything. And we haven’t recovered yet, regardless of the fact that we now have the State of Israel. We have not regained the world Jewish population we had when Hitler came to power. I think it has also changed the world because it taught us once again that anti-Semitism is irrational. There is nothing in particular that the Jews did to deserve that kind of response, that challenge to their very existence; it was a crimeless crime. And what was so important about this iteration of anti-Semitism was that it was state-sponsored; it was not just population prejudice. By studying it you can see how states are able to rid themselves of populations. It was a process of grooming, by which I mean that it was done tiny piece by tiny piece. The whole system of law was overturned, the whole system of what it means to hold a society together, the whole system of language—everything was overturned. Hitler’s goal was to take over the whole world, so 1933 is simply one little dot on his timeline. But until it was over, the world experienced two wars simultaneously. One was the war of Germany against the world, and the other was the war of Germany against its own Jewish population and the Jewish populations of every other country. Shulamit Reinharz is professor of sociology emerita at Brandeis University and founder of the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute. Joseph Stalin and Joachim von Ribbentrop (1939). (Wikimedia Commons) The date I would choose is very clear to me. It’s August 23rd, 1939. That was the date of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, in which Hitler and Stalin decided to murder the Jews by dividing Poland. That was the signal, the date when the world fundamentally changed. I understand it not as one more event, and the Holocaust not as one more genocide and not as one more injustice, but as a shift, because by eliminating the Jews of Europe, world history was changed. Those people no longer exist. That is why everything about the world is different: its ethics, its values, its view of the future. To me this is a trans-historical event. Those who would carry a world, who had what we considered historical culture, are no longer there. There’s a gap that can never be filled—not by the creation of Israel, not by new generations of Jews. To me that is the void of history. The black hole into which reality is swallowed. Daniel Libeskind, who was born in Poland, is an architect and urban designer. His projects include the Jewish Museum in Berlin and the Contemporary Jewish Museum in San Francisco. Read the extended response from Daniel Libeskind here. I can’t think of another moment in time when Jewish history held its breath with greater anxiety and expectation than on Friday, May 14, 1948, at 4 p.m., when David Ben-Gurion pronounced: “We hereby proclaim the establishment of a Jewish state in eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.” We 11-year-olds knew that something was brewing, but not what or when. Our parents told us only to play close to home because “times are not the same.” We were old enough to listen to the radio and read newspapers, but still unable to grasp the seriousness of the messages that came from Beirut and Cairo of “rivers of blood” and “monumental massacre.” Even the fall of the four Etzion Block kibbutzim [in the Judean hills between Jerusalem and Hebron] the day earlier and the execution of its 127 defenders by the Arab Legion did not shock our naive minds to the reality of the time. Yes, we had heard what happened in Europe. Each of us had family members who had perished (my maternal grandparents included), but our parents kept us shielded from the horrific face of reality; they vowed to bring us up as “normal Jews,” unscarred by faraway European anti-Semitism. We sang and screamed as loudly as we could: “Free Aliya!! Free Aliya!!” But when survivors (“new Jews”) started arriving from inferno Europe, we did not understand why their skin was so white, why they walked so meekly, and why they could not talk like us. My mother was right, I should have played closer to home. The next day, May 15, my playmates and I found ourselves hugging each other in a staircase while Egyptian warplanes bombarded our town. A neighbor opened the door and said: “Children, it’s going to get much worse, but we will prevail.” We could not possibly imagine how anything could get worse, but it did. Our neighbor’s 19-year-old son came back in a coffin two weeks later, and his mother stood glued to her window for the next five years, awaiting her son’s return. Some 6,000 dead, one percent of the population, was the price of independence, mostly young men, kids from around the block who smiled to us warmly, waved good-bye and went to fight five armies. It is only now, as a grandfather, that I begin to understand the magnitude of that historical event on May 14, 1948, and how it empowered a scattered tribe of beggars and peddlers to lift itself from the margin of history and create a world center of art, science and entrepreneurship. It is only now that I understand what the miracle of Israel did to the posture of every Jew worldwide and how it currently sustains the collective identity of American Jewry. Judea Pearl is professor emeritus of computer science and statistics, director of the Cognitive Systems Laboratory at UCLA and author of The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect. Read the extended response from Judea Pearl here. The year 1961 was when Adolf Eichmann, architect of the Holocaust, was tried in Jerusalem. The ramifications for that were twofold. On the one hand, for the Jewish community, the fact that the Eichmann trial was so public, as no trial ever before had been, began to open the eyes of many, many Jews, particularly American Jews, not only to the reality of the Holocaust but to the implications and significance of the coming into existence of the State of Israel. You can chart the upsurge in American Jewish interest in and support for Israel, which would reach a peak in 1967 on the eve of the Six Day War. It’s those two events in tandem, the first of which was the Eichmann trial, that would generate that extraordinary level of interest and support, and the kind of interface between the Israeli and the American Jewish communities over the decades that followed. The Eichmann trial not only opened the eyes of much of the world to what the Holocaust had really been, but it was also a reminder to the world of the principles enunciated at Nuremberg—the concept of crimes against humanity, the concept of genocide, the concept of the human obligation to prevent that kind of mass murder. For a time it seemed to have an effect on the world’s thinking about humanity. I think the implications of the trial also carry over in the United States into the civil rights movement. And worldwide, but particularly in the United States, they also carry over into the feminist movement. The whole age of the liberation movements that developed by the late 1960s and into the 1970s can in part be traced to that year and that event, and what it forced people to think about. Ori Soltes is professor of Jewish civilization at Georgetown University and the former director and chief curator of the B’nai B’rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum. Read the extended response from Ori Soltes here. Martin Luther King Jr. and Abraham Joshua Heschel. Martin Luther King Jr. and Abraham Joshua Heschel. (Wikimedia Commons) Too often Jewish history is a story that moves from persecution to suffering. Every now and then, it offers a moment for celebration. In 1965, the world seemed to like the Jews. Radical events took place that year that broke barriers. The Vatican issued a revolutionary statement, Nostra Aetate, condemning anti-Semitism and affirming the continued covenant between God and the Jewish people. Jews, welcomed by African Americans as allies in the civil rights movement, joined the Selma march for voting rights. A professor at the Conservative movement’s Jewish Theological Seminary broke with tradition to celebrate his daughter’s bat mitzvah at a synagogue on Shabbat morning. The State of Israel’s leaders, Levi Eshkol and Zalman Shazar, were warmly received by the United States government, while the U.S. Congress passed the Hart-Celler Act, which allowed relatives of U.S. citizens to immigrate. And an organization of Jewish and Christian clergy protesting the war in Vietnam was founded that sponsored the famous lecture by Martin Luther King, Jr. declaring the war immoral and poisonous to the soul of the country. Why 1965? We were in high spirits, optimistic and eager to join the urgent moral conflicts of the day. Our souls, wounded by the Shoah, were restored by the central role of the Hebrew Bible in the civil rights movement. Two plays had opened on Broadway in 1964—The Deputy, by Rolf Hochhuth, and Fiddler on the Roof, based on stories by Sholem Aleichem. The former outlined the moral depravity of the Catholic church during the Shoah, while the latter gave us permission to celebrate the heritage that had been destroyed. Within a few years, the mood of celebration shifted. King and Robert F. Kennedy were assassinated in 1968; a student revolt began at universities and spread; anti-Semitism and racism deeply damaged our collaboration with African Americans, and the aftermath of the 1967 Six-Day War turned us from joy at our victory to despair over peace. In 1965, we had leaders such as Abraham Joshua Heschel; a few years later came the right-wing, racist demagoguery of Meir Kahane. Susannah Heschel is professor of Jewish studies at Dartmouth College and author of The Aryan Jesus: Christian Theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany. As the capital of modern Israel, 1967 is the most important year in Jerusalem’s history. In the morning of the sixth of June of that year, as a desperate company of Israeli paratroopers shed the blood of more than half its soldiers in what became the legendary battle of Ammunition Hill, Israel began its attack on the Jordanian forces holding East Jerusalem and the West Bank (Judea and Samaria). By June 7, in a move that enraptured Israelis and many global observers, the Israel Defense Forces captured the Old City of Jerusalem, and Israeli troops, followed by a victorious Moshe Dayan, shed tears at the ancient Wailing Wall, supposedly the western side of the Second Temple of the Jews. It took three more days to raze more than 100 small houses huddling at the side of the Wall in the now-forgotten Moroccan Quarter. By the end of June, drunk on sudden and glorious victory on the Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian fronts, and relieved of the horrible existential fear that had nestled in every Jewish Israeli heart, Israel announced that the newly unified Jerusalem and its holy sites were now open to Jewish, Christian and Muslim worshipers. Nothing that came later compared to those heady days. Not the sudden visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, nor the historic visit of Pope John Paul II, nor the noble dignitaries arriving to share the grief at Yitzhak Rabin’s funeral. 1967 harked back to King David and King Herod and to the greatest conquerors of the Middle Ages. It upended Israel’s subsequent political history; it unleashed exhilaration, hubris, Messianism, ultra-nationalism and bravado. Jerusalem became bigger, more beautiful and more expensive than it had ever been. With its great appeal to dreamers and lunatics alike, it gradually drifted off from Tel Aviv, and the two cities now belong to different galaxies. Fania Oz-Salzberger is a professor of history at Haifa University’s Faculty of Law, head of the Posen Research Forum for Political Thought and coauthor of Jews and Words. On August 26, 1970, Betty Friedan, whose 1963 The Feminine Mystique is credited with sparking second-wave feminism in the United States, led 50,000 women down Fifth Avenue in New York City in the Women’s Strike for Equality, the first nationwide political action since the suffrage victory. I was one of the marchers in 1970 and recall the tremendous excitement we felt that day. I also remember the crowds of men who stood on the sidelines, jeering. At the defining moment of the march, Friedan addressed the crowd, quoting the ancient Orthodox Jewish prayer “I thank Thee, Lord, I was not created a woman.” She then changed it up, saying “I thank Thee, Lord, I was created a woman.” A surprise even to herself, Friedan’s words at this historic moment suggest the implicit connection she made between her feminist goals and her background as a Jew. Her early experiences of anti-Semitism growing up in Peoria, Illinois, helped fuel the “passion for injustice” that led her to write The Feminine Mystique and establish the National Organization for Women. The march, the first in 50 years, marked the moment when women’s liberation was recognized as a mass movement, not just a small fringe. Then in March 1972, members of Ezrat Nashim (literally “help for women” and the name of the women’s section in an Orthodox synagogue), founded in 1971 in New York City to study and improve the status of women in Judaism, “stormed” the Conservative Movement’s Rabbinical Assembly in the Catskills, presented a manifesto “for Change” and held a countersession. Among its demands were that women be granted membership in synagogues, that they be counted in minyans and allowed full participation in religious observances, and that they be permitted to attend rabbinical and cantorial schools. The protest unleashed a torrent of media interest and public enthusiasm and helped spark a cascade of change within and outside the Conservative movement, planting the seeds for a new direction for Jewish feminism. Joyce Antler is professor emerita of Jewish history and culture, and women’s, gender, and sexuality studies at Brandeis University, and author of Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women’s Liberation Movement. The year when everything changed for the Jewish people, for the world and for me was 1989. I was working that year as a journalist in Eastern and Central Europe, covering the collapse of communism and the Iron Curtain. I began in Poland in the fall of 1989, with the rise of Solidarity, the first post-communist government in the Soviet bloc. Then I went to Berlin when the Wall fell. I was in Prague right after the “Velvet Revolution,” and I went back to Berlin in March 1990 when East Germany voted to dissolve itself. It was the most extraordinary year of my life. And it is the moment when the 2,000-year exile of the Jews from Israel ended. The reason that I date the end of the exile to 1989, rather than 1948, is because after 1948, there were still millions of Jews living in the condition of exile—enforced separation from the land of Israel. The moment that the Iron Curtain fell in 1989, nearly every diaspora Jew was now living in freedom. The collapse of the Soviet Union, Israel’s greatest enemy in the post-Holocaust era, brought the beginning of the great wave of Russian aliyah that transformed, even helped save, the State of Israel, marking its transition to a developed state. The year 1989 also broke the international siege against Israel. Before 1989, Israel itself was in a kind of exile from large parts of the international community; 1989 was the end of that exile and the beginning of Israel’s acceptance. It marked the transition to Israel’s greater integration into the world, especially economically. The year 1989 transformed Europe and ended the Cold War. It brought a close to the post-World War II era and the post-Holocaust era. We don’t yet have a name for the Jewish era we are living in now, but we are post-post-Holocaust. Despite all that has happened since, the time I spent in Eastern and Central Europe that year made me a believer in the possibility of radical transformation, of spiritual transformation and the possibility of redemption. Yossi Klein Halevi is a senior fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem, journalist and author of Letters to My Palestinian Neighbor and Like Dreamers. Read the extended response from Yossi Klein Halevi here. I can’t pretend the assassination of Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin one Thursday night in November 1995 at the end of a rally in support of the Oslo Accords at a square in Tel Aviv is the most important date in Jewish history because it was not. Nor was Rabin the only Jewish leader ever assassinated; we still mark the assassination of Gedaliah ben Ahikam (423 BCE) with the Fast of Gedalia each year. But the assassination changed the way Israelis looked at themselves in a number of ways. Most important, it was evidence that the bond among the Jewish community of the land of Israel had shattered. We lost the confidence that Jews will not kill each other for political reasons. It is true that before the State of Israel was established there were rival underground organizations in the Jewish yishuv, but to murder a prime minister was something people could not imagine—including the people who were responsible for the dynamics that led to the assassination. The wall near Tel Aviv’s Kings of Israel Square, later renamed Rabin Square, where Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated. (Government Press Office) Second, Yigal Amir, the assassin, won. He won because when Shimon Peres inherited the prime ministership he sensed it was too dangerous to go forward with the Oslo process. I am not saying I am sure that we could have had an agreement with the Palestinians. Arafat was a real problem, and I am not sure Arafat could have remained a partner even if Rabin had not been assassinated. But Peres felt he could not go as far as Rabin went during the month before the assassination. And since then, because of many events that took place on the Palestinian side, on the terror front and on the Jewish side in Israel, the chances of going forward with the peace process only diminished with time. The peace process never recovered from the assassination. Third, the Palestinian issue gradually lost its power to dominate the Israeli political scene. The urgency of pursuing some kind of agreement became less important and less relevant. And we are now facing a commitment by the Israeli prime minister to annex 30 percent of the West Bank to Israel, with the recognition and the support of the American administration. Fourth, Benjamin Netanyahu was elected prime minister in 1996, about a year after the assassination. At first everyone assumed that the Israeli public was so shocked by the assassination that it would never dare to vote for Netanyahu, who by any measure had been involved in the kind of agitation and propaganda that led to the assassination. But by a very small margin, Netanyahu was elected, and since then he has been the central figure in Israeli politics, now serving as prime minsiter longer than David Ben-Gurion. He has gradually moved forward on his agenda, which basically ignores the presence of millions of Palestinians under Israeli control. In trying to annex parts of the West Bank by ignoring the Palestinian Authority, he is trying to create a situation where there is not a two-state solution, not a one-state solution, but a one-state-and-a-half solution, called Israel, that will militarily control all the territory between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, and leave the Palestinians with some kind of local autonomous governments. I call them Bibistans. This is an idea that Rabin would not have pursued. In this way, a cycle that started in November of 1995 will possibly come to a close in 2020. There have been other turning points, such as the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which really changed the way Israelis looked at their security. That year changed the psychology of Israel. It was a brutal balance to the overconfidence we felt after the Six-Day War in 1967. Another important year was 2000, the Second Intifada, when in a few months we moved from negotiations with the Palestinian Authority to a period of terror, which left the Israeli public with a deep reluctance to trust our neighbors. These years, along with the assasination, bring us to where we are today. Nahum Barnea is the chief political columnist for Yedioth Ahronoth, Israel’s biggest daily newspaper. He won the Israel Prize in 2007. We can think of many other years that are worthy of note, but space—and time—limit what we can publish. Please send your years to us at Related Posts 2 thoughts on “The Year Everything Changed 1. Jacek Maryan says: I would like to suggest to add: 1264 when the Statue of Kalisz was issued 2. Jacek Maryan says: I am deeply disappointed that you did not mentioned: January 1942 – the Wannsee Conference Leave a Reply
Awards & Engraving September '16 Issue link: Contents of this Issue Page 26 of 84 24 • A&E SEPTEMBER 2016 I t's been almost 25 years since the date when barriers were to be removed from buildings, and submitted architectural plans were to reflect the ADA Accessibility Guidelines. Even though the "new" ADA Standards for Accessible Design were written in the late 90s, first published by the U.S. Access Board in 2004, approved by the Department of Justice in 2010, and made legally enforceable in 2012, in 2016, they are still puzzling sign designers and code officials alike. SOME SIMPLE COMPONENTS Let's break it down into the simplest components: First, don't try to lump all people with disabilities or even blind people together. Although there is a certain amount of crossover, we can group people generally into those who have disabilities based on mobility issues and those who have communication issues—they have problems seeing, hearing, speaking, under- standing, or with general communication. Second, ask yourself some questions. For instance, why don't we need the tactile word "accessible" beneath the wheelchair symbol or International Symbol of Acces- sibility (ISA), along with braille? How are people who are blind supposed to know something is accessible? Don't confuse the ISA with accessi- bility for people who don't see or hear. It's true that there are blind people who use wheelchairs, but it's hard to imagine that any sensible person with no usable vision would navigate alone in a wheelchair or scooter around a strange building. And that's your answer! If you can't see the wheelchair symbol, you probably can't see to navigate, either. If you can see well enough to navigate, you can see the ISA on the entrance or restroom door, you can recognize the accessible drinking foun- tain or lavatory, and you can find your assigned locker. We don't need to label every object, either, even for those who are both deaf and blind. Blind people iden- Some education on the topic of ADA signage by Sharon Toji Directional signs have their own rules, but number one is always contrast and non-glare material. It's crucial for the character size to be appropriate for the distance of the reader from the sign. ALL SIGNS DESIGNED BY ULLRICH HEPPERLIN After 25 Years of the ADA, Questions Still Abound Articles in this issue Links on this page view archives of Awards & Engraving - September '16
Wednesday, October 31, 2018 Poets United Midweek Motif ~ Money (for World Savings/Thrift Day) World Saving Day World Savings Day was created and is still organized by banks. Why save at home when you could establish a bank to"put your money to work"? Image result for Sparefroh Austria International Saving Day Austria Midweek Motif ~ Money (for World Savings/Thrift Day) In the USA, World Savings and Halloween share the same date. This year, we're "talking money." Money. How did it become so important? Little coins and paper bills, numbers in websites, global economies, lotteries, "haves and have nots," etc. Here are a few quotes to consider: “Don't tell me what you value, show me your budget, and I'll tell you what you value.” ― Joe Biden “Why people take drugs baffles me to no end. Especially when they can't afford them.” ― Terry McMillan "A penny saved is a penny earned." ― Benjamin Franklin "There are two major modes for dealing with money in life: circulation and congestion. Circulation is paying bills, tithing, giving to charity. Congestion is hoarding, saving for a rainy day, being stingy. It's no coincidence that one word for money is currency; it comes from the word current, which means flow." ― Beliefnet, "10 Spiritual Ways to think About Money" “I learn over and over again, that we can't spend, save, or budget money when we have too little money to begin with.” ― Susan Chast Your Challenge: Write a new poem with money as its focus. Dwell on what money is and does, reveal it. File:Brooklyn Museum - Comme Sisyphe - HonorÃ© Daumier.jpg Comme Sisyphe - Honoré Daumier Velocity of Money by Allen Ginsberg I’m delighted by the velocity of money as it whistles through the windows of Lower East Side Delighted by skyscrapers rising the old grungy apartments falling on 84th Street Delighted by inflation that drives me out on the street After all what good’s the family farm, why eat turkey by thousands every Thanksgiving? Why not have Star Wars? Why have the same old America?!? George Washington wasn’t good enough! Tom Paine pain in the neck, Whitman what a jerk! I’m delighted by double digit interest rates in the Capitalist world I always was a communist, now we’ll win an usury makes the walls thinner, books thicker & dumber Usury makes my poetry more valuable my manuscripts worth their weight in useless gold - Now everybody’s atheist like me, nothing’s sacred buy and sell your grandmother, eat up old age homes, Peddle babies on the street, pretty boys for sale on Times Square - You can shoot heroin, I can sniff cocaine, macho men can fite on the Nicaraguan border and get paid with paper! The velocity’s what counts as the National Debt gets higher Everybody running after the rising dollar Crowds of joggers down broadway past City Hall on the way to the Fed Nobody reads Dostoyevsky books so they’ll have to give a passing ear to my fragmented ravings in between President’s speeches Nothing’s happening but the collapse of the Economy so I can go back to sleep till the landlord wins his eviction suit in court. We sat in the neon light on a cool evening of a summer day drinking beer and eating salad. You told me your story similar to those of many others: All your savings are gone, the managers, the secretaries, the supervisors, the police in charge of passports all having received a handsome share. Now you have nothing left there, your color TV and refrigerator were sold to get the cash for the plane ticket. “But I was lucky,” you assured me. “Many people have spent fortunes and still cannot leave the country.” . . . . (Read the rest HERE.) I dreamed I grew a money tree outside in my yard. My job was to care for it and I worked very hard. I saw that it was watered. It grew so straight and tall and when the money ripened I picked it in the fall. The flowers were green dollar bills, the seeds inside were coins, and others grew and glittered where all the branches joined. On windy days I stood below and held a great big bucket. Other days I climbed right up to find one ripe and pluck it. People say that money doesn't really grow on trees. I know. I only wish it did just like in my dreams. When all birds else do of their music fail, Money's the still-sweet-singing nightingale! (Next week Susan’s Midweek Motif will be ~ Reading Fiction.) 1. Good Morning fellow poets, Happy Wednesday. Reaffirming "I am a millionaire in transition" much love... 2. Good morning Poets United! May our lives be rich in more ways than one! (I like "millionaire in transition," Gillena.) I'll be in and out all day to read and enjoy how money enters here. 3. Hi friends, i am away from home, and not feeling well, so i might not link today. But i will read everyone's through the morning and later in the day. 1. Take care of yourself, dear poet. I couldn't sleep last night myself, so I'm, about to take a morning nap! 2. Hope you feel better Sherry - rest up as much as you can :) Susan, I just woke up within the hour here, and already, I'm ready to slip back for a snooze - it's a grey wet slippery slope day ... a nap sounds great! LOL - hope you had a good one. :) 3. Yes! I slept for 3 hours! Almost a full night's sleep. And now I'm heading to the library where I volunteer to tutor writing from 3:30 to 6 on Wednesdays. I thought I'd be working with teenagers, but I've two women in their 50s trying to change their careers. I am blessed! 4. Thanks for hosting Susan - I've enjoyed the different selections you've offered us, - definitely makes for some interesting ideas ... Money, the root of all evil?? LOL - some days, it definitely feels that way. I was inspired by several prompts and specifically "Thrift" - which I think is a really cool word ... so my "on the money" poem is a bit different for its exploration. Hope it's okay for the prompt, as such. And happy Wednesday everyone. :) 5. @Susan: Hi! Hope you wake up to the 'Dodo' and find it interesting:) Thank you for the prompt:) @Sherry: Take care and get well soon:) 6. A wonderful selection of poems for inspiration. Thanks for the prompt, Susan! I took multiple metaphors for money and worked around it, based on my conversation with a friend last evening. XD I hope you feel better soon, Sherry. Take care! :-) Blog Archive
Skip to content Buyer Behaviour Model The black box model shows the interaction of stimuli, consumer characteristics, decision process and consumer responses. It can be distinguished between interpersonal stimuli (between people) or intrapersonal stimuli (within people). The black box model is related to the black box theory of behaviourism, where the focus is not set on the processes inside a consumer, but the relation between the stimuli and the response of the consumer. The marketing stimuli are planned and processed by the companies, whereas the environmental stimulus is given by social factors, based on the economical, political and cultural circumstances of a society. The buyer’s black box contains the Buyer Characteristics and the Decision Process, which determines the buyer’s response. topic 6.1 black box.png The black box model considers the buyers response as a result of a conscious, rational decision process, in which it is assumed that the buyer has recognized the problem. However, in reality many decisions are not made in awareness of a determined problem by the consumer. Once the consumer has recognized a problem, they search for information on products and services that can solve that problem. This model focuses on the relationship between the firm and consumers. The firm communicates with consumers through its marketing messages (advertising), and the consumers react to these messages by purchasing response. Looking to the model we will find that the firm and the consumer are connected with each other, the firm tries to influence the consumer and the consumer is influencing the firm by his decision. The Nicosia model is divided into four major fields: Field 1: The consumer attitude based on the firms’ messages. The first field is divided into two subfields. The first subfield deals with the firm’s marketing environment and communication efforts that affect consumer attitudes, the competitive environment, and characteristics of target market. Subfield two specifies the consumer characteristics e.g., experience, personality, and how he perceives the promotional idea toward the product in this stage the consumer forms his attitude toward the firm’s product based on his interpretation of the message. Field 2: search and evaluation The consumer will start to search for other firm’s brand and evaluate the firm’s brand in comparison with alternate brands. In this case the firm motivates the consumer to purchase its brands. Field 3: The act of the purchase The result of motivation will arise by convincing the consumer to purchase the firm products from a specific retailer. Field 4: Feedback This model analyses the feedback of both the firm and the consumer after purchasing the product. The firm will benefit from its sales data as a feedback, and the consumer will use his experience with the product affects the individuals attitude and predisposition’s concerning future messages from the firm. topic 6.2 nicosia.png The Nicosia model offers no detail explanation of the internal factors, which may affect the personality of the consumer, and how the consumer develops his attitude toward the product. For example, the consumer may find the firm’s message very interesting, but virtually he cannot buy the firm’s brand because it contains something prohibited according to his beliefs. Apparently it is very essential to include such factors in the model, which give more interpretation about the attributes affecting the decision process. This model suggests three levels of decision making: 1. The first level describes the extensive problem solving. At this level the consumer does not have any basic information or knowledge about the brand and he does not have any preferences for any product. In this situation, the consumer will seek information about all the different brands in the market before purchasing. 2. The second level is limited problem solving. This situation exists for consumers who have little knowledge about the market, or partial knowledge about what they want to purchase. In order to arrive at a brand preference some comparative brand information is sought. 3. The third level is a habitual response behavior. In this level the consumer knows very well about the different brands and he can differentiate between the different characteristics of each product, and he already decides to purchase a particular product. According to the Howard-Sheth model there are four major sets of variables; namely: (a) Inputs These input variables consist of three distinct types of stimuli(information sources) in the consumer’s environment. The marketer in the form of product or brand information furnishes physical brand characteristics (significant stimuli) and verbal or visual product characteristics (symbolic stimuli). The third type is provided by the consumer’s social environment (family, reference group, and social class). All three types of stimuli provide inputs concerning the product class or specific brands to the specific consumer. (b) Perceptual and Learning Constructs The central part of the model deals with the psychological variables involved when the consumer is contemplating a decision. Some of the variables are perceptual in nature, and are concerned with how the consumer receives and understands the information from the input stimuli and other parts of the model. For example, stimulus ambiguity happened when the consumer does not understand the message from the environment. (c) Outputs- The outputs are the results of the perceptual and learning variables and how the consumers will response to these variables (attention, brand comprehension, attitudes, and intention). (d) Exogenous(External) variables- Exogenous variables are not directly part of the decision-making process. However, some relevant exogenous variables include the importance of the purchase, consumer personality traits, religion, and time pressure. topic 6.3 howard seth The decision-making process, which Howard-Sheth Model tries to explain, takes place at three Inputs stages: Significance, Symbolic and Social stimuli. In both significant and symbolic stimuli, the model emphasizes on material aspects such as price and quality. These stimuli are not applicable in every society. While in social stimuli the model does not mention the basis of decision-making in this stimulus, such as what influence the family decision? This may differ from one society to another. Finally, no direct relation was drawn on the role of religion in influencing the consumer’s decision-making processes. Religion was considered as external factor with no real influence on consumer, which give the model obvious weakness in anticipation the consumer decision. This model was created to describe the increasing, fast-growing body of knowledge concerning consumer behavior. This model, like in other models, has gone through many revisions to improve its descriptive ability of the basic relationships between components and sub-components, this model consists also of four stages; topic 6.4 engel, blackwell.jpg First stage: decision-process stages The central focus of the model is on five basic decision-process stages: Problem recognition, search for alternatives, alternate evaluation(during which beliefs may lead to the formation of attitudes, which in turn may result in a purchase intention) purchase, and outcomes. But it is not necessary for every consumer to go through all these stages; it depends on whether it is an extended or a routine problem-solving behavior. Second stage: Information input At this stage the consumer gets information from marketing and non-marketing sources, which also influence the problem recognition stage of the decision-making process. If the consumer still does not arrive to a specific decision, the search for external information will be activated in order to arrive to a choice or in some cases if the consumer experience dissonance because the selected alternative is less satisfactory than expected. Third stage: information processing This stage consists of the consumer’s exposure, attention, perception, acceptance, and retention of incoming information. The consumer must first be exposed to the message, allocate space for this information, interpret the stimuli, and retain the message by transferring the input to long-term memory. Fourth stage: variables influencing the decision process This stage consists of individual and environmental influences that affect all five stages of the decision process. Individual characteristics include motives, values, lifestyle, and personality; the social influences are culture, reference groups, and family. Situational influences, such as a consumer’s financial condition, also influence the decision process. This model incorporates many items, which influence consumer decision-making such as values, lifestyle, personality and culture. The model did not show what factors shape these items, and why different types of personality can produce different decision-making? How will we apply these values to cope with different personalities? Religion can explain some behavioral characteristics of the consumer, and this will lead to better understanding of the model and will give more comprehensive view on decision-making. Leave a Reply error: Content is protected !! %d bloggers like this:
Mt Hood, also known as Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe of Chinookan people that live in Oregon, is a volcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc that also includes a dozen other volcanoes including Mount Rainier, Mount Baker, Mount Garibaldi, and Mount Adams. Located less than an hour away from Portland, Oregon, Mt Hood sits on the border between the two Oregon counties of Hood River and Clackamas. CDC information for travelers. Hours/availability may have changed. 1.Mt Hood Oregon Mt Hood Oregon © pngstudio/ Mt Hood is the highest mountain and highest point in all of Oregon, as well as being one of the most prominent peaks in the United States. Despite being a volcano, Mt Hood is currently considered dormant and hasn't really shown any activity for the last two centuries. However, geological experts do still estimate that there's between a 3 and 7% chance of an eruption occurring over the next few decades. The Multnomah name for Mount Hood, Wy'east, comes from an old legend involving two sons of a great spirit that fell in love with a beautiful maiden and battled for her heart, destroying land and forests in the process. When he saw the damage done by his sons, the great spirit killed them, and the women they loved, and made three mountains, including Mount Hood, to honor the deaths of all three. 2.Elevation of Mt Hood Oregon Elevation of Mt Hood Oregon © Robert Crum/ Elevation is an important geographical term that refers to how high a location is in relation to sea level. The elevation of Mt Hood has actually changed quite a lot over the years as different surveys have taken place and the technology and methods used to determine the elevation of mountains and other high points have changed. The official elevation of Mt Hood is 11,249 feet (3,429 m), which was calculated by a United States National Geodetic Survey in 1991, using the NAVD 88 system. The first attempt to measure the elevation of Mt Hood took place back in 1854, with members of Thomas J. Dryer's expedition claiming that the mountain had an elevation of 18,361 feet (5,596 m), much higher than the current official measurement. Other 19th century climbers and explorers gave Mt Hood different elevations including 14,000 feet (4,300 m) and 17,600 feet (5,400 m), but the most accurate measurement of the 19th century came in 1867, when a Colonel Williamson deemed that Mt Hood had an elevation of 11,225 feet (3,421 m). For a long time, Mt Hood was believed to have the highest elevation of any point in North America, but this quickly changed when it was discovered that the mountain was nowhere near as high as first believed. The actual highest point in North America is Denali, which has an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190 m) above sea level, making it almost twice as tall as Mt Hood. Hundreds of other mountains around the continent are taller than Mt Hood, but it is still the point of highest elevation in its native state of Oregon and, due to its high prominence, it can be seen from distances of up to 100 miles away. You are reading "Mt Hood, Oregon Elevation" Back to Top 3.Climbing and Activities and Mt Hood Oregon Climbing and Activities and Mt Hood Oregon © robert cicchetti/ Since Mt Hood has the highest elevation of any point in Oregon, it represents a popular challenge to climbers and mountaineers. There are several routes to the top and the climb is relatively less technical than other major mountains around North America, but does still require skill and experience and can be very dangerous, with dozens fo people needing to be rescued each and every year. Around 10,000 people attempt to climb Mt Hood on an annual basis, but many have died along the way. Climbing Mt Hood is very popular, but it isn't the only way to enjoy this mountain, with various other options available for people who are less active or physically fit, or simply not interested in climbing all the way to the top. One clear example is the Timberline Trail. This is a very popular hiking trail that goes all the way around Mt Hood. At its highest point, the Mt Hood Timberline Trail has an elevation of 7,300 feet (2,200 m). It was constructed back in the 1930s and is one of Oregon's most popular outdoor recreation spots. It runs for over 40 miles and provides outstanding views of Mt Hood and the surrounding landscapes. Along with hiking, skiing is also popular in the Mt Hood area, with six different ski areas nearby. The nearby Mount Hood National Forest is also filled with beautiful hiking trails of all kinds, so there are plenty of ways to stay active around Oregon's highest point. Mt Hood, Oregon Elevation More Ideas: Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum Located in Hood River, Oregon, the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum showcases a collection of antique North American aircraft, automobiles, motorcycles, and artifacts related to the transportation industry. The Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum was created to display the collections of airplane collector Terry Brandt, whose parents served as fixed base operators at Marysville, California’s airport and later operated a fight school in the area. As a child, Brandt grew up with a love for flying and aircraft, learning to fly a plane at the age of 12 and purchasing his first collector airplane at the age of 19. In 2006, when faced with the prospect of needing to parse down his collection at auction, Brandt formed a nonprofit organization for the creation of an aviation and transportation museum. The museum’s collections were initially formed with a donation of 42 airplanes by Brandt, along with 20 vintage North American automobiles to be displayed. In 2007, the museum opened to the public within a 95,000-square-foot gallery space. Subsequent additions were made to the building in 2009, 2013, and 2016 to accommodate growing collections, including the addition of extra hangars for display space. Permanent Exhibits and Collections Today, the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum showcases more than 315 airplanes, automobiles, and other aviation and transportation-related memorabilia. The museum is operated as a nonprofit organization committed to historic vehicle preservation and public education regarding the aviation and automobile industries and the history of transportation technology in North America. It is open to the public daily, with the exception of major national holidays, and is regarded as the second-highest-rated attraction in the Hood River area by TripAdvisor. WAAAM’s collection is one of the largest collections of still-operated antique airplanes and automobiles in North America, showcasing a variety of rare, unique, and historic models. The museum’s Curtiss JN-4D "Jenny" barnstormer aeroplane is considered to be the “crown jewel” of its collection, acquired by the museum’s chief pilot, Ben Davidson, from dismantled storage in an Ohio barn. The aircraft was designed by B. Douglas Thomas and Glenn Curtis and was the preferred trainer used by the United States and Britain in World War I, with an estimated 95% of American and British forces using them throughout the war. Following the war, the plane’s manufacturer repurchased many of the crafts and remarketed them as civilian planes, which popularized the practice of acrobatic touring “barnstorming.” The machines were also used to deliver air mail flights throughout the early part of the 20th century. Other planes in the museum’s airplane collection include several Piper J-3 Cub and WACO Taper Wing planes, as well as antique planes by manufacturers such as Aeronica, Stearman, and Stinson. Automobile collections focus on the “Golden Age of Transportation” from the 1920s through the 1940s, including a 1923 Model 48 Sportif Locomobile, a luxury line produced by Ford in the early 20th century. Other classic Fords on display include the Model A and Model T cars. A 1909 and 1929 Franklin are also showcased, along with a 1914 Detroit Electric and a number of Packard and Studebaker models. Nearly 30 antique and classic motorcycles are displayed, including vehicles produced by Harley Davidson, Indian, Cushman, and more. Many motorcycles are integrated into larger airplane and automobile displays and are often missed by visitors, so WAAAM encourages visitors to play a “hunt the motorcycle” game and check in with information desk staff with their results after touring the museum. A collection of antique military vehicles features equipment from the World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam eras, while other collections showcase gliders, tractors, bicycles, and transportation-related memorabilia. A special museum section is also dedicated to historic women in aviation and transportation fields, and a children’s area provides safe activities for younger visitors. Ongoing Programs and Events Group rates and tours are available for small groups and organizations, including field trip opportunities for elementary and secondary school groups. Every second Saturday, drives in the museum’s antique cars and military vehicles are offered, with veterans encouraged to share their war stories with drivers and docents. Indoor demonstrations and activities for visitors are also offered. A variety of courses are offered for amateur vehicle enthusiasts, including Model T driving lessons and a driving school program oriented toward operating and understanding classic cars of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. A historic vehicle restoration program also offers a five-level certificate training, and a youth summer camp introduces aviation principles to students ages 9-12. Public special events throughout the year include a Traffic Jam Car Show, a Hood River Annual Fly-In, and a WAAAM Parts Swap event. 1600 Air Museum Rd, Hood River, OR 97031, Phone: 541-308-1600 More Things to Do in Oregon
Difference between revisions of "What are all these texture files?" From Nexus Mods Wiki Jump to: navigation, search m (Normal maps) m (New domain name for the web site) Line 26: Line 26: [http://lhammonds.game-host.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=40&t=81 LHammonds Oblivion Mods Site] [http://HammondsLegacy.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=40&t=81 LHammonds Oblivion Mods Site] Revision as of 10:51, 9 May 2011 There are 4 kinds of textures, the diffuse (a.k.a. "color map" or just plain "texture"), specular (shininess), normal (a.k.a "bump map") and glow maps. Each model must have two textures...a diffuse texture and a normal map. (Menu/2D items do not require normal maps) Diffuse textures The diffuse texture is how the object is painted...it wraps around the model based on the defined UV map of the model. The name of the texture and its path is controlled inside the NIF file using the texture path. If the texture cannot be found using the path inside the NIF, the game may crash or the object will appear pink. To update the path, please read this tutorial: How to fix hard-coded texture paths in NIF files. Specular Maps Specular maps are used to define an objects shininess and highlight colour. The whiter a pixel, the shinier the surface will appear in-game, meaning surfaces such as stone or old wood tend to have a very dark specular map, while surfaces like silver or plastic would tend to have lighter specular maps. The colour of a pixel is also used, to calculate the resulting colour of the surface. A very saturated specular map will have a very different visual effect than a grey specular map. If you need a more "neutral" highlight on a surface, your specular map should use the opposite of the diffuse map's colour. Using the same colour on the specular as on the diffuse will result in a more saturated highlight when viewed in the game. Normal maps The normal map is how light reacts to the surface of a model giving it fake bumps and groves with high areas being lightly colored and low areas being darker which is controlled by the values of the color used (typically a light violet/blue color). There are many methods and tools to create normal maps. The preferred method is the use of a high resolution model that can be used to "bake" the details into the normal map of a lower-polygon model inside programs such as Blender and 3ds Max. Normals can also be created from the texture files alone. Plugins for 2D image editors like Photoshop, GIMP and Paint.NET can be used to create normal maps however, a specialized tool called CrazyBump can aid in the creation of normal, specular, displacement and occlusion maps. To get a better understanding of what normal maps do in-game, take a look at CrazyBump's intro movie: Creating Materials with CrazyBump. The game engine automatically determines the name of the normal map by using the name of the diffuse texture and adding "_n" to it. Example: Helmet.dds --> Helmet_n.dds. The game can crash if the normal map does not exist...or it can render the object invisible. The specularity (amount of light reflected) is controlled by the alpha channel of the normal map which is why normal maps are always exported in DDS format that retains alpha channels such as DXT5 format. A further method of normal map creation is AMD GPU MeshMapper. This program takes the details from a high poly model and uses them to create a normal map for lower poly models. See AMD GPU MeshMapper basic usage for more information. Glow maps The glow map controls the color and intensity of the glow on the surface of the texture. The game engine automatically determines the name of the glow map (if it exists) by using the name of the diffuse texture and adding "_g" to it. Example: Helmet.dds --> Helmet_g.dds. You could make an object glow by controlling the material settings inside the NIF but that would cause the entire object to glow. Using a glow map allows you to make just certain parts glow. For more details, please read Glowmaps 101. Alpha channel Each texture might make use of the alpha channel which is a black-n-white only (or shades of gray). What the alpha channel does depends on what it is used on in the game and which texture it is in. For example, the use of the alpha channel of the diffuse texture to control the amount of transparency of the object (such as glass) but the NIF must be configured to utilize the NiAlphaProperty. The alpha in the normal map controls the amount of shine on the material when light is cast on it. A black alpha channel looks like a very dull material like wood but a white alpha channel makes the material look very shiny / reflective. There are other tricks you can do to make use of special materials to make an uber-reflective materials...Reflective metal Even though this tutorial was created for Oblivion, it should hold true to Fallout 3 as well since it is the same Gamebryo engine. The reflective metal technique might be a bit different for Fallout 3. LHammonds Oblivion Mods Site
Skip to main content In the Light of Turnip Lanterns It's been a beautiful fall this year. Now, the leaves have fallen from the trees and the days are getting shorter and shorter. It's once more the season of cozy evenings by the fire or hot punch on the ice skating rink. Traditionally, these first days of winter mark the beginning of the Christmas season in Switzerland. It also the time when the traditional turnip lantern processions, which we call 'Räbeliechtliumzug' in Swiss German, take place. As soon as it gets dark, kindergarten and primary school kids walk around town with lanterns called 'Räbeliechtli' which they carved from turnips. And no, this is not a Swiss version of Halloween despite the obvious similarities. Let me explain. Origins of Räbeliechtli The tradition of making lanterns from turnips has its origins in the celebration of the last harvest of the year. Turnips were amongst the last vegetables harvested and I assume that is why they were originally chosen for this craft. In the circle of the family, children hollowed and carved their turnips and put a candle inside to turn it into a lantern. How we celebrate Räbeliechtliumzug Today, turnips are grown almost only for the purpose of lantern-making and the carving mainly takes place in schools or kindergartens. With the help of parents and teachers, the kids carefully empty their turnips and try to carve beautiful patterns on them. Moon and stars are a very popular symbol but sometimes a child prefers a car or a pony. Cutting accidents are quite frequent during those carving hours but I have never heard of any serious injury due to turnips carving. Three strings are attached to the turnips, a candle put inside and the lantern is ready for use. The schools together with the community government also organize the annual turnips lantern march. The street lights are turned off in most parts of town while the kids walk through it in a long procession with their lanterns. Typically, there is also a lot of singing involved. Songs such as "I walk with my lantern" have been part of the childhood of most Swiss adults. It is quite an experience for a child to walk through a dark town with only the light of the lanterns shining and I still find it rather beautiful as a grown up. A short video of a Räbeliechtliumzug in Würenlos: * This article was originally called "In the Light of Beetroot Lanterns" until (thankfully) someone pointed out my translation error and I corrected 'beetroot' with 'turnip'. 1. I absolutely love this post. Gosh, you really took me straight back to my childhood this time....and we are talking nearly 40 years (I hate to admit). Spot-on description of a Räbeliechtliumzug and lovely background info. Thanks for this little mement down memory lane! 1. Thanks! It's one of my favorite Swiss winter/fall traditions as well! 2. This post is great, but just to clarify. Beetroot is Beeten, and Turnips are Raeben. :D 1. Thank you for pointing out my error. You're obviously right. I just did a quick search and indeed, Raeben are turnips and not beetroot. I'll correct it in the article as soon as possible! Post a Comment You have something to add or would like to ask a question? I would love to hear from you! Popular posts from this blog How to Spot a Swiss Person As an expat one usually spots fellow expats right away. It's not only the language or the looks of people but rather the little peculiarities of life that seem so normal at home that give us away while abroad. Obviously, it's a cliche that all people from the same place (country, city, continent) behave in the same way and I am far from making that claim. However, growing up in a certain surrounding does rub off on people's behavior and some similarities can certainly be observed. This is also true for Swiss people. According to the Swiss stereotype, we are a clean, punctual and strictly organized people. However, there are many exceptions like my Swiss friend who is always late or my brother whose room was a total mess while growing up. Yet, although they do not fit the description of a typical Swiss person, they still have some traits that give them away as Swiss. The same is probably true for myself - if I like it or not. 10 Signs you are dealing with a Swiss Person Schätzli, Schnüggel and Müüsli - Terms of Endearment in Swiss German Kiss - Oliver Haja / If you've ever been invited to the home of a Swiss couple, you are probably familiar with the most popular Swiss German term of endearment "Schätzli" ('little treasure') or one of it's many varieties like e.g. "Schatz" or "Schätzeli" . Obviously, this is not the only pet name used by Swiss couples (or parents for that matter). Like many other languages, Swiss German offers a wide variety of words and phrases that you can use to address your loved one. Swiss German Terms of Endearment What most of these pet names have in common is the ending "-li" which basically turns the thing or person a word refers to into something small or cute. For example "Haus" means house and "Hüüs li " means small house. Plus, this ending "-li" can also be added to first names as a means of endearment, e.g. Benjamin li , Esther li or Fabienne li . I tried to come up with a colle A Typical Swiss Birthday Party Birthday Cake - Helene Souza / My son and I recently attended a birthday party here in Cocachimba , Peru. It was the birthday of one of the kids in the village and since it's such a small place, almost everyone is invited. To be honest, I don't like going to children's birthday parties - or grown up's birthday parties - because there is usually too much noise and fuss and chaos. My husband usually takes it on himself to accompany our son to these birthdays but this time he was away so I had to step in. If you've never been to a Peruvian birthday party, let me tell you one thing: it's loud and crowded! There is dancing and food and once in a while people are trying to say something above the deafening noise of the music. I guess, if you grew up with this it's probably normal and enjoyable but for me it was way too much noise. I could see all the children's ear go deaf in my minds eyes. Argh. Probably one of those cultural differences you
Text: Larger \| Smaller This legal glossary is a basic guide to common legal terms. A lawyer is in the best position to advise you about your legal rights and responsibilities. Different terms may have different meanings based on the specific area of law or the context in which they are being used. For legal terms not referred to in this glossary, or for more comprehensive definitions, you may wish to refer to a legal dictionary or to an internet resource. Browse the glossary To browse the glossary alphabetically, use the following links: Search the Glossary Search the glossary for term/phrase: A solemn declaration, followed by a swearing to God or an honoured deity, whereby the person promises to tell the truth. A violation of the law. Hybrid Offence Term applied to a criminal offence which may be tried by summary conviction procedure or by indictment at the option of the prosecutor. A hybrid offence is an indictable offence until the Crown elects to proceed by way of summary conviction. The difference is in the process followed. Indictable Offence More serious criminal offences that carry longer maximum sentences and higher fines; these offences are also subject to more complex court procedures, including the right to a preliminary hearing before a trial in the Superior Court of Justice. Quasi-Criminal Offence A non-criminal offence that carries a penalty similar to that of a criminal offence, but that is subject to less complex court procedures than are criminal offences. For example traffic and workplace safety offences. Regulatory Offence A non-criminal offence that regulates conduct in the public interest, such as securities regulations. Regulatory offences are often dealt with at administrative tribunals and not in a court setting. Summary Conviction Offence These criminal offences carry lower maximum penalties and are subject to less complex court procedures. These matters are heard in the Ontario Court of Justice. Offer to Settle A written document that is sent by one party to the other setting out the terms for which that party is willing to settle all or part of the case. The failure to do something which it is one's duty to do, or which a reasonable person would do. Ontario Court of Justice (see Court) A court's direction requiring a party to do something or refrain from doing something. Assessment Order 1. In criminal proceedings, a court's order to have an accused person's mental condition assessed where the court believes it necessary (a "fitness hearing"). 2. In civil law, an order that a person attend for a physical or mental examination where the physical or mental condition of a party to the proceedings is in question. 3. In family law cases, a court's order to have a qualified professional investigate and report on the needs of the child(ren) and the ability of the parties to meet those needs. Community Treatment Order An order to provide a person who suffers from a serious mental disorder with a comprehensive plan of community-based treatment or care and supervision that is less restrictive than being detained in a psychiatric facility. Consent Order An order made by the court based upon the agreement of the parties. Divorce Order Final order made by a court in a divorce case. On taking effect, a divorce order legally ends a marriage. Final Order An order that decides a case or claim on a final basis. Interim or Interlocutory Order An order that is valid for a specified period of time or until there is a final order. It does not finally dispose of the case or claim before the court or tribunal. Openness Order In child protection cases, an order made by the court allowing a child in extended society care to continue to have contact, communicate or have a relationship with a person after adoption. Probation Order (see Sentence) Production Order In criminal law, an order to have evidence produced by someone other than the accused. In civil law, an order that a party, or a third party with relevant documents, produce those documents for the purposes of the litigation. Prohibition Order (1) An order to prevent a person from doing something. (2) A prerogative writ. Refraining order In family law cases, a court order preventing the Family Responsibility Of fice from suspending a payor's driver's licence. Restraining Order 1. In family law cases, an order restraining harassment that prohibits a person from molesting, annoying, harassing or communicating with their spouse, their children, or a person having custody. 2. In family law cases, an order stopping one spouse from selling or depleting his or her property. Restitution Order (see Sentence) Interim Society Care Order In child protection cases, an order placing a child in the care and custody of a children's aid society for a period of up to 12 months. Supervision Order In child protection cases, an order that the child is either placed with or returned to a parent or another person for between three and twelve months, and the children's aid society supervises the family. Support Order In family law cases, an order that a person provide support for his or her dependants, which sets out the amount to be paid and the time during which the support must be paid. Support Deduction Order In family law cases, an order that allows the Family Responsibility Office (FRO) to collect support payments. Temporary Order In family law cases, an order that is effective only for a limited time, including an interim order. Treatment Order In criminal law, an order to have the accused treated for mental health problems.
Health: What does good health really imply? health topic The epidemic resulted in 1849, but Snow continued to gather knowledge on the sample of of illness and started finding evidence that linked cholera to specific sources of water. Among seniors, falls are the leading cause of injuries, hospital admissions for trauma, and deaths due to injury. One in every three seniors (age 65 and older) will fall each year. According to the WHO, the higher a person’s socioeconomic standing (SES), the extra likely they are to enjoy good well being, a good schooling, a properly-paid job, afford good healthcare when their health is threatened. Physical wellbeing entails pursuing a healthful lifestyle to lower the risk of illness. Maintaining bodily health, for example, can protect and develop the endurance of a person’s respiration and coronary heart operate, muscular power, flexibility, and body composition. In a person who experiences physical health, bodily features are working at peak performance, due not solely … Read More
Drugs And Its Effect On Society 1645 Words7 Pages The official definition of drugs is a substance which has a physiological effect when introduced to the body. Drugs have been a part of human culture since the beginning of recorded history. People have use drugs for all sorts of reasons whether it is for a religious mind altering ritual, to save someone’s life or just to make themselves feel better, and they are still widely prevalent in today’s culture. We all know someone who currently partakes in drugs whether they choose to share that information with us or not, this has not changed for thousands of years. However, when United States decided to take action in the 20th century and prohibit certain drugs they did it with the best intentions. They set out with the 5 main goals when declaring the war on drugs, keep young people off drugs, reduce drug related violence, reduce health and crime cost related to drugs, shield Americas borders from drugs entering the country and cut the domestic and international sources of drugs. Consequently, they have achieved just the opposite as these goals have not been close to being achieved and the drug war still deeply affects our society. The United States government should overhaul the drug enforcement policy by legalizing all illicit drugs, because it would reduce crime and prison population, generate tax revenue, and give back people control over what they can do with their body. The current United States drug policy is doing more harm than good, and it’s time for bureaucrats and More about Drugs And Its Effect On Society Get Access
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core Jump to: navigation, search A webliography (from web and the suffix -graphy, from Ancient Greek verb γράφω gráphō, "to write") is a list of websites that pertain to a given topic. A webography is much like a bibliography, but is limited to a collection of online resources rather than books and academic journals. Research has been conducted comparing them to traditional bibliographies.[1][2] In the early days of the internet, web link lists were important because search engines weren't as well-developed, and bookmarking links was essential in order to find a particular website again.[3] Representative examples See also 1. What is the title of a Web page? A study of Webography practice. by Timothy C. Craven Information Research, Vol. 7 No. 3, April 2002 2. Almind, T.C. & Ingwersen, P. (1997) "Informetric analyses on the World Wide Web: methodological approaches to 'Webmetrics'." Journal of Documentation 53 (4), 404-426. 3. http://crln.acrl.org/content/71/7/350.short
The Bank of England has revealed the new Alan Turing £50 note Thursday, 25th March 2021, 10:46 am Updated Thursday, 25th March 2021, 12:31 pm The new £50 note featuring scientist Alan Turing which will be issued for the first time on 23 June The World War Two Enigma codebreaker Alan Turing will feature on the new £50 banknote which will be released on 23 June - the computer pioneer’s birthday. The design of the Bank of England’s new £50 note - which features Second World War Enigma codebreaker Alan Turing - has been revealed today The polymer design, with advanced security features, will be issued for the first time on 23 what would have been the computer pioneer’s birthday. He joins a line up of other famous faces including the Sir Winston Churchill £5, the Jane Austen £10 and the JMW Turner £20. The paper £50 notes can still be used and there will be a six month notice period before the old paper £50 is withdrawn. But who was the codebreaker and why has he been chosen as the face of the new £50 note? Who was Alan Turing? Mr Turing played a pivotal role in breaking the Enigma code at Bletchley Park, which helped end the Second World War. It has been said that this helped to shorten the length of the Second World War by at least two years - saving millions of lives. Born on 23 June 1912, Turing studied mathematics at King's College, University of Cambridge and in 1936 his work On Computable Numbers was seen as giving birth to the idea of how computers could operate. His "Turing test" also examined the behaviour necessary for a machine to be considered intelligent - the foundation for artificial intelligence. But perhaps Mr Turing's best-known achievement was his role in cracking the Enigma code. What special features does the bank note have? The note, like the £20, incorporates two windows and a two-colour foil, making it very difficult to counterfeit. There is also a hologram image which changes between the words fifty and pounds when tilting the note from side to side. The new note, like the polymer £10 and £20, will contain a feature to help people who are visually impaired to identify the denomination. The new £50 note will feature the signature of Sarah John, the Bank's chief cashier. She said: "This new £50 note completes our set of polymer banknotes. Why has the Bank of England chosen Alan Turing? Bank governor Andrew Bailey said: "There's something of the character of a nation in its money, and we are right to consider and celebrate the people on our banknotes. "So I'm delighted that our new £50 features one of Britain's most important scientists, Alan Turing. "Turing is best known for his codebreaking work at Bletchley Park, which helped end the Second World War. However, in addition he was a leading mathematician, developmental biologist, and a pioneer in the field of computer science. He was also gay, and was treated appallingly as a result. "By placing him on our new polymer £50 banknote, we are celebrating his achievements, and the values he symbolises." What is the Turing Challenge? The Bank of England has collaborated with GCHQ on the intelligence and cyber agency's "toughest puzzle ever" - based on the Turing £50 banknote design. GCHQ's Turing Challenge, a set of 12 puzzles, has been put together by intelligence staff at GCHQ.
What are Powerfuels? A missing link to a successful global energy transition Powerfuels are synthetic gaseous or liquid non-biofuels that draw their energy content from renewable electricity. Powerfuels are renewable and climate-friendly and can be used as energy carriers and feedstock. The definition of Powerfuels embraces a broad range of technologies including hydrogen, synthetic gas (e.g. methane, propane) as well as synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals (e.g. methanol, diesel, gasoline, kerosene, ammonia, Fischer-Tropsch products). In line with the long-term goal of reducing GHG emissions, the carbon needed for the production of hydrocarbon powerfuels (methane, propane, methanol etc.) can originate from carbon capture of existing emission streams and biogenic sources or from direct air capture technologies that draw carbon dioxide from the ambient air. Nitrogen (required for ammonia synthesis) can be captured by direct air separation units. In line with the definition of powerfuels, “e-fuels”, “synthetic fuels” and RFNBO (Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin) are synonyms. Various possible powerfuel processes, end products and example applications. A global perspective is essential to address climate change Due to the inherently global nature of climate change, a global approach is required to mitigate global warming. For the first time, there will be common binding minimum standards from 2024 onward for reporting by states on their greenhouse gas emissions and climate protection measures. The challenge of climate change presents both wide-ranging threats and opportunities for the private sector. Governments are called upon to promote policies that safeguard competitiveness, economic growth and jobs, and enable companies to use their innovative power to protect the climate and make the transition to a sustainable global economy possible. In this context, technology openness is key in order to enable a level playing field between the various climate change mitigation options available. Powerfuels are game changers Powerfuels are game changers for reaching climate targets due to 5 key reasons: 1) Powerfuels are climate-friendly solutions for applications with no viable alternatives. 2) Powerfuels reduce the overall costs of the energy transition by capitalising on already existing and well-developed infrastructures and providing long-term storage options. 3) Powerfuels allow worldwide trade and transport of potentials of renewable energy production on a global market. 4) Powerfuels can accelerate the de-fossilisation of existing consumer end-use equipment as green drop-in alternatives to fossil fuels. 5) Powerfuels provide flexibility as they can fit any country-specific decarbonisation approach.
Oxygen in stem cell biology: a critical component of the stem cell niche. The defining hallmark of stem cells is their means to self-renew and keep multipotency. This capability is determined by the stability of advanced alerts in their microenvironment. Low oxygen tensions (hypoxia) keep undifferentiated states of embryonic, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, and neural stem cell phenotypes and in addition affect proliferation and cell-fate dedication. Recent proof has recognized a broader spectrum of stem cells influenced by hypoxia that features most cancers stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. These findings have essential implications on our understanding of growth, illness, and tissue-engineering practices and moreover elucidate an added dimension of stem cell management inside the area of interest. Antinuclear antibodies: diagnostic markers for autoimmune ailments and probes for cell biology. • Cancers initially develop from regular cells that achieve the means to proliferate aberrantly and ultimately flip malignant. These cancerous cells then develop clonally into tumors and ultimately have the potential to metastasize. Connection error. • A central query in most cancers biology is, which cells could be reworked to type tumors? Recent research elucidated the presence of most cancers stem cells which have the unique means to regenerate tumors. • These most cancers stem cells share many traits with regular stem cells, together with self-renewal and differentiation. With the rising proof that most cancers stem cells exist in a big range of tumors, it’s changing into more and more essential to grasp the molecular mechanisms that regulate self-renewal and differentiation as a result of corruption of genes concerned in these pathways seemingly participates in tumor development. • This new paradigm of oncogenesis has been validated in a rising record of tumors. Studies of regular and most cancers stem cells from the identical tissue have make clear the ontogeny of tumors. • That signaling pathways equivalent to Bmi1 and Wnt have related results in regular and most cancers stem cell self-renewal means that widespread molecular pathways regulate each populations. Understanding the biology of most cancers stem cells will contribute to the identification of molecular targets essential for future therapies. Toward an understanding of NKT cell biology: progress and paradoxes. 1. Natural killer T (NKT) cells represent a conserved T cell sublineage with distinctive properties, together with reactivity for a artificial glycolipid introduced by CD1d, expression of an invariant T cell antigen receptor (TCR) alpha chain, and weird necessities for thymic choice. 2. They quickly produce many cytokines after stimulation and thus affect various immune responses and pathogenic processes. Because of intensive analysis effort, now we have realized a lot about elements selling the growth and survival of NKT cells, regulation of their cytokine manufacturing, and the means by which they affect dendritic cells and different cell sorts. Connection error. 1. Despite this progress, data of the pure antigen(s) they acknowledge and their physiologic position stay incomplete. The activation of NKT cells paradoxically can lead both to suppression or stimulation of immune responses, and we can’t predict which can happen. Despite this uncertainty, many investigators are hopeful that immune therapies could be developed based mostly on NKT cell stimulation. 2. The discovery of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells >20 years in the past represented a main advance in biology and experimental drugs, because it enabled the routine manipulation of the mouse genome. 3. Along with the capability to induce genetic modifications, ES cells offered the foundation for establishing an in vitro mannequin of early mammalian growth and represented a putative new supply of differentiated cell sorts for cell alternative remedy. 4. While ES cells have been used extensively for creating mouse mutants for greater than a decade, their software as a mannequin for developmental biology has been restricted and their use in cell alternative remedy stays a purpose for a lot of in the subject. 5. Recent advances in our understanding of ES cell differentiation, detailed in this evaluation, have offered new insights important for establishing ES cell-based developmental fashions and for the technology of clinically related populations for cell remedy. Leave A Comment
Saint Brigid of Kildare Updated: Sep 8, 2020 What we know of Saint Brigid comes from a few books - The Life of St Brigid by Cogitosus and and the First Life of Vita Prima of St Brigid by an unknown author (but likely Saint Broccan Cloen). We believe she was born in 451, at Faughart in Couty Louth Ireland to a Christian Pict slave mother (Brocca) and a chieftain of Leinster father (Dubhthach). When Dubthach learned of the impending pregnancy, he sold Brocca to a druid, thus Saint Brigid was born into slavery. One legend tells of this time that due to the Druid's impurity, any milk she gave Brigid was immediately thrown up and so God sent a white cow with red ears to sustain the baby. Saint Brigid was famous for her extreme concern and generosity for the poor, and as one legend tells she gave away her mother's entire store of butter for the poor. When she prayed with her mother, the butter in the pantry was miraculously renewed. Around the age of 10, she was allowed to live in her father's house as a half-slave. When her father tried to marry her to the King of Leinster, she gave away his jeweled sword to a beggar. The king was so moved by this act of Holiness and graciousness he persuaded her father to grant her freedom. She took vows before Saint Mel, the abbot and bishop of Longford. A famous story told is the story of the founding of her own Abby. She came to the King of Leinster asking for land to found the abbey, stating that she had found the perfect spot beside a forest and next to a lake. The king laughed, and after much prayer, Saint Brigid returned saying: "Will you give me as much land as my cloak will cover?" After believing it to be a jest, the king agreed. She and three sisters took the cloak to the spot, each taking a corner facing North, South, West, and East. When they sprinted in their respective directions, the cloth grew until it covered several acres. The legend holds that after the land was given, anytime the King grew stingy with aid to the poor, Saint Brigid would come before him holding the cloth to change his mind. Because the convent was known for making blueberry jam, on February 1st of each year a tradition began to eat jam to honor the miracle of the cloth. The convent she founded was at Kildare (Cill Dara: church of the oak) which was originally a Pagan shrine to the Celtic Goddess Brigid. She is credited with organizing communal life (monasteries and convents) for consecrated life in Ireland. She formed two monastic institutions - one for women and one for men, and so for centuries Kildare was ruled by a double line of abbot-bishops and abbesses. The Abbess of Kildare was generally held as the Superior General of monasteries in Ireland. Kildare continued to grow and eventually became a Cathedral city. Saint Brigid's cross is another famous story from her life time. A pagan chieftain from a nearby town (from Kildare) was dying of illness. Saint Brigid was called for to help try and convert him before his death, but upon her arrival she found him raving and delirious. Saint Brigid sat next to the bed and began weaving a cross from the straw on the floor. When the chieftan asked what she was doing, she began to explain the cross. The more she spoke, the more he quieted, and eventually converted and was baptized before his death. Saint Brigid's cross is extremely famous in Ireland, it was used until the 1990s for RTE television, the former symbol of the Irish Department of Health, and currently the logo of the Irish Nursing Board. It is customary on February 1st of each year to place Saint Brigid's crosses around the house to protect it for the year ahead. The old cross is burned to ward off fire. It is also a common gift for new homes. There are also 15 holy wells (documented, though many likely remain undocumented) across Ireland that were established by Saint Brigid to baptize pagans. Rosary beads and candles are often left as offerings at these sights, as the water is believed to have curative powers. In one tradition (the Book of Armagh) it is written she was friends and mentored by Saint Patrick: While dying, Saint Ninnidh performed her last rites. When the rites were completed, he would be known as Ninnidh of the Clean Hand because he had his right hand encased in metal so that it would never be defiled. Her dedicated student Darlugdach wished to die alongside her, but Saint Brigid told her that she would die on the anniversary of her (Brigid's) death. Saint Brigid had a tomb adorned with gems, precious stones, and crowns of gold and silver laid over her to the right of the high altar at Kildare Cathedral. When the Norse raids began, her relics were reburied in the tomb of Saint Patrick and Saint Columcille before being reburied again in Down Cathedral. Saint Brigid's feast day is set for February 1st, replacing the pagan festival of Imbolc which marks the beginning of Spring. Many other miracles are attributed to her beyond those we have written in our article today! 131 views0 comments Recent Posts See All
Can Taking Cinnamon Lower Your Cholesterol? Cinnamon is a plant that has a variety of uses among many different cultures, from spicing up foods to deterring germs from growing. There are two forms of cinnamon that are commonly found in foods: • Cinnamomum verum: also known as “true” cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, or Ceylon cinnamon. This type of cinnamon is commonly used in sweet pastries. • Cinnamomum cassia: also known as cassia, Chinese cinnamon, or “bastard” cinnamon. This type of cinnamon is a stronger spice that is used in a variety of foods. In fact, it is cassia-based cinnamon that is often seen on the grocery shelves and is typically cheaper than true cinnamon. There’s been a lot of talk about the health benefits of cinnamon, but can it lower cholesterol levels? Some scientists studying cinnamon say that it might have potential. Much of the information publicized about cinnamon mostly concerns its role in lowering blood sugar in diabetes. During some of these studies, scientists also found evidence that, along with lowering glucose levels, cinnamon may also lower lipid levels. Cinnamon sticks Lianne Milton/Photodisc/Getty Images What Have the Studies Proven? Several studies have examined the effectiveness of cinnamon in lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A 2017 review of 13 studies was conducted to determine if cinnamon supplementation has a beneficial impact on lipid levels. The researchers concluded that, in these studies, cinnamon significantly lowered total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. HDL cholesterol levels, however, did not appear to be significantly lowered in any of these studies. How Does Cinnamon Lower Cholesterol Levels? It is not yet known how cinnamon can affect cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Cinnamaldyhyde has also been identified as a potential component found in cinnamon that can help lower cholesterol levels, although how it lowers cholesterol has not been established. The Bottom Line The research conducted on cinnamon so far has not conclusively proven that it can lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Therefore, more studies are needed to determine how effective cinnamon would be in reducing your lipids. You should speak to your healthcare provider first before adding cinnamon to your lipid-lowering regimen since it is not known if it can worsen certain medical conditions or interact with other medications you are taking. Was this page helpful? Article Sources 1. Azimi P, Ghiasvand R, Feizi A, Hariri M, Abbasi B. Effects of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron, and ginger consumption on markers of glycemic control, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation in Type 2 diabetes patientsRev Diabet Stud. 2014;11(3-4):258–266. doi:10.1900/RDS.2014.11.258 2. Vafa M, Mohammadi F, Shidfar F, et al. Effects of cinnamon consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and body composition in type 2 diabetic patientsInt J Prev Med. 2012;3(8):531–536. 3. Maierean SM, Serban MC, Sahebkar A, et al. The effects of cinnamon supplementation on blood lipid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Lipidol. 2017;11(6):1393-1406. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.004 4. Nour OAA, Shehatou GSG, Rahim MA, El-awady MS, Suddek GM. Cinnamaldehyde exerts vasculoprotective effects in hypercholestrolemic rabbits. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2018;391(11):1203-1219. doi:10.1007/s00210-018-1547-8
By Sam Downing\| Every morning at 7: “Waking up is hell, I am definitely going to bed early from now on.” But every night at 11: “Yes, I will binge five more episodes on Netflix then spend another hour reading random Wikipedia articles!” If that sounds like you, you’re likely to be a night owl — and your genes could be to blame. Humans have two broad kinds of body clock, also known as your circadian cycle or your chronotype: early birds, morning people who naturally prefer to go to bed and rise with the sun; and their natural enemies night owls, who prefer to stay up late then sleep in. It’s long been known your chronotype has a genetic basis, and a US study has now identified the “impactful” gene mutation that delays night owls’ sleep cycles — putting their natural bedtimes up to two-and-a-half hours after everyone else’s. "Carriers of the mutation have longer days than the planet gives them, so they are essentially playing catch-up for their entire lives," said the study’s first author Alina Patke, a research associate at Rockefeller University, in a statement. The discovery of the gene is an important step in identifying possible treatments for delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), a condition affecting up to 10 percent of the population that’s basically the extreme version of being a night owl. In normal people, levels of the sleep hormone melatonin start to rise at about 9 or 10pm. In DSPDs, it might not be until as late as 2 or 3am. That means they’re forced to go to bed and wake up before their bodies are ready, meaning they have a rough time confirming to the 9-to-5. "It's as if these people have perpetual jet lag," said senior author Michael Young, head of Rockefeller’s Laboratory of Genetics. "In the morning, they're not ready for the next day to arrive." DSPD is associated with the long list of problems caused by bad sleep: weight gain, anxiety, depression, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The Rockefeller researchers collaborated with a team from Turkey’s Bilkent University, to study large family groups, about half who carried the newly discovered gene mutation. Those who carried it had delayed sleep onset times and some had fractured, irregular sleep patterns. They generally hit the midpoint of their sleep at 6 to 8am — well after the 4am midpoint of the non-carriers. If you’re feeling cursed by your body clock, here’s the good news: Not all night owls have the gene mutation, and even those who do can train their body clocks to conform to a “regular” schedule by going to bed and waking up at the same time every day and by exposing themselves to bright light during the day. "An external cycle and good sleep hygiene can help force a slow-running clock to accommodate a 24-hour day," said Patke, a self-declared night owl. "We just have to work harder at it."
brazil nut Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Wikipedia. Brazil nut, ..... Click the link for more information. , class Magnoliopsida, order Lecythidales. Brazil nut [brə′zil ‚nət] brazil nut Collins Discovery Encyclopedia, 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005 References in periodicals archive ? In 2017, Brazil produced 37,664 tons of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) (Lecythidaceae) (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatfstica 2017). (2011), except the composition of Brazil nut oil that used the values provided by Gutierrez et al. The selenium content of the Brazil nuts used in this study was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, but according to other sources, the selenium content of Brazil nuts is much lower (50-80 [micro]g per nut). Brazil nuts are an excellent source of mono-saturated fatty acids that help lower LDL or bad cholesterol and increase HDL or good cholesterol in the blood. In the midst of this frontier country, the success of Brazil nut harvesting--a low-impact industry that relies on the maintenance of large tracts of intact forest and is largely managed by small local producers--might seem like a surprising anomaly. At Natural Sourcing, this .oil is cold pressed from the nuts of the Brazil nut tree and then meticulously packaged and stored to maintain the purity, freshness and beneficial properties. Specifically, we studied Brazil nut recruit density (seedlings, saplings, and juveniles) in logging gaps paired with understory plots in active Brazil nut concessions in Madre de Dios, Peru. Who says you've got to use Brazil nuts? You might be allergic, or you might not like the taste, so you don't have to use them. Selenium concentration in Brazil nut varies between 8 and 83 [micro]g/g and is among the highest found within foods consumed by humans [21-25]. Each beauty product contains one or more Fairtrade certified ingredients such as cocoa butter, shea nut butter, sugar or Brazil nut oil, benefitting disadvantaged producers from countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
administrators Reply Quote Answer : 2 1966 Explanation : Answer: B) 1966 Explanation: The Green Revolution in India refers to a period of time when agriculture in India changed to an industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and technology such as high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, pump sets, etc. Green revolution was started by Dr.M.S. Swaminathan. The new agricultural strategy was adopted in India during the Third Plan, i.e., during 1960s. As suggested by the team of experts of the Ford Foundation in its report
Those white smoke alarms hanging from your ceiling may all look alike, but there are significant differences in the two kinds of sensor technology. The older and more common type uses an ionization sensor. More than 90% of smoke alarms installed in the US are ionization type (keep this in mind as you keep reading). The newer and less common type uses a photoelectric sensor. What is the difference? Ionization smoke alarms are less expensive and are better at sensing the small smoke particles associated with flaming fires. Photoelectric smoke alarms are slightly more expensive and are better at sensing the large smoke particles associated with smoldering fires. This is why many organizations have recommended installing smoke alarms with dual sensors. This is typically where the discussion ends. However it is not quite that simple. Photoelectric smoke alarms are significantly better at sensing smoldering fires and will sound 20 to 30 minutes faster. A smoldering fire will also deplete the available oxygen and emit carbon monoxide making it difficult for occupants to escape. Ionization alarms are slightly better at detecting flaming fires but our prone to false alarms from cooking and many people will disable this type to reduce the annoying false alarms – leaving them with no protection at all. Another consideration is that the smoke chambers for the different technologies used different designs and combining both technologies in one smoke chamber will compromise the effectiveness of both. This is why many cities, such as Albany, CA, have banned smoke alarms that use ionization technology. How do you know what kind of smoke alarm is in your house? Many brands will have a small “i” or ”p” on the face, to indicate the technology used, but many don’t. The label on the back will sometimes have the information clearly identified, but it is important to note that ionization type labels will always have a radiation warning, because ionization sensors use a very small amount of radiation to detect the smoke particles. Smoke alarms have a lifespan? Most manufacturers recommend replacing smoke alarms once they are 10 years old. So the chances are 90% that you have an ionization alarm and unless you’ve done some remodeling in the last 10 years, your smoke alarms have probably “expired.” I think it is time to see what kind of smoke alarms you have hanging from the ceiling. This five-minute task could save a life. JMC Inspections: Service, Experience, Professionalism since 1982
What is Dipsophobia? (An Overview) In this blog we will discuss the symptoms, causes and treatment of Dipsophobia. An intense fear of alcohol is called Dipsophobia. It is a type of specific phobia which comes under the category of anxiety disorders in the DSM-V. Someone suffering from it will experience extreme anxiety when exposed to alcohol. One can suffer from anxiety just on the mere thought of alcohol. Individuals, if the anxiety worsens, can also undergo panic attacks. Therefore, one tries to avoid getting in touch with alcohol. Someone suffering Dipsophobia will not only refrain from drinking alcohol but will also avoid sitting near someone who does. Avoidance, though, makes the person feel safe and less anxious, in the long run it can result in one developing OCD. This is because one repeatedly avoids their fear stimuli, which can turn into compulsions. The DSM-V suggests, anxiety and avoidance one suffers from in Dipsophobia affects their social and occupational functioning. For example, they will avoid drinking medicines that contain alcohol (like cough syrups), even if the amount of it is less and the medicine necessary. One will refrain from attending parties where they fear they’ll encounter alcohol. They will prefer living independently, rather than living with family members who drink. Someone’s fear for alcohol can not be criticised because of the fact that alcohol can be very dangerous to one’s health and social relations if taken in excess. However, the abnormal and persistent anxiety one experiences in Dipsophobia is highly irrational. They are unable to rationalize their fear. Dipsophobia is an irrational fear of alcohol. Sufferers are fearful of getting addicted to it, thus avoiding it. What is Dipsophobia? (An Overview) Symptoms of Dipsophobia Like in the case of all other specific phobias, Dipsophobia too has anxiety as its focal symptom. Individuals suffering from an irrational fear of alcohol suffer from extreme anxiety which, as mentioned earlier, can result in one having panic attacks. When the sufferer thinks about encountering alcohol, he goes into flight or fight mode because of an adrenaline rush. Symptoms one experiences in Dipsophobia are: • Excessive anxiety when exposed to alcohol/someone drinking alcohol • Excessive anxiety when thinking about alcohol • Inability to manage anxiety • Full-blown panic attacks • Avoiding alcohol • Increased heart beat • Breathlessness • Muscle tension • Nausea • Feelings of dizziness/fainting • Feeling depressed • Fear of an impending doom • Excessive sweating • Tremors • Hot/cold flashes • Butterflies in the stomach • Drying up of the mouth • Disorientation • Migraine For one to be diagnosed with Dipsophobia, a person should experience at least 3-5 of these symptoms (including anxiety). What is Dipsophobia? (An Overview) Causes of Dipsophobia Like every other specific phobia, Dipsophobia is a result of either genetics or a past traumatic experience. Someone who has a family history of anxiety disorders or specific phobias has a higher chance of developing Dipsophobia than someone who doesn’t. This is because they are genetically predisposed to develop it. According to this, one with a genetic predisposition will not develop symptoms of Dipsophobia until and unless there is some trigger event, instigating anxiety or fear related to alcohol. A triggering event can be for example, a traumatic childhood experience. Someone’s father might’ve been an alcoholic, who used to beat and abuse his family members. The trauma and pain the suffering experienced can be the cause of why he fears alcohol. Also, may be because of an alcoholic parent, one suffered financial losses. They may have heard or experienced these traumatic incidents themselves, thus fearing alcohol. On the other hand, alcohol can cause serious health problems if taken in excess. One might have seen or heard someone suffer from liver sclerosis because of alcohol. Or, the social, economic or health losses one faces because of his alcohol addiction/consumption can instigate a dislike for it. One’s culture/background can also play a significant role in causing Dipsophobia. Many world religions prohibit the consumption of alcohol. Therefore, one with these beliefs might get terrified when around alcohol. Additionally, some cultures too, dislike alcohol. Someone with overly strict parents can also develop Dipsophobia. As a teenager, one may have been severely beaten up or scolded by his parents upon consuming alcohol, therefore he developed a fear of it. Media reports on the number of people dying or getting severely affected by alcohol can also play a role in causing Dipsophobia. Therefore, Dipsophobia is caused by both genetics and environmental factors. What is Dipsophobia? (An Overview) Treatment of Dipsophobia Like all the other specific phobias, Dipsophobia is treated by a number of different therapies including, Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) and or medications that lower downs the anxiety or other physical symptoms. • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Dipsophobia is defined as the irrational fear of alcohol.Thus, the therapist helps the patient in replacing these irrational thoughts with more rational ones. The ABCD stands for: i. A (antecedents) a situation or triggering event. The therapist then works with the individual in order for them to overcome their fear. In the case of Dipsophobia, the patient will be advised on how to overcome his fear of alcohol. • Yoga/Meditation They are not just one of the many treatment therapies used for Dipsophobia, instead they are one of the most common ways of relaxation used by many people. • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) This is another effective therapy used to treat Dipsophobia. • Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) • Drug Therapy Drugs are used to reduce the physical symptoms caused by Dipsophobia. 1. Antidepressant Drugs 1. Anti-anxiety Drugs Medicines like Klonopin are anti-anxiety drugs. What is Dipsophobia? (An Overview) Titles to read • The Confidence Gap: A Guide to Overcoming Fear and Self-Doubt by Russ Harris, Steven Hayes PhD (foreword), et al. • Destination Joy: Moving Beyond Fear. Loss, and Trauma in Recovery. by Earnie Larsen • Addiction & Grief: Letting Go of Fear, Anger, and Addiction by Barb Rogers • The Vitamin Cure for Alcoholism: Orthomolecular Treatment of Addictions by Abram Hoffer and Andrew W. Saul Frequently Asked Questions Q1) What is the fear of addiction? Pharmacophobia is the irrational fear of using medicines. It is a type of specific phobias. Q2) Is Dipsophobia curable? Yes. Therapies like EMDR, CBT are effective in treating all specific phobias including Dipsophobia. Q2) What are the symptoms of Dipsophobia? One will experience extreme anxiety, panic attacks, nausea and or breathlessness including other physiological symptoms. Q3) How is Dipsophobia caused? A genetic predisposition or environmental factors can be the reason for why one develops Dipsophobia Examples of other interesting phobias What we recommend for Phobias Professional counselling Panic Courses Weighted Blankets • https://psychtimes.com/dipsophobia-fear-of-drinking-alcohol/ • https://fearof.org/dipsophobia/ • www.apa.org • www.psychologytoday.com Was this post helpful?
Understanding Cross Reactivity For Lyme Disease Our immune system is pretty amazing - it keeps us healthy and prevents us from getting sick from the many different infection-causing bacteria and viruses we come in contact with daily. However, our immune system is not perfect. While antibodies are quite specific and unique, they can make mistakes. Antibodies can be similar enough that it makes it difficult to tell the subtle differences between them, which is something we see in people with autoimmune diseases. People with autoimmune diseases can cause a specific antibody test to be measured as positive when it should be negative. With all antibody tests, there can be cross-reactivity between different infections that can cause results to be detected as positive when they should not be positive. For Lyme Disease, there are a few other infections that someone can have at the time of taking their lab test that may make their Lyme test result positive despite the person not being infected with Borrelia. When this happens, your Lyme test result is considered a “false positive” result. What can cause a false positive Lyme test result? The two most common infections that can cause your Lyme titers to be positive are Epstein-Barr Virus (the virus that causes mononucleosis) and Toxoplasma gondii (a parasitic infection). Less commonly, individuals with Syphilis and Parvovirus B19 (also known as Fifth’s Disease) can have positive Lyme disease titers. It is important to remember that a diagnosis of Lyme disease cannot be made on lab test results alone. Exposure to infected black-legged ticks and symptoms consistent with Lyme disease infection should also be present to have a diagnosis of Lyme made by a healthcare professional. A Lyme disease lab test result can help guide your discussion with a healthcare professional, but only a healthcare professional can positively diagnose this condition.
Follow TV Tropes Theatre / Antony and Cleopatra Go To This will end well... Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety. Enobarbus, on Cleopatra 2.2.244 A Roman tragedy by William Shakespeare. It can be viewed as a sequel to Julius Caesar, since Caesar, and his assassins, are repeatedly alluded to in the play. Thematically it can be seen as a counterpoint to Romeo and Juliet, contrasting the naive young lovers of the earlier play with the older, more experienced lovers here. Shakespeare's source for the play was Thomas North's 1579 translation of Parallel Lives and the play is essentially an adaptation of it, adapting dialogues, scenes, and entire descriptions from it, almost word-for-word. The play focuses on the fall of Mark Antony, a Roman general, as he is seduced by Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII. Antony spends much of the play ignoring his duties as a general to Rome, while living it up in Alexandria with Cleo. Octavian Caesar, nephew of Julius, is unhappy with this, because Rome is involved in a war with Pompey and could really use Antony's help, but he's also shrewd because this gives him a window into finally offing his fellow triumvirs (Antony, Lepidus) and become Emperor. Antony leaves Alexandria for Rome, not realizing Octavius envies his power and plots to overthrow him when the war is over. Meanwhile, Cleopatra pines for Antony in his absence. Events then unfold, as Antony and Octavian Caesar fall out, and a Civil War brews over who will be the single master of the Empire, with the independence of Egypt hanging in balance. The story is set in both Rome and Alexandria, and jumps from location to location constantly. It includes a battle at sea, cross-dressing, drunken reveling, a eunuch, and a very poignant suicide attempt which is interrupted by a clown. One of the most memorable aspects of the play is Cleopatra; she's considered the most complex female character in the Shakespeare canon, and she's certainly the most emotionally extreme. • Adaptational Angst Upgrade: Enobarbus' despair, after his Face–Heel Turn, is given much more time than in the Plutarch. • Antagonist in Mourning: Ambiguous. Even though Caesar ultimately triumphs, the death of his former close friend affects him deeply, and he decides to arrange a funeral for him. Given Caesar's personality, though, it's equally plausible that he's mourning just for political points. • Ascended Extra: Enobarbus has only a few lines in the Plutarch. • Athens and Sparta: Cleopatra's Alexandria is contrasted heavily with Rome, and Octavius finds it only too easy to spin Antony's romance with Cleopatra as being "un-Roman" and seeing the worldliness and richness of Alexandria as unbecoming of stern, and austere Rome. • The Bad Guy Wins: Caesar gets the Republic all to himself and destroys whatever semblance of constitutional law it had left. • Bearer of Bad News: The messenger; Cleopatra beats him up for daring to report that Antony has married Octavia. He catches on, though, and later only brings Cleo good, if questionably truthful, news. The first messenger in Act 1, Scene 2 also lampshades how anyone who brings the bad news is often blamed for it. • Big Bad: Octavius Caesar fights against the titular couple to gain control of Rome and turn it into an empire, with himself as its Emperor. • Bungled Suicide: Antony has a hard time stabbing himself. • Butt-Monkey: • Lepidus. He tries to be the mediator between Octavius and Antony and ends up getting jailed. • Mardian and the Messenger seem to fulfill this role in Cleopatra's court. • Can't Hold His Liquor: • Lepidus. • Caesar. Subverted in that he is well aware of this. • The Charmer: Cleopatra, just another way for her to wrap you around her finger. • A Child Shall Lead Them: Octavius Caesar, though older than most examples, is often noted for only being in his twenties and ruling Rome. • Civil War: In Italy. It's what spurs Antony to want to leave Egypt. • Clingy Jealous Girl: Yet another persona of Cleopatra's large tool box for twisting Antony and others to doing what she wants. • Clothing Switch: Cleo says in Act 2 Scene 5 that she and Antony swapped clothes. Cleopatra: I drunk him to his bed Then put my tires and mantles on him whilst I wore his sword Phillipan. • Comically Missing the Point: The soothsayer predicts that Charmian will outlive Cleopatra. Instead of noticing the vague portent of Cleopatra's death that this prediction carries, Charmian is simply happy to hear that she'll live long. (It' up to the reader, the actor or the director to decide whether this is genuine stupidity on Charmian's part or just an intentional joke.) • Commander Contrarian: Enobarbus. In an unusual subversion, he is absolutely right. • Complexity Addiction: Cleopatra can't simply say something straight to your face or ask you for something, she'll make sure to manipulate your emotions and thoughts to get what she wants, even when it's completely unnecessary or even counterproductive. • Conflicting Loyalty: • A major part of Antony's character. He's stuck between his love for Cleopatra and his duty to serve Rome. • Enobarbus is conflicted between his love for Antony and his duty to Rome. • Deadpan Snarker: • Enobarbus, who always has something snarky to say about Antony's behaviour around Cleo. In the boat party scene, he has a great line: Enobarbus (seeing a man carry an unconscious Lepidus back to shore): There's a strong man, Menas. Menas: How so? Enobarbus: A' bears a third part of the world! • Throughout Act 1, Scene 2, Charmian makes snarky remarks about all of the soothsayer's predictions. The soothsayer eventually gets in the game when Charmian asks how many children she will have. Soothsayer: If every of your wishes had a womb, And fertile every wish, a million. • Death by Despair: Enobarbus. But not before he finishes his nice long monologue, of course. • Despair Event Horizon: Being a Shakespearean play, this happens to many characters. Enobarbus, for exactly, actually dies from despair. • Disc-One Final Boss: At the beginning of the play, Pompey seems to be the major threat, but he's settled before the halfway mark and the real threat turns out to be conflict between the Romans formerly allied against him. • Double Entendre: There are several scattered throughout the play, some of them quite sly. Antony and Cleopatra is rife with sexual imagery. When Charmian says "Oh, excellent! I love long life better than figs.", she's not talking about fruit. • Downer Ending: Well, you knew it was coming. With the power struggle turning to Caesar's favor, and their relationship irreparably torn apart, both Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide, and the Roman Republic is transformed into an absolute monarch-led dictatorship. The only light at the end of the tunnel is that the newly-crowned Emperor Augustus (Caesar) is saddened by their deaths and arranges a state funeral for them. • The Dragon: Taurus, to Caesar. • Due to the Dead: Like he did with Brutus decades prior, Caesar arranges a funeral for both Antony and Cleopatra. • Et Tu, Brute?: Enobarbus' betrayal affects Antony deeply. • Exact Words: The soothsayer is very fond of this. • The Extremist Was Right: Whilst Antony and Cleopatra are more sympathetic overall, it becomes increasingly difficult to argue that the world would be better off with them in charge rather than Caesar, at least if you measure authority by piety, probity, and other conservative values. • Face–Heel Turn: Deconstructed with Enobarbus—his betrayal makes him so upset, he dies. • Faking the Dead: Cleopatra decides to make Antony regret yelling at her by having her messenger announce she is dead. This prompts Antony to kill himself. Bad move, Cleo. • Femme Fatale: Cleopatra, though she does genuinely love Antony. • The Fettered: A common trait among Romans and especially Antony. When he hears his home is under attack, his first instinct is to return with his men and defend Italy. • Foil: While all of the characters have some foil to another character, the largest one is between the general attitudes of the Roman people and the Egyptian people, to the extent where Egypt embodies the id while Rome embodies the superego. • Fortune Teller: The soothsayer. He tells Antony that Octavius is Born Lucky, will always win at dice, in bets, and that Antony's fortune will only diminish before Octavius. • Four-Star Badass: Antony and Taurus. Even Caesar respects Antony's military prowess. • The Hedonist: Egypt's inhabitants exemplify this to some extent. Mark Antony, having lived in Egypt for a while now also seems to be holding these ideals closely. Mark Antony: There's not a minute of our lives should stretch Without some pleasure now. • Historical Domain Character: Augustus, Agrippa, Cleopatra VII, Mark Antony, Sextus Pompey, Lepidus, Octavia, and even Cleopatra's handmaidens, are retained from Plutarch. • Honor Before Reason: Sextus Pompey has every single one of his enemies drunk and onboard his flagship. When Menas suggests that they simply sail away and force the others to terms, Pompey refuses, albeit not out of moral considerations. As he explains, if Menas, having come up with that plot, acted on it and done it, giving Pompey plausible deniability, he would have pardoned and condoned Menas after the fact, but he cannot fully embark on this plan himself, since it would violate and compromise him forever among the Romans, and give him no base on which to act. • Knight in Sour Armor: Enobarbus. • Living Emotional Crutch: According to Enobarbus, men to women, because women supposedly can't control their emotions. Enobarbus: Why, then, we kill all our women. We see how mortal an unkindness is to them. If they suffer our departure, death's the word. • Loss of Identity: Another part of Antony's character due to his self view as a Roman soldier and his hedonistic actions and time spent in Egypt. • Love Hurts: It's a Shakespearean Tragedy, it's going to hurt quite a bit before the story is done. • Love Ruins the Realm: Pretty well the whole concept of the play. • Manipulative Bastard: Caesar - no-one, not even his own sister, is safe from being a tool in his schemes. • Manipulative Bitch: Cleopatra, to some extent or another, tries manipulate everyone around her, to the point where it begins to backfire on her and largely contributes to her and Antony's deaths. • Manly Tears: Antony's men complain that Antony is making them cry during his supposedly-Rousing Speech. • Men Are the Expendable Gender: Inverted, due to the time period's values and according to Enobarbus, women are. Enobarbus: When it pleaseth their deities to take the wife of a man from him, it shows to man the tailors of the earth, comforting therein, that when old robes are worn out, there are members to make new. If there were no more women but Fulvia, then had you indeed a cut, and the case to be lamented. • Old Maid: Charmian is rather unhappy about having no children. • Passive-Aggressive Kombat: Cleopatra's specialty and one of her many means of trying to manipulate other people. • Poisonous Friend: Subverted when Pompey lambasts Menas for not being this to him. • Popularity Cycle: Both Antony and Cleopatra are guilty of this. It gets lampshaded by Cleopatra, who is disappointed in Antony's lack of apparent grief for his first wife, Fulvia, whom he claimed to love. Later, Cleopatra's maid Charmian calls her out on claiming that she did not love Caesar as much, snarking that Cleopatra said the exact same compliments about Caesar. Cleopatra: Excellent falsehood! Why did he marry Fulvia, and not love her? I'll seem the fool I am not; Antony Will be himself. • Posthumous Character: Fulvia's dead before she ever gets on stage. • Pride: A trait that the Romans exemplify quite a bit, to the point where they view the Egyptians as inferior for their lifestyle. • Really Gets Around: Certain Romans dissatisfied with Antony's behavior often call Cleopatra a whore. This is somewhat unfair. She had three affairs with famous men, twice to protect her realm and once for love, and cares deeply for the children arising from the second one. • Roaring Rampage of Romance: The affair between Anthony and Cleopatra starts a war and turns all their people against them. • Rousing Speech: Subverted — Antony's speech to his troops is rather... depressing. • Shaped Like Itself: Antony describing the crocodile to Lepidus is the Trope Namer. Lepidus: What manner o' thing is your crocodile? Lepidus: What colour is it of? Mark Antony: Of its own colour too. Lepidus: 'Tis a strange serpent. Mark Antony: 'Tis so. And the tears of it are wet. • Shoo Out the Clowns: Weirdly averted — at the play's climax, after Antony has died and Cleopatra has decided to kill herself rather than be paraded to Rome as Octavius' trophy, she calls for someone to bring her some asps... and that someone is a Clown, who proceeds to make bawdy puns about the "worm" eating women. This happens right before Cleopatra kills herself. • Straight Man and Wise Guy: Alexas plays the straight man to Charmian's wise guy. • Sympathy for the Hero: Caesar seems to pity Antony even while in the midst of taking him down. While some performances may turn the "Poor Antony" line into something more mocking, Caesar's grief at Antony's death shows true concern and feeling for Antony. • Tag Team Suicide: Two examples, actually; Antony's servant decides to off himself when Antony does, leaving Antony to kill himself... himself. He screws up, though, and gets brought to Cleopatra, who also decides to kill herself. • Thinking Out Loud: Quite often. This is a Shakespeare play after all. • Tsundere: Cleopatra acts this way for a short while in Act 1 Scene 3 to manipulate Antony into doing... something? • Who Would Want to Watch Us?: "The quick comedians / Extemporally will stage us and present / Our Alexandrian revels. Antony / Shall be brought drunken forth, and I shall see / Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness / I’ th’ posture of a whore." - Cleopatra's opinion of what plays Romans will make about her and Antony to humiliate them in her captivity. Unfortunately, this particular play is actually a tragedy. • Worthy Opponent: Sextus Pompey to the triumvirate. He refuses, for example, to kill the leading members when they're in a vulnerable position. • Xanatos Gambit: Caesar pulls one in marrying his sister to Antony - if Antony is faithful, it breaks his influence in Egypt and binds him to Caesar. If he is not, it gives Caesar an excuse to go to war with him, as well as a propaganda coup. • Yes-Man: Lepidus. How well does it match the trope? Example of: Media sources:
How Did a Gordian Worm End Up in My Toilet? Did you crush a cricket and toss it in the toilet? How about a katydid? A cockroach? Did you stick around to find out what happened to the dead insect after flushing it, um, “away?” If not, and you later returned to find a long, skinny worm swimming around in your toilet, chances are it escaped from the insects body that had been its home anywhere from 4-20 weeks. So what’s the deal with this weird parasitic worm? Well for starters, the Gordian worm goes by several different names including, Cabbagehair, Gordiacea, ,Gordiid, and Horsehair Worm. It is parasite that lives inside crickets, cockroaches, grasshoppers, beetles, katydids, and other anthropod pests. They do not infect humans, animals, livestock, or plants. These odd threadlike creatures can grow up to 3.2 feet (one meter) and only 0.03 inches (3 millimeters) in diameter, which is about as wide as a kite string. If you have observed the horsehair worm emerging from the body of a larger animal or anything other than an insect, it was probably inside of the cricket, cockroach or beetle that was just ingested by the larger animal. UPDATE! All About Worms has partnered with HealthLabs so that no doctor's visit required ! Check it out at! The horsehair worm belongs to the roundworm family. This unique worm earned the name based on the way it looks. The horsehair worm looks like the thin hair of a horse tail. Horsehair worms are typically dark brown in color, but some are tan, yellow or black. They usually peak during the late summer as well as during the fall months. Finding horsehair worms in odd places is not uncommon. They have been spotted emerging from a cricket on the kitchen floor of homes or in the toilet after a cricket has been dumped there, and they have even been spotted in pet’s water bowls. They can also be found swimming around in lakes, rivers, streams, and garden ponds. The life cycle begins when a male and female horsehair worm mate in soil or freshwater. The female can lay as many as 10 million eggs. She typically lays her eggs in water plants. Once the eggs hatch into larvae, they live inside cysts in vegetation — vegetation that is ingested by crickets, grasshoppers and other insects or bugs. Once ingested, the cysts dissolve inside of the grasshopper or cricket gut. The parasite makes its way into the body cavity of the insect where it absorbs nutrients from the insects’ food through the body wall. The horsehair worm is so thin that it can develop and grow to its maximum length inside the body cavity of small cricket. However, the usual length of time that a horsehair worm will develop inside the host is 4-20 weeks. Amazingly, once the horsehair worm reaches maturity inside of the host, it can live out the rest of its life from the nutrients and energy obtained from the host. Another amazing thing about the horsehair worm is its ability to manipulate its body into many forms. The horsehair worm can even twist itself into a ball that resembles a Gordian knot, hence the name, Gordian Worm. When the horsehair worm is ready to exit its host, usually when the host is near or in water, it will wiggle out of the nearest opening. This is not always the case, however. They have also been known to exit on dry land. Once the horsehair worm exits the body of an insect (and if it does not find another host), this emerging actually completes the life cycle. If you dare, you can witness the horsehair worm exiting the body of a cricket here. Warning: this is not a pretty sight. No Paywall Here! Click for amount options Other Amount: What info did we provide for you today?: How to Get Rid of Horsehair Worms Horsehair worms can only parasitize suitable insect hosts, so after crushing pests such as crickets, millipedes, or centipedes, the worms will quickly exit the body and crawl for cover. Unless you kill them right after exiting the body, they parasitize another insect. That said, because they are not harmful to humans and because they actually kill harmful pests such as grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches, beetles, millipedes, centipedes, snails, slugs, etc., no control measures are recommended. If you have a horsehair worm problem, you can: • Use plain water to get rid of them (you can spray them) • Install a mesh filter or screen to keep the worms from water pumped from a surface supply such as a farm pond or canal • Treat domestic water supply systems by filtering and treating with chemicals under the direction of the local health department To keep parasitized insects out of your home, you should caulk or seal entry sites. If you kill an insect, make sure you take it out of the home immediately. If you flush it, the horsehair worm will escape from the insect’s body through the toilet. You can also place an insecticide barrier around your house foundation to kill any arthropod pests infested with horsehair worms. 1 Comment 1. Show me pictures of all worms found in humans in the U.S. Is there a particular worm in humans that looks like a grub worm? How are worms treated in humans? How do humans contract worms and are they deadly? Menu / Search All About Worms
Essay about Effects of Caffeine on Human Health 1032 Words5 Pages Caffeine is one of the most well-known orally consumed drug around the world. In the 1820s, a German chemist named Friedrich Ferdinand Runge first discovered caffeine by extracting it from coffee [6]. Coffee and tea are leading sources of caffeine in the adult diet whereas caffeinated soft drinks are leading sources of caffeine in the diet of children in North America [7]. The per capita consumption level of caffeine for consumers of all ages is approximately 120mg/day [4]. The purpose of this investigation is to conclude whether the regular consumption of caffeine is beneficial to human health. Caffeine is an alkaloid which is a pharmacologically active substance consumed by many worldwide [7]. This chemical acts as a Central Nervous …show more content… To a nerve cell, caffeine is analogous to adenosine. Thus, the caffeine binds to the adenosine receptor and acts as adenosine-receptor antagonist. Instead of slowing down the activity of nerve cells, the presence of caffeine on the receptors would speed up the neural activity. The common effect of this reaction would be the constriction of vessels in the brain. Figure 1: The figure above illustrates the binding of caffeine with adenosine receptor . Since the adenosine receptor is being blocked by caffeine, it has caused a sudden neuron firing in the brain and the pituitary gland sees this as an occurrence of an emergency. The gland releases hormones which indicate the adrenal glands to produce adrenaline [1]. Adrenaline is a “flight or fight” hormone which results in the increase of heart rate, dilation of pupils and many other effects. Overall, the secretion of this hormone has the ability to heighten energy and attentiveness. Besides that, similar to drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine, the consumption of caffeine increases the production of the neurotransmitter called dopamine. The manipulation of dopamine levels has ability to cause positive effect on moods and contributes conscious body motion. Studies have shown that the addictive properties of caffeine is due to its influence on increased dopamine production wellbeing in laboratory rats which are extrapolated to apply to humans as well Get Access
Equal Treatment of Siblings Equal Treatment of Siblings “I followed all the rules…man’s and God’s. And you followed none of them…and they all loved you more.” This quote from one brother to another (Legends of the Fall) resonates with many siblings of all age groups and across all racial, ethnic and economical divisions. Feelings of favoritism can be one of the most destructive and unwelcome influences in a sibling’s relationships. Many siblings may feel that they will never get the unconditional love that is given freely to their brothers or sisters. Is it possible that parents are sending indirect signals of comparisons or acting on behalf of one child over the other? If we take a step back and look at the general make up of families it’s not uncommon for a hierarchy to develop within the sibling structure. The stronger sibling, physically and mentally, usually retains the power. Parents can usually identify amongst their kids who they consider to be the responsible, independent one. These children, along with those who are capable and well adjusted, are often left to their own devices but carry the burden of their parents’ high expectations. On the other hand, parents can also identify the ones who they feel need more help or who appear weaker in some way. These kids may be physically weaker (small, sickly), have an extremely sensitive nature or perhaps they are considered “troubled” children. It’s easy for parents to focus all their energy and resources on the child who seems to be constantly in crisis while the trustworthy, obedient child (which is a major relief for the parents) is largely ignored. Parents tend to give these children most of their attention because they see an immediate need for intervention. In both instances parents are acting in what they believe to be the best interest of the child, but the results may be quite different than they imagined. By overreacting to their child needs, they may tip the scales too heavily in one way or another, creating unintended consequences for all of their children. The stronger, independent children may mature faster and become more resilient, but grow up feeling unappreciated. They may always feel inadequate in some ways no matter what level of success they achieve. On the other hand, those who have been sheltered may never learn how to be independent and may even fail to mature in many ways. They are taught to rely on others for help and emotional stability, which is a behavior that can follow them into adulthood. So the question is, how can parents offer balanced guidance to their children? First, parents have to examine their child rearing behaviors more closely. Could it be that a parent identifies with one child over the others? Maybe the parent (like their child) was teased frequently for their size or taken advantage of often. Could their obsession over their child’s plight make them so over protective that their other children walk on eggshells around their sibling? Or perhaps a parent was the responsible, oldest child who was pressured to be an overachiever. Is it possible that they recognize themselves in their oldest child and, not wanting to repeat history, downplays the child’s diligent behavior while favoring the carefree ways of their siblings? If a parent can recognize that they may overreach in their attempts to help, then they can also make changes which can help reverse the negative effects it’s has on their children. Another behavior parents can and should do is to listen and decode their children’s verbal and non-verbal communication. Kids may vocalize their feelings in less than positive ways such as accusing the parents of favoritism or negatively comparing themselves to their siblings. (“I need to start being a crybaby like Joey, so that I can get special desserts!”). On the other hand, they may demonstrate their thoughts by acting out for parental attention or becoming more of an introvert under the powerful presence of their parents. If parents can make themselves aware of the indirect signals that their children send, then they can also work to interpret them. (Of course learning to decode your child’s communication in any circumstance is a worthy goal!) Hopefully, parents will understand that just because a child doesn’t ask for help, certainly doesn’t mean they don’t need or want it. At the same time, parents should recognize that even when a child needs to lean on their parents, it doesn’t mean the parents must remain their crutch for life. Equality. It certainly is a delicate balancing act. Related Articles Editor's Picks Articles Top Ten Articles Previous Features Site Map Content copyright © 2021 by Nina Guilbeau. All rights reserved.
One of the following sentences is CORRECT. Which one is it? a. The suitcase enough heavy for me to carry. b. The suitcase is so much heavy that I can’t carry it. c. The suitcase is too much heavy for me to carry. d. The suitcase is much too heavy for me to carry. My answer is 'd'. However, I feel that both 'b' & 'c' are OK. Why are they incorrect? Omar AhmedWhy are they incorrect? People never say so much + an adjective and too much + an adjective. Omar AhmedI feel that both 'b' & 'c' are OK. Why are they incorrect? The rules for much are different for adjectives and adverbs when compared to nouns. In short, much is not used with adjectives or adverbs. Here are some patterns worth remembering. noun / adjective (or adverb) how much sugar? / how heavy? not much sugar / not heavy very much sugar / very heavy too much sugar / too heavy so much sugar that [result clause] / so heavy that [result clause] So if you find yourself writing much before an adjective or adverb, you need to remove much and check your sentence again to be sure it's grammatical. much (informally way) can modify too, but not the others. much too much sugar / much too heavy way too much sugar / way too heavy (informal) enough isn't used with much, very, too, or so, but, strange to say, it goes before a noun but after an adjective (or adverb). enough sugar / heavy enough not enough sugar / not heavy enough
Human Technology Human has been venturing into the field of technology ever since we discover "Energy". We create technologically advanced machinery, new telecommunication equipment, and space technology advancement. However, as human chasing for the latest materialistic technological advancement, it seems like we have ignored the existence of our own "Human Technology". Human Technology, is the technology meant for human. With this technology, we can awaken and use our very own inborn abilities that we have since we were born. Inborn abilities are existence elements that every one of us has. Yet, there was no specific engineering process that allows us to go through and use it until now. Now, with Human Technology, one can awaken their Inborn abilities Human Inborn Intelligent Human Functional System Human, we are all born with function system. As the name stated, it is the system in our body that helps us to function throughout our life, thus the name "Human Functional System". The Human Functional System consist of 3 parts - the brain, the mind and the sense. The brain, is the existing organ in our body. The main function of the brain, is to help absorb, reconstruct and contact us with the outer world. However, the brain's capability depends on its born-with ability to learn new things. At the same time, the brain will need to go through the process of know - knowing - understand, in order to be absorb into the brain. This process is very tedious, and it will take up a lot of time in order to reach understanding stage and to apply it later.
Question: How To Call A Variable From Another Method In Java? How do you call a variable from another method in Java? How do you call a variable in Java? Static variables can be accessed by calling with the class name ClassName. VariableName. When declaring class variables as public static final, then variable names (constants) are all in upper case. If the static variables are not public and final, the naming syntax is the same as instance and local variables. How do you call a method from another class in Java? To use method from another Java class is extremely straight-forward. As long as your class has access to that other class, you can simply create an instance of that class and call the method. You might be interested: What Is Object In Java? How do you call a main method from another method in Java? Call a Method Inside main, call the myMethod() method: public class Main { static void myMethod() { System.out.println(“I just got executed!”); } public static void main (String[] args) { myMethod(); } } // Outputs “I just got executed!” What is an instance variable in Java? An instance variable is a variable which is declared in a class but outside of constructors, methods, or blocks. Instance variables are created when an object is instantiated, and are accessible to all the constructors, methods, or blocks in the class. Access modifiers can be given to the instance variable. What is a class member variable? How do you declare variables? What is static variable with example? The static variable can be used to refer to the common property of all objects (which is not unique for each object ), for example, the company name of employees, college name of students, etc. The static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading. You might be interested: Readers ask: How To Overload A Method In Java? What is a local variable in Java? A local variable is a variable declared inside a method. A local variable is only accessible inside the method that declared it. Local variables are covered in more detail in the text on Java methods. A parameter is a variable that is passed to a method when the method is called. How do you call a method? How many types of methods are there in Java? There are two types of methods in Java: Predefined Method. User-defined Method. How do you call a void method in Java? Can a main method call another main method? Can you call a method inside another method Python? Can we overload main method? Leave a Reply
Question: Why Butter Is Bad For You? Is butter bad for your heart? Butter is high in saturated fat, which can raise your bad cholesterol and make heart disease more likely. You’re better off to replace butter with olive oil or vegetable oil-based spreads, which contain heart-healthy mono- and polyunsaturated fats. If you have high cholesterol, a spread with stanol is even better.. Does butter raise your cholesterol? Butter contains saturated and trans fats, both of which may increase the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or bad cholesterol, in a person’s blood. Most of the saturated fat in our diet comes from animal products, including red meat, eggs, and dairy. These foods also all contain cholesterol. What is the healthiest thing to put on toast? Try our five healthy toppings for toast, crumpets or scones, and enjoy a tasty snack without harming your heart.Avocado. Give cheese on toast a miss and instead use sliced or mashed avocado to top toast or crumpets. … Mashed or sliced banana. … Berries and low-fat Greek yoghurt. … Pure nut butters. … Chia and berry ‘jam’ What butter is the healthiest for you? Does butter increase belly fat? What is the best butter to buy? Four butters received an overall score of 80% or more, and got top marks in our expert panel blind taste test of 33 butters.Lurpak Slightly Salted Butter 87%Western Star Original Salted Butter 84%Lurpak Unsalted Butter 83%Beautifully Butterfully Butter Unsalted (Aldi) 83% Which spread is healthiest? If you want to use one or the other on occasion, margarine is the healthier choice overall – as long as you choose the right type of margarine. Margarine comes in stick, tub and liquid forms now, and not all of them are created equal. Some stick margarines may be no better than butter in terms of their health effects. Is ghee healthier than butter? The takeaway. If you’re only looking at calories and fat intake, it doesn’t matter whether you choose ghee or butter. Their nutritional profiles are almost identical. But removing the milk from ghee does offer additional benefits, namely the absence of lactose and the higher smoke point. Is peanut butter on toast healthy? Is it healthy to eat butter? What is the healthiest spread to put on bread? Here’s my 7 healthiest alternatives to butter and margarine depending if you want sweet or savoury options or just want to grab something quick.Avocado. Healthy, natural and good for you. … Hummus. Another healthy option. … Olive oil. … Cottage cheese. … Ricotta. … Peanut butter. … Light cream cheese. How can I reduce my tummy in 7 days? How can I lose tummy fat fast? What are the 5 foods that burn belly fat? What 3 foods cardiologists say to avoid? What are the 3 foods to never eat? Is Egg good for heart? Does butter clog your arteries? Are eggs bad for cholesterol? What is a good butter substitute for high cholesterol? Butter substitutesgrass-fed butter.Earth Balance spread, a vegan, soy-free, non-hydrogenated option.avocados.avocado oil.coconut oil.olive oil.yogurt.applesauce or a smashed banana for half the fat in baked goods. Do eggs clog arteries? A new study suggests that eating egg yolks may lead to plaque buildup in the arteries that is comparable to what’s found in cigarette smokers. What really clogs arteries? Is 1 egg a day okay? “Moderate egg intake, which is about one egg per day in most people, does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease or mortality even if people have a history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes,” said study lead author Mahshid Dehghan. What reduces cholesterol quickly?
When Passions Are Confused What Is Homosexuality? Common Myths About Homosexuality How Do Homosexual Attractions Develop? What Does Homosexuality Provide? What Is The Root Problem? What Is The Process Of Repentance And Growth? What's A Friend To Do? Other Resources Managing Editor: David Sper Cover Photo: Terry Bidgood In the midst of the horrors surrounding the World War II Holocaust, a teenage Jewish girl carefully recorded her frightening experiences and private inner thoughts. In a portion of her diary, addressed to the imaginary friend she had always wanted, she shares one of her most troubling secrets. Feeling distant from her unsympathetic mother, Anne Frank writes of her confusing sexual attraction for females: "I remember that once when I slept with a girlfriend, I had a strong desire to kiss her, and that I did so. I could not help being terribly inquisitive over her body, for she had always kept it hidden from me. . . . I go into ecstasies every time I see the naked figure of a woman. . . . It strikes me as so wonderful and exquisite that I have difficulty in stopping the tears rolling down my cheeks. If only I had a girlfriend."1 Anne Frank's disclosure is a vivid example of the kinds of thoughts within many young people who occasionally experience this type of attraction. They're both alarmed and excited in the fleeting moments or dreams when their bodies are sexually drawn to the same sex. Some say that the presence of these attractions qualifies a person as a "homosexual." But this isn't true. Confused feelings about sexuality are not unusual among teenagers. The attractions exist, in part, for reasons outside of a person and do not mean they are abnormal. The existence of such feelings, however, signal deeper feelings of hurt, anger, and fear. Like heterosexual temptation, same-sex attraction torments the lives of a significant number of teenagers and adults--male and female, single and married, churched and unchurched. It's a struggle that cuts across all segments of population, economic status, and social standing. For many, especially Christians, shame and a fear of condemnation drive the struggle underground, making it difficult to seek help and understanding. Some deny the feelings, hoping they'll go away. Many others live with a pervading sense of hopelessness about the possibility for change. If the attractions turn into a preoccupation, the temptation to embrace homosexual behavior is great. Adding to the struggle is a surging cultural acceptance of homosexuality and a misrepresentation of what the Bible says about homosexual behavior. These two forces have made homosexuality easier to accept as "normal." If you or someone close to you is weary of struggling with homosexual attractions or activities, the following pages outline a process of hope and direction for those exhausted by the enslaving grip of unwanted fantasies and/or behaviors. We will also discuss the Bible's view of homosexuality, and we'll offer a level of understanding that can eliminate some unnecessary confusion surrounding the development of same-sex attraction. Some will find the material difficult to accept. But remember that Jesus promised to offer help and freedom to those who are willing to embrace what is true (Jn. 8:32). Author Jeff Olson is a licensed counselor in Michigan and works in the RBC biblical correspondence department. Table of Contents Defining Homosexuality. Homosexuality is a persistent preoccupation with erotic encounters involving members of the same sex, which may or may not be acted out with another person. Put another way, it is making deliberate plans to entertain and cooperate in sexual fantasies or behaviors with someone of the same sex. Homosexuality is vastly different from questioning our sexual orientation because of the presence of occasional same-sex attractions. Having the attractions are obviously part of the struggle, but they are not something for which we are morally responsible. It's when we begin planning to entertain the attractions in fantasy or behavior that we cross the line. Secondary Problems. The following is a description of some additional disabling struggles that are regularly associated with homosexuality. 1. Alcohol and Drug Use. Research shows a "significantly higher percentage of alcohol and drug use" among both males and females who participate in homosexual activities.2 While there are other implications, alcohol and drugs are often used to mask the emptiness found in homosexuality. They help provide the illusion that "this is the life." In the beginning, the newly-found excitement is enough to leave the impression that homosexuality satisfies. But as is the case in any heterosexual sin, the excitement wears off. Alcohol and drugs are then used to cover the hollowness that nobody wants to admit. One Christian man said he used alcohol to "obscure the truth" regarding what was taking place around him. "I consumed gallons of it. It allowed me to continue my double life and prevented me from seeing the reality I had created for myself."3 Another man put it this way, "Of course I use drugs. How else could I do what I do?" 2. Depression. Many can't escape the fact that homosexuality fails to satisfy their hungry souls. Feelings of hopelessness and despair settle in, blanketing the heart with a crippling emotional nausea, making it difficult to function normally. Studies show that approximately 35-40 percent of both the male and female homosexual population have had a history of major depression. While the percentage of heterosexual women who struggle with depression is similar, it is sharply different for men. Only 3 percent of heterosexual men typically struggle with depression.4 3. Suicidal Tendencies. Homosexuality is also associated with elevated suicidal thoughts and attempts. Research reveals that roughly 40 percent of both male and female homosexuals have seriously contemplated or attempted suicide.5 A desire to end the empty despair often found in homosexuality partly explains the high rate of suicidal tendencies. Table of Contents Today we are confronted with several myths that cloud the truth about homosexuality. In the following section, we will look at some of these myths and evaluate their arguments. MYTH #1--People are born homosexual. In recent years, some have claimed that homosexual orientation is biologically and genetically determined in the same way that eye or hair color is fixed. While genetic influences and predispositions may contribute to any unwanted behavior, it is important that we aren't misled by research alleging that homosexuality is genetic or inborn. A few scientific studies, two in particular, have been trumpeted as the basis for such a claim. Dr. Simon LeVay conducted a study in 1991 on the brains of 41 cadavers. The cadavers consisted of 19 homosexual men, plus 16 men and 6 women presumed to be heterosexual. He reported that a cluster of neurons in a distinct section of the brain were generally smaller in the homosexual men as compared to the heterosexual men. As a result, he hypothesized that the size of these neurons may cause a person to be either heterosexual or homosexual.6 For his theory to be true, however, studies would have to show that the difference in size occurred 100 percent of the time. But even Dr. LeVay's own study failed to do this. For example, 3 of the 19 homosexual men actually had larger neurons than their heterosexual counterparts. His study also revealed that 3 of the heterosexual men had smaller neurons than did the homosexual men. Another major weakness in this study is that there is no proof that the portion of the brain highlighted in Dr. LeVay's study has anything to do with sexual preference. For these and other reasons, it's evident that LeVay's study lends no support to the myth that people are born homosexual. Even LeVay himself has retreated from his hypothesis and "deserted his research."7 The second study was performed in 1991 by Dr. J. Michael Bailey and Dr. Richard Pillard. They examined how widespread homosexuality is among twins and adopted brothers when at least one sibling was homosexual. Among other things, they found that 52 percent of the identical twins studied were both homosexual. From this they suggested that genetic makeup may be the reason so many identical twins were homosexual.8 For their theory to be fact, however, there should never be a case when one identical twin is heterosexual and one is homosexual. It's genetically impossible since both identical twins share 100 percent of the same genes.9 If sexual orientation is genetic, then both identical twins will always be either heterosexual or homosexual. Bailey and Pillard's findings of only 52 percent discredits their own hypothesis. In fact, their findings show that nongenetic factors play a significant part in shaping sexual preference. MYTH #2--Homosexuality is a harmless alternative. Despite the normal and harmless image often attributed to homosexuality, the facts reveal that, like immoral heterosexual behavior, those involved in homosexual activities pay a sad and tragic price--physically, emotionally, and spiritually. Physically. In addition to the debilitating physical complications common among men who practice homosexual activities, a host of sexually transmitted diseases and infections can also be contracted. Because few are able to maintain "monogamy," promiscuity rapidly increases the spread of these ailments, which include hepatitis B, anal warts, herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis, and shigellosis. They cause flulike symptoms, chronic liver disease, severe diarrhea, cramps, ulcers, and even death. The most familiar and equally dangerous of all sexually transmitted diseases is AIDS. Here in the United States, this killer disease hits mostly males who engage in homosexual acts and intravenous drug users and their sexual partners.10 It's estimated that 30 percent of all 20-year-old males involved in homosexual behavior will contract or die from AIDS by the age of 30.11 Emotionally. One prevalent emotional price of homosexuality is depression. This is often accompanied by strong feelings of loneliness and guilt, dulled only by alcohol or "one more" sexual encounter. Female homosexual relationships are particularly burdened with extreme possessiveness and jealousy. Spiritually. While it can't be seen as easily, the spiritual consequence is the most costly. As with other efforts to find independence from God, homosexuality separates us from the only true Source of life. It gives the illusion that we can survive our disappointing world on our own without the God who longs to give us the free gift of life (Rev. 22:17). But a life without the God of the Bible is a life without real meaning, joy, and love. At best, only a hollow, fleeting imitation can be discovered. MYTH #3--The sin of Sodom had nothing to do with homosexuality. Genesis 19:1-8 records a story that occurred just before the destruction of Sodom. Two angels were visiting Lot when the men of the city surrounded his house and began shouting, "Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us so that we can have sex with them" (Gen. 19:5). Some assert that the Hebrew word yadah, which is translated "have sex with" should be taken to mean "to get acquainted with." They say the sin attempted in the city of Sodom that night was not homosexuality but a violation of hospitality. They say the men disregarded ancient rules of hospitality by insisting on getting acquainted with or questioning Lot's visitors. This claim has serious problems. The fundamental flaw is that the immediate context shows the meaning of the Hebrew word yadah clearly to be sexual in nature. Just three verses later, the same word is translated "slept with," which Lot used when he offered his virgin daughters to the men of the city in place of the men in his house: "Look, I have two daughters who have never slept with a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you can do what you like with them" (Gen. 19:8). Lot's offering of his daughters, as horrendous as it was, makes no sense unless we understand that the intentions of the men of Sodom was sexual rape. Lot had no reason to think the men would merely want to question or get acquainted with his daughters. As horribly wrong as Lot was, it's clear that he thought the men might be willing to settle for sexually violating his daughters. It's true that this story in Genesis 19 is only a condemnation of homosexual rape. But as we will see, it's an example of what other Bible passages teach: All homosexual activity is a sinful violation of God's design for men and women. MYTH #4--Biblical references condemning homosexual behavior do not refer to homosexuality as we know it today. Some people speculate that the biblical passages indicating homosexual activity as sinful refer to a completely different kind of homosexuality than is practiced today. For instance, they suggest that Leviticus 18:22, which states, "Do not lie with a man as one lies with a woman; that is detestable," is only condemning homosexuality associated with pagan religious practices. A similar claim is made regarding the apostle Paul's comments about homosexual behavior in Romans 1:24-27, 1 Corinthians 6:9-10, and 1 Timothy 1:9-10. Some propose that Paul's statements referred only to pederasty (sex between men and boys) or prostitution involved in pagan worship. In either case, it is argued that Paul did not have in mind "loving and committed" homosexual relationships. One of the major shortcomings in this sort of speculation is that there is nothing in the surrounding context of these passages that justifies limiting the meaning of these verses to homosexuality involved with pagan worship or to pederasty. The meaning certainly included such activities, but there's no evidence to suggest that Paul was referring to these activities exclusively. Conversely, the context shows, for example, that it's impossible to restrict the meaning of Romans 1:24-27 to pederasty, given that Paul referred to female homosexuality in the same way as male homosexuality: "Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones. In the same way the men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one another" (vv.26-27). Furthermore, an examination of the Greek word arsenokoites used by Paul in 1 Corinthians 6:9 and 1 Timothy 1:10 clearly shows that his intent was to condemn all homosexual lust and behavior, including what takes place today. Biblical scholars have long understood the Greek word arsenokoites translated "homosexual offenders" in 1 Corinthians 6:9 and "perverts" in 1 Timothy 1:10 to mean "one who lies with a male as with a female, a sodomite."12 It's also been demonstrated that Jews in the Greek civilization acquired the word arsenokoites from the Greek Old Testament text of Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, which condemns homosexual activity in general.13 It's evident that Paul didn't restrict the meaning of this word to certain kinds of homosexual behavior. Even ancient Greek writings used it in a broad sense that would include all homosexual behavior.14 Therefore, according to Paul, all forms of homosexual activity are sinful. MYTH #5--Homosexuals can't change. The Bible plainly states that people can overcome homosexuality. After listing a number of categories that typically characterize unbelievers, including "homosexual offenders," Paul reminded the believers in the city of Corinth, "That is what some of you were" (1 Cor. 6:11). Paul witnessed firsthand how the power of God's mercy and grace drastically changed the lives of people, regardless of their struggles. And God can do the same for anyone today. Before focusing on the godly solutions Paul had in mind, let's examine how living in a fallen, rebellious world contributes to broken relationships and confusing sexual attractions. Table of Contents People do not change simply by gaining more insight into how same-sex attractions develop. But a deeper understanding can be an important first step. No one develops homosexual attractions in exactly the same setting. Nor can we put into words all that's involved for every individual. Yet those who tell their stories often report a few common themes that seem to make a person susceptible to developing homosexual attractions. These themes frequently center around parent-child relationships, peer interactions, and childhood sexual abuse. This is not to suggest that all of these themes exist or occur to the same degree in every case. Nor are they the only factors that contribute to homosexual attraction. Nevertheless, they appear to be the major contributing influences. It's noteworthy to point out that factors such as genetics and hormones may cause some to be born with certain physical traits that may make them more susceptible to the formation of same-sex attractions, but these are indirect factors. They don't assure that a person will develop homosexual attractions any more than a person who is tall and agile will develop an interest in playing basketball.15 Furthermore, these factors are minor in comparison to the following: Parent-child Relationships. The potential for enormous benefit and harm exists in every parent-child relationship. Many who struggle with homosexual attraction report that their childhood relationships with their same-sex parent and/or opposite-sex parent was a time of great disappointment and rejection. While some parents more than others should feel a greater sense of sorrow over the ways they failed or harmed their children, it's wrong to place all the blame on the parents. On the other hand, it's equally wrong to contend that family relationships have nothing to do with the development of same-sex attractions. As Anita Worthen and Bob Davies point out, "Actually the truth lies somewhere in between, and the situation is different for every family."16 Same-sex Parent. All children long to connect emotionally with their parents, especially their same-sex parent. This relationship is a vital part in the process of growing to feel complete and secure as males and females. When a child grows up feeling emotionally cut off from his or her same-sex parent, whether it's real or imagined, it interrupts this process. If the distance continues, the process never resumes, leaving a child feeling rejected, empty, and insecure as a boy or girl. Deep down inside, the child senses that something critical is missing, which can cause a child to seriously question his or her identity as a boy or girl. One woman never recalled feeling nurtured by her mother. "I played varsity volleyball, and she never came to any of my games. She laughed when I started my first period. She didn't want me to have a bra when everyone else in my class had one. In short, I never felt encouragement or support in areas that nurtured my femininity."17 While children desperately long for connection with their same-sex parent, some grow to suspect that this relationship will only bring greater rejection and harm. In order to prevent further harm, many tend to distance themselves from this parent. This form of self-protection is commonly referred to as "defensive detachment."18 Instead of expressing their desire for connection and acceptance, they hide it. Instead of remaining open to a close relationship with their same-sex parent, they become angry and distrustful. For many, it's the beginning of seeing all close relationships with the same sex through eyes of anger and mistrust. One man recalled how he withdrew from his demeaning father long before his father left the family. His parents' divorce simply made it "official." Another woman described it this way: "In my heart I had cut my mother out of my life, emotionally and relationally."19 Pulling away and hiding the desire for connection with their same-sex parent didn't make the desire go away. It unknowingly caused the desire to grow stronger. When sexual desires start to emerge around the age of adolescence, the buried yet growing unmet desire for same-sex love and connection can subtly merge with sexual desires. As adolescents are attracted to what's missing, and as they experience moments (whether actual or fantasized) when they sense someone touching their unsatisfied desire for same-sex love, their bodies may respond sexually. Moments like these, usually with an older adolescent or adult, are often when sexual attractions for the same sex surface. Opposite-sex Parent. The relationship with the opposite-sex parent is not as crucial to the development of same-sex attractions. But in many cases this relationship intensifies a problem created by the distance and/or assaults of the same-sex parent. For instance, an opposite-sex parent can expand the distance and hostility between a child and the same-sex parent by inappropriately confiding in the child about various marital problems. Then there are situations when an overprotective mother may never allow her son to risk expressing himself as a male by displaying any strong initiative. Or she might constantly ridicule his competence, making him feel more out of place and insecure as a male. This could also involve a father who wanted a son so much that he treated his daughter as a son, ignoring her femininity altogether. When a child who is already feeling cut off from his or her same-sex parent has his or her gender inhibited, criticized, used, or ignored by the opposite-sex parent, it fertilizes the soil from which a homosexual attraction can arise. Peer Interactions. Children who are disillusioned with their same-sex parent may also experience a similar degree of distance and rejection among their same-sex peers, which adds to their level of confusion and insecurity. In some cases, they expect the same kind of treatment. Just as with his dad, a little boy may feel like a misfit among his male equals. Just as with her mom, a little girl may feel she doesn't belong with girls her age. But the desire to fit in is still screaming to be met. If children or teenagers don't fit in and identify with their same-sex peers, they may be drawn toward unhealthy relationships that seem to hold out the promise of acceptance. Peer relationships are also the context where "chum" sexual experimentation occurs. Some who struggle with homosexual attractions recall times when a form of sensual (i.e. kissing) or sexual contact took place with same-sex peers. While this is not uncommon for many children, events like these can plant additional seeds of doubt and confusion about one's sexual preference. Sexual Abuse. Tragically, for many men and women, homosexual attractions are also rooted in haunting incidents of past sexual abuse. Sexual abuse involves any contact or interaction whereby an older, stronger, or more influential person uses a vulnerable child or adolescent for sexual stimulation. (For a more complete discussion of sexual abuse, see RBC booklet When Trust Is Lost.) Studies show that incidents of sexual abuse are prevalent in the childhoods of adult homosexuals.20 Those who work with adult individuals seeking help for homosexual struggles repeatedly hear stories of boys having been sexually molested, usually by older boys or men. They regularly hear of girls having been sexually abused, typically by a close male family member, friend, or authority figure. As is the case with any of the factors mentioned, sexual abuse does not automatically produce homosexual attractions. But for some it can be a major part of a context in which homosexual attractions can form. The way the damage of sexual abuse affects the development of these attractions tends to be different for men and women. The Damage Of Sexual Abuse On Men. Strong ambivalent feelings experienced during and after incidents of sexual abuse by an older male can be a part of what forms homosexual attractions. Ambivalence is "feeling two contradictory emotions at the same moment."21 The result is overwhelming shame and confusion. The fact that somehow, in such an awful context, a young boy felt some pleasure brings a raw sense of shame. Relational connection and physical contact occurred, which naturally aroused and brought him emotional and sexual pleasure, but it also felt so horrible. Enjoying a level of sexual pleasure with a man or older boy is difficult for a young boy or adolescent to reconcile. The shameful confusion increases when sexual abuse was the only context in which his thirst for male love and connection was seemingly quenched. It leaves the deceptive impression that sex and love always go hand in hand. Shame and confusion provoke nagging thoughts like, "What does that say about me? Maybe I am homosexual." Consequently, the damage from ambivalent feelings can mislead confused young boys into thinking they're something they're not. The Damage Of Sexual Abuse On Women. Intense feelings of betrayal as a result of sexual abuse are frequently a component of what fuels homosexual attractions for women. Betrayal is the experience of being set up, used, violated, and discarded. Perpetrators of sexual abuse often lure potential victims with a level of affection and attention no one else has offered. The betrayal of sexual abuse teaches young girls or adolescents that it's too dangerous and painful to want and hope for love from men. As a result, many struggle with a deep hatred and mistrust of men. It similarly spurs them to hate their femininity. Some grow to become terrified of and repulsed by expressing any part of their femininity that longs to be loved and cared for by a man. In their mind, it's the main reason they were abused. When a young girl, who may already have an exceptionally strong desire for same-sex connection because she's been deprived of it, is sexually abused by a male, the damage of betrayal can powerfully ignite homosexual attractions. Homosexual attractions can emerge in young girls when a hatred of men and a hidden, unquenched thirst for female connection exist simultaneously. Not everyone who experiences homosexual attractions entertains them in fantasy or behavior. Those who do, however, entertain them because of what they believe homosexuality provides. Table of Contents People who are hurt and angry, and who feel insecure and out of place as males or females, come to see homosexual activity as a means of finding relief, securing safety, and taking revenge. It rarely starts out this way. But once they get a taste of what homosexuality provides, they're hooked. As they start to pursue more of what they've stumbled across, they begin to believe that what homosexuality provides is necessary and deserved. Finding Relief. Many who engage in homosexual activity find it to be a way of getting the love and acceptance they didn't receive from their same-sex parent and/or peers. They hope to gain a sense of completeness and relief to the aching void in their souls. They describe the period just before and during homosexual activity as a time when something gels inside or falls into place in a way that touches their emptiness. As one man described it, "I am trying to put something right in myself, something I didn't get as a child."22 Others also see homosexuality as a way of being absorbed and taken over by someone greater than themselves. It's common for many in this struggle to be drawn to members of the same sex who appear to possess desired qualities they themselves feel they lack. As they are being absorbed by someone greater, they can also take in from the person that which they believe they lack. This brings feelings of completeness, relief, and rest. Men primarily gain this through sex, while women achieve it more through emotional involvement. This is why it's much easier for women to forsake sexual interaction than it is for men, and yet so hard for them to end an unhealthy relationship.23 Because the relief is always temporary, they have to keep going back again and again for more. In this way, homosexuality becomes an enslaving addiction. One man likened his involvement in homosexual behavior to a drug. "I took the 'homosexual drug' for the same reason that others take chemical drugs: I wanted to feel better; I wanted to be accepted; and other things hadn't produced satisfaction."24 Not only can relief be found in moments of temporary completeness, but it also comes when the shame of repeatedly relying on something perverse that fails, deadens the desire to love and be loved. One man said, "I have habitually done things that I am so ashamed of I don't see how I can love myself, much less God or anyone else." His shame came to be the reason he saw himself as unfit to give and receive love. This brought relief, in that it made it easier to deny his painful ache for love. (For a more thorough discussion of shame and addiction, see RBC booklet When We Just Can't Stop.) Securing Safety. For many, homosexual relationships usually become a guarded attempt to feel complete without engaging certain aspects of their masculinity or femininity. In homosexual involvement, people can avoid the characteristics of their gender they fear and hate the most. Many men dread exhibiting the initiating strength of their masculinity because it was ridiculed, rejected, or inhibited. So they avoid expressing it. This is one reason passivity characterizes the personal relationships of so many males who struggle with homosexuality. Just by virtue of her difference, a woman requires more of a man's strength in a close, romantic relationship. In homosexuality, however, a man can find moments of illegitimate fullness without having to offer his strength because another man will not require strength in the same way as a woman.25 Women, on the other hand, are inclined to hate and fear the receptive tenderness of their femininity that was exploited and betrayed. Relationships with men require unpredictable levels of tender vulnerability with unpredictable results. In homosexuality, women can safely avoid this form of tenderness while gaining a sense of completeness. People also attain safety in homosexuality by avoiding close nonsexual relationships with the same sex. Homosexual involvement becomes a way of reconciling the difficult bind of wanting love from the same sex and yet hating and distrusting close relationships with the same sex. In homosexual involvement, people can get a taste of love and connection without having to enter into a close relationship of trust with the same sex. This is partly why male homosexuality is marked by high levels of promiscuity. As one man described it, "Going from one man to the next is my way of getting a fix without ever having to really trust a man." While it's true that female homosexual relationships tend to last longer and experience levels of emotional closeness, the partners are not truly trusting their hearts with each other. What they are trusting is their own ability to manipulate and keep a relationship that is self-serving. Taking Revenge. People involved in homosexuality tend to find that it's a powerful way of expressing their deep-seated rage, especially toward those who've shamed them and let them down. For instance, one man maintained homosexual relationships as a way of slapping the face of a father who ruthlessly demeaned him. There are some men who thrive on acting feminine as a way of shocking people's notions of masculinity. This can also be true for some women who take on an overly aggressive style of relating to people. Finding relief, securing safety, and taking revenge are what make homosexuality appealing. More important, they are also symptomatic of the root problem within homosexuality. Table of Contents There is no doubt that those entangled in the web of homosexuality have troubled hearts that are scarred with relational disappointments, misunderstandings, and assaults. As significant as these are, they do not represent the fundamental problem within homosexuality. The root problem is the same as the source of any immoral, idolatrous thought or behavior. At the deepest levels, homosexual relationships reflect our demand to live life on our own terms. Even when convinced that our ways are wrong, we scratch and claw for autonomy. With two-fisted independence, we ignore the God who designed us to find rest and completeness in Him. Homosexuality is one of many ways to suppress the truth about the One who created us to find our life in Him. In Romans 1:18-26, Paul made a strong connection between homosexuality and suppressing the truth of God. Paul explained that the suppression of truth (v.18), seen in a proud, indignant refusal to honor and thank God (v.21), is the start of a downward spiral progression that leads to foolish thinking (v.21), loss of moral discernment (v.21), and ultimately idolatry (v.23). Rebellious sexual lust and behavior is one of the ways idolatry is expressed (vv.24-25), which includes homosexuality and many other expressions of independence (vv.26-27). Everyone is born with the sinful tendency to ignore God and live independently of Him. Before we were ever sinned against, even before we took our first breath, we were inclined to move in this direction: "Surely I was sinful at birth, sinful from the time my mother conceived me" (Ps. 51:5). In other words, sin is genetic. Because our painful past helps to mold and set the specific directions in which we live out our sinful tendencies, we need to take it into consideration. But our painful wounds are never the root problem. As difficult as it is, acknowledging the sin of defiant independence as the root problem in homosexuality provides the hope that change can take place. Why? While the gospel of Jesus Christ doesn't claim to undo our painful past, it does offer forgiveness for our sinful responses. This releases us to rise above the wounds in our hearts to live a life of passion, meaning, and love. Table of Contents Any discussion of change has its limitations. It's impossible to fully capture in words the mystery of God working in the human heart. Nevertheless, the following thoughts are offered to provide some general guidance in the process of change that will occur when we encounter God. What To Expect. God offers a pathway to repentance and growth. Receiving His forgiveness and being adopted into His family is immediate. But walking the pathway is a lifelong process. The process will probably be more difficult for those who've struggled with homosexuality for a longer period of time. But no matter how hopeless one may feel, the hope for change is real. Over time, the tormenting same-sex attractions will loosen their grip. The desire to resist homosexual fantasies and behaviors will be strengthened because something far more significant will seize a person's purpose and passion for life. As important as these changes are, people need to broaden their expectations beyond relief from homosexual struggles. Change also involves the development of an invigorating passion to share one's heart with God and to love those who bear His image (Mt. 22:36-39). It is precisely the growth of this passion that replaces a desire for homosexuality. Encountering God's merciful forgiveness provides the basis for this passion to grow (Lk. 7:47). Encountering God. Nothing has more power to transform self-centered people into loving people than a growing amazement and appreciation for the gospel--the remarkable story of God becoming a man and then suffering for our sinful rebellion against Him (Jn. 3:16). Nothing has more power to change us from the inside out than to believe that the One who died in our place rose from the dead to live His life through all who trust Him (Gal. 2:20). In the first century, this extraordinary story not only saved a calculating murderer from the penalty of his sins, but it eventually seized his heart in such a way that he abandoned his malicious persecution of Christians and became one of the most compelling witnesses of Jesus Christ. That man, known as the apostle Paul, said that enslaving lusts and pleasures will begin to ease their grip on our lives as we encounter God's merciful kindness and love (Ti. 3:3-5). Jesus taught that freedom from enslaving sin results from coming to know the truth (Jn. 8:31-36). In other words, we meet God's mercy in a context of truth, not denial. Those who struggle with homosexuality need to honestly tell their own personal story. This will open the door to the truth, steer them into surprising dimensions of grief and repentance, and lead them to powerfully encounter God. Telling One's Story. Everyone has a story to tell. And it's important that it be told truthfully. This is especially the case for people enslaved in a struggle like homosexuality. Although it will be painful, they need to tell their story to a trusted friend, counselor, or group of people who care and understand the pain and sin of homosexuality. In any case, God should hear their personal story of pain and sin. It's not that God needs to be informed, but people who struggle with homosexuality tend to harbor anger and doubt toward Him. Many are angry with God because they blame Him for "making" or "allowing" them to have homosexual attractions. Others doubt His goodness because He didn't protect them from past sexual abuse. Unless they honestly wrestle through their anger and disappointment, their hearts will not be open to surrender to Him. Telling God their story creates an opportunity for deep surrender to occur. Telling one's personal story also provides an opportunity to piece together how homosexual attractions may have developed from past disappointments or assaults to one's dignity. While understanding alone doesn't produce change, it helps individuals place into proper perspective what they are and are not responsible for. Those who struggle with homosexuality are not responsible for the presence of homosexual attractions. It's not their fault that they were rejected, ridiculed, or sexually exploited as children. They are responsible, however, for ignoring God by pursuing the relief, personal safety, and revenge found in homosexuality. The details of one's story may be sketchy and disorganized at first, but careful exploration will expose significant themes. Not everything will be recalled. Some things won't make sense. They don't have to. What sets the context to encounter God is not complete recollection or having an explanation for everything that's happened. But it's a heart that is open to grieve the deep hurts of life as well as the harm one has caused self, others, and God in responding to those wounds. Owning Grief. Grieving is entering the pain over what's been lost or what never came to be. Most people avoid grieving the deep hurts of life. To many, it seems so senseless. For others, it's too frightening. Yet it's the best path to walk. To those who grieve, God promises to comfort, to forgive, and to draw near (Mt. 5:4; Jas. 4:8-10). Instead of leading to greater despair, grief awakens our hearts to a hunger for God that only He can fill. There is much to grieve over as painful stories are recounted: the ache of never getting a father's attention or approval, the hollowness of a mother who never cared, the sting of mockery from parents or same-sex peers, the loss of trust and innocence as a result of sexual abuse. But grief must not end there. It's equally important that a person grieve over his or her sinful responses to being hurt. Grief over sin is the experience of being cut to the heart with a deepening sadness over the ways our lives are diabolically at odds with what God intended. Instead of loving, many involved in homosexuality have selfishly used the ones they claim to love to get relief from their emptiness. Instead of giving, many have cheated others by avoiding close, nonsexual relationships with the same sex in order to stay safe. Rather than forgiving and seeking restoration, many have sought to even the score against those who've failed or violated them. Hearts should be pierced by the wrongfulness of pursuing relief, safety, and revenge. But even more significant is the core sin of alienating God (Ps. 51:3-4) by replacing Him with an idol and refusing to embrace one's God-given gender. As people begin the process of telling their stories and owning their grief, they can start to see the depth of their need for God's forgiveness. As they grieve over sin and accept God's forgiveness, the stunning story of how God's love and forgiveness intersects with their own personal stories of tragedy and sin will begin to capture their hearts. As they welcome God's merciful forgiveness made possible through Jesus Christ, gratitude and confidence about God's goodness and love will begin to replace bitterness and doubt (1 Jn. 4:9-16). The danger in telling one's story is that it can be misused. People can get so caught up in their painful past that they use it to justify further involvement in homosexuality and other sins. But this is a misuse of truth. The ultimate purpose for honestly telling one's story is to draw out tears of grief over sin, which can lead to repentance (2 Cor. 7:8-10). A Heart For Repentance. What is repentance? It is a change of heart that enables us to depend on God. It's a humble process of giving up our belief in a false god and uniting with the heart and mind of the One who made us for Himself (Lk. 15:17-21). But repentance is not something we merely choose to do. It is also something that happens to us as God Himself works changes in us that we could never produce in our own strength. Our part is to have a heart for the repentance He gives, to believe it can happen, and to seek it persistently in prayer. Those who want to leave their life of homosexuality often feel their situation is hopeless. But a heart for repentance doesn't sigh with despair, "I'm beyond help." Rather, it hopefully maintains, "I'm wrong and far from the person I was meant to be, but I'm not beyond help. I've tasted enough of God's forgiveness to know He is good. Although He allowed certain tragedies in my life to occur, I'm becoming more convinced of His goodness as He takes what others intended for harm and uses it for good (Gen. 50:20). I'm going to keep asking, seeking, and knocking for God to forgive and renew me" (Lk. 11:9-13). In His own timing, God will bring those involved in homosexuality the kind of change they truly seek, if they seriously intend to use the change He brings for His loving purposes. Paul stated, "He who did not spare His own Son, but gave Him up for us all--how will He not also, along with Him, graciously give us all things?" (Rom. 8:32). A Passion To Love. Encountering God's forgiveness weakens the powerful hold of homosexuality and gradually creates a passion to love others. Aspiring more to live out the calling to be "imitators of God" who "live a life of love" (Eph. 5:1-2) is what can finish off and replace a struggle like homosexuality. Unless homosexuality is replaced with a growing passion to love, it's likely that any freedom from the struggle will be only temporary. Instead of using people, a growing passion to love has eyes to see the dignity in others and creatively considers ways to draw it out. Rather than avoiding close relationships with the same or opposite sex, it risks getting involved, giving of one's caring strength or tenderness without having to know the results. In place of seeking revenge, it longs to offer the same kind of forgiveness and reconciliation it received from God. Nothing brings more satisfaction and joy than getting caught up in the thrilling privilege of anticipating each new day as an occasion to know God and for Him to use our lives as instruments of good in the lives of others. A passion to love and be loved is the heartbeat of repentance and growth. Table of Contents Jesus was a friend of sinners. As His followers, we need to consider what it means to be involved as friends in the battle for the souls of people. If we want to be friends to those who struggle with homosexuality, we first need to be open to the fact that there are many forms of lustful struggles going on below the surface of life, including homosexuality. A friend or family member's struggle with homosexuality surprises and frightens far too many Christians. Many feel shocked and afraid, and typically withdraw. At best, some recommend counseling or encourage them simply to stop. In either case, they miss the core issues of pain and sin. Presume for a moment that we had eyes to see the core issues of pain and sin in the human heart. Knowing the agony in our own hearts, knowing the different streaks of lust and independence that we all wrestle with, an individual's battle with homosexuality would not take us off guard or immobilize us with fear. Consequently, we'd be better friends. Many of us are equally guilty of approaching homosexuality from a self-righteous attitude. We act as if this sin is greater than our own, emitting a language of hostility, mockery, and disgust, which sadly taints the appeal of the gospel. Self-righteousness is a large reason why we are not Christlike friends to those who struggle with homosexuality. We need to have more of the attitude Jesus spoke of when He said, "Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye? . . . You hypocrite, first take the plank out of your eye, and then you will see clearly to remove the speck from your brother's eye" (Lk. 6:41-42). Jesus' words remind us that if we see others' sin without seeing our own more deeply, then we've negated our right and privilege to invite them to a different kind of life. Therefore, we must base our efforts to be a better Christlike friend to those struggling with homosexuality on the confession and growing demise of our own self-righteousness. If we open our eyes to see the pain and potential for lust in all of us, and if we allow the depth of our own sin to humble us, we can reach out with true compassion and create a context where individuals will feel open to reveal their homosexual struggles, hear the truth, and find hope. Table of Contents 1. The Diary of Anne Frank, pp.130-131 2. Straight and Narrow?, pp.110-111 3. How Will I Tell My Mother? by J. Arterburn, pp.98-99 4. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, Feb. 1991, p.127; Comprehensive Psychiatry34, May/June 1993, p.154 5. The Gay Report by K. Jay and A. Young, p.728 6. Science, 258, 1991, pp.1034-1037 7. A Freedom Too Far by C. Socarides, p.93 8. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 1991, pp.1089-1096 9. Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth, p.83 10. Sex in America by R. Michael, p.216 11. Clinical Psychiatry News, October 1994, p.5 12. Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon, p.75 13. Vigiliae Christianae, 38, 1984, pp.125-53 14. Answers to Your Questions About Homosexuality, ed. C. Lanning, p.66 15. Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth, p.94 16. Someone I Love Is Gay, p.44 17. Anything for Love, Harvest Testimony 18. Reparative Therapy of Male Homosexuality by J. Nicolosi, pp.104-107 19. Freed To Love, Harvest Testimony 20. Child Abuse and Neglect 16, no.6, 1992, pp.855-64 21. The Wounded Heart by D. Allender, p.127 22. A Freedom Too Far, p.112 23. The relief from sex doesn't last as long as the relief from an emotional entanglement. This partly explains why male homosexual relationships are typically brief and promiscuous and why female homosexual relationships tend to last longer 24. How Will I Tell My Mother? p.85 25. Although men involved in homosexuality often have several female friends, these relationships are usually similar to relationships they had with an overbearing mother or an older sister who didn't encourage them to take a strong initiative role in relationships. Table of Contents Coming Out Of Homosexuality by Bob Davies and Lori Rentzel (IVP, 1993). Straight and Narrow? by Thomas Schmidt (IVP, 1995). Someone I Love Is Gay by Anita Worthen and Bob Davies (IVP, 1996). Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth byJeffrey Satinover (Baker Books, 1996). Harvest USA (215-342-7114): A Christian ministry that reaches out to individuals struggling with homosexuality and to families affected by a loved one's homosexuality. Exodus International (206-784-7799): A worldwide alliance of Christian ministries that offers support to men and women seeking to come out of homosexuality. button bar
Learn QR Code We often get asked to explain more about what exactly QR Code is and how it can be used. On this page, we seek to explore the world of possibilites QR Code presents, and teach you a little more about the background of this technology. QR Code History QR Code Use Cases Covid-19 QR Code: Governments around the world have developed Covid Tracking Apps in the fight against coronavirus. A key feature of this is the ability to check-in to a venue, which iss is often a QR Code due to it's ease and speed of use. Augmented reality: QR codes are used in some augmented reality systems to determine the positions of objects in 3-dimensional space. QR Codes are also being used to deliver Augmented Reality experiences. Displaying multimedia contents: Multimedia QR Codes are also used to direct users to specific multimedia contents (such as video, audio, images, documents, etc). Mobile operating systems: QR codes can be used on various mobile device operating systems. iPhones running on iOS 11 and higher and some Android devices can natively scan QR codes without downloading an external app. The camera app is able to scan and display the kind of QR code (only on iPhone) along with the link (both on Android and iPhone). These devices support URL redirection, which allows QR codes to send metadata to existing applications on the device. Many paid or free apps are available with the ability to scan the codes and hard-link to an external URL. URLs: URLs aided marketing conversion rates even in the pre-smartphone era, but during those years faced several limitations: ad viewers usually had to type the URL and often did not have a web browser in front of them when they first viewed the ad. The chances were high that they would forget to visit the site later, not bother to type a URL, or forget what URL to type. Semantic URLs decreased these risks but did not eliminate them. With the advent of smartphones the issue of viewers not being able to access a website immediately has become less of an issue, however the trouble of typing in URLs still remained and thus QR codes were used in order to allow redirecting to URLs for instant access. Some QR code generators offer an additional feature - dynamic QR codes. Dynamic QR codes can have their end website edited over and over again because even though they themselves cannot be modified, they link to a placeholder URL that redirects the scanner to the website that they actually see. This placeholder's redirect can be customized (hence the name "dynamic") unlike a regular QR code, which has no "in-between" site and links directly to a site that cannot be changed. The placeholder can also have additional functions like analytics of the code's scanners. Virtual Stores: QR codes have been used to establish "virtual stores", where a gallery of product information and QR codes is presented to the customer, e.g. on a train station wall. The customers scan the QR codes, and the products are delivered to their homes. This use started in South Korea, and Argentina, but is currently expanding globally. Walmart, Procter & Gamble and Woolworths have already adopted the Virtual Store concept. QR Code Payment: QR codes can be used to store bank account information or credit card information, or they can be specifically designed to work with particular payment provider applications. There are several trial applications of QR code payments across the world. In developing countries like China and Indiaation needed], QR code payment is a very popular and convenient method of making payments. Since Alipay designed a QR code payment method in 2011, mobile payment has been quickly adopted in China. As of 2018, around 83% of all payments were made via mobile payment. Joining WiFi networks: By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, mobile device users can quickly scan and join networks without having to manually enter the data. Food Tracking: Different studies have been made to assess the effectiveness of QR Codes as a means of conveying labelling information and their use as part of a food traceability system. In , it was found that when provided free access to a smartphone with QR Code scanning app, 52.6% of participants would use it to access labelling information. A study made in South Korea showed that consumers appreciate QR code used in food traceability system, as they provide detailed information about food, as well as information that helps them in their purchasing decision. If QR Codes are serialised, consumers can access a web page showing the supply chain for each ingredient, as well as information specific to each related batch, including meat processors and manufacturers, which helps address the concerns they have about the origin of their food. QR Code News QR Code adoption by individuals and businesses is sky-rocketing. Here is a QR Code News summary: Telegraph \| QR codes: What are they and how do you use them? QR codes have become a key way for the Government to monitor the spread of coronavirus. Which \| What are QR codes and are they safe to use? The NHS COVID-19 app, bars, restaurants and other locations now use QR codes to send information to your phone, but how do they work?. Gov.UK \| Venues required to enforce rule of 6, NHS QR code posters and contact logs Hospitality venues in England are from today legally required to enforce the rule of 6 or face a fine of up to £4,000.
2. Memory users "Memory users" is the RIFE terminology for users that are kept in an XML file (which are kept in-memory after initialization, hence the name). This is the simplest way of organizing users, and is suitable for keeping track of a static group of users such as an administrator or perhaps a guest user. With this method, you simply list the users and passwords in a file, specified as a ParticipantMemoryUsers in the repository. Let's start by adding the participant: Example 8.1. A memory users configuration file <!DOCTYPE rep SYSTEM "/dtd/rep.dtd"> <!-- Add users participant --> <participant param="rep/users.xml">ParticipantMemoryUsers</participant> <participant param="rep/config.xml">ParticipantConfig</participant> <participant param="sites/friends.xml">ParticipantSite</participant> The file rep/users.xml is where the user list is defined. We only need one user, an administrator who can edit the friends list. Example 8.2. Memory users configuration file <!DOCTYPE credentials SYSTEM "/dtd/users.dtd"> <user login="admin"> In addition to user name and password, there is a role tag, here set to admin. The role is used to grant access to different parts of the site to different users. We'll show how roles are used later in this chapter. There are a few steps involved in setting up authentication, and the best way to explain it should be to go through the additions and changes to the application.
Question: What Are The 4 Essential Nutrients? What are the types of nutrients? How do you get all the nutrients you need in a day? What are the 8 essential nutrients? The Big Eight NutrientsEnergy. This is the amount of energy that the food will provide when you eat it, and is measured either in calories (kcal) or joules (kJ).Fats. … Saturated Fat. … Carbohydrate. … Sugars. … Fibre. What does the body need daily? Macronutrients include water, protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Keep reading for more information about where to find these nutrients, and why a person needs them. The six essential nutrients are vitamins, minerals, protein, fats, water, and carbohydrates. What are the 13 essential minerals? Which nutrients should you try to get less of? What nutrients are lacking in fast food? This is because most fast food is high in sugar, salt, saturated fat and trans fats, processed ingredients, and calories, and low in antioxidants, fiber, and many other nutrients. Many fast food meals are very low in fiber. Why are vitamins important for the body? What are the 4 main nutrients? What are the 4 missing nutrients? What Am I Missing? There are four particular nutrients that are lacking in the typical American diet and have been deemed nutrients of public health concern by the Dietary Guidelines. These include potassium, vitamin D, calcium and dietary fiber. What is the most essential nutrient? Water is the Most Important Nutrient. What is the hardest vitamin to get? These Are the 6 Hardest Vitamins to Get Enough of—Here’s How to Do ItVitamin D. … Omega-3 Fatty Acids. … Magnesium. … Vitamin K. … Iodine. … Vitamin B12.Aug 16, 2018
Time for a Second American Revolution A story of what could be, inspired by Buckminster Fuller. “Middle Americans held their own economy hostage, then came together and created a clean energy world. It was brilliant!” Solar powered super trees create energy, harvest rainwater, sequester carbon Solar powered super trees create energy, harvest rainwater, sequester carbon (The Year 2035) – America’s second revolution began twenty years ago, in 2016, with a series of events that today’s historians call The Middle American Movement, or MAM. This grassroots movement was led mostly by women, of all ages, nationalities, and political leanings. It brought about sweeping social and political upheaval, along with the successful transference away from fossil fuels. This, it turned out, was the key to everything. Once we created a world run on clean energy, everything changed for the better. The opening shot of this Second American Revolution can be traced back to a small neighborhood’s show of solidarity for a Midwestern family. Armed guards showed up one unusually warm day in early summer, intending to evict the popular family from their long time home. The children had posted on Facebook and Twitter that they were not going to answer the door, that they would rather die than be forced out, and that they would kill themselves if guards forced their way in. When the hired guards arrived, friends and neighbors were waiting, many of them also armed. There was a stand off, but no shots were fired. Police came. A taco truck rolled up. A neighbor brought out margaritas. The standoff ended peacefully, and the guards went on their way. Since the guards were also underpaid and marginalized former middle Americans, they went home that night to think things over. They realized they were all being pitted against one another, but by who? And why? What the hell was going on? The new right wing government was filling the streets with weapons and calling it freedom. People came together by the thousands to come together to protect each other from their own government. More and more felt an awakening, realizing that we were all in this together, and that justice must prevail. What was initially a fight against the banks evolved into a cohesive effort to join together as a people end the corporate rule of our government. In this simple and peaceful revolution, Middle Americans learned how to create a new and sustainable world. The very idea of “home” grew to be about planet Earth itself. A highly educated generation of humanity rose to a more highly evolved consciousness, one with an aim to foster compassion, community and cooperation. Climate change was addressed by massive new investments in clean energy, and an aggressive tree and vegetation planting program. Local community farms sprung up everywhere, even in high-rises, which turned out to be perfect greenhouses. Big oil’s enslavement of the American people came to an end. Born of MAM was a new feminine paradigm of leadership, in which Earth’s needs came first. Massive reforestation of the planet occurred. America and much of the developed world was intentionally greened up like a Chia Pet. Humans finally got it that they could plant their way to a better climate. Rooftops turned green all over the world. Lush carbon sinks were planted, replacing acres of concrete in big cities, where carbon numbers were the highest. The global solutions were mostly local. Locally grown food, and a share economy became commonplace. People began to trade more things, to shop at second hand stores, and work from home. In cities, neighbors come together to build vegetable farms, greenhouses and even floating community gardens. Cooperative farms popped up all over the country. Seeds became more valuable than money for awhile, especially ones that were not genetically modified. People eventually figured out it was probably not such a good idea to eat grains that were engineered to blow up inside an insect’s stomach. Most people stopped eating meat and dairy, and became healthier and lived longer as a bonus. Electromagnetic energy emerged. Energy became totally wireless, infinitely tappable. Fossil fuel reserves were left safely in the ground — our nature’s saving account — to be available in case of a planetary emergency. Huge storms, droughts and rising oceans are still happening, but the carbon numbers are dropping, and things are starting to settle down. As we aim for 300 – 350 ppm, the oil spills, pollution and environmental contamination from fracking of yesteryears are finally behind us. The whole world is a healthier place now that the official government objective is to make the world work for 100% of the people, without environmental harm. rulli crowdMost remarkable was how it fed our leisure pursuits. Since we no longer had to earn our daily energy supply, we had time for more fun and less drudgery. By 2035, a high unemployment rate is something we brag about – 38% and climbing, and soon, no one will have to “work” unless they want to. Once energy was basically free, we could “give up the specious notion that we had to earn a living”. Humans figured out how to sustain themselves in a supportive sharing economy. A new society has emerged. The Koch Brothers and other executives who lied about climate change were imprisoned. Today we all pitch in to educate our children through cooperative schools. We let them grow and explore more naturally, knowing the new world needs more creative thinkers, not just the kind of fact memorization and obedient worker mentality the old system was designed to produce. There’s a renaissance of thought underway, a homespun enlightenment of mind and spirit. More people have time to read and write and think. Creating a good life and raising happy families was apparently what human beings were always meant to do. And to dabble, of course, in sport, art, science, cooking, whatever made us happy. We humans have become great dabblers and the world is better for it. Another big change was to religion. It evolved into something truly universal, as humanity came to understand that the only true divine intelligence was nature herself. At a time when nature was hurting greatly, we came together and learned how to design a new world in accordance to her rules. Everything else fell into place. What money there is left in the world (now that everything is digitally transferred) carries the slogan “In Nature We Trust.” It was something we could all agree on, at long last. Nature was in charge. We thank Nature our species discovered clean energy in time, and that what emerged was a more compassionate and functional human tribe. We thank Nature we humans discovered our potential on this utterly miraculous United Spaceship Planet Earth, before it was to late. We thank Nature that Buckminster Fuller’s ideas won out in the end. 11 thoughts on “Time for a Second American Revolution” 1. All beings are intimately and inextricably interconnected and interdependent. “All beings” includes all ways of being: it includes Mother Earth, her rocks and water, her air and fire, her plants and animals, her people of all colors and religions. In order to be sustainable, our essential operative story must be a story of mutual compassion, care, nurturance, acceptance, inspiration, education, encouragement, guidance, assistance, so that all beings may thrive together. Our thoughts, feelings and actions must all be inspired and guided by this innate consciousness of unity and oneness. This cannot be imposed through coercion. Instead, it must arise through our heart-felt inner desire inspired by Love. 1. Nothing about it would actually preclude such a universal basic income, though. In fact, it is kind of implied by the very idea that no one would have to “work for a living” unless they really wanted to. And we could implement a universal basic income right now if we wanted to. For example, we could tax the hell out of fossil fuels like Steve Stoft advocates, and refund 100% of the revenue back to We the People in equal amounts. Such a carbon tax would essentially double as a universal basic income, kind of like what Alaska currently does. Other sources of revenue for a UBI could include a financial transactions tax, tariffs, and/or a more progressive income tax like they had before Ronnie Raygun zapped it, with NO LOOPHOLES this time! Thank you for your comments. WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Receive our editor’s picks Total recall: how scientists are rethinking memory European research into memory looks at understanding how the mind works rather than controlling it. Image: Shutterstock/Lightspring Social networks and advances in genetics are helping scientists to better understand how memory works and how we could bend it to our will. Erasing and enhancing memory has long been a familiar theme in Hollywood blockbusters, but could researchers now turn the science fiction into reality? According to Professor Lars Olson, at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, research in genetics and omics – which studies how biological molecules of a certain type function together as a collective system – is helping to reveal the underlying mechanisms of memory in unprecedented detail. ‘Today, we can follow alterations of all the DNA, RNA and protein species in the brain,’ said Prof. Olson. ‘We owe this advance to genetics and the ability to conduct omic-measurements on scales which were unheard of ten years ago.’ Prof. Olson leads the MEMORYSTICK project, which is funded by the European Research Council (ERC). Researchers on the project hope to shed light on why people can forget names and telephone numbers in minutes, while some memories last for their entire lives. ‘The brain is not a computer,’ said Prof. Olson. ‘It cannot be hardwired.’ Even lasting memories are only recorded in the malleable connections between neurons in the brain and what defines their closeness is a matter of ongoing research. ‘The brain is not a computer. It cannot be hardwired.’ Professor Lars Olson, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Sweden Prof. Olson’s group has discovered that when neurons increase their activity they stop making a protein called Nogo receptor. He has hypothesised that this decrease in Nogo receptor allows connections between neurons to rearrange. Now, the MEMORYSTICK project aims to find out whether the concentration of Nogo receptor must be reduced for the brain to form lasting memories. To test this, researchers genetically engineered mice that produced Nogo receptor continuously with the result that the animals struggled to remember anything for longer than a day. The results led Prof. Olson to believe that the molecular pathways controlling the malleability of the brain structure could someday be targeted by drugs to help improve memory, cure addictions or even relieve patients suffering from post-traumatic stress syndrome. Further insight into how memory functions may be provided by Dr Virginia Migues, a neurobiologist at the University of Edinburgh, UK, who has singled out proteins that help control communication between neurons. This year, the European Commission awarded her a grant for the MEMORY PERSISTENCE project, which will investigate whether these proteins affect the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying long-term memory persistence. Over the coming years, Dr Migues will teach rats to remember locations. She will then study whether her test subjects grow less forgetful when she reduces the production of the proteins controlling neuronal communication. However, tampering with the brain raises delicate questions. ‘Memories allow us to make sense of the world around us,’ said Dr Migues. ‘Simply erasing them would be like getting rid of part of who we are.’ Using your digital footprint Professor Nigel Davies at Lancaster University shares their objective of understanding memory, although from a radically different standpoint. He coordinates a European-funded project named RECALL, in which computer scientists and psychologists rethink memory enhancement with the support of information that people store online. ‘If you think of the data uploaded on social networks, emails, life-logging systems or activity traced by mobile phones, vast portions of your everyday lives are recorded electronically,’ said Prof. Davies. ‘RECALL is developing computer algorithms that harness this information to augment human memory.’ For people trying to learn a language or remember things at work, RECALL could display study notes in a corner of their smart phone, internet browser, or even on interactive billboards in the street. Prof. Davies also sees potential to support failing memories or behaviour changes for people who are trying to quit smoking or exercise more. The point is to enhance memory, rather than replace it. ‘The danger is to think of RECALL as a photo album on steroids. For us it is about improving the ability of people to remember,’ he said. More info

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.