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Which position did John Bowring hold in Jun, 1857?
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June 10, 1857
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{
"text": [
"Governor of Hong Kong"
]
}
|
L2_Q332508_P39_3
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John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Bowring holds the position of Governor of Hong Kong from Apr, 1854 to Sep, 1859.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jan, 1849.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
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John BowringSir John Bowring (Chinese translated name: 寶寧, 寶靈 (for Mandarin speakers) or 包令 (for Cantonese)) (Thai: พระยาสยามมานุกูลกิจ สยามมิตรมหายศ) (17 October 1792 – 23 November 1872) was an English political economist, traveller, writer, literary translator, polyglot and the fourth Governor of Hong Kong.Bowring was born in Exeter of Charles Bowring (1769–1856), a wool merchant whose main market was China, from an old Unitarian family, and Sarah Jane Anne (d. 1828), the daughter of Thomas Lane, vicar of St Ives, Cornwall. His last formal education was at a Unitarian school in Moretonhampstead and he started work in his father's business at age 13. Bowring at one stage wished to become a Unitarian minister. Espousal of Unitarian faith was illegal in Britain until Bowring had turned 21.Bowring acquired first experiences in trade as a contract provider to the British army during the Peninsular War in the early 1810s, initially for four years from 1811 as a clerk at Milford & Co. where he began picking up a variety of languages. His experiences in Spain fed a healthy skepticism towards the administrative capabilities of the British military. He travelled extensively and was imprisoned in Boulogne-sur-Mer for six weeks in 1822 for suspected spying (though merely carrying papers for the Portuguese envoy to Paris).He incorporated Bowring & Co. with a partner in 1818 to sell herrings to Spain (including Gibraltar by a subsidiary) and France and to buy wine from Spain. It was during this period that he came to know Jeremy Bentham, and later became his friend. He did not, however, share Bentham's contempt for "belles lettres". He was a diligent student of literature and foreign languages, especially those of Eastern Europe. He somehow found time to write 88 hymns during this time, most published between 1823 and 1825.Failure of his business in 1827, amidst his Greek revolution financing adventure, left him reliant on Bentham's charity and seeking a new, literary direction. Bentham's personal secretary at the time, John Neal, labeled Bowring a "meddling, gossiping, sly, and treacherous man" and charged him with deceiving investors in his Greek adventure and mismanaging Bentham's funds for Bowring's own prestige with the "Westminster Review" and an early public gymnasium.Bowring had begun contributing to the newly founded "Westminster Review" and had been appointed its editor by Bentham in 1825. By his contributions to the "Review" he attained considerable repute as a political economist and parliamentary reformer. He advocated in its pages the cause of free trade long before it was popularized by Richard Cobden and John Bright, co-founders of the Anti-Corn Law League in Manchester in 1838.He pleaded earnestly on behalf of parliamentary reform, Catholic emancipation, and popular education. Bentham failed in an attempt to have Bowring appointed professor of English or History at University College London in 1827 but, after Bowring visited the Netherlands in 1828, the University of Groningen conferred on him the degree of doctor of laws in February the next year for his "Sketches of the Language and Literature of Holland." In 1830, he was in Denmark, preparing for the publication of a collection of Scandinavian poetry. As a member of the 1831 Royal Commission, he advocated strict parliamentary control on public expenditure, and considered the ensuing reform one of his main achievements. Till 1832, he was Foreign Secretary of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association.Bowring was appointed Jeremy Bentham's literary executor a week before the latter's 1832 death in his arms, and was charged with the task of preparing a collected edition of his works. The appointment was challenged by a nephew but Bowring prevailed in court. The work appeared in eleven volumes in 1843, notably omitting Bentham's most controversial works on female sexuality and homosexuality.Free trade took on the dimensions of faith to Bowring who, in 1841, quipped, "Jesus Christ is free trade and free trade is Jesus Christ", adding, in response to consternation at the proposition, that it was "intimitely associated with religious truth and the exercise of religious principles".Through Bentham connections and in spite of his radicalism, Bowring was appointed to carry out investigations of the national accounting systems of the Netherlands and France in 1832 by the government and House of Commons, respectively. The mark left by his work in France was not welcomed by all; as one commentator remarked,Yet his work was so highly regarded by the Whig government that he was then appointed secretary of the Royal Commission on the Public Accounts. He had made his name as something of an expert on government accounting. He stood the same year for the newly created industrial constituency of Blackburn but was unsuccessful.In 1835, Bowring entered parliament as member for Kilmarnock Burghs; and in the following year he was appointed head of a government commission to be sent to France to inquire into the actual state of commerce between the two countries. After losing his seat in 1837, he was busied in further economic investigations in Egypt, Syria, Switzerland, Italy, and some of the states in Imperial Germany. The results of these missions appeared in a series of reports laid before the House of Commons and even a paper delivered to the British Association of Science with his observations on containment of the plague in the Levant. He also spoke out passionately for equal rights for women and the abolition of slavery.On a still narrow, landed constituency, Bowring, campaigning on a radical and, to Marx and Engels, inconsistent platform of free trade and Chartism, secured a seat in parliament in 1841, as member for Bolton, perhaps England's constituency most affected by industrial upheaval and riven by deep social unrest bordering on revolution. In the House, he campaigned for free trade, adoption of the Charter, repeal of the Corn Laws, improved administration of the Poor Law, open borders, abolition of the death penalty, and an end to flogging in the Army and payments to Church of England prelates.During this busy period he found leisure for literature, and published in 1843 a translation of the "Manuscript of the Queen's Court", a collection of Czech medieval poetry, later considered false by Czech poet Václav Hanka. In 1846 he became President of the Mazzinian People's International League.Without inherited wealth, or salary as MP for Bolton, Bowring sought to sustain his political career by investing heavily in the south Wales iron industry from 1843. Following huge demand for iron rails brought about by parliament's approval of massive railway building from 1844 to 1846, Bowring led a small group of wealthy London merchants and bankers as Chairman of the Llynvi Iron Company and established a large integrated ironworks at Maesteg in Glamorgan during 1845–46. He installed his brother, Charles, as Resident Director and lost no time in naming the district around his ironworks, Bowrington. He gained a reputation in the Maesteg district as an enlightened employer, one contemporary commenting that 'he gave the poor their rights and carried away their blessing'.In 1845 he became Chairman of the London and Blackwall Railway, the world's first steam-powered urban passenger railway and the precursor of the whole London Rail system.Bowring distinguished himself as an advocate of decimal currency. On 27 April 1847, he addressed the House of Commons on the merits of decimalisation. He agreed to a compromise that directly led to the issue of the florin (one-tenth of a pound sterling), introduced as a first step in 1848 and more generally in 1849. He lost his seat in 1849 but went on to publish a work entitled "The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins and Accounts" in 1854.The trade depression of the late 1840s caused the failure of his venture in south Wales in 1848 and wiped out his capital, forcing Bowring into paid employment. His business failure led directly to his acceptance of Palmerston's offer of the consulship at Canton.By 1847, Bowring had assembled an impressive array of credentials: honorary diplomas from universities in Holland and Italy, fellowships of the Linnaean Society of London and Paris, the Historical Institute of the Scandinavian and Icelandic Societies, the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, the Royal Society of Hungary, the Royal Society of Copenhagen, and of the Frisian and Athenian Societies. Numerous translations and works on foreign languages, politics and economy had been published. His zeal in Parliament and standing as a literary man were well known.In 1849, he was appointed British consul at Canton (today's Guangzhou), and superintendent of trade in China. Arriving on HMS "Medea" on 12 April 1849, he took up the post in which he was to remain for four years the next day. His son John Charles had preceded him to China, arriving in Hong Kong in 1842, had been appointed Justice of the Peace and was at one point a partner in Jardines.Bowring was quickly appalled by endemic corruption and frustrated by finding himself powerless in the face of Chinese breaches of the Treaty of Nanking and refusal to receive him at the diplomatic level or permit him to travel to Peking, and by his being subordinate to the Governor of Hong Kong who knew nothing of his difficulties.For almost a year from 1852 to 1853, he acted as Britain's Plenipotentiary and Superintendent of Trade and Governor of Hong Kong in the absence on leave of Sir George Bonham, who he was later to succeed.Bowring was instrumental in the formation in 1855 of the Board of Inspectors established under the Qing Customs House, operated by the British to gather statistics on trade on behalf of the Qing government and, later, as the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, to collect all customs duties, a vital reform which brought an end to the corruption of government officials and led modernisation of China's international trade. Concerned for the welfare of coolies being exported to Australia, California, Cuba and the West Indies, and disturbed by the coolie revolt in Amoy in May 1852, Bowring tightened enforcement of the Passenger Act so as to improve coolie transportation conditions and ensure their voluntariness.The newly knighted Bowring received his appointment as Governor of Hong Kong and her Majesty's Plenipotentiary and Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China on 10 January 1854. He arrived in Hong Kong and was sworn in on 13 April 1854, in the midst of the Taiping Rebellion occupying the attentions of his primary protagonists and the Crimean War distracting his masters. He was appointed over strong objections from opponents in London. Fellow Unitarian Harriet Martineau had warned that Bowring was "no fit representative of Government, and no safe guardian of British interests", that he was dangerous and would lead Britain into war with China, and that he should be recalled. Her pleas went unheeded.Bowring was an extremely industrious reformist governor. He allowed the Chinese citizens in Hong Kong to serve as jurors in trials and become lawyers. He is credited with establishing Hong Kong's first commercial public water supply system. He developed the eastern Wan Chai area at a river mouth near Happy Valley and Victoria Harbour by elongating the river as a canal, the area being named Bowring City (Bowrington). By instituting the Buildings and Nuisances Ordinance, No. 8 of 1856, in the face of stiff opposition, Bowring ensured the safer design of all future construction projects in the colony. He sought to abolish monopolies.Bowring was impressed by the yawning gulf of misunderstanding between the expatriate and Chinese communities, writing, "We rule them in ignorance and they submit in blindness." Notwithstanding, in 1856, Bowring went so far as to attempt democratic reform. He proposed that the constitution of the Legislative Council be changed to increase membership to 13 members, of whom five be elected by landowners enjoying rents exceeding 10 pounds, but this was rejected by Henry Labouchère of the Colonial Office on the basis that Chinese residents were "deficient in the essential elements of morality on which social order rests". The constituency would only have amounted to 141 qualified electors, in any event.He was equally impressed by the dearth of expenditure on education, noting that 70 times more was provided for policing than for instruction of the populace, so he rapidly brought in an inspectorate of schools, training for teachers and opening of schools. Student number increased nearly ten-fold.He became embroiled in numerous conflicts and disputes, not least of which was a struggle for dominance with Lieutenant Governor William Caine, which went all the way back to the Colonial Office for resolution. He won. He was faulted for failing to prevent a scandalous action in slander, in 1856, by the assistant magistrate W. H. Mitchell against his attorney-general T. Chisholm Anstey over what was essentially a misapprehension of fact but which was thought "unique in all the scandals of modern government of the Colonies or of English Course of Justice".A Qing-sponsored campaign of civil disruption, threatening the very survival of the British administration, culminated in the arsenic poisoning incident of 15 January 1857 in which 10 pounds of arsenic was mixed in the flour of the colony's principal bakery, poisoning many hundreds, killing Bowring's wife and debilitating him for at least a year. This was a turning point for Bowring who, cornered, all but abandoned his liberality in favour of sharply curtailed civil liberties. He bemoaned:It is a perplexing position to know that a price is set on our heads, that our servants cannot be trusted, that a premium is offered to any incendiary who will set fire to our dwellings, to any murderer who will poison or destroy us. ... We have many grievances to redress, and I will try to redress them; many securities to obtain, and I mean to obtain them. ... many unfortunate wretches of all nations (as the hatred of the Chinese is indiscriminating) have been seized, decaptitated; and their heads have been exposed on the walls of Canton, their assailants having been largely rewarded; ... All this is sufficiently horrible ... we shall exact indemnities for the past, and obtain securities for the future. We shall not crouch before assassination and incendiarism ... I did all that depended upon me to promote conciliation and establish peace. ... but every effort I made was treated with scorn and repulsion. The forbearance with which the Chinese have been treated has been wholly misunderstood by them, and attributed to our apprehensions of their great power, and awe of the majesty of the 'Son of Heaven'. So they have disregarded the most solemn engagements of treaties, and looked upon us as 'barbarians,' ... I doubt not that Government, Parliament, and public opinion will go with us in this great struggle, ...In 1855, Bowring experienced a reception in Siam that could not have stood in starker contrast to Peking's constant intransigence. He was welcomed like foreign royalty, showered with pomp (including a 21-gun salute), and his determination to forge a trade accord was met with the open-minded and intelligent interest of King Mongkut. Negotiations were buoyed by the cordiality between Mongkut and Bowring and an agreement was reached on 17 April 1855, now commonly referred to as the Bowring Treaty. Bowring held Mongkut in high regard and that the feeling was mutual and enduring was confirmed by his 1867 appointment as Siam's ambassador to the courts of Europe. Bowring's delight in this "remarkable" monarch has been seen by at least one commentator as a possible encouragement to his frustration with Peking and rash handling of the "Arrow" affair.In October 1856, a dispute broke out with the Canton vice-consul Ye over the Chinese crew of a small British-flagged trading vessel, the "Arrow". Bowring saw the argument as an opportunity to wring from the Chinese the free access to Canton which had been promised in the Treaty of Nanking but so far denied. The irritation caused by his "spirited" or high-handed policy led to the Second Opium War (1856–1860). Martineau put the war down to the "incompetence and self-seeking rashness of one vain man".It was under Bowring that the colony's first ever bilingual English-Chinese law, "An Ordinance for licensing and regulating the sale of prepared opium" (Ordinance No. 2 of 1858), appeared on its statute books.In April the same year, Bowring was the subject of scandal when the case of criminal libel against the editor of the "Daily Press", Yorick J Murrow, came to trial. Murrow had written of Bowring's having taken numerous steps to favour the trade of his son's firm, Messrs Jardine, Matheson & Co., enriching it as a result. Murrow, having been found guilty by the jury, emerged from six months' imprisonment to take up precisely where he left off, vilifying Bowring from his press. The scandal was rekindled in December when Murrow brought an ultimately unsuccessful suit in damages against Bowring in connection with his imprisonment.A commission of inquiry into accusations of corruption, operating brothels and associating with leading underworld figures laid by Attorney-General Anstey against Registrar-General Daniel R Caldwell scandalised the administration. During the course of its proceedings Anstey had opportunity to viciously accuse William Thomas Bridges, one-time acting Attorney-General and constant favourite of Bowring, for receiving stolen goods under the guise of running a money-lending operation from the ground floor of his residence, collecting debts at extortionate rates. The charges found unproved, Caldwell was exonerated and Anstey suspended, and Bridges later to be appointed acting Colonial Secretary by Bowring, but suspicions remained and Bowring's administration had been ruined.In mourning for the recent loss of his wife to the arsenic poisoning, Bowring made an official tour of the Philippines, sailing on the steam-powered paddle frigate "Magicienne" on 29 November 1858, returning seven weeks later.Stripped of his diplomatic and trade powers, weakened by the effects of the arsenic, and seeing his administration torn apart by anti-corruption inquiries in a campaign launched by him, Bowring's work in Hong Kong ended in May 1859. His parting sentiment was that "a year of great embarrassment ... unhappy misunderstandings among officials, fomented by passionate partisanship and by a reckless and slanderous press, made the conduct of public affairs one of extreme difficulty." He plunged into writing a 434-page account of his Philippines sojourn which was published the same year.His last employment by the British government was as a commissioner to Italy in 1861, to report on British commercial relations with the new kingdom. Bowring subsequently accepted the appointment of minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary from the Hawaiian government to the courts of Europe, and in this capacity negotiated treaties with Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Switzerland.Bowring was an accomplished polyglot and claimed he knew 200 languages of which he could speak 100. Many of his contemporaries and subsequent biographers thought otherwise. His chief literary work was the translation of the folk-songs of most European nations, although he also wrote original poems and hymns, and books or pamphlets on political and economic subjects. The first fruits of his study of foreign literature appeared in "Specimens of the Russian Poets" (1821–1823). These were followed by "Batavian Anthology" (1824), "Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain" (1824), "Specimens of the Polish Poets", and "Serbian Popular Poetry", both in 1827, and "Poetry of the Magyars" (1830).Bowring's 88 published hymns include "God is love: his mercy brightens", "In the Cross of Christ I glory", and "Watchman, tell us of the night"."In the Cross" and "Watchman", both from his privately published collection "Hymns" (1825), are still used in many churches. The American composer Charles Ives used part of "Watchman, Tell Us of the Night" in the opening movement of his Fourth Symphony.Selected publications: Bowring married twice. By his first wife, Maria (1793/94–1858), whom he married in 1818 after moving to London, he had five sons and four daughters (Maria, John, Frederick, Lewin, Edgar, Charles, Edith, Emily, and Gertrude). She died in September 1858, a victim of the arsenic poisoning of the bread supply in Hong Kong during the Second Opium War sparked by her husband.Bowring married his second wife, Deborah Castle (1816–1902), in 1860; they had no children. Deborah, Lady Bowring died in Exeter in July 1902. She was a prominent Unitarian Christian and supporter of the women's suffrage movement.John Bowring died on 23 November 1872, aged 80.Bowring is credited with popularising Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Kubla Khan or a Vision in a Dream" which had been disparaged by the critics and discarded soon after first publication.In the mid-19th century a district of the Llynfi Valley, Glamorgan, south Wales was known as Bowrington as it was built up when John Bowring was chairman of the local iron company. Bowring's ironworks community later became part of the Maesteg Urban District. The name was revived in the 1980s when a shopping development in Maesteg was called the Bowrington Arcade.Bowring Road, Ramsey, Isle of Man, was named for him in appreciation of his support of universal suffrage for the House of Keys and his efforts to liberalise trade with the island.As the 4th Governor, several places in Hong Kong came to be named after him:He was also responsible for the establishment of the Botanic Gardens in Hong Kong, the most indelible mark he made on the colony.Two species of lizards, "Hemidactylus bowringii" and "Subdoluseps bowringii", are named in honour of either John Bowring or his son John Charles Bowring.Actress Susannah York was the great-great-granddaughter of Bowring.Journalist and historian Philip Bowring is a descendant of Bowring's great uncle Nathaniel. He is a crucial source here, as author of less-than-whole-life biography "Free Trade's First Missionary".
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[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
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Which position did John Bowring hold in 1857-06-10?
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June 10, 1857
|
{
"text": [
"Governor of Hong Kong"
]
}
|
L2_Q332508_P39_3
|
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Bowring holds the position of Governor of Hong Kong from Apr, 1854 to Sep, 1859.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jan, 1849.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
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John BowringSir John Bowring (Chinese translated name: 寶寧, 寶靈 (for Mandarin speakers) or 包令 (for Cantonese)) (Thai: พระยาสยามมานุกูลกิจ สยามมิตรมหายศ) (17 October 1792 – 23 November 1872) was an English political economist, traveller, writer, literary translator, polyglot and the fourth Governor of Hong Kong.Bowring was born in Exeter of Charles Bowring (1769–1856), a wool merchant whose main market was China, from an old Unitarian family, and Sarah Jane Anne (d. 1828), the daughter of Thomas Lane, vicar of St Ives, Cornwall. His last formal education was at a Unitarian school in Moretonhampstead and he started work in his father's business at age 13. Bowring at one stage wished to become a Unitarian minister. Espousal of Unitarian faith was illegal in Britain until Bowring had turned 21.Bowring acquired first experiences in trade as a contract provider to the British army during the Peninsular War in the early 1810s, initially for four years from 1811 as a clerk at Milford & Co. where he began picking up a variety of languages. His experiences in Spain fed a healthy skepticism towards the administrative capabilities of the British military. He travelled extensively and was imprisoned in Boulogne-sur-Mer for six weeks in 1822 for suspected spying (though merely carrying papers for the Portuguese envoy to Paris).He incorporated Bowring & Co. with a partner in 1818 to sell herrings to Spain (including Gibraltar by a subsidiary) and France and to buy wine from Spain. It was during this period that he came to know Jeremy Bentham, and later became his friend. He did not, however, share Bentham's contempt for "belles lettres". He was a diligent student of literature and foreign languages, especially those of Eastern Europe. He somehow found time to write 88 hymns during this time, most published between 1823 and 1825.Failure of his business in 1827, amidst his Greek revolution financing adventure, left him reliant on Bentham's charity and seeking a new, literary direction. Bentham's personal secretary at the time, John Neal, labeled Bowring a "meddling, gossiping, sly, and treacherous man" and charged him with deceiving investors in his Greek adventure and mismanaging Bentham's funds for Bowring's own prestige with the "Westminster Review" and an early public gymnasium.Bowring had begun contributing to the newly founded "Westminster Review" and had been appointed its editor by Bentham in 1825. By his contributions to the "Review" he attained considerable repute as a political economist and parliamentary reformer. He advocated in its pages the cause of free trade long before it was popularized by Richard Cobden and John Bright, co-founders of the Anti-Corn Law League in Manchester in 1838.He pleaded earnestly on behalf of parliamentary reform, Catholic emancipation, and popular education. Bentham failed in an attempt to have Bowring appointed professor of English or History at University College London in 1827 but, after Bowring visited the Netherlands in 1828, the University of Groningen conferred on him the degree of doctor of laws in February the next year for his "Sketches of the Language and Literature of Holland." In 1830, he was in Denmark, preparing for the publication of a collection of Scandinavian poetry. As a member of the 1831 Royal Commission, he advocated strict parliamentary control on public expenditure, and considered the ensuing reform one of his main achievements. Till 1832, he was Foreign Secretary of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association.Bowring was appointed Jeremy Bentham's literary executor a week before the latter's 1832 death in his arms, and was charged with the task of preparing a collected edition of his works. The appointment was challenged by a nephew but Bowring prevailed in court. The work appeared in eleven volumes in 1843, notably omitting Bentham's most controversial works on female sexuality and homosexuality.Free trade took on the dimensions of faith to Bowring who, in 1841, quipped, "Jesus Christ is free trade and free trade is Jesus Christ", adding, in response to consternation at the proposition, that it was "intimitely associated with religious truth and the exercise of religious principles".Through Bentham connections and in spite of his radicalism, Bowring was appointed to carry out investigations of the national accounting systems of the Netherlands and France in 1832 by the government and House of Commons, respectively. The mark left by his work in France was not welcomed by all; as one commentator remarked,Yet his work was so highly regarded by the Whig government that he was then appointed secretary of the Royal Commission on the Public Accounts. He had made his name as something of an expert on government accounting. He stood the same year for the newly created industrial constituency of Blackburn but was unsuccessful.In 1835, Bowring entered parliament as member for Kilmarnock Burghs; and in the following year he was appointed head of a government commission to be sent to France to inquire into the actual state of commerce between the two countries. After losing his seat in 1837, he was busied in further economic investigations in Egypt, Syria, Switzerland, Italy, and some of the states in Imperial Germany. The results of these missions appeared in a series of reports laid before the House of Commons and even a paper delivered to the British Association of Science with his observations on containment of the plague in the Levant. He also spoke out passionately for equal rights for women and the abolition of slavery.On a still narrow, landed constituency, Bowring, campaigning on a radical and, to Marx and Engels, inconsistent platform of free trade and Chartism, secured a seat in parliament in 1841, as member for Bolton, perhaps England's constituency most affected by industrial upheaval and riven by deep social unrest bordering on revolution. In the House, he campaigned for free trade, adoption of the Charter, repeal of the Corn Laws, improved administration of the Poor Law, open borders, abolition of the death penalty, and an end to flogging in the Army and payments to Church of England prelates.During this busy period he found leisure for literature, and published in 1843 a translation of the "Manuscript of the Queen's Court", a collection of Czech medieval poetry, later considered false by Czech poet Václav Hanka. In 1846 he became President of the Mazzinian People's International League.Without inherited wealth, or salary as MP for Bolton, Bowring sought to sustain his political career by investing heavily in the south Wales iron industry from 1843. Following huge demand for iron rails brought about by parliament's approval of massive railway building from 1844 to 1846, Bowring led a small group of wealthy London merchants and bankers as Chairman of the Llynvi Iron Company and established a large integrated ironworks at Maesteg in Glamorgan during 1845–46. He installed his brother, Charles, as Resident Director and lost no time in naming the district around his ironworks, Bowrington. He gained a reputation in the Maesteg district as an enlightened employer, one contemporary commenting that 'he gave the poor their rights and carried away their blessing'.In 1845 he became Chairman of the London and Blackwall Railway, the world's first steam-powered urban passenger railway and the precursor of the whole London Rail system.Bowring distinguished himself as an advocate of decimal currency. On 27 April 1847, he addressed the House of Commons on the merits of decimalisation. He agreed to a compromise that directly led to the issue of the florin (one-tenth of a pound sterling), introduced as a first step in 1848 and more generally in 1849. He lost his seat in 1849 but went on to publish a work entitled "The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins and Accounts" in 1854.The trade depression of the late 1840s caused the failure of his venture in south Wales in 1848 and wiped out his capital, forcing Bowring into paid employment. His business failure led directly to his acceptance of Palmerston's offer of the consulship at Canton.By 1847, Bowring had assembled an impressive array of credentials: honorary diplomas from universities in Holland and Italy, fellowships of the Linnaean Society of London and Paris, the Historical Institute of the Scandinavian and Icelandic Societies, the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, the Royal Society of Hungary, the Royal Society of Copenhagen, and of the Frisian and Athenian Societies. Numerous translations and works on foreign languages, politics and economy had been published. His zeal in Parliament and standing as a literary man were well known.In 1849, he was appointed British consul at Canton (today's Guangzhou), and superintendent of trade in China. Arriving on HMS "Medea" on 12 April 1849, he took up the post in which he was to remain for four years the next day. His son John Charles had preceded him to China, arriving in Hong Kong in 1842, had been appointed Justice of the Peace and was at one point a partner in Jardines.Bowring was quickly appalled by endemic corruption and frustrated by finding himself powerless in the face of Chinese breaches of the Treaty of Nanking and refusal to receive him at the diplomatic level or permit him to travel to Peking, and by his being subordinate to the Governor of Hong Kong who knew nothing of his difficulties.For almost a year from 1852 to 1853, he acted as Britain's Plenipotentiary and Superintendent of Trade and Governor of Hong Kong in the absence on leave of Sir George Bonham, who he was later to succeed.Bowring was instrumental in the formation in 1855 of the Board of Inspectors established under the Qing Customs House, operated by the British to gather statistics on trade on behalf of the Qing government and, later, as the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, to collect all customs duties, a vital reform which brought an end to the corruption of government officials and led modernisation of China's international trade. Concerned for the welfare of coolies being exported to Australia, California, Cuba and the West Indies, and disturbed by the coolie revolt in Amoy in May 1852, Bowring tightened enforcement of the Passenger Act so as to improve coolie transportation conditions and ensure their voluntariness.The newly knighted Bowring received his appointment as Governor of Hong Kong and her Majesty's Plenipotentiary and Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China on 10 January 1854. He arrived in Hong Kong and was sworn in on 13 April 1854, in the midst of the Taiping Rebellion occupying the attentions of his primary protagonists and the Crimean War distracting his masters. He was appointed over strong objections from opponents in London. Fellow Unitarian Harriet Martineau had warned that Bowring was "no fit representative of Government, and no safe guardian of British interests", that he was dangerous and would lead Britain into war with China, and that he should be recalled. Her pleas went unheeded.Bowring was an extremely industrious reformist governor. He allowed the Chinese citizens in Hong Kong to serve as jurors in trials and become lawyers. He is credited with establishing Hong Kong's first commercial public water supply system. He developed the eastern Wan Chai area at a river mouth near Happy Valley and Victoria Harbour by elongating the river as a canal, the area being named Bowring City (Bowrington). By instituting the Buildings and Nuisances Ordinance, No. 8 of 1856, in the face of stiff opposition, Bowring ensured the safer design of all future construction projects in the colony. He sought to abolish monopolies.Bowring was impressed by the yawning gulf of misunderstanding between the expatriate and Chinese communities, writing, "We rule them in ignorance and they submit in blindness." Notwithstanding, in 1856, Bowring went so far as to attempt democratic reform. He proposed that the constitution of the Legislative Council be changed to increase membership to 13 members, of whom five be elected by landowners enjoying rents exceeding 10 pounds, but this was rejected by Henry Labouchère of the Colonial Office on the basis that Chinese residents were "deficient in the essential elements of morality on which social order rests". The constituency would only have amounted to 141 qualified electors, in any event.He was equally impressed by the dearth of expenditure on education, noting that 70 times more was provided for policing than for instruction of the populace, so he rapidly brought in an inspectorate of schools, training for teachers and opening of schools. Student number increased nearly ten-fold.He became embroiled in numerous conflicts and disputes, not least of which was a struggle for dominance with Lieutenant Governor William Caine, which went all the way back to the Colonial Office for resolution. He won. He was faulted for failing to prevent a scandalous action in slander, in 1856, by the assistant magistrate W. H. Mitchell against his attorney-general T. Chisholm Anstey over what was essentially a misapprehension of fact but which was thought "unique in all the scandals of modern government of the Colonies or of English Course of Justice".A Qing-sponsored campaign of civil disruption, threatening the very survival of the British administration, culminated in the arsenic poisoning incident of 15 January 1857 in which 10 pounds of arsenic was mixed in the flour of the colony's principal bakery, poisoning many hundreds, killing Bowring's wife and debilitating him for at least a year. This was a turning point for Bowring who, cornered, all but abandoned his liberality in favour of sharply curtailed civil liberties. He bemoaned:It is a perplexing position to know that a price is set on our heads, that our servants cannot be trusted, that a premium is offered to any incendiary who will set fire to our dwellings, to any murderer who will poison or destroy us. ... We have many grievances to redress, and I will try to redress them; many securities to obtain, and I mean to obtain them. ... many unfortunate wretches of all nations (as the hatred of the Chinese is indiscriminating) have been seized, decaptitated; and their heads have been exposed on the walls of Canton, their assailants having been largely rewarded; ... All this is sufficiently horrible ... we shall exact indemnities for the past, and obtain securities for the future. We shall not crouch before assassination and incendiarism ... I did all that depended upon me to promote conciliation and establish peace. ... but every effort I made was treated with scorn and repulsion. The forbearance with which the Chinese have been treated has been wholly misunderstood by them, and attributed to our apprehensions of their great power, and awe of the majesty of the 'Son of Heaven'. So they have disregarded the most solemn engagements of treaties, and looked upon us as 'barbarians,' ... I doubt not that Government, Parliament, and public opinion will go with us in this great struggle, ...In 1855, Bowring experienced a reception in Siam that could not have stood in starker contrast to Peking's constant intransigence. He was welcomed like foreign royalty, showered with pomp (including a 21-gun salute), and his determination to forge a trade accord was met with the open-minded and intelligent interest of King Mongkut. Negotiations were buoyed by the cordiality between Mongkut and Bowring and an agreement was reached on 17 April 1855, now commonly referred to as the Bowring Treaty. Bowring held Mongkut in high regard and that the feeling was mutual and enduring was confirmed by his 1867 appointment as Siam's ambassador to the courts of Europe. Bowring's delight in this "remarkable" monarch has been seen by at least one commentator as a possible encouragement to his frustration with Peking and rash handling of the "Arrow" affair.In October 1856, a dispute broke out with the Canton vice-consul Ye over the Chinese crew of a small British-flagged trading vessel, the "Arrow". Bowring saw the argument as an opportunity to wring from the Chinese the free access to Canton which had been promised in the Treaty of Nanking but so far denied. The irritation caused by his "spirited" or high-handed policy led to the Second Opium War (1856–1860). Martineau put the war down to the "incompetence and self-seeking rashness of one vain man".It was under Bowring that the colony's first ever bilingual English-Chinese law, "An Ordinance for licensing and regulating the sale of prepared opium" (Ordinance No. 2 of 1858), appeared on its statute books.In April the same year, Bowring was the subject of scandal when the case of criminal libel against the editor of the "Daily Press", Yorick J Murrow, came to trial. Murrow had written of Bowring's having taken numerous steps to favour the trade of his son's firm, Messrs Jardine, Matheson & Co., enriching it as a result. Murrow, having been found guilty by the jury, emerged from six months' imprisonment to take up precisely where he left off, vilifying Bowring from his press. The scandal was rekindled in December when Murrow brought an ultimately unsuccessful suit in damages against Bowring in connection with his imprisonment.A commission of inquiry into accusations of corruption, operating brothels and associating with leading underworld figures laid by Attorney-General Anstey against Registrar-General Daniel R Caldwell scandalised the administration. During the course of its proceedings Anstey had opportunity to viciously accuse William Thomas Bridges, one-time acting Attorney-General and constant favourite of Bowring, for receiving stolen goods under the guise of running a money-lending operation from the ground floor of his residence, collecting debts at extortionate rates. The charges found unproved, Caldwell was exonerated and Anstey suspended, and Bridges later to be appointed acting Colonial Secretary by Bowring, but suspicions remained and Bowring's administration had been ruined.In mourning for the recent loss of his wife to the arsenic poisoning, Bowring made an official tour of the Philippines, sailing on the steam-powered paddle frigate "Magicienne" on 29 November 1858, returning seven weeks later.Stripped of his diplomatic and trade powers, weakened by the effects of the arsenic, and seeing his administration torn apart by anti-corruption inquiries in a campaign launched by him, Bowring's work in Hong Kong ended in May 1859. His parting sentiment was that "a year of great embarrassment ... unhappy misunderstandings among officials, fomented by passionate partisanship and by a reckless and slanderous press, made the conduct of public affairs one of extreme difficulty." He plunged into writing a 434-page account of his Philippines sojourn which was published the same year.His last employment by the British government was as a commissioner to Italy in 1861, to report on British commercial relations with the new kingdom. Bowring subsequently accepted the appointment of minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary from the Hawaiian government to the courts of Europe, and in this capacity negotiated treaties with Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Switzerland.Bowring was an accomplished polyglot and claimed he knew 200 languages of which he could speak 100. Many of his contemporaries and subsequent biographers thought otherwise. His chief literary work was the translation of the folk-songs of most European nations, although he also wrote original poems and hymns, and books or pamphlets on political and economic subjects. The first fruits of his study of foreign literature appeared in "Specimens of the Russian Poets" (1821–1823). These were followed by "Batavian Anthology" (1824), "Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain" (1824), "Specimens of the Polish Poets", and "Serbian Popular Poetry", both in 1827, and "Poetry of the Magyars" (1830).Bowring's 88 published hymns include "God is love: his mercy brightens", "In the Cross of Christ I glory", and "Watchman, tell us of the night"."In the Cross" and "Watchman", both from his privately published collection "Hymns" (1825), are still used in many churches. The American composer Charles Ives used part of "Watchman, Tell Us of the Night" in the opening movement of his Fourth Symphony.Selected publications: Bowring married twice. By his first wife, Maria (1793/94–1858), whom he married in 1818 after moving to London, he had five sons and four daughters (Maria, John, Frederick, Lewin, Edgar, Charles, Edith, Emily, and Gertrude). She died in September 1858, a victim of the arsenic poisoning of the bread supply in Hong Kong during the Second Opium War sparked by her husband.Bowring married his second wife, Deborah Castle (1816–1902), in 1860; they had no children. Deborah, Lady Bowring died in Exeter in July 1902. She was a prominent Unitarian Christian and supporter of the women's suffrage movement.John Bowring died on 23 November 1872, aged 80.Bowring is credited with popularising Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Kubla Khan or a Vision in a Dream" which had been disparaged by the critics and discarded soon after first publication.In the mid-19th century a district of the Llynfi Valley, Glamorgan, south Wales was known as Bowrington as it was built up when John Bowring was chairman of the local iron company. Bowring's ironworks community later became part of the Maesteg Urban District. The name was revived in the 1980s when a shopping development in Maesteg was called the Bowrington Arcade.Bowring Road, Ramsey, Isle of Man, was named for him in appreciation of his support of universal suffrage for the House of Keys and his efforts to liberalise trade with the island.As the 4th Governor, several places in Hong Kong came to be named after him:He was also responsible for the establishment of the Botanic Gardens in Hong Kong, the most indelible mark he made on the colony.Two species of lizards, "Hemidactylus bowringii" and "Subdoluseps bowringii", are named in honour of either John Bowring or his son John Charles Bowring.Actress Susannah York was the great-great-granddaughter of Bowring.Journalist and historian Philip Bowring is a descendant of Bowring's great uncle Nathaniel. He is a crucial source here, as author of less-than-whole-life biography "Free Trade's First Missionary".
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[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
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Which position did John Bowring hold in 10/06/1857?
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June 10, 1857
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{
"text": [
"Governor of Hong Kong"
]
}
|
L2_Q332508_P39_3
|
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Bowring holds the position of Governor of Hong Kong from Apr, 1854 to Sep, 1859.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jan, 1849.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
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John BowringSir John Bowring (Chinese translated name: 寶寧, 寶靈 (for Mandarin speakers) or 包令 (for Cantonese)) (Thai: พระยาสยามมานุกูลกิจ สยามมิตรมหายศ) (17 October 1792 – 23 November 1872) was an English political economist, traveller, writer, literary translator, polyglot and the fourth Governor of Hong Kong.Bowring was born in Exeter of Charles Bowring (1769–1856), a wool merchant whose main market was China, from an old Unitarian family, and Sarah Jane Anne (d. 1828), the daughter of Thomas Lane, vicar of St Ives, Cornwall. His last formal education was at a Unitarian school in Moretonhampstead and he started work in his father's business at age 13. Bowring at one stage wished to become a Unitarian minister. Espousal of Unitarian faith was illegal in Britain until Bowring had turned 21.Bowring acquired first experiences in trade as a contract provider to the British army during the Peninsular War in the early 1810s, initially for four years from 1811 as a clerk at Milford & Co. where he began picking up a variety of languages. His experiences in Spain fed a healthy skepticism towards the administrative capabilities of the British military. He travelled extensively and was imprisoned in Boulogne-sur-Mer for six weeks in 1822 for suspected spying (though merely carrying papers for the Portuguese envoy to Paris).He incorporated Bowring & Co. with a partner in 1818 to sell herrings to Spain (including Gibraltar by a subsidiary) and France and to buy wine from Spain. It was during this period that he came to know Jeremy Bentham, and later became his friend. He did not, however, share Bentham's contempt for "belles lettres". He was a diligent student of literature and foreign languages, especially those of Eastern Europe. He somehow found time to write 88 hymns during this time, most published between 1823 and 1825.Failure of his business in 1827, amidst his Greek revolution financing adventure, left him reliant on Bentham's charity and seeking a new, literary direction. Bentham's personal secretary at the time, John Neal, labeled Bowring a "meddling, gossiping, sly, and treacherous man" and charged him with deceiving investors in his Greek adventure and mismanaging Bentham's funds for Bowring's own prestige with the "Westminster Review" and an early public gymnasium.Bowring had begun contributing to the newly founded "Westminster Review" and had been appointed its editor by Bentham in 1825. By his contributions to the "Review" he attained considerable repute as a political economist and parliamentary reformer. He advocated in its pages the cause of free trade long before it was popularized by Richard Cobden and John Bright, co-founders of the Anti-Corn Law League in Manchester in 1838.He pleaded earnestly on behalf of parliamentary reform, Catholic emancipation, and popular education. Bentham failed in an attempt to have Bowring appointed professor of English or History at University College London in 1827 but, after Bowring visited the Netherlands in 1828, the University of Groningen conferred on him the degree of doctor of laws in February the next year for his "Sketches of the Language and Literature of Holland." In 1830, he was in Denmark, preparing for the publication of a collection of Scandinavian poetry. As a member of the 1831 Royal Commission, he advocated strict parliamentary control on public expenditure, and considered the ensuing reform one of his main achievements. Till 1832, he was Foreign Secretary of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association.Bowring was appointed Jeremy Bentham's literary executor a week before the latter's 1832 death in his arms, and was charged with the task of preparing a collected edition of his works. The appointment was challenged by a nephew but Bowring prevailed in court. The work appeared in eleven volumes in 1843, notably omitting Bentham's most controversial works on female sexuality and homosexuality.Free trade took on the dimensions of faith to Bowring who, in 1841, quipped, "Jesus Christ is free trade and free trade is Jesus Christ", adding, in response to consternation at the proposition, that it was "intimitely associated with religious truth and the exercise of religious principles".Through Bentham connections and in spite of his radicalism, Bowring was appointed to carry out investigations of the national accounting systems of the Netherlands and France in 1832 by the government and House of Commons, respectively. The mark left by his work in France was not welcomed by all; as one commentator remarked,Yet his work was so highly regarded by the Whig government that he was then appointed secretary of the Royal Commission on the Public Accounts. He had made his name as something of an expert on government accounting. He stood the same year for the newly created industrial constituency of Blackburn but was unsuccessful.In 1835, Bowring entered parliament as member for Kilmarnock Burghs; and in the following year he was appointed head of a government commission to be sent to France to inquire into the actual state of commerce between the two countries. After losing his seat in 1837, he was busied in further economic investigations in Egypt, Syria, Switzerland, Italy, and some of the states in Imperial Germany. The results of these missions appeared in a series of reports laid before the House of Commons and even a paper delivered to the British Association of Science with his observations on containment of the plague in the Levant. He also spoke out passionately for equal rights for women and the abolition of slavery.On a still narrow, landed constituency, Bowring, campaigning on a radical and, to Marx and Engels, inconsistent platform of free trade and Chartism, secured a seat in parliament in 1841, as member for Bolton, perhaps England's constituency most affected by industrial upheaval and riven by deep social unrest bordering on revolution. In the House, he campaigned for free trade, adoption of the Charter, repeal of the Corn Laws, improved administration of the Poor Law, open borders, abolition of the death penalty, and an end to flogging in the Army and payments to Church of England prelates.During this busy period he found leisure for literature, and published in 1843 a translation of the "Manuscript of the Queen's Court", a collection of Czech medieval poetry, later considered false by Czech poet Václav Hanka. In 1846 he became President of the Mazzinian People's International League.Without inherited wealth, or salary as MP for Bolton, Bowring sought to sustain his political career by investing heavily in the south Wales iron industry from 1843. Following huge demand for iron rails brought about by parliament's approval of massive railway building from 1844 to 1846, Bowring led a small group of wealthy London merchants and bankers as Chairman of the Llynvi Iron Company and established a large integrated ironworks at Maesteg in Glamorgan during 1845–46. He installed his brother, Charles, as Resident Director and lost no time in naming the district around his ironworks, Bowrington. He gained a reputation in the Maesteg district as an enlightened employer, one contemporary commenting that 'he gave the poor their rights and carried away their blessing'.In 1845 he became Chairman of the London and Blackwall Railway, the world's first steam-powered urban passenger railway and the precursor of the whole London Rail system.Bowring distinguished himself as an advocate of decimal currency. On 27 April 1847, he addressed the House of Commons on the merits of decimalisation. He agreed to a compromise that directly led to the issue of the florin (one-tenth of a pound sterling), introduced as a first step in 1848 and more generally in 1849. He lost his seat in 1849 but went on to publish a work entitled "The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins and Accounts" in 1854.The trade depression of the late 1840s caused the failure of his venture in south Wales in 1848 and wiped out his capital, forcing Bowring into paid employment. His business failure led directly to his acceptance of Palmerston's offer of the consulship at Canton.By 1847, Bowring had assembled an impressive array of credentials: honorary diplomas from universities in Holland and Italy, fellowships of the Linnaean Society of London and Paris, the Historical Institute of the Scandinavian and Icelandic Societies, the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, the Royal Society of Hungary, the Royal Society of Copenhagen, and of the Frisian and Athenian Societies. Numerous translations and works on foreign languages, politics and economy had been published. His zeal in Parliament and standing as a literary man were well known.In 1849, he was appointed British consul at Canton (today's Guangzhou), and superintendent of trade in China. Arriving on HMS "Medea" on 12 April 1849, he took up the post in which he was to remain for four years the next day. His son John Charles had preceded him to China, arriving in Hong Kong in 1842, had been appointed Justice of the Peace and was at one point a partner in Jardines.Bowring was quickly appalled by endemic corruption and frustrated by finding himself powerless in the face of Chinese breaches of the Treaty of Nanking and refusal to receive him at the diplomatic level or permit him to travel to Peking, and by his being subordinate to the Governor of Hong Kong who knew nothing of his difficulties.For almost a year from 1852 to 1853, he acted as Britain's Plenipotentiary and Superintendent of Trade and Governor of Hong Kong in the absence on leave of Sir George Bonham, who he was later to succeed.Bowring was instrumental in the formation in 1855 of the Board of Inspectors established under the Qing Customs House, operated by the British to gather statistics on trade on behalf of the Qing government and, later, as the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, to collect all customs duties, a vital reform which brought an end to the corruption of government officials and led modernisation of China's international trade. Concerned for the welfare of coolies being exported to Australia, California, Cuba and the West Indies, and disturbed by the coolie revolt in Amoy in May 1852, Bowring tightened enforcement of the Passenger Act so as to improve coolie transportation conditions and ensure their voluntariness.The newly knighted Bowring received his appointment as Governor of Hong Kong and her Majesty's Plenipotentiary and Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China on 10 January 1854. He arrived in Hong Kong and was sworn in on 13 April 1854, in the midst of the Taiping Rebellion occupying the attentions of his primary protagonists and the Crimean War distracting his masters. He was appointed over strong objections from opponents in London. Fellow Unitarian Harriet Martineau had warned that Bowring was "no fit representative of Government, and no safe guardian of British interests", that he was dangerous and would lead Britain into war with China, and that he should be recalled. Her pleas went unheeded.Bowring was an extremely industrious reformist governor. He allowed the Chinese citizens in Hong Kong to serve as jurors in trials and become lawyers. He is credited with establishing Hong Kong's first commercial public water supply system. He developed the eastern Wan Chai area at a river mouth near Happy Valley and Victoria Harbour by elongating the river as a canal, the area being named Bowring City (Bowrington). By instituting the Buildings and Nuisances Ordinance, No. 8 of 1856, in the face of stiff opposition, Bowring ensured the safer design of all future construction projects in the colony. He sought to abolish monopolies.Bowring was impressed by the yawning gulf of misunderstanding between the expatriate and Chinese communities, writing, "We rule them in ignorance and they submit in blindness." Notwithstanding, in 1856, Bowring went so far as to attempt democratic reform. He proposed that the constitution of the Legislative Council be changed to increase membership to 13 members, of whom five be elected by landowners enjoying rents exceeding 10 pounds, but this was rejected by Henry Labouchère of the Colonial Office on the basis that Chinese residents were "deficient in the essential elements of morality on which social order rests". The constituency would only have amounted to 141 qualified electors, in any event.He was equally impressed by the dearth of expenditure on education, noting that 70 times more was provided for policing than for instruction of the populace, so he rapidly brought in an inspectorate of schools, training for teachers and opening of schools. Student number increased nearly ten-fold.He became embroiled in numerous conflicts and disputes, not least of which was a struggle for dominance with Lieutenant Governor William Caine, which went all the way back to the Colonial Office for resolution. He won. He was faulted for failing to prevent a scandalous action in slander, in 1856, by the assistant magistrate W. H. Mitchell against his attorney-general T. Chisholm Anstey over what was essentially a misapprehension of fact but which was thought "unique in all the scandals of modern government of the Colonies or of English Course of Justice".A Qing-sponsored campaign of civil disruption, threatening the very survival of the British administration, culminated in the arsenic poisoning incident of 15 January 1857 in which 10 pounds of arsenic was mixed in the flour of the colony's principal bakery, poisoning many hundreds, killing Bowring's wife and debilitating him for at least a year. This was a turning point for Bowring who, cornered, all but abandoned his liberality in favour of sharply curtailed civil liberties. He bemoaned:It is a perplexing position to know that a price is set on our heads, that our servants cannot be trusted, that a premium is offered to any incendiary who will set fire to our dwellings, to any murderer who will poison or destroy us. ... We have many grievances to redress, and I will try to redress them; many securities to obtain, and I mean to obtain them. ... many unfortunate wretches of all nations (as the hatred of the Chinese is indiscriminating) have been seized, decaptitated; and their heads have been exposed on the walls of Canton, their assailants having been largely rewarded; ... All this is sufficiently horrible ... we shall exact indemnities for the past, and obtain securities for the future. We shall not crouch before assassination and incendiarism ... I did all that depended upon me to promote conciliation and establish peace. ... but every effort I made was treated with scorn and repulsion. The forbearance with which the Chinese have been treated has been wholly misunderstood by them, and attributed to our apprehensions of their great power, and awe of the majesty of the 'Son of Heaven'. So they have disregarded the most solemn engagements of treaties, and looked upon us as 'barbarians,' ... I doubt not that Government, Parliament, and public opinion will go with us in this great struggle, ...In 1855, Bowring experienced a reception in Siam that could not have stood in starker contrast to Peking's constant intransigence. He was welcomed like foreign royalty, showered with pomp (including a 21-gun salute), and his determination to forge a trade accord was met with the open-minded and intelligent interest of King Mongkut. Negotiations were buoyed by the cordiality between Mongkut and Bowring and an agreement was reached on 17 April 1855, now commonly referred to as the Bowring Treaty. Bowring held Mongkut in high regard and that the feeling was mutual and enduring was confirmed by his 1867 appointment as Siam's ambassador to the courts of Europe. Bowring's delight in this "remarkable" monarch has been seen by at least one commentator as a possible encouragement to his frustration with Peking and rash handling of the "Arrow" affair.In October 1856, a dispute broke out with the Canton vice-consul Ye over the Chinese crew of a small British-flagged trading vessel, the "Arrow". Bowring saw the argument as an opportunity to wring from the Chinese the free access to Canton which had been promised in the Treaty of Nanking but so far denied. The irritation caused by his "spirited" or high-handed policy led to the Second Opium War (1856–1860). Martineau put the war down to the "incompetence and self-seeking rashness of one vain man".It was under Bowring that the colony's first ever bilingual English-Chinese law, "An Ordinance for licensing and regulating the sale of prepared opium" (Ordinance No. 2 of 1858), appeared on its statute books.In April the same year, Bowring was the subject of scandal when the case of criminal libel against the editor of the "Daily Press", Yorick J Murrow, came to trial. Murrow had written of Bowring's having taken numerous steps to favour the trade of his son's firm, Messrs Jardine, Matheson & Co., enriching it as a result. Murrow, having been found guilty by the jury, emerged from six months' imprisonment to take up precisely where he left off, vilifying Bowring from his press. The scandal was rekindled in December when Murrow brought an ultimately unsuccessful suit in damages against Bowring in connection with his imprisonment.A commission of inquiry into accusations of corruption, operating brothels and associating with leading underworld figures laid by Attorney-General Anstey against Registrar-General Daniel R Caldwell scandalised the administration. During the course of its proceedings Anstey had opportunity to viciously accuse William Thomas Bridges, one-time acting Attorney-General and constant favourite of Bowring, for receiving stolen goods under the guise of running a money-lending operation from the ground floor of his residence, collecting debts at extortionate rates. The charges found unproved, Caldwell was exonerated and Anstey suspended, and Bridges later to be appointed acting Colonial Secretary by Bowring, but suspicions remained and Bowring's administration had been ruined.In mourning for the recent loss of his wife to the arsenic poisoning, Bowring made an official tour of the Philippines, sailing on the steam-powered paddle frigate "Magicienne" on 29 November 1858, returning seven weeks later.Stripped of his diplomatic and trade powers, weakened by the effects of the arsenic, and seeing his administration torn apart by anti-corruption inquiries in a campaign launched by him, Bowring's work in Hong Kong ended in May 1859. His parting sentiment was that "a year of great embarrassment ... unhappy misunderstandings among officials, fomented by passionate partisanship and by a reckless and slanderous press, made the conduct of public affairs one of extreme difficulty." He plunged into writing a 434-page account of his Philippines sojourn which was published the same year.His last employment by the British government was as a commissioner to Italy in 1861, to report on British commercial relations with the new kingdom. Bowring subsequently accepted the appointment of minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary from the Hawaiian government to the courts of Europe, and in this capacity negotiated treaties with Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Switzerland.Bowring was an accomplished polyglot and claimed he knew 200 languages of which he could speak 100. Many of his contemporaries and subsequent biographers thought otherwise. His chief literary work was the translation of the folk-songs of most European nations, although he also wrote original poems and hymns, and books or pamphlets on political and economic subjects. The first fruits of his study of foreign literature appeared in "Specimens of the Russian Poets" (1821–1823). These were followed by "Batavian Anthology" (1824), "Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain" (1824), "Specimens of the Polish Poets", and "Serbian Popular Poetry", both in 1827, and "Poetry of the Magyars" (1830).Bowring's 88 published hymns include "God is love: his mercy brightens", "In the Cross of Christ I glory", and "Watchman, tell us of the night"."In the Cross" and "Watchman", both from his privately published collection "Hymns" (1825), are still used in many churches. The American composer Charles Ives used part of "Watchman, Tell Us of the Night" in the opening movement of his Fourth Symphony.Selected publications: Bowring married twice. By his first wife, Maria (1793/94–1858), whom he married in 1818 after moving to London, he had five sons and four daughters (Maria, John, Frederick, Lewin, Edgar, Charles, Edith, Emily, and Gertrude). She died in September 1858, a victim of the arsenic poisoning of the bread supply in Hong Kong during the Second Opium War sparked by her husband.Bowring married his second wife, Deborah Castle (1816–1902), in 1860; they had no children. Deborah, Lady Bowring died in Exeter in July 1902. She was a prominent Unitarian Christian and supporter of the women's suffrage movement.John Bowring died on 23 November 1872, aged 80.Bowring is credited with popularising Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Kubla Khan or a Vision in a Dream" which had been disparaged by the critics and discarded soon after first publication.In the mid-19th century a district of the Llynfi Valley, Glamorgan, south Wales was known as Bowrington as it was built up when John Bowring was chairman of the local iron company. Bowring's ironworks community later became part of the Maesteg Urban District. The name was revived in the 1980s when a shopping development in Maesteg was called the Bowrington Arcade.Bowring Road, Ramsey, Isle of Man, was named for him in appreciation of his support of universal suffrage for the House of Keys and his efforts to liberalise trade with the island.As the 4th Governor, several places in Hong Kong came to be named after him:He was also responsible for the establishment of the Botanic Gardens in Hong Kong, the most indelible mark he made on the colony.Two species of lizards, "Hemidactylus bowringii" and "Subdoluseps bowringii", are named in honour of either John Bowring or his son John Charles Bowring.Actress Susannah York was the great-great-granddaughter of Bowring.Journalist and historian Philip Bowring is a descendant of Bowring's great uncle Nathaniel. He is a crucial source here, as author of less-than-whole-life biography "Free Trade's First Missionary".
|
[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did John Bowring hold in Jun 10, 1857?
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June 10, 1857
|
{
"text": [
"Governor of Hong Kong"
]
}
|
L2_Q332508_P39_3
|
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Bowring holds the position of Governor of Hong Kong from Apr, 1854 to Sep, 1859.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jan, 1849.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
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John BowringSir John Bowring (Chinese translated name: 寶寧, 寶靈 (for Mandarin speakers) or 包令 (for Cantonese)) (Thai: พระยาสยามมานุกูลกิจ สยามมิตรมหายศ) (17 October 1792 – 23 November 1872) was an English political economist, traveller, writer, literary translator, polyglot and the fourth Governor of Hong Kong.Bowring was born in Exeter of Charles Bowring (1769–1856), a wool merchant whose main market was China, from an old Unitarian family, and Sarah Jane Anne (d. 1828), the daughter of Thomas Lane, vicar of St Ives, Cornwall. His last formal education was at a Unitarian school in Moretonhampstead and he started work in his father's business at age 13. Bowring at one stage wished to become a Unitarian minister. Espousal of Unitarian faith was illegal in Britain until Bowring had turned 21.Bowring acquired first experiences in trade as a contract provider to the British army during the Peninsular War in the early 1810s, initially for four years from 1811 as a clerk at Milford & Co. where he began picking up a variety of languages. His experiences in Spain fed a healthy skepticism towards the administrative capabilities of the British military. He travelled extensively and was imprisoned in Boulogne-sur-Mer for six weeks in 1822 for suspected spying (though merely carrying papers for the Portuguese envoy to Paris).He incorporated Bowring & Co. with a partner in 1818 to sell herrings to Spain (including Gibraltar by a subsidiary) and France and to buy wine from Spain. It was during this period that he came to know Jeremy Bentham, and later became his friend. He did not, however, share Bentham's contempt for "belles lettres". He was a diligent student of literature and foreign languages, especially those of Eastern Europe. He somehow found time to write 88 hymns during this time, most published between 1823 and 1825.Failure of his business in 1827, amidst his Greek revolution financing adventure, left him reliant on Bentham's charity and seeking a new, literary direction. Bentham's personal secretary at the time, John Neal, labeled Bowring a "meddling, gossiping, sly, and treacherous man" and charged him with deceiving investors in his Greek adventure and mismanaging Bentham's funds for Bowring's own prestige with the "Westminster Review" and an early public gymnasium.Bowring had begun contributing to the newly founded "Westminster Review" and had been appointed its editor by Bentham in 1825. By his contributions to the "Review" he attained considerable repute as a political economist and parliamentary reformer. He advocated in its pages the cause of free trade long before it was popularized by Richard Cobden and John Bright, co-founders of the Anti-Corn Law League in Manchester in 1838.He pleaded earnestly on behalf of parliamentary reform, Catholic emancipation, and popular education. Bentham failed in an attempt to have Bowring appointed professor of English or History at University College London in 1827 but, after Bowring visited the Netherlands in 1828, the University of Groningen conferred on him the degree of doctor of laws in February the next year for his "Sketches of the Language and Literature of Holland." In 1830, he was in Denmark, preparing for the publication of a collection of Scandinavian poetry. As a member of the 1831 Royal Commission, he advocated strict parliamentary control on public expenditure, and considered the ensuing reform one of his main achievements. Till 1832, he was Foreign Secretary of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association.Bowring was appointed Jeremy Bentham's literary executor a week before the latter's 1832 death in his arms, and was charged with the task of preparing a collected edition of his works. The appointment was challenged by a nephew but Bowring prevailed in court. The work appeared in eleven volumes in 1843, notably omitting Bentham's most controversial works on female sexuality and homosexuality.Free trade took on the dimensions of faith to Bowring who, in 1841, quipped, "Jesus Christ is free trade and free trade is Jesus Christ", adding, in response to consternation at the proposition, that it was "intimitely associated with religious truth and the exercise of religious principles".Through Bentham connections and in spite of his radicalism, Bowring was appointed to carry out investigations of the national accounting systems of the Netherlands and France in 1832 by the government and House of Commons, respectively. The mark left by his work in France was not welcomed by all; as one commentator remarked,Yet his work was so highly regarded by the Whig government that he was then appointed secretary of the Royal Commission on the Public Accounts. He had made his name as something of an expert on government accounting. He stood the same year for the newly created industrial constituency of Blackburn but was unsuccessful.In 1835, Bowring entered parliament as member for Kilmarnock Burghs; and in the following year he was appointed head of a government commission to be sent to France to inquire into the actual state of commerce between the two countries. After losing his seat in 1837, he was busied in further economic investigations in Egypt, Syria, Switzerland, Italy, and some of the states in Imperial Germany. The results of these missions appeared in a series of reports laid before the House of Commons and even a paper delivered to the British Association of Science with his observations on containment of the plague in the Levant. He also spoke out passionately for equal rights for women and the abolition of slavery.On a still narrow, landed constituency, Bowring, campaigning on a radical and, to Marx and Engels, inconsistent platform of free trade and Chartism, secured a seat in parliament in 1841, as member for Bolton, perhaps England's constituency most affected by industrial upheaval and riven by deep social unrest bordering on revolution. In the House, he campaigned for free trade, adoption of the Charter, repeal of the Corn Laws, improved administration of the Poor Law, open borders, abolition of the death penalty, and an end to flogging in the Army and payments to Church of England prelates.During this busy period he found leisure for literature, and published in 1843 a translation of the "Manuscript of the Queen's Court", a collection of Czech medieval poetry, later considered false by Czech poet Václav Hanka. In 1846 he became President of the Mazzinian People's International League.Without inherited wealth, or salary as MP for Bolton, Bowring sought to sustain his political career by investing heavily in the south Wales iron industry from 1843. Following huge demand for iron rails brought about by parliament's approval of massive railway building from 1844 to 1846, Bowring led a small group of wealthy London merchants and bankers as Chairman of the Llynvi Iron Company and established a large integrated ironworks at Maesteg in Glamorgan during 1845–46. He installed his brother, Charles, as Resident Director and lost no time in naming the district around his ironworks, Bowrington. He gained a reputation in the Maesteg district as an enlightened employer, one contemporary commenting that 'he gave the poor their rights and carried away their blessing'.In 1845 he became Chairman of the London and Blackwall Railway, the world's first steam-powered urban passenger railway and the precursor of the whole London Rail system.Bowring distinguished himself as an advocate of decimal currency. On 27 April 1847, he addressed the House of Commons on the merits of decimalisation. He agreed to a compromise that directly led to the issue of the florin (one-tenth of a pound sterling), introduced as a first step in 1848 and more generally in 1849. He lost his seat in 1849 but went on to publish a work entitled "The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins and Accounts" in 1854.The trade depression of the late 1840s caused the failure of his venture in south Wales in 1848 and wiped out his capital, forcing Bowring into paid employment. His business failure led directly to his acceptance of Palmerston's offer of the consulship at Canton.By 1847, Bowring had assembled an impressive array of credentials: honorary diplomas from universities in Holland and Italy, fellowships of the Linnaean Society of London and Paris, the Historical Institute of the Scandinavian and Icelandic Societies, the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, the Royal Society of Hungary, the Royal Society of Copenhagen, and of the Frisian and Athenian Societies. Numerous translations and works on foreign languages, politics and economy had been published. His zeal in Parliament and standing as a literary man were well known.In 1849, he was appointed British consul at Canton (today's Guangzhou), and superintendent of trade in China. Arriving on HMS "Medea" on 12 April 1849, he took up the post in which he was to remain for four years the next day. His son John Charles had preceded him to China, arriving in Hong Kong in 1842, had been appointed Justice of the Peace and was at one point a partner in Jardines.Bowring was quickly appalled by endemic corruption and frustrated by finding himself powerless in the face of Chinese breaches of the Treaty of Nanking and refusal to receive him at the diplomatic level or permit him to travel to Peking, and by his being subordinate to the Governor of Hong Kong who knew nothing of his difficulties.For almost a year from 1852 to 1853, he acted as Britain's Plenipotentiary and Superintendent of Trade and Governor of Hong Kong in the absence on leave of Sir George Bonham, who he was later to succeed.Bowring was instrumental in the formation in 1855 of the Board of Inspectors established under the Qing Customs House, operated by the British to gather statistics on trade on behalf of the Qing government and, later, as the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, to collect all customs duties, a vital reform which brought an end to the corruption of government officials and led modernisation of China's international trade. Concerned for the welfare of coolies being exported to Australia, California, Cuba and the West Indies, and disturbed by the coolie revolt in Amoy in May 1852, Bowring tightened enforcement of the Passenger Act so as to improve coolie transportation conditions and ensure their voluntariness.The newly knighted Bowring received his appointment as Governor of Hong Kong and her Majesty's Plenipotentiary and Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China on 10 January 1854. He arrived in Hong Kong and was sworn in on 13 April 1854, in the midst of the Taiping Rebellion occupying the attentions of his primary protagonists and the Crimean War distracting his masters. He was appointed over strong objections from opponents in London. Fellow Unitarian Harriet Martineau had warned that Bowring was "no fit representative of Government, and no safe guardian of British interests", that he was dangerous and would lead Britain into war with China, and that he should be recalled. Her pleas went unheeded.Bowring was an extremely industrious reformist governor. He allowed the Chinese citizens in Hong Kong to serve as jurors in trials and become lawyers. He is credited with establishing Hong Kong's first commercial public water supply system. He developed the eastern Wan Chai area at a river mouth near Happy Valley and Victoria Harbour by elongating the river as a canal, the area being named Bowring City (Bowrington). By instituting the Buildings and Nuisances Ordinance, No. 8 of 1856, in the face of stiff opposition, Bowring ensured the safer design of all future construction projects in the colony. He sought to abolish monopolies.Bowring was impressed by the yawning gulf of misunderstanding between the expatriate and Chinese communities, writing, "We rule them in ignorance and they submit in blindness." Notwithstanding, in 1856, Bowring went so far as to attempt democratic reform. He proposed that the constitution of the Legislative Council be changed to increase membership to 13 members, of whom five be elected by landowners enjoying rents exceeding 10 pounds, but this was rejected by Henry Labouchère of the Colonial Office on the basis that Chinese residents were "deficient in the essential elements of morality on which social order rests". The constituency would only have amounted to 141 qualified electors, in any event.He was equally impressed by the dearth of expenditure on education, noting that 70 times more was provided for policing than for instruction of the populace, so he rapidly brought in an inspectorate of schools, training for teachers and opening of schools. Student number increased nearly ten-fold.He became embroiled in numerous conflicts and disputes, not least of which was a struggle for dominance with Lieutenant Governor William Caine, which went all the way back to the Colonial Office for resolution. He won. He was faulted for failing to prevent a scandalous action in slander, in 1856, by the assistant magistrate W. H. Mitchell against his attorney-general T. Chisholm Anstey over what was essentially a misapprehension of fact but which was thought "unique in all the scandals of modern government of the Colonies or of English Course of Justice".A Qing-sponsored campaign of civil disruption, threatening the very survival of the British administration, culminated in the arsenic poisoning incident of 15 January 1857 in which 10 pounds of arsenic was mixed in the flour of the colony's principal bakery, poisoning many hundreds, killing Bowring's wife and debilitating him for at least a year. This was a turning point for Bowring who, cornered, all but abandoned his liberality in favour of sharply curtailed civil liberties. He bemoaned:It is a perplexing position to know that a price is set on our heads, that our servants cannot be trusted, that a premium is offered to any incendiary who will set fire to our dwellings, to any murderer who will poison or destroy us. ... We have many grievances to redress, and I will try to redress them; many securities to obtain, and I mean to obtain them. ... many unfortunate wretches of all nations (as the hatred of the Chinese is indiscriminating) have been seized, decaptitated; and their heads have been exposed on the walls of Canton, their assailants having been largely rewarded; ... All this is sufficiently horrible ... we shall exact indemnities for the past, and obtain securities for the future. We shall not crouch before assassination and incendiarism ... I did all that depended upon me to promote conciliation and establish peace. ... but every effort I made was treated with scorn and repulsion. The forbearance with which the Chinese have been treated has been wholly misunderstood by them, and attributed to our apprehensions of their great power, and awe of the majesty of the 'Son of Heaven'. So they have disregarded the most solemn engagements of treaties, and looked upon us as 'barbarians,' ... I doubt not that Government, Parliament, and public opinion will go with us in this great struggle, ...In 1855, Bowring experienced a reception in Siam that could not have stood in starker contrast to Peking's constant intransigence. He was welcomed like foreign royalty, showered with pomp (including a 21-gun salute), and his determination to forge a trade accord was met with the open-minded and intelligent interest of King Mongkut. Negotiations were buoyed by the cordiality between Mongkut and Bowring and an agreement was reached on 17 April 1855, now commonly referred to as the Bowring Treaty. Bowring held Mongkut in high regard and that the feeling was mutual and enduring was confirmed by his 1867 appointment as Siam's ambassador to the courts of Europe. Bowring's delight in this "remarkable" monarch has been seen by at least one commentator as a possible encouragement to his frustration with Peking and rash handling of the "Arrow" affair.In October 1856, a dispute broke out with the Canton vice-consul Ye over the Chinese crew of a small British-flagged trading vessel, the "Arrow". Bowring saw the argument as an opportunity to wring from the Chinese the free access to Canton which had been promised in the Treaty of Nanking but so far denied. The irritation caused by his "spirited" or high-handed policy led to the Second Opium War (1856–1860). Martineau put the war down to the "incompetence and self-seeking rashness of one vain man".It was under Bowring that the colony's first ever bilingual English-Chinese law, "An Ordinance for licensing and regulating the sale of prepared opium" (Ordinance No. 2 of 1858), appeared on its statute books.In April the same year, Bowring was the subject of scandal when the case of criminal libel against the editor of the "Daily Press", Yorick J Murrow, came to trial. Murrow had written of Bowring's having taken numerous steps to favour the trade of his son's firm, Messrs Jardine, Matheson & Co., enriching it as a result. Murrow, having been found guilty by the jury, emerged from six months' imprisonment to take up precisely where he left off, vilifying Bowring from his press. The scandal was rekindled in December when Murrow brought an ultimately unsuccessful suit in damages against Bowring in connection with his imprisonment.A commission of inquiry into accusations of corruption, operating brothels and associating with leading underworld figures laid by Attorney-General Anstey against Registrar-General Daniel R Caldwell scandalised the administration. During the course of its proceedings Anstey had opportunity to viciously accuse William Thomas Bridges, one-time acting Attorney-General and constant favourite of Bowring, for receiving stolen goods under the guise of running a money-lending operation from the ground floor of his residence, collecting debts at extortionate rates. The charges found unproved, Caldwell was exonerated and Anstey suspended, and Bridges later to be appointed acting Colonial Secretary by Bowring, but suspicions remained and Bowring's administration had been ruined.In mourning for the recent loss of his wife to the arsenic poisoning, Bowring made an official tour of the Philippines, sailing on the steam-powered paddle frigate "Magicienne" on 29 November 1858, returning seven weeks later.Stripped of his diplomatic and trade powers, weakened by the effects of the arsenic, and seeing his administration torn apart by anti-corruption inquiries in a campaign launched by him, Bowring's work in Hong Kong ended in May 1859. His parting sentiment was that "a year of great embarrassment ... unhappy misunderstandings among officials, fomented by passionate partisanship and by a reckless and slanderous press, made the conduct of public affairs one of extreme difficulty." He plunged into writing a 434-page account of his Philippines sojourn which was published the same year.His last employment by the British government was as a commissioner to Italy in 1861, to report on British commercial relations with the new kingdom. Bowring subsequently accepted the appointment of minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary from the Hawaiian government to the courts of Europe, and in this capacity negotiated treaties with Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Switzerland.Bowring was an accomplished polyglot and claimed he knew 200 languages of which he could speak 100. Many of his contemporaries and subsequent biographers thought otherwise. His chief literary work was the translation of the folk-songs of most European nations, although he also wrote original poems and hymns, and books or pamphlets on political and economic subjects. The first fruits of his study of foreign literature appeared in "Specimens of the Russian Poets" (1821–1823). These were followed by "Batavian Anthology" (1824), "Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain" (1824), "Specimens of the Polish Poets", and "Serbian Popular Poetry", both in 1827, and "Poetry of the Magyars" (1830).Bowring's 88 published hymns include "God is love: his mercy brightens", "In the Cross of Christ I glory", and "Watchman, tell us of the night"."In the Cross" and "Watchman", both from his privately published collection "Hymns" (1825), are still used in many churches. The American composer Charles Ives used part of "Watchman, Tell Us of the Night" in the opening movement of his Fourth Symphony.Selected publications: Bowring married twice. By his first wife, Maria (1793/94–1858), whom he married in 1818 after moving to London, he had five sons and four daughters (Maria, John, Frederick, Lewin, Edgar, Charles, Edith, Emily, and Gertrude). She died in September 1858, a victim of the arsenic poisoning of the bread supply in Hong Kong during the Second Opium War sparked by her husband.Bowring married his second wife, Deborah Castle (1816–1902), in 1860; they had no children. Deborah, Lady Bowring died in Exeter in July 1902. She was a prominent Unitarian Christian and supporter of the women's suffrage movement.John Bowring died on 23 November 1872, aged 80.Bowring is credited with popularising Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Kubla Khan or a Vision in a Dream" which had been disparaged by the critics and discarded soon after first publication.In the mid-19th century a district of the Llynfi Valley, Glamorgan, south Wales was known as Bowrington as it was built up when John Bowring was chairman of the local iron company. Bowring's ironworks community later became part of the Maesteg Urban District. The name was revived in the 1980s when a shopping development in Maesteg was called the Bowrington Arcade.Bowring Road, Ramsey, Isle of Man, was named for him in appreciation of his support of universal suffrage for the House of Keys and his efforts to liberalise trade with the island.As the 4th Governor, several places in Hong Kong came to be named after him:He was also responsible for the establishment of the Botanic Gardens in Hong Kong, the most indelible mark he made on the colony.Two species of lizards, "Hemidactylus bowringii" and "Subdoluseps bowringii", are named in honour of either John Bowring or his son John Charles Bowring.Actress Susannah York was the great-great-granddaughter of Bowring.Journalist and historian Philip Bowring is a descendant of Bowring's great uncle Nathaniel. He is a crucial source here, as author of less-than-whole-life biography "Free Trade's First Missionary".
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"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
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Which position did John Bowring hold in 06/10/1857?
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June 10, 1857
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{
"text": [
"Governor of Hong Kong"
]
}
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L2_Q332508_P39_3
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John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Bowring holds the position of Governor of Hong Kong from Apr, 1854 to Sep, 1859.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jan, 1849.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
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John BowringSir John Bowring (Chinese translated name: 寶寧, 寶靈 (for Mandarin speakers) or 包令 (for Cantonese)) (Thai: พระยาสยามมานุกูลกิจ สยามมิตรมหายศ) (17 October 1792 – 23 November 1872) was an English political economist, traveller, writer, literary translator, polyglot and the fourth Governor of Hong Kong.Bowring was born in Exeter of Charles Bowring (1769–1856), a wool merchant whose main market was China, from an old Unitarian family, and Sarah Jane Anne (d. 1828), the daughter of Thomas Lane, vicar of St Ives, Cornwall. His last formal education was at a Unitarian school in Moretonhampstead and he started work in his father's business at age 13. Bowring at one stage wished to become a Unitarian minister. Espousal of Unitarian faith was illegal in Britain until Bowring had turned 21.Bowring acquired first experiences in trade as a contract provider to the British army during the Peninsular War in the early 1810s, initially for four years from 1811 as a clerk at Milford & Co. where he began picking up a variety of languages. His experiences in Spain fed a healthy skepticism towards the administrative capabilities of the British military. He travelled extensively and was imprisoned in Boulogne-sur-Mer for six weeks in 1822 for suspected spying (though merely carrying papers for the Portuguese envoy to Paris).He incorporated Bowring & Co. with a partner in 1818 to sell herrings to Spain (including Gibraltar by a subsidiary) and France and to buy wine from Spain. It was during this period that he came to know Jeremy Bentham, and later became his friend. He did not, however, share Bentham's contempt for "belles lettres". He was a diligent student of literature and foreign languages, especially those of Eastern Europe. He somehow found time to write 88 hymns during this time, most published between 1823 and 1825.Failure of his business in 1827, amidst his Greek revolution financing adventure, left him reliant on Bentham's charity and seeking a new, literary direction. Bentham's personal secretary at the time, John Neal, labeled Bowring a "meddling, gossiping, sly, and treacherous man" and charged him with deceiving investors in his Greek adventure and mismanaging Bentham's funds for Bowring's own prestige with the "Westminster Review" and an early public gymnasium.Bowring had begun contributing to the newly founded "Westminster Review" and had been appointed its editor by Bentham in 1825. By his contributions to the "Review" he attained considerable repute as a political economist and parliamentary reformer. He advocated in its pages the cause of free trade long before it was popularized by Richard Cobden and John Bright, co-founders of the Anti-Corn Law League in Manchester in 1838.He pleaded earnestly on behalf of parliamentary reform, Catholic emancipation, and popular education. Bentham failed in an attempt to have Bowring appointed professor of English or History at University College London in 1827 but, after Bowring visited the Netherlands in 1828, the University of Groningen conferred on him the degree of doctor of laws in February the next year for his "Sketches of the Language and Literature of Holland." In 1830, he was in Denmark, preparing for the publication of a collection of Scandinavian poetry. As a member of the 1831 Royal Commission, he advocated strict parliamentary control on public expenditure, and considered the ensuing reform one of his main achievements. Till 1832, he was Foreign Secretary of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association.Bowring was appointed Jeremy Bentham's literary executor a week before the latter's 1832 death in his arms, and was charged with the task of preparing a collected edition of his works. The appointment was challenged by a nephew but Bowring prevailed in court. The work appeared in eleven volumes in 1843, notably omitting Bentham's most controversial works on female sexuality and homosexuality.Free trade took on the dimensions of faith to Bowring who, in 1841, quipped, "Jesus Christ is free trade and free trade is Jesus Christ", adding, in response to consternation at the proposition, that it was "intimitely associated with religious truth and the exercise of religious principles".Through Bentham connections and in spite of his radicalism, Bowring was appointed to carry out investigations of the national accounting systems of the Netherlands and France in 1832 by the government and House of Commons, respectively. The mark left by his work in France was not welcomed by all; as one commentator remarked,Yet his work was so highly regarded by the Whig government that he was then appointed secretary of the Royal Commission on the Public Accounts. He had made his name as something of an expert on government accounting. He stood the same year for the newly created industrial constituency of Blackburn but was unsuccessful.In 1835, Bowring entered parliament as member for Kilmarnock Burghs; and in the following year he was appointed head of a government commission to be sent to France to inquire into the actual state of commerce between the two countries. After losing his seat in 1837, he was busied in further economic investigations in Egypt, Syria, Switzerland, Italy, and some of the states in Imperial Germany. The results of these missions appeared in a series of reports laid before the House of Commons and even a paper delivered to the British Association of Science with his observations on containment of the plague in the Levant. He also spoke out passionately for equal rights for women and the abolition of slavery.On a still narrow, landed constituency, Bowring, campaigning on a radical and, to Marx and Engels, inconsistent platform of free trade and Chartism, secured a seat in parliament in 1841, as member for Bolton, perhaps England's constituency most affected by industrial upheaval and riven by deep social unrest bordering on revolution. In the House, he campaigned for free trade, adoption of the Charter, repeal of the Corn Laws, improved administration of the Poor Law, open borders, abolition of the death penalty, and an end to flogging in the Army and payments to Church of England prelates.During this busy period he found leisure for literature, and published in 1843 a translation of the "Manuscript of the Queen's Court", a collection of Czech medieval poetry, later considered false by Czech poet Václav Hanka. In 1846 he became President of the Mazzinian People's International League.Without inherited wealth, or salary as MP for Bolton, Bowring sought to sustain his political career by investing heavily in the south Wales iron industry from 1843. Following huge demand for iron rails brought about by parliament's approval of massive railway building from 1844 to 1846, Bowring led a small group of wealthy London merchants and bankers as Chairman of the Llynvi Iron Company and established a large integrated ironworks at Maesteg in Glamorgan during 1845–46. He installed his brother, Charles, as Resident Director and lost no time in naming the district around his ironworks, Bowrington. He gained a reputation in the Maesteg district as an enlightened employer, one contemporary commenting that 'he gave the poor their rights and carried away their blessing'.In 1845 he became Chairman of the London and Blackwall Railway, the world's first steam-powered urban passenger railway and the precursor of the whole London Rail system.Bowring distinguished himself as an advocate of decimal currency. On 27 April 1847, he addressed the House of Commons on the merits of decimalisation. He agreed to a compromise that directly led to the issue of the florin (one-tenth of a pound sterling), introduced as a first step in 1848 and more generally in 1849. He lost his seat in 1849 but went on to publish a work entitled "The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins and Accounts" in 1854.The trade depression of the late 1840s caused the failure of his venture in south Wales in 1848 and wiped out his capital, forcing Bowring into paid employment. His business failure led directly to his acceptance of Palmerston's offer of the consulship at Canton.By 1847, Bowring had assembled an impressive array of credentials: honorary diplomas from universities in Holland and Italy, fellowships of the Linnaean Society of London and Paris, the Historical Institute of the Scandinavian and Icelandic Societies, the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, the Royal Society of Hungary, the Royal Society of Copenhagen, and of the Frisian and Athenian Societies. Numerous translations and works on foreign languages, politics and economy had been published. His zeal in Parliament and standing as a literary man were well known.In 1849, he was appointed British consul at Canton (today's Guangzhou), and superintendent of trade in China. Arriving on HMS "Medea" on 12 April 1849, he took up the post in which he was to remain for four years the next day. His son John Charles had preceded him to China, arriving in Hong Kong in 1842, had been appointed Justice of the Peace and was at one point a partner in Jardines.Bowring was quickly appalled by endemic corruption and frustrated by finding himself powerless in the face of Chinese breaches of the Treaty of Nanking and refusal to receive him at the diplomatic level or permit him to travel to Peking, and by his being subordinate to the Governor of Hong Kong who knew nothing of his difficulties.For almost a year from 1852 to 1853, he acted as Britain's Plenipotentiary and Superintendent of Trade and Governor of Hong Kong in the absence on leave of Sir George Bonham, who he was later to succeed.Bowring was instrumental in the formation in 1855 of the Board of Inspectors established under the Qing Customs House, operated by the British to gather statistics on trade on behalf of the Qing government and, later, as the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, to collect all customs duties, a vital reform which brought an end to the corruption of government officials and led modernisation of China's international trade. Concerned for the welfare of coolies being exported to Australia, California, Cuba and the West Indies, and disturbed by the coolie revolt in Amoy in May 1852, Bowring tightened enforcement of the Passenger Act so as to improve coolie transportation conditions and ensure their voluntariness.The newly knighted Bowring received his appointment as Governor of Hong Kong and her Majesty's Plenipotentiary and Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China on 10 January 1854. He arrived in Hong Kong and was sworn in on 13 April 1854, in the midst of the Taiping Rebellion occupying the attentions of his primary protagonists and the Crimean War distracting his masters. He was appointed over strong objections from opponents in London. Fellow Unitarian Harriet Martineau had warned that Bowring was "no fit representative of Government, and no safe guardian of British interests", that he was dangerous and would lead Britain into war with China, and that he should be recalled. Her pleas went unheeded.Bowring was an extremely industrious reformist governor. He allowed the Chinese citizens in Hong Kong to serve as jurors in trials and become lawyers. He is credited with establishing Hong Kong's first commercial public water supply system. He developed the eastern Wan Chai area at a river mouth near Happy Valley and Victoria Harbour by elongating the river as a canal, the area being named Bowring City (Bowrington). By instituting the Buildings and Nuisances Ordinance, No. 8 of 1856, in the face of stiff opposition, Bowring ensured the safer design of all future construction projects in the colony. He sought to abolish monopolies.Bowring was impressed by the yawning gulf of misunderstanding between the expatriate and Chinese communities, writing, "We rule them in ignorance and they submit in blindness." Notwithstanding, in 1856, Bowring went so far as to attempt democratic reform. He proposed that the constitution of the Legislative Council be changed to increase membership to 13 members, of whom five be elected by landowners enjoying rents exceeding 10 pounds, but this was rejected by Henry Labouchère of the Colonial Office on the basis that Chinese residents were "deficient in the essential elements of morality on which social order rests". The constituency would only have amounted to 141 qualified electors, in any event.He was equally impressed by the dearth of expenditure on education, noting that 70 times more was provided for policing than for instruction of the populace, so he rapidly brought in an inspectorate of schools, training for teachers and opening of schools. Student number increased nearly ten-fold.He became embroiled in numerous conflicts and disputes, not least of which was a struggle for dominance with Lieutenant Governor William Caine, which went all the way back to the Colonial Office for resolution. He won. He was faulted for failing to prevent a scandalous action in slander, in 1856, by the assistant magistrate W. H. Mitchell against his attorney-general T. Chisholm Anstey over what was essentially a misapprehension of fact but which was thought "unique in all the scandals of modern government of the Colonies or of English Course of Justice".A Qing-sponsored campaign of civil disruption, threatening the very survival of the British administration, culminated in the arsenic poisoning incident of 15 January 1857 in which 10 pounds of arsenic was mixed in the flour of the colony's principal bakery, poisoning many hundreds, killing Bowring's wife and debilitating him for at least a year. This was a turning point for Bowring who, cornered, all but abandoned his liberality in favour of sharply curtailed civil liberties. He bemoaned:It is a perplexing position to know that a price is set on our heads, that our servants cannot be trusted, that a premium is offered to any incendiary who will set fire to our dwellings, to any murderer who will poison or destroy us. ... We have many grievances to redress, and I will try to redress them; many securities to obtain, and I mean to obtain them. ... many unfortunate wretches of all nations (as the hatred of the Chinese is indiscriminating) have been seized, decaptitated; and their heads have been exposed on the walls of Canton, their assailants having been largely rewarded; ... All this is sufficiently horrible ... we shall exact indemnities for the past, and obtain securities for the future. We shall not crouch before assassination and incendiarism ... I did all that depended upon me to promote conciliation and establish peace. ... but every effort I made was treated with scorn and repulsion. The forbearance with which the Chinese have been treated has been wholly misunderstood by them, and attributed to our apprehensions of their great power, and awe of the majesty of the 'Son of Heaven'. So they have disregarded the most solemn engagements of treaties, and looked upon us as 'barbarians,' ... I doubt not that Government, Parliament, and public opinion will go with us in this great struggle, ...In 1855, Bowring experienced a reception in Siam that could not have stood in starker contrast to Peking's constant intransigence. He was welcomed like foreign royalty, showered with pomp (including a 21-gun salute), and his determination to forge a trade accord was met with the open-minded and intelligent interest of King Mongkut. Negotiations were buoyed by the cordiality between Mongkut and Bowring and an agreement was reached on 17 April 1855, now commonly referred to as the Bowring Treaty. Bowring held Mongkut in high regard and that the feeling was mutual and enduring was confirmed by his 1867 appointment as Siam's ambassador to the courts of Europe. Bowring's delight in this "remarkable" monarch has been seen by at least one commentator as a possible encouragement to his frustration with Peking and rash handling of the "Arrow" affair.In October 1856, a dispute broke out with the Canton vice-consul Ye over the Chinese crew of a small British-flagged trading vessel, the "Arrow". Bowring saw the argument as an opportunity to wring from the Chinese the free access to Canton which had been promised in the Treaty of Nanking but so far denied. The irritation caused by his "spirited" or high-handed policy led to the Second Opium War (1856–1860). Martineau put the war down to the "incompetence and self-seeking rashness of one vain man".It was under Bowring that the colony's first ever bilingual English-Chinese law, "An Ordinance for licensing and regulating the sale of prepared opium" (Ordinance No. 2 of 1858), appeared on its statute books.In April the same year, Bowring was the subject of scandal when the case of criminal libel against the editor of the "Daily Press", Yorick J Murrow, came to trial. Murrow had written of Bowring's having taken numerous steps to favour the trade of his son's firm, Messrs Jardine, Matheson & Co., enriching it as a result. Murrow, having been found guilty by the jury, emerged from six months' imprisonment to take up precisely where he left off, vilifying Bowring from his press. The scandal was rekindled in December when Murrow brought an ultimately unsuccessful suit in damages against Bowring in connection with his imprisonment.A commission of inquiry into accusations of corruption, operating brothels and associating with leading underworld figures laid by Attorney-General Anstey against Registrar-General Daniel R Caldwell scandalised the administration. During the course of its proceedings Anstey had opportunity to viciously accuse William Thomas Bridges, one-time acting Attorney-General and constant favourite of Bowring, for receiving stolen goods under the guise of running a money-lending operation from the ground floor of his residence, collecting debts at extortionate rates. The charges found unproved, Caldwell was exonerated and Anstey suspended, and Bridges later to be appointed acting Colonial Secretary by Bowring, but suspicions remained and Bowring's administration had been ruined.In mourning for the recent loss of his wife to the arsenic poisoning, Bowring made an official tour of the Philippines, sailing on the steam-powered paddle frigate "Magicienne" on 29 November 1858, returning seven weeks later.Stripped of his diplomatic and trade powers, weakened by the effects of the arsenic, and seeing his administration torn apart by anti-corruption inquiries in a campaign launched by him, Bowring's work in Hong Kong ended in May 1859. His parting sentiment was that "a year of great embarrassment ... unhappy misunderstandings among officials, fomented by passionate partisanship and by a reckless and slanderous press, made the conduct of public affairs one of extreme difficulty." He plunged into writing a 434-page account of his Philippines sojourn which was published the same year.His last employment by the British government was as a commissioner to Italy in 1861, to report on British commercial relations with the new kingdom. Bowring subsequently accepted the appointment of minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary from the Hawaiian government to the courts of Europe, and in this capacity negotiated treaties with Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Switzerland.Bowring was an accomplished polyglot and claimed he knew 200 languages of which he could speak 100. Many of his contemporaries and subsequent biographers thought otherwise. His chief literary work was the translation of the folk-songs of most European nations, although he also wrote original poems and hymns, and books or pamphlets on political and economic subjects. The first fruits of his study of foreign literature appeared in "Specimens of the Russian Poets" (1821–1823). These were followed by "Batavian Anthology" (1824), "Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain" (1824), "Specimens of the Polish Poets", and "Serbian Popular Poetry", both in 1827, and "Poetry of the Magyars" (1830).Bowring's 88 published hymns include "God is love: his mercy brightens", "In the Cross of Christ I glory", and "Watchman, tell us of the night"."In the Cross" and "Watchman", both from his privately published collection "Hymns" (1825), are still used in many churches. The American composer Charles Ives used part of "Watchman, Tell Us of the Night" in the opening movement of his Fourth Symphony.Selected publications: Bowring married twice. By his first wife, Maria (1793/94–1858), whom he married in 1818 after moving to London, he had five sons and four daughters (Maria, John, Frederick, Lewin, Edgar, Charles, Edith, Emily, and Gertrude). She died in September 1858, a victim of the arsenic poisoning of the bread supply in Hong Kong during the Second Opium War sparked by her husband.Bowring married his second wife, Deborah Castle (1816–1902), in 1860; they had no children. Deborah, Lady Bowring died in Exeter in July 1902. She was a prominent Unitarian Christian and supporter of the women's suffrage movement.John Bowring died on 23 November 1872, aged 80.Bowring is credited with popularising Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Kubla Khan or a Vision in a Dream" which had been disparaged by the critics and discarded soon after first publication.In the mid-19th century a district of the Llynfi Valley, Glamorgan, south Wales was known as Bowrington as it was built up when John Bowring was chairman of the local iron company. Bowring's ironworks community later became part of the Maesteg Urban District. The name was revived in the 1980s when a shopping development in Maesteg was called the Bowrington Arcade.Bowring Road, Ramsey, Isle of Man, was named for him in appreciation of his support of universal suffrage for the House of Keys and his efforts to liberalise trade with the island.As the 4th Governor, several places in Hong Kong came to be named after him:He was also responsible for the establishment of the Botanic Gardens in Hong Kong, the most indelible mark he made on the colony.Two species of lizards, "Hemidactylus bowringii" and "Subdoluseps bowringii", are named in honour of either John Bowring or his son John Charles Bowring.Actress Susannah York was the great-great-granddaughter of Bowring.Journalist and historian Philip Bowring is a descendant of Bowring's great uncle Nathaniel. He is a crucial source here, as author of less-than-whole-life biography "Free Trade's First Missionary".
|
[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did John Bowring hold in 10-Jun-185710-June-1857?
|
June 10, 1857
|
{
"text": [
"Governor of Hong Kong"
]
}
|
L2_Q332508_P39_3
|
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
John Bowring holds the position of Governor of Hong Kong from Apr, 1854 to Sep, 1859.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jan, 1849.
John Bowring holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
|
John BowringSir John Bowring (Chinese translated name: 寶寧, 寶靈 (for Mandarin speakers) or 包令 (for Cantonese)) (Thai: พระยาสยามมานุกูลกิจ สยามมิตรมหายศ) (17 October 1792 – 23 November 1872) was an English political economist, traveller, writer, literary translator, polyglot and the fourth Governor of Hong Kong.Bowring was born in Exeter of Charles Bowring (1769–1856), a wool merchant whose main market was China, from an old Unitarian family, and Sarah Jane Anne (d. 1828), the daughter of Thomas Lane, vicar of St Ives, Cornwall. His last formal education was at a Unitarian school in Moretonhampstead and he started work in his father's business at age 13. Bowring at one stage wished to become a Unitarian minister. Espousal of Unitarian faith was illegal in Britain until Bowring had turned 21.Bowring acquired first experiences in trade as a contract provider to the British army during the Peninsular War in the early 1810s, initially for four years from 1811 as a clerk at Milford & Co. where he began picking up a variety of languages. His experiences in Spain fed a healthy skepticism towards the administrative capabilities of the British military. He travelled extensively and was imprisoned in Boulogne-sur-Mer for six weeks in 1822 for suspected spying (though merely carrying papers for the Portuguese envoy to Paris).He incorporated Bowring & Co. with a partner in 1818 to sell herrings to Spain (including Gibraltar by a subsidiary) and France and to buy wine from Spain. It was during this period that he came to know Jeremy Bentham, and later became his friend. He did not, however, share Bentham's contempt for "belles lettres". He was a diligent student of literature and foreign languages, especially those of Eastern Europe. He somehow found time to write 88 hymns during this time, most published between 1823 and 1825.Failure of his business in 1827, amidst his Greek revolution financing adventure, left him reliant on Bentham's charity and seeking a new, literary direction. Bentham's personal secretary at the time, John Neal, labeled Bowring a "meddling, gossiping, sly, and treacherous man" and charged him with deceiving investors in his Greek adventure and mismanaging Bentham's funds for Bowring's own prestige with the "Westminster Review" and an early public gymnasium.Bowring had begun contributing to the newly founded "Westminster Review" and had been appointed its editor by Bentham in 1825. By his contributions to the "Review" he attained considerable repute as a political economist and parliamentary reformer. He advocated in its pages the cause of free trade long before it was popularized by Richard Cobden and John Bright, co-founders of the Anti-Corn Law League in Manchester in 1838.He pleaded earnestly on behalf of parliamentary reform, Catholic emancipation, and popular education. Bentham failed in an attempt to have Bowring appointed professor of English or History at University College London in 1827 but, after Bowring visited the Netherlands in 1828, the University of Groningen conferred on him the degree of doctor of laws in February the next year for his "Sketches of the Language and Literature of Holland." In 1830, he was in Denmark, preparing for the publication of a collection of Scandinavian poetry. As a member of the 1831 Royal Commission, he advocated strict parliamentary control on public expenditure, and considered the ensuing reform one of his main achievements. Till 1832, he was Foreign Secretary of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association.Bowring was appointed Jeremy Bentham's literary executor a week before the latter's 1832 death in his arms, and was charged with the task of preparing a collected edition of his works. The appointment was challenged by a nephew but Bowring prevailed in court. The work appeared in eleven volumes in 1843, notably omitting Bentham's most controversial works on female sexuality and homosexuality.Free trade took on the dimensions of faith to Bowring who, in 1841, quipped, "Jesus Christ is free trade and free trade is Jesus Christ", adding, in response to consternation at the proposition, that it was "intimitely associated with religious truth and the exercise of religious principles".Through Bentham connections and in spite of his radicalism, Bowring was appointed to carry out investigations of the national accounting systems of the Netherlands and France in 1832 by the government and House of Commons, respectively. The mark left by his work in France was not welcomed by all; as one commentator remarked,Yet his work was so highly regarded by the Whig government that he was then appointed secretary of the Royal Commission on the Public Accounts. He had made his name as something of an expert on government accounting. He stood the same year for the newly created industrial constituency of Blackburn but was unsuccessful.In 1835, Bowring entered parliament as member for Kilmarnock Burghs; and in the following year he was appointed head of a government commission to be sent to France to inquire into the actual state of commerce between the two countries. After losing his seat in 1837, he was busied in further economic investigations in Egypt, Syria, Switzerland, Italy, and some of the states in Imperial Germany. The results of these missions appeared in a series of reports laid before the House of Commons and even a paper delivered to the British Association of Science with his observations on containment of the plague in the Levant. He also spoke out passionately for equal rights for women and the abolition of slavery.On a still narrow, landed constituency, Bowring, campaigning on a radical and, to Marx and Engels, inconsistent platform of free trade and Chartism, secured a seat in parliament in 1841, as member for Bolton, perhaps England's constituency most affected by industrial upheaval and riven by deep social unrest bordering on revolution. In the House, he campaigned for free trade, adoption of the Charter, repeal of the Corn Laws, improved administration of the Poor Law, open borders, abolition of the death penalty, and an end to flogging in the Army and payments to Church of England prelates.During this busy period he found leisure for literature, and published in 1843 a translation of the "Manuscript of the Queen's Court", a collection of Czech medieval poetry, later considered false by Czech poet Václav Hanka. In 1846 he became President of the Mazzinian People's International League.Without inherited wealth, or salary as MP for Bolton, Bowring sought to sustain his political career by investing heavily in the south Wales iron industry from 1843. Following huge demand for iron rails brought about by parliament's approval of massive railway building from 1844 to 1846, Bowring led a small group of wealthy London merchants and bankers as Chairman of the Llynvi Iron Company and established a large integrated ironworks at Maesteg in Glamorgan during 1845–46. He installed his brother, Charles, as Resident Director and lost no time in naming the district around his ironworks, Bowrington. He gained a reputation in the Maesteg district as an enlightened employer, one contemporary commenting that 'he gave the poor their rights and carried away their blessing'.In 1845 he became Chairman of the London and Blackwall Railway, the world's first steam-powered urban passenger railway and the precursor of the whole London Rail system.Bowring distinguished himself as an advocate of decimal currency. On 27 April 1847, he addressed the House of Commons on the merits of decimalisation. He agreed to a compromise that directly led to the issue of the florin (one-tenth of a pound sterling), introduced as a first step in 1848 and more generally in 1849. He lost his seat in 1849 but went on to publish a work entitled "The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins and Accounts" in 1854.The trade depression of the late 1840s caused the failure of his venture in south Wales in 1848 and wiped out his capital, forcing Bowring into paid employment. His business failure led directly to his acceptance of Palmerston's offer of the consulship at Canton.By 1847, Bowring had assembled an impressive array of credentials: honorary diplomas from universities in Holland and Italy, fellowships of the Linnaean Society of London and Paris, the Historical Institute of the Scandinavian and Icelandic Societies, the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, the Royal Society of Hungary, the Royal Society of Copenhagen, and of the Frisian and Athenian Societies. Numerous translations and works on foreign languages, politics and economy had been published. His zeal in Parliament and standing as a literary man were well known.In 1849, he was appointed British consul at Canton (today's Guangzhou), and superintendent of trade in China. Arriving on HMS "Medea" on 12 April 1849, he took up the post in which he was to remain for four years the next day. His son John Charles had preceded him to China, arriving in Hong Kong in 1842, had been appointed Justice of the Peace and was at one point a partner in Jardines.Bowring was quickly appalled by endemic corruption and frustrated by finding himself powerless in the face of Chinese breaches of the Treaty of Nanking and refusal to receive him at the diplomatic level or permit him to travel to Peking, and by his being subordinate to the Governor of Hong Kong who knew nothing of his difficulties.For almost a year from 1852 to 1853, he acted as Britain's Plenipotentiary and Superintendent of Trade and Governor of Hong Kong in the absence on leave of Sir George Bonham, who he was later to succeed.Bowring was instrumental in the formation in 1855 of the Board of Inspectors established under the Qing Customs House, operated by the British to gather statistics on trade on behalf of the Qing government and, later, as the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, to collect all customs duties, a vital reform which brought an end to the corruption of government officials and led modernisation of China's international trade. Concerned for the welfare of coolies being exported to Australia, California, Cuba and the West Indies, and disturbed by the coolie revolt in Amoy in May 1852, Bowring tightened enforcement of the Passenger Act so as to improve coolie transportation conditions and ensure their voluntariness.The newly knighted Bowring received his appointment as Governor of Hong Kong and her Majesty's Plenipotentiary and Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China on 10 January 1854. He arrived in Hong Kong and was sworn in on 13 April 1854, in the midst of the Taiping Rebellion occupying the attentions of his primary protagonists and the Crimean War distracting his masters. He was appointed over strong objections from opponents in London. Fellow Unitarian Harriet Martineau had warned that Bowring was "no fit representative of Government, and no safe guardian of British interests", that he was dangerous and would lead Britain into war with China, and that he should be recalled. Her pleas went unheeded.Bowring was an extremely industrious reformist governor. He allowed the Chinese citizens in Hong Kong to serve as jurors in trials and become lawyers. He is credited with establishing Hong Kong's first commercial public water supply system. He developed the eastern Wan Chai area at a river mouth near Happy Valley and Victoria Harbour by elongating the river as a canal, the area being named Bowring City (Bowrington). By instituting the Buildings and Nuisances Ordinance, No. 8 of 1856, in the face of stiff opposition, Bowring ensured the safer design of all future construction projects in the colony. He sought to abolish monopolies.Bowring was impressed by the yawning gulf of misunderstanding between the expatriate and Chinese communities, writing, "We rule them in ignorance and they submit in blindness." Notwithstanding, in 1856, Bowring went so far as to attempt democratic reform. He proposed that the constitution of the Legislative Council be changed to increase membership to 13 members, of whom five be elected by landowners enjoying rents exceeding 10 pounds, but this was rejected by Henry Labouchère of the Colonial Office on the basis that Chinese residents were "deficient in the essential elements of morality on which social order rests". The constituency would only have amounted to 141 qualified electors, in any event.He was equally impressed by the dearth of expenditure on education, noting that 70 times more was provided for policing than for instruction of the populace, so he rapidly brought in an inspectorate of schools, training for teachers and opening of schools. Student number increased nearly ten-fold.He became embroiled in numerous conflicts and disputes, not least of which was a struggle for dominance with Lieutenant Governor William Caine, which went all the way back to the Colonial Office for resolution. He won. He was faulted for failing to prevent a scandalous action in slander, in 1856, by the assistant magistrate W. H. Mitchell against his attorney-general T. Chisholm Anstey over what was essentially a misapprehension of fact but which was thought "unique in all the scandals of modern government of the Colonies or of English Course of Justice".A Qing-sponsored campaign of civil disruption, threatening the very survival of the British administration, culminated in the arsenic poisoning incident of 15 January 1857 in which 10 pounds of arsenic was mixed in the flour of the colony's principal bakery, poisoning many hundreds, killing Bowring's wife and debilitating him for at least a year. This was a turning point for Bowring who, cornered, all but abandoned his liberality in favour of sharply curtailed civil liberties. He bemoaned:It is a perplexing position to know that a price is set on our heads, that our servants cannot be trusted, that a premium is offered to any incendiary who will set fire to our dwellings, to any murderer who will poison or destroy us. ... We have many grievances to redress, and I will try to redress them; many securities to obtain, and I mean to obtain them. ... many unfortunate wretches of all nations (as the hatred of the Chinese is indiscriminating) have been seized, decaptitated; and their heads have been exposed on the walls of Canton, their assailants having been largely rewarded; ... All this is sufficiently horrible ... we shall exact indemnities for the past, and obtain securities for the future. We shall not crouch before assassination and incendiarism ... I did all that depended upon me to promote conciliation and establish peace. ... but every effort I made was treated with scorn and repulsion. The forbearance with which the Chinese have been treated has been wholly misunderstood by them, and attributed to our apprehensions of their great power, and awe of the majesty of the 'Son of Heaven'. So they have disregarded the most solemn engagements of treaties, and looked upon us as 'barbarians,' ... I doubt not that Government, Parliament, and public opinion will go with us in this great struggle, ...In 1855, Bowring experienced a reception in Siam that could not have stood in starker contrast to Peking's constant intransigence. He was welcomed like foreign royalty, showered with pomp (including a 21-gun salute), and his determination to forge a trade accord was met with the open-minded and intelligent interest of King Mongkut. Negotiations were buoyed by the cordiality between Mongkut and Bowring and an agreement was reached on 17 April 1855, now commonly referred to as the Bowring Treaty. Bowring held Mongkut in high regard and that the feeling was mutual and enduring was confirmed by his 1867 appointment as Siam's ambassador to the courts of Europe. Bowring's delight in this "remarkable" monarch has been seen by at least one commentator as a possible encouragement to his frustration with Peking and rash handling of the "Arrow" affair.In October 1856, a dispute broke out with the Canton vice-consul Ye over the Chinese crew of a small British-flagged trading vessel, the "Arrow". Bowring saw the argument as an opportunity to wring from the Chinese the free access to Canton which had been promised in the Treaty of Nanking but so far denied. The irritation caused by his "spirited" or high-handed policy led to the Second Opium War (1856–1860). Martineau put the war down to the "incompetence and self-seeking rashness of one vain man".It was under Bowring that the colony's first ever bilingual English-Chinese law, "An Ordinance for licensing and regulating the sale of prepared opium" (Ordinance No. 2 of 1858), appeared on its statute books.In April the same year, Bowring was the subject of scandal when the case of criminal libel against the editor of the "Daily Press", Yorick J Murrow, came to trial. Murrow had written of Bowring's having taken numerous steps to favour the trade of his son's firm, Messrs Jardine, Matheson & Co., enriching it as a result. Murrow, having been found guilty by the jury, emerged from six months' imprisonment to take up precisely where he left off, vilifying Bowring from his press. The scandal was rekindled in December when Murrow brought an ultimately unsuccessful suit in damages against Bowring in connection with his imprisonment.A commission of inquiry into accusations of corruption, operating brothels and associating with leading underworld figures laid by Attorney-General Anstey against Registrar-General Daniel R Caldwell scandalised the administration. During the course of its proceedings Anstey had opportunity to viciously accuse William Thomas Bridges, one-time acting Attorney-General and constant favourite of Bowring, for receiving stolen goods under the guise of running a money-lending operation from the ground floor of his residence, collecting debts at extortionate rates. The charges found unproved, Caldwell was exonerated and Anstey suspended, and Bridges later to be appointed acting Colonial Secretary by Bowring, but suspicions remained and Bowring's administration had been ruined.In mourning for the recent loss of his wife to the arsenic poisoning, Bowring made an official tour of the Philippines, sailing on the steam-powered paddle frigate "Magicienne" on 29 November 1858, returning seven weeks later.Stripped of his diplomatic and trade powers, weakened by the effects of the arsenic, and seeing his administration torn apart by anti-corruption inquiries in a campaign launched by him, Bowring's work in Hong Kong ended in May 1859. His parting sentiment was that "a year of great embarrassment ... unhappy misunderstandings among officials, fomented by passionate partisanship and by a reckless and slanderous press, made the conduct of public affairs one of extreme difficulty." He plunged into writing a 434-page account of his Philippines sojourn which was published the same year.His last employment by the British government was as a commissioner to Italy in 1861, to report on British commercial relations with the new kingdom. Bowring subsequently accepted the appointment of minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary from the Hawaiian government to the courts of Europe, and in this capacity negotiated treaties with Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Switzerland.Bowring was an accomplished polyglot and claimed he knew 200 languages of which he could speak 100. Many of his contemporaries and subsequent biographers thought otherwise. His chief literary work was the translation of the folk-songs of most European nations, although he also wrote original poems and hymns, and books or pamphlets on political and economic subjects. The first fruits of his study of foreign literature appeared in "Specimens of the Russian Poets" (1821–1823). These were followed by "Batavian Anthology" (1824), "Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain" (1824), "Specimens of the Polish Poets", and "Serbian Popular Poetry", both in 1827, and "Poetry of the Magyars" (1830).Bowring's 88 published hymns include "God is love: his mercy brightens", "In the Cross of Christ I glory", and "Watchman, tell us of the night"."In the Cross" and "Watchman", both from his privately published collection "Hymns" (1825), are still used in many churches. The American composer Charles Ives used part of "Watchman, Tell Us of the Night" in the opening movement of his Fourth Symphony.Selected publications: Bowring married twice. By his first wife, Maria (1793/94–1858), whom he married in 1818 after moving to London, he had five sons and four daughters (Maria, John, Frederick, Lewin, Edgar, Charles, Edith, Emily, and Gertrude). She died in September 1858, a victim of the arsenic poisoning of the bread supply in Hong Kong during the Second Opium War sparked by her husband.Bowring married his second wife, Deborah Castle (1816–1902), in 1860; they had no children. Deborah, Lady Bowring died in Exeter in July 1902. She was a prominent Unitarian Christian and supporter of the women's suffrage movement.John Bowring died on 23 November 1872, aged 80.Bowring is credited with popularising Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Kubla Khan or a Vision in a Dream" which had been disparaged by the critics and discarded soon after first publication.In the mid-19th century a district of the Llynfi Valley, Glamorgan, south Wales was known as Bowrington as it was built up when John Bowring was chairman of the local iron company. Bowring's ironworks community later became part of the Maesteg Urban District. The name was revived in the 1980s when a shopping development in Maesteg was called the Bowrington Arcade.Bowring Road, Ramsey, Isle of Man, was named for him in appreciation of his support of universal suffrage for the House of Keys and his efforts to liberalise trade with the island.As the 4th Governor, several places in Hong Kong came to be named after him:He was also responsible for the establishment of the Botanic Gardens in Hong Kong, the most indelible mark he made on the colony.Two species of lizards, "Hemidactylus bowringii" and "Subdoluseps bowringii", are named in honour of either John Bowring or his son John Charles Bowring.Actress Susannah York was the great-great-granddaughter of Bowring.Journalist and historian Philip Bowring is a descendant of Bowring's great uncle Nathaniel. He is a crucial source here, as author of less-than-whole-life biography "Free Trade's First Missionary".
|
[
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Italian Athletics Federation in Apr, 1957?
|
April 10, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano"
]
}
|
L2_Q11316_P488_1
|
Stefano Mei is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franco Arese is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Nov, 2004 to Dec, 2012.
Bruno Zauli is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Feb, 1946 to Mar, 1957.
Gianni Gola is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Apr, 1989 to Nov, 2004.
Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Mar, 1957 to May, 1958.
Primo Nebiolo is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 1969 to Feb, 1989.
Alfio Giomi is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 2012 to Jan, 2021.
|
Italian Athletics FederationThe Italian Athletics Federation (Italian: "Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera", FIDAL), is the governing body for athletics in Italy since 1906.The Italian Federation, founded on 21 October 1906, on initiative of "La Gazzetta dello Sport", as Federazione Podistica Italiana (FPI), has been recognised by International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), now World Athletics, since its Berlin Congress in 1913.FIDAL assumed its current name in 1926, previously it was as described in the following table.Since 1920 the technical directors of the Italian national team have been the following.
|
[
"Alfio Giomi",
"Primo Nebiolo",
"Stefano Mei",
"Franco Arese",
"Bruno Zauli",
"Gianni Gola"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Italian Athletics Federation in 1957-04-10?
|
April 10, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano"
]
}
|
L2_Q11316_P488_1
|
Stefano Mei is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franco Arese is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Nov, 2004 to Dec, 2012.
Bruno Zauli is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Feb, 1946 to Mar, 1957.
Gianni Gola is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Apr, 1989 to Nov, 2004.
Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Mar, 1957 to May, 1958.
Primo Nebiolo is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 1969 to Feb, 1989.
Alfio Giomi is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 2012 to Jan, 2021.
|
Italian Athletics FederationThe Italian Athletics Federation (Italian: "Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera", FIDAL), is the governing body for athletics in Italy since 1906.The Italian Federation, founded on 21 October 1906, on initiative of "La Gazzetta dello Sport", as Federazione Podistica Italiana (FPI), has been recognised by International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), now World Athletics, since its Berlin Congress in 1913.FIDAL assumed its current name in 1926, previously it was as described in the following table.Since 1920 the technical directors of the Italian national team have been the following.
|
[
"Alfio Giomi",
"Primo Nebiolo",
"Stefano Mei",
"Franco Arese",
"Bruno Zauli",
"Gianni Gola"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Italian Athletics Federation in 10/04/1957?
|
April 10, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano"
]
}
|
L2_Q11316_P488_1
|
Stefano Mei is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franco Arese is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Nov, 2004 to Dec, 2012.
Bruno Zauli is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Feb, 1946 to Mar, 1957.
Gianni Gola is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Apr, 1989 to Nov, 2004.
Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Mar, 1957 to May, 1958.
Primo Nebiolo is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 1969 to Feb, 1989.
Alfio Giomi is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 2012 to Jan, 2021.
|
Italian Athletics FederationThe Italian Athletics Federation (Italian: "Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera", FIDAL), is the governing body for athletics in Italy since 1906.The Italian Federation, founded on 21 October 1906, on initiative of "La Gazzetta dello Sport", as Federazione Podistica Italiana (FPI), has been recognised by International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), now World Athletics, since its Berlin Congress in 1913.FIDAL assumed its current name in 1926, previously it was as described in the following table.Since 1920 the technical directors of the Italian national team have been the following.
|
[
"Alfio Giomi",
"Primo Nebiolo",
"Stefano Mei",
"Franco Arese",
"Bruno Zauli",
"Gianni Gola"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Italian Athletics Federation in Apr 10, 1957?
|
April 10, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano"
]
}
|
L2_Q11316_P488_1
|
Stefano Mei is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franco Arese is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Nov, 2004 to Dec, 2012.
Bruno Zauli is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Feb, 1946 to Mar, 1957.
Gianni Gola is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Apr, 1989 to Nov, 2004.
Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Mar, 1957 to May, 1958.
Primo Nebiolo is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 1969 to Feb, 1989.
Alfio Giomi is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 2012 to Jan, 2021.
|
Italian Athletics FederationThe Italian Athletics Federation (Italian: "Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera", FIDAL), is the governing body for athletics in Italy since 1906.The Italian Federation, founded on 21 October 1906, on initiative of "La Gazzetta dello Sport", as Federazione Podistica Italiana (FPI), has been recognised by International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), now World Athletics, since its Berlin Congress in 1913.FIDAL assumed its current name in 1926, previously it was as described in the following table.Since 1920 the technical directors of the Italian national team have been the following.
|
[
"Alfio Giomi",
"Primo Nebiolo",
"Stefano Mei",
"Franco Arese",
"Bruno Zauli",
"Gianni Gola"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Italian Athletics Federation in 04/10/1957?
|
April 10, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano"
]
}
|
L2_Q11316_P488_1
|
Stefano Mei is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franco Arese is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Nov, 2004 to Dec, 2012.
Bruno Zauli is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Feb, 1946 to Mar, 1957.
Gianni Gola is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Apr, 1989 to Nov, 2004.
Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Mar, 1957 to May, 1958.
Primo Nebiolo is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 1969 to Feb, 1989.
Alfio Giomi is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 2012 to Jan, 2021.
|
Italian Athletics FederationThe Italian Athletics Federation (Italian: "Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera", FIDAL), is the governing body for athletics in Italy since 1906.The Italian Federation, founded on 21 October 1906, on initiative of "La Gazzetta dello Sport", as Federazione Podistica Italiana (FPI), has been recognised by International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), now World Athletics, since its Berlin Congress in 1913.FIDAL assumed its current name in 1926, previously it was as described in the following table.Since 1920 the technical directors of the Italian national team have been the following.
|
[
"Alfio Giomi",
"Primo Nebiolo",
"Stefano Mei",
"Franco Arese",
"Bruno Zauli",
"Gianni Gola"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Italian Athletics Federation in 10-Apr-195710-April-1957?
|
April 10, 1957
|
{
"text": [
"Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano"
]
}
|
L2_Q11316_P488_1
|
Stefano Mei is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Jan, 2021 to Dec, 2022.
Franco Arese is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Nov, 2004 to Dec, 2012.
Bruno Zauli is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Feb, 1946 to Mar, 1957.
Gianni Gola is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Apr, 1989 to Nov, 2004.
Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verrazzano is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Mar, 1957 to May, 1958.
Primo Nebiolo is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 1969 to Feb, 1989.
Alfio Giomi is the chair of Italian Athletics Federation from Dec, 2012 to Jan, 2021.
|
Italian Athletics FederationThe Italian Athletics Federation (Italian: "Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera", FIDAL), is the governing body for athletics in Italy since 1906.The Italian Federation, founded on 21 October 1906, on initiative of "La Gazzetta dello Sport", as Federazione Podistica Italiana (FPI), has been recognised by International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), now World Athletics, since its Berlin Congress in 1913.FIDAL assumed its current name in 1926, previously it was as described in the following table.Since 1920 the technical directors of the Italian national team have been the following.
|
[
"Alfio Giomi",
"Primo Nebiolo",
"Stefano Mei",
"Franco Arese",
"Bruno Zauli",
"Gianni Gola"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy in Sep, 2015?
|
September 06, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Andrés Herzog"
]
}
|
L2_Q1144342_P488_1
|
Rosa Díez is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Sep, 2007 to Jul, 2015.
Gorka Maneiro Labayen is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Cristiano Brown is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2020.
Andrés Herzog is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jul, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Union, Progress and DemocracyUnion, Progress and Democracy ( , UPyD ) was a Spanish political party founded in September 2007 and dissolved in December 2020. It was a social-liberal party that rejected any form of nationalism, especially the separatist Basque and Catalan movements. The party was deeply pro-European and wanted the European Union to adopt a federal system without overlap between the European, national and regional governments. It also wanted to replace the State of Autonomies with a symmetric and highly centralized, albeit still federal, system in Spain as well as substituting a more proportional election law for the current one.Mikel Buesa, at a 2007 party presentation, and Rosa Díez, in a 2007 interview for a magazine, explained the origin of the three concepts which make up the party's name: Union, because of their "unconditional defence of the union of Spain as a necessary condition for all Spaniards' equality before the law". Progress, because they affirm to be "a progressive party respectful of individual freedom". And Democracy, on account of their "commitment to radical regeneration of democracy". Rosa Díez, Fernando Savater, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and Juan Luis Fabo took charge of the choice of the party's name and the party's inscription into the Register of Political Parties. They opted for Union, Progress and Democracy, in the words of Rosa Díez, "because it was necessary a party that did the necessary democratic pedagogy and defended those three concepts unashamedly in Spain. Because, indeed, there is an urgent need for union between Spaniards, there is an urgent need for progressive policies and there is still a long way to go before achieving a quality democracy".UPyD first stood for election in the 9 March 2008 general election. It received 303,246 votes, or 1.2 percent of the national total, and one seat in the Congress of Deputies for party co-founder Rosa Díez, becoming the newest party with national representation in Spain. Although its core is in the Basque Autonomous Community, with roots in anti-ETA civic associations, it addresses a national audience. Prominent members of the party include philosopher Fernando Savater, party founder and former PSOE MEP Rosa Díez, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and writer Álvaro Pombo.At its Second Party Congress in November 2013, UPyD reported 6,165 registered members (down from an all-time high of 6,634 in 2011). In 2009 the party founded the think tank Fundación Progreso y Democracia (FPyD: Progress and Democracy Foundation), which has been presided over by UPyD spokesperson Rosa Díez.In the general elections held on 20 November 2011, the party won 1,143,225 votes (4.70 percent), five seats in the Congress of Deputies (four in Madrid and one in Valencia) and became the fourth-largest political force in the country. It had the greatest increase of votes over the previous general election of any party. In the 2015 general election, however, it suffered a decline in its vote power by losing all of its seats. In the 2016 general election, it dropped to just 0.2% of the national vote.On 18 November 2020, a judge ordered the dissolution of the party and its erasure from the registry of political parties, as it did not have the financial solvency to pay off the debt contracted with a former worker. The party announced that it would appeal the sentence. On 6 December 2020 it was announced that the party would no longer appeal the sentence, thus formally extinguishing UPyD.On 19 May 2007, 45 people met in San Sebastián to discuss the creation of a new political party opposing both major parties (the People's Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) at the national level. Most present were Basques, many of whom had long experience in political, union and civic organizations with left-wing, liberal and activist backgrounds. After the meeting, to create a broad-based social and political project they formed the Plataforma Pro organization. This united those who considered it necessary to form a new national political party appealing to people across the democratic political spectrum. Its platform was:Among the supporters of Plataforma Pro were philosopher Fernando Savater, "¡Basta Ya!" coordinator and spokesman Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and former Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) MEP Rosa Díez. Díez resigned her PSOE membership and her MEP position in August 2007 to become involved with the UPyD project. Groups supporting Plataforma Pro included Citizens of Catalonia (notably Albert Boadella, Arcadi Espada and Xavier Pericay) and "¡Basta Ya!", a major influence on the new movement. In September 2007, Forum Ermua president Mikel Buesa announced their intention to participate in the political party arising from Plataforma Pro; he resigned in 2009 due to disagreements with Rosa Díez.At a 29 September 2007 meeting in the auditorium of the Casa de Campo in Madrid, the new party was formed. Participants in its formation included Catalan dramatist Albert Boadella, Basque philosopher Fernando Savater, Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa and Rosa Díez. Also present were journalist Arcadi Espada, anthropologists Teresa Giménez Barbat and Felix Perez Romera (three prominent Citizens of Catalonia members), historian Antonio Elorza, painter Agustín Ibarrola, former Forum Ermua leader Mikel Buesa, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Citizens deputies Albert Rivera and Antonio Robles, Peruvian writer Fernando Iwasaki, former UGT secretary general Nicolas Redondo and People's Party Basque MP Fernando Maura. Maura joined the new party's advisory council on 6 November 2007. Writer Álvaro Pombo later expressed support for UPyD, running as a candidate for the party.Ideologically, UPyD is not defined by itself as either left or right and its constituency includes voters with an affinity for the political right as well as part of the Socialist Party's disenchanted voters. When UPyD is asked to be placed on the left–right political spectrum, it defines itself as "a progressive party that is simultaneously positioned on the political centre and cross-sectionalism, thus embracing ideas across the political spectrum". According to spokesperson Rosa Díez, the party is "progressive and cross-sectional: it's got leftist people and right-wing, liberal people". Other additional identity signs are the following: "constitutionalism", defining it as the upholding of the Spanish state of law through the pursuance of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 in the regions in which is violated and non-nationalist citizens are discriminated against and, concurrently, through a modification of instrumental articles of the Constitution to ensure that its non-negotiable articles—those that proclaim freedom, equality, cohesion, separation of powers and protection of all Spanish citizens under an independent justice—become effective; "secularism", defining it as the defence of state neutrality towards religious beliefs, with the exception of Islam and any other religion that isn't respectful of human rights and the Spanish legal system, and also towards the belief of those who don't embrace a faith; "liberal democracy", defining it as the form of government which best balances power and individual rights; "pro-Europeanism", defining it as the desire to move towards a real European federalism with the concept of citizenship as a fundamental pillar; "Spanish patriotism", defining it as the defence of common values—justice, freedom and equality—and loyalty among fellow countrymen; and "non-nationalism", defining it as the opposition to compulsory nationalism. Rosa Díez defined UPyD, in opposition to Spain's peripheral nationalist and pro-independence parties, as "an unequivocally national party, with a unique agenda for Spain". According to Rosa Díez, "social liberalism" is the political doctrine which UPyD is identified with because the party combines elements of "political liberalism" and "social democracy". Furthermore, Rosa Díez said that UPyD is "a radical party which wants to transform politics by bringing off substantial, in-depth changes from within institutions". Also, Miguel Zarranz, UPyD's coordinator in Navarre, has clarified that UPyD is "a partially centralist party because it wants to centralize powers such as education, health, water resource management or transport management within a symmetric, cooperative federal state with other decentralized responsibilities in the autonomous communities". Lastly, Álvaro Anchuelo commented that UPyD is "a monarchist party insofar as the monarchy of Spain fulfils its function and is an austere, transparent and exemplary monarchy".UPyD has been assessed by the vast majority of political scientists and the media such as the European Social Survey, "The Financial Times" and "The Economist" as a centrist party, even though it was considered as centre-left by the political scientist Donatella Maria Viola and centre-right by the Encyclopædia Britannica. Also, the self-proclaimed cross-sectionalism of UPyD has been linked to radical centrism.UPyD is a progressive party which combines social liberalism with centralism from the centre of the political spectrum. UPyD is a centralist party which stands out for being the only statewide party that actively defends the abolition of chartered regimes in all Spain, even in those regions which have them: Navarre and the Basque Country. Similarly, UPyD argues that the extreme political decentralization of the State of Autonomies has weakened the welfare state and created inequalities across the territory. Accordingly, UPyD wants to adopt a symmetric, strongly centralized federalism in Spain.UPyD wholeheartedly defends the unity of Spain, thereby being an enemy of peripheral nationalism and the existence of several national identities within Spain. The magenta party advocates for the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation so unconditionally that it supports the application of Article 155 of Spain's Constitution so as to suspend Catalonia's home rule, and the prosecution of Catalan separatist leaders for rebellion and sedition. Although UPyD is a progressive party strongly characterized by its rejection of peripheral nationalism, it also has objections to nation-state nationalism, including Spanish nationalism, because the party considers this kind of nationalism to be a threat to the progress of Europe's unity. UPyD is the most pro-European party in Spain and therefore supports a federal Europe, which the magenta party sees as an important guarantor of individual rights.Political scientist Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, professor of Sociology at the Complutense University of Madrid, postulated that UPyD aims to combat "Basque and Catalan nationalism with a good dose of Spanish nationalism but not with arguments". He reproached them to identify the State of Law, which is neutral in terms of territorial organization of power, with equal rights throughout the state. He also criticized its commitment to an electoral law that "prevents peripheral nationalist parties from having a significant presence in the Spanish Parliament" because, to his mind, fighting against nationalism with institutional reforms would mean "sacrificing the most essential elements of our democracy". Sánchez-Cuenca concluded by stating that "the ideology of UPyD seems clearly broken".Although UPyD claims to be a social liberal party that rejects any form of nationalism, the party has been branded as a Spanish nationalist one, as well as by Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, by the journalist Javier Ortiz, by some writers such as Mónica Dorange, José Ramón Montero and Ignacio Lago and Jean-Pierre Cabestan and Aleksandar Pavković and by the scholarly association European Consortium for Political Research. This may be because UPyD has defended common positions with Spanish nationalism like the fact of denying the existence of differentiated nations in the state by stating that "the Spanish nation is the only nation that exists in Spain", the recovery by law of place names in Spanish of provinces, cities, municipalities and geographic features in the autonomous communities with co-official language, the amendment of the Spanish Constitution so that there isn't any distinction between nationalities and regions and Gibraltar's restitution to Spanish sovereignty.Also, former president José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero criticized UPyD because, in his opinion, centralism has caused even more inequality than the current autonomic state and he pointed out that equality shouldn't be confused with uniformity.The PP's member Ignacio González, despite admitting his agreement on issues such as the anti-terrorist policy and territorial integrity, has placed UPyD on the far-left of the political spectrum. Gotzone Mora, who requested the vote for the PP after belonging to the PSE-EE, said that UPyD's ideas are already defended by the PP and she accused UPyD of being a PSOE's submarine.Shortly after the party's creation, on 13 December 2007, UPyD held a press conference headed by Rosa Díez, Mikel Buesa, and Fernando Savater at which it denounced "evidently unequal" treatment by Spanish banks, which denied the party loans while forgiving debts held by the other political parties. Although party activity was funded by membership fees and small donations, it "could not continue this way" or contest an election with such meager resources. Therefore, the party leadership decided to offer €200, €500 and €1,000 bonds to fund the party's campaign for the 2008 general elections. The bonds, totaling €3 million–€5 million, were sold at party offices, on the internet and over a toll-free phone line. The party pledged to report the amount of the loans obtained and the state of its accounts, and intended to repay the money after the elections with institutional funding for parties with parliamentary representation.The party's national spokesperson, Rosa Díez, won a seat in the general election of 2008 from Madrid Province with 3.74 percent of the vote. Other prominent candidates were writer Álvaro Pombo (for the Senate) and Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, both of whom failed to win seats.In 2009, the party gained representation in the European Parliamentary election and the Basque Regional Elections. Their MEP, Francisco Sosa Wagner, sat in the non-aligned group in the European parliament. In the Basque elections, Gorka Maneiro was elected to represent Álava.In 2011, Luis de Velasco Rami and 7 other UPyD members were elected to the Madrid Assembly, with UPyD becoming the fourth-largest party. In the 2011 local elections, the party won seats in Madrid, Burgos, Ávila, Granada, Alicante and Murcia. UPyD received the fourth-largest number of votes in the 2011 general election: 1,143,225, or 4.70 percent. Of the five seats won, four (held by Rosa Díez, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Álvaro Anchuelo and Irene Lozano) were in Madrid; actor Toni Cantó was elected in Valencia Province.In the 2014 European Parliament Elections, Francisco Sosa Wagner was re-elected, and UPyD won three extra seats (for Maite Pagazaurtundúa, Fernando Maura and Beatriz Becerra), consolidating their support nationwide. The party's MEPs planned to join the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group.In July 2009, party co-founder Mikel Buesa announced his resignation from UPyD, denouncing "authoritarian control" imposed by a group in the party. After its First Party Congress in November 2009, 100 UPyD critics (including four founding members) left the party, "tired and disappointed" with the "authoritarian" Rosa Díez and the party's "lack of internal democracy". By early 2010, the party lost 40 percent of its membership in Catalonia, amid allegations that the party was a fraud.
|
[
"Cristiano Brown",
"Rosa Díez",
"Gorka Maneiro Labayen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy in 2015-09-06?
|
September 06, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Andrés Herzog"
]
}
|
L2_Q1144342_P488_1
|
Rosa Díez is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Sep, 2007 to Jul, 2015.
Gorka Maneiro Labayen is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Cristiano Brown is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2020.
Andrés Herzog is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jul, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Union, Progress and DemocracyUnion, Progress and Democracy ( , UPyD ) was a Spanish political party founded in September 2007 and dissolved in December 2020. It was a social-liberal party that rejected any form of nationalism, especially the separatist Basque and Catalan movements. The party was deeply pro-European and wanted the European Union to adopt a federal system without overlap between the European, national and regional governments. It also wanted to replace the State of Autonomies with a symmetric and highly centralized, albeit still federal, system in Spain as well as substituting a more proportional election law for the current one.Mikel Buesa, at a 2007 party presentation, and Rosa Díez, in a 2007 interview for a magazine, explained the origin of the three concepts which make up the party's name: Union, because of their "unconditional defence of the union of Spain as a necessary condition for all Spaniards' equality before the law". Progress, because they affirm to be "a progressive party respectful of individual freedom". And Democracy, on account of their "commitment to radical regeneration of democracy". Rosa Díez, Fernando Savater, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and Juan Luis Fabo took charge of the choice of the party's name and the party's inscription into the Register of Political Parties. They opted for Union, Progress and Democracy, in the words of Rosa Díez, "because it was necessary a party that did the necessary democratic pedagogy and defended those three concepts unashamedly in Spain. Because, indeed, there is an urgent need for union between Spaniards, there is an urgent need for progressive policies and there is still a long way to go before achieving a quality democracy".UPyD first stood for election in the 9 March 2008 general election. It received 303,246 votes, or 1.2 percent of the national total, and one seat in the Congress of Deputies for party co-founder Rosa Díez, becoming the newest party with national representation in Spain. Although its core is in the Basque Autonomous Community, with roots in anti-ETA civic associations, it addresses a national audience. Prominent members of the party include philosopher Fernando Savater, party founder and former PSOE MEP Rosa Díez, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and writer Álvaro Pombo.At its Second Party Congress in November 2013, UPyD reported 6,165 registered members (down from an all-time high of 6,634 in 2011). In 2009 the party founded the think tank Fundación Progreso y Democracia (FPyD: Progress and Democracy Foundation), which has been presided over by UPyD spokesperson Rosa Díez.In the general elections held on 20 November 2011, the party won 1,143,225 votes (4.70 percent), five seats in the Congress of Deputies (four in Madrid and one in Valencia) and became the fourth-largest political force in the country. It had the greatest increase of votes over the previous general election of any party. In the 2015 general election, however, it suffered a decline in its vote power by losing all of its seats. In the 2016 general election, it dropped to just 0.2% of the national vote.On 18 November 2020, a judge ordered the dissolution of the party and its erasure from the registry of political parties, as it did not have the financial solvency to pay off the debt contracted with a former worker. The party announced that it would appeal the sentence. On 6 December 2020 it was announced that the party would no longer appeal the sentence, thus formally extinguishing UPyD.On 19 May 2007, 45 people met in San Sebastián to discuss the creation of a new political party opposing both major parties (the People's Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) at the national level. Most present were Basques, many of whom had long experience in political, union and civic organizations with left-wing, liberal and activist backgrounds. After the meeting, to create a broad-based social and political project they formed the Plataforma Pro organization. This united those who considered it necessary to form a new national political party appealing to people across the democratic political spectrum. Its platform was:Among the supporters of Plataforma Pro were philosopher Fernando Savater, "¡Basta Ya!" coordinator and spokesman Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and former Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) MEP Rosa Díez. Díez resigned her PSOE membership and her MEP position in August 2007 to become involved with the UPyD project. Groups supporting Plataforma Pro included Citizens of Catalonia (notably Albert Boadella, Arcadi Espada and Xavier Pericay) and "¡Basta Ya!", a major influence on the new movement. In September 2007, Forum Ermua president Mikel Buesa announced their intention to participate in the political party arising from Plataforma Pro; he resigned in 2009 due to disagreements with Rosa Díez.At a 29 September 2007 meeting in the auditorium of the Casa de Campo in Madrid, the new party was formed. Participants in its formation included Catalan dramatist Albert Boadella, Basque philosopher Fernando Savater, Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa and Rosa Díez. Also present were journalist Arcadi Espada, anthropologists Teresa Giménez Barbat and Felix Perez Romera (three prominent Citizens of Catalonia members), historian Antonio Elorza, painter Agustín Ibarrola, former Forum Ermua leader Mikel Buesa, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Citizens deputies Albert Rivera and Antonio Robles, Peruvian writer Fernando Iwasaki, former UGT secretary general Nicolas Redondo and People's Party Basque MP Fernando Maura. Maura joined the new party's advisory council on 6 November 2007. Writer Álvaro Pombo later expressed support for UPyD, running as a candidate for the party.Ideologically, UPyD is not defined by itself as either left or right and its constituency includes voters with an affinity for the political right as well as part of the Socialist Party's disenchanted voters. When UPyD is asked to be placed on the left–right political spectrum, it defines itself as "a progressive party that is simultaneously positioned on the political centre and cross-sectionalism, thus embracing ideas across the political spectrum". According to spokesperson Rosa Díez, the party is "progressive and cross-sectional: it's got leftist people and right-wing, liberal people". Other additional identity signs are the following: "constitutionalism", defining it as the upholding of the Spanish state of law through the pursuance of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 in the regions in which is violated and non-nationalist citizens are discriminated against and, concurrently, through a modification of instrumental articles of the Constitution to ensure that its non-negotiable articles—those that proclaim freedom, equality, cohesion, separation of powers and protection of all Spanish citizens under an independent justice—become effective; "secularism", defining it as the defence of state neutrality towards religious beliefs, with the exception of Islam and any other religion that isn't respectful of human rights and the Spanish legal system, and also towards the belief of those who don't embrace a faith; "liberal democracy", defining it as the form of government which best balances power and individual rights; "pro-Europeanism", defining it as the desire to move towards a real European federalism with the concept of citizenship as a fundamental pillar; "Spanish patriotism", defining it as the defence of common values—justice, freedom and equality—and loyalty among fellow countrymen; and "non-nationalism", defining it as the opposition to compulsory nationalism. Rosa Díez defined UPyD, in opposition to Spain's peripheral nationalist and pro-independence parties, as "an unequivocally national party, with a unique agenda for Spain". According to Rosa Díez, "social liberalism" is the political doctrine which UPyD is identified with because the party combines elements of "political liberalism" and "social democracy". Furthermore, Rosa Díez said that UPyD is "a radical party which wants to transform politics by bringing off substantial, in-depth changes from within institutions". Also, Miguel Zarranz, UPyD's coordinator in Navarre, has clarified that UPyD is "a partially centralist party because it wants to centralize powers such as education, health, water resource management or transport management within a symmetric, cooperative federal state with other decentralized responsibilities in the autonomous communities". Lastly, Álvaro Anchuelo commented that UPyD is "a monarchist party insofar as the monarchy of Spain fulfils its function and is an austere, transparent and exemplary monarchy".UPyD has been assessed by the vast majority of political scientists and the media such as the European Social Survey, "The Financial Times" and "The Economist" as a centrist party, even though it was considered as centre-left by the political scientist Donatella Maria Viola and centre-right by the Encyclopædia Britannica. Also, the self-proclaimed cross-sectionalism of UPyD has been linked to radical centrism.UPyD is a progressive party which combines social liberalism with centralism from the centre of the political spectrum. UPyD is a centralist party which stands out for being the only statewide party that actively defends the abolition of chartered regimes in all Spain, even in those regions which have them: Navarre and the Basque Country. Similarly, UPyD argues that the extreme political decentralization of the State of Autonomies has weakened the welfare state and created inequalities across the territory. Accordingly, UPyD wants to adopt a symmetric, strongly centralized federalism in Spain.UPyD wholeheartedly defends the unity of Spain, thereby being an enemy of peripheral nationalism and the existence of several national identities within Spain. The magenta party advocates for the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation so unconditionally that it supports the application of Article 155 of Spain's Constitution so as to suspend Catalonia's home rule, and the prosecution of Catalan separatist leaders for rebellion and sedition. Although UPyD is a progressive party strongly characterized by its rejection of peripheral nationalism, it also has objections to nation-state nationalism, including Spanish nationalism, because the party considers this kind of nationalism to be a threat to the progress of Europe's unity. UPyD is the most pro-European party in Spain and therefore supports a federal Europe, which the magenta party sees as an important guarantor of individual rights.Political scientist Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, professor of Sociology at the Complutense University of Madrid, postulated that UPyD aims to combat "Basque and Catalan nationalism with a good dose of Spanish nationalism but not with arguments". He reproached them to identify the State of Law, which is neutral in terms of territorial organization of power, with equal rights throughout the state. He also criticized its commitment to an electoral law that "prevents peripheral nationalist parties from having a significant presence in the Spanish Parliament" because, to his mind, fighting against nationalism with institutional reforms would mean "sacrificing the most essential elements of our democracy". Sánchez-Cuenca concluded by stating that "the ideology of UPyD seems clearly broken".Although UPyD claims to be a social liberal party that rejects any form of nationalism, the party has been branded as a Spanish nationalist one, as well as by Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, by the journalist Javier Ortiz, by some writers such as Mónica Dorange, José Ramón Montero and Ignacio Lago and Jean-Pierre Cabestan and Aleksandar Pavković and by the scholarly association European Consortium for Political Research. This may be because UPyD has defended common positions with Spanish nationalism like the fact of denying the existence of differentiated nations in the state by stating that "the Spanish nation is the only nation that exists in Spain", the recovery by law of place names in Spanish of provinces, cities, municipalities and geographic features in the autonomous communities with co-official language, the amendment of the Spanish Constitution so that there isn't any distinction between nationalities and regions and Gibraltar's restitution to Spanish sovereignty.Also, former president José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero criticized UPyD because, in his opinion, centralism has caused even more inequality than the current autonomic state and he pointed out that equality shouldn't be confused with uniformity.The PP's member Ignacio González, despite admitting his agreement on issues such as the anti-terrorist policy and territorial integrity, has placed UPyD on the far-left of the political spectrum. Gotzone Mora, who requested the vote for the PP after belonging to the PSE-EE, said that UPyD's ideas are already defended by the PP and she accused UPyD of being a PSOE's submarine.Shortly after the party's creation, on 13 December 2007, UPyD held a press conference headed by Rosa Díez, Mikel Buesa, and Fernando Savater at which it denounced "evidently unequal" treatment by Spanish banks, which denied the party loans while forgiving debts held by the other political parties. Although party activity was funded by membership fees and small donations, it "could not continue this way" or contest an election with such meager resources. Therefore, the party leadership decided to offer €200, €500 and €1,000 bonds to fund the party's campaign for the 2008 general elections. The bonds, totaling €3 million–€5 million, were sold at party offices, on the internet and over a toll-free phone line. The party pledged to report the amount of the loans obtained and the state of its accounts, and intended to repay the money after the elections with institutional funding for parties with parliamentary representation.The party's national spokesperson, Rosa Díez, won a seat in the general election of 2008 from Madrid Province with 3.74 percent of the vote. Other prominent candidates were writer Álvaro Pombo (for the Senate) and Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, both of whom failed to win seats.In 2009, the party gained representation in the European Parliamentary election and the Basque Regional Elections. Their MEP, Francisco Sosa Wagner, sat in the non-aligned group in the European parliament. In the Basque elections, Gorka Maneiro was elected to represent Álava.In 2011, Luis de Velasco Rami and 7 other UPyD members were elected to the Madrid Assembly, with UPyD becoming the fourth-largest party. In the 2011 local elections, the party won seats in Madrid, Burgos, Ávila, Granada, Alicante and Murcia. UPyD received the fourth-largest number of votes in the 2011 general election: 1,143,225, or 4.70 percent. Of the five seats won, four (held by Rosa Díez, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Álvaro Anchuelo and Irene Lozano) were in Madrid; actor Toni Cantó was elected in Valencia Province.In the 2014 European Parliament Elections, Francisco Sosa Wagner was re-elected, and UPyD won three extra seats (for Maite Pagazaurtundúa, Fernando Maura and Beatriz Becerra), consolidating their support nationwide. The party's MEPs planned to join the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group.In July 2009, party co-founder Mikel Buesa announced his resignation from UPyD, denouncing "authoritarian control" imposed by a group in the party. After its First Party Congress in November 2009, 100 UPyD critics (including four founding members) left the party, "tired and disappointed" with the "authoritarian" Rosa Díez and the party's "lack of internal democracy". By early 2010, the party lost 40 percent of its membership in Catalonia, amid allegations that the party was a fraud.
|
[
"Cristiano Brown",
"Rosa Díez",
"Gorka Maneiro Labayen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy in 06/09/2015?
|
September 06, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Andrés Herzog"
]
}
|
L2_Q1144342_P488_1
|
Rosa Díez is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Sep, 2007 to Jul, 2015.
Gorka Maneiro Labayen is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Cristiano Brown is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2020.
Andrés Herzog is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jul, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Union, Progress and DemocracyUnion, Progress and Democracy ( , UPyD ) was a Spanish political party founded in September 2007 and dissolved in December 2020. It was a social-liberal party that rejected any form of nationalism, especially the separatist Basque and Catalan movements. The party was deeply pro-European and wanted the European Union to adopt a federal system without overlap between the European, national and regional governments. It also wanted to replace the State of Autonomies with a symmetric and highly centralized, albeit still federal, system in Spain as well as substituting a more proportional election law for the current one.Mikel Buesa, at a 2007 party presentation, and Rosa Díez, in a 2007 interview for a magazine, explained the origin of the three concepts which make up the party's name: Union, because of their "unconditional defence of the union of Spain as a necessary condition for all Spaniards' equality before the law". Progress, because they affirm to be "a progressive party respectful of individual freedom". And Democracy, on account of their "commitment to radical regeneration of democracy". Rosa Díez, Fernando Savater, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and Juan Luis Fabo took charge of the choice of the party's name and the party's inscription into the Register of Political Parties. They opted for Union, Progress and Democracy, in the words of Rosa Díez, "because it was necessary a party that did the necessary democratic pedagogy and defended those three concepts unashamedly in Spain. Because, indeed, there is an urgent need for union between Spaniards, there is an urgent need for progressive policies and there is still a long way to go before achieving a quality democracy".UPyD first stood for election in the 9 March 2008 general election. It received 303,246 votes, or 1.2 percent of the national total, and one seat in the Congress of Deputies for party co-founder Rosa Díez, becoming the newest party with national representation in Spain. Although its core is in the Basque Autonomous Community, with roots in anti-ETA civic associations, it addresses a national audience. Prominent members of the party include philosopher Fernando Savater, party founder and former PSOE MEP Rosa Díez, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and writer Álvaro Pombo.At its Second Party Congress in November 2013, UPyD reported 6,165 registered members (down from an all-time high of 6,634 in 2011). In 2009 the party founded the think tank Fundación Progreso y Democracia (FPyD: Progress and Democracy Foundation), which has been presided over by UPyD spokesperson Rosa Díez.In the general elections held on 20 November 2011, the party won 1,143,225 votes (4.70 percent), five seats in the Congress of Deputies (four in Madrid and one in Valencia) and became the fourth-largest political force in the country. It had the greatest increase of votes over the previous general election of any party. In the 2015 general election, however, it suffered a decline in its vote power by losing all of its seats. In the 2016 general election, it dropped to just 0.2% of the national vote.On 18 November 2020, a judge ordered the dissolution of the party and its erasure from the registry of political parties, as it did not have the financial solvency to pay off the debt contracted with a former worker. The party announced that it would appeal the sentence. On 6 December 2020 it was announced that the party would no longer appeal the sentence, thus formally extinguishing UPyD.On 19 May 2007, 45 people met in San Sebastián to discuss the creation of a new political party opposing both major parties (the People's Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) at the national level. Most present were Basques, many of whom had long experience in political, union and civic organizations with left-wing, liberal and activist backgrounds. After the meeting, to create a broad-based social and political project they formed the Plataforma Pro organization. This united those who considered it necessary to form a new national political party appealing to people across the democratic political spectrum. Its platform was:Among the supporters of Plataforma Pro were philosopher Fernando Savater, "¡Basta Ya!" coordinator and spokesman Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and former Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) MEP Rosa Díez. Díez resigned her PSOE membership and her MEP position in August 2007 to become involved with the UPyD project. Groups supporting Plataforma Pro included Citizens of Catalonia (notably Albert Boadella, Arcadi Espada and Xavier Pericay) and "¡Basta Ya!", a major influence on the new movement. In September 2007, Forum Ermua president Mikel Buesa announced their intention to participate in the political party arising from Plataforma Pro; he resigned in 2009 due to disagreements with Rosa Díez.At a 29 September 2007 meeting in the auditorium of the Casa de Campo in Madrid, the new party was formed. Participants in its formation included Catalan dramatist Albert Boadella, Basque philosopher Fernando Savater, Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa and Rosa Díez. Also present were journalist Arcadi Espada, anthropologists Teresa Giménez Barbat and Felix Perez Romera (three prominent Citizens of Catalonia members), historian Antonio Elorza, painter Agustín Ibarrola, former Forum Ermua leader Mikel Buesa, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Citizens deputies Albert Rivera and Antonio Robles, Peruvian writer Fernando Iwasaki, former UGT secretary general Nicolas Redondo and People's Party Basque MP Fernando Maura. Maura joined the new party's advisory council on 6 November 2007. Writer Álvaro Pombo later expressed support for UPyD, running as a candidate for the party.Ideologically, UPyD is not defined by itself as either left or right and its constituency includes voters with an affinity for the political right as well as part of the Socialist Party's disenchanted voters. When UPyD is asked to be placed on the left–right political spectrum, it defines itself as "a progressive party that is simultaneously positioned on the political centre and cross-sectionalism, thus embracing ideas across the political spectrum". According to spokesperson Rosa Díez, the party is "progressive and cross-sectional: it's got leftist people and right-wing, liberal people". Other additional identity signs are the following: "constitutionalism", defining it as the upholding of the Spanish state of law through the pursuance of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 in the regions in which is violated and non-nationalist citizens are discriminated against and, concurrently, through a modification of instrumental articles of the Constitution to ensure that its non-negotiable articles—those that proclaim freedom, equality, cohesion, separation of powers and protection of all Spanish citizens under an independent justice—become effective; "secularism", defining it as the defence of state neutrality towards religious beliefs, with the exception of Islam and any other religion that isn't respectful of human rights and the Spanish legal system, and also towards the belief of those who don't embrace a faith; "liberal democracy", defining it as the form of government which best balances power and individual rights; "pro-Europeanism", defining it as the desire to move towards a real European federalism with the concept of citizenship as a fundamental pillar; "Spanish patriotism", defining it as the defence of common values—justice, freedom and equality—and loyalty among fellow countrymen; and "non-nationalism", defining it as the opposition to compulsory nationalism. Rosa Díez defined UPyD, in opposition to Spain's peripheral nationalist and pro-independence parties, as "an unequivocally national party, with a unique agenda for Spain". According to Rosa Díez, "social liberalism" is the political doctrine which UPyD is identified with because the party combines elements of "political liberalism" and "social democracy". Furthermore, Rosa Díez said that UPyD is "a radical party which wants to transform politics by bringing off substantial, in-depth changes from within institutions". Also, Miguel Zarranz, UPyD's coordinator in Navarre, has clarified that UPyD is "a partially centralist party because it wants to centralize powers such as education, health, water resource management or transport management within a symmetric, cooperative federal state with other decentralized responsibilities in the autonomous communities". Lastly, Álvaro Anchuelo commented that UPyD is "a monarchist party insofar as the monarchy of Spain fulfils its function and is an austere, transparent and exemplary monarchy".UPyD has been assessed by the vast majority of political scientists and the media such as the European Social Survey, "The Financial Times" and "The Economist" as a centrist party, even though it was considered as centre-left by the political scientist Donatella Maria Viola and centre-right by the Encyclopædia Britannica. Also, the self-proclaimed cross-sectionalism of UPyD has been linked to radical centrism.UPyD is a progressive party which combines social liberalism with centralism from the centre of the political spectrum. UPyD is a centralist party which stands out for being the only statewide party that actively defends the abolition of chartered regimes in all Spain, even in those regions which have them: Navarre and the Basque Country. Similarly, UPyD argues that the extreme political decentralization of the State of Autonomies has weakened the welfare state and created inequalities across the territory. Accordingly, UPyD wants to adopt a symmetric, strongly centralized federalism in Spain.UPyD wholeheartedly defends the unity of Spain, thereby being an enemy of peripheral nationalism and the existence of several national identities within Spain. The magenta party advocates for the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation so unconditionally that it supports the application of Article 155 of Spain's Constitution so as to suspend Catalonia's home rule, and the prosecution of Catalan separatist leaders for rebellion and sedition. Although UPyD is a progressive party strongly characterized by its rejection of peripheral nationalism, it also has objections to nation-state nationalism, including Spanish nationalism, because the party considers this kind of nationalism to be a threat to the progress of Europe's unity. UPyD is the most pro-European party in Spain and therefore supports a federal Europe, which the magenta party sees as an important guarantor of individual rights.Political scientist Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, professor of Sociology at the Complutense University of Madrid, postulated that UPyD aims to combat "Basque and Catalan nationalism with a good dose of Spanish nationalism but not with arguments". He reproached them to identify the State of Law, which is neutral in terms of territorial organization of power, with equal rights throughout the state. He also criticized its commitment to an electoral law that "prevents peripheral nationalist parties from having a significant presence in the Spanish Parliament" because, to his mind, fighting against nationalism with institutional reforms would mean "sacrificing the most essential elements of our democracy". Sánchez-Cuenca concluded by stating that "the ideology of UPyD seems clearly broken".Although UPyD claims to be a social liberal party that rejects any form of nationalism, the party has been branded as a Spanish nationalist one, as well as by Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, by the journalist Javier Ortiz, by some writers such as Mónica Dorange, José Ramón Montero and Ignacio Lago and Jean-Pierre Cabestan and Aleksandar Pavković and by the scholarly association European Consortium for Political Research. This may be because UPyD has defended common positions with Spanish nationalism like the fact of denying the existence of differentiated nations in the state by stating that "the Spanish nation is the only nation that exists in Spain", the recovery by law of place names in Spanish of provinces, cities, municipalities and geographic features in the autonomous communities with co-official language, the amendment of the Spanish Constitution so that there isn't any distinction between nationalities and regions and Gibraltar's restitution to Spanish sovereignty.Also, former president José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero criticized UPyD because, in his opinion, centralism has caused even more inequality than the current autonomic state and he pointed out that equality shouldn't be confused with uniformity.The PP's member Ignacio González, despite admitting his agreement on issues such as the anti-terrorist policy and territorial integrity, has placed UPyD on the far-left of the political spectrum. Gotzone Mora, who requested the vote for the PP after belonging to the PSE-EE, said that UPyD's ideas are already defended by the PP and she accused UPyD of being a PSOE's submarine.Shortly after the party's creation, on 13 December 2007, UPyD held a press conference headed by Rosa Díez, Mikel Buesa, and Fernando Savater at which it denounced "evidently unequal" treatment by Spanish banks, which denied the party loans while forgiving debts held by the other political parties. Although party activity was funded by membership fees and small donations, it "could not continue this way" or contest an election with such meager resources. Therefore, the party leadership decided to offer €200, €500 and €1,000 bonds to fund the party's campaign for the 2008 general elections. The bonds, totaling €3 million–€5 million, were sold at party offices, on the internet and over a toll-free phone line. The party pledged to report the amount of the loans obtained and the state of its accounts, and intended to repay the money after the elections with institutional funding for parties with parliamentary representation.The party's national spokesperson, Rosa Díez, won a seat in the general election of 2008 from Madrid Province with 3.74 percent of the vote. Other prominent candidates were writer Álvaro Pombo (for the Senate) and Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, both of whom failed to win seats.In 2009, the party gained representation in the European Parliamentary election and the Basque Regional Elections. Their MEP, Francisco Sosa Wagner, sat in the non-aligned group in the European parliament. In the Basque elections, Gorka Maneiro was elected to represent Álava.In 2011, Luis de Velasco Rami and 7 other UPyD members were elected to the Madrid Assembly, with UPyD becoming the fourth-largest party. In the 2011 local elections, the party won seats in Madrid, Burgos, Ávila, Granada, Alicante and Murcia. UPyD received the fourth-largest number of votes in the 2011 general election: 1,143,225, or 4.70 percent. Of the five seats won, four (held by Rosa Díez, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Álvaro Anchuelo and Irene Lozano) were in Madrid; actor Toni Cantó was elected in Valencia Province.In the 2014 European Parliament Elections, Francisco Sosa Wagner was re-elected, and UPyD won three extra seats (for Maite Pagazaurtundúa, Fernando Maura and Beatriz Becerra), consolidating their support nationwide. The party's MEPs planned to join the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group.In July 2009, party co-founder Mikel Buesa announced his resignation from UPyD, denouncing "authoritarian control" imposed by a group in the party. After its First Party Congress in November 2009, 100 UPyD critics (including four founding members) left the party, "tired and disappointed" with the "authoritarian" Rosa Díez and the party's "lack of internal democracy". By early 2010, the party lost 40 percent of its membership in Catalonia, amid allegations that the party was a fraud.
|
[
"Cristiano Brown",
"Rosa Díez",
"Gorka Maneiro Labayen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy in Sep 06, 2015?
|
September 06, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Andrés Herzog"
]
}
|
L2_Q1144342_P488_1
|
Rosa Díez is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Sep, 2007 to Jul, 2015.
Gorka Maneiro Labayen is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Cristiano Brown is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2020.
Andrés Herzog is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jul, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Union, Progress and DemocracyUnion, Progress and Democracy ( , UPyD ) was a Spanish political party founded in September 2007 and dissolved in December 2020. It was a social-liberal party that rejected any form of nationalism, especially the separatist Basque and Catalan movements. The party was deeply pro-European and wanted the European Union to adopt a federal system without overlap between the European, national and regional governments. It also wanted to replace the State of Autonomies with a symmetric and highly centralized, albeit still federal, system in Spain as well as substituting a more proportional election law for the current one.Mikel Buesa, at a 2007 party presentation, and Rosa Díez, in a 2007 interview for a magazine, explained the origin of the three concepts which make up the party's name: Union, because of their "unconditional defence of the union of Spain as a necessary condition for all Spaniards' equality before the law". Progress, because they affirm to be "a progressive party respectful of individual freedom". And Democracy, on account of their "commitment to radical regeneration of democracy". Rosa Díez, Fernando Savater, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and Juan Luis Fabo took charge of the choice of the party's name and the party's inscription into the Register of Political Parties. They opted for Union, Progress and Democracy, in the words of Rosa Díez, "because it was necessary a party that did the necessary democratic pedagogy and defended those three concepts unashamedly in Spain. Because, indeed, there is an urgent need for union between Spaniards, there is an urgent need for progressive policies and there is still a long way to go before achieving a quality democracy".UPyD first stood for election in the 9 March 2008 general election. It received 303,246 votes, or 1.2 percent of the national total, and one seat in the Congress of Deputies for party co-founder Rosa Díez, becoming the newest party with national representation in Spain. Although its core is in the Basque Autonomous Community, with roots in anti-ETA civic associations, it addresses a national audience. Prominent members of the party include philosopher Fernando Savater, party founder and former PSOE MEP Rosa Díez, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and writer Álvaro Pombo.At its Second Party Congress in November 2013, UPyD reported 6,165 registered members (down from an all-time high of 6,634 in 2011). In 2009 the party founded the think tank Fundación Progreso y Democracia (FPyD: Progress and Democracy Foundation), which has been presided over by UPyD spokesperson Rosa Díez.In the general elections held on 20 November 2011, the party won 1,143,225 votes (4.70 percent), five seats in the Congress of Deputies (four in Madrid and one in Valencia) and became the fourth-largest political force in the country. It had the greatest increase of votes over the previous general election of any party. In the 2015 general election, however, it suffered a decline in its vote power by losing all of its seats. In the 2016 general election, it dropped to just 0.2% of the national vote.On 18 November 2020, a judge ordered the dissolution of the party and its erasure from the registry of political parties, as it did not have the financial solvency to pay off the debt contracted with a former worker. The party announced that it would appeal the sentence. On 6 December 2020 it was announced that the party would no longer appeal the sentence, thus formally extinguishing UPyD.On 19 May 2007, 45 people met in San Sebastián to discuss the creation of a new political party opposing both major parties (the People's Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) at the national level. Most present were Basques, many of whom had long experience in political, union and civic organizations with left-wing, liberal and activist backgrounds. After the meeting, to create a broad-based social and political project they formed the Plataforma Pro organization. This united those who considered it necessary to form a new national political party appealing to people across the democratic political spectrum. Its platform was:Among the supporters of Plataforma Pro were philosopher Fernando Savater, "¡Basta Ya!" coordinator and spokesman Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and former Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) MEP Rosa Díez. Díez resigned her PSOE membership and her MEP position in August 2007 to become involved with the UPyD project. Groups supporting Plataforma Pro included Citizens of Catalonia (notably Albert Boadella, Arcadi Espada and Xavier Pericay) and "¡Basta Ya!", a major influence on the new movement. In September 2007, Forum Ermua president Mikel Buesa announced their intention to participate in the political party arising from Plataforma Pro; he resigned in 2009 due to disagreements with Rosa Díez.At a 29 September 2007 meeting in the auditorium of the Casa de Campo in Madrid, the new party was formed. Participants in its formation included Catalan dramatist Albert Boadella, Basque philosopher Fernando Savater, Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa and Rosa Díez. Also present were journalist Arcadi Espada, anthropologists Teresa Giménez Barbat and Felix Perez Romera (three prominent Citizens of Catalonia members), historian Antonio Elorza, painter Agustín Ibarrola, former Forum Ermua leader Mikel Buesa, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Citizens deputies Albert Rivera and Antonio Robles, Peruvian writer Fernando Iwasaki, former UGT secretary general Nicolas Redondo and People's Party Basque MP Fernando Maura. Maura joined the new party's advisory council on 6 November 2007. Writer Álvaro Pombo later expressed support for UPyD, running as a candidate for the party.Ideologically, UPyD is not defined by itself as either left or right and its constituency includes voters with an affinity for the political right as well as part of the Socialist Party's disenchanted voters. When UPyD is asked to be placed on the left–right political spectrum, it defines itself as "a progressive party that is simultaneously positioned on the political centre and cross-sectionalism, thus embracing ideas across the political spectrum". According to spokesperson Rosa Díez, the party is "progressive and cross-sectional: it's got leftist people and right-wing, liberal people". Other additional identity signs are the following: "constitutionalism", defining it as the upholding of the Spanish state of law through the pursuance of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 in the regions in which is violated and non-nationalist citizens are discriminated against and, concurrently, through a modification of instrumental articles of the Constitution to ensure that its non-negotiable articles—those that proclaim freedom, equality, cohesion, separation of powers and protection of all Spanish citizens under an independent justice—become effective; "secularism", defining it as the defence of state neutrality towards religious beliefs, with the exception of Islam and any other religion that isn't respectful of human rights and the Spanish legal system, and also towards the belief of those who don't embrace a faith; "liberal democracy", defining it as the form of government which best balances power and individual rights; "pro-Europeanism", defining it as the desire to move towards a real European federalism with the concept of citizenship as a fundamental pillar; "Spanish patriotism", defining it as the defence of common values—justice, freedom and equality—and loyalty among fellow countrymen; and "non-nationalism", defining it as the opposition to compulsory nationalism. Rosa Díez defined UPyD, in opposition to Spain's peripheral nationalist and pro-independence parties, as "an unequivocally national party, with a unique agenda for Spain". According to Rosa Díez, "social liberalism" is the political doctrine which UPyD is identified with because the party combines elements of "political liberalism" and "social democracy". Furthermore, Rosa Díez said that UPyD is "a radical party which wants to transform politics by bringing off substantial, in-depth changes from within institutions". Also, Miguel Zarranz, UPyD's coordinator in Navarre, has clarified that UPyD is "a partially centralist party because it wants to centralize powers such as education, health, water resource management or transport management within a symmetric, cooperative federal state with other decentralized responsibilities in the autonomous communities". Lastly, Álvaro Anchuelo commented that UPyD is "a monarchist party insofar as the monarchy of Spain fulfils its function and is an austere, transparent and exemplary monarchy".UPyD has been assessed by the vast majority of political scientists and the media such as the European Social Survey, "The Financial Times" and "The Economist" as a centrist party, even though it was considered as centre-left by the political scientist Donatella Maria Viola and centre-right by the Encyclopædia Britannica. Also, the self-proclaimed cross-sectionalism of UPyD has been linked to radical centrism.UPyD is a progressive party which combines social liberalism with centralism from the centre of the political spectrum. UPyD is a centralist party which stands out for being the only statewide party that actively defends the abolition of chartered regimes in all Spain, even in those regions which have them: Navarre and the Basque Country. Similarly, UPyD argues that the extreme political decentralization of the State of Autonomies has weakened the welfare state and created inequalities across the territory. Accordingly, UPyD wants to adopt a symmetric, strongly centralized federalism in Spain.UPyD wholeheartedly defends the unity of Spain, thereby being an enemy of peripheral nationalism and the existence of several national identities within Spain. The magenta party advocates for the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation so unconditionally that it supports the application of Article 155 of Spain's Constitution so as to suspend Catalonia's home rule, and the prosecution of Catalan separatist leaders for rebellion and sedition. Although UPyD is a progressive party strongly characterized by its rejection of peripheral nationalism, it also has objections to nation-state nationalism, including Spanish nationalism, because the party considers this kind of nationalism to be a threat to the progress of Europe's unity. UPyD is the most pro-European party in Spain and therefore supports a federal Europe, which the magenta party sees as an important guarantor of individual rights.Political scientist Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, professor of Sociology at the Complutense University of Madrid, postulated that UPyD aims to combat "Basque and Catalan nationalism with a good dose of Spanish nationalism but not with arguments". He reproached them to identify the State of Law, which is neutral in terms of territorial organization of power, with equal rights throughout the state. He also criticized its commitment to an electoral law that "prevents peripheral nationalist parties from having a significant presence in the Spanish Parliament" because, to his mind, fighting against nationalism with institutional reforms would mean "sacrificing the most essential elements of our democracy". Sánchez-Cuenca concluded by stating that "the ideology of UPyD seems clearly broken".Although UPyD claims to be a social liberal party that rejects any form of nationalism, the party has been branded as a Spanish nationalist one, as well as by Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, by the journalist Javier Ortiz, by some writers such as Mónica Dorange, José Ramón Montero and Ignacio Lago and Jean-Pierre Cabestan and Aleksandar Pavković and by the scholarly association European Consortium for Political Research. This may be because UPyD has defended common positions with Spanish nationalism like the fact of denying the existence of differentiated nations in the state by stating that "the Spanish nation is the only nation that exists in Spain", the recovery by law of place names in Spanish of provinces, cities, municipalities and geographic features in the autonomous communities with co-official language, the amendment of the Spanish Constitution so that there isn't any distinction between nationalities and regions and Gibraltar's restitution to Spanish sovereignty.Also, former president José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero criticized UPyD because, in his opinion, centralism has caused even more inequality than the current autonomic state and he pointed out that equality shouldn't be confused with uniformity.The PP's member Ignacio González, despite admitting his agreement on issues such as the anti-terrorist policy and territorial integrity, has placed UPyD on the far-left of the political spectrum. Gotzone Mora, who requested the vote for the PP after belonging to the PSE-EE, said that UPyD's ideas are already defended by the PP and she accused UPyD of being a PSOE's submarine.Shortly after the party's creation, on 13 December 2007, UPyD held a press conference headed by Rosa Díez, Mikel Buesa, and Fernando Savater at which it denounced "evidently unequal" treatment by Spanish banks, which denied the party loans while forgiving debts held by the other political parties. Although party activity was funded by membership fees and small donations, it "could not continue this way" or contest an election with such meager resources. Therefore, the party leadership decided to offer €200, €500 and €1,000 bonds to fund the party's campaign for the 2008 general elections. The bonds, totaling €3 million–€5 million, were sold at party offices, on the internet and over a toll-free phone line. The party pledged to report the amount of the loans obtained and the state of its accounts, and intended to repay the money after the elections with institutional funding for parties with parliamentary representation.The party's national spokesperson, Rosa Díez, won a seat in the general election of 2008 from Madrid Province with 3.74 percent of the vote. Other prominent candidates were writer Álvaro Pombo (for the Senate) and Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, both of whom failed to win seats.In 2009, the party gained representation in the European Parliamentary election and the Basque Regional Elections. Their MEP, Francisco Sosa Wagner, sat in the non-aligned group in the European parliament. In the Basque elections, Gorka Maneiro was elected to represent Álava.In 2011, Luis de Velasco Rami and 7 other UPyD members were elected to the Madrid Assembly, with UPyD becoming the fourth-largest party. In the 2011 local elections, the party won seats in Madrid, Burgos, Ávila, Granada, Alicante and Murcia. UPyD received the fourth-largest number of votes in the 2011 general election: 1,143,225, or 4.70 percent. Of the five seats won, four (held by Rosa Díez, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Álvaro Anchuelo and Irene Lozano) were in Madrid; actor Toni Cantó was elected in Valencia Province.In the 2014 European Parliament Elections, Francisco Sosa Wagner was re-elected, and UPyD won three extra seats (for Maite Pagazaurtundúa, Fernando Maura and Beatriz Becerra), consolidating their support nationwide. The party's MEPs planned to join the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group.In July 2009, party co-founder Mikel Buesa announced his resignation from UPyD, denouncing "authoritarian control" imposed by a group in the party. After its First Party Congress in November 2009, 100 UPyD critics (including four founding members) left the party, "tired and disappointed" with the "authoritarian" Rosa Díez and the party's "lack of internal democracy". By early 2010, the party lost 40 percent of its membership in Catalonia, amid allegations that the party was a fraud.
|
[
"Cristiano Brown",
"Rosa Díez",
"Gorka Maneiro Labayen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy in 09/06/2015?
|
September 06, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Andrés Herzog"
]
}
|
L2_Q1144342_P488_1
|
Rosa Díez is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Sep, 2007 to Jul, 2015.
Gorka Maneiro Labayen is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Cristiano Brown is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2020.
Andrés Herzog is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jul, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Union, Progress and DemocracyUnion, Progress and Democracy ( , UPyD ) was a Spanish political party founded in September 2007 and dissolved in December 2020. It was a social-liberal party that rejected any form of nationalism, especially the separatist Basque and Catalan movements. The party was deeply pro-European and wanted the European Union to adopt a federal system without overlap between the European, national and regional governments. It also wanted to replace the State of Autonomies with a symmetric and highly centralized, albeit still federal, system in Spain as well as substituting a more proportional election law for the current one.Mikel Buesa, at a 2007 party presentation, and Rosa Díez, in a 2007 interview for a magazine, explained the origin of the three concepts which make up the party's name: Union, because of their "unconditional defence of the union of Spain as a necessary condition for all Spaniards' equality before the law". Progress, because they affirm to be "a progressive party respectful of individual freedom". And Democracy, on account of their "commitment to radical regeneration of democracy". Rosa Díez, Fernando Savater, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and Juan Luis Fabo took charge of the choice of the party's name and the party's inscription into the Register of Political Parties. They opted for Union, Progress and Democracy, in the words of Rosa Díez, "because it was necessary a party that did the necessary democratic pedagogy and defended those three concepts unashamedly in Spain. Because, indeed, there is an urgent need for union between Spaniards, there is an urgent need for progressive policies and there is still a long way to go before achieving a quality democracy".UPyD first stood for election in the 9 March 2008 general election. It received 303,246 votes, or 1.2 percent of the national total, and one seat in the Congress of Deputies for party co-founder Rosa Díez, becoming the newest party with national representation in Spain. Although its core is in the Basque Autonomous Community, with roots in anti-ETA civic associations, it addresses a national audience. Prominent members of the party include philosopher Fernando Savater, party founder and former PSOE MEP Rosa Díez, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and writer Álvaro Pombo.At its Second Party Congress in November 2013, UPyD reported 6,165 registered members (down from an all-time high of 6,634 in 2011). In 2009 the party founded the think tank Fundación Progreso y Democracia (FPyD: Progress and Democracy Foundation), which has been presided over by UPyD spokesperson Rosa Díez.In the general elections held on 20 November 2011, the party won 1,143,225 votes (4.70 percent), five seats in the Congress of Deputies (four in Madrid and one in Valencia) and became the fourth-largest political force in the country. It had the greatest increase of votes over the previous general election of any party. In the 2015 general election, however, it suffered a decline in its vote power by losing all of its seats. In the 2016 general election, it dropped to just 0.2% of the national vote.On 18 November 2020, a judge ordered the dissolution of the party and its erasure from the registry of political parties, as it did not have the financial solvency to pay off the debt contracted with a former worker. The party announced that it would appeal the sentence. On 6 December 2020 it was announced that the party would no longer appeal the sentence, thus formally extinguishing UPyD.On 19 May 2007, 45 people met in San Sebastián to discuss the creation of a new political party opposing both major parties (the People's Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) at the national level. Most present were Basques, many of whom had long experience in political, union and civic organizations with left-wing, liberal and activist backgrounds. After the meeting, to create a broad-based social and political project they formed the Plataforma Pro organization. This united those who considered it necessary to form a new national political party appealing to people across the democratic political spectrum. Its platform was:Among the supporters of Plataforma Pro were philosopher Fernando Savater, "¡Basta Ya!" coordinator and spokesman Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and former Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) MEP Rosa Díez. Díez resigned her PSOE membership and her MEP position in August 2007 to become involved with the UPyD project. Groups supporting Plataforma Pro included Citizens of Catalonia (notably Albert Boadella, Arcadi Espada and Xavier Pericay) and "¡Basta Ya!", a major influence on the new movement. In September 2007, Forum Ermua president Mikel Buesa announced their intention to participate in the political party arising from Plataforma Pro; he resigned in 2009 due to disagreements with Rosa Díez.At a 29 September 2007 meeting in the auditorium of the Casa de Campo in Madrid, the new party was formed. Participants in its formation included Catalan dramatist Albert Boadella, Basque philosopher Fernando Savater, Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa and Rosa Díez. Also present were journalist Arcadi Espada, anthropologists Teresa Giménez Barbat and Felix Perez Romera (three prominent Citizens of Catalonia members), historian Antonio Elorza, painter Agustín Ibarrola, former Forum Ermua leader Mikel Buesa, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Citizens deputies Albert Rivera and Antonio Robles, Peruvian writer Fernando Iwasaki, former UGT secretary general Nicolas Redondo and People's Party Basque MP Fernando Maura. Maura joined the new party's advisory council on 6 November 2007. Writer Álvaro Pombo later expressed support for UPyD, running as a candidate for the party.Ideologically, UPyD is not defined by itself as either left or right and its constituency includes voters with an affinity for the political right as well as part of the Socialist Party's disenchanted voters. When UPyD is asked to be placed on the left–right political spectrum, it defines itself as "a progressive party that is simultaneously positioned on the political centre and cross-sectionalism, thus embracing ideas across the political spectrum". According to spokesperson Rosa Díez, the party is "progressive and cross-sectional: it's got leftist people and right-wing, liberal people". Other additional identity signs are the following: "constitutionalism", defining it as the upholding of the Spanish state of law through the pursuance of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 in the regions in which is violated and non-nationalist citizens are discriminated against and, concurrently, through a modification of instrumental articles of the Constitution to ensure that its non-negotiable articles—those that proclaim freedom, equality, cohesion, separation of powers and protection of all Spanish citizens under an independent justice—become effective; "secularism", defining it as the defence of state neutrality towards religious beliefs, with the exception of Islam and any other religion that isn't respectful of human rights and the Spanish legal system, and also towards the belief of those who don't embrace a faith; "liberal democracy", defining it as the form of government which best balances power and individual rights; "pro-Europeanism", defining it as the desire to move towards a real European federalism with the concept of citizenship as a fundamental pillar; "Spanish patriotism", defining it as the defence of common values—justice, freedom and equality—and loyalty among fellow countrymen; and "non-nationalism", defining it as the opposition to compulsory nationalism. Rosa Díez defined UPyD, in opposition to Spain's peripheral nationalist and pro-independence parties, as "an unequivocally national party, with a unique agenda for Spain". According to Rosa Díez, "social liberalism" is the political doctrine which UPyD is identified with because the party combines elements of "political liberalism" and "social democracy". Furthermore, Rosa Díez said that UPyD is "a radical party which wants to transform politics by bringing off substantial, in-depth changes from within institutions". Also, Miguel Zarranz, UPyD's coordinator in Navarre, has clarified that UPyD is "a partially centralist party because it wants to centralize powers such as education, health, water resource management or transport management within a symmetric, cooperative federal state with other decentralized responsibilities in the autonomous communities". Lastly, Álvaro Anchuelo commented that UPyD is "a monarchist party insofar as the monarchy of Spain fulfils its function and is an austere, transparent and exemplary monarchy".UPyD has been assessed by the vast majority of political scientists and the media such as the European Social Survey, "The Financial Times" and "The Economist" as a centrist party, even though it was considered as centre-left by the political scientist Donatella Maria Viola and centre-right by the Encyclopædia Britannica. Also, the self-proclaimed cross-sectionalism of UPyD has been linked to radical centrism.UPyD is a progressive party which combines social liberalism with centralism from the centre of the political spectrum. UPyD is a centralist party which stands out for being the only statewide party that actively defends the abolition of chartered regimes in all Spain, even in those regions which have them: Navarre and the Basque Country. Similarly, UPyD argues that the extreme political decentralization of the State of Autonomies has weakened the welfare state and created inequalities across the territory. Accordingly, UPyD wants to adopt a symmetric, strongly centralized federalism in Spain.UPyD wholeheartedly defends the unity of Spain, thereby being an enemy of peripheral nationalism and the existence of several national identities within Spain. The magenta party advocates for the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation so unconditionally that it supports the application of Article 155 of Spain's Constitution so as to suspend Catalonia's home rule, and the prosecution of Catalan separatist leaders for rebellion and sedition. Although UPyD is a progressive party strongly characterized by its rejection of peripheral nationalism, it also has objections to nation-state nationalism, including Spanish nationalism, because the party considers this kind of nationalism to be a threat to the progress of Europe's unity. UPyD is the most pro-European party in Spain and therefore supports a federal Europe, which the magenta party sees as an important guarantor of individual rights.Political scientist Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, professor of Sociology at the Complutense University of Madrid, postulated that UPyD aims to combat "Basque and Catalan nationalism with a good dose of Spanish nationalism but not with arguments". He reproached them to identify the State of Law, which is neutral in terms of territorial organization of power, with equal rights throughout the state. He also criticized its commitment to an electoral law that "prevents peripheral nationalist parties from having a significant presence in the Spanish Parliament" because, to his mind, fighting against nationalism with institutional reforms would mean "sacrificing the most essential elements of our democracy". Sánchez-Cuenca concluded by stating that "the ideology of UPyD seems clearly broken".Although UPyD claims to be a social liberal party that rejects any form of nationalism, the party has been branded as a Spanish nationalist one, as well as by Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, by the journalist Javier Ortiz, by some writers such as Mónica Dorange, José Ramón Montero and Ignacio Lago and Jean-Pierre Cabestan and Aleksandar Pavković and by the scholarly association European Consortium for Political Research. This may be because UPyD has defended common positions with Spanish nationalism like the fact of denying the existence of differentiated nations in the state by stating that "the Spanish nation is the only nation that exists in Spain", the recovery by law of place names in Spanish of provinces, cities, municipalities and geographic features in the autonomous communities with co-official language, the amendment of the Spanish Constitution so that there isn't any distinction between nationalities and regions and Gibraltar's restitution to Spanish sovereignty.Also, former president José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero criticized UPyD because, in his opinion, centralism has caused even more inequality than the current autonomic state and he pointed out that equality shouldn't be confused with uniformity.The PP's member Ignacio González, despite admitting his agreement on issues such as the anti-terrorist policy and territorial integrity, has placed UPyD on the far-left of the political spectrum. Gotzone Mora, who requested the vote for the PP after belonging to the PSE-EE, said that UPyD's ideas are already defended by the PP and she accused UPyD of being a PSOE's submarine.Shortly after the party's creation, on 13 December 2007, UPyD held a press conference headed by Rosa Díez, Mikel Buesa, and Fernando Savater at which it denounced "evidently unequal" treatment by Spanish banks, which denied the party loans while forgiving debts held by the other political parties. Although party activity was funded by membership fees and small donations, it "could not continue this way" or contest an election with such meager resources. Therefore, the party leadership decided to offer €200, €500 and €1,000 bonds to fund the party's campaign for the 2008 general elections. The bonds, totaling €3 million–€5 million, were sold at party offices, on the internet and over a toll-free phone line. The party pledged to report the amount of the loans obtained and the state of its accounts, and intended to repay the money after the elections with institutional funding for parties with parliamentary representation.The party's national spokesperson, Rosa Díez, won a seat in the general election of 2008 from Madrid Province with 3.74 percent of the vote. Other prominent candidates were writer Álvaro Pombo (for the Senate) and Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, both of whom failed to win seats.In 2009, the party gained representation in the European Parliamentary election and the Basque Regional Elections. Their MEP, Francisco Sosa Wagner, sat in the non-aligned group in the European parliament. In the Basque elections, Gorka Maneiro was elected to represent Álava.In 2011, Luis de Velasco Rami and 7 other UPyD members were elected to the Madrid Assembly, with UPyD becoming the fourth-largest party. In the 2011 local elections, the party won seats in Madrid, Burgos, Ávila, Granada, Alicante and Murcia. UPyD received the fourth-largest number of votes in the 2011 general election: 1,143,225, or 4.70 percent. Of the five seats won, four (held by Rosa Díez, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Álvaro Anchuelo and Irene Lozano) were in Madrid; actor Toni Cantó was elected in Valencia Province.In the 2014 European Parliament Elections, Francisco Sosa Wagner was re-elected, and UPyD won three extra seats (for Maite Pagazaurtundúa, Fernando Maura and Beatriz Becerra), consolidating their support nationwide. The party's MEPs planned to join the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group.In July 2009, party co-founder Mikel Buesa announced his resignation from UPyD, denouncing "authoritarian control" imposed by a group in the party. After its First Party Congress in November 2009, 100 UPyD critics (including four founding members) left the party, "tired and disappointed" with the "authoritarian" Rosa Díez and the party's "lack of internal democracy". By early 2010, the party lost 40 percent of its membership in Catalonia, amid allegations that the party was a fraud.
|
[
"Cristiano Brown",
"Rosa Díez",
"Gorka Maneiro Labayen"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy in 06-Sep-201506-September-2015?
|
September 06, 2015
|
{
"text": [
"Andrés Herzog"
]
}
|
L2_Q1144342_P488_1
|
Rosa Díez is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Sep, 2007 to Jul, 2015.
Gorka Maneiro Labayen is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2016 to Jan, 2017.
Cristiano Brown is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2020.
Andrés Herzog is the chair of Union, Progress and Democracy from Jul, 2015 to Jan, 2016.
|
Union, Progress and DemocracyUnion, Progress and Democracy ( , UPyD ) was a Spanish political party founded in September 2007 and dissolved in December 2020. It was a social-liberal party that rejected any form of nationalism, especially the separatist Basque and Catalan movements. The party was deeply pro-European and wanted the European Union to adopt a federal system without overlap between the European, national and regional governments. It also wanted to replace the State of Autonomies with a symmetric and highly centralized, albeit still federal, system in Spain as well as substituting a more proportional election law for the current one.Mikel Buesa, at a 2007 party presentation, and Rosa Díez, in a 2007 interview for a magazine, explained the origin of the three concepts which make up the party's name: Union, because of their "unconditional defence of the union of Spain as a necessary condition for all Spaniards' equality before the law". Progress, because they affirm to be "a progressive party respectful of individual freedom". And Democracy, on account of their "commitment to radical regeneration of democracy". Rosa Díez, Fernando Savater, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and Juan Luis Fabo took charge of the choice of the party's name and the party's inscription into the Register of Political Parties. They opted for Union, Progress and Democracy, in the words of Rosa Díez, "because it was necessary a party that did the necessary democratic pedagogy and defended those three concepts unashamedly in Spain. Because, indeed, there is an urgent need for union between Spaniards, there is an urgent need for progressive policies and there is still a long way to go before achieving a quality democracy".UPyD first stood for election in the 9 March 2008 general election. It received 303,246 votes, or 1.2 percent of the national total, and one seat in the Congress of Deputies for party co-founder Rosa Díez, becoming the newest party with national representation in Spain. Although its core is in the Basque Autonomous Community, with roots in anti-ETA civic associations, it addresses a national audience. Prominent members of the party include philosopher Fernando Savater, party founder and former PSOE MEP Rosa Díez, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and writer Álvaro Pombo.At its Second Party Congress in November 2013, UPyD reported 6,165 registered members (down from an all-time high of 6,634 in 2011). In 2009 the party founded the think tank Fundación Progreso y Democracia (FPyD: Progress and Democracy Foundation), which has been presided over by UPyD spokesperson Rosa Díez.In the general elections held on 20 November 2011, the party won 1,143,225 votes (4.70 percent), five seats in the Congress of Deputies (four in Madrid and one in Valencia) and became the fourth-largest political force in the country. It had the greatest increase of votes over the previous general election of any party. In the 2015 general election, however, it suffered a decline in its vote power by losing all of its seats. In the 2016 general election, it dropped to just 0.2% of the national vote.On 18 November 2020, a judge ordered the dissolution of the party and its erasure from the registry of political parties, as it did not have the financial solvency to pay off the debt contracted with a former worker. The party announced that it would appeal the sentence. On 6 December 2020 it was announced that the party would no longer appeal the sentence, thus formally extinguishing UPyD.On 19 May 2007, 45 people met in San Sebastián to discuss the creation of a new political party opposing both major parties (the People's Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) at the national level. Most present were Basques, many of whom had long experience in political, union and civic organizations with left-wing, liberal and activist backgrounds. After the meeting, to create a broad-based social and political project they formed the Plataforma Pro organization. This united those who considered it necessary to form a new national political party appealing to people across the democratic political spectrum. Its platform was:Among the supporters of Plataforma Pro were philosopher Fernando Savater, "¡Basta Ya!" coordinator and spokesman Carlos Martínez Gorriarán and former Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) MEP Rosa Díez. Díez resigned her PSOE membership and her MEP position in August 2007 to become involved with the UPyD project. Groups supporting Plataforma Pro included Citizens of Catalonia (notably Albert Boadella, Arcadi Espada and Xavier Pericay) and "¡Basta Ya!", a major influence on the new movement. In September 2007, Forum Ermua president Mikel Buesa announced their intention to participate in the political party arising from Plataforma Pro; he resigned in 2009 due to disagreements with Rosa Díez.At a 29 September 2007 meeting in the auditorium of the Casa de Campo in Madrid, the new party was formed. Participants in its formation included Catalan dramatist Albert Boadella, Basque philosopher Fernando Savater, Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa and Rosa Díez. Also present were journalist Arcadi Espada, anthropologists Teresa Giménez Barbat and Felix Perez Romera (three prominent Citizens of Catalonia members), historian Antonio Elorza, painter Agustín Ibarrola, former Forum Ermua leader Mikel Buesa, philosopher Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Citizens deputies Albert Rivera and Antonio Robles, Peruvian writer Fernando Iwasaki, former UGT secretary general Nicolas Redondo and People's Party Basque MP Fernando Maura. Maura joined the new party's advisory council on 6 November 2007. Writer Álvaro Pombo later expressed support for UPyD, running as a candidate for the party.Ideologically, UPyD is not defined by itself as either left or right and its constituency includes voters with an affinity for the political right as well as part of the Socialist Party's disenchanted voters. When UPyD is asked to be placed on the left–right political spectrum, it defines itself as "a progressive party that is simultaneously positioned on the political centre and cross-sectionalism, thus embracing ideas across the political spectrum". According to spokesperson Rosa Díez, the party is "progressive and cross-sectional: it's got leftist people and right-wing, liberal people". Other additional identity signs are the following: "constitutionalism", defining it as the upholding of the Spanish state of law through the pursuance of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 in the regions in which is violated and non-nationalist citizens are discriminated against and, concurrently, through a modification of instrumental articles of the Constitution to ensure that its non-negotiable articles—those that proclaim freedom, equality, cohesion, separation of powers and protection of all Spanish citizens under an independent justice—become effective; "secularism", defining it as the defence of state neutrality towards religious beliefs, with the exception of Islam and any other religion that isn't respectful of human rights and the Spanish legal system, and also towards the belief of those who don't embrace a faith; "liberal democracy", defining it as the form of government which best balances power and individual rights; "pro-Europeanism", defining it as the desire to move towards a real European federalism with the concept of citizenship as a fundamental pillar; "Spanish patriotism", defining it as the defence of common values—justice, freedom and equality—and loyalty among fellow countrymen; and "non-nationalism", defining it as the opposition to compulsory nationalism. Rosa Díez defined UPyD, in opposition to Spain's peripheral nationalist and pro-independence parties, as "an unequivocally national party, with a unique agenda for Spain". According to Rosa Díez, "social liberalism" is the political doctrine which UPyD is identified with because the party combines elements of "political liberalism" and "social democracy". Furthermore, Rosa Díez said that UPyD is "a radical party which wants to transform politics by bringing off substantial, in-depth changes from within institutions". Also, Miguel Zarranz, UPyD's coordinator in Navarre, has clarified that UPyD is "a partially centralist party because it wants to centralize powers such as education, health, water resource management or transport management within a symmetric, cooperative federal state with other decentralized responsibilities in the autonomous communities". Lastly, Álvaro Anchuelo commented that UPyD is "a monarchist party insofar as the monarchy of Spain fulfils its function and is an austere, transparent and exemplary monarchy".UPyD has been assessed by the vast majority of political scientists and the media such as the European Social Survey, "The Financial Times" and "The Economist" as a centrist party, even though it was considered as centre-left by the political scientist Donatella Maria Viola and centre-right by the Encyclopædia Britannica. Also, the self-proclaimed cross-sectionalism of UPyD has been linked to radical centrism.UPyD is a progressive party which combines social liberalism with centralism from the centre of the political spectrum. UPyD is a centralist party which stands out for being the only statewide party that actively defends the abolition of chartered regimes in all Spain, even in those regions which have them: Navarre and the Basque Country. Similarly, UPyD argues that the extreme political decentralization of the State of Autonomies has weakened the welfare state and created inequalities across the territory. Accordingly, UPyD wants to adopt a symmetric, strongly centralized federalism in Spain.UPyD wholeheartedly defends the unity of Spain, thereby being an enemy of peripheral nationalism and the existence of several national identities within Spain. The magenta party advocates for the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation so unconditionally that it supports the application of Article 155 of Spain's Constitution so as to suspend Catalonia's home rule, and the prosecution of Catalan separatist leaders for rebellion and sedition. Although UPyD is a progressive party strongly characterized by its rejection of peripheral nationalism, it also has objections to nation-state nationalism, including Spanish nationalism, because the party considers this kind of nationalism to be a threat to the progress of Europe's unity. UPyD is the most pro-European party in Spain and therefore supports a federal Europe, which the magenta party sees as an important guarantor of individual rights.Political scientist Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, professor of Sociology at the Complutense University of Madrid, postulated that UPyD aims to combat "Basque and Catalan nationalism with a good dose of Spanish nationalism but not with arguments". He reproached them to identify the State of Law, which is neutral in terms of territorial organization of power, with equal rights throughout the state. He also criticized its commitment to an electoral law that "prevents peripheral nationalist parties from having a significant presence in the Spanish Parliament" because, to his mind, fighting against nationalism with institutional reforms would mean "sacrificing the most essential elements of our democracy". Sánchez-Cuenca concluded by stating that "the ideology of UPyD seems clearly broken".Although UPyD claims to be a social liberal party that rejects any form of nationalism, the party has been branded as a Spanish nationalist one, as well as by Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, by the journalist Javier Ortiz, by some writers such as Mónica Dorange, José Ramón Montero and Ignacio Lago and Jean-Pierre Cabestan and Aleksandar Pavković and by the scholarly association European Consortium for Political Research. This may be because UPyD has defended common positions with Spanish nationalism like the fact of denying the existence of differentiated nations in the state by stating that "the Spanish nation is the only nation that exists in Spain", the recovery by law of place names in Spanish of provinces, cities, municipalities and geographic features in the autonomous communities with co-official language, the amendment of the Spanish Constitution so that there isn't any distinction between nationalities and regions and Gibraltar's restitution to Spanish sovereignty.Also, former president José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero criticized UPyD because, in his opinion, centralism has caused even more inequality than the current autonomic state and he pointed out that equality shouldn't be confused with uniformity.The PP's member Ignacio González, despite admitting his agreement on issues such as the anti-terrorist policy and territorial integrity, has placed UPyD on the far-left of the political spectrum. Gotzone Mora, who requested the vote for the PP after belonging to the PSE-EE, said that UPyD's ideas are already defended by the PP and she accused UPyD of being a PSOE's submarine.Shortly after the party's creation, on 13 December 2007, UPyD held a press conference headed by Rosa Díez, Mikel Buesa, and Fernando Savater at which it denounced "evidently unequal" treatment by Spanish banks, which denied the party loans while forgiving debts held by the other political parties. Although party activity was funded by membership fees and small donations, it "could not continue this way" or contest an election with such meager resources. Therefore, the party leadership decided to offer €200, €500 and €1,000 bonds to fund the party's campaign for the 2008 general elections. The bonds, totaling €3 million–€5 million, were sold at party offices, on the internet and over a toll-free phone line. The party pledged to report the amount of the loans obtained and the state of its accounts, and intended to repay the money after the elections with institutional funding for parties with parliamentary representation.The party's national spokesperson, Rosa Díez, won a seat in the general election of 2008 from Madrid Province with 3.74 percent of the vote. Other prominent candidates were writer Álvaro Pombo (for the Senate) and Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, both of whom failed to win seats.In 2009, the party gained representation in the European Parliamentary election and the Basque Regional Elections. Their MEP, Francisco Sosa Wagner, sat in the non-aligned group in the European parliament. In the Basque elections, Gorka Maneiro was elected to represent Álava.In 2011, Luis de Velasco Rami and 7 other UPyD members were elected to the Madrid Assembly, with UPyD becoming the fourth-largest party. In the 2011 local elections, the party won seats in Madrid, Burgos, Ávila, Granada, Alicante and Murcia. UPyD received the fourth-largest number of votes in the 2011 general election: 1,143,225, or 4.70 percent. Of the five seats won, four (held by Rosa Díez, Carlos Martínez Gorriarán, Álvaro Anchuelo and Irene Lozano) were in Madrid; actor Toni Cantó was elected in Valencia Province.In the 2014 European Parliament Elections, Francisco Sosa Wagner was re-elected, and UPyD won three extra seats (for Maite Pagazaurtundúa, Fernando Maura and Beatriz Becerra), consolidating their support nationwide. The party's MEPs planned to join the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group.In July 2009, party co-founder Mikel Buesa announced his resignation from UPyD, denouncing "authoritarian control" imposed by a group in the party. After its First Party Congress in November 2009, 100 UPyD critics (including four founding members) left the party, "tired and disappointed" with the "authoritarian" Rosa Díez and the party's "lack of internal democracy". By early 2010, the party lost 40 percent of its membership in Catalonia, amid allegations that the party was a fraud.
|
[
"Cristiano Brown",
"Rosa Díez",
"Gorka Maneiro Labayen"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Jan, 2012?
|
January 01, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"CFR Cluj",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_5
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in 2012-01-01?
|
January 01, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"CFR Cluj",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_5
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in 01/01/2012?
|
January 01, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"CFR Cluj",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_5
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in Jan 01, 2012?
|
January 01, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"CFR Cluj",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_5
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in 01/01/2012?
|
January 01, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"CFR Cluj",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_5
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which team did Stojan Vranješ play for in 01-Jan-201201-January-2012?
|
January 01, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"CFR Cluj",
"CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu"
]
}
|
L2_Q2699366_P54_5
|
Stojan Vranješ plays for Legia Warsaw from Aug, 2015 to Dec, 2016.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Lechia Gdańsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Stojan Vranješ plays for CFR Cluj from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Stojan Vranješ plays for F.K. Vojvodina from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Stojan Vranješ plays for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Stojan Vranješ plays for FK Borac Banja Luka from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2010.
|
Stojan VranješStojan Vranješ (Serbian Cyrillic: Стојан Врањеш; born 11 October 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bosnian Premier League club Borac Banja Luka.Vranješ started his career at his hometown club Borac Banja Luka. There, he spent a total of five seasons, before moving to Romania, where he played for Pandurii and CFR Cluj.On 6 February 2013, Vranješ signed a two-year contract with Serbian giants Vojvodina. He scored his first goal for Vojvodina in a 2–1 win against Smederevo on 27 February 2013. He scored a goal from distance in a 3–0 win against Donji Srem on 19 March 2013, which Donji Srem manager Bogić Bogićević dubbed a "euro-goal".In February 2014, Vranješ was transferred from Vojvodina to Polish club Lechia Gdańsk for 200,000 Euros. After impressing at Lechia, scoring 16 goals in 52 appearances, he was transferred to Legia Warsaw on 29 August 2015. While at Legia, Vranješ won both the Ekstraklasa and Polish Cup in 2016. On 9 January 2017, shortly after leaving Legia, he signed a contract with Piast Gliwice. On 15 January 2018, Vranješ left the club after not having enough playing time in that season. Both sides said they are on good terms still to this day.On 23 January 2018, Vranješ signed a one and a half-year deal with Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. On 9 May 2018, he won the Bosnian Cup after Željezničar beat Krupa in the two legged final of that season's cup. On 31 January 2019, Vranješ left Željezničar.On 1 February 2019, 9 years after leaving the club, Vranješ once again became the new player of Borac in the First League of RS. He made his official debut for Borac on 27 February 2019, in a 2–1 away loss in a cup game against Široki Brijeg.In the 2018–19 First League of RS season, Vranješ's Borac 5 games before the end of the season won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. On 12 January 2020, he extended his contract with the club until the summer of 2023.Vranješ won his first league title with Borac on 23 May 2021, one game before the end of the 2020–21 season, getting crowned Bosnian Premier League champions.Vranješ made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, against Uzbekistan.On 31 May 2012, Vranješ was at the center of a media storm for a mistake he made in a friendly match in Chicago against Mexico, which resulted in a last-minute goal for Mexico, who won 2–1.Vranješ has a younger brother, Ognjen, who is also a professional footballer.Borac Banja LukaCFR Cluj Vojvodina Legia Warsaw Željezničar
|
[
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team",
"FK Borac Banja Luka",
"Lechia Gdańsk",
"Legia Warsaw",
"F.K. Vojvodina",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-17 football team",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team"
] |
|
Which position did Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati hold in Nov, 2022?
|
November 04, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"minister for institutional reforms"
]
}
|
L2_Q930967_P39_3
|
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of president from Sep, 2002 to Apr, 2005.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of Undersecretary of State from Apr, 2005 to May, 2006.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of President of the Italian Senate from Mar, 2018 to Oct, 2022.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of minister for institutional reforms from Oct, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Elisabetta CasellatiMaria Elisabetta Casellati, née Alberti (born 12 August 1946), is an Italian lawyer and politician serving as President of the Italian Senate since 2018. She is the first woman to have ever held this position. Casellati is a long-time member of the liberal-conservative party Forza Italia and served as Undersecretary of Health and Justice in previous governments. The formal Italian order of precedence lists her office as being, ceremonially, the third-highest Italian state office.Maria Elisabetta Alberti was born in Rovigo in 1946 to a noble family. Her father was a partisan during World War II. She graduated from the University of Ferrara with a degree in law and specialised in Canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University.She later started teaching at the University of Padua. For many years, she also worked as a professional lawyer along with her husband, Gianbattista Casellati.Previously a member of the Italian Liberal Party, she joined Forza Italia (FI), the liberal-conservative party founded by Silvio Berlusconi. She held many important positions inside the party's organisation. In March 1994, she was elected to the Italian Senate in the general election, for the single-member constituency of Cittadella, near Padua. During the 12th Legislature, Casellati served as a secretary of F.I.'s parliamentary group in the Senate and also as a president of the Health Commission.Casellati was not re-elected in 1996 snap election and was defeated by the Lega Nord candidate by just a few votes. From 1999 to 2000, she served as provincial commissioner of Forza Italia for Rovigo. Following the 2001 general election, Casellati returned to the Senate for the constituency of Padua. During the 14th Legislature, she served as vice-leader of Forza Italia in the Senate. On 30 December 2004, Casellati was appointed undersecretary to Health in Berlusconi's second cabinet. She also held this office in Berlusconi's third cabinet, until 16 May 2006.She was re-elected again in the 2006 general election, which saw a narrow victory for the centre-left party of Romano Prodi; Casellati was confirmed vice-leader of her party in the Senate. The 2008 election featured a strong showing by Berlusconi's new party The People of Freedom and his centre-right coalition; Casellati was re-elected in the Senate and served as undersecretary for Justice from 12 May 2008 to 16 November 2011, when the conservative Prime Minister was forced to resign amid financial crisis and public protests.In the 2013 general election, Casellati was elected to the multi-member constituency of Veneto. However, on 15 September 2014 she was elected by the Parliament in joint session to the High Council of the Judiciary (CSM), where she remained as a member until returning to the Senate in 2018 with the revived Forza Italia. At the CSM she served as president of the Third Commission for access to the judiciary and for mobility from October 2016 until her resignation.On 24 March 2018 she was elected President of the Senate, becoming the first woman to hold this position. She was supported by her own party, the League, Brothers of Italy and the Five Star Movement.On 18 April 2018 she was given an exploratory mandate by President Sergio Mattarella to try and reconcile the issues between the centre-right coalition and the Five Star Movement (M5S), in order to break the post-election political deadlock and form a fully functional new government. However, she failed in finding a solution to the disputes between the parties, especially between the M5S and Forza Italia.Casellati has described herself as a conservative and a Catholic; she has often stressed her strong opposition to artificial insemination and has signed a bill to abolish law 194 on the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, describing abortion as "a very serious mistake, which flirts with the culture of death." She is also in favour of the reopening of brothels and the subsequent abolition of the Merlin law.Casellati strongly opposed the Cirinnà law, promoted by the centre-left government of Matteo Renzi, which recognized same-sex unions in Italy, stating that "family is not an extensible concept and the State cannot equate marriage and civil unions." She also added "any parity between marriages and civil unions would be a blurring of non-overlapping models." Following the approval of the law, on 13 May 2016, she gave an interview stating that she believed that the Cirinnà law discriminated against heterosexual couples.She supports the chemical castration for those guilty of sexual violence or pedophilia, asserting in 2008 that "chemical castration is a path to follow as it is not a violent imposition on those who have committed aberrant offenses, but the administration of a drug that lowers sexual impulses." Moreover, she is a strong supporter of the Bossi-Fini law, now abolished, which introduced criminal sentences for those illegally entering Italy; she declared that "only those who have the opportunity to live and keep themselves in dignity can come to Italy."On 15 March 2013, she presented a law for the abolition of the IMU, the real estate tax promoted by Mario Monti's technocratic government in 2011. She is a strong supporter of the flat tax and when she became president of the Senate, she stated that the priority for Italy was a tax reform to support families and businesses.
|
[
"Undersecretary of State",
"President of the Italian Senate",
"president"
] |
|
Which position did Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati hold in 2022-11-04?
|
November 04, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"minister for institutional reforms"
]
}
|
L2_Q930967_P39_3
|
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of president from Sep, 2002 to Apr, 2005.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of Undersecretary of State from Apr, 2005 to May, 2006.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of President of the Italian Senate from Mar, 2018 to Oct, 2022.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of minister for institutional reforms from Oct, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Elisabetta CasellatiMaria Elisabetta Casellati, née Alberti (born 12 August 1946), is an Italian lawyer and politician serving as President of the Italian Senate since 2018. She is the first woman to have ever held this position. Casellati is a long-time member of the liberal-conservative party Forza Italia and served as Undersecretary of Health and Justice in previous governments. The formal Italian order of precedence lists her office as being, ceremonially, the third-highest Italian state office.Maria Elisabetta Alberti was born in Rovigo in 1946 to a noble family. Her father was a partisan during World War II. She graduated from the University of Ferrara with a degree in law and specialised in Canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University.She later started teaching at the University of Padua. For many years, she also worked as a professional lawyer along with her husband, Gianbattista Casellati.Previously a member of the Italian Liberal Party, she joined Forza Italia (FI), the liberal-conservative party founded by Silvio Berlusconi. She held many important positions inside the party's organisation. In March 1994, she was elected to the Italian Senate in the general election, for the single-member constituency of Cittadella, near Padua. During the 12th Legislature, Casellati served as a secretary of F.I.'s parliamentary group in the Senate and also as a president of the Health Commission.Casellati was not re-elected in 1996 snap election and was defeated by the Lega Nord candidate by just a few votes. From 1999 to 2000, she served as provincial commissioner of Forza Italia for Rovigo. Following the 2001 general election, Casellati returned to the Senate for the constituency of Padua. During the 14th Legislature, she served as vice-leader of Forza Italia in the Senate. On 30 December 2004, Casellati was appointed undersecretary to Health in Berlusconi's second cabinet. She also held this office in Berlusconi's third cabinet, until 16 May 2006.She was re-elected again in the 2006 general election, which saw a narrow victory for the centre-left party of Romano Prodi; Casellati was confirmed vice-leader of her party in the Senate. The 2008 election featured a strong showing by Berlusconi's new party The People of Freedom and his centre-right coalition; Casellati was re-elected in the Senate and served as undersecretary for Justice from 12 May 2008 to 16 November 2011, when the conservative Prime Minister was forced to resign amid financial crisis and public protests.In the 2013 general election, Casellati was elected to the multi-member constituency of Veneto. However, on 15 September 2014 she was elected by the Parliament in joint session to the High Council of the Judiciary (CSM), where she remained as a member until returning to the Senate in 2018 with the revived Forza Italia. At the CSM she served as president of the Third Commission for access to the judiciary and for mobility from October 2016 until her resignation.On 24 March 2018 she was elected President of the Senate, becoming the first woman to hold this position. She was supported by her own party, the League, Brothers of Italy and the Five Star Movement.On 18 April 2018 she was given an exploratory mandate by President Sergio Mattarella to try and reconcile the issues between the centre-right coalition and the Five Star Movement (M5S), in order to break the post-election political deadlock and form a fully functional new government. However, she failed in finding a solution to the disputes between the parties, especially between the M5S and Forza Italia.Casellati has described herself as a conservative and a Catholic; she has often stressed her strong opposition to artificial insemination and has signed a bill to abolish law 194 on the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, describing abortion as "a very serious mistake, which flirts with the culture of death." She is also in favour of the reopening of brothels and the subsequent abolition of the Merlin law.Casellati strongly opposed the Cirinnà law, promoted by the centre-left government of Matteo Renzi, which recognized same-sex unions in Italy, stating that "family is not an extensible concept and the State cannot equate marriage and civil unions." She also added "any parity between marriages and civil unions would be a blurring of non-overlapping models." Following the approval of the law, on 13 May 2016, she gave an interview stating that she believed that the Cirinnà law discriminated against heterosexual couples.She supports the chemical castration for those guilty of sexual violence or pedophilia, asserting in 2008 that "chemical castration is a path to follow as it is not a violent imposition on those who have committed aberrant offenses, but the administration of a drug that lowers sexual impulses." Moreover, she is a strong supporter of the Bossi-Fini law, now abolished, which introduced criminal sentences for those illegally entering Italy; she declared that "only those who have the opportunity to live and keep themselves in dignity can come to Italy."On 15 March 2013, she presented a law for the abolition of the IMU, the real estate tax promoted by Mario Monti's technocratic government in 2011. She is a strong supporter of the flat tax and when she became president of the Senate, she stated that the priority for Italy was a tax reform to support families and businesses.
|
[
"Undersecretary of State",
"President of the Italian Senate",
"president"
] |
|
Which position did Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati hold in 04/11/2022?
|
November 04, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"minister for institutional reforms"
]
}
|
L2_Q930967_P39_3
|
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of president from Sep, 2002 to Apr, 2005.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of Undersecretary of State from Apr, 2005 to May, 2006.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of President of the Italian Senate from Mar, 2018 to Oct, 2022.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of minister for institutional reforms from Oct, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Elisabetta CasellatiMaria Elisabetta Casellati, née Alberti (born 12 August 1946), is an Italian lawyer and politician serving as President of the Italian Senate since 2018. She is the first woman to have ever held this position. Casellati is a long-time member of the liberal-conservative party Forza Italia and served as Undersecretary of Health and Justice in previous governments. The formal Italian order of precedence lists her office as being, ceremonially, the third-highest Italian state office.Maria Elisabetta Alberti was born in Rovigo in 1946 to a noble family. Her father was a partisan during World War II. She graduated from the University of Ferrara with a degree in law and specialised in Canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University.She later started teaching at the University of Padua. For many years, she also worked as a professional lawyer along with her husband, Gianbattista Casellati.Previously a member of the Italian Liberal Party, she joined Forza Italia (FI), the liberal-conservative party founded by Silvio Berlusconi. She held many important positions inside the party's organisation. In March 1994, she was elected to the Italian Senate in the general election, for the single-member constituency of Cittadella, near Padua. During the 12th Legislature, Casellati served as a secretary of F.I.'s parliamentary group in the Senate and also as a president of the Health Commission.Casellati was not re-elected in 1996 snap election and was defeated by the Lega Nord candidate by just a few votes. From 1999 to 2000, she served as provincial commissioner of Forza Italia for Rovigo. Following the 2001 general election, Casellati returned to the Senate for the constituency of Padua. During the 14th Legislature, she served as vice-leader of Forza Italia in the Senate. On 30 December 2004, Casellati was appointed undersecretary to Health in Berlusconi's second cabinet. She also held this office in Berlusconi's third cabinet, until 16 May 2006.She was re-elected again in the 2006 general election, which saw a narrow victory for the centre-left party of Romano Prodi; Casellati was confirmed vice-leader of her party in the Senate. The 2008 election featured a strong showing by Berlusconi's new party The People of Freedom and his centre-right coalition; Casellati was re-elected in the Senate and served as undersecretary for Justice from 12 May 2008 to 16 November 2011, when the conservative Prime Minister was forced to resign amid financial crisis and public protests.In the 2013 general election, Casellati was elected to the multi-member constituency of Veneto. However, on 15 September 2014 she was elected by the Parliament in joint session to the High Council of the Judiciary (CSM), where she remained as a member until returning to the Senate in 2018 with the revived Forza Italia. At the CSM she served as president of the Third Commission for access to the judiciary and for mobility from October 2016 until her resignation.On 24 March 2018 she was elected President of the Senate, becoming the first woman to hold this position. She was supported by her own party, the League, Brothers of Italy and the Five Star Movement.On 18 April 2018 she was given an exploratory mandate by President Sergio Mattarella to try and reconcile the issues between the centre-right coalition and the Five Star Movement (M5S), in order to break the post-election political deadlock and form a fully functional new government. However, she failed in finding a solution to the disputes between the parties, especially between the M5S and Forza Italia.Casellati has described herself as a conservative and a Catholic; she has often stressed her strong opposition to artificial insemination and has signed a bill to abolish law 194 on the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, describing abortion as "a very serious mistake, which flirts with the culture of death." She is also in favour of the reopening of brothels and the subsequent abolition of the Merlin law.Casellati strongly opposed the Cirinnà law, promoted by the centre-left government of Matteo Renzi, which recognized same-sex unions in Italy, stating that "family is not an extensible concept and the State cannot equate marriage and civil unions." She also added "any parity between marriages and civil unions would be a blurring of non-overlapping models." Following the approval of the law, on 13 May 2016, she gave an interview stating that she believed that the Cirinnà law discriminated against heterosexual couples.She supports the chemical castration for those guilty of sexual violence or pedophilia, asserting in 2008 that "chemical castration is a path to follow as it is not a violent imposition on those who have committed aberrant offenses, but the administration of a drug that lowers sexual impulses." Moreover, she is a strong supporter of the Bossi-Fini law, now abolished, which introduced criminal sentences for those illegally entering Italy; she declared that "only those who have the opportunity to live and keep themselves in dignity can come to Italy."On 15 March 2013, she presented a law for the abolition of the IMU, the real estate tax promoted by Mario Monti's technocratic government in 2011. She is a strong supporter of the flat tax and when she became president of the Senate, she stated that the priority for Italy was a tax reform to support families and businesses.
|
[
"Undersecretary of State",
"President of the Italian Senate",
"president"
] |
|
Which position did Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati hold in Nov 04, 2022?
|
November 04, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"minister for institutional reforms"
]
}
|
L2_Q930967_P39_3
|
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of president from Sep, 2002 to Apr, 2005.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of Undersecretary of State from Apr, 2005 to May, 2006.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of President of the Italian Senate from Mar, 2018 to Oct, 2022.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of minister for institutional reforms from Oct, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Elisabetta CasellatiMaria Elisabetta Casellati, née Alberti (born 12 August 1946), is an Italian lawyer and politician serving as President of the Italian Senate since 2018. She is the first woman to have ever held this position. Casellati is a long-time member of the liberal-conservative party Forza Italia and served as Undersecretary of Health and Justice in previous governments. The formal Italian order of precedence lists her office as being, ceremonially, the third-highest Italian state office.Maria Elisabetta Alberti was born in Rovigo in 1946 to a noble family. Her father was a partisan during World War II. She graduated from the University of Ferrara with a degree in law and specialised in Canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University.She later started teaching at the University of Padua. For many years, she also worked as a professional lawyer along with her husband, Gianbattista Casellati.Previously a member of the Italian Liberal Party, she joined Forza Italia (FI), the liberal-conservative party founded by Silvio Berlusconi. She held many important positions inside the party's organisation. In March 1994, she was elected to the Italian Senate in the general election, for the single-member constituency of Cittadella, near Padua. During the 12th Legislature, Casellati served as a secretary of F.I.'s parliamentary group in the Senate and also as a president of the Health Commission.Casellati was not re-elected in 1996 snap election and was defeated by the Lega Nord candidate by just a few votes. From 1999 to 2000, she served as provincial commissioner of Forza Italia for Rovigo. Following the 2001 general election, Casellati returned to the Senate for the constituency of Padua. During the 14th Legislature, she served as vice-leader of Forza Italia in the Senate. On 30 December 2004, Casellati was appointed undersecretary to Health in Berlusconi's second cabinet. She also held this office in Berlusconi's third cabinet, until 16 May 2006.She was re-elected again in the 2006 general election, which saw a narrow victory for the centre-left party of Romano Prodi; Casellati was confirmed vice-leader of her party in the Senate. The 2008 election featured a strong showing by Berlusconi's new party The People of Freedom and his centre-right coalition; Casellati was re-elected in the Senate and served as undersecretary for Justice from 12 May 2008 to 16 November 2011, when the conservative Prime Minister was forced to resign amid financial crisis and public protests.In the 2013 general election, Casellati was elected to the multi-member constituency of Veneto. However, on 15 September 2014 she was elected by the Parliament in joint session to the High Council of the Judiciary (CSM), where she remained as a member until returning to the Senate in 2018 with the revived Forza Italia. At the CSM she served as president of the Third Commission for access to the judiciary and for mobility from October 2016 until her resignation.On 24 March 2018 she was elected President of the Senate, becoming the first woman to hold this position. She was supported by her own party, the League, Brothers of Italy and the Five Star Movement.On 18 April 2018 she was given an exploratory mandate by President Sergio Mattarella to try and reconcile the issues between the centre-right coalition and the Five Star Movement (M5S), in order to break the post-election political deadlock and form a fully functional new government. However, she failed in finding a solution to the disputes between the parties, especially between the M5S and Forza Italia.Casellati has described herself as a conservative and a Catholic; she has often stressed her strong opposition to artificial insemination and has signed a bill to abolish law 194 on the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, describing abortion as "a very serious mistake, which flirts with the culture of death." She is also in favour of the reopening of brothels and the subsequent abolition of the Merlin law.Casellati strongly opposed the Cirinnà law, promoted by the centre-left government of Matteo Renzi, which recognized same-sex unions in Italy, stating that "family is not an extensible concept and the State cannot equate marriage and civil unions." She also added "any parity between marriages and civil unions would be a blurring of non-overlapping models." Following the approval of the law, on 13 May 2016, she gave an interview stating that she believed that the Cirinnà law discriminated against heterosexual couples.She supports the chemical castration for those guilty of sexual violence or pedophilia, asserting in 2008 that "chemical castration is a path to follow as it is not a violent imposition on those who have committed aberrant offenses, but the administration of a drug that lowers sexual impulses." Moreover, she is a strong supporter of the Bossi-Fini law, now abolished, which introduced criminal sentences for those illegally entering Italy; she declared that "only those who have the opportunity to live and keep themselves in dignity can come to Italy."On 15 March 2013, she presented a law for the abolition of the IMU, the real estate tax promoted by Mario Monti's technocratic government in 2011. She is a strong supporter of the flat tax and when she became president of the Senate, she stated that the priority for Italy was a tax reform to support families and businesses.
|
[
"Undersecretary of State",
"President of the Italian Senate",
"president"
] |
|
Which position did Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati hold in 11/04/2022?
|
November 04, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"minister for institutional reforms"
]
}
|
L2_Q930967_P39_3
|
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of president from Sep, 2002 to Apr, 2005.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of Undersecretary of State from Apr, 2005 to May, 2006.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of President of the Italian Senate from Mar, 2018 to Oct, 2022.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of minister for institutional reforms from Oct, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Elisabetta CasellatiMaria Elisabetta Casellati, née Alberti (born 12 August 1946), is an Italian lawyer and politician serving as President of the Italian Senate since 2018. She is the first woman to have ever held this position. Casellati is a long-time member of the liberal-conservative party Forza Italia and served as Undersecretary of Health and Justice in previous governments. The formal Italian order of precedence lists her office as being, ceremonially, the third-highest Italian state office.Maria Elisabetta Alberti was born in Rovigo in 1946 to a noble family. Her father was a partisan during World War II. She graduated from the University of Ferrara with a degree in law and specialised in Canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University.She later started teaching at the University of Padua. For many years, she also worked as a professional lawyer along with her husband, Gianbattista Casellati.Previously a member of the Italian Liberal Party, she joined Forza Italia (FI), the liberal-conservative party founded by Silvio Berlusconi. She held many important positions inside the party's organisation. In March 1994, she was elected to the Italian Senate in the general election, for the single-member constituency of Cittadella, near Padua. During the 12th Legislature, Casellati served as a secretary of F.I.'s parliamentary group in the Senate and also as a president of the Health Commission.Casellati was not re-elected in 1996 snap election and was defeated by the Lega Nord candidate by just a few votes. From 1999 to 2000, she served as provincial commissioner of Forza Italia for Rovigo. Following the 2001 general election, Casellati returned to the Senate for the constituency of Padua. During the 14th Legislature, she served as vice-leader of Forza Italia in the Senate. On 30 December 2004, Casellati was appointed undersecretary to Health in Berlusconi's second cabinet. She also held this office in Berlusconi's third cabinet, until 16 May 2006.She was re-elected again in the 2006 general election, which saw a narrow victory for the centre-left party of Romano Prodi; Casellati was confirmed vice-leader of her party in the Senate. The 2008 election featured a strong showing by Berlusconi's new party The People of Freedom and his centre-right coalition; Casellati was re-elected in the Senate and served as undersecretary for Justice from 12 May 2008 to 16 November 2011, when the conservative Prime Minister was forced to resign amid financial crisis and public protests.In the 2013 general election, Casellati was elected to the multi-member constituency of Veneto. However, on 15 September 2014 she was elected by the Parliament in joint session to the High Council of the Judiciary (CSM), where she remained as a member until returning to the Senate in 2018 with the revived Forza Italia. At the CSM she served as president of the Third Commission for access to the judiciary and for mobility from October 2016 until her resignation.On 24 March 2018 she was elected President of the Senate, becoming the first woman to hold this position. She was supported by her own party, the League, Brothers of Italy and the Five Star Movement.On 18 April 2018 she was given an exploratory mandate by President Sergio Mattarella to try and reconcile the issues between the centre-right coalition and the Five Star Movement (M5S), in order to break the post-election political deadlock and form a fully functional new government. However, she failed in finding a solution to the disputes between the parties, especially between the M5S and Forza Italia.Casellati has described herself as a conservative and a Catholic; she has often stressed her strong opposition to artificial insemination and has signed a bill to abolish law 194 on the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, describing abortion as "a very serious mistake, which flirts with the culture of death." She is also in favour of the reopening of brothels and the subsequent abolition of the Merlin law.Casellati strongly opposed the Cirinnà law, promoted by the centre-left government of Matteo Renzi, which recognized same-sex unions in Italy, stating that "family is not an extensible concept and the State cannot equate marriage and civil unions." She also added "any parity between marriages and civil unions would be a blurring of non-overlapping models." Following the approval of the law, on 13 May 2016, she gave an interview stating that she believed that the Cirinnà law discriminated against heterosexual couples.She supports the chemical castration for those guilty of sexual violence or pedophilia, asserting in 2008 that "chemical castration is a path to follow as it is not a violent imposition on those who have committed aberrant offenses, but the administration of a drug that lowers sexual impulses." Moreover, she is a strong supporter of the Bossi-Fini law, now abolished, which introduced criminal sentences for those illegally entering Italy; she declared that "only those who have the opportunity to live and keep themselves in dignity can come to Italy."On 15 March 2013, she presented a law for the abolition of the IMU, the real estate tax promoted by Mario Monti's technocratic government in 2011. She is a strong supporter of the flat tax and when she became president of the Senate, she stated that the priority for Italy was a tax reform to support families and businesses.
|
[
"Undersecretary of State",
"President of the Italian Senate",
"president"
] |
|
Which position did Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati hold in 04-Nov-202204-November-2022?
|
November 04, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"minister for institutional reforms"
]
}
|
L2_Q930967_P39_3
|
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of president from Sep, 2002 to Apr, 2005.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of Undersecretary of State from Apr, 2005 to May, 2006.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of President of the Italian Senate from Mar, 2018 to Oct, 2022.
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati holds the position of minister for institutional reforms from Oct, 2022 to Dec, 2022.
|
Elisabetta CasellatiMaria Elisabetta Casellati, née Alberti (born 12 August 1946), is an Italian lawyer and politician serving as President of the Italian Senate since 2018. She is the first woman to have ever held this position. Casellati is a long-time member of the liberal-conservative party Forza Italia and served as Undersecretary of Health and Justice in previous governments. The formal Italian order of precedence lists her office as being, ceremonially, the third-highest Italian state office.Maria Elisabetta Alberti was born in Rovigo in 1946 to a noble family. Her father was a partisan during World War II. She graduated from the University of Ferrara with a degree in law and specialised in Canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University.She later started teaching at the University of Padua. For many years, she also worked as a professional lawyer along with her husband, Gianbattista Casellati.Previously a member of the Italian Liberal Party, she joined Forza Italia (FI), the liberal-conservative party founded by Silvio Berlusconi. She held many important positions inside the party's organisation. In March 1994, she was elected to the Italian Senate in the general election, for the single-member constituency of Cittadella, near Padua. During the 12th Legislature, Casellati served as a secretary of F.I.'s parliamentary group in the Senate and also as a president of the Health Commission.Casellati was not re-elected in 1996 snap election and was defeated by the Lega Nord candidate by just a few votes. From 1999 to 2000, she served as provincial commissioner of Forza Italia for Rovigo. Following the 2001 general election, Casellati returned to the Senate for the constituency of Padua. During the 14th Legislature, she served as vice-leader of Forza Italia in the Senate. On 30 December 2004, Casellati was appointed undersecretary to Health in Berlusconi's second cabinet. She also held this office in Berlusconi's third cabinet, until 16 May 2006.She was re-elected again in the 2006 general election, which saw a narrow victory for the centre-left party of Romano Prodi; Casellati was confirmed vice-leader of her party in the Senate. The 2008 election featured a strong showing by Berlusconi's new party The People of Freedom and his centre-right coalition; Casellati was re-elected in the Senate and served as undersecretary for Justice from 12 May 2008 to 16 November 2011, when the conservative Prime Minister was forced to resign amid financial crisis and public protests.In the 2013 general election, Casellati was elected to the multi-member constituency of Veneto. However, on 15 September 2014 she was elected by the Parliament in joint session to the High Council of the Judiciary (CSM), where she remained as a member until returning to the Senate in 2018 with the revived Forza Italia. At the CSM she served as president of the Third Commission for access to the judiciary and for mobility from October 2016 until her resignation.On 24 March 2018 she was elected President of the Senate, becoming the first woman to hold this position. She was supported by her own party, the League, Brothers of Italy and the Five Star Movement.On 18 April 2018 she was given an exploratory mandate by President Sergio Mattarella to try and reconcile the issues between the centre-right coalition and the Five Star Movement (M5S), in order to break the post-election political deadlock and form a fully functional new government. However, she failed in finding a solution to the disputes between the parties, especially between the M5S and Forza Italia.Casellati has described herself as a conservative and a Catholic; she has often stressed her strong opposition to artificial insemination and has signed a bill to abolish law 194 on the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, describing abortion as "a very serious mistake, which flirts with the culture of death." She is also in favour of the reopening of brothels and the subsequent abolition of the Merlin law.Casellati strongly opposed the Cirinnà law, promoted by the centre-left government of Matteo Renzi, which recognized same-sex unions in Italy, stating that "family is not an extensible concept and the State cannot equate marriage and civil unions." She also added "any parity between marriages and civil unions would be a blurring of non-overlapping models." Following the approval of the law, on 13 May 2016, she gave an interview stating that she believed that the Cirinnà law discriminated against heterosexual couples.She supports the chemical castration for those guilty of sexual violence or pedophilia, asserting in 2008 that "chemical castration is a path to follow as it is not a violent imposition on those who have committed aberrant offenses, but the administration of a drug that lowers sexual impulses." Moreover, she is a strong supporter of the Bossi-Fini law, now abolished, which introduced criminal sentences for those illegally entering Italy; she declared that "only those who have the opportunity to live and keep themselves in dignity can come to Italy."On 15 March 2013, she presented a law for the abolition of the IMU, the real estate tax promoted by Mario Monti's technocratic government in 2011. She is a strong supporter of the flat tax and when she became president of the Senate, she stated that the priority for Italy was a tax reform to support families and businesses.
|
[
"Undersecretary of State",
"President of the Italian Senate",
"president"
] |
|
Where was Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov educated in Jan, 1736?
|
January 01, 1736
|
{
"text": [
"Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences",
"University of Marburg"
]
}
|
L2_Q58720_P69_3
|
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1736.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from Jan, 1734 to Jan, 1735.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Slavic Greek Latin Academy from Jan, 1731 to Jan, 1734.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended University of Marburg from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1739.
|
Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Founder of modern geology Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in Archangelgorod Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the far north of Russia. His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from Arkhangelsk to Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola, and Lapland. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a deacon's daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.Learning was young Lomonosov's passion, however, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of Meletius Smotrytsky's "Modern Church Slavonic" (a grammar book) and Leonty Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist.In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, because he was determined to "study sciences". Shortly after arrival, he admitted into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood as well as another lie for him to be son of a priest nearly got him expelled from the academy but the investigation ended without severe consequences.Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, eating only black bread and kvass, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study for short period at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and mining at Bergrat laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony; there he intensified his studies of German literature.Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired Günther. His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks", composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg. Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov went into fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they made in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland unsuccessfully trying to get a permission from Russian envoys to return to the St.Petersburg Academy.During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. As his circumstances became desperate, he resolved and got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the Academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. He established the Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding Moscow University.In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the State Councillor which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's Table of Ranks. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science", though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".That is the Law of Mass Conservation in chemical reaction, which was well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle".He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.In June 2012 a group of astronomers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus (5–6 June 2012). They concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a reflecting telescope to the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an eyepiece without blocking the image. However, this invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by William Herschel, the Herschelian telescope.In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs.In 1763, he published "On The Strata of the Earth" – his most significant geological work. This work puts him before James Hutton, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia.Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the "Battle of Poltava", measuring .In 1755 Lomonosov wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur". He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism.In 1760 Lomonosov published a History of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the "Aeneid" by Vergil, but he died before he could finish it.His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. His great-granddaughter was Princess Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist Prince Sergei Volkonsky.The city of Lomonosov, Russia (former Oranienbaum, Russia from 1710 to 1948), and a lunar crater bear his name, as does a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1379 Lomonosowa. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite) after him. The Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.Moscow's Domodedovo airport is officially named after Lomonosov.The Lomonosov Gold Medal was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.Lomonosovskaya Station on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro is named after him. It was opened in 1970.The street "Lomonosova iela" in the Maskavas Forštate district of Riga is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era a main street in Tallinn, Estonia, was named in his honor as "Lomonossovi M.", but from 1991 it was renamed Gonsiori after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century alderman and lawyer.On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a Google Doodle.A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (Ekaterina II) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.The "Akademik Lomonosov", the first of a series of Russian floating nuclear power stations, is named for him. It is expected to be operational at Pevek, Chukotka in September 2019.Moscow State University, founded by him in 1755, was renamed "M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University " in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other school in Russia and Kazakhstan. On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
|
[
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy",
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy"
] |
|
Where was Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov educated in 1736-01-01?
|
January 01, 1736
|
{
"text": [
"Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences",
"University of Marburg"
]
}
|
L2_Q58720_P69_3
|
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1736.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from Jan, 1734 to Jan, 1735.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Slavic Greek Latin Academy from Jan, 1731 to Jan, 1734.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended University of Marburg from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1739.
|
Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Founder of modern geology Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in Archangelgorod Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the far north of Russia. His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from Arkhangelsk to Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola, and Lapland. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a deacon's daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.Learning was young Lomonosov's passion, however, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of Meletius Smotrytsky's "Modern Church Slavonic" (a grammar book) and Leonty Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist.In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, because he was determined to "study sciences". Shortly after arrival, he admitted into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood as well as another lie for him to be son of a priest nearly got him expelled from the academy but the investigation ended without severe consequences.Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, eating only black bread and kvass, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study for short period at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and mining at Bergrat laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony; there he intensified his studies of German literature.Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired Günther. His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks", composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg. Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov went into fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they made in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland unsuccessfully trying to get a permission from Russian envoys to return to the St.Petersburg Academy.During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. As his circumstances became desperate, he resolved and got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the Academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. He established the Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding Moscow University.In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the State Councillor which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's Table of Ranks. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science", though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".That is the Law of Mass Conservation in chemical reaction, which was well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle".He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.In June 2012 a group of astronomers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus (5–6 June 2012). They concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a reflecting telescope to the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an eyepiece without blocking the image. However, this invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by William Herschel, the Herschelian telescope.In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs.In 1763, he published "On The Strata of the Earth" – his most significant geological work. This work puts him before James Hutton, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia.Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the "Battle of Poltava", measuring .In 1755 Lomonosov wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur". He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism.In 1760 Lomonosov published a History of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the "Aeneid" by Vergil, but he died before he could finish it.His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. His great-granddaughter was Princess Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist Prince Sergei Volkonsky.The city of Lomonosov, Russia (former Oranienbaum, Russia from 1710 to 1948), and a lunar crater bear his name, as does a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1379 Lomonosowa. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite) after him. The Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.Moscow's Domodedovo airport is officially named after Lomonosov.The Lomonosov Gold Medal was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.Lomonosovskaya Station on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro is named after him. It was opened in 1970.The street "Lomonosova iela" in the Maskavas Forštate district of Riga is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era a main street in Tallinn, Estonia, was named in his honor as "Lomonossovi M.", but from 1991 it was renamed Gonsiori after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century alderman and lawyer.On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a Google Doodle.A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (Ekaterina II) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.The "Akademik Lomonosov", the first of a series of Russian floating nuclear power stations, is named for him. It is expected to be operational at Pevek, Chukotka in September 2019.Moscow State University, founded by him in 1755, was renamed "M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University " in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other school in Russia and Kazakhstan. On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
|
[
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy",
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy"
] |
|
Where was Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov educated in 01/01/1736?
|
January 01, 1736
|
{
"text": [
"Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences",
"University of Marburg"
]
}
|
L2_Q58720_P69_3
|
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1736.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from Jan, 1734 to Jan, 1735.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Slavic Greek Latin Academy from Jan, 1731 to Jan, 1734.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended University of Marburg from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1739.
|
Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Founder of modern geology Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in Archangelgorod Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the far north of Russia. His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from Arkhangelsk to Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola, and Lapland. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a deacon's daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.Learning was young Lomonosov's passion, however, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of Meletius Smotrytsky's "Modern Church Slavonic" (a grammar book) and Leonty Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist.In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, because he was determined to "study sciences". Shortly after arrival, he admitted into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood as well as another lie for him to be son of a priest nearly got him expelled from the academy but the investigation ended without severe consequences.Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, eating only black bread and kvass, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study for short period at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and mining at Bergrat laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony; there he intensified his studies of German literature.Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired Günther. His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks", composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg. Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov went into fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they made in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland unsuccessfully trying to get a permission from Russian envoys to return to the St.Petersburg Academy.During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. As his circumstances became desperate, he resolved and got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the Academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. He established the Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding Moscow University.In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the State Councillor which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's Table of Ranks. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science", though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".That is the Law of Mass Conservation in chemical reaction, which was well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle".He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.In June 2012 a group of astronomers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus (5–6 June 2012). They concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a reflecting telescope to the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an eyepiece without blocking the image. However, this invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by William Herschel, the Herschelian telescope.In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs.In 1763, he published "On The Strata of the Earth" – his most significant geological work. This work puts him before James Hutton, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia.Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the "Battle of Poltava", measuring .In 1755 Lomonosov wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur". He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism.In 1760 Lomonosov published a History of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the "Aeneid" by Vergil, but he died before he could finish it.His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. His great-granddaughter was Princess Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist Prince Sergei Volkonsky.The city of Lomonosov, Russia (former Oranienbaum, Russia from 1710 to 1948), and a lunar crater bear his name, as does a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1379 Lomonosowa. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite) after him. The Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.Moscow's Domodedovo airport is officially named after Lomonosov.The Lomonosov Gold Medal was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.Lomonosovskaya Station on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro is named after him. It was opened in 1970.The street "Lomonosova iela" in the Maskavas Forštate district of Riga is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era a main street in Tallinn, Estonia, was named in his honor as "Lomonossovi M.", but from 1991 it was renamed Gonsiori after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century alderman and lawyer.On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a Google Doodle.A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (Ekaterina II) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.The "Akademik Lomonosov", the first of a series of Russian floating nuclear power stations, is named for him. It is expected to be operational at Pevek, Chukotka in September 2019.Moscow State University, founded by him in 1755, was renamed "M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University " in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other school in Russia and Kazakhstan. On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
|
[
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy",
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy"
] |
|
Where was Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov educated in Jan 01, 1736?
|
January 01, 1736
|
{
"text": [
"Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences",
"University of Marburg"
]
}
|
L2_Q58720_P69_3
|
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1736.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from Jan, 1734 to Jan, 1735.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Slavic Greek Latin Academy from Jan, 1731 to Jan, 1734.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended University of Marburg from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1739.
|
Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Founder of modern geology Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in Archangelgorod Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the far north of Russia. His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from Arkhangelsk to Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola, and Lapland. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a deacon's daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.Learning was young Lomonosov's passion, however, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of Meletius Smotrytsky's "Modern Church Slavonic" (a grammar book) and Leonty Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist.In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, because he was determined to "study sciences". Shortly after arrival, he admitted into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood as well as another lie for him to be son of a priest nearly got him expelled from the academy but the investigation ended without severe consequences.Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, eating only black bread and kvass, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study for short period at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and mining at Bergrat laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony; there he intensified his studies of German literature.Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired Günther. His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks", composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg. Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov went into fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they made in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland unsuccessfully trying to get a permission from Russian envoys to return to the St.Petersburg Academy.During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. As his circumstances became desperate, he resolved and got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the Academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. He established the Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding Moscow University.In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the State Councillor which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's Table of Ranks. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science", though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".That is the Law of Mass Conservation in chemical reaction, which was well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle".He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.In June 2012 a group of astronomers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus (5–6 June 2012). They concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a reflecting telescope to the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an eyepiece without blocking the image. However, this invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by William Herschel, the Herschelian telescope.In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs.In 1763, he published "On The Strata of the Earth" – his most significant geological work. This work puts him before James Hutton, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia.Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the "Battle of Poltava", measuring .In 1755 Lomonosov wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur". He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism.In 1760 Lomonosov published a History of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the "Aeneid" by Vergil, but he died before he could finish it.His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. His great-granddaughter was Princess Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist Prince Sergei Volkonsky.The city of Lomonosov, Russia (former Oranienbaum, Russia from 1710 to 1948), and a lunar crater bear his name, as does a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1379 Lomonosowa. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite) after him. The Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.Moscow's Domodedovo airport is officially named after Lomonosov.The Lomonosov Gold Medal was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.Lomonosovskaya Station on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro is named after him. It was opened in 1970.The street "Lomonosova iela" in the Maskavas Forštate district of Riga is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era a main street in Tallinn, Estonia, was named in his honor as "Lomonossovi M.", but from 1991 it was renamed Gonsiori after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century alderman and lawyer.On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a Google Doodle.A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (Ekaterina II) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.The "Akademik Lomonosov", the first of a series of Russian floating nuclear power stations, is named for him. It is expected to be operational at Pevek, Chukotka in September 2019.Moscow State University, founded by him in 1755, was renamed "M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University " in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other school in Russia and Kazakhstan. On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
|
[
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy",
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy"
] |
|
Where was Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov educated in 01/01/1736?
|
January 01, 1736
|
{
"text": [
"Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences",
"University of Marburg"
]
}
|
L2_Q58720_P69_3
|
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1736.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from Jan, 1734 to Jan, 1735.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Slavic Greek Latin Academy from Jan, 1731 to Jan, 1734.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended University of Marburg from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1739.
|
Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Founder of modern geology Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in Archangelgorod Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the far north of Russia. His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from Arkhangelsk to Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola, and Lapland. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a deacon's daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.Learning was young Lomonosov's passion, however, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of Meletius Smotrytsky's "Modern Church Slavonic" (a grammar book) and Leonty Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist.In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, because he was determined to "study sciences". Shortly after arrival, he admitted into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood as well as another lie for him to be son of a priest nearly got him expelled from the academy but the investigation ended without severe consequences.Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, eating only black bread and kvass, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study for short period at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and mining at Bergrat laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony; there he intensified his studies of German literature.Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired Günther. His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks", composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg. Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov went into fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they made in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland unsuccessfully trying to get a permission from Russian envoys to return to the St.Petersburg Academy.During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. As his circumstances became desperate, he resolved and got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the Academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. He established the Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding Moscow University.In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the State Councillor which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's Table of Ranks. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science", though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".That is the Law of Mass Conservation in chemical reaction, which was well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle".He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.In June 2012 a group of astronomers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus (5–6 June 2012). They concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a reflecting telescope to the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an eyepiece without blocking the image. However, this invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by William Herschel, the Herschelian telescope.In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs.In 1763, he published "On The Strata of the Earth" – his most significant geological work. This work puts him before James Hutton, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia.Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the "Battle of Poltava", measuring .In 1755 Lomonosov wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur". He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism.In 1760 Lomonosov published a History of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the "Aeneid" by Vergil, but he died before he could finish it.His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. His great-granddaughter was Princess Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist Prince Sergei Volkonsky.The city of Lomonosov, Russia (former Oranienbaum, Russia from 1710 to 1948), and a lunar crater bear his name, as does a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1379 Lomonosowa. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite) after him. The Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.Moscow's Domodedovo airport is officially named after Lomonosov.The Lomonosov Gold Medal was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.Lomonosovskaya Station on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro is named after him. It was opened in 1970.The street "Lomonosova iela" in the Maskavas Forštate district of Riga is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era a main street in Tallinn, Estonia, was named in his honor as "Lomonossovi M.", but from 1991 it was renamed Gonsiori after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century alderman and lawyer.On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a Google Doodle.A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (Ekaterina II) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.The "Akademik Lomonosov", the first of a series of Russian floating nuclear power stations, is named for him. It is expected to be operational at Pevek, Chukotka in September 2019.Moscow State University, founded by him in 1755, was renamed "M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University " in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other school in Russia and Kazakhstan. On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
|
[
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy",
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy"
] |
|
Where was Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov educated in 01-Jan-173601-January-1736?
|
January 01, 1736
|
{
"text": [
"Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences",
"University of Marburg"
]
}
|
L2_Q58720_P69_3
|
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1736.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from Jan, 1734 to Jan, 1735.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Slavic Greek Latin Academy from Jan, 1731 to Jan, 1734.
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended University of Marburg from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1739.
|
Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Founder of modern geology Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in Archangelgorod Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the far north of Russia. His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from Arkhangelsk to Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola, and Lapland. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a deacon's daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.Learning was young Lomonosov's passion, however, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of Meletius Smotrytsky's "Modern Church Slavonic" (a grammar book) and Leonty Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist.In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, because he was determined to "study sciences". Shortly after arrival, he admitted into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood as well as another lie for him to be son of a priest nearly got him expelled from the academy but the investigation ended without severe consequences.Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, eating only black bread and kvass, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study for short period at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and mining at Bergrat laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony; there he intensified his studies of German literature.Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired Günther. His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks", composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg. Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov went into fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they made in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland unsuccessfully trying to get a permission from Russian envoys to return to the St.Petersburg Academy.During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. As his circumstances became desperate, he resolved and got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the Academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. He established the Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding Moscow University.In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the State Councillor which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's Table of Ranks. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science", though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".That is the Law of Mass Conservation in chemical reaction, which was well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle".He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.In June 2012 a group of astronomers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus (5–6 June 2012). They concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a reflecting telescope to the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an eyepiece without blocking the image. However, this invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by William Herschel, the Herschelian telescope.In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs.In 1763, he published "On The Strata of the Earth" – his most significant geological work. This work puts him before James Hutton, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia.Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the "Battle of Poltava", measuring .In 1755 Lomonosov wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur". He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism.In 1760 Lomonosov published a History of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the "Aeneid" by Vergil, but he died before he could finish it.His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. His great-granddaughter was Princess Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist Prince Sergei Volkonsky.The city of Lomonosov, Russia (former Oranienbaum, Russia from 1710 to 1948), and a lunar crater bear his name, as does a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1379 Lomonosowa. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite) after him. The Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.Moscow's Domodedovo airport is officially named after Lomonosov.The Lomonosov Gold Medal was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.Lomonosovskaya Station on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro is named after him. It was opened in 1970.The street "Lomonosova iela" in the Maskavas Forštate district of Riga is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era a main street in Tallinn, Estonia, was named in his honor as "Lomonossovi M.", but from 1991 it was renamed Gonsiori after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century alderman and lawyer.On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a Google Doodle.A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (Ekaterina II) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.The "Akademik Lomonosov", the first of a series of Russian floating nuclear power stations, is named for him. It is expected to be operational at Pevek, Chukotka in September 2019.Moscow State University, founded by him in 1755, was renamed "M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University " in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other school in Russia and Kazakhstan. On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
|
[
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy",
"Slavic Greek Latin Academy",
"Kyiv-Mohyla Academy"
] |
|
Which team did Sorin Botis play for in Sep, 2006?
|
September 23, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Zalaegerszegi TE"
]
}
|
L2_Q1290405_P54_3
|
Sorin Botis plays for UTA Arad from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2002.
Sorin Botis plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Sorin Botis plays for FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Sorin Botis plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Sorin Botis plays for Budapest Honvéd FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sorin Botis plays for Zalaegerszegi TE from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
|
Sorin BotișSorin Botiş (born 14 April 1978 in Arad) is a retired Romanian football player.He made his debut on 2 August 2003 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 2–2.He made his debut on 31 July 2006 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 3–2.He made his debut on 25 July 2009 against Kaposvári Rákóczi FC in a match that ended 3–1.
|
[
"Budapest Honvéd FC",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"UTA Arad",
"FC Sheriff Tiraspol"
] |
|
Which team did Sorin Botis play for in 2006-09-23?
|
September 23, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Zalaegerszegi TE"
]
}
|
L2_Q1290405_P54_3
|
Sorin Botis plays for UTA Arad from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2002.
Sorin Botis plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Sorin Botis plays for FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Sorin Botis plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Sorin Botis plays for Budapest Honvéd FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sorin Botis plays for Zalaegerszegi TE from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
|
Sorin BotișSorin Botiş (born 14 April 1978 in Arad) is a retired Romanian football player.He made his debut on 2 August 2003 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 2–2.He made his debut on 31 July 2006 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 3–2.He made his debut on 25 July 2009 against Kaposvári Rákóczi FC in a match that ended 3–1.
|
[
"Budapest Honvéd FC",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"UTA Arad",
"FC Sheriff Tiraspol"
] |
|
Which team did Sorin Botis play for in 23/09/2006?
|
September 23, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Zalaegerszegi TE"
]
}
|
L2_Q1290405_P54_3
|
Sorin Botis plays for UTA Arad from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2002.
Sorin Botis plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Sorin Botis plays for FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Sorin Botis plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Sorin Botis plays for Budapest Honvéd FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sorin Botis plays for Zalaegerszegi TE from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
|
Sorin BotișSorin Botiş (born 14 April 1978 in Arad) is a retired Romanian football player.He made his debut on 2 August 2003 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 2–2.He made his debut on 31 July 2006 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 3–2.He made his debut on 25 July 2009 against Kaposvári Rákóczi FC in a match that ended 3–1.
|
[
"Budapest Honvéd FC",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"UTA Arad",
"FC Sheriff Tiraspol"
] |
|
Which team did Sorin Botis play for in Sep 23, 2006?
|
September 23, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Zalaegerszegi TE"
]
}
|
L2_Q1290405_P54_3
|
Sorin Botis plays for UTA Arad from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2002.
Sorin Botis plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Sorin Botis plays for FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Sorin Botis plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Sorin Botis plays for Budapest Honvéd FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sorin Botis plays for Zalaegerszegi TE from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
|
Sorin BotișSorin Botiş (born 14 April 1978 in Arad) is a retired Romanian football player.He made his debut on 2 August 2003 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 2–2.He made his debut on 31 July 2006 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 3–2.He made his debut on 25 July 2009 against Kaposvári Rákóczi FC in a match that ended 3–1.
|
[
"Budapest Honvéd FC",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"UTA Arad",
"FC Sheriff Tiraspol"
] |
|
Which team did Sorin Botis play for in 09/23/2006?
|
September 23, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Zalaegerszegi TE"
]
}
|
L2_Q1290405_P54_3
|
Sorin Botis plays for UTA Arad from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2002.
Sorin Botis plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Sorin Botis plays for FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Sorin Botis plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Sorin Botis plays for Budapest Honvéd FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sorin Botis plays for Zalaegerszegi TE from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
|
Sorin BotișSorin Botiş (born 14 April 1978 in Arad) is a retired Romanian football player.He made his debut on 2 August 2003 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 2–2.He made his debut on 31 July 2006 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 3–2.He made his debut on 25 July 2009 against Kaposvári Rákóczi FC in a match that ended 3–1.
|
[
"Budapest Honvéd FC",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"UTA Arad",
"FC Sheriff Tiraspol"
] |
|
Which team did Sorin Botis play for in 23-Sep-200623-September-2006?
|
September 23, 2006
|
{
"text": [
"Zalaegerszegi TE"
]
}
|
L2_Q1290405_P54_3
|
Sorin Botis plays for UTA Arad from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2002.
Sorin Botis plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Sorin Botis plays for FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Sorin Botis plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Sorin Botis plays for Budapest Honvéd FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Sorin Botis plays for Zalaegerszegi TE from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
|
Sorin BotișSorin Botiş (born 14 April 1978 in Arad) is a retired Romanian football player.He made his debut on 2 August 2003 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 2–2.He made his debut on 31 July 2006 against Videoton FC Fehérvár in a match that ended 3–2.He made his debut on 25 July 2009 against Kaposvári Rákóczi FC in a match that ended 3–1.
|
[
"Budapest Honvéd FC",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"UTA Arad",
"FC Sheriff Tiraspol"
] |
|
Which team did Robin de Kruijf play for in Sep, 2013?
|
September 08, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"River Volley Piacenza"
]
}
|
L2_Q248423_P54_2
|
Robin de Kruijf plays for HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Robin de Kruijf plays for River Volley Piacenza from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Robin de Kruijf plays for TVC Amstelveen from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011.
Robin de Kruijf plays for VakıfBank SK from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robin de KruijfRobin de Kruijf (born 5 May 1991), is a Dutch volleyball player for Imoco Volley and Netherlands national team.Robin de Kruijf made her debut in the Dutch national team in the Dutch opening match of the Montreux Volley Masters against Cuba in June 2008 at the age of 22.In 2016 De Kruijf and her team won bronze in the World Grand Prix and ended on a historical fourth place in the Rio Olympics.De Kruijf grew up in Schalkwijk. She has two younger brothers.
|
[
"TVC Amstelveen",
"HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen",
"VakıfBank SK"
] |
|
Which team did Robin de Kruijf play for in 2013-09-08?
|
September 08, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"River Volley Piacenza"
]
}
|
L2_Q248423_P54_2
|
Robin de Kruijf plays for HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Robin de Kruijf plays for River Volley Piacenza from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Robin de Kruijf plays for TVC Amstelveen from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011.
Robin de Kruijf plays for VakıfBank SK from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robin de KruijfRobin de Kruijf (born 5 May 1991), is a Dutch volleyball player for Imoco Volley and Netherlands national team.Robin de Kruijf made her debut in the Dutch national team in the Dutch opening match of the Montreux Volley Masters against Cuba in June 2008 at the age of 22.In 2016 De Kruijf and her team won bronze in the World Grand Prix and ended on a historical fourth place in the Rio Olympics.De Kruijf grew up in Schalkwijk. She has two younger brothers.
|
[
"TVC Amstelveen",
"HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen",
"VakıfBank SK"
] |
|
Which team did Robin de Kruijf play for in 08/09/2013?
|
September 08, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"River Volley Piacenza"
]
}
|
L2_Q248423_P54_2
|
Robin de Kruijf plays for HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Robin de Kruijf plays for River Volley Piacenza from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Robin de Kruijf plays for TVC Amstelveen from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011.
Robin de Kruijf plays for VakıfBank SK from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robin de KruijfRobin de Kruijf (born 5 May 1991), is a Dutch volleyball player for Imoco Volley and Netherlands national team.Robin de Kruijf made her debut in the Dutch national team in the Dutch opening match of the Montreux Volley Masters against Cuba in June 2008 at the age of 22.In 2016 De Kruijf and her team won bronze in the World Grand Prix and ended on a historical fourth place in the Rio Olympics.De Kruijf grew up in Schalkwijk. She has two younger brothers.
|
[
"TVC Amstelveen",
"HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen",
"VakıfBank SK"
] |
|
Which team did Robin de Kruijf play for in Sep 08, 2013?
|
September 08, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"River Volley Piacenza"
]
}
|
L2_Q248423_P54_2
|
Robin de Kruijf plays for HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Robin de Kruijf plays for River Volley Piacenza from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Robin de Kruijf plays for TVC Amstelveen from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011.
Robin de Kruijf plays for VakıfBank SK from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robin de KruijfRobin de Kruijf (born 5 May 1991), is a Dutch volleyball player for Imoco Volley and Netherlands national team.Robin de Kruijf made her debut in the Dutch national team in the Dutch opening match of the Montreux Volley Masters against Cuba in June 2008 at the age of 22.In 2016 De Kruijf and her team won bronze in the World Grand Prix and ended on a historical fourth place in the Rio Olympics.De Kruijf grew up in Schalkwijk. She has two younger brothers.
|
[
"TVC Amstelveen",
"HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen",
"VakıfBank SK"
] |
|
Which team did Robin de Kruijf play for in 09/08/2013?
|
September 08, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"River Volley Piacenza"
]
}
|
L2_Q248423_P54_2
|
Robin de Kruijf plays for HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Robin de Kruijf plays for River Volley Piacenza from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Robin de Kruijf plays for TVC Amstelveen from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011.
Robin de Kruijf plays for VakıfBank SK from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robin de KruijfRobin de Kruijf (born 5 May 1991), is a Dutch volleyball player for Imoco Volley and Netherlands national team.Robin de Kruijf made her debut in the Dutch national team in the Dutch opening match of the Montreux Volley Masters against Cuba in June 2008 at the age of 22.In 2016 De Kruijf and her team won bronze in the World Grand Prix and ended on a historical fourth place in the Rio Olympics.De Kruijf grew up in Schalkwijk. She has two younger brothers.
|
[
"TVC Amstelveen",
"HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen",
"VakıfBank SK"
] |
|
Which team did Robin de Kruijf play for in 08-Sep-201308-September-2013?
|
September 08, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"River Volley Piacenza"
]
}
|
L2_Q248423_P54_2
|
Robin de Kruijf plays for HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Robin de Kruijf plays for River Volley Piacenza from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Robin de Kruijf plays for TVC Amstelveen from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2011.
Robin de Kruijf plays for VakıfBank SK from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Robin de KruijfRobin de Kruijf (born 5 May 1991), is a Dutch volleyball player for Imoco Volley and Netherlands national team.Robin de Kruijf made her debut in the Dutch national team in the Dutch opening match of the Montreux Volley Masters against Cuba in June 2008 at the age of 22.In 2016 De Kruijf and her team won bronze in the World Grand Prix and ended on a historical fourth place in the Rio Olympics.De Kruijf grew up in Schalkwijk. She has two younger brothers.
|
[
"TVC Amstelveen",
"HCC/net Martinus Amstelveen",
"VakıfBank SK"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in Aug, 2004?
|
August 14, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Ihor Smeshko"
]
}
|
L2_Q615811_P488_5
|
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
|
Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists.
|
[
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Igor Kalinin",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in 2004-08-14?
|
August 14, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Ihor Smeshko"
]
}
|
L2_Q615811_P488_5
|
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
|
Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists.
|
[
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Igor Kalinin",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in 14/08/2004?
|
August 14, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Ihor Smeshko"
]
}
|
L2_Q615811_P488_5
|
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
|
Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists.
|
[
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Igor Kalinin",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in Aug 14, 2004?
|
August 14, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Ihor Smeshko"
]
}
|
L2_Q615811_P488_5
|
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
|
Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists.
|
[
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Igor Kalinin",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in 08/14/2004?
|
August 14, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Ihor Smeshko"
]
}
|
L2_Q615811_P488_5
|
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
|
Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists.
|
[
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Igor Kalinin",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine in 14-Aug-200414-August-2004?
|
August 14, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Ihor Smeshko"
]
}
|
L2_Q615811_P488_5
|
Vasyl Hrytsak is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 2015 to Jun, 2019.
Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Nikolai Golushko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 1991 to Nov, 1991.
Ihor Smeshko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2003 to Feb, 2005.
Volodymyr Radchenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1995 to Apr, 1998.
Valentyn Nalyvaichenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec, 2006 to Mar, 2010.
Wałerij Malikow is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1995.
Oleksandr Yakymenko is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Jan, 2013 to Feb, 2014.
Ivan Bakanov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Aug, 2019 to Jul, 2022.
Oleksandr Turchynov is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Leonid Derkach is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Apr, 1998 to Feb, 2001.
Ihor Drizhchany is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep, 2005 to Dec, 2006.
Igor Kalinin is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Yevhen Marchuk is the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Nov, 1991 to Jul, 1994.
|
Security Service of UkraineThe Security Service of Ukraine (; "Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny") or SBU is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions - domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well lead, nor successful, as the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic security services.In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel. Many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994.)Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant "Inter", officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of "TVi" and "Channel 5". In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”. The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.In late 2018, the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov, who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov. He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression."Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs""Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine""Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists.
|
[
"Yevhen Marchuk",
"Oleksandr Turchynov",
"Volodymyr Radchenko",
"Nikolai Golushko",
"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi",
"Igor Kalinin",
"Valentyn Nalyvaichenko",
"Vasyl Hrytsak",
"Ihor Drizhchany",
"Wałerij Malikow",
"Ivan Bakanov",
"Leonid Derkach",
"Oleksandr Yakymenko"
] |
|
Which employer did Johann Radon work for in Feb, 1912?
|
February 19, 1912
|
{
"text": [
"TU Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q78580_P108_0
|
Johann Radon works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1922.
Johann Radon works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1928.
Johann Radon works for University of Wrocław from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1945.
Johann Radon works for University of Greifswald from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1925.
Johann Radon works for TU Wien from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1913.
Johann Radon works for University of Innsbruck from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Johann Radon works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1956.
|
Johann RadonJohann Karl August Radon (16 December 1887 – 25 May 1956) was an Austrian mathematician. His doctoral dissertation was on the calculus of variations (in 1910, at the University of Vienna).Radon was born in Tetschen, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, now Děčín, Czech Republic. He received his doctoral degree at the University of Vienna in 1910. He spent the winter semester 1910/11 at the University of Göttingen, then he was an assistant at the German Technical University in Brno, and from 1912 to 1919 at the Technical University of Vienna. In 1913/14, he passed his habilitation at the University of Vienna. Due to his near-sightedness, he was exempt from the draft during wartime.In 1919, he was called to become Professor extraordinarius at the newly founded University of Hamburg; in 1922, he became "Professor ordinarius" at the University of Greifswald, and in 1925 at the University of Erlangen. Then he was "Ordinarius" at the University of Breslau from 1928 to 1945.After a short stay at the University of Innsbruck he became "Ordinarius" at the Institute of Mathematics of the University of Vienna on 1 October 1946. In 1954/55, he was rector of the University of Vienna.In 1939, Radon became corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and in 1947, he became a member. From 1952 to 1956, he was Secretary of the Class of Mathematics and Science of this Academy. From 1948 to 1950, he was president of the Austrian Mathematical Society.Johann Radon married Maria Rigele, a secondary school teacher, in 1916. They had three sons who died young or very young. Their daughter Brigitte, born in 1924, obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Innsbruck and married the Austrian mathematician Erich Bukovics in 1950. Brigitte lives in Vienna.Radon, as Curt C. Christian described him in 1987 at the occasion of the unveiling of his brass bust at the University of Vienna, was a friendly, good-natured man, highly esteemed by students and colleagues alike, a noble personality. He did make the impression of a quiet scholar, but he was also sociable and willing to celebrate. He loved music, and he played music with friends at home, being an excellent violinist himself, and a good singer. His love for classical literature lasted through all his life.In 2003, the Austrian Academy of Sciences founded an Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics and named it after Johann Radon (see the external link below).Radon is known for a number of lasting contributions, including:
|
[
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Wrocław",
"University of Innsbruck",
"University of Vienna",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"University of Greifswald"
] |
|
Which employer did Johann Radon work for in 1912-02-19?
|
February 19, 1912
|
{
"text": [
"TU Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q78580_P108_0
|
Johann Radon works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1922.
Johann Radon works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1928.
Johann Radon works for University of Wrocław from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1945.
Johann Radon works for University of Greifswald from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1925.
Johann Radon works for TU Wien from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1913.
Johann Radon works for University of Innsbruck from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Johann Radon works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1956.
|
Johann RadonJohann Karl August Radon (16 December 1887 – 25 May 1956) was an Austrian mathematician. His doctoral dissertation was on the calculus of variations (in 1910, at the University of Vienna).Radon was born in Tetschen, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, now Děčín, Czech Republic. He received his doctoral degree at the University of Vienna in 1910. He spent the winter semester 1910/11 at the University of Göttingen, then he was an assistant at the German Technical University in Brno, and from 1912 to 1919 at the Technical University of Vienna. In 1913/14, he passed his habilitation at the University of Vienna. Due to his near-sightedness, he was exempt from the draft during wartime.In 1919, he was called to become Professor extraordinarius at the newly founded University of Hamburg; in 1922, he became "Professor ordinarius" at the University of Greifswald, and in 1925 at the University of Erlangen. Then he was "Ordinarius" at the University of Breslau from 1928 to 1945.After a short stay at the University of Innsbruck he became "Ordinarius" at the Institute of Mathematics of the University of Vienna on 1 October 1946. In 1954/55, he was rector of the University of Vienna.In 1939, Radon became corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and in 1947, he became a member. From 1952 to 1956, he was Secretary of the Class of Mathematics and Science of this Academy. From 1948 to 1950, he was president of the Austrian Mathematical Society.Johann Radon married Maria Rigele, a secondary school teacher, in 1916. They had three sons who died young or very young. Their daughter Brigitte, born in 1924, obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Innsbruck and married the Austrian mathematician Erich Bukovics in 1950. Brigitte lives in Vienna.Radon, as Curt C. Christian described him in 1987 at the occasion of the unveiling of his brass bust at the University of Vienna, was a friendly, good-natured man, highly esteemed by students and colleagues alike, a noble personality. He did make the impression of a quiet scholar, but he was also sociable and willing to celebrate. He loved music, and he played music with friends at home, being an excellent violinist himself, and a good singer. His love for classical literature lasted through all his life.In 2003, the Austrian Academy of Sciences founded an Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics and named it after Johann Radon (see the external link below).Radon is known for a number of lasting contributions, including:
|
[
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Wrocław",
"University of Innsbruck",
"University of Vienna",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"University of Greifswald"
] |
|
Which employer did Johann Radon work for in 19/02/1912?
|
February 19, 1912
|
{
"text": [
"TU Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q78580_P108_0
|
Johann Radon works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1922.
Johann Radon works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1928.
Johann Radon works for University of Wrocław from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1945.
Johann Radon works for University of Greifswald from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1925.
Johann Radon works for TU Wien from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1913.
Johann Radon works for University of Innsbruck from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Johann Radon works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1956.
|
Johann RadonJohann Karl August Radon (16 December 1887 – 25 May 1956) was an Austrian mathematician. His doctoral dissertation was on the calculus of variations (in 1910, at the University of Vienna).Radon was born in Tetschen, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, now Děčín, Czech Republic. He received his doctoral degree at the University of Vienna in 1910. He spent the winter semester 1910/11 at the University of Göttingen, then he was an assistant at the German Technical University in Brno, and from 1912 to 1919 at the Technical University of Vienna. In 1913/14, he passed his habilitation at the University of Vienna. Due to his near-sightedness, he was exempt from the draft during wartime.In 1919, he was called to become Professor extraordinarius at the newly founded University of Hamburg; in 1922, he became "Professor ordinarius" at the University of Greifswald, and in 1925 at the University of Erlangen. Then he was "Ordinarius" at the University of Breslau from 1928 to 1945.After a short stay at the University of Innsbruck he became "Ordinarius" at the Institute of Mathematics of the University of Vienna on 1 October 1946. In 1954/55, he was rector of the University of Vienna.In 1939, Radon became corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and in 1947, he became a member. From 1952 to 1956, he was Secretary of the Class of Mathematics and Science of this Academy. From 1948 to 1950, he was president of the Austrian Mathematical Society.Johann Radon married Maria Rigele, a secondary school teacher, in 1916. They had three sons who died young or very young. Their daughter Brigitte, born in 1924, obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Innsbruck and married the Austrian mathematician Erich Bukovics in 1950. Brigitte lives in Vienna.Radon, as Curt C. Christian described him in 1987 at the occasion of the unveiling of his brass bust at the University of Vienna, was a friendly, good-natured man, highly esteemed by students and colleagues alike, a noble personality. He did make the impression of a quiet scholar, but he was also sociable and willing to celebrate. He loved music, and he played music with friends at home, being an excellent violinist himself, and a good singer. His love for classical literature lasted through all his life.In 2003, the Austrian Academy of Sciences founded an Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics and named it after Johann Radon (see the external link below).Radon is known for a number of lasting contributions, including:
|
[
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Wrocław",
"University of Innsbruck",
"University of Vienna",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"University of Greifswald"
] |
|
Which employer did Johann Radon work for in Feb 19, 1912?
|
February 19, 1912
|
{
"text": [
"TU Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q78580_P108_0
|
Johann Radon works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1922.
Johann Radon works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1928.
Johann Radon works for University of Wrocław from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1945.
Johann Radon works for University of Greifswald from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1925.
Johann Radon works for TU Wien from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1913.
Johann Radon works for University of Innsbruck from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Johann Radon works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1956.
|
Johann RadonJohann Karl August Radon (16 December 1887 – 25 May 1956) was an Austrian mathematician. His doctoral dissertation was on the calculus of variations (in 1910, at the University of Vienna).Radon was born in Tetschen, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, now Děčín, Czech Republic. He received his doctoral degree at the University of Vienna in 1910. He spent the winter semester 1910/11 at the University of Göttingen, then he was an assistant at the German Technical University in Brno, and from 1912 to 1919 at the Technical University of Vienna. In 1913/14, he passed his habilitation at the University of Vienna. Due to his near-sightedness, he was exempt from the draft during wartime.In 1919, he was called to become Professor extraordinarius at the newly founded University of Hamburg; in 1922, he became "Professor ordinarius" at the University of Greifswald, and in 1925 at the University of Erlangen. Then he was "Ordinarius" at the University of Breslau from 1928 to 1945.After a short stay at the University of Innsbruck he became "Ordinarius" at the Institute of Mathematics of the University of Vienna on 1 October 1946. In 1954/55, he was rector of the University of Vienna.In 1939, Radon became corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and in 1947, he became a member. From 1952 to 1956, he was Secretary of the Class of Mathematics and Science of this Academy. From 1948 to 1950, he was president of the Austrian Mathematical Society.Johann Radon married Maria Rigele, a secondary school teacher, in 1916. They had three sons who died young or very young. Their daughter Brigitte, born in 1924, obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Innsbruck and married the Austrian mathematician Erich Bukovics in 1950. Brigitte lives in Vienna.Radon, as Curt C. Christian described him in 1987 at the occasion of the unveiling of his brass bust at the University of Vienna, was a friendly, good-natured man, highly esteemed by students and colleagues alike, a noble personality. He did make the impression of a quiet scholar, but he was also sociable and willing to celebrate. He loved music, and he played music with friends at home, being an excellent violinist himself, and a good singer. His love for classical literature lasted through all his life.In 2003, the Austrian Academy of Sciences founded an Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics and named it after Johann Radon (see the external link below).Radon is known for a number of lasting contributions, including:
|
[
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Wrocław",
"University of Innsbruck",
"University of Vienna",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"University of Greifswald"
] |
|
Which employer did Johann Radon work for in 02/19/1912?
|
February 19, 1912
|
{
"text": [
"TU Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q78580_P108_0
|
Johann Radon works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1922.
Johann Radon works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1928.
Johann Radon works for University of Wrocław from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1945.
Johann Radon works for University of Greifswald from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1925.
Johann Radon works for TU Wien from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1913.
Johann Radon works for University of Innsbruck from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Johann Radon works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1956.
|
Johann RadonJohann Karl August Radon (16 December 1887 – 25 May 1956) was an Austrian mathematician. His doctoral dissertation was on the calculus of variations (in 1910, at the University of Vienna).Radon was born in Tetschen, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, now Děčín, Czech Republic. He received his doctoral degree at the University of Vienna in 1910. He spent the winter semester 1910/11 at the University of Göttingen, then he was an assistant at the German Technical University in Brno, and from 1912 to 1919 at the Technical University of Vienna. In 1913/14, he passed his habilitation at the University of Vienna. Due to his near-sightedness, he was exempt from the draft during wartime.In 1919, he was called to become Professor extraordinarius at the newly founded University of Hamburg; in 1922, he became "Professor ordinarius" at the University of Greifswald, and in 1925 at the University of Erlangen. Then he was "Ordinarius" at the University of Breslau from 1928 to 1945.After a short stay at the University of Innsbruck he became "Ordinarius" at the Institute of Mathematics of the University of Vienna on 1 October 1946. In 1954/55, he was rector of the University of Vienna.In 1939, Radon became corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and in 1947, he became a member. From 1952 to 1956, he was Secretary of the Class of Mathematics and Science of this Academy. From 1948 to 1950, he was president of the Austrian Mathematical Society.Johann Radon married Maria Rigele, a secondary school teacher, in 1916. They had three sons who died young or very young. Their daughter Brigitte, born in 1924, obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Innsbruck and married the Austrian mathematician Erich Bukovics in 1950. Brigitte lives in Vienna.Radon, as Curt C. Christian described him in 1987 at the occasion of the unveiling of his brass bust at the University of Vienna, was a friendly, good-natured man, highly esteemed by students and colleagues alike, a noble personality. He did make the impression of a quiet scholar, but he was also sociable and willing to celebrate. He loved music, and he played music with friends at home, being an excellent violinist himself, and a good singer. His love for classical literature lasted through all his life.In 2003, the Austrian Academy of Sciences founded an Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics and named it after Johann Radon (see the external link below).Radon is known for a number of lasting contributions, including:
|
[
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Wrocław",
"University of Innsbruck",
"University of Vienna",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"University of Greifswald"
] |
|
Which employer did Johann Radon work for in 19-Feb-191219-February-1912?
|
February 19, 1912
|
{
"text": [
"TU Wien"
]
}
|
L2_Q78580_P108_0
|
Johann Radon works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1922.
Johann Radon works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1928.
Johann Radon works for University of Wrocław from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1945.
Johann Radon works for University of Greifswald from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1925.
Johann Radon works for TU Wien from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1913.
Johann Radon works for University of Innsbruck from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1946.
Johann Radon works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1956.
|
Johann RadonJohann Karl August Radon (16 December 1887 – 25 May 1956) was an Austrian mathematician. His doctoral dissertation was on the calculus of variations (in 1910, at the University of Vienna).Radon was born in Tetschen, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, now Děčín, Czech Republic. He received his doctoral degree at the University of Vienna in 1910. He spent the winter semester 1910/11 at the University of Göttingen, then he was an assistant at the German Technical University in Brno, and from 1912 to 1919 at the Technical University of Vienna. In 1913/14, he passed his habilitation at the University of Vienna. Due to his near-sightedness, he was exempt from the draft during wartime.In 1919, he was called to become Professor extraordinarius at the newly founded University of Hamburg; in 1922, he became "Professor ordinarius" at the University of Greifswald, and in 1925 at the University of Erlangen. Then he was "Ordinarius" at the University of Breslau from 1928 to 1945.After a short stay at the University of Innsbruck he became "Ordinarius" at the Institute of Mathematics of the University of Vienna on 1 October 1946. In 1954/55, he was rector of the University of Vienna.In 1939, Radon became corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and in 1947, he became a member. From 1952 to 1956, he was Secretary of the Class of Mathematics and Science of this Academy. From 1948 to 1950, he was president of the Austrian Mathematical Society.Johann Radon married Maria Rigele, a secondary school teacher, in 1916. They had three sons who died young or very young. Their daughter Brigitte, born in 1924, obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Innsbruck and married the Austrian mathematician Erich Bukovics in 1950. Brigitte lives in Vienna.Radon, as Curt C. Christian described him in 1987 at the occasion of the unveiling of his brass bust at the University of Vienna, was a friendly, good-natured man, highly esteemed by students and colleagues alike, a noble personality. He did make the impression of a quiet scholar, but he was also sociable and willing to celebrate. He loved music, and he played music with friends at home, being an excellent violinist himself, and a good singer. His love for classical literature lasted through all his life.In 2003, the Austrian Academy of Sciences founded an Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics and named it after Johann Radon (see the external link below).Radon is known for a number of lasting contributions, including:
|
[
"University of Hamburg",
"University of Wrocław",
"University of Innsbruck",
"University of Vienna",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"University of Greifswald"
] |
|
Which employer did Bruno Lemaitre work for in Jul, 2004?
|
July 03, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Centre de Génétique Moléculaire"
]
}
|
L2_Q30502052_P108_2
|
Bruno Lemaitre works for National Center for Scientific Research from Nov, 1992 to Mar, 1998.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Centre de Génétique Moléculaire from Apr, 1998 to Jun, 2007.
Bruno Lemaitre works for École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne from Jul, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Pierre and Marie Curie University from Sep, 1989 to Nov, 1992.
|
Bruno LemaitreBruno Lemaitre (born in Lille, France) is a French immunologist and a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). His research focuses on the mechanisms of innate immunity and endosymbiosis in Drosophila. Lemaitre has also authored several books on the topic of narcissism in science.Lemaitre obtained a PhD in genetics from the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie in 1992, defending a thesis on the regulation of P element transposition in Drosophila. He then pursued work as research associate in the laboratory of Jules Hoffmann, where he identified Toll-like receptors as essential mediators of innate immunity in Drosophila. This work was considered as a landmark paper by the Nobel prize committee and was featured in the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Hoffmann. In 1998, he was appointed group leader at the Molecular Genetics Center of the French National Center for Scientific Research in Gif-sur-Yvette. He moved to EPFL in 2007 as a full professor within the Global Health Institute.Lemaitre has since 2016 published several books and essays related to the topic of narcissism in science and society. He is co-author of various MOOCs and an exercise book in French on the topic of immunology.The Lemaitre laboratory studies various aspects of innate immunity using Drosophila as a genetic model. The laboratory uses genetic screens as tools to identify novel factors involved in the immune response following microbial infection. His team has contributed to the better understanding the role of the Toll and NF-κB pathways in the activation of bacterial defense, as well as how the host's immune system discriminates between different bacterial pathogens. Lemaitre also studies host-microbiota interactions, and more specifically how the microbiota influences gut homeostasis and morphology.Another aspect of interest to Lemaitre is to decipher the roles and mechanisms of the interactions occurring between Drosophila and its endosymbionts of the spiroplasma genus.Lemaitre received two "Advanced Grants" from the European Research Council for projects on gut immunity and homeostasis (2008) and Drosophila-Spiroplasma interactions (2013).Lemaitre was elected as an EMBO member in 2007.He received several research prizes, such as the Noury, Thorlet, Lazare Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (2001), the First Prize of the Schlumberger Foundation (2002), the William B. Coley Award for distinguished research in basic and tumor immunology (2003), the Lucien Tartois Prize from the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (2006) and the Liliane Bettencourt Prize for Life Science (2010).
|
[
"Pierre and Marie Curie University",
"École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne",
"National Center for Scientific Research"
] |
|
Which employer did Bruno Lemaitre work for in 2004-07-03?
|
July 03, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Centre de Génétique Moléculaire"
]
}
|
L2_Q30502052_P108_2
|
Bruno Lemaitre works for National Center for Scientific Research from Nov, 1992 to Mar, 1998.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Centre de Génétique Moléculaire from Apr, 1998 to Jun, 2007.
Bruno Lemaitre works for École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne from Jul, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Pierre and Marie Curie University from Sep, 1989 to Nov, 1992.
|
Bruno LemaitreBruno Lemaitre (born in Lille, France) is a French immunologist and a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). His research focuses on the mechanisms of innate immunity and endosymbiosis in Drosophila. Lemaitre has also authored several books on the topic of narcissism in science.Lemaitre obtained a PhD in genetics from the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie in 1992, defending a thesis on the regulation of P element transposition in Drosophila. He then pursued work as research associate in the laboratory of Jules Hoffmann, where he identified Toll-like receptors as essential mediators of innate immunity in Drosophila. This work was considered as a landmark paper by the Nobel prize committee and was featured in the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Hoffmann. In 1998, he was appointed group leader at the Molecular Genetics Center of the French National Center for Scientific Research in Gif-sur-Yvette. He moved to EPFL in 2007 as a full professor within the Global Health Institute.Lemaitre has since 2016 published several books and essays related to the topic of narcissism in science and society. He is co-author of various MOOCs and an exercise book in French on the topic of immunology.The Lemaitre laboratory studies various aspects of innate immunity using Drosophila as a genetic model. The laboratory uses genetic screens as tools to identify novel factors involved in the immune response following microbial infection. His team has contributed to the better understanding the role of the Toll and NF-κB pathways in the activation of bacterial defense, as well as how the host's immune system discriminates between different bacterial pathogens. Lemaitre also studies host-microbiota interactions, and more specifically how the microbiota influences gut homeostasis and morphology.Another aspect of interest to Lemaitre is to decipher the roles and mechanisms of the interactions occurring between Drosophila and its endosymbionts of the spiroplasma genus.Lemaitre received two "Advanced Grants" from the European Research Council for projects on gut immunity and homeostasis (2008) and Drosophila-Spiroplasma interactions (2013).Lemaitre was elected as an EMBO member in 2007.He received several research prizes, such as the Noury, Thorlet, Lazare Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (2001), the First Prize of the Schlumberger Foundation (2002), the William B. Coley Award for distinguished research in basic and tumor immunology (2003), the Lucien Tartois Prize from the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (2006) and the Liliane Bettencourt Prize for Life Science (2010).
|
[
"Pierre and Marie Curie University",
"École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne",
"National Center for Scientific Research"
] |
|
Which employer did Bruno Lemaitre work for in 03/07/2004?
|
July 03, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Centre de Génétique Moléculaire"
]
}
|
L2_Q30502052_P108_2
|
Bruno Lemaitre works for National Center for Scientific Research from Nov, 1992 to Mar, 1998.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Centre de Génétique Moléculaire from Apr, 1998 to Jun, 2007.
Bruno Lemaitre works for École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne from Jul, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Pierre and Marie Curie University from Sep, 1989 to Nov, 1992.
|
Bruno LemaitreBruno Lemaitre (born in Lille, France) is a French immunologist and a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). His research focuses on the mechanisms of innate immunity and endosymbiosis in Drosophila. Lemaitre has also authored several books on the topic of narcissism in science.Lemaitre obtained a PhD in genetics from the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie in 1992, defending a thesis on the regulation of P element transposition in Drosophila. He then pursued work as research associate in the laboratory of Jules Hoffmann, where he identified Toll-like receptors as essential mediators of innate immunity in Drosophila. This work was considered as a landmark paper by the Nobel prize committee and was featured in the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Hoffmann. In 1998, he was appointed group leader at the Molecular Genetics Center of the French National Center for Scientific Research in Gif-sur-Yvette. He moved to EPFL in 2007 as a full professor within the Global Health Institute.Lemaitre has since 2016 published several books and essays related to the topic of narcissism in science and society. He is co-author of various MOOCs and an exercise book in French on the topic of immunology.The Lemaitre laboratory studies various aspects of innate immunity using Drosophila as a genetic model. The laboratory uses genetic screens as tools to identify novel factors involved in the immune response following microbial infection. His team has contributed to the better understanding the role of the Toll and NF-κB pathways in the activation of bacterial defense, as well as how the host's immune system discriminates between different bacterial pathogens. Lemaitre also studies host-microbiota interactions, and more specifically how the microbiota influences gut homeostasis and morphology.Another aspect of interest to Lemaitre is to decipher the roles and mechanisms of the interactions occurring between Drosophila and its endosymbionts of the spiroplasma genus.Lemaitre received two "Advanced Grants" from the European Research Council for projects on gut immunity and homeostasis (2008) and Drosophila-Spiroplasma interactions (2013).Lemaitre was elected as an EMBO member in 2007.He received several research prizes, such as the Noury, Thorlet, Lazare Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (2001), the First Prize of the Schlumberger Foundation (2002), the William B. Coley Award for distinguished research in basic and tumor immunology (2003), the Lucien Tartois Prize from the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (2006) and the Liliane Bettencourt Prize for Life Science (2010).
|
[
"Pierre and Marie Curie University",
"École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne",
"National Center for Scientific Research"
] |
|
Which employer did Bruno Lemaitre work for in Jul 03, 2004?
|
July 03, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Centre de Génétique Moléculaire"
]
}
|
L2_Q30502052_P108_2
|
Bruno Lemaitre works for National Center for Scientific Research from Nov, 1992 to Mar, 1998.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Centre de Génétique Moléculaire from Apr, 1998 to Jun, 2007.
Bruno Lemaitre works for École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne from Jul, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Pierre and Marie Curie University from Sep, 1989 to Nov, 1992.
|
Bruno LemaitreBruno Lemaitre (born in Lille, France) is a French immunologist and a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). His research focuses on the mechanisms of innate immunity and endosymbiosis in Drosophila. Lemaitre has also authored several books on the topic of narcissism in science.Lemaitre obtained a PhD in genetics from the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie in 1992, defending a thesis on the regulation of P element transposition in Drosophila. He then pursued work as research associate in the laboratory of Jules Hoffmann, where he identified Toll-like receptors as essential mediators of innate immunity in Drosophila. This work was considered as a landmark paper by the Nobel prize committee and was featured in the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Hoffmann. In 1998, he was appointed group leader at the Molecular Genetics Center of the French National Center for Scientific Research in Gif-sur-Yvette. He moved to EPFL in 2007 as a full professor within the Global Health Institute.Lemaitre has since 2016 published several books and essays related to the topic of narcissism in science and society. He is co-author of various MOOCs and an exercise book in French on the topic of immunology.The Lemaitre laboratory studies various aspects of innate immunity using Drosophila as a genetic model. The laboratory uses genetic screens as tools to identify novel factors involved in the immune response following microbial infection. His team has contributed to the better understanding the role of the Toll and NF-κB pathways in the activation of bacterial defense, as well as how the host's immune system discriminates between different bacterial pathogens. Lemaitre also studies host-microbiota interactions, and more specifically how the microbiota influences gut homeostasis and morphology.Another aspect of interest to Lemaitre is to decipher the roles and mechanisms of the interactions occurring between Drosophila and its endosymbionts of the spiroplasma genus.Lemaitre received two "Advanced Grants" from the European Research Council for projects on gut immunity and homeostasis (2008) and Drosophila-Spiroplasma interactions (2013).Lemaitre was elected as an EMBO member in 2007.He received several research prizes, such as the Noury, Thorlet, Lazare Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (2001), the First Prize of the Schlumberger Foundation (2002), the William B. Coley Award for distinguished research in basic and tumor immunology (2003), the Lucien Tartois Prize from the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (2006) and the Liliane Bettencourt Prize for Life Science (2010).
|
[
"Pierre and Marie Curie University",
"École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne",
"National Center for Scientific Research"
] |
|
Which employer did Bruno Lemaitre work for in 07/03/2004?
|
July 03, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Centre de Génétique Moléculaire"
]
}
|
L2_Q30502052_P108_2
|
Bruno Lemaitre works for National Center for Scientific Research from Nov, 1992 to Mar, 1998.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Centre de Génétique Moléculaire from Apr, 1998 to Jun, 2007.
Bruno Lemaitre works for École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne from Jul, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Pierre and Marie Curie University from Sep, 1989 to Nov, 1992.
|
Bruno LemaitreBruno Lemaitre (born in Lille, France) is a French immunologist and a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). His research focuses on the mechanisms of innate immunity and endosymbiosis in Drosophila. Lemaitre has also authored several books on the topic of narcissism in science.Lemaitre obtained a PhD in genetics from the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie in 1992, defending a thesis on the regulation of P element transposition in Drosophila. He then pursued work as research associate in the laboratory of Jules Hoffmann, where he identified Toll-like receptors as essential mediators of innate immunity in Drosophila. This work was considered as a landmark paper by the Nobel prize committee and was featured in the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Hoffmann. In 1998, he was appointed group leader at the Molecular Genetics Center of the French National Center for Scientific Research in Gif-sur-Yvette. He moved to EPFL in 2007 as a full professor within the Global Health Institute.Lemaitre has since 2016 published several books and essays related to the topic of narcissism in science and society. He is co-author of various MOOCs and an exercise book in French on the topic of immunology.The Lemaitre laboratory studies various aspects of innate immunity using Drosophila as a genetic model. The laboratory uses genetic screens as tools to identify novel factors involved in the immune response following microbial infection. His team has contributed to the better understanding the role of the Toll and NF-κB pathways in the activation of bacterial defense, as well as how the host's immune system discriminates between different bacterial pathogens. Lemaitre also studies host-microbiota interactions, and more specifically how the microbiota influences gut homeostasis and morphology.Another aspect of interest to Lemaitre is to decipher the roles and mechanisms of the interactions occurring between Drosophila and its endosymbionts of the spiroplasma genus.Lemaitre received two "Advanced Grants" from the European Research Council for projects on gut immunity and homeostasis (2008) and Drosophila-Spiroplasma interactions (2013).Lemaitre was elected as an EMBO member in 2007.He received several research prizes, such as the Noury, Thorlet, Lazare Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (2001), the First Prize of the Schlumberger Foundation (2002), the William B. Coley Award for distinguished research in basic and tumor immunology (2003), the Lucien Tartois Prize from the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (2006) and the Liliane Bettencourt Prize for Life Science (2010).
|
[
"Pierre and Marie Curie University",
"École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne",
"National Center for Scientific Research"
] |
|
Which employer did Bruno Lemaitre work for in 03-Jul-200403-July-2004?
|
July 03, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Centre de Génétique Moléculaire"
]
}
|
L2_Q30502052_P108_2
|
Bruno Lemaitre works for National Center for Scientific Research from Nov, 1992 to Mar, 1998.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Centre de Génétique Moléculaire from Apr, 1998 to Jun, 2007.
Bruno Lemaitre works for École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne from Jul, 2007 to Dec, 2022.
Bruno Lemaitre works for Pierre and Marie Curie University from Sep, 1989 to Nov, 1992.
|
Bruno LemaitreBruno Lemaitre (born in Lille, France) is a French immunologist and a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). His research focuses on the mechanisms of innate immunity and endosymbiosis in Drosophila. Lemaitre has also authored several books on the topic of narcissism in science.Lemaitre obtained a PhD in genetics from the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie in 1992, defending a thesis on the regulation of P element transposition in Drosophila. He then pursued work as research associate in the laboratory of Jules Hoffmann, where he identified Toll-like receptors as essential mediators of innate immunity in Drosophila. This work was considered as a landmark paper by the Nobel prize committee and was featured in the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Hoffmann. In 1998, he was appointed group leader at the Molecular Genetics Center of the French National Center for Scientific Research in Gif-sur-Yvette. He moved to EPFL in 2007 as a full professor within the Global Health Institute.Lemaitre has since 2016 published several books and essays related to the topic of narcissism in science and society. He is co-author of various MOOCs and an exercise book in French on the topic of immunology.The Lemaitre laboratory studies various aspects of innate immunity using Drosophila as a genetic model. The laboratory uses genetic screens as tools to identify novel factors involved in the immune response following microbial infection. His team has contributed to the better understanding the role of the Toll and NF-κB pathways in the activation of bacterial defense, as well as how the host's immune system discriminates between different bacterial pathogens. Lemaitre also studies host-microbiota interactions, and more specifically how the microbiota influences gut homeostasis and morphology.Another aspect of interest to Lemaitre is to decipher the roles and mechanisms of the interactions occurring between Drosophila and its endosymbionts of the spiroplasma genus.Lemaitre received two "Advanced Grants" from the European Research Council for projects on gut immunity and homeostasis (2008) and Drosophila-Spiroplasma interactions (2013).Lemaitre was elected as an EMBO member in 2007.He received several research prizes, such as the Noury, Thorlet, Lazare Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (2001), the First Prize of the Schlumberger Foundation (2002), the William B. Coley Award for distinguished research in basic and tumor immunology (2003), the Lucien Tartois Prize from the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (2006) and the Liliane Bettencourt Prize for Life Science (2010).
|
[
"Pierre and Marie Curie University",
"École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne",
"National Center for Scientific Research"
] |
|
Which team did José Eloy Jiménez Moreno play for in Sep, 1997?
|
September 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Elche CF"
]
}
|
L2_Q11929074_P54_2
|
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Levante UD from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Córdoba CF from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Unión Deportiva Las Palmas from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Elche CF from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CD Castellón from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CE L'Hospitalet from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Hellín CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
|
Eloy Jiménez (footballer)José Eloy Jiménez Moreno (born 14 June 1971) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward, and is a manager.His name was most associated with Las Palmas, with whom he played two La Liga seasons at the start of the 2000s. He achieved Segunda División totals of 158 games and 48 goals for that club and Córdoba, as well as 213 appearances and 71 goals across six teams in Segunda División B.Born in Hellín, Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Jiménez made his senior debuts with hometown's Bakú Hellín Deportivo in 1991, in the regional leagues. After appearing in Segunda División B with Yeclano CF, CE L'Hospitalet, Levante UD and UD Las Palmas (also scoring a career-best 24 goals with the latter), he joined Elche CF in the same division in the 1996 summer, scoring 19 goals as his side were promoted.On 31 August 1997, aged 26, Jiménez made his professional debut, starting in a 1–2 away loss against CD Numancia. He scored his first goals on 20 September, netting four goals in a 5–0 home routing over CD Logroñés.Jiménez scored 20 goals in the campaign, and subsequently moved back to Las Palmas, now in the second level. He appeared regularly with the side, winning promotion in 1999–2000 whilst contributing with 13 goals.Jiménez made his La Liga debut on 10 September 2000, starting in a 0–3 home loss against Deportivo Alavés. He scored his first goal in the competition on the 23rd, netting his side's only in a 1–1 home draw against Real Valladolid.Jiménez left Las Palmas in January 2002, after appearing rarely in the 2001–02 season, and moved to Córdoba CF in the second division. After featuring regularly he signed for third level's CD Castellón in the 2003 summer.Jiménez retired in June 2006, aged 35, with his first club Hellín, acting as a player-manager.Immediately after retiring, Jiménez was appointed Hellín's full-time manager, and remained in charge until 2009. In July 2009 he was appointed UB Conquense manager.Jiménez was relieved from his duties on 5 January 2011. On 1 December of the following year he was appointed at the helm of La Roda CF, and after leading the club to a comfortable 10th place, he resigned.On 27 June 2014 Jiménez was named UCAM Murcia CF manager. After missing out promotion in the play-offs, he left the club.On 7 October 2016, Jiménez was appointed as new head coach of Mérida AD. He announced his departure the following 19 May, after leading the club to a fifth place in their group.On 8 April 2018, Jiménez replaced fired Antonio Calderón at the helm of CF Fuenlabrada also in the third division, staying in charge until the end of the season and missing out promotion in the play-offs.On 21 April 2019, Jiménez was named manager of second division side CD Lugo, in the place of fired Alberto Monteagudo. He was himself dismissed on 26 December, with the club nearing the relegation places during the season.Jiménez's son, also named Eloy (born 1995), became a midfielder. He never played any higher than the third tier.
|
[
"CD Castellón",
"Unión Deportiva Las Palmas",
"Hellín CF",
"CE L'Hospitalet",
"Córdoba CF",
"Levante UD"
] |
|
Which team did José Eloy Jiménez Moreno play for in 1997-09-01?
|
September 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Elche CF"
]
}
|
L2_Q11929074_P54_2
|
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Levante UD from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Córdoba CF from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Unión Deportiva Las Palmas from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Elche CF from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CD Castellón from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CE L'Hospitalet from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Hellín CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
|
Eloy Jiménez (footballer)José Eloy Jiménez Moreno (born 14 June 1971) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward, and is a manager.His name was most associated with Las Palmas, with whom he played two La Liga seasons at the start of the 2000s. He achieved Segunda División totals of 158 games and 48 goals for that club and Córdoba, as well as 213 appearances and 71 goals across six teams in Segunda División B.Born in Hellín, Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Jiménez made his senior debuts with hometown's Bakú Hellín Deportivo in 1991, in the regional leagues. After appearing in Segunda División B with Yeclano CF, CE L'Hospitalet, Levante UD and UD Las Palmas (also scoring a career-best 24 goals with the latter), he joined Elche CF in the same division in the 1996 summer, scoring 19 goals as his side were promoted.On 31 August 1997, aged 26, Jiménez made his professional debut, starting in a 1–2 away loss against CD Numancia. He scored his first goals on 20 September, netting four goals in a 5–0 home routing over CD Logroñés.Jiménez scored 20 goals in the campaign, and subsequently moved back to Las Palmas, now in the second level. He appeared regularly with the side, winning promotion in 1999–2000 whilst contributing with 13 goals.Jiménez made his La Liga debut on 10 September 2000, starting in a 0–3 home loss against Deportivo Alavés. He scored his first goal in the competition on the 23rd, netting his side's only in a 1–1 home draw against Real Valladolid.Jiménez left Las Palmas in January 2002, after appearing rarely in the 2001–02 season, and moved to Córdoba CF in the second division. After featuring regularly he signed for third level's CD Castellón in the 2003 summer.Jiménez retired in June 2006, aged 35, with his first club Hellín, acting as a player-manager.Immediately after retiring, Jiménez was appointed Hellín's full-time manager, and remained in charge until 2009. In July 2009 he was appointed UB Conquense manager.Jiménez was relieved from his duties on 5 January 2011. On 1 December of the following year he was appointed at the helm of La Roda CF, and after leading the club to a comfortable 10th place, he resigned.On 27 June 2014 Jiménez was named UCAM Murcia CF manager. After missing out promotion in the play-offs, he left the club.On 7 October 2016, Jiménez was appointed as new head coach of Mérida AD. He announced his departure the following 19 May, after leading the club to a fifth place in their group.On 8 April 2018, Jiménez replaced fired Antonio Calderón at the helm of CF Fuenlabrada also in the third division, staying in charge until the end of the season and missing out promotion in the play-offs.On 21 April 2019, Jiménez was named manager of second division side CD Lugo, in the place of fired Alberto Monteagudo. He was himself dismissed on 26 December, with the club nearing the relegation places during the season.Jiménez's son, also named Eloy (born 1995), became a midfielder. He never played any higher than the third tier.
|
[
"CD Castellón",
"Unión Deportiva Las Palmas",
"Hellín CF",
"CE L'Hospitalet",
"Córdoba CF",
"Levante UD"
] |
|
Which team did José Eloy Jiménez Moreno play for in 01/09/1997?
|
September 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Elche CF"
]
}
|
L2_Q11929074_P54_2
|
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Levante UD from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Córdoba CF from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Unión Deportiva Las Palmas from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Elche CF from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CD Castellón from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CE L'Hospitalet from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Hellín CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
|
Eloy Jiménez (footballer)José Eloy Jiménez Moreno (born 14 June 1971) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward, and is a manager.His name was most associated with Las Palmas, with whom he played two La Liga seasons at the start of the 2000s. He achieved Segunda División totals of 158 games and 48 goals for that club and Córdoba, as well as 213 appearances and 71 goals across six teams in Segunda División B.Born in Hellín, Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Jiménez made his senior debuts with hometown's Bakú Hellín Deportivo in 1991, in the regional leagues. After appearing in Segunda División B with Yeclano CF, CE L'Hospitalet, Levante UD and UD Las Palmas (also scoring a career-best 24 goals with the latter), he joined Elche CF in the same division in the 1996 summer, scoring 19 goals as his side were promoted.On 31 August 1997, aged 26, Jiménez made his professional debut, starting in a 1–2 away loss against CD Numancia. He scored his first goals on 20 September, netting four goals in a 5–0 home routing over CD Logroñés.Jiménez scored 20 goals in the campaign, and subsequently moved back to Las Palmas, now in the second level. He appeared regularly with the side, winning promotion in 1999–2000 whilst contributing with 13 goals.Jiménez made his La Liga debut on 10 September 2000, starting in a 0–3 home loss against Deportivo Alavés. He scored his first goal in the competition on the 23rd, netting his side's only in a 1–1 home draw against Real Valladolid.Jiménez left Las Palmas in January 2002, after appearing rarely in the 2001–02 season, and moved to Córdoba CF in the second division. After featuring regularly he signed for third level's CD Castellón in the 2003 summer.Jiménez retired in June 2006, aged 35, with his first club Hellín, acting as a player-manager.Immediately after retiring, Jiménez was appointed Hellín's full-time manager, and remained in charge until 2009. In July 2009 he was appointed UB Conquense manager.Jiménez was relieved from his duties on 5 January 2011. On 1 December of the following year he was appointed at the helm of La Roda CF, and after leading the club to a comfortable 10th place, he resigned.On 27 June 2014 Jiménez was named UCAM Murcia CF manager. After missing out promotion in the play-offs, he left the club.On 7 October 2016, Jiménez was appointed as new head coach of Mérida AD. He announced his departure the following 19 May, after leading the club to a fifth place in their group.On 8 April 2018, Jiménez replaced fired Antonio Calderón at the helm of CF Fuenlabrada also in the third division, staying in charge until the end of the season and missing out promotion in the play-offs.On 21 April 2019, Jiménez was named manager of second division side CD Lugo, in the place of fired Alberto Monteagudo. He was himself dismissed on 26 December, with the club nearing the relegation places during the season.Jiménez's son, also named Eloy (born 1995), became a midfielder. He never played any higher than the third tier.
|
[
"CD Castellón",
"Unión Deportiva Las Palmas",
"Hellín CF",
"CE L'Hospitalet",
"Córdoba CF",
"Levante UD"
] |
|
Which team did José Eloy Jiménez Moreno play for in Sep 01, 1997?
|
September 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Elche CF"
]
}
|
L2_Q11929074_P54_2
|
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Levante UD from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Córdoba CF from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Unión Deportiva Las Palmas from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Elche CF from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CD Castellón from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CE L'Hospitalet from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Hellín CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
|
Eloy Jiménez (footballer)José Eloy Jiménez Moreno (born 14 June 1971) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward, and is a manager.His name was most associated with Las Palmas, with whom he played two La Liga seasons at the start of the 2000s. He achieved Segunda División totals of 158 games and 48 goals for that club and Córdoba, as well as 213 appearances and 71 goals across six teams in Segunda División B.Born in Hellín, Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Jiménez made his senior debuts with hometown's Bakú Hellín Deportivo in 1991, in the regional leagues. After appearing in Segunda División B with Yeclano CF, CE L'Hospitalet, Levante UD and UD Las Palmas (also scoring a career-best 24 goals with the latter), he joined Elche CF in the same division in the 1996 summer, scoring 19 goals as his side were promoted.On 31 August 1997, aged 26, Jiménez made his professional debut, starting in a 1–2 away loss against CD Numancia. He scored his first goals on 20 September, netting four goals in a 5–0 home routing over CD Logroñés.Jiménez scored 20 goals in the campaign, and subsequently moved back to Las Palmas, now in the second level. He appeared regularly with the side, winning promotion in 1999–2000 whilst contributing with 13 goals.Jiménez made his La Liga debut on 10 September 2000, starting in a 0–3 home loss against Deportivo Alavés. He scored his first goal in the competition on the 23rd, netting his side's only in a 1–1 home draw against Real Valladolid.Jiménez left Las Palmas in January 2002, after appearing rarely in the 2001–02 season, and moved to Córdoba CF in the second division. After featuring regularly he signed for third level's CD Castellón in the 2003 summer.Jiménez retired in June 2006, aged 35, with his first club Hellín, acting as a player-manager.Immediately after retiring, Jiménez was appointed Hellín's full-time manager, and remained in charge until 2009. In July 2009 he was appointed UB Conquense manager.Jiménez was relieved from his duties on 5 January 2011. On 1 December of the following year he was appointed at the helm of La Roda CF, and after leading the club to a comfortable 10th place, he resigned.On 27 June 2014 Jiménez was named UCAM Murcia CF manager. After missing out promotion in the play-offs, he left the club.On 7 October 2016, Jiménez was appointed as new head coach of Mérida AD. He announced his departure the following 19 May, after leading the club to a fifth place in their group.On 8 April 2018, Jiménez replaced fired Antonio Calderón at the helm of CF Fuenlabrada also in the third division, staying in charge until the end of the season and missing out promotion in the play-offs.On 21 April 2019, Jiménez was named manager of second division side CD Lugo, in the place of fired Alberto Monteagudo. He was himself dismissed on 26 December, with the club nearing the relegation places during the season.Jiménez's son, also named Eloy (born 1995), became a midfielder. He never played any higher than the third tier.
|
[
"CD Castellón",
"Unión Deportiva Las Palmas",
"Hellín CF",
"CE L'Hospitalet",
"Córdoba CF",
"Levante UD"
] |
|
Which team did José Eloy Jiménez Moreno play for in 09/01/1997?
|
September 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Elche CF"
]
}
|
L2_Q11929074_P54_2
|
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Levante UD from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Córdoba CF from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Unión Deportiva Las Palmas from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Elche CF from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CD Castellón from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CE L'Hospitalet from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Hellín CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
|
Eloy Jiménez (footballer)José Eloy Jiménez Moreno (born 14 June 1971) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward, and is a manager.His name was most associated with Las Palmas, with whom he played two La Liga seasons at the start of the 2000s. He achieved Segunda División totals of 158 games and 48 goals for that club and Córdoba, as well as 213 appearances and 71 goals across six teams in Segunda División B.Born in Hellín, Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Jiménez made his senior debuts with hometown's Bakú Hellín Deportivo in 1991, in the regional leagues. After appearing in Segunda División B with Yeclano CF, CE L'Hospitalet, Levante UD and UD Las Palmas (also scoring a career-best 24 goals with the latter), he joined Elche CF in the same division in the 1996 summer, scoring 19 goals as his side were promoted.On 31 August 1997, aged 26, Jiménez made his professional debut, starting in a 1–2 away loss against CD Numancia. He scored his first goals on 20 September, netting four goals in a 5–0 home routing over CD Logroñés.Jiménez scored 20 goals in the campaign, and subsequently moved back to Las Palmas, now in the second level. He appeared regularly with the side, winning promotion in 1999–2000 whilst contributing with 13 goals.Jiménez made his La Liga debut on 10 September 2000, starting in a 0–3 home loss against Deportivo Alavés. He scored his first goal in the competition on the 23rd, netting his side's only in a 1–1 home draw against Real Valladolid.Jiménez left Las Palmas in January 2002, after appearing rarely in the 2001–02 season, and moved to Córdoba CF in the second division. After featuring regularly he signed for third level's CD Castellón in the 2003 summer.Jiménez retired in June 2006, aged 35, with his first club Hellín, acting as a player-manager.Immediately after retiring, Jiménez was appointed Hellín's full-time manager, and remained in charge until 2009. In July 2009 he was appointed UB Conquense manager.Jiménez was relieved from his duties on 5 January 2011. On 1 December of the following year he was appointed at the helm of La Roda CF, and after leading the club to a comfortable 10th place, he resigned.On 27 June 2014 Jiménez was named UCAM Murcia CF manager. After missing out promotion in the play-offs, he left the club.On 7 October 2016, Jiménez was appointed as new head coach of Mérida AD. He announced his departure the following 19 May, after leading the club to a fifth place in their group.On 8 April 2018, Jiménez replaced fired Antonio Calderón at the helm of CF Fuenlabrada also in the third division, staying in charge until the end of the season and missing out promotion in the play-offs.On 21 April 2019, Jiménez was named manager of second division side CD Lugo, in the place of fired Alberto Monteagudo. He was himself dismissed on 26 December, with the club nearing the relegation places during the season.Jiménez's son, also named Eloy (born 1995), became a midfielder. He never played any higher than the third tier.
|
[
"CD Castellón",
"Unión Deportiva Las Palmas",
"Hellín CF",
"CE L'Hospitalet",
"Córdoba CF",
"Levante UD"
] |
|
Which team did José Eloy Jiménez Moreno play for in 01-Sep-199701-September-1997?
|
September 01, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Elche CF"
]
}
|
L2_Q11929074_P54_2
|
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Levante UD from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Córdoba CF from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Unión Deportiva Las Palmas from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Elche CF from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1999.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CD Castellón from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for CE L'Hospitalet from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
José Eloy Jiménez Moreno plays for Hellín CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
|
Eloy Jiménez (footballer)José Eloy Jiménez Moreno (born 14 June 1971) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward, and is a manager.His name was most associated with Las Palmas, with whom he played two La Liga seasons at the start of the 2000s. He achieved Segunda División totals of 158 games and 48 goals for that club and Córdoba, as well as 213 appearances and 71 goals across six teams in Segunda División B.Born in Hellín, Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Jiménez made his senior debuts with hometown's Bakú Hellín Deportivo in 1991, in the regional leagues. After appearing in Segunda División B with Yeclano CF, CE L'Hospitalet, Levante UD and UD Las Palmas (also scoring a career-best 24 goals with the latter), he joined Elche CF in the same division in the 1996 summer, scoring 19 goals as his side were promoted.On 31 August 1997, aged 26, Jiménez made his professional debut, starting in a 1–2 away loss against CD Numancia. He scored his first goals on 20 September, netting four goals in a 5–0 home routing over CD Logroñés.Jiménez scored 20 goals in the campaign, and subsequently moved back to Las Palmas, now in the second level. He appeared regularly with the side, winning promotion in 1999–2000 whilst contributing with 13 goals.Jiménez made his La Liga debut on 10 September 2000, starting in a 0–3 home loss against Deportivo Alavés. He scored his first goal in the competition on the 23rd, netting his side's only in a 1–1 home draw against Real Valladolid.Jiménez left Las Palmas in January 2002, after appearing rarely in the 2001–02 season, and moved to Córdoba CF in the second division. After featuring regularly he signed for third level's CD Castellón in the 2003 summer.Jiménez retired in June 2006, aged 35, with his first club Hellín, acting as a player-manager.Immediately after retiring, Jiménez was appointed Hellín's full-time manager, and remained in charge until 2009. In July 2009 he was appointed UB Conquense manager.Jiménez was relieved from his duties on 5 January 2011. On 1 December of the following year he was appointed at the helm of La Roda CF, and after leading the club to a comfortable 10th place, he resigned.On 27 June 2014 Jiménez was named UCAM Murcia CF manager. After missing out promotion in the play-offs, he left the club.On 7 October 2016, Jiménez was appointed as new head coach of Mérida AD. He announced his departure the following 19 May, after leading the club to a fifth place in their group.On 8 April 2018, Jiménez replaced fired Antonio Calderón at the helm of CF Fuenlabrada also in the third division, staying in charge until the end of the season and missing out promotion in the play-offs.On 21 April 2019, Jiménez was named manager of second division side CD Lugo, in the place of fired Alberto Monteagudo. He was himself dismissed on 26 December, with the club nearing the relegation places during the season.Jiménez's son, also named Eloy (born 1995), became a midfielder. He never played any higher than the third tier.
|
[
"CD Castellón",
"Unión Deportiva Las Palmas",
"Hellín CF",
"CE L'Hospitalet",
"Córdoba CF",
"Levante UD"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in Oct, 1997?
|
October 24, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Pedro Sangome"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_0
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne",
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in 1997-10-24?
|
October 24, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Pedro Sangome"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_0
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne",
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in 24/10/1997?
|
October 24, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Pedro Sangome"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_0
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne",
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in Oct 24, 1997?
|
October 24, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Pedro Sangome"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_0
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne",
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in 10/24/1997?
|
October 24, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Pedro Sangome"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_0
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne",
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Boubacar Sanogo play for in 24-Oct-199724-October-1997?
|
October 24, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"Pedro Sangome"
]
}
|
L2_Q349379_P54_0
|
Boubacar Sanogo plays for A.S. Saint-Étienne from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Ivory Coast national football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al-Fujairah FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for NorthEast United FC from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Pedro Sangome from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for ES Tunis from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2002.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Hamburger SV from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for 1. FC Kaiserslautern from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for Al Ain FC from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for FC Energie Cottbus from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014.
Boubacar Sanogo plays for SV Werder Bremen from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
|
Boubacar SanogoBoubacar Sanogo (born 17 December 1982) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a forward.Born in Dimbokro in the Ivory Coast, Sanogo started his career in Tunisia and then went to Al-Ain FC in the UAE League, where he became well known for winning the AFC Champions League and being a top goalscorer in the UAE League.He played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern during the 2005–06 season, scoring 10 goals in 24 games, a performance that caught the attention of higher level German clubs.Then, he was transferred to Hamburger SV in the summer of 2006. His time at Hamburger SV was poor as Sanogo was often criticized and booed by the fans because in 31 games for Hamburg he managed to score only four goals.After the 2006–07 season, he switched to Werder Bremen for a fee of €4.5 million, which could have risen to €6 million.On 27 January 2009, Sanogo was loaned out to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim until the end of the season after he not succeeded in establishing himself in the first team. In his first game, he scored the second goal in Hoffenheim's 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus. His performance was good that 1899 Hoffenheim wanted to sign him on a permanent basis but he returned on 1 July 2009 to Werder Bremen.Since missing a chance of joining 1899 Hoffenheim on a permanent basis, Sanogo joined French club AS Saint-Étienne on 19 August 2009 on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was €3.5 million. He scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne in a 4–1 win over OGC Nice in the Coupe de la Ligue. During this season, he injured his thigh. He remained injured several months, accumulating physical problems. He was on trial at AJ Auxerre, but Auxerre was not convinced. He returned to ASSE, but he was no longer used by manager Christophe Galtier and on 3 March 2012, Sanogo was released from the club.Following his release from Saint-Étienne, Sanogo and his family returned to Germany, where he eventually signed a deal with 2. Bundesliga club Energie Cottbus. In his league debut for his new club, he managed to score a brace during a 2–2 draw in the season opener against FC Ingolstadt 04.During the summer of 2015, Sanogo signed for Indian Super League side NorthEast United, but was ruled out for the entirety of the 2015 Indian Super League season after suffering a quadriceps tear during training.On 1 May 2017, Sanogo signed for Liga 1 side Madura United. He was brought in after the club released Redouane Zerzouri due to injury.In late October 2017, he joined German fifth-tier side VSG Altglienicke on a contract until the end of the season and scored on his debut away to Chemie Leipzig.Sanogo retired in summer 2018, after his release by Altglienicke.Following his retirement from playing Sanogo became a coach at 1. FC Union Berlin.
|
[
"FC Energie Cottbus",
"ES Tunis",
"1. FC Kaiserslautern",
"Al Ain FC",
"Hamburger SV",
"Ivory Coast national football team",
"Al-Fujairah FC",
"A.S. Saint-Étienne",
"SV Werder Bremen",
"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim",
"NorthEast United FC"
] |
|
Which team did Elia Bastianoni play for in Oct, 2009?
|
October 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906"
]
}
|
L2_Q19647586_P54_0
|
Elia Bastianoni plays for Carpi FC 1909 from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S. Livorno from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
|
Elia BastianoniAntonio Elia Bastianoni, known as Elia Bastianoni (born 18 May 1991) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Santarcangelo.He made his Serie C debut for Carpi on 4 September 2011 in a game against Tritium.On 12 July 2016, he joined Bassano on a free transfer after being released by Catania in the summer.
|
[
"A.S. Livorno",
"Carpi FC 1909",
"Varese Calcio",
"Calcio Catania"
] |
|
Which team did Elia Bastianoni play for in 2009-10-24?
|
October 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906"
]
}
|
L2_Q19647586_P54_0
|
Elia Bastianoni plays for Carpi FC 1909 from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S. Livorno from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
|
Elia BastianoniAntonio Elia Bastianoni, known as Elia Bastianoni (born 18 May 1991) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Santarcangelo.He made his Serie C debut for Carpi on 4 September 2011 in a game against Tritium.On 12 July 2016, he joined Bassano on a free transfer after being released by Catania in the summer.
|
[
"A.S. Livorno",
"Carpi FC 1909",
"Varese Calcio",
"Calcio Catania"
] |
|
Which team did Elia Bastianoni play for in 24/10/2009?
|
October 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906"
]
}
|
L2_Q19647586_P54_0
|
Elia Bastianoni plays for Carpi FC 1909 from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S. Livorno from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
|
Elia BastianoniAntonio Elia Bastianoni, known as Elia Bastianoni (born 18 May 1991) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Santarcangelo.He made his Serie C debut for Carpi on 4 September 2011 in a game against Tritium.On 12 July 2016, he joined Bassano on a free transfer after being released by Catania in the summer.
|
[
"A.S. Livorno",
"Carpi FC 1909",
"Varese Calcio",
"Calcio Catania"
] |
|
Which team did Elia Bastianoni play for in Oct 24, 2009?
|
October 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906"
]
}
|
L2_Q19647586_P54_0
|
Elia Bastianoni plays for Carpi FC 1909 from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S. Livorno from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
|
Elia BastianoniAntonio Elia Bastianoni, known as Elia Bastianoni (born 18 May 1991) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Santarcangelo.He made his Serie C debut for Carpi on 4 September 2011 in a game against Tritium.On 12 July 2016, he joined Bassano on a free transfer after being released by Catania in the summer.
|
[
"A.S. Livorno",
"Carpi FC 1909",
"Varese Calcio",
"Calcio Catania"
] |
|
Which team did Elia Bastianoni play for in 10/24/2009?
|
October 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906"
]
}
|
L2_Q19647586_P54_0
|
Elia Bastianoni plays for Carpi FC 1909 from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S. Livorno from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
|
Elia BastianoniAntonio Elia Bastianoni, known as Elia Bastianoni (born 18 May 1991) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Santarcangelo.He made his Serie C debut for Carpi on 4 September 2011 in a game against Tritium.On 12 July 2016, he joined Bassano on a free transfer after being released by Catania in the summer.
|
[
"A.S. Livorno",
"Carpi FC 1909",
"Varese Calcio",
"Calcio Catania"
] |
|
Which team did Elia Bastianoni play for in 24-Oct-200924-October-2009?
|
October 24, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906"
]
}
|
L2_Q19647586_P54_0
|
Elia Bastianoni plays for Carpi FC 1909 from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906 from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Elia Bastianoni plays for A.S. Livorno from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Elia Bastianoni plays for Varese Calcio from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
|
Elia BastianoniAntonio Elia Bastianoni, known as Elia Bastianoni (born 18 May 1991) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Santarcangelo.He made his Serie C debut for Carpi on 4 September 2011 in a game against Tritium.On 12 July 2016, he joined Bassano on a free transfer after being released by Catania in the summer.
|
[
"A.S. Livorno",
"Carpi FC 1909",
"Varese Calcio",
"Calcio Catania"
] |
|
Who was the owner of TVNorge in May, 2004?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"SBS Broadcasting Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q225430_P127_0
|
TVNorge is owned by SBS Broadcasting Group from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
TVNorge is owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2013.
TVNorge is owned by Discovery Inc. from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
|
TVNorgeTVNorge (originally abbreviated TVN, now just abbreviated N in the logos; i.e. "TVNorway") is a Norwegian television channel.TVNorge went on the air on 5 December 1988 and was the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel. The channel was started with 50 000 NOK. The first broadcast was a live variety show from Oslo Cabaret with Swedish singer Lill-Babs and Norwegian pop group Tomboy as musical guests. Originally TVNorge broadcast via satellite and cable, later they have affiliated several local television broadcasters. The local broadcasters generally were allowed the 17.30-18.30 timeslot for local programming, along with a second slot from 19.30-20.30. The rest of the time was assigned to TVNorge's own schedule.When the last analogue terrestrial television transmitter closed in December 2009, the agreement with the local broadcasters and TVNorge ended. TVNorge now broadcasts via private cable and satellite providers in addition to RiksTV, which is the Norwegian digital terrestrial television distributor.TVNorge and the rest of the SBS Broadcasting group was wholly owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG, but was sold to Discovery Communications on 14 December 2012.In 2003, Novell sued TVNorge at The Court of Enforcement (Namsretten) and asked for a temporary injunction against TVNorge as they found the logo too similar to their own. Novell did not seem to proceed to a full court case after losing their case there.In 2013, the variety group Ylvis created a promo music video for their program on TVNorge entitled "The Fox", which became a surprise internet hit and brought international attention to the channel.As of 2018, TVNorge is also involved in broadcasting the Olympic Games alongside sister network Eurosport.TVNorge launched Norway's first High Definition simulcast on their main channel on 3 October 2008, and starting 2009 TVNorge will also be broadcasting own productions in HD. The first episodes shown in HD was the HBO series Rome, and the channel has included several other imported series like "", "", "" and "The Big Bang Theory". The HD station has the same schedule as the SD station. Broadcasts not available in high definition will be broadcast in standard definition.
|
[
"ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE",
"Discovery Inc."
] |
|
Who was the owner of TVNorge in 2004-05-16?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"SBS Broadcasting Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q225430_P127_0
|
TVNorge is owned by SBS Broadcasting Group from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
TVNorge is owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2013.
TVNorge is owned by Discovery Inc. from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
|
TVNorgeTVNorge (originally abbreviated TVN, now just abbreviated N in the logos; i.e. "TVNorway") is a Norwegian television channel.TVNorge went on the air on 5 December 1988 and was the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel. The channel was started with 50 000 NOK. The first broadcast was a live variety show from Oslo Cabaret with Swedish singer Lill-Babs and Norwegian pop group Tomboy as musical guests. Originally TVNorge broadcast via satellite and cable, later they have affiliated several local television broadcasters. The local broadcasters generally were allowed the 17.30-18.30 timeslot for local programming, along with a second slot from 19.30-20.30. The rest of the time was assigned to TVNorge's own schedule.When the last analogue terrestrial television transmitter closed in December 2009, the agreement with the local broadcasters and TVNorge ended. TVNorge now broadcasts via private cable and satellite providers in addition to RiksTV, which is the Norwegian digital terrestrial television distributor.TVNorge and the rest of the SBS Broadcasting group was wholly owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG, but was sold to Discovery Communications on 14 December 2012.In 2003, Novell sued TVNorge at The Court of Enforcement (Namsretten) and asked for a temporary injunction against TVNorge as they found the logo too similar to their own. Novell did not seem to proceed to a full court case after losing their case there.In 2013, the variety group Ylvis created a promo music video for their program on TVNorge entitled "The Fox", which became a surprise internet hit and brought international attention to the channel.As of 2018, TVNorge is also involved in broadcasting the Olympic Games alongside sister network Eurosport.TVNorge launched Norway's first High Definition simulcast on their main channel on 3 October 2008, and starting 2009 TVNorge will also be broadcasting own productions in HD. The first episodes shown in HD was the HBO series Rome, and the channel has included several other imported series like "", "", "" and "The Big Bang Theory". The HD station has the same schedule as the SD station. Broadcasts not available in high definition will be broadcast in standard definition.
|
[
"ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE",
"Discovery Inc."
] |
|
Who was the owner of TVNorge in 16/05/2004?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"SBS Broadcasting Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q225430_P127_0
|
TVNorge is owned by SBS Broadcasting Group from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
TVNorge is owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2013.
TVNorge is owned by Discovery Inc. from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
|
TVNorgeTVNorge (originally abbreviated TVN, now just abbreviated N in the logos; i.e. "TVNorway") is a Norwegian television channel.TVNorge went on the air on 5 December 1988 and was the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel. The channel was started with 50 000 NOK. The first broadcast was a live variety show from Oslo Cabaret with Swedish singer Lill-Babs and Norwegian pop group Tomboy as musical guests. Originally TVNorge broadcast via satellite and cable, later they have affiliated several local television broadcasters. The local broadcasters generally were allowed the 17.30-18.30 timeslot for local programming, along with a second slot from 19.30-20.30. The rest of the time was assigned to TVNorge's own schedule.When the last analogue terrestrial television transmitter closed in December 2009, the agreement with the local broadcasters and TVNorge ended. TVNorge now broadcasts via private cable and satellite providers in addition to RiksTV, which is the Norwegian digital terrestrial television distributor.TVNorge and the rest of the SBS Broadcasting group was wholly owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG, but was sold to Discovery Communications on 14 December 2012.In 2003, Novell sued TVNorge at The Court of Enforcement (Namsretten) and asked for a temporary injunction against TVNorge as they found the logo too similar to their own. Novell did not seem to proceed to a full court case after losing their case there.In 2013, the variety group Ylvis created a promo music video for their program on TVNorge entitled "The Fox", which became a surprise internet hit and brought international attention to the channel.As of 2018, TVNorge is also involved in broadcasting the Olympic Games alongside sister network Eurosport.TVNorge launched Norway's first High Definition simulcast on their main channel on 3 October 2008, and starting 2009 TVNorge will also be broadcasting own productions in HD. The first episodes shown in HD was the HBO series Rome, and the channel has included several other imported series like "", "", "" and "The Big Bang Theory". The HD station has the same schedule as the SD station. Broadcasts not available in high definition will be broadcast in standard definition.
|
[
"ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE",
"Discovery Inc."
] |
|
Who was the owner of TVNorge in May 16, 2004?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"SBS Broadcasting Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q225430_P127_0
|
TVNorge is owned by SBS Broadcasting Group from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
TVNorge is owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2013.
TVNorge is owned by Discovery Inc. from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
|
TVNorgeTVNorge (originally abbreviated TVN, now just abbreviated N in the logos; i.e. "TVNorway") is a Norwegian television channel.TVNorge went on the air on 5 December 1988 and was the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel. The channel was started with 50 000 NOK. The first broadcast was a live variety show from Oslo Cabaret with Swedish singer Lill-Babs and Norwegian pop group Tomboy as musical guests. Originally TVNorge broadcast via satellite and cable, later they have affiliated several local television broadcasters. The local broadcasters generally were allowed the 17.30-18.30 timeslot for local programming, along with a second slot from 19.30-20.30. The rest of the time was assigned to TVNorge's own schedule.When the last analogue terrestrial television transmitter closed in December 2009, the agreement with the local broadcasters and TVNorge ended. TVNorge now broadcasts via private cable and satellite providers in addition to RiksTV, which is the Norwegian digital terrestrial television distributor.TVNorge and the rest of the SBS Broadcasting group was wholly owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG, but was sold to Discovery Communications on 14 December 2012.In 2003, Novell sued TVNorge at The Court of Enforcement (Namsretten) and asked for a temporary injunction against TVNorge as they found the logo too similar to their own. Novell did not seem to proceed to a full court case after losing their case there.In 2013, the variety group Ylvis created a promo music video for their program on TVNorge entitled "The Fox", which became a surprise internet hit and brought international attention to the channel.As of 2018, TVNorge is also involved in broadcasting the Olympic Games alongside sister network Eurosport.TVNorge launched Norway's first High Definition simulcast on their main channel on 3 October 2008, and starting 2009 TVNorge will also be broadcasting own productions in HD. The first episodes shown in HD was the HBO series Rome, and the channel has included several other imported series like "", "", "" and "The Big Bang Theory". The HD station has the same schedule as the SD station. Broadcasts not available in high definition will be broadcast in standard definition.
|
[
"ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE",
"Discovery Inc."
] |
|
Who was the owner of TVNorge in 05/16/2004?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"SBS Broadcasting Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q225430_P127_0
|
TVNorge is owned by SBS Broadcasting Group from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
TVNorge is owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2013.
TVNorge is owned by Discovery Inc. from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
|
TVNorgeTVNorge (originally abbreviated TVN, now just abbreviated N in the logos; i.e. "TVNorway") is a Norwegian television channel.TVNorge went on the air on 5 December 1988 and was the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel. The channel was started with 50 000 NOK. The first broadcast was a live variety show from Oslo Cabaret with Swedish singer Lill-Babs and Norwegian pop group Tomboy as musical guests. Originally TVNorge broadcast via satellite and cable, later they have affiliated several local television broadcasters. The local broadcasters generally were allowed the 17.30-18.30 timeslot for local programming, along with a second slot from 19.30-20.30. The rest of the time was assigned to TVNorge's own schedule.When the last analogue terrestrial television transmitter closed in December 2009, the agreement with the local broadcasters and TVNorge ended. TVNorge now broadcasts via private cable and satellite providers in addition to RiksTV, which is the Norwegian digital terrestrial television distributor.TVNorge and the rest of the SBS Broadcasting group was wholly owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG, but was sold to Discovery Communications on 14 December 2012.In 2003, Novell sued TVNorge at The Court of Enforcement (Namsretten) and asked for a temporary injunction against TVNorge as they found the logo too similar to their own. Novell did not seem to proceed to a full court case after losing their case there.In 2013, the variety group Ylvis created a promo music video for their program on TVNorge entitled "The Fox", which became a surprise internet hit and brought international attention to the channel.As of 2018, TVNorge is also involved in broadcasting the Olympic Games alongside sister network Eurosport.TVNorge launched Norway's first High Definition simulcast on their main channel on 3 October 2008, and starting 2009 TVNorge will also be broadcasting own productions in HD. The first episodes shown in HD was the HBO series Rome, and the channel has included several other imported series like "", "", "" and "The Big Bang Theory". The HD station has the same schedule as the SD station. Broadcasts not available in high definition will be broadcast in standard definition.
|
[
"ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE",
"Discovery Inc."
] |
|
Who was the owner of TVNorge in 16-May-200416-May-2004?
|
May 16, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"SBS Broadcasting Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q225430_P127_0
|
TVNorge is owned by SBS Broadcasting Group from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2007.
TVNorge is owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2013.
TVNorge is owned by Discovery Inc. from Jan, 2013 to Dec, 2022.
|
TVNorgeTVNorge (originally abbreviated TVN, now just abbreviated N in the logos; i.e. "TVNorway") is a Norwegian television channel.TVNorge went on the air on 5 December 1988 and was the first advertising-supported Norwegian channel. The channel was started with 50 000 NOK. The first broadcast was a live variety show from Oslo Cabaret with Swedish singer Lill-Babs and Norwegian pop group Tomboy as musical guests. Originally TVNorge broadcast via satellite and cable, later they have affiliated several local television broadcasters. The local broadcasters generally were allowed the 17.30-18.30 timeslot for local programming, along with a second slot from 19.30-20.30. The rest of the time was assigned to TVNorge's own schedule.When the last analogue terrestrial television transmitter closed in December 2009, the agreement with the local broadcasters and TVNorge ended. TVNorge now broadcasts via private cable and satellite providers in addition to RiksTV, which is the Norwegian digital terrestrial television distributor.TVNorge and the rest of the SBS Broadcasting group was wholly owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG, but was sold to Discovery Communications on 14 December 2012.In 2003, Novell sued TVNorge at The Court of Enforcement (Namsretten) and asked for a temporary injunction against TVNorge as they found the logo too similar to their own. Novell did not seem to proceed to a full court case after losing their case there.In 2013, the variety group Ylvis created a promo music video for their program on TVNorge entitled "The Fox", which became a surprise internet hit and brought international attention to the channel.As of 2018, TVNorge is also involved in broadcasting the Olympic Games alongside sister network Eurosport.TVNorge launched Norway's first High Definition simulcast on their main channel on 3 October 2008, and starting 2009 TVNorge will also be broadcasting own productions in HD. The first episodes shown in HD was the HBO series Rome, and the channel has included several other imported series like "", "", "" and "The Big Bang Theory". The HD station has the same schedule as the SD station. Broadcasts not available in high definition will be broadcast in standard definition.
|
[
"ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE",
"Discovery Inc."
] |
|
Who was the head of Cetariu in Jun, 2020?
|
June 28, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Alexandru Bónisz"
]
}
|
L2_Q13037939_P6_1
|
Barna Vitályos is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2016.
Alexandru Bónisz is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ferenc-Sandor Biro is the head of the government of Cetariu from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
CetariuCetariu () is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 2,165 people. It is composed of four villages: Cetariu, Șișterea ("Siter"), Șușturogi ("Sitervölgy") and Tăutelec ("Hegyköztóttelek"). It also included three other villages until 2003, when they were split off to form Paleu Commune.
|
[
"Barna Vitályos",
"Ferenc-Sandor Biro"
] |
|
Who was the head of Cetariu in 2020-06-28?
|
June 28, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Alexandru Bónisz"
]
}
|
L2_Q13037939_P6_1
|
Barna Vitályos is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2016.
Alexandru Bónisz is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ferenc-Sandor Biro is the head of the government of Cetariu from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
CetariuCetariu () is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 2,165 people. It is composed of four villages: Cetariu, Șișterea ("Siter"), Șușturogi ("Sitervölgy") and Tăutelec ("Hegyköztóttelek"). It also included three other villages until 2003, when they were split off to form Paleu Commune.
|
[
"Barna Vitályos",
"Ferenc-Sandor Biro"
] |
|
Who was the head of Cetariu in 28/06/2020?
|
June 28, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Alexandru Bónisz"
]
}
|
L2_Q13037939_P6_1
|
Barna Vitályos is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2016.
Alexandru Bónisz is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ferenc-Sandor Biro is the head of the government of Cetariu from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
CetariuCetariu () is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 2,165 people. It is composed of four villages: Cetariu, Șișterea ("Siter"), Șușturogi ("Sitervölgy") and Tăutelec ("Hegyköztóttelek"). It also included three other villages until 2003, when they were split off to form Paleu Commune.
|
[
"Barna Vitályos",
"Ferenc-Sandor Biro"
] |
|
Who was the head of Cetariu in Jun 28, 2020?
|
June 28, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Alexandru Bónisz"
]
}
|
L2_Q13037939_P6_1
|
Barna Vitályos is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2016.
Alexandru Bónisz is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ferenc-Sandor Biro is the head of the government of Cetariu from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
CetariuCetariu () is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 2,165 people. It is composed of four villages: Cetariu, Șișterea ("Siter"), Șușturogi ("Sitervölgy") and Tăutelec ("Hegyköztóttelek"). It also included three other villages until 2003, when they were split off to form Paleu Commune.
|
[
"Barna Vitályos",
"Ferenc-Sandor Biro"
] |
|
Who was the head of Cetariu in 06/28/2020?
|
June 28, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Alexandru Bónisz"
]
}
|
L2_Q13037939_P6_1
|
Barna Vitályos is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2016.
Alexandru Bónisz is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ferenc-Sandor Biro is the head of the government of Cetariu from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
CetariuCetariu () is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 2,165 people. It is composed of four villages: Cetariu, Șișterea ("Siter"), Șușturogi ("Sitervölgy") and Tăutelec ("Hegyköztóttelek"). It also included three other villages until 2003, when they were split off to form Paleu Commune.
|
[
"Barna Vitályos",
"Ferenc-Sandor Biro"
] |
|
Who was the head of Cetariu in 28-Jun-202028-June-2020?
|
June 28, 2020
|
{
"text": [
"Alexandru Bónisz"
]
}
|
L2_Q13037939_P6_1
|
Barna Vitályos is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2016.
Alexandru Bónisz is the head of the government of Cetariu from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020.
Ferenc-Sandor Biro is the head of the government of Cetariu from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
CetariuCetariu () is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 2,165 people. It is composed of four villages: Cetariu, Șișterea ("Siter"), Șușturogi ("Sitervölgy") and Tăutelec ("Hegyköztóttelek"). It also included three other villages until 2003, when they were split off to form Paleu Commune.
|
[
"Barna Vitályos",
"Ferenc-Sandor Biro"
] |
|
Which team did Brian Hornsby play for in May, 1980?
|
May 13, 1980
|
{
"text": [
"Sheffield Wednesday F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4964098_P54_2
|
Brian Hornsby plays for Arsenal F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1976.
Brian Hornsby plays for Chesterfield F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Brian Hornsby plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1978.
Brian Hornsby plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Brian Hornsby plays for IK Brage from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
Brian Hornsby plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1982.
Brian Hornsby plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1982.
Brian Hornsby plays for Edmonton Drillers (1979–82) from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1982.
|
Brian HornsbyBrian Hornsby (born 10 September 1954) is an English former footballer who played for Arsenal, Shrewsbury Town, Sheffield Wednesday and Carlisle United in the English league. He also had short spells playing abroad for Edmonton Drillers (Canada), IK Brage (Sweden) and Falu BS (Sweden) for whom he was player-manager. Hornsby was an attacking midfielder playing 222 English league games and scoring 48 goals. His career was seriously curtailed by a hamstring injury when playing for Sheffield Wednesday in 1980.As a schoolboy Brian captained Peterborough Boys and earned England caps at School boy and Youth level.Hornsby joined Arsenal straight from school in 1970, he was member of the Arsenal team which won the FA Youth Cup in 1971, beating Cardiff City 2–0 over two legs. He signed as a professional for Arsenal in September 1971. Arsenal had just won The Double in the 1970–71 season and had a very strong team. Hornsby's chances of breaking into the first team were very rare and he did not make his debut until May 1973 in the final league game of the 1972–73 season in a 1–6 defeat at Leeds United. He was very much a reserve and squad player for the Gunners making only 26 league appearances in his almost five seasons at Highbury, scoring six goals. Hornsby was released by Arsenal at the end of Bertie Mee's reign as manager and he signed for Shrewsbury Town in May 1976 for £40,000.Hornsby while playing under Shrewsbury boss Alan Durban and was virtually ever present during his almost two years at Gay Meadow playing in 75 league games and scoring 16 goals. He helped Town win the Welsh Cup in 1977. In February 1978 Durban left to be manager of Stoke City and the following month Hornsby signed for Sheffield Wednesday in a £45,000 deal.Sheffield Wednesday manager Jack Charlton had been tracking Hornsby for some time and he finally got his man. There is a famous anecdote regarding Hornsby which sums up Charlton's laconic personality. Wednesday were playing Shrewsbury away at the end of February 1978, just before Hornsby's move to Sheffield. Charlton was giving his pre-match team talk and midway through turned to Wednesday midfielder Jeff Johnson and said, "You're up against the lad Hornsby, he's a very skilful player ... I'm buying him to replace you". As it happened there was room for both Hornsby and Johnson in the Wednesday team.Hornsby made his debut for Wednesday on 18 March 1978 in a 1–3 away defeat to Lincoln City, however after that Wednesday only suffered one more defeat in the remaining 12 matches that season. On signing, Hornsby had said on local radio that he would score plenty of goals from midfield, his first came on 25 March in a 2–0 away win at Rotherham. It was a 25-yard volley into the roof of the net which was named as Goal of the Season on Yorkshire Television by Martin Tyler. Jeff Johnson scored the other goal that day.The 1978–79 season saw Hornsby finish as top scorer for Wednesday with 21 goals in all competitions including three in the FA Cup 3rd round marathon against former club Arsenal. 1979–80 saw Wednesday promoted from Division Three but Hornsby's goal contribution was only three, missing a third of the matches through injury. The following season (1980–81) in Division Two started well for Hornsby scoring three goals in 12 matches, however in October 1980 he suffered a troublesome hamstring problem and missed the rest of the season. Brian only made only one more appearance for Wednesday, as a substitute at Chelsea in December 1981. A few weeks earlier he had made four appearances for Chester City on loan.Brian spent part of 1982 playing for the Canadian NASL team Edmonton Drillers but returned to England after they hit financial trouble and folded. He signed for Carlisle United in the summer of 1982 and spent two years there, making only 10 appearances and scoring one goal against Newcastle United, described as "a brilliant chip over Kevin Carr" by one football writer. in November 1982. After a brief spell on loan at Chesterfield, Hornsby moved to Sweden in 1984 to play for IK Brage for a season, making 20 appearances and scoring 1 goal. He then moved to the town of Falun to be player-manager of Falu BS (Bollsällskap). On returning to the UK he played non-League football for Spalding United and Holbeach United.Brian now lives in Peterborough . For more than 15 years he has been captain of the Arsenal F.C. former professionals and celebrity team raising money for charities and the Arsenal Trust. He is also involved with the charity Action Medical Research and along with friend Tony Hadley undertook a trek to Machu Picchu to raise funds for the charity.Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year - 1979
|
[
"Arsenal F.C.",
"Shrewsbury Town F.C.",
"Edmonton Drillers (1979–82)",
"Chester City F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Chesterfield F.C.",
"IK Brage"
] |
|
Which team did Brian Hornsby play for in 1980-05-13?
|
May 13, 1980
|
{
"text": [
"Sheffield Wednesday F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4964098_P54_2
|
Brian Hornsby plays for Arsenal F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1976.
Brian Hornsby plays for Chesterfield F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Brian Hornsby plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1978.
Brian Hornsby plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Brian Hornsby plays for IK Brage from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
Brian Hornsby plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1982.
Brian Hornsby plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1982.
Brian Hornsby plays for Edmonton Drillers (1979–82) from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1982.
|
Brian HornsbyBrian Hornsby (born 10 September 1954) is an English former footballer who played for Arsenal, Shrewsbury Town, Sheffield Wednesday and Carlisle United in the English league. He also had short spells playing abroad for Edmonton Drillers (Canada), IK Brage (Sweden) and Falu BS (Sweden) for whom he was player-manager. Hornsby was an attacking midfielder playing 222 English league games and scoring 48 goals. His career was seriously curtailed by a hamstring injury when playing for Sheffield Wednesday in 1980.As a schoolboy Brian captained Peterborough Boys and earned England caps at School boy and Youth level.Hornsby joined Arsenal straight from school in 1970, he was member of the Arsenal team which won the FA Youth Cup in 1971, beating Cardiff City 2–0 over two legs. He signed as a professional for Arsenal in September 1971. Arsenal had just won The Double in the 1970–71 season and had a very strong team. Hornsby's chances of breaking into the first team were very rare and he did not make his debut until May 1973 in the final league game of the 1972–73 season in a 1–6 defeat at Leeds United. He was very much a reserve and squad player for the Gunners making only 26 league appearances in his almost five seasons at Highbury, scoring six goals. Hornsby was released by Arsenal at the end of Bertie Mee's reign as manager and he signed for Shrewsbury Town in May 1976 for £40,000.Hornsby while playing under Shrewsbury boss Alan Durban and was virtually ever present during his almost two years at Gay Meadow playing in 75 league games and scoring 16 goals. He helped Town win the Welsh Cup in 1977. In February 1978 Durban left to be manager of Stoke City and the following month Hornsby signed for Sheffield Wednesday in a £45,000 deal.Sheffield Wednesday manager Jack Charlton had been tracking Hornsby for some time and he finally got his man. There is a famous anecdote regarding Hornsby which sums up Charlton's laconic personality. Wednesday were playing Shrewsbury away at the end of February 1978, just before Hornsby's move to Sheffield. Charlton was giving his pre-match team talk and midway through turned to Wednesday midfielder Jeff Johnson and said, "You're up against the lad Hornsby, he's a very skilful player ... I'm buying him to replace you". As it happened there was room for both Hornsby and Johnson in the Wednesday team.Hornsby made his debut for Wednesday on 18 March 1978 in a 1–3 away defeat to Lincoln City, however after that Wednesday only suffered one more defeat in the remaining 12 matches that season. On signing, Hornsby had said on local radio that he would score plenty of goals from midfield, his first came on 25 March in a 2–0 away win at Rotherham. It was a 25-yard volley into the roof of the net which was named as Goal of the Season on Yorkshire Television by Martin Tyler. Jeff Johnson scored the other goal that day.The 1978–79 season saw Hornsby finish as top scorer for Wednesday with 21 goals in all competitions including three in the FA Cup 3rd round marathon against former club Arsenal. 1979–80 saw Wednesday promoted from Division Three but Hornsby's goal contribution was only three, missing a third of the matches through injury. The following season (1980–81) in Division Two started well for Hornsby scoring three goals in 12 matches, however in October 1980 he suffered a troublesome hamstring problem and missed the rest of the season. Brian only made only one more appearance for Wednesday, as a substitute at Chelsea in December 1981. A few weeks earlier he had made four appearances for Chester City on loan.Brian spent part of 1982 playing for the Canadian NASL team Edmonton Drillers but returned to England after they hit financial trouble and folded. He signed for Carlisle United in the summer of 1982 and spent two years there, making only 10 appearances and scoring one goal against Newcastle United, described as "a brilliant chip over Kevin Carr" by one football writer. in November 1982. After a brief spell on loan at Chesterfield, Hornsby moved to Sweden in 1984 to play for IK Brage for a season, making 20 appearances and scoring 1 goal. He then moved to the town of Falun to be player-manager of Falu BS (Bollsällskap). On returning to the UK he played non-League football for Spalding United and Holbeach United.Brian now lives in Peterborough . For more than 15 years he has been captain of the Arsenal F.C. former professionals and celebrity team raising money for charities and the Arsenal Trust. He is also involved with the charity Action Medical Research and along with friend Tony Hadley undertook a trek to Machu Picchu to raise funds for the charity.Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year - 1979
|
[
"Arsenal F.C.",
"Shrewsbury Town F.C.",
"Edmonton Drillers (1979–82)",
"Chester City F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Chesterfield F.C.",
"IK Brage"
] |
|
Which team did Brian Hornsby play for in 13/05/1980?
|
May 13, 1980
|
{
"text": [
"Sheffield Wednesday F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4964098_P54_2
|
Brian Hornsby plays for Arsenal F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1976.
Brian Hornsby plays for Chesterfield F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Brian Hornsby plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1978.
Brian Hornsby plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Brian Hornsby plays for IK Brage from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
Brian Hornsby plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1982.
Brian Hornsby plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1982.
Brian Hornsby plays for Edmonton Drillers (1979–82) from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1982.
|
Brian HornsbyBrian Hornsby (born 10 September 1954) is an English former footballer who played for Arsenal, Shrewsbury Town, Sheffield Wednesday and Carlisle United in the English league. He also had short spells playing abroad for Edmonton Drillers (Canada), IK Brage (Sweden) and Falu BS (Sweden) for whom he was player-manager. Hornsby was an attacking midfielder playing 222 English league games and scoring 48 goals. His career was seriously curtailed by a hamstring injury when playing for Sheffield Wednesday in 1980.As a schoolboy Brian captained Peterborough Boys and earned England caps at School boy and Youth level.Hornsby joined Arsenal straight from school in 1970, he was member of the Arsenal team which won the FA Youth Cup in 1971, beating Cardiff City 2–0 over two legs. He signed as a professional for Arsenal in September 1971. Arsenal had just won The Double in the 1970–71 season and had a very strong team. Hornsby's chances of breaking into the first team were very rare and he did not make his debut until May 1973 in the final league game of the 1972–73 season in a 1–6 defeat at Leeds United. He was very much a reserve and squad player for the Gunners making only 26 league appearances in his almost five seasons at Highbury, scoring six goals. Hornsby was released by Arsenal at the end of Bertie Mee's reign as manager and he signed for Shrewsbury Town in May 1976 for £40,000.Hornsby while playing under Shrewsbury boss Alan Durban and was virtually ever present during his almost two years at Gay Meadow playing in 75 league games and scoring 16 goals. He helped Town win the Welsh Cup in 1977. In February 1978 Durban left to be manager of Stoke City and the following month Hornsby signed for Sheffield Wednesday in a £45,000 deal.Sheffield Wednesday manager Jack Charlton had been tracking Hornsby for some time and he finally got his man. There is a famous anecdote regarding Hornsby which sums up Charlton's laconic personality. Wednesday were playing Shrewsbury away at the end of February 1978, just before Hornsby's move to Sheffield. Charlton was giving his pre-match team talk and midway through turned to Wednesday midfielder Jeff Johnson and said, "You're up against the lad Hornsby, he's a very skilful player ... I'm buying him to replace you". As it happened there was room for both Hornsby and Johnson in the Wednesday team.Hornsby made his debut for Wednesday on 18 March 1978 in a 1–3 away defeat to Lincoln City, however after that Wednesday only suffered one more defeat in the remaining 12 matches that season. On signing, Hornsby had said on local radio that he would score plenty of goals from midfield, his first came on 25 March in a 2–0 away win at Rotherham. It was a 25-yard volley into the roof of the net which was named as Goal of the Season on Yorkshire Television by Martin Tyler. Jeff Johnson scored the other goal that day.The 1978–79 season saw Hornsby finish as top scorer for Wednesday with 21 goals in all competitions including three in the FA Cup 3rd round marathon against former club Arsenal. 1979–80 saw Wednesday promoted from Division Three but Hornsby's goal contribution was only three, missing a third of the matches through injury. The following season (1980–81) in Division Two started well for Hornsby scoring three goals in 12 matches, however in October 1980 he suffered a troublesome hamstring problem and missed the rest of the season. Brian only made only one more appearance for Wednesday, as a substitute at Chelsea in December 1981. A few weeks earlier he had made four appearances for Chester City on loan.Brian spent part of 1982 playing for the Canadian NASL team Edmonton Drillers but returned to England after they hit financial trouble and folded. He signed for Carlisle United in the summer of 1982 and spent two years there, making only 10 appearances and scoring one goal against Newcastle United, described as "a brilliant chip over Kevin Carr" by one football writer. in November 1982. After a brief spell on loan at Chesterfield, Hornsby moved to Sweden in 1984 to play for IK Brage for a season, making 20 appearances and scoring 1 goal. He then moved to the town of Falun to be player-manager of Falu BS (Bollsällskap). On returning to the UK he played non-League football for Spalding United and Holbeach United.Brian now lives in Peterborough . For more than 15 years he has been captain of the Arsenal F.C. former professionals and celebrity team raising money for charities and the Arsenal Trust. He is also involved with the charity Action Medical Research and along with friend Tony Hadley undertook a trek to Machu Picchu to raise funds for the charity.Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year - 1979
|
[
"Arsenal F.C.",
"Shrewsbury Town F.C.",
"Edmonton Drillers (1979–82)",
"Chester City F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Chesterfield F.C.",
"IK Brage"
] |
|
Which team did Brian Hornsby play for in May 13, 1980?
|
May 13, 1980
|
{
"text": [
"Sheffield Wednesday F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q4964098_P54_2
|
Brian Hornsby plays for Arsenal F.C. from Jan, 1972 to Jan, 1976.
Brian Hornsby plays for Chesterfield F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Brian Hornsby plays for Shrewsbury Town F.C. from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1978.
Brian Hornsby plays for Carlisle United F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1984.
Brian Hornsby plays for IK Brage from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1985.
Brian Hornsby plays for Chester City F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1982.
Brian Hornsby plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1982.
Brian Hornsby plays for Edmonton Drillers (1979–82) from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1982.
|
Brian HornsbyBrian Hornsby (born 10 September 1954) is an English former footballer who played for Arsenal, Shrewsbury Town, Sheffield Wednesday and Carlisle United in the English league. He also had short spells playing abroad for Edmonton Drillers (Canada), IK Brage (Sweden) and Falu BS (Sweden) for whom he was player-manager. Hornsby was an attacking midfielder playing 222 English league games and scoring 48 goals. His career was seriously curtailed by a hamstring injury when playing for Sheffield Wednesday in 1980.As a schoolboy Brian captained Peterborough Boys and earned England caps at School boy and Youth level.Hornsby joined Arsenal straight from school in 1970, he was member of the Arsenal team which won the FA Youth Cup in 1971, beating Cardiff City 2–0 over two legs. He signed as a professional for Arsenal in September 1971. Arsenal had just won The Double in the 1970–71 season and had a very strong team. Hornsby's chances of breaking into the first team were very rare and he did not make his debut until May 1973 in the final league game of the 1972–73 season in a 1–6 defeat at Leeds United. He was very much a reserve and squad player for the Gunners making only 26 league appearances in his almost five seasons at Highbury, scoring six goals. Hornsby was released by Arsenal at the end of Bertie Mee's reign as manager and he signed for Shrewsbury Town in May 1976 for £40,000.Hornsby while playing under Shrewsbury boss Alan Durban and was virtually ever present during his almost two years at Gay Meadow playing in 75 league games and scoring 16 goals. He helped Town win the Welsh Cup in 1977. In February 1978 Durban left to be manager of Stoke City and the following month Hornsby signed for Sheffield Wednesday in a £45,000 deal.Sheffield Wednesday manager Jack Charlton had been tracking Hornsby for some time and he finally got his man. There is a famous anecdote regarding Hornsby which sums up Charlton's laconic personality. Wednesday were playing Shrewsbury away at the end of February 1978, just before Hornsby's move to Sheffield. Charlton was giving his pre-match team talk and midway through turned to Wednesday midfielder Jeff Johnson and said, "You're up against the lad Hornsby, he's a very skilful player ... I'm buying him to replace you". As it happened there was room for both Hornsby and Johnson in the Wednesday team.Hornsby made his debut for Wednesday on 18 March 1978 in a 1–3 away defeat to Lincoln City, however after that Wednesday only suffered one more defeat in the remaining 12 matches that season. On signing, Hornsby had said on local radio that he would score plenty of goals from midfield, his first came on 25 March in a 2–0 away win at Rotherham. It was a 25-yard volley into the roof of the net which was named as Goal of the Season on Yorkshire Television by Martin Tyler. Jeff Johnson scored the other goal that day.The 1978–79 season saw Hornsby finish as top scorer for Wednesday with 21 goals in all competitions including three in the FA Cup 3rd round marathon against former club Arsenal. 1979–80 saw Wednesday promoted from Division Three but Hornsby's goal contribution was only three, missing a third of the matches through injury. The following season (1980–81) in Division Two started well for Hornsby scoring three goals in 12 matches, however in October 1980 he suffered a troublesome hamstring problem and missed the rest of the season. Brian only made only one more appearance for Wednesday, as a substitute at Chelsea in December 1981. A few weeks earlier he had made four appearances for Chester City on loan.Brian spent part of 1982 playing for the Canadian NASL team Edmonton Drillers but returned to England after they hit financial trouble and folded. He signed for Carlisle United in the summer of 1982 and spent two years there, making only 10 appearances and scoring one goal against Newcastle United, described as "a brilliant chip over Kevin Carr" by one football writer. in November 1982. After a brief spell on loan at Chesterfield, Hornsby moved to Sweden in 1984 to play for IK Brage for a season, making 20 appearances and scoring 1 goal. He then moved to the town of Falun to be player-manager of Falu BS (Bollsällskap). On returning to the UK he played non-League football for Spalding United and Holbeach United.Brian now lives in Peterborough . For more than 15 years he has been captain of the Arsenal F.C. former professionals and celebrity team raising money for charities and the Arsenal Trust. He is also involved with the charity Action Medical Research and along with friend Tony Hadley undertook a trek to Machu Picchu to raise funds for the charity.Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year - 1979
|
[
"Arsenal F.C.",
"Shrewsbury Town F.C.",
"Edmonton Drillers (1979–82)",
"Chester City F.C.",
"Carlisle United F.C.",
"Chesterfield F.C.",
"IK Brage"
] |
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