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Which employer did Anna K. Panorska work for in 14/07/1997?
|
July 14, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee"
]
}
|
L2_Q63430495_P108_1
|
Anna K. Panorska works for University of Nevada, Reno from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
Anna K. Panorska works for Desert Research Institute from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Anna K. Panorska works for BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Anna K. Panorska works for University of California, Santa Barbara from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Anna K. Panorska works for University of Tennessee at Chattanooga from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1997.
|
Anna PanorskaAnna Katarzyna Panorska is a Polish mathematician and statistician who works as a professor in the department of mathematics and statistics at the University of Nevada, Reno.Panorska's research interests include studying extreme events in the stochastic processes used to model weather, water, and biology. She has also studied the effects of weather conditions on baseball performance, concluding that temperature has a larger effect than wind and humidity.Panorska studied mathematics at the University of Warsaw, completing a degree in 1986. After earning a master's degree in statistics at the University of Texas at El Paso in 1988, she returned to mathematics for her doctoral studies, completing a Ph.D. at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1992. Her dissertation, "Generalized Convolutions", was supervised by Svetlozar Rachev.She became an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in 1992, but left academia in 1997 to work as a biostatistician for BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee. After visiting the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1999–2000, she took a research faculty position in 2000 at the Desert Research Institute, associated with the University of Nevada, Reno. In 2002 she became a regular faculty member in mathematics and statistics at the university, and in 2011 she was promoted to full professor.
|
[
"University of Tennessee at Chattanooga",
"University of California, Santa Barbara",
"University of Nevada, Reno",
"Desert Research Institute"
] |
|
Which employer did Anna K. Panorska work for in Jul 14, 1997?
|
July 14, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee"
]
}
|
L2_Q63430495_P108_1
|
Anna K. Panorska works for University of Nevada, Reno from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
Anna K. Panorska works for Desert Research Institute from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Anna K. Panorska works for BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Anna K. Panorska works for University of California, Santa Barbara from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Anna K. Panorska works for University of Tennessee at Chattanooga from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1997.
|
Anna PanorskaAnna Katarzyna Panorska is a Polish mathematician and statistician who works as a professor in the department of mathematics and statistics at the University of Nevada, Reno.Panorska's research interests include studying extreme events in the stochastic processes used to model weather, water, and biology. She has also studied the effects of weather conditions on baseball performance, concluding that temperature has a larger effect than wind and humidity.Panorska studied mathematics at the University of Warsaw, completing a degree in 1986. After earning a master's degree in statistics at the University of Texas at El Paso in 1988, she returned to mathematics for her doctoral studies, completing a Ph.D. at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1992. Her dissertation, "Generalized Convolutions", was supervised by Svetlozar Rachev.She became an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in 1992, but left academia in 1997 to work as a biostatistician for BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee. After visiting the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1999–2000, she took a research faculty position in 2000 at the Desert Research Institute, associated with the University of Nevada, Reno. In 2002 she became a regular faculty member in mathematics and statistics at the university, and in 2011 she was promoted to full professor.
|
[
"University of Tennessee at Chattanooga",
"University of California, Santa Barbara",
"University of Nevada, Reno",
"Desert Research Institute"
] |
|
Which employer did Anna K. Panorska work for in 07/14/1997?
|
July 14, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee"
]
}
|
L2_Q63430495_P108_1
|
Anna K. Panorska works for University of Nevada, Reno from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
Anna K. Panorska works for Desert Research Institute from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Anna K. Panorska works for BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Anna K. Panorska works for University of California, Santa Barbara from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Anna K. Panorska works for University of Tennessee at Chattanooga from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1997.
|
Anna PanorskaAnna Katarzyna Panorska is a Polish mathematician and statistician who works as a professor in the department of mathematics and statistics at the University of Nevada, Reno.Panorska's research interests include studying extreme events in the stochastic processes used to model weather, water, and biology. She has also studied the effects of weather conditions on baseball performance, concluding that temperature has a larger effect than wind and humidity.Panorska studied mathematics at the University of Warsaw, completing a degree in 1986. After earning a master's degree in statistics at the University of Texas at El Paso in 1988, she returned to mathematics for her doctoral studies, completing a Ph.D. at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1992. Her dissertation, "Generalized Convolutions", was supervised by Svetlozar Rachev.She became an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in 1992, but left academia in 1997 to work as a biostatistician for BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee. After visiting the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1999–2000, she took a research faculty position in 2000 at the Desert Research Institute, associated with the University of Nevada, Reno. In 2002 she became a regular faculty member in mathematics and statistics at the university, and in 2011 she was promoted to full professor.
|
[
"University of Tennessee at Chattanooga",
"University of California, Santa Barbara",
"University of Nevada, Reno",
"Desert Research Institute"
] |
|
Which employer did Anna K. Panorska work for in 14-Jul-199714-July-1997?
|
July 14, 1997
|
{
"text": [
"BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee"
]
}
|
L2_Q63430495_P108_1
|
Anna K. Panorska works for University of Nevada, Reno from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
Anna K. Panorska works for Desert Research Institute from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Anna K. Panorska works for BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1999.
Anna K. Panorska works for University of California, Santa Barbara from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2000.
Anna K. Panorska works for University of Tennessee at Chattanooga from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1997.
|
Anna PanorskaAnna Katarzyna Panorska is a Polish mathematician and statistician who works as a professor in the department of mathematics and statistics at the University of Nevada, Reno.Panorska's research interests include studying extreme events in the stochastic processes used to model weather, water, and biology. She has also studied the effects of weather conditions on baseball performance, concluding that temperature has a larger effect than wind and humidity.Panorska studied mathematics at the University of Warsaw, completing a degree in 1986. After earning a master's degree in statistics at the University of Texas at El Paso in 1988, she returned to mathematics for her doctoral studies, completing a Ph.D. at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1992. Her dissertation, "Generalized Convolutions", was supervised by Svetlozar Rachev.She became an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in 1992, but left academia in 1997 to work as a biostatistician for BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee. After visiting the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1999–2000, she took a research faculty position in 2000 at the Desert Research Institute, associated with the University of Nevada, Reno. In 2002 she became a regular faculty member in mathematics and statistics at the university, and in 2011 she was promoted to full professor.
|
[
"University of Tennessee at Chattanooga",
"University of California, Santa Barbara",
"University of Nevada, Reno",
"Desert Research Institute"
] |
|
Which position did Timothy Michael Healy hold in May, 1901?
|
May 12, 1901
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333199_P39_6
|
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1911 to Nov, 1918.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Governor-General of the Irish Free State from Dec, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1880 to Jun, 1883.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Queen's Counsel from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1899.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of bencher from Jan, 1910 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1887 to Jun, 1892.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jan, 1886.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Tim Healy (politician)Timothy Michael Healy, KC (17 May 1855 – 26 March 1931) was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and one of the most controversial Irish Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His political career began in the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell's leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), and continued into the 1920s, when he was the first Governor-General of the Irish Free State.He was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of Maurice Healy, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and Eliza Healy (née Sullivan). His elder brother Thomas Healy (1854–1924) was a solicitor and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Wexford and his younger brother Maurice Healy (1859–1923), with whom he held a lifelong close relationship, was a solicitor and MP for Cork City.His father was descended from a family line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands, which he compensated by being a scholarly gentleman. His father was transferred in 1862 to a similar position in Lismore, County Waterford, holding the post until his death in 1906. Timothy was educated at the Christian Brothers school in Fermoy, and was otherwise largely self-educated, in 1869 at the age of fourteen going to live with his uncle Timothy Daniel Sullivan MP in Dublin.He then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community. After leaving for London in 1878 Healy worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then worked as a parliamentary correspondent for "The Nation" newspaper owned by his uncle, writing numerous articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary "obstructionism".Parnell admired Healy's intelligence and energy after Healy had established himself as part of Parnell's broader political circle. He became Parnell's secretary but was denied contact to Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues. Parnell, however, brought Healy into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when elected MP for Wexford Borough in 1880–83 against the aspiring John Redmond whose father, William Archer Redmond, was its recently deceased MP. Healy was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case which alleging intimidation.In parliament, Healy did not physically cut an imposing figure but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the "Healy Clause" in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements. By the mid-1880s Healy had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone. He married his cousin Eliza Sullivan in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life, closely interlinked both by friendship and intermarriage with the Sullivans of west Cork.Through his reputation as a friend of the farmers, after having been imprisoned for four months following an agrarian case, and backed by Parnell, he was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1883–5, deemed to be the climax in the Healy-Parnell relationship. In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as a barrister (in 1889 to the inner bar as K.C., in London in 1910). His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice, particularly in land cases. Parnell chose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he only held for a year. He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford.Prompted by the depression in the prices of dairy products and cattle in the mid-1880 as well as bad weather for a number of years, many tenant farmers unable to pay their rents were left under the threat of eviction. Healy devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by Timothy Harrington.In his novel "The Man Who Was Thursday" G.K. Chesterton describes one of his characters as a "... little man, with a black beard and glasses — a man somewhat of the type of Mr Tim Healy ...".Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after Healy opposed Parnell's nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city. At the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine O'Shea, with whom Parnell was secretly living. Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted and he believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship before the national interest. When Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, Healy was forced to back down.In 1890 in a sensational divorce case O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent. Healy and most of Parnell's associates rejected Parnell's continuing leadership of the party, believing it was recklessly endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism. Healy became Parnell's most outspoken critic. When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting "Who is the master of the party?", Healy famously retorted with another question "Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?" – a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows. His savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin. A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, permanently damaging his own standing in public life. The rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy James Joyce to write a poem called "Et Tu, Healy?", which Joyce's father had printed and circulated. Only three lines remain:"His quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time""Where the rude din of this century""Can trouble him no more."Following Parnell's death in 1891, the IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation (INF) under John Dillon. Healy was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who in all won seventy-one seats. But finding it impossible to work with or under any post-Parnell leadership, especially Dillon's, he was expelled in 1895 from the INF executive committee, having previously been expelled from the Irish party's minor nine-member pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond.In the following decades, largely due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal 'Healyite' organisation, called the "People's Rights Association", based on his position as MP for North Louth (the seat he held until the December 1910 election when defeated by Richard Hazleton). He waged war during the 1890s with Dillon and his National Federation (INF) and then intrigued with Redmond's smaller Parnellite group to play a substantial role behind the scenes in helping the rival party factions to re-unite under Redmond in 1900.Healy was extremely embittered by the fact that both his brothers and his followers were purged from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re-united party went unrewarded; on the contrary, Redmond soon found it wiser to conciliate Dillon. But Healy's talent for disruption was soon recognised when two years later he was again expelled. He remained "the enemy within", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his assiduous constituency work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. Healy remained rooted in the extended 'Bantry Gang', a highly influential political and commercial nexus based originally in West Cork, which included his key patron, the Catholic business magnate and owner of the "Irish Independent", William Martin Murphy, who provided a platform for Healy and other critics of the IPP.However, at least after 1903, Healy was joined in his estrangement from the party leadership by William O'Brien. O’Brien had been for years one of Healy's strongest critics, but now he too felt annoyed both by his own alienation from the party and by Redmond's subservience to Dillon. Involved with the Irish Reform Association 1904–5, they entered a loose coalition, which lasted throughout the life of the IPP. They were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return, and with Healy practically becoming a Parnellite, they preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule. Redmond was sympathetic to this policy but was inhibited by Dillon. Redmond, in an act of "rapprochement", briefly re-united them with the party in 1908. Fiercely independent, both split off again in 1909, responding to real changes in the social basis of Irish politics. In 1908 Healy acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars, former Ulster King of Arms, in connection with the 1908 investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.By the 1910s, it looked as though Healy was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism. However, he came into notoriety once more when returned in the January 1910 general election in alliance with William O'Brien's newly founded All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL), their alliance based largely on common opposition to the Irish party. He lost his seat in the following December 1910 election, but soon afterwards rejoined the O'Brienites, O’Brien providing the 1911 north-east Cork by-election vacancy created by the retirement of Moreton Frewen. Healy's reputation was not enhanced when he represented as counsel his associate William Martin Murphy, the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout. Healy assiduously cultivated relationships with power brokers in Westminster such as Lord Beaverbrook, and once they were introduced at Cherkley, was great friends with Janet Aitken for the remainder of his life.Redmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power at Westminster—and with the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured—left Healy and the AFIL critics in a weakened position. They condemned the bill as a 'partition deal', abstaining from its final vote in the Commons. With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Healy brothers supported the Allied and the British war effort. Two had a son enlist in one of the Irish divisions, Timothy's eldest son, Joe, fought with distinction at Gallipoli.Having done much to damage the popular image and authority of constitutional nationalism, Healy after the Easter Rising was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and slowly withdrew from the forefront of politics, making it clear in 1917 that he was in general sympathy with Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin movement, but not with physical force methods. In September that year he acted as counsel for the family of the dead Sinn Féin hunger striker Thomas Ashe. He was one of the few King's Counsel to provide legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England post the 1916 Rising. This included acting for those interned in 1916 illegally in Frongoch in North Wales. During this time, Healy also represented Georgina Frost, in her attempts to be appointed a Petty Sessions clerk in her native County Clare. In 1920 the Bar Council of Ireland passed an initial resolution that any barrister appearing before the Dáil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct. This was challenged by Tim Healy and no final decision was made on the matter. Before the December 1918 general election, he was the first of the AFIL members to resign his seat in favour of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P. J. Little, the Sinn Féin candidate for Rathmines in Dublin.He returned to considerable prominence in 1922 when, on the urging of the soon-to-be Irish Free State's Provisional Government of W. T. Cosgrave, the British government recommended to King George V that Healy be appointed the first 'Governor-General of the Irish Free State', a new office representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Constitution of the Irish Free State and Letters Patent from the King. The constitution was enacted in December 1922. Healy was the uncle of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice in the new Free State.Initially, the Government of the Irish Free State under Cosgrave wished for Healy to reside in a new small residence, but, facing death threats from the IRA, he was moved as a temporary measure into the Viceregal Lodge, the former 'out of season' residence of the Lord Lieutenant, the former representative of the Crown until 1922.Healy officially entered office as Governor-General on 6 December 1922. He never wore, certainly not in public in Ireland, the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in the British Empire. At that time, in the 1920s, Healy was unique amongst viceregal representatives in the British Empire in this regard. Healy was also unique (along with his successor, James McNeill) amongst all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s in that he was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Nor was he ever sworn into the Privy Council of Ireland, a body that ceased to exist in early December 1922. Thus, unusually for a Governor-General within the Empire, he never gained the prefix 'The Right Honourable' nor the post-nominals 'PC'.Healy proved an able Governor-General, possessing a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life. He joked once that the government didn't advise him, he advised the government: a comment at a dinner for The Duke of York (the future King George VI) that led to public criticism. However, the waspish Healy still could not help courting further controversy, most notably in a public attack on the new Fianna Fáil and its leader, Éamon de Valera, which led to republican calls for his resignation.Much of the contact between governments in London and Dublin went through Healy. He had access to all sensitive state papers, and received instructions from the British Government on the use of his powers to grant, withhold or refuse the Royal Assent to legislation enacted by the Oireachtas. For instance, Healy was instructed to reject any bill that abolished the Oath of Allegiance. However, neither this nor any other bill that he was secretly instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General. That role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and nominal head of the Irish executive.Healy seemed to believe that he had been awarded the Governor-Generalship for life. However, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years. As a result, he retired from the office and public life in January 1928. His wife had died the previous year. He published his extensive two-volume memoirs in 1928. Throughout his life he was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline. Towards the end of his life he mellowed and became otherwise more diplomatic.He died on 26 March 1931, aged 75, in Chapelizod, County Dublin, where he lived at his home Glenaulin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Queen's Counsel",
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"bencher",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Governor-General of the Irish Free State",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Timothy Michael Healy hold in 1901-05-12?
|
May 12, 1901
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333199_P39_6
|
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1911 to Nov, 1918.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Governor-General of the Irish Free State from Dec, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1880 to Jun, 1883.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Queen's Counsel from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1899.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of bencher from Jan, 1910 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1887 to Jun, 1892.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jan, 1886.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Tim Healy (politician)Timothy Michael Healy, KC (17 May 1855 – 26 March 1931) was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and one of the most controversial Irish Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His political career began in the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell's leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), and continued into the 1920s, when he was the first Governor-General of the Irish Free State.He was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of Maurice Healy, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and Eliza Healy (née Sullivan). His elder brother Thomas Healy (1854–1924) was a solicitor and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Wexford and his younger brother Maurice Healy (1859–1923), with whom he held a lifelong close relationship, was a solicitor and MP for Cork City.His father was descended from a family line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands, which he compensated by being a scholarly gentleman. His father was transferred in 1862 to a similar position in Lismore, County Waterford, holding the post until his death in 1906. Timothy was educated at the Christian Brothers school in Fermoy, and was otherwise largely self-educated, in 1869 at the age of fourteen going to live with his uncle Timothy Daniel Sullivan MP in Dublin.He then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community. After leaving for London in 1878 Healy worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then worked as a parliamentary correspondent for "The Nation" newspaper owned by his uncle, writing numerous articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary "obstructionism".Parnell admired Healy's intelligence and energy after Healy had established himself as part of Parnell's broader political circle. He became Parnell's secretary but was denied contact to Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues. Parnell, however, brought Healy into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when elected MP for Wexford Borough in 1880–83 against the aspiring John Redmond whose father, William Archer Redmond, was its recently deceased MP. Healy was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case which alleging intimidation.In parliament, Healy did not physically cut an imposing figure but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the "Healy Clause" in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements. By the mid-1880s Healy had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone. He married his cousin Eliza Sullivan in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life, closely interlinked both by friendship and intermarriage with the Sullivans of west Cork.Through his reputation as a friend of the farmers, after having been imprisoned for four months following an agrarian case, and backed by Parnell, he was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1883–5, deemed to be the climax in the Healy-Parnell relationship. In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as a barrister (in 1889 to the inner bar as K.C., in London in 1910). His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice, particularly in land cases. Parnell chose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he only held for a year. He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford.Prompted by the depression in the prices of dairy products and cattle in the mid-1880 as well as bad weather for a number of years, many tenant farmers unable to pay their rents were left under the threat of eviction. Healy devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by Timothy Harrington.In his novel "The Man Who Was Thursday" G.K. Chesterton describes one of his characters as a "... little man, with a black beard and glasses — a man somewhat of the type of Mr Tim Healy ...".Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after Healy opposed Parnell's nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city. At the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine O'Shea, with whom Parnell was secretly living. Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted and he believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship before the national interest. When Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, Healy was forced to back down.In 1890 in a sensational divorce case O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent. Healy and most of Parnell's associates rejected Parnell's continuing leadership of the party, believing it was recklessly endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism. Healy became Parnell's most outspoken critic. When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting "Who is the master of the party?", Healy famously retorted with another question "Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?" – a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows. His savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin. A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, permanently damaging his own standing in public life. The rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy James Joyce to write a poem called "Et Tu, Healy?", which Joyce's father had printed and circulated. Only three lines remain:"His quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time""Where the rude din of this century""Can trouble him no more."Following Parnell's death in 1891, the IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation (INF) under John Dillon. Healy was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who in all won seventy-one seats. But finding it impossible to work with or under any post-Parnell leadership, especially Dillon's, he was expelled in 1895 from the INF executive committee, having previously been expelled from the Irish party's minor nine-member pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond.In the following decades, largely due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal 'Healyite' organisation, called the "People's Rights Association", based on his position as MP for North Louth (the seat he held until the December 1910 election when defeated by Richard Hazleton). He waged war during the 1890s with Dillon and his National Federation (INF) and then intrigued with Redmond's smaller Parnellite group to play a substantial role behind the scenes in helping the rival party factions to re-unite under Redmond in 1900.Healy was extremely embittered by the fact that both his brothers and his followers were purged from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re-united party went unrewarded; on the contrary, Redmond soon found it wiser to conciliate Dillon. But Healy's talent for disruption was soon recognised when two years later he was again expelled. He remained "the enemy within", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his assiduous constituency work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. Healy remained rooted in the extended 'Bantry Gang', a highly influential political and commercial nexus based originally in West Cork, which included his key patron, the Catholic business magnate and owner of the "Irish Independent", William Martin Murphy, who provided a platform for Healy and other critics of the IPP.However, at least after 1903, Healy was joined in his estrangement from the party leadership by William O'Brien. O’Brien had been for years one of Healy's strongest critics, but now he too felt annoyed both by his own alienation from the party and by Redmond's subservience to Dillon. Involved with the Irish Reform Association 1904–5, they entered a loose coalition, which lasted throughout the life of the IPP. They were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return, and with Healy practically becoming a Parnellite, they preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule. Redmond was sympathetic to this policy but was inhibited by Dillon. Redmond, in an act of "rapprochement", briefly re-united them with the party in 1908. Fiercely independent, both split off again in 1909, responding to real changes in the social basis of Irish politics. In 1908 Healy acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars, former Ulster King of Arms, in connection with the 1908 investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.By the 1910s, it looked as though Healy was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism. However, he came into notoriety once more when returned in the January 1910 general election in alliance with William O'Brien's newly founded All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL), their alliance based largely on common opposition to the Irish party. He lost his seat in the following December 1910 election, but soon afterwards rejoined the O'Brienites, O’Brien providing the 1911 north-east Cork by-election vacancy created by the retirement of Moreton Frewen. Healy's reputation was not enhanced when he represented as counsel his associate William Martin Murphy, the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout. Healy assiduously cultivated relationships with power brokers in Westminster such as Lord Beaverbrook, and once they were introduced at Cherkley, was great friends with Janet Aitken for the remainder of his life.Redmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power at Westminster—and with the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured—left Healy and the AFIL critics in a weakened position. They condemned the bill as a 'partition deal', abstaining from its final vote in the Commons. With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Healy brothers supported the Allied and the British war effort. Two had a son enlist in one of the Irish divisions, Timothy's eldest son, Joe, fought with distinction at Gallipoli.Having done much to damage the popular image and authority of constitutional nationalism, Healy after the Easter Rising was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and slowly withdrew from the forefront of politics, making it clear in 1917 that he was in general sympathy with Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin movement, but not with physical force methods. In September that year he acted as counsel for the family of the dead Sinn Féin hunger striker Thomas Ashe. He was one of the few King's Counsel to provide legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England post the 1916 Rising. This included acting for those interned in 1916 illegally in Frongoch in North Wales. During this time, Healy also represented Georgina Frost, in her attempts to be appointed a Petty Sessions clerk in her native County Clare. In 1920 the Bar Council of Ireland passed an initial resolution that any barrister appearing before the Dáil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct. This was challenged by Tim Healy and no final decision was made on the matter. Before the December 1918 general election, he was the first of the AFIL members to resign his seat in favour of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P. J. Little, the Sinn Féin candidate for Rathmines in Dublin.He returned to considerable prominence in 1922 when, on the urging of the soon-to-be Irish Free State's Provisional Government of W. T. Cosgrave, the British government recommended to King George V that Healy be appointed the first 'Governor-General of the Irish Free State', a new office representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Constitution of the Irish Free State and Letters Patent from the King. The constitution was enacted in December 1922. Healy was the uncle of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice in the new Free State.Initially, the Government of the Irish Free State under Cosgrave wished for Healy to reside in a new small residence, but, facing death threats from the IRA, he was moved as a temporary measure into the Viceregal Lodge, the former 'out of season' residence of the Lord Lieutenant, the former representative of the Crown until 1922.Healy officially entered office as Governor-General on 6 December 1922. He never wore, certainly not in public in Ireland, the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in the British Empire. At that time, in the 1920s, Healy was unique amongst viceregal representatives in the British Empire in this regard. Healy was also unique (along with his successor, James McNeill) amongst all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s in that he was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Nor was he ever sworn into the Privy Council of Ireland, a body that ceased to exist in early December 1922. Thus, unusually for a Governor-General within the Empire, he never gained the prefix 'The Right Honourable' nor the post-nominals 'PC'.Healy proved an able Governor-General, possessing a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life. He joked once that the government didn't advise him, he advised the government: a comment at a dinner for The Duke of York (the future King George VI) that led to public criticism. However, the waspish Healy still could not help courting further controversy, most notably in a public attack on the new Fianna Fáil and its leader, Éamon de Valera, which led to republican calls for his resignation.Much of the contact between governments in London and Dublin went through Healy. He had access to all sensitive state papers, and received instructions from the British Government on the use of his powers to grant, withhold or refuse the Royal Assent to legislation enacted by the Oireachtas. For instance, Healy was instructed to reject any bill that abolished the Oath of Allegiance. However, neither this nor any other bill that he was secretly instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General. That role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and nominal head of the Irish executive.Healy seemed to believe that he had been awarded the Governor-Generalship for life. However, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years. As a result, he retired from the office and public life in January 1928. His wife had died the previous year. He published his extensive two-volume memoirs in 1928. Throughout his life he was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline. Towards the end of his life he mellowed and became otherwise more diplomatic.He died on 26 March 1931, aged 75, in Chapelizod, County Dublin, where he lived at his home Glenaulin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Queen's Counsel",
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"bencher",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Governor-General of the Irish Free State",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Timothy Michael Healy hold in 12/05/1901?
|
May 12, 1901
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333199_P39_6
|
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1911 to Nov, 1918.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Governor-General of the Irish Free State from Dec, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1880 to Jun, 1883.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Queen's Counsel from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1899.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of bencher from Jan, 1910 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1887 to Jun, 1892.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jan, 1886.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Tim Healy (politician)Timothy Michael Healy, KC (17 May 1855 – 26 March 1931) was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and one of the most controversial Irish Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His political career began in the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell's leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), and continued into the 1920s, when he was the first Governor-General of the Irish Free State.He was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of Maurice Healy, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and Eliza Healy (née Sullivan). His elder brother Thomas Healy (1854–1924) was a solicitor and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Wexford and his younger brother Maurice Healy (1859–1923), with whom he held a lifelong close relationship, was a solicitor and MP for Cork City.His father was descended from a family line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands, which he compensated by being a scholarly gentleman. His father was transferred in 1862 to a similar position in Lismore, County Waterford, holding the post until his death in 1906. Timothy was educated at the Christian Brothers school in Fermoy, and was otherwise largely self-educated, in 1869 at the age of fourteen going to live with his uncle Timothy Daniel Sullivan MP in Dublin.He then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community. After leaving for London in 1878 Healy worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then worked as a parliamentary correspondent for "The Nation" newspaper owned by his uncle, writing numerous articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary "obstructionism".Parnell admired Healy's intelligence and energy after Healy had established himself as part of Parnell's broader political circle. He became Parnell's secretary but was denied contact to Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues. Parnell, however, brought Healy into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when elected MP for Wexford Borough in 1880–83 against the aspiring John Redmond whose father, William Archer Redmond, was its recently deceased MP. Healy was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case which alleging intimidation.In parliament, Healy did not physically cut an imposing figure but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the "Healy Clause" in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements. By the mid-1880s Healy had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone. He married his cousin Eliza Sullivan in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life, closely interlinked both by friendship and intermarriage with the Sullivans of west Cork.Through his reputation as a friend of the farmers, after having been imprisoned for four months following an agrarian case, and backed by Parnell, he was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1883–5, deemed to be the climax in the Healy-Parnell relationship. In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as a barrister (in 1889 to the inner bar as K.C., in London in 1910). His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice, particularly in land cases. Parnell chose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he only held for a year. He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford.Prompted by the depression in the prices of dairy products and cattle in the mid-1880 as well as bad weather for a number of years, many tenant farmers unable to pay their rents were left under the threat of eviction. Healy devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by Timothy Harrington.In his novel "The Man Who Was Thursday" G.K. Chesterton describes one of his characters as a "... little man, with a black beard and glasses — a man somewhat of the type of Mr Tim Healy ...".Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after Healy opposed Parnell's nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city. At the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine O'Shea, with whom Parnell was secretly living. Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted and he believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship before the national interest. When Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, Healy was forced to back down.In 1890 in a sensational divorce case O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent. Healy and most of Parnell's associates rejected Parnell's continuing leadership of the party, believing it was recklessly endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism. Healy became Parnell's most outspoken critic. When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting "Who is the master of the party?", Healy famously retorted with another question "Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?" – a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows. His savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin. A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, permanently damaging his own standing in public life. The rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy James Joyce to write a poem called "Et Tu, Healy?", which Joyce's father had printed and circulated. Only three lines remain:"His quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time""Where the rude din of this century""Can trouble him no more."Following Parnell's death in 1891, the IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation (INF) under John Dillon. Healy was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who in all won seventy-one seats. But finding it impossible to work with or under any post-Parnell leadership, especially Dillon's, he was expelled in 1895 from the INF executive committee, having previously been expelled from the Irish party's minor nine-member pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond.In the following decades, largely due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal 'Healyite' organisation, called the "People's Rights Association", based on his position as MP for North Louth (the seat he held until the December 1910 election when defeated by Richard Hazleton). He waged war during the 1890s with Dillon and his National Federation (INF) and then intrigued with Redmond's smaller Parnellite group to play a substantial role behind the scenes in helping the rival party factions to re-unite under Redmond in 1900.Healy was extremely embittered by the fact that both his brothers and his followers were purged from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re-united party went unrewarded; on the contrary, Redmond soon found it wiser to conciliate Dillon. But Healy's talent for disruption was soon recognised when two years later he was again expelled. He remained "the enemy within", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his assiduous constituency work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. Healy remained rooted in the extended 'Bantry Gang', a highly influential political and commercial nexus based originally in West Cork, which included his key patron, the Catholic business magnate and owner of the "Irish Independent", William Martin Murphy, who provided a platform for Healy and other critics of the IPP.However, at least after 1903, Healy was joined in his estrangement from the party leadership by William O'Brien. O’Brien had been for years one of Healy's strongest critics, but now he too felt annoyed both by his own alienation from the party and by Redmond's subservience to Dillon. Involved with the Irish Reform Association 1904–5, they entered a loose coalition, which lasted throughout the life of the IPP. They were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return, and with Healy practically becoming a Parnellite, they preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule. Redmond was sympathetic to this policy but was inhibited by Dillon. Redmond, in an act of "rapprochement", briefly re-united them with the party in 1908. Fiercely independent, both split off again in 1909, responding to real changes in the social basis of Irish politics. In 1908 Healy acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars, former Ulster King of Arms, in connection with the 1908 investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.By the 1910s, it looked as though Healy was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism. However, he came into notoriety once more when returned in the January 1910 general election in alliance with William O'Brien's newly founded All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL), their alliance based largely on common opposition to the Irish party. He lost his seat in the following December 1910 election, but soon afterwards rejoined the O'Brienites, O’Brien providing the 1911 north-east Cork by-election vacancy created by the retirement of Moreton Frewen. Healy's reputation was not enhanced when he represented as counsel his associate William Martin Murphy, the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout. Healy assiduously cultivated relationships with power brokers in Westminster such as Lord Beaverbrook, and once they were introduced at Cherkley, was great friends with Janet Aitken for the remainder of his life.Redmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power at Westminster—and with the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured—left Healy and the AFIL critics in a weakened position. They condemned the bill as a 'partition deal', abstaining from its final vote in the Commons. With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Healy brothers supported the Allied and the British war effort. Two had a son enlist in one of the Irish divisions, Timothy's eldest son, Joe, fought with distinction at Gallipoli.Having done much to damage the popular image and authority of constitutional nationalism, Healy after the Easter Rising was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and slowly withdrew from the forefront of politics, making it clear in 1917 that he was in general sympathy with Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin movement, but not with physical force methods. In September that year he acted as counsel for the family of the dead Sinn Féin hunger striker Thomas Ashe. He was one of the few King's Counsel to provide legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England post the 1916 Rising. This included acting for those interned in 1916 illegally in Frongoch in North Wales. During this time, Healy also represented Georgina Frost, in her attempts to be appointed a Petty Sessions clerk in her native County Clare. In 1920 the Bar Council of Ireland passed an initial resolution that any barrister appearing before the Dáil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct. This was challenged by Tim Healy and no final decision was made on the matter. Before the December 1918 general election, he was the first of the AFIL members to resign his seat in favour of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P. J. Little, the Sinn Féin candidate for Rathmines in Dublin.He returned to considerable prominence in 1922 when, on the urging of the soon-to-be Irish Free State's Provisional Government of W. T. Cosgrave, the British government recommended to King George V that Healy be appointed the first 'Governor-General of the Irish Free State', a new office representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Constitution of the Irish Free State and Letters Patent from the King. The constitution was enacted in December 1922. Healy was the uncle of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice in the new Free State.Initially, the Government of the Irish Free State under Cosgrave wished for Healy to reside in a new small residence, but, facing death threats from the IRA, he was moved as a temporary measure into the Viceregal Lodge, the former 'out of season' residence of the Lord Lieutenant, the former representative of the Crown until 1922.Healy officially entered office as Governor-General on 6 December 1922. He never wore, certainly not in public in Ireland, the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in the British Empire. At that time, in the 1920s, Healy was unique amongst viceregal representatives in the British Empire in this regard. Healy was also unique (along with his successor, James McNeill) amongst all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s in that he was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Nor was he ever sworn into the Privy Council of Ireland, a body that ceased to exist in early December 1922. Thus, unusually for a Governor-General within the Empire, he never gained the prefix 'The Right Honourable' nor the post-nominals 'PC'.Healy proved an able Governor-General, possessing a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life. He joked once that the government didn't advise him, he advised the government: a comment at a dinner for The Duke of York (the future King George VI) that led to public criticism. However, the waspish Healy still could not help courting further controversy, most notably in a public attack on the new Fianna Fáil and its leader, Éamon de Valera, which led to republican calls for his resignation.Much of the contact between governments in London and Dublin went through Healy. He had access to all sensitive state papers, and received instructions from the British Government on the use of his powers to grant, withhold or refuse the Royal Assent to legislation enacted by the Oireachtas. For instance, Healy was instructed to reject any bill that abolished the Oath of Allegiance. However, neither this nor any other bill that he was secretly instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General. That role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and nominal head of the Irish executive.Healy seemed to believe that he had been awarded the Governor-Generalship for life. However, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years. As a result, he retired from the office and public life in January 1928. His wife had died the previous year. He published his extensive two-volume memoirs in 1928. Throughout his life he was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline. Towards the end of his life he mellowed and became otherwise more diplomatic.He died on 26 March 1931, aged 75, in Chapelizod, County Dublin, where he lived at his home Glenaulin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Queen's Counsel",
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"bencher",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Governor-General of the Irish Free State",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Timothy Michael Healy hold in May 12, 1901?
|
May 12, 1901
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333199_P39_6
|
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1911 to Nov, 1918.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Governor-General of the Irish Free State from Dec, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1880 to Jun, 1883.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Queen's Counsel from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1899.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of bencher from Jan, 1910 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1887 to Jun, 1892.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jan, 1886.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Tim Healy (politician)Timothy Michael Healy, KC (17 May 1855 – 26 March 1931) was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and one of the most controversial Irish Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His political career began in the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell's leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), and continued into the 1920s, when he was the first Governor-General of the Irish Free State.He was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of Maurice Healy, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and Eliza Healy (née Sullivan). His elder brother Thomas Healy (1854–1924) was a solicitor and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Wexford and his younger brother Maurice Healy (1859–1923), with whom he held a lifelong close relationship, was a solicitor and MP for Cork City.His father was descended from a family line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands, which he compensated by being a scholarly gentleman. His father was transferred in 1862 to a similar position in Lismore, County Waterford, holding the post until his death in 1906. Timothy was educated at the Christian Brothers school in Fermoy, and was otherwise largely self-educated, in 1869 at the age of fourteen going to live with his uncle Timothy Daniel Sullivan MP in Dublin.He then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community. After leaving for London in 1878 Healy worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then worked as a parliamentary correspondent for "The Nation" newspaper owned by his uncle, writing numerous articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary "obstructionism".Parnell admired Healy's intelligence and energy after Healy had established himself as part of Parnell's broader political circle. He became Parnell's secretary but was denied contact to Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues. Parnell, however, brought Healy into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when elected MP for Wexford Borough in 1880–83 against the aspiring John Redmond whose father, William Archer Redmond, was its recently deceased MP. Healy was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case which alleging intimidation.In parliament, Healy did not physically cut an imposing figure but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the "Healy Clause" in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements. By the mid-1880s Healy had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone. He married his cousin Eliza Sullivan in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life, closely interlinked both by friendship and intermarriage with the Sullivans of west Cork.Through his reputation as a friend of the farmers, after having been imprisoned for four months following an agrarian case, and backed by Parnell, he was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1883–5, deemed to be the climax in the Healy-Parnell relationship. In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as a barrister (in 1889 to the inner bar as K.C., in London in 1910). His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice, particularly in land cases. Parnell chose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he only held for a year. He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford.Prompted by the depression in the prices of dairy products and cattle in the mid-1880 as well as bad weather for a number of years, many tenant farmers unable to pay their rents were left under the threat of eviction. Healy devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by Timothy Harrington.In his novel "The Man Who Was Thursday" G.K. Chesterton describes one of his characters as a "... little man, with a black beard and glasses — a man somewhat of the type of Mr Tim Healy ...".Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after Healy opposed Parnell's nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city. At the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine O'Shea, with whom Parnell was secretly living. Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted and he believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship before the national interest. When Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, Healy was forced to back down.In 1890 in a sensational divorce case O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent. Healy and most of Parnell's associates rejected Parnell's continuing leadership of the party, believing it was recklessly endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism. Healy became Parnell's most outspoken critic. When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting "Who is the master of the party?", Healy famously retorted with another question "Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?" – a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows. His savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin. A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, permanently damaging his own standing in public life. The rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy James Joyce to write a poem called "Et Tu, Healy?", which Joyce's father had printed and circulated. Only three lines remain:"His quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time""Where the rude din of this century""Can trouble him no more."Following Parnell's death in 1891, the IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation (INF) under John Dillon. Healy was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who in all won seventy-one seats. But finding it impossible to work with or under any post-Parnell leadership, especially Dillon's, he was expelled in 1895 from the INF executive committee, having previously been expelled from the Irish party's minor nine-member pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond.In the following decades, largely due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal 'Healyite' organisation, called the "People's Rights Association", based on his position as MP for North Louth (the seat he held until the December 1910 election when defeated by Richard Hazleton). He waged war during the 1890s with Dillon and his National Federation (INF) and then intrigued with Redmond's smaller Parnellite group to play a substantial role behind the scenes in helping the rival party factions to re-unite under Redmond in 1900.Healy was extremely embittered by the fact that both his brothers and his followers were purged from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re-united party went unrewarded; on the contrary, Redmond soon found it wiser to conciliate Dillon. But Healy's talent for disruption was soon recognised when two years later he was again expelled. He remained "the enemy within", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his assiduous constituency work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. Healy remained rooted in the extended 'Bantry Gang', a highly influential political and commercial nexus based originally in West Cork, which included his key patron, the Catholic business magnate and owner of the "Irish Independent", William Martin Murphy, who provided a platform for Healy and other critics of the IPP.However, at least after 1903, Healy was joined in his estrangement from the party leadership by William O'Brien. O’Brien had been for years one of Healy's strongest critics, but now he too felt annoyed both by his own alienation from the party and by Redmond's subservience to Dillon. Involved with the Irish Reform Association 1904–5, they entered a loose coalition, which lasted throughout the life of the IPP. They were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return, and with Healy practically becoming a Parnellite, they preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule. Redmond was sympathetic to this policy but was inhibited by Dillon. Redmond, in an act of "rapprochement", briefly re-united them with the party in 1908. Fiercely independent, both split off again in 1909, responding to real changes in the social basis of Irish politics. In 1908 Healy acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars, former Ulster King of Arms, in connection with the 1908 investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.By the 1910s, it looked as though Healy was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism. However, he came into notoriety once more when returned in the January 1910 general election in alliance with William O'Brien's newly founded All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL), their alliance based largely on common opposition to the Irish party. He lost his seat in the following December 1910 election, but soon afterwards rejoined the O'Brienites, O’Brien providing the 1911 north-east Cork by-election vacancy created by the retirement of Moreton Frewen. Healy's reputation was not enhanced when he represented as counsel his associate William Martin Murphy, the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout. Healy assiduously cultivated relationships with power brokers in Westminster such as Lord Beaverbrook, and once they were introduced at Cherkley, was great friends with Janet Aitken for the remainder of his life.Redmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power at Westminster—and with the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured—left Healy and the AFIL critics in a weakened position. They condemned the bill as a 'partition deal', abstaining from its final vote in the Commons. With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Healy brothers supported the Allied and the British war effort. Two had a son enlist in one of the Irish divisions, Timothy's eldest son, Joe, fought with distinction at Gallipoli.Having done much to damage the popular image and authority of constitutional nationalism, Healy after the Easter Rising was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and slowly withdrew from the forefront of politics, making it clear in 1917 that he was in general sympathy with Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin movement, but not with physical force methods. In September that year he acted as counsel for the family of the dead Sinn Féin hunger striker Thomas Ashe. He was one of the few King's Counsel to provide legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England post the 1916 Rising. This included acting for those interned in 1916 illegally in Frongoch in North Wales. During this time, Healy also represented Georgina Frost, in her attempts to be appointed a Petty Sessions clerk in her native County Clare. In 1920 the Bar Council of Ireland passed an initial resolution that any barrister appearing before the Dáil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct. This was challenged by Tim Healy and no final decision was made on the matter. Before the December 1918 general election, he was the first of the AFIL members to resign his seat in favour of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P. J. Little, the Sinn Féin candidate for Rathmines in Dublin.He returned to considerable prominence in 1922 when, on the urging of the soon-to-be Irish Free State's Provisional Government of W. T. Cosgrave, the British government recommended to King George V that Healy be appointed the first 'Governor-General of the Irish Free State', a new office representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Constitution of the Irish Free State and Letters Patent from the King. The constitution was enacted in December 1922. Healy was the uncle of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice in the new Free State.Initially, the Government of the Irish Free State under Cosgrave wished for Healy to reside in a new small residence, but, facing death threats from the IRA, he was moved as a temporary measure into the Viceregal Lodge, the former 'out of season' residence of the Lord Lieutenant, the former representative of the Crown until 1922.Healy officially entered office as Governor-General on 6 December 1922. He never wore, certainly not in public in Ireland, the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in the British Empire. At that time, in the 1920s, Healy was unique amongst viceregal representatives in the British Empire in this regard. Healy was also unique (along with his successor, James McNeill) amongst all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s in that he was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Nor was he ever sworn into the Privy Council of Ireland, a body that ceased to exist in early December 1922. Thus, unusually for a Governor-General within the Empire, he never gained the prefix 'The Right Honourable' nor the post-nominals 'PC'.Healy proved an able Governor-General, possessing a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life. He joked once that the government didn't advise him, he advised the government: a comment at a dinner for The Duke of York (the future King George VI) that led to public criticism. However, the waspish Healy still could not help courting further controversy, most notably in a public attack on the new Fianna Fáil and its leader, Éamon de Valera, which led to republican calls for his resignation.Much of the contact between governments in London and Dublin went through Healy. He had access to all sensitive state papers, and received instructions from the British Government on the use of his powers to grant, withhold or refuse the Royal Assent to legislation enacted by the Oireachtas. For instance, Healy was instructed to reject any bill that abolished the Oath of Allegiance. However, neither this nor any other bill that he was secretly instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General. That role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and nominal head of the Irish executive.Healy seemed to believe that he had been awarded the Governor-Generalship for life. However, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years. As a result, he retired from the office and public life in January 1928. His wife had died the previous year. He published his extensive two-volume memoirs in 1928. Throughout his life he was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline. Towards the end of his life he mellowed and became otherwise more diplomatic.He died on 26 March 1931, aged 75, in Chapelizod, County Dublin, where he lived at his home Glenaulin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Queen's Counsel",
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"bencher",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Governor-General of the Irish Free State",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Timothy Michael Healy hold in 05/12/1901?
|
May 12, 1901
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333199_P39_6
|
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1911 to Nov, 1918.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Governor-General of the Irish Free State from Dec, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1880 to Jun, 1883.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Queen's Counsel from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1899.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of bencher from Jan, 1910 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1887 to Jun, 1892.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jan, 1886.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Tim Healy (politician)Timothy Michael Healy, KC (17 May 1855 – 26 March 1931) was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and one of the most controversial Irish Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His political career began in the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell's leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), and continued into the 1920s, when he was the first Governor-General of the Irish Free State.He was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of Maurice Healy, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and Eliza Healy (née Sullivan). His elder brother Thomas Healy (1854–1924) was a solicitor and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Wexford and his younger brother Maurice Healy (1859–1923), with whom he held a lifelong close relationship, was a solicitor and MP for Cork City.His father was descended from a family line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands, which he compensated by being a scholarly gentleman. His father was transferred in 1862 to a similar position in Lismore, County Waterford, holding the post until his death in 1906. Timothy was educated at the Christian Brothers school in Fermoy, and was otherwise largely self-educated, in 1869 at the age of fourteen going to live with his uncle Timothy Daniel Sullivan MP in Dublin.He then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community. After leaving for London in 1878 Healy worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then worked as a parliamentary correspondent for "The Nation" newspaper owned by his uncle, writing numerous articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary "obstructionism".Parnell admired Healy's intelligence and energy after Healy had established himself as part of Parnell's broader political circle. He became Parnell's secretary but was denied contact to Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues. Parnell, however, brought Healy into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when elected MP for Wexford Borough in 1880–83 against the aspiring John Redmond whose father, William Archer Redmond, was its recently deceased MP. Healy was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case which alleging intimidation.In parliament, Healy did not physically cut an imposing figure but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the "Healy Clause" in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements. By the mid-1880s Healy had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone. He married his cousin Eliza Sullivan in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life, closely interlinked both by friendship and intermarriage with the Sullivans of west Cork.Through his reputation as a friend of the farmers, after having been imprisoned for four months following an agrarian case, and backed by Parnell, he was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1883–5, deemed to be the climax in the Healy-Parnell relationship. In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as a barrister (in 1889 to the inner bar as K.C., in London in 1910). His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice, particularly in land cases. Parnell chose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he only held for a year. He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford.Prompted by the depression in the prices of dairy products and cattle in the mid-1880 as well as bad weather for a number of years, many tenant farmers unable to pay their rents were left under the threat of eviction. Healy devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by Timothy Harrington.In his novel "The Man Who Was Thursday" G.K. Chesterton describes one of his characters as a "... little man, with a black beard and glasses — a man somewhat of the type of Mr Tim Healy ...".Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after Healy opposed Parnell's nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city. At the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine O'Shea, with whom Parnell was secretly living. Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted and he believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship before the national interest. When Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, Healy was forced to back down.In 1890 in a sensational divorce case O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent. Healy and most of Parnell's associates rejected Parnell's continuing leadership of the party, believing it was recklessly endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism. Healy became Parnell's most outspoken critic. When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting "Who is the master of the party?", Healy famously retorted with another question "Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?" – a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows. His savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin. A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, permanently damaging his own standing in public life. The rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy James Joyce to write a poem called "Et Tu, Healy?", which Joyce's father had printed and circulated. Only three lines remain:"His quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time""Where the rude din of this century""Can trouble him no more."Following Parnell's death in 1891, the IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation (INF) under John Dillon. Healy was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who in all won seventy-one seats. But finding it impossible to work with or under any post-Parnell leadership, especially Dillon's, he was expelled in 1895 from the INF executive committee, having previously been expelled from the Irish party's minor nine-member pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond.In the following decades, largely due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal 'Healyite' organisation, called the "People's Rights Association", based on his position as MP for North Louth (the seat he held until the December 1910 election when defeated by Richard Hazleton). He waged war during the 1890s with Dillon and his National Federation (INF) and then intrigued with Redmond's smaller Parnellite group to play a substantial role behind the scenes in helping the rival party factions to re-unite under Redmond in 1900.Healy was extremely embittered by the fact that both his brothers and his followers were purged from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re-united party went unrewarded; on the contrary, Redmond soon found it wiser to conciliate Dillon. But Healy's talent for disruption was soon recognised when two years later he was again expelled. He remained "the enemy within", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his assiduous constituency work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. Healy remained rooted in the extended 'Bantry Gang', a highly influential political and commercial nexus based originally in West Cork, which included his key patron, the Catholic business magnate and owner of the "Irish Independent", William Martin Murphy, who provided a platform for Healy and other critics of the IPP.However, at least after 1903, Healy was joined in his estrangement from the party leadership by William O'Brien. O’Brien had been for years one of Healy's strongest critics, but now he too felt annoyed both by his own alienation from the party and by Redmond's subservience to Dillon. Involved with the Irish Reform Association 1904–5, they entered a loose coalition, which lasted throughout the life of the IPP. They were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return, and with Healy practically becoming a Parnellite, they preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule. Redmond was sympathetic to this policy but was inhibited by Dillon. Redmond, in an act of "rapprochement", briefly re-united them with the party in 1908. Fiercely independent, both split off again in 1909, responding to real changes in the social basis of Irish politics. In 1908 Healy acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars, former Ulster King of Arms, in connection with the 1908 investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.By the 1910s, it looked as though Healy was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism. However, he came into notoriety once more when returned in the January 1910 general election in alliance with William O'Brien's newly founded All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL), their alliance based largely on common opposition to the Irish party. He lost his seat in the following December 1910 election, but soon afterwards rejoined the O'Brienites, O’Brien providing the 1911 north-east Cork by-election vacancy created by the retirement of Moreton Frewen. Healy's reputation was not enhanced when he represented as counsel his associate William Martin Murphy, the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout. Healy assiduously cultivated relationships with power brokers in Westminster such as Lord Beaverbrook, and once they were introduced at Cherkley, was great friends with Janet Aitken for the remainder of his life.Redmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power at Westminster—and with the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured—left Healy and the AFIL critics in a weakened position. They condemned the bill as a 'partition deal', abstaining from its final vote in the Commons. With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Healy brothers supported the Allied and the British war effort. Two had a son enlist in one of the Irish divisions, Timothy's eldest son, Joe, fought with distinction at Gallipoli.Having done much to damage the popular image and authority of constitutional nationalism, Healy after the Easter Rising was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and slowly withdrew from the forefront of politics, making it clear in 1917 that he was in general sympathy with Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin movement, but not with physical force methods. In September that year he acted as counsel for the family of the dead Sinn Féin hunger striker Thomas Ashe. He was one of the few King's Counsel to provide legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England post the 1916 Rising. This included acting for those interned in 1916 illegally in Frongoch in North Wales. During this time, Healy also represented Georgina Frost, in her attempts to be appointed a Petty Sessions clerk in her native County Clare. In 1920 the Bar Council of Ireland passed an initial resolution that any barrister appearing before the Dáil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct. This was challenged by Tim Healy and no final decision was made on the matter. Before the December 1918 general election, he was the first of the AFIL members to resign his seat in favour of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P. J. Little, the Sinn Féin candidate for Rathmines in Dublin.He returned to considerable prominence in 1922 when, on the urging of the soon-to-be Irish Free State's Provisional Government of W. T. Cosgrave, the British government recommended to King George V that Healy be appointed the first 'Governor-General of the Irish Free State', a new office representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Constitution of the Irish Free State and Letters Patent from the King. The constitution was enacted in December 1922. Healy was the uncle of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice in the new Free State.Initially, the Government of the Irish Free State under Cosgrave wished for Healy to reside in a new small residence, but, facing death threats from the IRA, he was moved as a temporary measure into the Viceregal Lodge, the former 'out of season' residence of the Lord Lieutenant, the former representative of the Crown until 1922.Healy officially entered office as Governor-General on 6 December 1922. He never wore, certainly not in public in Ireland, the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in the British Empire. At that time, in the 1920s, Healy was unique amongst viceregal representatives in the British Empire in this regard. Healy was also unique (along with his successor, James McNeill) amongst all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s in that he was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Nor was he ever sworn into the Privy Council of Ireland, a body that ceased to exist in early December 1922. Thus, unusually for a Governor-General within the Empire, he never gained the prefix 'The Right Honourable' nor the post-nominals 'PC'.Healy proved an able Governor-General, possessing a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life. He joked once that the government didn't advise him, he advised the government: a comment at a dinner for The Duke of York (the future King George VI) that led to public criticism. However, the waspish Healy still could not help courting further controversy, most notably in a public attack on the new Fianna Fáil and its leader, Éamon de Valera, which led to republican calls for his resignation.Much of the contact between governments in London and Dublin went through Healy. He had access to all sensitive state papers, and received instructions from the British Government on the use of his powers to grant, withhold or refuse the Royal Assent to legislation enacted by the Oireachtas. For instance, Healy was instructed to reject any bill that abolished the Oath of Allegiance. However, neither this nor any other bill that he was secretly instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General. That role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and nominal head of the Irish executive.Healy seemed to believe that he had been awarded the Governor-Generalship for life. However, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years. As a result, he retired from the office and public life in January 1928. His wife had died the previous year. He published his extensive two-volume memoirs in 1928. Throughout his life he was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline. Towards the end of his life he mellowed and became otherwise more diplomatic.He died on 26 March 1931, aged 75, in Chapelizod, County Dublin, where he lived at his home Glenaulin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Queen's Counsel",
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"bencher",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Governor-General of the Irish Free State",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Timothy Michael Healy hold in 12-May-190112-May-1901?
|
May 12, 1901
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q333199_P39_6
|
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1911 to Nov, 1918.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Governor-General of the Irish Free State from Dec, 1922 to Jan, 1928.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1880 to Jun, 1883.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Queen's Counsel from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1899.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of bencher from Jan, 1910 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1887 to Jun, 1892.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jan, 1886.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
Timothy Michael Healy holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
|
Tim Healy (politician)Timothy Michael Healy, KC (17 May 1855 – 26 March 1931) was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and one of the most controversial Irish Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His political career began in the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell's leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), and continued into the 1920s, when he was the first Governor-General of the Irish Free State.He was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of Maurice Healy, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and Eliza Healy (née Sullivan). His elder brother Thomas Healy (1854–1924) was a solicitor and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Wexford and his younger brother Maurice Healy (1859–1923), with whom he held a lifelong close relationship, was a solicitor and MP for Cork City.His father was descended from a family line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands, which he compensated by being a scholarly gentleman. His father was transferred in 1862 to a similar position in Lismore, County Waterford, holding the post until his death in 1906. Timothy was educated at the Christian Brothers school in Fermoy, and was otherwise largely self-educated, in 1869 at the age of fourteen going to live with his uncle Timothy Daniel Sullivan MP in Dublin.He then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community. After leaving for London in 1878 Healy worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then worked as a parliamentary correspondent for "The Nation" newspaper owned by his uncle, writing numerous articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary "obstructionism".Parnell admired Healy's intelligence and energy after Healy had established himself as part of Parnell's broader political circle. He became Parnell's secretary but was denied contact to Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues. Parnell, however, brought Healy into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when elected MP for Wexford Borough in 1880–83 against the aspiring John Redmond whose father, William Archer Redmond, was its recently deceased MP. Healy was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case which alleging intimidation.In parliament, Healy did not physically cut an imposing figure but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the "Healy Clause" in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements. By the mid-1880s Healy had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone. He married his cousin Eliza Sullivan in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life, closely interlinked both by friendship and intermarriage with the Sullivans of west Cork.Through his reputation as a friend of the farmers, after having been imprisoned for four months following an agrarian case, and backed by Parnell, he was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1883–5, deemed to be the climax in the Healy-Parnell relationship. In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as a barrister (in 1889 to the inner bar as K.C., in London in 1910). His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice, particularly in land cases. Parnell chose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he only held for a year. He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford.Prompted by the depression in the prices of dairy products and cattle in the mid-1880 as well as bad weather for a number of years, many tenant farmers unable to pay their rents were left under the threat of eviction. Healy devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by Timothy Harrington.In his novel "The Man Who Was Thursday" G.K. Chesterton describes one of his characters as a "... little man, with a black beard and glasses — a man somewhat of the type of Mr Tim Healy ...".Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after Healy opposed Parnell's nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city. At the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine O'Shea, with whom Parnell was secretly living. Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted and he believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship before the national interest. When Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, Healy was forced to back down.In 1890 in a sensational divorce case O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent. Healy and most of Parnell's associates rejected Parnell's continuing leadership of the party, believing it was recklessly endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism. Healy became Parnell's most outspoken critic. When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting "Who is the master of the party?", Healy famously retorted with another question "Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?" – a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows. His savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin. A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, permanently damaging his own standing in public life. The rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy James Joyce to write a poem called "Et Tu, Healy?", which Joyce's father had printed and circulated. Only three lines remain:"His quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time""Where the rude din of this century""Can trouble him no more."Following Parnell's death in 1891, the IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation (INF) under John Dillon. Healy was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who in all won seventy-one seats. But finding it impossible to work with or under any post-Parnell leadership, especially Dillon's, he was expelled in 1895 from the INF executive committee, having previously been expelled from the Irish party's minor nine-member pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond.In the following decades, largely due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal 'Healyite' organisation, called the "People's Rights Association", based on his position as MP for North Louth (the seat he held until the December 1910 election when defeated by Richard Hazleton). He waged war during the 1890s with Dillon and his National Federation (INF) and then intrigued with Redmond's smaller Parnellite group to play a substantial role behind the scenes in helping the rival party factions to re-unite under Redmond in 1900.Healy was extremely embittered by the fact that both his brothers and his followers were purged from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re-united party went unrewarded; on the contrary, Redmond soon found it wiser to conciliate Dillon. But Healy's talent for disruption was soon recognised when two years later he was again expelled. He remained "the enemy within", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his assiduous constituency work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. Healy remained rooted in the extended 'Bantry Gang', a highly influential political and commercial nexus based originally in West Cork, which included his key patron, the Catholic business magnate and owner of the "Irish Independent", William Martin Murphy, who provided a platform for Healy and other critics of the IPP.However, at least after 1903, Healy was joined in his estrangement from the party leadership by William O'Brien. O’Brien had been for years one of Healy's strongest critics, but now he too felt annoyed both by his own alienation from the party and by Redmond's subservience to Dillon. Involved with the Irish Reform Association 1904–5, they entered a loose coalition, which lasted throughout the life of the IPP. They were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return, and with Healy practically becoming a Parnellite, they preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule. Redmond was sympathetic to this policy but was inhibited by Dillon. Redmond, in an act of "rapprochement", briefly re-united them with the party in 1908. Fiercely independent, both split off again in 1909, responding to real changes in the social basis of Irish politics. In 1908 Healy acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars, former Ulster King of Arms, in connection with the 1908 investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.By the 1910s, it looked as though Healy was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism. However, he came into notoriety once more when returned in the January 1910 general election in alliance with William O'Brien's newly founded All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL), their alliance based largely on common opposition to the Irish party. He lost his seat in the following December 1910 election, but soon afterwards rejoined the O'Brienites, O’Brien providing the 1911 north-east Cork by-election vacancy created by the retirement of Moreton Frewen. Healy's reputation was not enhanced when he represented as counsel his associate William Martin Murphy, the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout. Healy assiduously cultivated relationships with power brokers in Westminster such as Lord Beaverbrook, and once they were introduced at Cherkley, was great friends with Janet Aitken for the remainder of his life.Redmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power at Westminster—and with the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured—left Healy and the AFIL critics in a weakened position. They condemned the bill as a 'partition deal', abstaining from its final vote in the Commons. With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Healy brothers supported the Allied and the British war effort. Two had a son enlist in one of the Irish divisions, Timothy's eldest son, Joe, fought with distinction at Gallipoli.Having done much to damage the popular image and authority of constitutional nationalism, Healy after the Easter Rising was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and slowly withdrew from the forefront of politics, making it clear in 1917 that he was in general sympathy with Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin movement, but not with physical force methods. In September that year he acted as counsel for the family of the dead Sinn Féin hunger striker Thomas Ashe. He was one of the few King's Counsel to provide legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England post the 1916 Rising. This included acting for those interned in 1916 illegally in Frongoch in North Wales. During this time, Healy also represented Georgina Frost, in her attempts to be appointed a Petty Sessions clerk in her native County Clare. In 1920 the Bar Council of Ireland passed an initial resolution that any barrister appearing before the Dáil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct. This was challenged by Tim Healy and no final decision was made on the matter. Before the December 1918 general election, he was the first of the AFIL members to resign his seat in favour of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P. J. Little, the Sinn Féin candidate for Rathmines in Dublin.He returned to considerable prominence in 1922 when, on the urging of the soon-to-be Irish Free State's Provisional Government of W. T. Cosgrave, the British government recommended to King George V that Healy be appointed the first 'Governor-General of the Irish Free State', a new office representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Constitution of the Irish Free State and Letters Patent from the King. The constitution was enacted in December 1922. Healy was the uncle of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice in the new Free State.Initially, the Government of the Irish Free State under Cosgrave wished for Healy to reside in a new small residence, but, facing death threats from the IRA, he was moved as a temporary measure into the Viceregal Lodge, the former 'out of season' residence of the Lord Lieutenant, the former representative of the Crown until 1922.Healy officially entered office as Governor-General on 6 December 1922. He never wore, certainly not in public in Ireland, the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in the British Empire. At that time, in the 1920s, Healy was unique amongst viceregal representatives in the British Empire in this regard. Healy was also unique (along with his successor, James McNeill) amongst all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s in that he was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Nor was he ever sworn into the Privy Council of Ireland, a body that ceased to exist in early December 1922. Thus, unusually for a Governor-General within the Empire, he never gained the prefix 'The Right Honourable' nor the post-nominals 'PC'.Healy proved an able Governor-General, possessing a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life. He joked once that the government didn't advise him, he advised the government: a comment at a dinner for The Duke of York (the future King George VI) that led to public criticism. However, the waspish Healy still could not help courting further controversy, most notably in a public attack on the new Fianna Fáil and its leader, Éamon de Valera, which led to republican calls for his resignation.Much of the contact between governments in London and Dublin went through Healy. He had access to all sensitive state papers, and received instructions from the British Government on the use of his powers to grant, withhold or refuse the Royal Assent to legislation enacted by the Oireachtas. For instance, Healy was instructed to reject any bill that abolished the Oath of Allegiance. However, neither this nor any other bill that he was secretly instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General. That role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and nominal head of the Irish executive.Healy seemed to believe that he had been awarded the Governor-Generalship for life. However, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years. As a result, he retired from the office and public life in January 1928. His wife had died the previous year. He published his extensive two-volume memoirs in 1928. Throughout his life he was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline. Towards the end of his life he mellowed and became otherwise more diplomatic.He died on 26 March 1931, aged 75, in Chapelizod, County Dublin, where he lived at his home Glenaulin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.
|
[
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Queen's Counsel",
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"bencher",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Governor-General of the Irish Free State",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Where was Fani Stipković educated in Apr, 2000?
|
April 23, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb"
]
}
|
L2_Q24088517_P69_1
|
Fani Stipković attended Universidad Europea de Madrid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fani Stipković attended XV Gymnasium from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Fani Stipković attended Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
|
Fani StipkovićFani Stipković (born August 20, 1982) is a Croatian television reporter, host and journalist.Stipković was born and raised in Korčula on the eponymous island in Croatia, and attended Maršala Tito elementary school until the age of 14. In 1996, she moved to Croatia's capital city, Zagreb, and attended XV Gymnasium MIOC ("Education Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science"). In 2005, she graduated from the Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb with a bachelor's degree in Television and Press Journalism.In 2014, Stipković received her Master's in Television Production and Management from the Mediaset and European University of Madrid.In 1996, Stipković joined the jazz dance group Tihana Škrinjarić and met Sandra Vranješ,who became her agent. She began modeling in Croatia, London, Milan, and Spain for various commercials, editorials, fashion shows, and music videos. During this time, she continued her political science studies at the University of Zagreb.In 2001, Stipković was an intern at the Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), Croatia's national television network, and was an editor for the "Jutarnji List" (literally "Morning Paper") and "Vecernji List" ("Evening Paper"), Croatia's main newspapers.In 2005, Stipković worked at Nova TV,part of Central European Media Enterprises (CME). She hosted the television show "Red Carpet", conducting celebrity interviews with the football player Cristiano Ronaldo, basketball player Kobe Bryant, Formula One Lewis Hamilton and tennis players Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer. During this time she worked on Nova TV's "In Magazine" hosting the show "Cool Tour", a summer show visiting luxury villas and resorts with various celebrities. Stipković also was involved in interviewing at numerous events, including, Miss Universe Croatia, Nad Lipom, US Open and ATP tennis tournaments, UEFA Champions League football games and Ballon d'Or FIFA World Player awards.In 2014, after graduating her Masters degree at Universidad Europea de Madrid, Stipković started for Mediaset sport at Mediaset Spain. Stipković worked at RTL Hrvatska as a TV correspondent reporting from Madrid, Spain. During this time, Stipković created her own channel, Fani TV, hosting exclusive interviews with various athletes, celebrities and entrepreneurs as well as showcasing travel and lifestyle hot spots around the world.In 2015, Stipković worked with FACE TV, hosting exclusive interviews and events in Spain and Monaco, airing on regional television in former-Yugoslavian regions.In 2013 and 2014, Stipković launched a swimwear collection in collaboration with Pletix, Pletix by Fani Stipković. In 2015, she partnered with Khongboon Swimwear launching the collections.Stipković has authored articles for "The Huffington Post" including "What actually is success?" and "How to Drop Your Ego with Five Techniques".In July 2016 Stipković was official TV host for Umag, doing interviews with Andre Agassi and many others athletes and celebrities. In August she started collaborating with a Spanish production company, filming a TV story about Melania Trump and exclusive interview with Natascha Kampusch, which were broadcast at Mediaset Spain. In 2017, Stipković was guest in a special TV show on Antena 3 television in Spain about the presidency of Donald Trump. The same year Stipkovic worked as a correspondent from Spain for a sports channel from Croatia doing interviews with celebrities such as the Spain national basketball team coach Sergio Scariolo.As a fitness and sports enthusiast, Stipković was hired to do a TV story about CrossFit.In May and June 2018 she worked as a daily live TV host for a Croatian soccer reality show. The ambassadors of the show were soccer stars such as captain of Croatian national team Luka Modrić and FC Barcelona's Ivan Rakitić, broadcast live on Croatian football television HNTV prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In September and October 2018, Stipković was hosting Spanish TV programs working for AMC networks. These TV shows were broadcast in Spain and Latin America. Stipkovic continued doing exclusive interviews for Nova TV, interviewing tennis player Novak Đokovic and football player Luís Figo.Stipković was ranked 1 as the Sexiest Journalist in Europe in 2014 and 2015.In 2015, Stipković was a speaker at the C.E.O. Conference at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb.Following her involvement with football, in April 2019, Stipković was selected as an executive committee of International Federation of Football History & Statistics, hosting the annual ceremony and giving awards to Luka Modric and Thibaut Courtois.
|
[
"XV Gymnasium",
"Universidad Europea de Madrid"
] |
|
Where was Fani Stipković educated in 2000-04-23?
|
April 23, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb"
]
}
|
L2_Q24088517_P69_1
|
Fani Stipković attended Universidad Europea de Madrid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fani Stipković attended XV Gymnasium from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Fani Stipković attended Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
|
Fani StipkovićFani Stipković (born August 20, 1982) is a Croatian television reporter, host and journalist.Stipković was born and raised in Korčula on the eponymous island in Croatia, and attended Maršala Tito elementary school until the age of 14. In 1996, she moved to Croatia's capital city, Zagreb, and attended XV Gymnasium MIOC ("Education Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science"). In 2005, she graduated from the Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb with a bachelor's degree in Television and Press Journalism.In 2014, Stipković received her Master's in Television Production and Management from the Mediaset and European University of Madrid.In 1996, Stipković joined the jazz dance group Tihana Škrinjarić and met Sandra Vranješ,who became her agent. She began modeling in Croatia, London, Milan, and Spain for various commercials, editorials, fashion shows, and music videos. During this time, she continued her political science studies at the University of Zagreb.In 2001, Stipković was an intern at the Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), Croatia's national television network, and was an editor for the "Jutarnji List" (literally "Morning Paper") and "Vecernji List" ("Evening Paper"), Croatia's main newspapers.In 2005, Stipković worked at Nova TV,part of Central European Media Enterprises (CME). She hosted the television show "Red Carpet", conducting celebrity interviews with the football player Cristiano Ronaldo, basketball player Kobe Bryant, Formula One Lewis Hamilton and tennis players Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer. During this time she worked on Nova TV's "In Magazine" hosting the show "Cool Tour", a summer show visiting luxury villas and resorts with various celebrities. Stipković also was involved in interviewing at numerous events, including, Miss Universe Croatia, Nad Lipom, US Open and ATP tennis tournaments, UEFA Champions League football games and Ballon d'Or FIFA World Player awards.In 2014, after graduating her Masters degree at Universidad Europea de Madrid, Stipković started for Mediaset sport at Mediaset Spain. Stipković worked at RTL Hrvatska as a TV correspondent reporting from Madrid, Spain. During this time, Stipković created her own channel, Fani TV, hosting exclusive interviews with various athletes, celebrities and entrepreneurs as well as showcasing travel and lifestyle hot spots around the world.In 2015, Stipković worked with FACE TV, hosting exclusive interviews and events in Spain and Monaco, airing on regional television in former-Yugoslavian regions.In 2013 and 2014, Stipković launched a swimwear collection in collaboration with Pletix, Pletix by Fani Stipković. In 2015, she partnered with Khongboon Swimwear launching the collections.Stipković has authored articles for "The Huffington Post" including "What actually is success?" and "How to Drop Your Ego with Five Techniques".In July 2016 Stipković was official TV host for Umag, doing interviews with Andre Agassi and many others athletes and celebrities. In August she started collaborating with a Spanish production company, filming a TV story about Melania Trump and exclusive interview with Natascha Kampusch, which were broadcast at Mediaset Spain. In 2017, Stipković was guest in a special TV show on Antena 3 television in Spain about the presidency of Donald Trump. The same year Stipkovic worked as a correspondent from Spain for a sports channel from Croatia doing interviews with celebrities such as the Spain national basketball team coach Sergio Scariolo.As a fitness and sports enthusiast, Stipković was hired to do a TV story about CrossFit.In May and June 2018 she worked as a daily live TV host for a Croatian soccer reality show. The ambassadors of the show were soccer stars such as captain of Croatian national team Luka Modrić and FC Barcelona's Ivan Rakitić, broadcast live on Croatian football television HNTV prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In September and October 2018, Stipković was hosting Spanish TV programs working for AMC networks. These TV shows were broadcast in Spain and Latin America. Stipkovic continued doing exclusive interviews for Nova TV, interviewing tennis player Novak Đokovic and football player Luís Figo.Stipković was ranked 1 as the Sexiest Journalist in Europe in 2014 and 2015.In 2015, Stipković was a speaker at the C.E.O. Conference at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb.Following her involvement with football, in April 2019, Stipković was selected as an executive committee of International Federation of Football History & Statistics, hosting the annual ceremony and giving awards to Luka Modric and Thibaut Courtois.
|
[
"XV Gymnasium",
"Universidad Europea de Madrid"
] |
|
Where was Fani Stipković educated in 23/04/2000?
|
April 23, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb"
]
}
|
L2_Q24088517_P69_1
|
Fani Stipković attended Universidad Europea de Madrid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fani Stipković attended XV Gymnasium from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Fani Stipković attended Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
|
Fani StipkovićFani Stipković (born August 20, 1982) is a Croatian television reporter, host and journalist.Stipković was born and raised in Korčula on the eponymous island in Croatia, and attended Maršala Tito elementary school until the age of 14. In 1996, she moved to Croatia's capital city, Zagreb, and attended XV Gymnasium MIOC ("Education Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science"). In 2005, she graduated from the Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb with a bachelor's degree in Television and Press Journalism.In 2014, Stipković received her Master's in Television Production and Management from the Mediaset and European University of Madrid.In 1996, Stipković joined the jazz dance group Tihana Škrinjarić and met Sandra Vranješ,who became her agent. She began modeling in Croatia, London, Milan, and Spain for various commercials, editorials, fashion shows, and music videos. During this time, she continued her political science studies at the University of Zagreb.In 2001, Stipković was an intern at the Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), Croatia's national television network, and was an editor for the "Jutarnji List" (literally "Morning Paper") and "Vecernji List" ("Evening Paper"), Croatia's main newspapers.In 2005, Stipković worked at Nova TV,part of Central European Media Enterprises (CME). She hosted the television show "Red Carpet", conducting celebrity interviews with the football player Cristiano Ronaldo, basketball player Kobe Bryant, Formula One Lewis Hamilton and tennis players Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer. During this time she worked on Nova TV's "In Magazine" hosting the show "Cool Tour", a summer show visiting luxury villas and resorts with various celebrities. Stipković also was involved in interviewing at numerous events, including, Miss Universe Croatia, Nad Lipom, US Open and ATP tennis tournaments, UEFA Champions League football games and Ballon d'Or FIFA World Player awards.In 2014, after graduating her Masters degree at Universidad Europea de Madrid, Stipković started for Mediaset sport at Mediaset Spain. Stipković worked at RTL Hrvatska as a TV correspondent reporting from Madrid, Spain. During this time, Stipković created her own channel, Fani TV, hosting exclusive interviews with various athletes, celebrities and entrepreneurs as well as showcasing travel and lifestyle hot spots around the world.In 2015, Stipković worked with FACE TV, hosting exclusive interviews and events in Spain and Monaco, airing on regional television in former-Yugoslavian regions.In 2013 and 2014, Stipković launched a swimwear collection in collaboration with Pletix, Pletix by Fani Stipković. In 2015, she partnered with Khongboon Swimwear launching the collections.Stipković has authored articles for "The Huffington Post" including "What actually is success?" and "How to Drop Your Ego with Five Techniques".In July 2016 Stipković was official TV host for Umag, doing interviews with Andre Agassi and many others athletes and celebrities. In August she started collaborating with a Spanish production company, filming a TV story about Melania Trump and exclusive interview with Natascha Kampusch, which were broadcast at Mediaset Spain. In 2017, Stipković was guest in a special TV show on Antena 3 television in Spain about the presidency of Donald Trump. The same year Stipkovic worked as a correspondent from Spain for a sports channel from Croatia doing interviews with celebrities such as the Spain national basketball team coach Sergio Scariolo.As a fitness and sports enthusiast, Stipković was hired to do a TV story about CrossFit.In May and June 2018 she worked as a daily live TV host for a Croatian soccer reality show. The ambassadors of the show were soccer stars such as captain of Croatian national team Luka Modrić and FC Barcelona's Ivan Rakitić, broadcast live on Croatian football television HNTV prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In September and October 2018, Stipković was hosting Spanish TV programs working for AMC networks. These TV shows were broadcast in Spain and Latin America. Stipkovic continued doing exclusive interviews for Nova TV, interviewing tennis player Novak Đokovic and football player Luís Figo.Stipković was ranked 1 as the Sexiest Journalist in Europe in 2014 and 2015.In 2015, Stipković was a speaker at the C.E.O. Conference at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb.Following her involvement with football, in April 2019, Stipković was selected as an executive committee of International Federation of Football History & Statistics, hosting the annual ceremony and giving awards to Luka Modric and Thibaut Courtois.
|
[
"XV Gymnasium",
"Universidad Europea de Madrid"
] |
|
Where was Fani Stipković educated in Apr 23, 2000?
|
April 23, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb"
]
}
|
L2_Q24088517_P69_1
|
Fani Stipković attended Universidad Europea de Madrid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fani Stipković attended XV Gymnasium from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Fani Stipković attended Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
|
Fani StipkovićFani Stipković (born August 20, 1982) is a Croatian television reporter, host and journalist.Stipković was born and raised in Korčula on the eponymous island in Croatia, and attended Maršala Tito elementary school until the age of 14. In 1996, she moved to Croatia's capital city, Zagreb, and attended XV Gymnasium MIOC ("Education Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science"). In 2005, she graduated from the Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb with a bachelor's degree in Television and Press Journalism.In 2014, Stipković received her Master's in Television Production and Management from the Mediaset and European University of Madrid.In 1996, Stipković joined the jazz dance group Tihana Škrinjarić and met Sandra Vranješ,who became her agent. She began modeling in Croatia, London, Milan, and Spain for various commercials, editorials, fashion shows, and music videos. During this time, she continued her political science studies at the University of Zagreb.In 2001, Stipković was an intern at the Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), Croatia's national television network, and was an editor for the "Jutarnji List" (literally "Morning Paper") and "Vecernji List" ("Evening Paper"), Croatia's main newspapers.In 2005, Stipković worked at Nova TV,part of Central European Media Enterprises (CME). She hosted the television show "Red Carpet", conducting celebrity interviews with the football player Cristiano Ronaldo, basketball player Kobe Bryant, Formula One Lewis Hamilton and tennis players Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer. During this time she worked on Nova TV's "In Magazine" hosting the show "Cool Tour", a summer show visiting luxury villas and resorts with various celebrities. Stipković also was involved in interviewing at numerous events, including, Miss Universe Croatia, Nad Lipom, US Open and ATP tennis tournaments, UEFA Champions League football games and Ballon d'Or FIFA World Player awards.In 2014, after graduating her Masters degree at Universidad Europea de Madrid, Stipković started for Mediaset sport at Mediaset Spain. Stipković worked at RTL Hrvatska as a TV correspondent reporting from Madrid, Spain. During this time, Stipković created her own channel, Fani TV, hosting exclusive interviews with various athletes, celebrities and entrepreneurs as well as showcasing travel and lifestyle hot spots around the world.In 2015, Stipković worked with FACE TV, hosting exclusive interviews and events in Spain and Monaco, airing on regional television in former-Yugoslavian regions.In 2013 and 2014, Stipković launched a swimwear collection in collaboration with Pletix, Pletix by Fani Stipković. In 2015, she partnered with Khongboon Swimwear launching the collections.Stipković has authored articles for "The Huffington Post" including "What actually is success?" and "How to Drop Your Ego with Five Techniques".In July 2016 Stipković was official TV host for Umag, doing interviews with Andre Agassi and many others athletes and celebrities. In August she started collaborating with a Spanish production company, filming a TV story about Melania Trump and exclusive interview with Natascha Kampusch, which were broadcast at Mediaset Spain. In 2017, Stipković was guest in a special TV show on Antena 3 television in Spain about the presidency of Donald Trump. The same year Stipkovic worked as a correspondent from Spain for a sports channel from Croatia doing interviews with celebrities such as the Spain national basketball team coach Sergio Scariolo.As a fitness and sports enthusiast, Stipković was hired to do a TV story about CrossFit.In May and June 2018 she worked as a daily live TV host for a Croatian soccer reality show. The ambassadors of the show were soccer stars such as captain of Croatian national team Luka Modrić and FC Barcelona's Ivan Rakitić, broadcast live on Croatian football television HNTV prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In September and October 2018, Stipković was hosting Spanish TV programs working for AMC networks. These TV shows were broadcast in Spain and Latin America. Stipkovic continued doing exclusive interviews for Nova TV, interviewing tennis player Novak Đokovic and football player Luís Figo.Stipković was ranked 1 as the Sexiest Journalist in Europe in 2014 and 2015.In 2015, Stipković was a speaker at the C.E.O. Conference at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb.Following her involvement with football, in April 2019, Stipković was selected as an executive committee of International Federation of Football History & Statistics, hosting the annual ceremony and giving awards to Luka Modric and Thibaut Courtois.
|
[
"XV Gymnasium",
"Universidad Europea de Madrid"
] |
|
Where was Fani Stipković educated in 04/23/2000?
|
April 23, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb"
]
}
|
L2_Q24088517_P69_1
|
Fani Stipković attended Universidad Europea de Madrid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fani Stipković attended XV Gymnasium from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Fani Stipković attended Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
|
Fani StipkovićFani Stipković (born August 20, 1982) is a Croatian television reporter, host and journalist.Stipković was born and raised in Korčula on the eponymous island in Croatia, and attended Maršala Tito elementary school until the age of 14. In 1996, she moved to Croatia's capital city, Zagreb, and attended XV Gymnasium MIOC ("Education Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science"). In 2005, she graduated from the Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb with a bachelor's degree in Television and Press Journalism.In 2014, Stipković received her Master's in Television Production and Management from the Mediaset and European University of Madrid.In 1996, Stipković joined the jazz dance group Tihana Škrinjarić and met Sandra Vranješ,who became her agent. She began modeling in Croatia, London, Milan, and Spain for various commercials, editorials, fashion shows, and music videos. During this time, she continued her political science studies at the University of Zagreb.In 2001, Stipković was an intern at the Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), Croatia's national television network, and was an editor for the "Jutarnji List" (literally "Morning Paper") and "Vecernji List" ("Evening Paper"), Croatia's main newspapers.In 2005, Stipković worked at Nova TV,part of Central European Media Enterprises (CME). She hosted the television show "Red Carpet", conducting celebrity interviews with the football player Cristiano Ronaldo, basketball player Kobe Bryant, Formula One Lewis Hamilton and tennis players Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer. During this time she worked on Nova TV's "In Magazine" hosting the show "Cool Tour", a summer show visiting luxury villas and resorts with various celebrities. Stipković also was involved in interviewing at numerous events, including, Miss Universe Croatia, Nad Lipom, US Open and ATP tennis tournaments, UEFA Champions League football games and Ballon d'Or FIFA World Player awards.In 2014, after graduating her Masters degree at Universidad Europea de Madrid, Stipković started for Mediaset sport at Mediaset Spain. Stipković worked at RTL Hrvatska as a TV correspondent reporting from Madrid, Spain. During this time, Stipković created her own channel, Fani TV, hosting exclusive interviews with various athletes, celebrities and entrepreneurs as well as showcasing travel and lifestyle hot spots around the world.In 2015, Stipković worked with FACE TV, hosting exclusive interviews and events in Spain and Monaco, airing on regional television in former-Yugoslavian regions.In 2013 and 2014, Stipković launched a swimwear collection in collaboration with Pletix, Pletix by Fani Stipković. In 2015, she partnered with Khongboon Swimwear launching the collections.Stipković has authored articles for "The Huffington Post" including "What actually is success?" and "How to Drop Your Ego with Five Techniques".In July 2016 Stipković was official TV host for Umag, doing interviews with Andre Agassi and many others athletes and celebrities. In August she started collaborating with a Spanish production company, filming a TV story about Melania Trump and exclusive interview with Natascha Kampusch, which were broadcast at Mediaset Spain. In 2017, Stipković was guest in a special TV show on Antena 3 television in Spain about the presidency of Donald Trump. The same year Stipkovic worked as a correspondent from Spain for a sports channel from Croatia doing interviews with celebrities such as the Spain national basketball team coach Sergio Scariolo.As a fitness and sports enthusiast, Stipković was hired to do a TV story about CrossFit.In May and June 2018 she worked as a daily live TV host for a Croatian soccer reality show. The ambassadors of the show were soccer stars such as captain of Croatian national team Luka Modrić and FC Barcelona's Ivan Rakitić, broadcast live on Croatian football television HNTV prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In September and October 2018, Stipković was hosting Spanish TV programs working for AMC networks. These TV shows were broadcast in Spain and Latin America. Stipkovic continued doing exclusive interviews for Nova TV, interviewing tennis player Novak Đokovic and football player Luís Figo.Stipković was ranked 1 as the Sexiest Journalist in Europe in 2014 and 2015.In 2015, Stipković was a speaker at the C.E.O. Conference at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb.Following her involvement with football, in April 2019, Stipković was selected as an executive committee of International Federation of Football History & Statistics, hosting the annual ceremony and giving awards to Luka Modric and Thibaut Courtois.
|
[
"XV Gymnasium",
"Universidad Europea de Madrid"
] |
|
Where was Fani Stipković educated in 23-Apr-200023-April-2000?
|
April 23, 2000
|
{
"text": [
"Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb"
]
}
|
L2_Q24088517_P69_1
|
Fani Stipković attended Universidad Europea de Madrid from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fani Stipković attended XV Gymnasium from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Fani Stipković attended Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2005.
|
Fani StipkovićFani Stipković (born August 20, 1982) is a Croatian television reporter, host and journalist.Stipković was born and raised in Korčula on the eponymous island in Croatia, and attended Maršala Tito elementary school until the age of 14. In 1996, she moved to Croatia's capital city, Zagreb, and attended XV Gymnasium MIOC ("Education Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science"). In 2005, she graduated from the Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb with a bachelor's degree in Television and Press Journalism.In 2014, Stipković received her Master's in Television Production and Management from the Mediaset and European University of Madrid.In 1996, Stipković joined the jazz dance group Tihana Škrinjarić and met Sandra Vranješ,who became her agent. She began modeling in Croatia, London, Milan, and Spain for various commercials, editorials, fashion shows, and music videos. During this time, she continued her political science studies at the University of Zagreb.In 2001, Stipković was an intern at the Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), Croatia's national television network, and was an editor for the "Jutarnji List" (literally "Morning Paper") and "Vecernji List" ("Evening Paper"), Croatia's main newspapers.In 2005, Stipković worked at Nova TV,part of Central European Media Enterprises (CME). She hosted the television show "Red Carpet", conducting celebrity interviews with the football player Cristiano Ronaldo, basketball player Kobe Bryant, Formula One Lewis Hamilton and tennis players Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer. During this time she worked on Nova TV's "In Magazine" hosting the show "Cool Tour", a summer show visiting luxury villas and resorts with various celebrities. Stipković also was involved in interviewing at numerous events, including, Miss Universe Croatia, Nad Lipom, US Open and ATP tennis tournaments, UEFA Champions League football games and Ballon d'Or FIFA World Player awards.In 2014, after graduating her Masters degree at Universidad Europea de Madrid, Stipković started for Mediaset sport at Mediaset Spain. Stipković worked at RTL Hrvatska as a TV correspondent reporting from Madrid, Spain. During this time, Stipković created her own channel, Fani TV, hosting exclusive interviews with various athletes, celebrities and entrepreneurs as well as showcasing travel and lifestyle hot spots around the world.In 2015, Stipković worked with FACE TV, hosting exclusive interviews and events in Spain and Monaco, airing on regional television in former-Yugoslavian regions.In 2013 and 2014, Stipković launched a swimwear collection in collaboration with Pletix, Pletix by Fani Stipković. In 2015, she partnered with Khongboon Swimwear launching the collections.Stipković has authored articles for "The Huffington Post" including "What actually is success?" and "How to Drop Your Ego with Five Techniques".In July 2016 Stipković was official TV host for Umag, doing interviews with Andre Agassi and many others athletes and celebrities. In August she started collaborating with a Spanish production company, filming a TV story about Melania Trump and exclusive interview with Natascha Kampusch, which were broadcast at Mediaset Spain. In 2017, Stipković was guest in a special TV show on Antena 3 television in Spain about the presidency of Donald Trump. The same year Stipkovic worked as a correspondent from Spain for a sports channel from Croatia doing interviews with celebrities such as the Spain national basketball team coach Sergio Scariolo.As a fitness and sports enthusiast, Stipković was hired to do a TV story about CrossFit.In May and June 2018 she worked as a daily live TV host for a Croatian soccer reality show. The ambassadors of the show were soccer stars such as captain of Croatian national team Luka Modrić and FC Barcelona's Ivan Rakitić, broadcast live on Croatian football television HNTV prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In September and October 2018, Stipković was hosting Spanish TV programs working for AMC networks. These TV shows were broadcast in Spain and Latin America. Stipkovic continued doing exclusive interviews for Nova TV, interviewing tennis player Novak Đokovic and football player Luís Figo.Stipković was ranked 1 as the Sexiest Journalist in Europe in 2014 and 2015.In 2015, Stipković was a speaker at the C.E.O. Conference at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb.Following her involvement with football, in April 2019, Stipković was selected as an executive committee of International Federation of Football History & Statistics, hosting the annual ceremony and giving awards to Luka Modric and Thibaut Courtois.
|
[
"XV Gymnasium",
"Universidad Europea de Madrid"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in Aug, 2008?
|
August 29, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Providence Equity Partners",
"Carlyle Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_3
|
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
|
[
"Telia Company",
"BC Partners",
"EQT Partners"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in 2008-08-29?
|
August 29, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Providence Equity Partners",
"Carlyle Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_3
|
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
|
[
"Telia Company",
"BC Partners",
"EQT Partners"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in 29/08/2008?
|
August 29, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Providence Equity Partners",
"Carlyle Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_3
|
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
|
[
"Telia Company",
"BC Partners",
"EQT Partners"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in Aug 29, 2008?
|
August 29, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Providence Equity Partners",
"Carlyle Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_3
|
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
|
[
"Telia Company",
"BC Partners",
"EQT Partners"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in 08/29/2008?
|
August 29, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Providence Equity Partners",
"Carlyle Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_3
|
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
|
[
"Telia Company",
"BC Partners",
"EQT Partners"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Com Hem in 29-Aug-200829-August-2008?
|
August 29, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Providence Equity Partners",
"Carlyle Group"
]
}
|
L2_Q679172_P127_3
|
Com Hem is owned by EQT Partners from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Com Hem is owned by Providence Equity Partners from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
Com Hem is owned by BC Partners from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Com Hem is owned by Telia Company from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2003.
Com Hem is owned by Carlyle Group from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2011.
|
Com HemCom Hem was a Swedish brand owned by Tele2 AB which supplied Triple Play services that included cable television, broadband internet and fixed-line telephone.Founded in 1983 as Televerket Kabel-TV as part of the former state-owned Televerket, the company was successively named Svenska Kabel-TV AB and Telia InfoMedia TeleVision AB, before becoming 'Com Hem' (a play on the Swedish phrase "Kom hem", "come home") in 1999. In 2003, Telia had to sell Com Hem to EQT Partners as a result of its merger with Sonera of Finland that same year.In 2021 the company had 135+ TV channels available. Digital TV was introduced in 1997. A broadband service that used the company's proprietary cable network was launched in 1999. In 2004 VoIP telephone was introduced and the company became Sweden's first nationwide triple play service provider.All households connected to the Com Hem Cable Network had access to broadband Internet services, services, fixed-line telephony and a wide range of TV channels. Com Hem also provided interactive services that facilitated management, communication and maintenance for property owners.The company had around 1000 employees, with offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Västerås, Härnösand, Sundsvall and Örnsköldsvik.In 2011, EQT sold the company to BC Partners. Com Hem held its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 June 2014 and became listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. On 27 April 2017 Kinnevik acquired approximately 18.5% of the stock and became Com Hem's largest stock holder. Com Hem also operated mobile services as an MVNO using its own brand and since early-2020, also with an online-only brand called Penny whose operations are modelled after Google Fi, and is also a broadband flanker brand using Com Hem's fixed-line infrastructure. Com Hem's mobile services utilise the Tele2 (SUNAB and Net4Mobility) infrastructure in 2G, 3G and 4G LTE.Com Hem had been ranked as the TV brand with the least satisfied customers in Sweden in 2007, 2008 and 2009 according to Svenskt Kvalitetsindex, an independent customer survey company. It has since almost reached the top of the ranking with the most satisfied customers, according to the same source.Analogue channels were withdrawn from the cable television network on 8 September 2020.On the 27th of April 2021, the owner Tele2 discontinued the use of the Com Hem brand, while continuing to provide the same services under its own brand.The analogue package could also include a few local channels, usually an open access channel such as public access channels known as Öppna Kanalen . In areas near Denmark, Norway or Finland, Com Hem usually included channels from the neighboring countries such as TV Finland, YLE TV1, DR1, TV2 Denmark and NRK1.
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[
"Telia Company",
"BC Partners",
"EQT Partners"
] |
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Who was the head of New Jersey in Aug, 1922?
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August 18, 1922
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{
"text": [
"Edward Irving Edwards"
]
}
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L2_Q1408_P6_40
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William Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1837 to Oct, 1843.
George Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1851 to Jan, 1854.
A. Harry Moore is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929.
Charles Smith Olden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1863.
Woodrow Wilson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1911 to Mar, 1913.
Rodman McCamley Price is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1857.
Charles Edison is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1944.
Jim McGreevey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Nov, 2004.
John Lambert is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1802 to Oct, 1803.
Harold Giles Hoffman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1938.
Joel Parker is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1866.
Robert Stockton Green is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1890.
William Thomas Cahill is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1974.
Joseph D. Bedle is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1878.
William Livingston is the head of the government of New Jersey from Aug, 1776 to Jul, 1790.
Thomas Henderson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1793 to Jun, 1793.
John Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1911.
Foster McGowan Voorhees is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1898 to Oct, 1898.
Walter Evans Edge is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1917 to May, 1919.
David Ogden Watkins is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1898 to Jan, 1899.
Franklin Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1902 to Jan, 1905.
George Brinton McClellan is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1881.
Peter Dumont Vroom is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1829 to Oct, 1832.
George Theodore Werts is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1893 to Jan, 1896.
George Sebastian Silzer is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1926.
Richard Joseph Hughes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1970.
Chris Christie is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Joseph Bloomfield is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1801 to Oct, 1802.
Horace Griggs Prall is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
Donald DiFrancesco is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr. is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1869.
Brendan Byrne is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982.
Alfred Eastlack Driscoll is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1954.
George C. Ludlow is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
Elias P. Seeley is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1833.
Charles Creighton Stratton is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1845 to Jan, 1848.
Mahlon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1815 to Feb, 1817.
Robert Baumle Meyner is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1962.
Clifford Ross Powell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
William Nelson Runyon is the head of the government of New Jersey from May, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Phil Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Theodore Fitz Randolph is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872.
Morgan Foster Larson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1932.
Philemon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1836 to Oct, 1837.
Isaac Halstead Williamson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1817 to Oct, 1829.
John Orus Bennett III is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Aaron Ogden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1812 to Oct, 1813.
Christine Todd Whitman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2001.
Thomas Kean is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990.
Samuel L. Southard is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Jon Corzine is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
William Paterson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1790 to Mar, 1793.
Edward Irving Edwards is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1923.
James Florio is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1994.
Richard Codey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Leon Abbett is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1887.
Clarence Edwards Case is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1920.
William A. Newell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1860.
William Sanford Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1813 to Jun, 1815.
Leon Rutherford Taylor is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1913 to Jan, 1914.
John W. Griggs is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1898.
James Fairman Fielder is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1913 to Oct, 1913.
Edward C. Stokes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1908.
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New JerseyNew Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous, with 9,288,994 residents as of 2020 and an area of , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. New Jersey's state capital is Trenton, while the state's most populous city is Newark. All but one county in New Jersey (Warren County) lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia; consequently, the state's largest metropolitan area falls within Greater New York.New Jersey was first inhabited by Native Americans for at least 2,800 years, with the Lenape being the dominant group by the time Europeans arrived in the early 17th century. Dutch and the Swedish colonists founded the first European settlements in the state. The English later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey—after the largest of the Channel Islands, Jersey—and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, factories in the "Big Six" cities of Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, Jersey City, and Elizabeth helped drive the nation's Industrial Revolution. New Jersey's central location in the Northeast megalopolis fueled its rapid growth and suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century. At the turn of the 21st century, the state's economy increasingly diversified, while its multicultural populace began reverting toward more urban settings within the state, outpacing the growth in suburbs since 2008.As of 2020, New Jersey was home to the highest number of millionaires per capita of all U.S. states, with 9.76% of households—more than 323,000 of 3.3 million statewide—meeting the criteria. Based on 2017 data, it was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income. New Jersey's public school system consistently ranks at or among the top among all fifty U.S. states.Around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact. "" is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign: Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf. They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade.The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey. The Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of land ownership was not recognized by the Lenape, Dutch West India Company policy required its colonists to purchase the land that they settled. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen. Peter Minuit's purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. The entire region became a territory of England on June 24, 1664, after an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is now New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam, annexing the entire province.During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the King. It was from the Royal Square in Saint Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II), the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony (as opposed to a royal colony). James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. The area was named the Province of New Jersey.Since the state's inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of , a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings. Unlike Plymouth Colony, Jamestown and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era, and commercial farming developed sporadically. Some townships, such as Burlington on the Delaware River and Perth Amboy, emerged as important ports for shipping to New York City and Philadelphia. The colony's fertile lands and tolerant religious policy drew more settlers, and New Jersey's population had increased to 120,000 by 1775.Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule took place along Hackensack River and Arthur Kill—settlers came primarily from New York and New England. On March 18, 1673, Berkeley sold his half of the colony to Quakers in England, who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony. (William Penn acted as trustee for the lands for a time.) New Jersey was governed very briefly as two distinct provinces, East and West Jersey, for 28 years between 1674 and 1702, at times part of the Province of New York or Dominion of New England.In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a royal governor, rather than a proprietary one. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. Britain believed that he was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land. In 1708 he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused those governors of favoritism to New York. Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738.New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. The was passed July 2, 1776, just two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain. It was an act of the Provincial Congress, which made itself into the State Legislature. To reassure neutrals, it provided that it would become void if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain. New Jersey representatives Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, and Abraham Clark were among those who signed the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.During the American Revolutionary War, British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times, and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Because of this, New Jersey today is often referred to as "The Crossroads of the American Revolution". The winter quarters of the Continental Army were established there twice by General George Washington in Morristown, which has been called "The Military Capital of the American Revolution.“On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River. After the crossing, they surprised and defeated the Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. By evading Cornwallis's army, the Americans made a surprise attack on Princeton and successfully defeated the British forces there on January 3, 1777. Emanuel Leutze's painting of "Washington Crossing the Delaware" became an icon of the Revolution.American forces under Washington met the British forces under General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth in an indecisive engagement in June 1778. The Americans attempted to take the British column by surprise. When the British army attempted to flank the Americans, the Americans retreated in disorder. Their ranks were later reorganized and withstood the British charges.In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University, making Princeton the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the war.On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey, as it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging tariffs on goods imported from Europe. On November 20, 1789, the state became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights.The 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to "all inhabitants" who had a certain level of wealth. This included women and blacks, but not married women, because they could not own property separately from their husbands. Both sides, in several elections, claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of "petticoat electors", whether entitled to vote or not; on the other hand, both parties passed Voting Rights Acts. In 1807, the legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal "white male" suffrage, excluding paupers; the constitution was itself an act of the legislature and not enshrined as the modern constitution.On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage. New Jersey voters eventually ratified the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.Industrialization accelerated in the northern part of the state following completion of the Morris Canal in 1831. The canal allowed for coal to be brought from eastern Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley to northern New Jersey's growing industries in Paterson, Newark, and Jersey City.In 1844, the second state constitution was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the state senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of Mercer County) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1962 by the decision "Baker v. Carr". While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself.New Jersey was one of the few Union states (the others being Delaware and Kentucky) to select a candidate other than Abraham Lincoln twice in national elections, and sided with Stephen Douglas (1860) and George B. McClellan (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan, a native Philadelphian, had New Jersey ties and formally resided in New Jersey at the time; he later became Governor of New Jersey (1878–81). (In New Jersey, the factions of the Democratic party managed an effective coalition in 1860.) During the American Civil War, the state was led first by Republican governor Charles Smith Olden, then by Democrat Joel Parker. During the course of the war, between 65,000 and 80,000 soldiers from the state enlisted in the Union army; unlike many states, including some Northern ones, no battle was fought there.In the Industrial Revolution, cities like Paterson grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more industrialized economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. Inventor Thomas Edison also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been granted 1,093 patents, many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at Menlo Park and then in West Orange, are considered perhaps the first research centers in the United States. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as locomotion and steamboats were introduced to New Jersey.Iron mining was also a leading industry during the middle to late 19th century. Bog iron pits in the southern New Jersey Pinelands were among the first sources of iron for the new nation. Mines such as Mt. Hope, Mine Hill and the Rockaway Valley Mines created a thriving industry. Mining generated the impetus for new towns and was one of the driving forces behind the need for the Morris Canal. Zinc mines were also a major industry, especially the Sterling Hill Mine.New Jersey prospered through the Roaring Twenties. The first Miss America Pageant was held in 1921 in Atlantic City, the Holland Tunnel connecting Jersey City to Manhattan opened in 1927, and the first drive-in movie was shown in 1933 in Camden. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the state offered begging licenses to unemployed residents, the zeppelin airship Hindenburg crashed in flames over Lakehurst, and the SS "Morro Castle" beached itself near Asbury Park after going up in flames while at sea.Through both World Wars, New Jersey was a center for war production, especially naval construction. The Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company yards in Kearny and Newark and the New York Shipbuilding Corporation yard in Camden produced aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, and destroyers. New Jersey manufactured 6.8 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking fifth among the 48 states. In addition, Fort Dix (1917) (originally called "Camp Dix"), Camp Merritt (1917) and Camp Kilmer (1941) were all constructed to house and train American soldiers through both World Wars. New Jersey also became a principal location for defense in the Cold War. Fourteen Nike missile stations were constructed for the defense of the New York City and Philadelphia areas. "PT-109", a motor torpedo boat commanded by Lt. (j.g.) John F. Kennedy in World War II, was built at the Elco Boatworks in Bayonne. The aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise" (CV-6) was briefly docked at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne in the 1950s before she was sent to Kearney to be scrapped. In 1962, the world's first nuclear-powered cargo ship, the NS Savannah, was launched at Camden.In 1951, the New Jersey Turnpike opened, permitting fast travel by car and truck between North Jersey (and metropolitan New York) and South Jersey (and metropolitan Philadelphia). In 1959, Air Defense Command deployed the CIM-10 Bomarc surface-to-air missile to McGuire Air Force Base. On June 7, 1960, an explosion in a CIM-10 Bomarc missile fuel tank caused the accident and subsequent plutonium contamination.In the 1960s, race riots erupted in many of the industrial cities of North Jersey. The first race riots in New Jersey occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964. Several others ensued in 1967, in Newark and Plainfield. Other riots followed the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A riot occurred in Camden in 1971. As a result of an order from the New Jersey Supreme Court to fund schools equitably, the New Jersey legislature passed an income tax bill in 1976. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.In the early part of the 2000s, two light rail systems were opened: the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail in Hudson County and the River Line between Camden and Trenton. The intent of these projects was to encourage transit-oriented development in North Jersey and South Jersey, respectively. The HBLR in particular was credited with a revitalization of Hudson County and Jersey City in particular. Urban revitalization has continued in North Jersey in the 21st century. As of 2014, Jersey City's Census-estimated population was 262,146, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, representing an increase of 5.9% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was enumerated at 247,597. Between 2000 and 2010, Newark experienced its first population increase since the 1950s.The state of New Jersey is bordered on the north and northeast by New York (parts of which are across the Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, the Kill Van Kull, Newark Bay, and the Arthur Kill); on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the southwest by Delaware across Delaware Bay; and on the west by Pennsylvania across the Delaware River. This is New Jersey's only straight border.New Jersey is often broadly divided into three geographic regions: North Jersey, Central Jersey, and South Jersey. Some New Jersey residents do not consider Central Jersey a region in its own right, but others believe it is a separate geographic and cultural area from the North and South.Within those regions are five distinct areas, based upon natural geography and population concentration. Northeastern New Jersey lies closest to Manhattan in New York City, and up to a million residents commute daily into the city for work, many via public transportation. Northwestern New Jersey is more wooded, rural, and mountainous. The Jersey Shore, along the Atlantic Coast in Central and South Jersey, has its own unique natural, residential, and cultural characteristics owing to its location by the ocean. The Delaware Valley includes the southwestern counties of the state, which reside within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. The Pine Barrens region is in the southern interior of New Jersey; covered rather extensively by mixed pine and oak forest, this region has a lower population density than most of the rest of the state.The federal Office of Management and Budget divides New Jersey's counties into seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas, with 16 counties included in either the New York City or Philadelphia metro areas. Four counties have independent metro areas, and Warren County is part of the Pennsylvania-based Lehigh Valley metro area. New Jersey is also at the center of the Northeast megalopolis.High Point, in Montague Township, Sussex County, is the state's highest elevation, at above sea level. The state's highest prominence is Kitty Ann Mountain in Morris County, rising . The Palisades are a line of steep cliffs on the west side of the Hudson River, in Bergen and Hudson Counties. Major New Jersey rivers include the Hudson, Delaware, Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, Musconetcong, Mullica, Rancocas, Manasquan, Maurice, and Toms rivers. Due to New Jersey's peninsular geography, both sunrise and sunset are visible over water from different points on the Jersey Shore.There are two climatic conditions in the state. The south, central, and northeast parts of the state have a humid subtropical climate, while the northwest has a humid continental climate (microthermal), with much cooler temperatures due to higher elevation. New Jersey receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually.Climate change is affecting New Jersey faster than much of the rest of the United States. As of 2019, New Jersey was one of the fastest-warming states in the nation. Since 1895, average temperatures have climbed by almost 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, double the average for the other Lower 48 states.Summers are typically hot and humid, with statewide average high temperatures of and lows of ; however, temperatures exceed on average 25 days each summer, exceeding in some years. Winters are usually cold, with average high temperatures of and lows of for most of the state, but temperatures can, for brief periods, fall below and sometimes rise above . Northwestern parts of the state have significantly colder winters with sub- being an almost annual occurrence. Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations, with lower humidity than summer. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone classification ranges from6 in the northwest of the state, to 7B near Cape May. All-time temperature extremes recorded in New Jersey include on July 10, 1936, in Runyon, Middlesex County and on January 5, 1904, in River Vale, Bergen County.Average annual precipitation ranges from , uniformly spread through the year. Average snowfall per winter season ranges from in the south and near the seacoast, in the northeast and central part of the state, to about in the northwestern highlands, but this often varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year, with 25 to 30 thunderstorms, most of which occur during the summer.During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters", which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States. Hurricanes and tropical storms (such as Tropical Storm Floyd in 1999), tornadoes, and earthquakes are rare, although New Jersey was impacted by a hurricane in 1903, and Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012 with the storm making landfall in the state with top winds of .For its overall population and nation-leading population density, New Jersey has a relative paucity of classic large cities. This paradox is most pronounced in Bergen County, New Jersey's most populous county, whose more than 930,000 residents in 2019 inhabited 70 municipalities, the most populous being Hackensack, with 44,522 residents estimated in 2018. Many urban areas extend far beyond the limits of a single large city, as New Jersey cities (and indeed municipalities in general) tend to be geographically small; three of the four largest cities in New Jersey by population have under of land area, and eight of the top ten, including all of the top five have land area under . , only four municipalities had populations in excess of 100,000, although Edison and Woodbridge came very close.The United States Census Bureau tabulated in the 2020 United States census that the population of New Jersey was 9,288,994 on April 1, 2020, a 5.7% increase since the 2010 United States census. Residents of New Jersey are most commonly referred to as "New Jerseyans" or, less commonly, as "New Jerseyites". At the 2010 census, there were 8,791,894 people living in the state. At the 2010 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic makeup of the state was: 68.6% White American, 13.7% African American, 8.3% Asian American, 0.3% Native American, 2.7% Multiracial American, and 6.4% other races. Non-Hispanic Whites were 58.9% of the population in 2011, down from 85% in 1970. In 2010, 17.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).In 2010, unauthorized immigrants constituted an estimated 6.2% of the population. This was the fourth-highest percentage of any state in the country. There were an estimated 550,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010. Among the municipalities which are considered sanctuary cities are Camden, Jersey City and Newark.As of 2010, New Jersey was the eleventh-most populous state in the United States, and the most densely populated, at 1,185 residents per square mile (458 per km), with most of the population residing in the counties surrounding New York City, Philadelphia, and along the eastern Jersey Shore, while the extreme southern and northwestern counties are relatively less dense overall. It was also the second wealthiest state by median household income, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.The center of population for New Jersey is located in Middlesex County, in the town of Milltown, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike.New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers "per square mile" than anywhere else in the world.On October 21, 2013, same-sex marriages commenced in New Jersey.New Jersey is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse states in the United States. As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white. The state has the second largest Jewish population by percentage (after New York); the second largest Muslim population by percentage (after Michigan); the largest population of Peruvians in the United States; the largest population of Cubans outside of Florida; the third highest Asian population by percentage; and the second highest Italian population, according to the 2000 Census. African Americans, Hispanics (Puerto Ricans and Dominicans), West Indians, Arabs, and Brazilian and Portuguese Americans are also high in number. New Jersey has the third highest Asian Indian population of any state by absolute numbers and the highest by percentage, with Bergen County home to America's largest Malayali community. Overall, New Jersey has the third largest Korean population, with Bergen County home to the highest Korean concentration per capita of any U.S. county (6.9% in 2011). New Jersey also has the fourth largest Filipino population, and fourth largest Chinese population, per the 2010 U.S. Census. The five largest ethnic groups in 2000 were: Italian (17.9%), Irish (15.9%), African (13.6%), German (12.6%), Polish (6.9%).India Square, in Bombay, Jersey City, Hudson County, is home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere. Meanwhile, Central New Jersey, particularly Edison and surrounding Middlesex County, is prominently known for its significant concentration of Asian Indians. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville in 2014, a BAPS temple. The growing Little India is a South Asian-focused commercial strip in Middlesex County, the U.S. county with the highest concentration of Asian Indians. The Oak Tree Road strip runs for about through Edison and neighboring Iselin in Woodbridge Township, near the area's sprawling Chinatown and Koreatown, running along New Jersey Route 27. It is the largest and most diverse South Asian cultural hub in the United States. Carteret's Punjabi Sikh community, variously estimated at upwards of 3,000, is the largest concentration of Sikhs in the state. Monroe Township in Middlesex County has experienced a particularly rapid growth rate in its Indian American population, with an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017, which was 23 times the 256 (0.9%) counted as of the 2000 Census; and Diwali is celebrated by the township as a Hindu holiday. In Middlesex County, election ballots are printed in English, Spanish, Gujarati, Hindi, and Punjabi.Newark was the fourth poorest of U.S. cities with over 250,000 residents in 2008, but New Jersey as a whole had the second-highest median household income as of 2014. This is largely because so much of New Jersey consists of suburbs, most of them affluent, of New York City and Philadelphia. New Jersey is also the most densely populated state, and the only state that has had every one of its counties deemed "urban" as defined by the Census Bureau's Combined Statistical Area.In 2010, 6.2% of its population was reported as under age 5, 23.5% under 18, and 13.5% were 65 or older; and females made up approximately 51.3% of the population.A study by the Pew Research Center found that in 2013, New Jersey was the only U.S. state in which immigrants born in India constituted the largest foreign-born nationality, representing roughly 10% of all foreign-born residents in the state.For further information on various ethnoracial groups and neighborhoods prominently featured within New Jersey, see the following articles:As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's population younger than age1 were minorities (meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white)."Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number."As of 2010, 71.31% (5,830,812) of New Jersey residents age5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 14.59% (1,193,261) spoke Spanish, 1.23% (100,217) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.06% (86,849) Italian, 1.06% (86,486) Portuguese, 0.96% (78,627) Tagalog, and Korean was spoken as a main language by 0.89% (73,057) of the population over the age of five. In total, 28.69% (2,345,644) of New Jersey's population age5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.A diverse collection of languages has since evolved amongst the state's population, given that New Jersey has become cosmopolitan and is home to ethnic enclaves of non-English-speaking communities:By number of adherents, the largest denominations in New Jersey, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2010, were the Roman Catholic Church with 3,235,290; Islam with 160,666; and the United Methodist Church with 138,052. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville, Mercer County, in central New Jersey during 2014, a BAPS temple. In January 2018, Gurbir Grewal became the first Sikh American state attorney general in the United States. In January 2019, Sadaf Jaffer became the first female Muslim American mayor, first female South Asian mayor, and first female Pakistani-American mayor in the United States, of Montgomery in Somerset County.The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey's gross state product in the fourth quarter of 2018 was $639.8 billion. New Jersey's estimated taxpayer burden in 2015 was $59,400 per taxpayer. New Jersey is nearly $239 billion in debt.New Jersey's per capita gross state product in 2008 was $54,699, second in the U.S. and above the national per capita gross domestic product of $46,588. Its per capita income was the third highest in the nation with $51,358. In 2020, New Jersey had the highest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, approximately 9.76% of households. The state is ranked second in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4%. Nine of New Jersey's counties are among the 100 wealthiest U.S. counties.New Jersey has seven tax brackets that determine state income tax rates, which range from 1.4% (for income below $20,000) to 8.97% (for income above $500,000).The standard sales tax rate as of January 1, 2018, is 6.625%, applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law. This rate, which is comparably lower than that of New York City, often attracts numerous shoppers from New York City, often to suburban Paramus, New Jersey, which has five malls, one of which (the Garden State Plaza) has over of retail space. Tax exemptions include most food items for at-home preparation, medications, most clothing, footwear and disposable paper products for use in the home. There are 27 Urban Enterprise Zone statewide, including sections of Paterson, Elizabeth, and Jersey City. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half the rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.New Jersey has the highest cumulative tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9% of income. All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute. New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax, but it does impose an inheritance tax.New Jersey consistently ranks as having one of the highest proportional levels of disparity of any state in the United States, based upon what it receives from the federal government relative to what it gives. In 2015, WalletHub ranked New Jersey the state least dependent upon federal government aid overall and having the fourth lowest return on taxpayer investment from the federal government, at 48 cents per dollar.New Jersey has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation. Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas.New Jersey's economy is multifaceted, but is centered on the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, information technology, the financial industry, chemical development, telecommunications, food processing, electric equipment, printing, publishing, and tourism. New Jersey's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, horses, vegetables, fruits and nuts, seafood, and dairy products. New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach, and fourth in bell peppers, peaches, and head lettuce. The state harvests the fourth-largest number of acres planted with asparagus.Although New Jersey is home to many energy-intensive industries, its energy consumption is only 2.7% of the U.S. total, and its carbon dioxide emissions are 0.8% of the U.S. total. Its comparatively low greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the state's use of nuclear power. According to the Energy Information Administration, nuclear power dominates New Jersey's electricity market, typically supplying more than one-half of state generation. New Jersey has three nuclear power plants, including the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which came online in 1969 and is the oldest operating nuclear plant in the country.New Jersey has a strong scientific economy and is home to major pharmaceutical and telecommunications firms, drawing on the state's large and well-educated labor pool. There is also a strong service economy in retail sales, education, and real estate, serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia. Thomas Edison invented the first electric light bulb at his home in Menlo Park, Edison in 1879. New Jersey is also a key participant in the renewable wind industry.Shipping is a key industry in New Jersey because of the state's strategic geographic location, the Port of New York and New Jersey being the busiest port on the East Coast. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world's first container port and today is one of the world's largest.New Jersey hosts several business headquarters, including twenty-four Fortune 500 companies. Paramus in Bergen County has become the top retail ZIP code (07652) in the United States, with the municipality generating over US$6 billion in annual retail sales. Several New Jersey counties, including Somerset (7), Morris (10), Hunterdon (13), Bergen (21), and Monmouth (42), have been ranked among the highest-income counties in the United States.New Jersey's location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis and its extensive transportation system have put over one-third of all United States residents and many Canadian residents within overnight distance by land. This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.In 1976, a referendum of New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City, where the first legalized casino opened in 1978. At that time, Las Vegas was the only other casino resort in the country. Today, several casinos lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk, the first and longest boardwalk in the world. Atlantic City experienced a dramatic contraction in its stature as a gambling destination after 2010, including the closure of multiple casinos since 2014, spurred by competition from the advent of legalized gambling in other northeastern U.S. states. On February 26, 2013, Governor Chris Christie signed online gambling into law. Sports betting has become a growing source of gambling revenue in New Jersey since being legalized across the nation by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 14, 2018.Forests cover 45%, or approximately 2.1 million acres, of New Jersey's land area. The chief tree of the northern forests is the oak. The Pine Barrens, consisting of pine forests, is in the southern part of the state.Some mining activity of zinc, iron, and manganese still takes place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace.New Jersey is second in the nation in solar power installations, enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies, and the renewable energy certificates program. The state has more than 10,000 solar installations.As of 2010, there were 605 school districts in the state.Secretary of Education Rick Rosenberg, appointed by Governor Jon Corzine, created the Education Advancement Initiative (EAI) to increase college admission rates by 10% for New Jersey's high school students, decrease dropout rates by 15%, and increase the amount of money devoted to schools by 10%. Rosenberg retracted this plan when criticized for taking the money out of healthcare to fund this initiative.In 2010, the state government paid all teachers' premiums for health insurance, but currently all NJ public teachers pay a portion of their own health insurance premiums.New Jersey is known for the quality of its education. In 2015, the state spent more per each public school student than any other U.S. state except New York, Alaska, and Connecticut, amounting to $18,235 spent per pupil; over 50% of the expenditure was allocated to student instruction.According to 2011 "Newsweek" statistics, students of High Technology High School in Lincroft, Monmouth County and Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, Bergen County registered average SAT scores of 2145 and 2100, respectively, representing the second- and third-highest scores, respectively, of all listed U.S. high schools.Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, one of the world's most prominent research universities, is often featured at or near the top of various national and global university rankings, topping the 2020 list of "U.S. News & World Report". In 2013, Rutgers University, headquartered in New Brunswick, Middlesex County as the flagship institution of higher education in New Jersey, regained medical and dental schools, augmenting its profile as a national research university as well.In 2014, New Jersey's school systems were ranked at the top of all fifty U.S. states by financial website Wallethub.com. In 2018, New Jersey's overall educational system was ranked second among all states to Massachusetts by "U.S. News & World Report". In both 2019 and 2020, "Education Week" also ranked New Jersey public schools the best of all U.S. states.Nine New Jersey high schools were ranked among the top 25 in the U.S. on the "Newsweek" "America's Top High Schools 2016" list, more than from any other state. A 2017 UCLA Civil Rights project found that New Jersey has the sixth-most segregated classrooms in the United States.New Jersey has continued to play a prominent role as a U.S. cultural nexus. Like every state, New Jersey has its own cuisine, religious communities, museums, and .New Jersey is the birthplace of modern inventions such as: FM radio, the motion picture camera, the lithium battery, the light bulb, transistors, and the electric train. Other New Jersey creations include: the drive-in movie, the cultivated blueberry, cranberry sauce, the postcard, the boardwalk, the zipper, the phonograph, saltwater taffy, the dirigible, the seedless watermelon, the first use of a submarine in warfare, and the ice cream cone.Diners are iconic to New Jersey. The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has over 600 diners, more than any other place in the world.New Jersey is the only state without a state song. "I'm From New Jersey" is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey state song, but it was not even a contender when in 1996 the New Jersey Arts Council submitted their suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature.New Jersey is frequently the target of jokes in American culture, especially from New York City-based television shows, such as "Saturday Night Live". Academic Michael Aaron Rockland attributes this to New Yorkers' view that New Jersey is the beginning of Middle America. The New Jersey Turnpike, which runs between two major East Coast cities, New York City and Philadelphia, is also cited as a reason, as people who traverse through the state may only see its industrial zones. Reality television shows like "Jersey Shore" and "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" have reinforced stereotypical views of New Jersey culture, but Rockland cited "The Sopranos" and the music of Bruce Springsteen as exporting a more positive image.New Jersey is known for several foods developed within the region, including Taylor Ham (also known as pork roll), sloppy joe sandwiches, tomato pies, and Texas wieners.Several states with substantial Italian American populations take credit for the development of submarine sandwiches, including New Jersey.New Jersey has long been an important origin for both rock and rap music. Prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey include:New Jersey currently has six teams from major professional sports leagues playing in the state, although one Major League Soccer team and two National Football League teams identify themselves as being from the New York metropolitan area.The National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, based in Newark at the Prudential Center, is the only major league sports franchise to bear the state's name. Founded in 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri, as the Kansas City Scouts, the team played in Denver, Colorado, as the Colorado Rockies from 1976 until the spring of 1982 when naval architect, businessman, and Jersey City native John J. McMullen purchased, renamed, and moved the franchise to Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. While the team had mostly losing records in Kansas City, Denver, and its first years in New Jersey, the Devils began to improve in the late 1980s and early 1990s under Hall of Fame president and general manager Lou Lamoriello. The team made the playoffs for the Stanley Cup in 2001 and 2012, and won it in 1995, 2000, and 2003. The organization is the youngest of the nine major league teams in the New York metropolitan area. The Devils have established a following throughout the northern and central portions of the state, carving a place in a media market once dominated by the New York Rangers and Islanders.In 2018, the Philadelphia Flyers renovated and expanded their training facility, the Virtua Center Flyers Skate Zone, in Voorhees Township in the southern portion of the state.The New York Metropolitan Area's two National Football League teams, the New York Giants and the New York Jets, play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. Built for about $1.6 billion, the venue is the most expensive stadium ever built. On February 2, 2014, MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII.The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena, a soccer-specific stadium in Harrison across the Passaic River from downtown Newark. On July 27, 2011, Red Bull Arena hosted the 2011 MLS All-Star Game.From 1977 to 2012, New Jersey had a National Basketball Association team, the New Jersey Nets. WNBA's New York Liberty played in New Jersey from 2011 to 2013 while their primary home arena, Madison Square Garden was undergoing renovations. In 2016, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA opened their new headquarters and training facility, the Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex, in Camden.The Meadowlands Sports Complex is home to the Meadowlands Racetrack, one of three major harness racing tracks in the state. The Meadowlands Racetrack and Freehold Raceway in Freehold are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America. Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is a popular spot for thoroughbred racing in New Jersey and the northeast. It hosted the Breeders' Cup in 2007, and its turf course was renovated in preparation.New Jerseyans' collegiate allegiances are predominantly split among the three major NCAA Division I programs in the state: the Rutgers University (New Jersey's flagship state university) Scarlet Knights, members of the Big Ten Conference; the Seton Hall University (the state's largest Catholic university) Pirates, members of the Big East Conference; and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers.The intense rivalry between Rutgers and Princeton athletics began with the first intercollegiate football game in 1869. The schools have not met on the football field since 1980, but they continue to play each other annually in all other sports offered by the two universities.Rutgers, which fields 24 teams in various sports, is nationally known for its football program, with a 6–4 all-time bowl record; and its women's basketball programs, which appeared in a National Final in 2007. In 2008 and 2009, Rutgers expanded their football home, Rutgers Stadium, now called SHI Stadium, on the Busch Campus. The basketball teams play at the Rutgers Athletic Center on Livingston Campus. Both venues and campuses are in Piscataway, across the Raritan River from New Brunswick. The university also fields men's basketball and baseball programs. Rutgers' fans live mostly in the western parts of the state and Middlesex County; its alumni base is the largest in the state.Rutgers' satellite campuses in Camden and Newark each field their own athletic programs—the Rutgers–Camden Scarlet Raptors and the Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders—which both compete in NCAA Division III.Seton Hall fields no football team, but its men's basketball team is one of the Big East's storied programs. No New Jersey team has won more games in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, and it is the state's only men's basketball program to reach a modern National Final. The Pirates play their home games at Prudential Center in downtown Newark, about from the university's South Orange campus. Their fans hail largely from in the predominantly Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore. The annual inter-conference rivalry game between Seton Hall and Rutgers, whose venue alternates between Newark and Piscataway, the Garden State Hardwood Classic, is planned through 2026.The state's other Division I schools include the Monmouth University Hawks (West Long Branch), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Highlanders (Newark), the Rider University Broncs (Lawrenceville), and the Saint Peter's University Peacocks and Peahens (Jersey City).Fairleigh Dickinson University competes in both Division I and Division III. It has two campuses, each with its own sports teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the FDU Knights, and compete in the Northeast Conference and NCAA Division I. The college at Florham (FDU-Florham) teams are known as the FDU-Florham Devils and compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' Freedom Conference and NCAA Division III.Among the various Division III schools in the state, the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks have fielded the longest continuously running collegiate men's lacrosse program in the country. 2009 marked the 125th season.New Jersey high schools are divided into divisions under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).' Founded in 1918, the NJSIAA currently represents 22,000 schools, 330,000 coaches, and almost 4.5 million athletes.Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison, with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory. Edison's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio. America's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909. DuMont Laboratories in Passaic developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home.A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey. Since 1978, the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in-state. New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers. Governor Chris Christie suspended the credits in 2010, but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program. Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly, the program offers 20 percent tax credits (22% in urban enterprise zones) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending. When Governor Phil Murphy took office, he instated the New Jersey Film & Digital Media Tax Credit Program in 2018 and expanded it in 2020. The benefits include a 30% tax credit on film projects and a 40% subsidy for studio developments.The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the most prominent and heavily trafficked roadways in the United States. This toll road, which overlaps with Interstate 95 for much of its length, carries traffic between Delaware and New York, and up and down the East Coast in general. Commonly referred to as simply "the Turnpike", it is known for its numerous rest areas named after prominent New Jerseyans.The Garden State Parkway, or simply "the Parkway", carries relatively more in-state traffic than interstate traffic and runs from New Jersey's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May. It is the main route that connects the New York metropolitan area to the Jersey Shore. With a total of fifteen travel and six shoulder lanes, the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway, spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County, is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes as well as one of the busiest.New Jersey is connected to New York City via various key bridges and tunnels. The double-decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world, at 102 million vehicles per year, across fourteen lanes. It connects Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, and carries Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 across the Hudson River. The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey Route 495, and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying Interstate 78. New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges—from north to south, the Bayonne Bridge, the Goethals Bridge, and the Outerbridge Crossing.New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three of its neighboring states. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Delaware River Port Authority (with Pennsylvania), the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (with Pennsylvania), and the Delaware River and Bay Authority (with Delaware) operate most of the major transportation routes in and out of the state. Bridge tolls are collected only from traffic exiting the state, with the exception of the private Dingman's Ferry Bridge over the Delaware River, which charges a toll in both directions.It is unlawful for a customer to serve themselves gasoline in New Jersey. It became the last remaining U.S. state where all gas stations are required to sell full-service gasoline to customers at all times in 2016, after Oregon's introduction of restricted self-service gasoline availability took effect.Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, it is one of the three main airports serving the New York metropolitan area. United Airlines is the airport's largest tenant, operating an entire terminal there, which it uses as one of its primary hubs. FedEx Express operates a large cargo terminal at EWR as well. The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to Amtrak and NJ Transit trains along the Northeast Corridor Line.Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and rapidly growing Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of the state. Teterboro Airport in Bergen County, and Millville Municipal Airport in Cumberland County, are general aviation airports popular with private and corporate aircraft due to their proximity to New York City and the Jersey Shore, respectively.NJ Transit operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state. A state-run corporation, it began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey in 1979. In the early 1980s, it acquired Conrail's commuter train operations that connected suburban towns to New York City. Today, NJ Transit has eleven commuter rail lines that run through different parts of the state. Most of the lines end at either Penn Station in New York City or Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken. One line provides service between Atlantic City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen, through Hoboken and Jersey City. The Newark Light Rail is partially underground, and connects downtown Newark with other parts of the city and its suburbs, Belleville and Bloomfield. The River Line connects Trenton and Camden.The PATH is a rapid transit system consisting of four lines operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It links Hoboken, Jersey City, Harrison and Newark with New York City. The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit system that links Camden County to Philadelphia. Both the PATCO and the PATH are two of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to operate 24 hours a day.Amtrak operates numerous long-distance passenger trains in New Jersey, both to and from neighboring states and around the country. In addition to the Newark Airport connection, other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Transit Center, Metropark, and the historic Newark Penn Station.The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, or SEPTA, has two commuter rail lines that operate into New Jersey. The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center, and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing.AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak/NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport's terminals and parking lots.Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers, of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City.New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, and Edgewater, with service to different parts of Manhattan. Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to Battery Park City in Manhattan. Statue Cruises offers service from Liberty State Park to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, including Ellis Island. SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket.The Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May–Lewes Ferry on Delaware Bay, carrying both passengers and vehicles between New Jersey and Delaware. The agency also operates the Forts Ferry Crossing for passengers across the Delaware River. The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia.The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation. Until 2010, the governor was the only statewide elected executive official in the state and appointed numerous government officials. Formerly, an acting governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as president of the New Jersey State Senate, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process. In 2002 and 2007, president of the state senate Richard Codey held the position of acting governor for a short time, and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long-term acting governor due to Jim McGreevey's resignation. A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming acting governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate. Phil Murphy (D) is the governor. The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton.Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first lieutenant governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19, 2010. She was elected on the Republican ticket with Governor-Elect Chris Christie in the November 2009 NJ gubernatorial election. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8, 2005, and effective as of January 17, 2006.The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947. It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature, consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members. Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one state senator and two Assembly members. Assembly members are elected for a two-year term in all odd-numbered years; state senators are elected in the years ending in 1, 3, and7 and thus serve either four- or two-year terms.New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years. (The others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia.) New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years, in the year following each federal Presidential election year. Thus, the last year when New Jersey elected a governor was 2017; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2021.The New Jersey Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. All are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Justices serve an initial seven-year term, after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70.Most of the day-to-day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Court, where simple traffic tickets, minor criminal offenses, and small civil matters are heard.More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county. All Superior Court judges are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Each judge serves an initial seven-year term, after which he or she can be reappointed to serve until age 70. New Jersey's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity, like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states. The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level; the Law Division hears both criminal cases and civil lawsuits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is damages, while the Chancery Division hears family cases, civil suits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is equitable relief, and probate trials.The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division, which functions as the state's intermediate appellate court. Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice.There is also a Tax Court, which is a court of limited jurisdiction. Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation. They also hear appeals on decisions made by the director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income, sales and business taxes, and homestead rebates. Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court. Tax Court judges are appointed by the governor for initial terms of seven years, and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70. There are 12 Tax Court judgeships.New Jersey is divided into 21 counties; 13 date from the colonial era. New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones; most recently Union County in 1857. New Jersey is the only state in the nation where elected county officials are called "Freeholders", governing each county as part of its own Board of Chosen Freeholders. The number of freeholders in each county is determined by referendum, and must consist of three, five, seven or nine members.Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders or split into separate branches of government. In 16 counties, members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each freeholder assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In the other five counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the Board of Chosen Freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator (or County Manager) may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.New Jersey currently has 565 municipalities; the number was 566 before Princeton Township and Princeton Borough merged to form the municipality of Princeton on January 1, 2013. Unlike other states, all New Jersey land is part of a municipality. In 2008, Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people, to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs. In May 2009, the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation.Starting in the 20th century, largely driven by reform-minded goals, a series of six modern forms of government was implemented. This began with the Walsh Act, enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature, which provided for a three- or five-member commission elected on a non-partisan basis. This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law, which offered a non-partisan council, provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council, and introduced a Council-manager government structure with an appointed manager responsible for day-to-day administration of municipal affairs.The Faulkner Act, originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981, offers four basic plans: Mayor-Council, Council-Manager, Small Municipality, and Mayor-Council-Administrator. The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government: the number of seats on the council; seats selected at-large, by wards, or through a combination of both; staggered or concurrent terms of office; and a mayor chosen by the council or elected directly by voters. Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters. Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature.While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government, they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government, or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms, leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public. For example, though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type, Loch Arbour is the only one remaining with the village form of government. The other three villages—Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter)—have all migrated to other non-village forms.Socially, New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation. Polls indicate that 60% of the population are self-described as pro-choice, although a majority are opposed to late trimester and intact dilation and extraction and public funding of abortion. In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll, a plurality supported same-sex marriage 49% to 43% opposed, On October 18, 2013, the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional, unanimous (7–0) order authorizing same-sex marriage in the state, pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie, who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same-sex marriages took place on October 21, 2013.New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on assault firearms, hollow-nose bullets and slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black-powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.In past elections, New Jersey was a Republican bastion, but recently has become a Democratic stronghold. Currently, New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 26–14, and Assembly, 54–26), a 10–2 split of the state's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. Although the Democratic Party is very successful statewide, the state has had Republican governors; from 1994 to 2002, Christine Todd Whitman won twice with 47% and 49% of the votes, respectively, and in the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine with 48% of the vote. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Christie won reelection with over 60% of the votes. Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party's candidate for governor, the current governor and lieutenant governor are members of the Democratic Party. The governor's appointments to cabinet and non-cabinet positions may be from either party; for instance, the attorney general is a Democrat.In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party. For many years in the past, however, it was a Republican stronghold, having given comfortable margins of victory to the Republican candidate in the close elections of 1948, 1968, and 1976. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrent serving black and Latino U.S. senators.The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (typically the state's most Democratic county—it includes Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (the second-strongest Democratic county, including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).The suburban northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially Morris County, Sussex County, and Warren County. Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, President Barack Obama won New Jersey with approximately fifty-seven percent of the vote, compared to McCain's forty-one percent. Independent candidate Ralph Nader garnered less than one percent of the vote.About one-third of the state's counties are considered "swing" counties, but some go more one way than others. For example, Salem County, the same is true with Passaic County, with a highly populated Hispanic Democratic south (including Paterson, the state's third-largest city) and a rural, Republican north; with the "swing" township of Wayne in the middle. Other "swing" counties like Monmouth County, Somerset County, and Cape May County tend to go Republican, as they also have population in conservative areas, although Somerset has recently trended Democratic.To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 21 days prior to election day.On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey is the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965. Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole".There is also a mineral museum Ogdensburg in Sussex County.Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music, theater, and dance companies and venues located throughout the state, including:New Jersey is the location of most of the boardwalks in the U.S., with nearly every town and city along the Jersey Shore area each having a boardwalk with various attractions, entertainment, shopping, dining, miniature golf, arcades, water parks with various water rides, including water slides, lazy rivers, wave pools, etc., and amusement parks hosting rides and attractions including roller coasters, carousels, Ferris wheels, bumper cars, teacups, etc.
|
[
"William Livingston",
"A. Harry Moore",
"Rodman McCamley Price",
"William Sanford Pennington",
"Charles Creighton Stratton",
"Leon Rutherford Taylor",
"Jon Corzine",
"George C. Ludlow",
"Donald DiFrancesco",
"Clarence Edwards Case",
"Charles Edison",
"Leon Abbett",
"Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr.",
"David Ogden Watkins",
"Brendan Byrne",
"Richard Joseph Hughes",
"Samuel L. Southard",
"Horace Griggs Prall",
"Chris Christie",
"Peter Dumont Vroom",
"Elias P. Seeley",
"Joseph Bloomfield",
"Woodrow Wilson",
"Thomas Henderson",
"Aaron Ogden",
"Morgan Foster Larson",
"Clifford Ross Powell",
"Jim McGreevey",
"Theodore Fitz Randolph",
"James Fairman Fielder",
"Joseph D. Bedle",
"Foster McGowan Voorhees",
"Robert Stockton Green",
"George Brinton McClellan",
"Mahlon Dickerson",
"Franklin Murphy",
"William Nelson Runyon",
"George Sebastian Silzer",
"Harold Giles Hoffman",
"Joel Parker",
"Edward C. Stokes",
"William Thomas Cahill",
"Thomas Kean",
"John Orus Bennett III",
"Walter Evans Edge",
"Alfred Eastlack Driscoll",
"Charles Smith Olden",
"Christine Todd Whitman",
"James Florio",
"John W. Griggs",
"John Lambert",
"Isaac Halstead Williamson",
"Robert Baumle Meyner",
"William Pennington",
"George Franklin Fort",
"William A. Newell",
"Phil Murphy",
"George Theodore Werts",
"William Paterson",
"John Franklin Fort",
"Richard Codey",
"Philemon Dickerson"
] |
|
Who was the head of New Jersey in 1922-08-18?
|
August 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Edward Irving Edwards"
]
}
|
L2_Q1408_P6_40
|
William Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1837 to Oct, 1843.
George Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1851 to Jan, 1854.
A. Harry Moore is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929.
Charles Smith Olden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1863.
Woodrow Wilson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1911 to Mar, 1913.
Rodman McCamley Price is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1857.
Charles Edison is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1944.
Jim McGreevey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Nov, 2004.
John Lambert is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1802 to Oct, 1803.
Harold Giles Hoffman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1938.
Joel Parker is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1866.
Robert Stockton Green is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1890.
William Thomas Cahill is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1974.
Joseph D. Bedle is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1878.
William Livingston is the head of the government of New Jersey from Aug, 1776 to Jul, 1790.
Thomas Henderson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1793 to Jun, 1793.
John Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1911.
Foster McGowan Voorhees is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1898 to Oct, 1898.
Walter Evans Edge is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1917 to May, 1919.
David Ogden Watkins is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1898 to Jan, 1899.
Franklin Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1902 to Jan, 1905.
George Brinton McClellan is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1881.
Peter Dumont Vroom is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1829 to Oct, 1832.
George Theodore Werts is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1893 to Jan, 1896.
George Sebastian Silzer is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1926.
Richard Joseph Hughes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1970.
Chris Christie is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Joseph Bloomfield is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1801 to Oct, 1802.
Horace Griggs Prall is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
Donald DiFrancesco is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr. is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1869.
Brendan Byrne is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982.
Alfred Eastlack Driscoll is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1954.
George C. Ludlow is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
Elias P. Seeley is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1833.
Charles Creighton Stratton is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1845 to Jan, 1848.
Mahlon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1815 to Feb, 1817.
Robert Baumle Meyner is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1962.
Clifford Ross Powell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
William Nelson Runyon is the head of the government of New Jersey from May, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Phil Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Theodore Fitz Randolph is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872.
Morgan Foster Larson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1932.
Philemon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1836 to Oct, 1837.
Isaac Halstead Williamson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1817 to Oct, 1829.
John Orus Bennett III is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Aaron Ogden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1812 to Oct, 1813.
Christine Todd Whitman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2001.
Thomas Kean is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990.
Samuel L. Southard is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Jon Corzine is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
William Paterson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1790 to Mar, 1793.
Edward Irving Edwards is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1923.
James Florio is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1994.
Richard Codey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Leon Abbett is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1887.
Clarence Edwards Case is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1920.
William A. Newell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1860.
William Sanford Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1813 to Jun, 1815.
Leon Rutherford Taylor is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1913 to Jan, 1914.
John W. Griggs is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1898.
James Fairman Fielder is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1913 to Oct, 1913.
Edward C. Stokes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1908.
|
New JerseyNew Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous, with 9,288,994 residents as of 2020 and an area of , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. New Jersey's state capital is Trenton, while the state's most populous city is Newark. All but one county in New Jersey (Warren County) lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia; consequently, the state's largest metropolitan area falls within Greater New York.New Jersey was first inhabited by Native Americans for at least 2,800 years, with the Lenape being the dominant group by the time Europeans arrived in the early 17th century. Dutch and the Swedish colonists founded the first European settlements in the state. The English later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey—after the largest of the Channel Islands, Jersey—and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, factories in the "Big Six" cities of Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, Jersey City, and Elizabeth helped drive the nation's Industrial Revolution. New Jersey's central location in the Northeast megalopolis fueled its rapid growth and suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century. At the turn of the 21st century, the state's economy increasingly diversified, while its multicultural populace began reverting toward more urban settings within the state, outpacing the growth in suburbs since 2008.As of 2020, New Jersey was home to the highest number of millionaires per capita of all U.S. states, with 9.76% of households—more than 323,000 of 3.3 million statewide—meeting the criteria. Based on 2017 data, it was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income. New Jersey's public school system consistently ranks at or among the top among all fifty U.S. states.Around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact. "" is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign: Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf. They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade.The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey. The Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of land ownership was not recognized by the Lenape, Dutch West India Company policy required its colonists to purchase the land that they settled. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen. Peter Minuit's purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. The entire region became a territory of England on June 24, 1664, after an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is now New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam, annexing the entire province.During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the King. It was from the Royal Square in Saint Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II), the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony (as opposed to a royal colony). James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. The area was named the Province of New Jersey.Since the state's inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of , a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings. Unlike Plymouth Colony, Jamestown and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era, and commercial farming developed sporadically. Some townships, such as Burlington on the Delaware River and Perth Amboy, emerged as important ports for shipping to New York City and Philadelphia. The colony's fertile lands and tolerant religious policy drew more settlers, and New Jersey's population had increased to 120,000 by 1775.Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule took place along Hackensack River and Arthur Kill—settlers came primarily from New York and New England. On March 18, 1673, Berkeley sold his half of the colony to Quakers in England, who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony. (William Penn acted as trustee for the lands for a time.) New Jersey was governed very briefly as two distinct provinces, East and West Jersey, for 28 years between 1674 and 1702, at times part of the Province of New York or Dominion of New England.In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a royal governor, rather than a proprietary one. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. Britain believed that he was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land. In 1708 he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused those governors of favoritism to New York. Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738.New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. The was passed July 2, 1776, just two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain. It was an act of the Provincial Congress, which made itself into the State Legislature. To reassure neutrals, it provided that it would become void if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain. New Jersey representatives Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, and Abraham Clark were among those who signed the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.During the American Revolutionary War, British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times, and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Because of this, New Jersey today is often referred to as "The Crossroads of the American Revolution". The winter quarters of the Continental Army were established there twice by General George Washington in Morristown, which has been called "The Military Capital of the American Revolution.“On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River. After the crossing, they surprised and defeated the Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. By evading Cornwallis's army, the Americans made a surprise attack on Princeton and successfully defeated the British forces there on January 3, 1777. Emanuel Leutze's painting of "Washington Crossing the Delaware" became an icon of the Revolution.American forces under Washington met the British forces under General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth in an indecisive engagement in June 1778. The Americans attempted to take the British column by surprise. When the British army attempted to flank the Americans, the Americans retreated in disorder. Their ranks were later reorganized and withstood the British charges.In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University, making Princeton the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the war.On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey, as it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging tariffs on goods imported from Europe. On November 20, 1789, the state became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights.The 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to "all inhabitants" who had a certain level of wealth. This included women and blacks, but not married women, because they could not own property separately from their husbands. Both sides, in several elections, claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of "petticoat electors", whether entitled to vote or not; on the other hand, both parties passed Voting Rights Acts. In 1807, the legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal "white male" suffrage, excluding paupers; the constitution was itself an act of the legislature and not enshrined as the modern constitution.On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage. New Jersey voters eventually ratified the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.Industrialization accelerated in the northern part of the state following completion of the Morris Canal in 1831. The canal allowed for coal to be brought from eastern Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley to northern New Jersey's growing industries in Paterson, Newark, and Jersey City.In 1844, the second state constitution was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the state senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of Mercer County) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1962 by the decision "Baker v. Carr". While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself.New Jersey was one of the few Union states (the others being Delaware and Kentucky) to select a candidate other than Abraham Lincoln twice in national elections, and sided with Stephen Douglas (1860) and George B. McClellan (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan, a native Philadelphian, had New Jersey ties and formally resided in New Jersey at the time; he later became Governor of New Jersey (1878–81). (In New Jersey, the factions of the Democratic party managed an effective coalition in 1860.) During the American Civil War, the state was led first by Republican governor Charles Smith Olden, then by Democrat Joel Parker. During the course of the war, between 65,000 and 80,000 soldiers from the state enlisted in the Union army; unlike many states, including some Northern ones, no battle was fought there.In the Industrial Revolution, cities like Paterson grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more industrialized economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. Inventor Thomas Edison also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been granted 1,093 patents, many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at Menlo Park and then in West Orange, are considered perhaps the first research centers in the United States. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as locomotion and steamboats were introduced to New Jersey.Iron mining was also a leading industry during the middle to late 19th century. Bog iron pits in the southern New Jersey Pinelands were among the first sources of iron for the new nation. Mines such as Mt. Hope, Mine Hill and the Rockaway Valley Mines created a thriving industry. Mining generated the impetus for new towns and was one of the driving forces behind the need for the Morris Canal. Zinc mines were also a major industry, especially the Sterling Hill Mine.New Jersey prospered through the Roaring Twenties. The first Miss America Pageant was held in 1921 in Atlantic City, the Holland Tunnel connecting Jersey City to Manhattan opened in 1927, and the first drive-in movie was shown in 1933 in Camden. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the state offered begging licenses to unemployed residents, the zeppelin airship Hindenburg crashed in flames over Lakehurst, and the SS "Morro Castle" beached itself near Asbury Park after going up in flames while at sea.Through both World Wars, New Jersey was a center for war production, especially naval construction. The Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company yards in Kearny and Newark and the New York Shipbuilding Corporation yard in Camden produced aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, and destroyers. New Jersey manufactured 6.8 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking fifth among the 48 states. In addition, Fort Dix (1917) (originally called "Camp Dix"), Camp Merritt (1917) and Camp Kilmer (1941) were all constructed to house and train American soldiers through both World Wars. New Jersey also became a principal location for defense in the Cold War. Fourteen Nike missile stations were constructed for the defense of the New York City and Philadelphia areas. "PT-109", a motor torpedo boat commanded by Lt. (j.g.) John F. Kennedy in World War II, was built at the Elco Boatworks in Bayonne. The aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise" (CV-6) was briefly docked at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne in the 1950s before she was sent to Kearney to be scrapped. In 1962, the world's first nuclear-powered cargo ship, the NS Savannah, was launched at Camden.In 1951, the New Jersey Turnpike opened, permitting fast travel by car and truck between North Jersey (and metropolitan New York) and South Jersey (and metropolitan Philadelphia). In 1959, Air Defense Command deployed the CIM-10 Bomarc surface-to-air missile to McGuire Air Force Base. On June 7, 1960, an explosion in a CIM-10 Bomarc missile fuel tank caused the accident and subsequent plutonium contamination.In the 1960s, race riots erupted in many of the industrial cities of North Jersey. The first race riots in New Jersey occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964. Several others ensued in 1967, in Newark and Plainfield. Other riots followed the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A riot occurred in Camden in 1971. As a result of an order from the New Jersey Supreme Court to fund schools equitably, the New Jersey legislature passed an income tax bill in 1976. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.In the early part of the 2000s, two light rail systems were opened: the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail in Hudson County and the River Line between Camden and Trenton. The intent of these projects was to encourage transit-oriented development in North Jersey and South Jersey, respectively. The HBLR in particular was credited with a revitalization of Hudson County and Jersey City in particular. Urban revitalization has continued in North Jersey in the 21st century. As of 2014, Jersey City's Census-estimated population was 262,146, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, representing an increase of 5.9% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was enumerated at 247,597. Between 2000 and 2010, Newark experienced its first population increase since the 1950s.The state of New Jersey is bordered on the north and northeast by New York (parts of which are across the Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, the Kill Van Kull, Newark Bay, and the Arthur Kill); on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the southwest by Delaware across Delaware Bay; and on the west by Pennsylvania across the Delaware River. This is New Jersey's only straight border.New Jersey is often broadly divided into three geographic regions: North Jersey, Central Jersey, and South Jersey. Some New Jersey residents do not consider Central Jersey a region in its own right, but others believe it is a separate geographic and cultural area from the North and South.Within those regions are five distinct areas, based upon natural geography and population concentration. Northeastern New Jersey lies closest to Manhattan in New York City, and up to a million residents commute daily into the city for work, many via public transportation. Northwestern New Jersey is more wooded, rural, and mountainous. The Jersey Shore, along the Atlantic Coast in Central and South Jersey, has its own unique natural, residential, and cultural characteristics owing to its location by the ocean. The Delaware Valley includes the southwestern counties of the state, which reside within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. The Pine Barrens region is in the southern interior of New Jersey; covered rather extensively by mixed pine and oak forest, this region has a lower population density than most of the rest of the state.The federal Office of Management and Budget divides New Jersey's counties into seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas, with 16 counties included in either the New York City or Philadelphia metro areas. Four counties have independent metro areas, and Warren County is part of the Pennsylvania-based Lehigh Valley metro area. New Jersey is also at the center of the Northeast megalopolis.High Point, in Montague Township, Sussex County, is the state's highest elevation, at above sea level. The state's highest prominence is Kitty Ann Mountain in Morris County, rising . The Palisades are a line of steep cliffs on the west side of the Hudson River, in Bergen and Hudson Counties. Major New Jersey rivers include the Hudson, Delaware, Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, Musconetcong, Mullica, Rancocas, Manasquan, Maurice, and Toms rivers. Due to New Jersey's peninsular geography, both sunrise and sunset are visible over water from different points on the Jersey Shore.There are two climatic conditions in the state. The south, central, and northeast parts of the state have a humid subtropical climate, while the northwest has a humid continental climate (microthermal), with much cooler temperatures due to higher elevation. New Jersey receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually.Climate change is affecting New Jersey faster than much of the rest of the United States. As of 2019, New Jersey was one of the fastest-warming states in the nation. Since 1895, average temperatures have climbed by almost 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, double the average for the other Lower 48 states.Summers are typically hot and humid, with statewide average high temperatures of and lows of ; however, temperatures exceed on average 25 days each summer, exceeding in some years. Winters are usually cold, with average high temperatures of and lows of for most of the state, but temperatures can, for brief periods, fall below and sometimes rise above . Northwestern parts of the state have significantly colder winters with sub- being an almost annual occurrence. Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations, with lower humidity than summer. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone classification ranges from6 in the northwest of the state, to 7B near Cape May. All-time temperature extremes recorded in New Jersey include on July 10, 1936, in Runyon, Middlesex County and on January 5, 1904, in River Vale, Bergen County.Average annual precipitation ranges from , uniformly spread through the year. Average snowfall per winter season ranges from in the south and near the seacoast, in the northeast and central part of the state, to about in the northwestern highlands, but this often varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year, with 25 to 30 thunderstorms, most of which occur during the summer.During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters", which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States. Hurricanes and tropical storms (such as Tropical Storm Floyd in 1999), tornadoes, and earthquakes are rare, although New Jersey was impacted by a hurricane in 1903, and Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012 with the storm making landfall in the state with top winds of .For its overall population and nation-leading population density, New Jersey has a relative paucity of classic large cities. This paradox is most pronounced in Bergen County, New Jersey's most populous county, whose more than 930,000 residents in 2019 inhabited 70 municipalities, the most populous being Hackensack, with 44,522 residents estimated in 2018. Many urban areas extend far beyond the limits of a single large city, as New Jersey cities (and indeed municipalities in general) tend to be geographically small; three of the four largest cities in New Jersey by population have under of land area, and eight of the top ten, including all of the top five have land area under . , only four municipalities had populations in excess of 100,000, although Edison and Woodbridge came very close.The United States Census Bureau tabulated in the 2020 United States census that the population of New Jersey was 9,288,994 on April 1, 2020, a 5.7% increase since the 2010 United States census. Residents of New Jersey are most commonly referred to as "New Jerseyans" or, less commonly, as "New Jerseyites". At the 2010 census, there were 8,791,894 people living in the state. At the 2010 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic makeup of the state was: 68.6% White American, 13.7% African American, 8.3% Asian American, 0.3% Native American, 2.7% Multiracial American, and 6.4% other races. Non-Hispanic Whites were 58.9% of the population in 2011, down from 85% in 1970. In 2010, 17.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).In 2010, unauthorized immigrants constituted an estimated 6.2% of the population. This was the fourth-highest percentage of any state in the country. There were an estimated 550,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010. Among the municipalities which are considered sanctuary cities are Camden, Jersey City and Newark.As of 2010, New Jersey was the eleventh-most populous state in the United States, and the most densely populated, at 1,185 residents per square mile (458 per km), with most of the population residing in the counties surrounding New York City, Philadelphia, and along the eastern Jersey Shore, while the extreme southern and northwestern counties are relatively less dense overall. It was also the second wealthiest state by median household income, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.The center of population for New Jersey is located in Middlesex County, in the town of Milltown, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike.New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers "per square mile" than anywhere else in the world.On October 21, 2013, same-sex marriages commenced in New Jersey.New Jersey is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse states in the United States. As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white. The state has the second largest Jewish population by percentage (after New York); the second largest Muslim population by percentage (after Michigan); the largest population of Peruvians in the United States; the largest population of Cubans outside of Florida; the third highest Asian population by percentage; and the second highest Italian population, according to the 2000 Census. African Americans, Hispanics (Puerto Ricans and Dominicans), West Indians, Arabs, and Brazilian and Portuguese Americans are also high in number. New Jersey has the third highest Asian Indian population of any state by absolute numbers and the highest by percentage, with Bergen County home to America's largest Malayali community. Overall, New Jersey has the third largest Korean population, with Bergen County home to the highest Korean concentration per capita of any U.S. county (6.9% in 2011). New Jersey also has the fourth largest Filipino population, and fourth largest Chinese population, per the 2010 U.S. Census. The five largest ethnic groups in 2000 were: Italian (17.9%), Irish (15.9%), African (13.6%), German (12.6%), Polish (6.9%).India Square, in Bombay, Jersey City, Hudson County, is home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere. Meanwhile, Central New Jersey, particularly Edison and surrounding Middlesex County, is prominently known for its significant concentration of Asian Indians. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville in 2014, a BAPS temple. The growing Little India is a South Asian-focused commercial strip in Middlesex County, the U.S. county with the highest concentration of Asian Indians. The Oak Tree Road strip runs for about through Edison and neighboring Iselin in Woodbridge Township, near the area's sprawling Chinatown and Koreatown, running along New Jersey Route 27. It is the largest and most diverse South Asian cultural hub in the United States. Carteret's Punjabi Sikh community, variously estimated at upwards of 3,000, is the largest concentration of Sikhs in the state. Monroe Township in Middlesex County has experienced a particularly rapid growth rate in its Indian American population, with an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017, which was 23 times the 256 (0.9%) counted as of the 2000 Census; and Diwali is celebrated by the township as a Hindu holiday. In Middlesex County, election ballots are printed in English, Spanish, Gujarati, Hindi, and Punjabi.Newark was the fourth poorest of U.S. cities with over 250,000 residents in 2008, but New Jersey as a whole had the second-highest median household income as of 2014. This is largely because so much of New Jersey consists of suburbs, most of them affluent, of New York City and Philadelphia. New Jersey is also the most densely populated state, and the only state that has had every one of its counties deemed "urban" as defined by the Census Bureau's Combined Statistical Area.In 2010, 6.2% of its population was reported as under age 5, 23.5% under 18, and 13.5% were 65 or older; and females made up approximately 51.3% of the population.A study by the Pew Research Center found that in 2013, New Jersey was the only U.S. state in which immigrants born in India constituted the largest foreign-born nationality, representing roughly 10% of all foreign-born residents in the state.For further information on various ethnoracial groups and neighborhoods prominently featured within New Jersey, see the following articles:As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's population younger than age1 were minorities (meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white)."Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number."As of 2010, 71.31% (5,830,812) of New Jersey residents age5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 14.59% (1,193,261) spoke Spanish, 1.23% (100,217) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.06% (86,849) Italian, 1.06% (86,486) Portuguese, 0.96% (78,627) Tagalog, and Korean was spoken as a main language by 0.89% (73,057) of the population over the age of five. In total, 28.69% (2,345,644) of New Jersey's population age5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.A diverse collection of languages has since evolved amongst the state's population, given that New Jersey has become cosmopolitan and is home to ethnic enclaves of non-English-speaking communities:By number of adherents, the largest denominations in New Jersey, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2010, were the Roman Catholic Church with 3,235,290; Islam with 160,666; and the United Methodist Church with 138,052. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville, Mercer County, in central New Jersey during 2014, a BAPS temple. In January 2018, Gurbir Grewal became the first Sikh American state attorney general in the United States. In January 2019, Sadaf Jaffer became the first female Muslim American mayor, first female South Asian mayor, and first female Pakistani-American mayor in the United States, of Montgomery in Somerset County.The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey's gross state product in the fourth quarter of 2018 was $639.8 billion. New Jersey's estimated taxpayer burden in 2015 was $59,400 per taxpayer. New Jersey is nearly $239 billion in debt.New Jersey's per capita gross state product in 2008 was $54,699, second in the U.S. and above the national per capita gross domestic product of $46,588. Its per capita income was the third highest in the nation with $51,358. In 2020, New Jersey had the highest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, approximately 9.76% of households. The state is ranked second in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4%. Nine of New Jersey's counties are among the 100 wealthiest U.S. counties.New Jersey has seven tax brackets that determine state income tax rates, which range from 1.4% (for income below $20,000) to 8.97% (for income above $500,000).The standard sales tax rate as of January 1, 2018, is 6.625%, applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law. This rate, which is comparably lower than that of New York City, often attracts numerous shoppers from New York City, often to suburban Paramus, New Jersey, which has five malls, one of which (the Garden State Plaza) has over of retail space. Tax exemptions include most food items for at-home preparation, medications, most clothing, footwear and disposable paper products for use in the home. There are 27 Urban Enterprise Zone statewide, including sections of Paterson, Elizabeth, and Jersey City. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half the rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.New Jersey has the highest cumulative tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9% of income. All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute. New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax, but it does impose an inheritance tax.New Jersey consistently ranks as having one of the highest proportional levels of disparity of any state in the United States, based upon what it receives from the federal government relative to what it gives. In 2015, WalletHub ranked New Jersey the state least dependent upon federal government aid overall and having the fourth lowest return on taxpayer investment from the federal government, at 48 cents per dollar.New Jersey has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation. Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas.New Jersey's economy is multifaceted, but is centered on the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, information technology, the financial industry, chemical development, telecommunications, food processing, electric equipment, printing, publishing, and tourism. New Jersey's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, horses, vegetables, fruits and nuts, seafood, and dairy products. New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach, and fourth in bell peppers, peaches, and head lettuce. The state harvests the fourth-largest number of acres planted with asparagus.Although New Jersey is home to many energy-intensive industries, its energy consumption is only 2.7% of the U.S. total, and its carbon dioxide emissions are 0.8% of the U.S. total. Its comparatively low greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the state's use of nuclear power. According to the Energy Information Administration, nuclear power dominates New Jersey's electricity market, typically supplying more than one-half of state generation. New Jersey has three nuclear power plants, including the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which came online in 1969 and is the oldest operating nuclear plant in the country.New Jersey has a strong scientific economy and is home to major pharmaceutical and telecommunications firms, drawing on the state's large and well-educated labor pool. There is also a strong service economy in retail sales, education, and real estate, serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia. Thomas Edison invented the first electric light bulb at his home in Menlo Park, Edison in 1879. New Jersey is also a key participant in the renewable wind industry.Shipping is a key industry in New Jersey because of the state's strategic geographic location, the Port of New York and New Jersey being the busiest port on the East Coast. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world's first container port and today is one of the world's largest.New Jersey hosts several business headquarters, including twenty-four Fortune 500 companies. Paramus in Bergen County has become the top retail ZIP code (07652) in the United States, with the municipality generating over US$6 billion in annual retail sales. Several New Jersey counties, including Somerset (7), Morris (10), Hunterdon (13), Bergen (21), and Monmouth (42), have been ranked among the highest-income counties in the United States.New Jersey's location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis and its extensive transportation system have put over one-third of all United States residents and many Canadian residents within overnight distance by land. This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.In 1976, a referendum of New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City, where the first legalized casino opened in 1978. At that time, Las Vegas was the only other casino resort in the country. Today, several casinos lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk, the first and longest boardwalk in the world. Atlantic City experienced a dramatic contraction in its stature as a gambling destination after 2010, including the closure of multiple casinos since 2014, spurred by competition from the advent of legalized gambling in other northeastern U.S. states. On February 26, 2013, Governor Chris Christie signed online gambling into law. Sports betting has become a growing source of gambling revenue in New Jersey since being legalized across the nation by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 14, 2018.Forests cover 45%, or approximately 2.1 million acres, of New Jersey's land area. The chief tree of the northern forests is the oak. The Pine Barrens, consisting of pine forests, is in the southern part of the state.Some mining activity of zinc, iron, and manganese still takes place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace.New Jersey is second in the nation in solar power installations, enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies, and the renewable energy certificates program. The state has more than 10,000 solar installations.As of 2010, there were 605 school districts in the state.Secretary of Education Rick Rosenberg, appointed by Governor Jon Corzine, created the Education Advancement Initiative (EAI) to increase college admission rates by 10% for New Jersey's high school students, decrease dropout rates by 15%, and increase the amount of money devoted to schools by 10%. Rosenberg retracted this plan when criticized for taking the money out of healthcare to fund this initiative.In 2010, the state government paid all teachers' premiums for health insurance, but currently all NJ public teachers pay a portion of their own health insurance premiums.New Jersey is known for the quality of its education. In 2015, the state spent more per each public school student than any other U.S. state except New York, Alaska, and Connecticut, amounting to $18,235 spent per pupil; over 50% of the expenditure was allocated to student instruction.According to 2011 "Newsweek" statistics, students of High Technology High School in Lincroft, Monmouth County and Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, Bergen County registered average SAT scores of 2145 and 2100, respectively, representing the second- and third-highest scores, respectively, of all listed U.S. high schools.Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, one of the world's most prominent research universities, is often featured at or near the top of various national and global university rankings, topping the 2020 list of "U.S. News & World Report". In 2013, Rutgers University, headquartered in New Brunswick, Middlesex County as the flagship institution of higher education in New Jersey, regained medical and dental schools, augmenting its profile as a national research university as well.In 2014, New Jersey's school systems were ranked at the top of all fifty U.S. states by financial website Wallethub.com. In 2018, New Jersey's overall educational system was ranked second among all states to Massachusetts by "U.S. News & World Report". In both 2019 and 2020, "Education Week" also ranked New Jersey public schools the best of all U.S. states.Nine New Jersey high schools were ranked among the top 25 in the U.S. on the "Newsweek" "America's Top High Schools 2016" list, more than from any other state. A 2017 UCLA Civil Rights project found that New Jersey has the sixth-most segregated classrooms in the United States.New Jersey has continued to play a prominent role as a U.S. cultural nexus. Like every state, New Jersey has its own cuisine, religious communities, museums, and .New Jersey is the birthplace of modern inventions such as: FM radio, the motion picture camera, the lithium battery, the light bulb, transistors, and the electric train. Other New Jersey creations include: the drive-in movie, the cultivated blueberry, cranberry sauce, the postcard, the boardwalk, the zipper, the phonograph, saltwater taffy, the dirigible, the seedless watermelon, the first use of a submarine in warfare, and the ice cream cone.Diners are iconic to New Jersey. The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has over 600 diners, more than any other place in the world.New Jersey is the only state without a state song. "I'm From New Jersey" is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey state song, but it was not even a contender when in 1996 the New Jersey Arts Council submitted their suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature.New Jersey is frequently the target of jokes in American culture, especially from New York City-based television shows, such as "Saturday Night Live". Academic Michael Aaron Rockland attributes this to New Yorkers' view that New Jersey is the beginning of Middle America. The New Jersey Turnpike, which runs between two major East Coast cities, New York City and Philadelphia, is also cited as a reason, as people who traverse through the state may only see its industrial zones. Reality television shows like "Jersey Shore" and "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" have reinforced stereotypical views of New Jersey culture, but Rockland cited "The Sopranos" and the music of Bruce Springsteen as exporting a more positive image.New Jersey is known for several foods developed within the region, including Taylor Ham (also known as pork roll), sloppy joe sandwiches, tomato pies, and Texas wieners.Several states with substantial Italian American populations take credit for the development of submarine sandwiches, including New Jersey.New Jersey has long been an important origin for both rock and rap music. Prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey include:New Jersey currently has six teams from major professional sports leagues playing in the state, although one Major League Soccer team and two National Football League teams identify themselves as being from the New York metropolitan area.The National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, based in Newark at the Prudential Center, is the only major league sports franchise to bear the state's name. Founded in 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri, as the Kansas City Scouts, the team played in Denver, Colorado, as the Colorado Rockies from 1976 until the spring of 1982 when naval architect, businessman, and Jersey City native John J. McMullen purchased, renamed, and moved the franchise to Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. While the team had mostly losing records in Kansas City, Denver, and its first years in New Jersey, the Devils began to improve in the late 1980s and early 1990s under Hall of Fame president and general manager Lou Lamoriello. The team made the playoffs for the Stanley Cup in 2001 and 2012, and won it in 1995, 2000, and 2003. The organization is the youngest of the nine major league teams in the New York metropolitan area. The Devils have established a following throughout the northern and central portions of the state, carving a place in a media market once dominated by the New York Rangers and Islanders.In 2018, the Philadelphia Flyers renovated and expanded their training facility, the Virtua Center Flyers Skate Zone, in Voorhees Township in the southern portion of the state.The New York Metropolitan Area's two National Football League teams, the New York Giants and the New York Jets, play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. Built for about $1.6 billion, the venue is the most expensive stadium ever built. On February 2, 2014, MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII.The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena, a soccer-specific stadium in Harrison across the Passaic River from downtown Newark. On July 27, 2011, Red Bull Arena hosted the 2011 MLS All-Star Game.From 1977 to 2012, New Jersey had a National Basketball Association team, the New Jersey Nets. WNBA's New York Liberty played in New Jersey from 2011 to 2013 while their primary home arena, Madison Square Garden was undergoing renovations. In 2016, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA opened their new headquarters and training facility, the Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex, in Camden.The Meadowlands Sports Complex is home to the Meadowlands Racetrack, one of three major harness racing tracks in the state. The Meadowlands Racetrack and Freehold Raceway in Freehold are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America. Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is a popular spot for thoroughbred racing in New Jersey and the northeast. It hosted the Breeders' Cup in 2007, and its turf course was renovated in preparation.New Jerseyans' collegiate allegiances are predominantly split among the three major NCAA Division I programs in the state: the Rutgers University (New Jersey's flagship state university) Scarlet Knights, members of the Big Ten Conference; the Seton Hall University (the state's largest Catholic university) Pirates, members of the Big East Conference; and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers.The intense rivalry between Rutgers and Princeton athletics began with the first intercollegiate football game in 1869. The schools have not met on the football field since 1980, but they continue to play each other annually in all other sports offered by the two universities.Rutgers, which fields 24 teams in various sports, is nationally known for its football program, with a 6–4 all-time bowl record; and its women's basketball programs, which appeared in a National Final in 2007. In 2008 and 2009, Rutgers expanded their football home, Rutgers Stadium, now called SHI Stadium, on the Busch Campus. The basketball teams play at the Rutgers Athletic Center on Livingston Campus. Both venues and campuses are in Piscataway, across the Raritan River from New Brunswick. The university also fields men's basketball and baseball programs. Rutgers' fans live mostly in the western parts of the state and Middlesex County; its alumni base is the largest in the state.Rutgers' satellite campuses in Camden and Newark each field their own athletic programs—the Rutgers–Camden Scarlet Raptors and the Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders—which both compete in NCAA Division III.Seton Hall fields no football team, but its men's basketball team is one of the Big East's storied programs. No New Jersey team has won more games in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, and it is the state's only men's basketball program to reach a modern National Final. The Pirates play their home games at Prudential Center in downtown Newark, about from the university's South Orange campus. Their fans hail largely from in the predominantly Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore. The annual inter-conference rivalry game between Seton Hall and Rutgers, whose venue alternates between Newark and Piscataway, the Garden State Hardwood Classic, is planned through 2026.The state's other Division I schools include the Monmouth University Hawks (West Long Branch), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Highlanders (Newark), the Rider University Broncs (Lawrenceville), and the Saint Peter's University Peacocks and Peahens (Jersey City).Fairleigh Dickinson University competes in both Division I and Division III. It has two campuses, each with its own sports teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the FDU Knights, and compete in the Northeast Conference and NCAA Division I. The college at Florham (FDU-Florham) teams are known as the FDU-Florham Devils and compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' Freedom Conference and NCAA Division III.Among the various Division III schools in the state, the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks have fielded the longest continuously running collegiate men's lacrosse program in the country. 2009 marked the 125th season.New Jersey high schools are divided into divisions under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).' Founded in 1918, the NJSIAA currently represents 22,000 schools, 330,000 coaches, and almost 4.5 million athletes.Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison, with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory. Edison's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio. America's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909. DuMont Laboratories in Passaic developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home.A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey. Since 1978, the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in-state. New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers. Governor Chris Christie suspended the credits in 2010, but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program. Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly, the program offers 20 percent tax credits (22% in urban enterprise zones) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending. When Governor Phil Murphy took office, he instated the New Jersey Film & Digital Media Tax Credit Program in 2018 and expanded it in 2020. The benefits include a 30% tax credit on film projects and a 40% subsidy for studio developments.The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the most prominent and heavily trafficked roadways in the United States. This toll road, which overlaps with Interstate 95 for much of its length, carries traffic between Delaware and New York, and up and down the East Coast in general. Commonly referred to as simply "the Turnpike", it is known for its numerous rest areas named after prominent New Jerseyans.The Garden State Parkway, or simply "the Parkway", carries relatively more in-state traffic than interstate traffic and runs from New Jersey's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May. It is the main route that connects the New York metropolitan area to the Jersey Shore. With a total of fifteen travel and six shoulder lanes, the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway, spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County, is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes as well as one of the busiest.New Jersey is connected to New York City via various key bridges and tunnels. The double-decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world, at 102 million vehicles per year, across fourteen lanes. It connects Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, and carries Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 across the Hudson River. The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey Route 495, and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying Interstate 78. New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges—from north to south, the Bayonne Bridge, the Goethals Bridge, and the Outerbridge Crossing.New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three of its neighboring states. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Delaware River Port Authority (with Pennsylvania), the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (with Pennsylvania), and the Delaware River and Bay Authority (with Delaware) operate most of the major transportation routes in and out of the state. Bridge tolls are collected only from traffic exiting the state, with the exception of the private Dingman's Ferry Bridge over the Delaware River, which charges a toll in both directions.It is unlawful for a customer to serve themselves gasoline in New Jersey. It became the last remaining U.S. state where all gas stations are required to sell full-service gasoline to customers at all times in 2016, after Oregon's introduction of restricted self-service gasoline availability took effect.Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, it is one of the three main airports serving the New York metropolitan area. United Airlines is the airport's largest tenant, operating an entire terminal there, which it uses as one of its primary hubs. FedEx Express operates a large cargo terminal at EWR as well. The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to Amtrak and NJ Transit trains along the Northeast Corridor Line.Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and rapidly growing Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of the state. Teterboro Airport in Bergen County, and Millville Municipal Airport in Cumberland County, are general aviation airports popular with private and corporate aircraft due to their proximity to New York City and the Jersey Shore, respectively.NJ Transit operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state. A state-run corporation, it began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey in 1979. In the early 1980s, it acquired Conrail's commuter train operations that connected suburban towns to New York City. Today, NJ Transit has eleven commuter rail lines that run through different parts of the state. Most of the lines end at either Penn Station in New York City or Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken. One line provides service between Atlantic City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen, through Hoboken and Jersey City. The Newark Light Rail is partially underground, and connects downtown Newark with other parts of the city and its suburbs, Belleville and Bloomfield. The River Line connects Trenton and Camden.The PATH is a rapid transit system consisting of four lines operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It links Hoboken, Jersey City, Harrison and Newark with New York City. The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit system that links Camden County to Philadelphia. Both the PATCO and the PATH are two of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to operate 24 hours a day.Amtrak operates numerous long-distance passenger trains in New Jersey, both to and from neighboring states and around the country. In addition to the Newark Airport connection, other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Transit Center, Metropark, and the historic Newark Penn Station.The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, or SEPTA, has two commuter rail lines that operate into New Jersey. The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center, and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing.AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak/NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport's terminals and parking lots.Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers, of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City.New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, and Edgewater, with service to different parts of Manhattan. Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to Battery Park City in Manhattan. Statue Cruises offers service from Liberty State Park to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, including Ellis Island. SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket.The Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May–Lewes Ferry on Delaware Bay, carrying both passengers and vehicles between New Jersey and Delaware. The agency also operates the Forts Ferry Crossing for passengers across the Delaware River. The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia.The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation. Until 2010, the governor was the only statewide elected executive official in the state and appointed numerous government officials. Formerly, an acting governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as president of the New Jersey State Senate, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process. In 2002 and 2007, president of the state senate Richard Codey held the position of acting governor for a short time, and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long-term acting governor due to Jim McGreevey's resignation. A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming acting governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate. Phil Murphy (D) is the governor. The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton.Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first lieutenant governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19, 2010. She was elected on the Republican ticket with Governor-Elect Chris Christie in the November 2009 NJ gubernatorial election. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8, 2005, and effective as of January 17, 2006.The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947. It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature, consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members. Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one state senator and two Assembly members. Assembly members are elected for a two-year term in all odd-numbered years; state senators are elected in the years ending in 1, 3, and7 and thus serve either four- or two-year terms.New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years. (The others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia.) New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years, in the year following each federal Presidential election year. Thus, the last year when New Jersey elected a governor was 2017; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2021.The New Jersey Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. All are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Justices serve an initial seven-year term, after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70.Most of the day-to-day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Court, where simple traffic tickets, minor criminal offenses, and small civil matters are heard.More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county. All Superior Court judges are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Each judge serves an initial seven-year term, after which he or she can be reappointed to serve until age 70. New Jersey's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity, like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states. The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level; the Law Division hears both criminal cases and civil lawsuits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is damages, while the Chancery Division hears family cases, civil suits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is equitable relief, and probate trials.The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division, which functions as the state's intermediate appellate court. Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice.There is also a Tax Court, which is a court of limited jurisdiction. Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation. They also hear appeals on decisions made by the director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income, sales and business taxes, and homestead rebates. Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court. Tax Court judges are appointed by the governor for initial terms of seven years, and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70. There are 12 Tax Court judgeships.New Jersey is divided into 21 counties; 13 date from the colonial era. New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones; most recently Union County in 1857. New Jersey is the only state in the nation where elected county officials are called "Freeholders", governing each county as part of its own Board of Chosen Freeholders. The number of freeholders in each county is determined by referendum, and must consist of three, five, seven or nine members.Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders or split into separate branches of government. In 16 counties, members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each freeholder assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In the other five counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the Board of Chosen Freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator (or County Manager) may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.New Jersey currently has 565 municipalities; the number was 566 before Princeton Township and Princeton Borough merged to form the municipality of Princeton on January 1, 2013. Unlike other states, all New Jersey land is part of a municipality. In 2008, Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people, to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs. In May 2009, the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation.Starting in the 20th century, largely driven by reform-minded goals, a series of six modern forms of government was implemented. This began with the Walsh Act, enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature, which provided for a three- or five-member commission elected on a non-partisan basis. This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law, which offered a non-partisan council, provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council, and introduced a Council-manager government structure with an appointed manager responsible for day-to-day administration of municipal affairs.The Faulkner Act, originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981, offers four basic plans: Mayor-Council, Council-Manager, Small Municipality, and Mayor-Council-Administrator. The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government: the number of seats on the council; seats selected at-large, by wards, or through a combination of both; staggered or concurrent terms of office; and a mayor chosen by the council or elected directly by voters. Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters. Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature.While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government, they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government, or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms, leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public. For example, though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type, Loch Arbour is the only one remaining with the village form of government. The other three villages—Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter)—have all migrated to other non-village forms.Socially, New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation. Polls indicate that 60% of the population are self-described as pro-choice, although a majority are opposed to late trimester and intact dilation and extraction and public funding of abortion. In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll, a plurality supported same-sex marriage 49% to 43% opposed, On October 18, 2013, the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional, unanimous (7–0) order authorizing same-sex marriage in the state, pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie, who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same-sex marriages took place on October 21, 2013.New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on assault firearms, hollow-nose bullets and slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black-powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.In past elections, New Jersey was a Republican bastion, but recently has become a Democratic stronghold. Currently, New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 26–14, and Assembly, 54–26), a 10–2 split of the state's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. Although the Democratic Party is very successful statewide, the state has had Republican governors; from 1994 to 2002, Christine Todd Whitman won twice with 47% and 49% of the votes, respectively, and in the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine with 48% of the vote. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Christie won reelection with over 60% of the votes. Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party's candidate for governor, the current governor and lieutenant governor are members of the Democratic Party. The governor's appointments to cabinet and non-cabinet positions may be from either party; for instance, the attorney general is a Democrat.In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party. For many years in the past, however, it was a Republican stronghold, having given comfortable margins of victory to the Republican candidate in the close elections of 1948, 1968, and 1976. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrent serving black and Latino U.S. senators.The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (typically the state's most Democratic county—it includes Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (the second-strongest Democratic county, including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).The suburban northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially Morris County, Sussex County, and Warren County. Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, President Barack Obama won New Jersey with approximately fifty-seven percent of the vote, compared to McCain's forty-one percent. Independent candidate Ralph Nader garnered less than one percent of the vote.About one-third of the state's counties are considered "swing" counties, but some go more one way than others. For example, Salem County, the same is true with Passaic County, with a highly populated Hispanic Democratic south (including Paterson, the state's third-largest city) and a rural, Republican north; with the "swing" township of Wayne in the middle. Other "swing" counties like Monmouth County, Somerset County, and Cape May County tend to go Republican, as they also have population in conservative areas, although Somerset has recently trended Democratic.To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 21 days prior to election day.On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey is the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965. Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole".There is also a mineral museum Ogdensburg in Sussex County.Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music, theater, and dance companies and venues located throughout the state, including:New Jersey is the location of most of the boardwalks in the U.S., with nearly every town and city along the Jersey Shore area each having a boardwalk with various attractions, entertainment, shopping, dining, miniature golf, arcades, water parks with various water rides, including water slides, lazy rivers, wave pools, etc., and amusement parks hosting rides and attractions including roller coasters, carousels, Ferris wheels, bumper cars, teacups, etc.
|
[
"William Livingston",
"A. Harry Moore",
"Rodman McCamley Price",
"William Sanford Pennington",
"Charles Creighton Stratton",
"Leon Rutherford Taylor",
"Jon Corzine",
"George C. Ludlow",
"Donald DiFrancesco",
"Clarence Edwards Case",
"Charles Edison",
"Leon Abbett",
"Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr.",
"David Ogden Watkins",
"Brendan Byrne",
"Richard Joseph Hughes",
"Samuel L. Southard",
"Horace Griggs Prall",
"Chris Christie",
"Peter Dumont Vroom",
"Elias P. Seeley",
"Joseph Bloomfield",
"Woodrow Wilson",
"Thomas Henderson",
"Aaron Ogden",
"Morgan Foster Larson",
"Clifford Ross Powell",
"Jim McGreevey",
"Theodore Fitz Randolph",
"James Fairman Fielder",
"Joseph D. Bedle",
"Foster McGowan Voorhees",
"Robert Stockton Green",
"George Brinton McClellan",
"Mahlon Dickerson",
"Franklin Murphy",
"William Nelson Runyon",
"George Sebastian Silzer",
"Harold Giles Hoffman",
"Joel Parker",
"Edward C. Stokes",
"William Thomas Cahill",
"Thomas Kean",
"John Orus Bennett III",
"Walter Evans Edge",
"Alfred Eastlack Driscoll",
"Charles Smith Olden",
"Christine Todd Whitman",
"James Florio",
"John W. Griggs",
"John Lambert",
"Isaac Halstead Williamson",
"Robert Baumle Meyner",
"William Pennington",
"George Franklin Fort",
"William A. Newell",
"Phil Murphy",
"George Theodore Werts",
"William Paterson",
"John Franklin Fort",
"Richard Codey",
"Philemon Dickerson"
] |
|
Who was the head of New Jersey in 18/08/1922?
|
August 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Edward Irving Edwards"
]
}
|
L2_Q1408_P6_40
|
William Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1837 to Oct, 1843.
George Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1851 to Jan, 1854.
A. Harry Moore is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929.
Charles Smith Olden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1863.
Woodrow Wilson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1911 to Mar, 1913.
Rodman McCamley Price is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1857.
Charles Edison is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1944.
Jim McGreevey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Nov, 2004.
John Lambert is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1802 to Oct, 1803.
Harold Giles Hoffman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1938.
Joel Parker is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1866.
Robert Stockton Green is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1890.
William Thomas Cahill is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1974.
Joseph D. Bedle is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1878.
William Livingston is the head of the government of New Jersey from Aug, 1776 to Jul, 1790.
Thomas Henderson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1793 to Jun, 1793.
John Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1911.
Foster McGowan Voorhees is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1898 to Oct, 1898.
Walter Evans Edge is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1917 to May, 1919.
David Ogden Watkins is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1898 to Jan, 1899.
Franklin Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1902 to Jan, 1905.
George Brinton McClellan is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1881.
Peter Dumont Vroom is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1829 to Oct, 1832.
George Theodore Werts is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1893 to Jan, 1896.
George Sebastian Silzer is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1926.
Richard Joseph Hughes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1970.
Chris Christie is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Joseph Bloomfield is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1801 to Oct, 1802.
Horace Griggs Prall is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
Donald DiFrancesco is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr. is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1869.
Brendan Byrne is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982.
Alfred Eastlack Driscoll is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1954.
George C. Ludlow is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
Elias P. Seeley is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1833.
Charles Creighton Stratton is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1845 to Jan, 1848.
Mahlon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1815 to Feb, 1817.
Robert Baumle Meyner is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1962.
Clifford Ross Powell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
William Nelson Runyon is the head of the government of New Jersey from May, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Phil Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Theodore Fitz Randolph is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872.
Morgan Foster Larson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1932.
Philemon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1836 to Oct, 1837.
Isaac Halstead Williamson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1817 to Oct, 1829.
John Orus Bennett III is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Aaron Ogden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1812 to Oct, 1813.
Christine Todd Whitman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2001.
Thomas Kean is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990.
Samuel L. Southard is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Jon Corzine is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
William Paterson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1790 to Mar, 1793.
Edward Irving Edwards is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1923.
James Florio is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1994.
Richard Codey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Leon Abbett is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1887.
Clarence Edwards Case is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1920.
William A. Newell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1860.
William Sanford Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1813 to Jun, 1815.
Leon Rutherford Taylor is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1913 to Jan, 1914.
John W. Griggs is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1898.
James Fairman Fielder is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1913 to Oct, 1913.
Edward C. Stokes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1908.
|
New JerseyNew Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous, with 9,288,994 residents as of 2020 and an area of , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. New Jersey's state capital is Trenton, while the state's most populous city is Newark. All but one county in New Jersey (Warren County) lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia; consequently, the state's largest metropolitan area falls within Greater New York.New Jersey was first inhabited by Native Americans for at least 2,800 years, with the Lenape being the dominant group by the time Europeans arrived in the early 17th century. Dutch and the Swedish colonists founded the first European settlements in the state. The English later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey—after the largest of the Channel Islands, Jersey—and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, factories in the "Big Six" cities of Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, Jersey City, and Elizabeth helped drive the nation's Industrial Revolution. New Jersey's central location in the Northeast megalopolis fueled its rapid growth and suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century. At the turn of the 21st century, the state's economy increasingly diversified, while its multicultural populace began reverting toward more urban settings within the state, outpacing the growth in suburbs since 2008.As of 2020, New Jersey was home to the highest number of millionaires per capita of all U.S. states, with 9.76% of households—more than 323,000 of 3.3 million statewide—meeting the criteria. Based on 2017 data, it was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income. New Jersey's public school system consistently ranks at or among the top among all fifty U.S. states.Around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact. "" is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign: Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf. They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade.The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey. The Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of land ownership was not recognized by the Lenape, Dutch West India Company policy required its colonists to purchase the land that they settled. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen. Peter Minuit's purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. The entire region became a territory of England on June 24, 1664, after an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is now New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam, annexing the entire province.During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the King. It was from the Royal Square in Saint Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II), the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony (as opposed to a royal colony). James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. The area was named the Province of New Jersey.Since the state's inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of , a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings. Unlike Plymouth Colony, Jamestown and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era, and commercial farming developed sporadically. Some townships, such as Burlington on the Delaware River and Perth Amboy, emerged as important ports for shipping to New York City and Philadelphia. The colony's fertile lands and tolerant religious policy drew more settlers, and New Jersey's population had increased to 120,000 by 1775.Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule took place along Hackensack River and Arthur Kill—settlers came primarily from New York and New England. On March 18, 1673, Berkeley sold his half of the colony to Quakers in England, who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony. (William Penn acted as trustee for the lands for a time.) New Jersey was governed very briefly as two distinct provinces, East and West Jersey, for 28 years between 1674 and 1702, at times part of the Province of New York or Dominion of New England.In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a royal governor, rather than a proprietary one. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. Britain believed that he was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land. In 1708 he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused those governors of favoritism to New York. Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738.New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. The was passed July 2, 1776, just two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain. It was an act of the Provincial Congress, which made itself into the State Legislature. To reassure neutrals, it provided that it would become void if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain. New Jersey representatives Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, and Abraham Clark were among those who signed the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.During the American Revolutionary War, British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times, and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Because of this, New Jersey today is often referred to as "The Crossroads of the American Revolution". The winter quarters of the Continental Army were established there twice by General George Washington in Morristown, which has been called "The Military Capital of the American Revolution.“On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River. After the crossing, they surprised and defeated the Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. By evading Cornwallis's army, the Americans made a surprise attack on Princeton and successfully defeated the British forces there on January 3, 1777. Emanuel Leutze's painting of "Washington Crossing the Delaware" became an icon of the Revolution.American forces under Washington met the British forces under General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth in an indecisive engagement in June 1778. The Americans attempted to take the British column by surprise. When the British army attempted to flank the Americans, the Americans retreated in disorder. Their ranks were later reorganized and withstood the British charges.In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University, making Princeton the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the war.On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey, as it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging tariffs on goods imported from Europe. On November 20, 1789, the state became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights.The 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to "all inhabitants" who had a certain level of wealth. This included women and blacks, but not married women, because they could not own property separately from their husbands. Both sides, in several elections, claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of "petticoat electors", whether entitled to vote or not; on the other hand, both parties passed Voting Rights Acts. In 1807, the legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal "white male" suffrage, excluding paupers; the constitution was itself an act of the legislature and not enshrined as the modern constitution.On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage. New Jersey voters eventually ratified the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.Industrialization accelerated in the northern part of the state following completion of the Morris Canal in 1831. The canal allowed for coal to be brought from eastern Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley to northern New Jersey's growing industries in Paterson, Newark, and Jersey City.In 1844, the second state constitution was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the state senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of Mercer County) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1962 by the decision "Baker v. Carr". While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself.New Jersey was one of the few Union states (the others being Delaware and Kentucky) to select a candidate other than Abraham Lincoln twice in national elections, and sided with Stephen Douglas (1860) and George B. McClellan (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan, a native Philadelphian, had New Jersey ties and formally resided in New Jersey at the time; he later became Governor of New Jersey (1878–81). (In New Jersey, the factions of the Democratic party managed an effective coalition in 1860.) During the American Civil War, the state was led first by Republican governor Charles Smith Olden, then by Democrat Joel Parker. During the course of the war, between 65,000 and 80,000 soldiers from the state enlisted in the Union army; unlike many states, including some Northern ones, no battle was fought there.In the Industrial Revolution, cities like Paterson grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more industrialized economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. Inventor Thomas Edison also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been granted 1,093 patents, many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at Menlo Park and then in West Orange, are considered perhaps the first research centers in the United States. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as locomotion and steamboats were introduced to New Jersey.Iron mining was also a leading industry during the middle to late 19th century. Bog iron pits in the southern New Jersey Pinelands were among the first sources of iron for the new nation. Mines such as Mt. Hope, Mine Hill and the Rockaway Valley Mines created a thriving industry. Mining generated the impetus for new towns and was one of the driving forces behind the need for the Morris Canal. Zinc mines were also a major industry, especially the Sterling Hill Mine.New Jersey prospered through the Roaring Twenties. The first Miss America Pageant was held in 1921 in Atlantic City, the Holland Tunnel connecting Jersey City to Manhattan opened in 1927, and the first drive-in movie was shown in 1933 in Camden. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the state offered begging licenses to unemployed residents, the zeppelin airship Hindenburg crashed in flames over Lakehurst, and the SS "Morro Castle" beached itself near Asbury Park after going up in flames while at sea.Through both World Wars, New Jersey was a center for war production, especially naval construction. The Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company yards in Kearny and Newark and the New York Shipbuilding Corporation yard in Camden produced aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, and destroyers. New Jersey manufactured 6.8 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking fifth among the 48 states. In addition, Fort Dix (1917) (originally called "Camp Dix"), Camp Merritt (1917) and Camp Kilmer (1941) were all constructed to house and train American soldiers through both World Wars. New Jersey also became a principal location for defense in the Cold War. Fourteen Nike missile stations were constructed for the defense of the New York City and Philadelphia areas. "PT-109", a motor torpedo boat commanded by Lt. (j.g.) John F. Kennedy in World War II, was built at the Elco Boatworks in Bayonne. The aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise" (CV-6) was briefly docked at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne in the 1950s before she was sent to Kearney to be scrapped. In 1962, the world's first nuclear-powered cargo ship, the NS Savannah, was launched at Camden.In 1951, the New Jersey Turnpike opened, permitting fast travel by car and truck between North Jersey (and metropolitan New York) and South Jersey (and metropolitan Philadelphia). In 1959, Air Defense Command deployed the CIM-10 Bomarc surface-to-air missile to McGuire Air Force Base. On June 7, 1960, an explosion in a CIM-10 Bomarc missile fuel tank caused the accident and subsequent plutonium contamination.In the 1960s, race riots erupted in many of the industrial cities of North Jersey. The first race riots in New Jersey occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964. Several others ensued in 1967, in Newark and Plainfield. Other riots followed the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A riot occurred in Camden in 1971. As a result of an order from the New Jersey Supreme Court to fund schools equitably, the New Jersey legislature passed an income tax bill in 1976. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.In the early part of the 2000s, two light rail systems were opened: the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail in Hudson County and the River Line between Camden and Trenton. The intent of these projects was to encourage transit-oriented development in North Jersey and South Jersey, respectively. The HBLR in particular was credited with a revitalization of Hudson County and Jersey City in particular. Urban revitalization has continued in North Jersey in the 21st century. As of 2014, Jersey City's Census-estimated population was 262,146, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, representing an increase of 5.9% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was enumerated at 247,597. Between 2000 and 2010, Newark experienced its first population increase since the 1950s.The state of New Jersey is bordered on the north and northeast by New York (parts of which are across the Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, the Kill Van Kull, Newark Bay, and the Arthur Kill); on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the southwest by Delaware across Delaware Bay; and on the west by Pennsylvania across the Delaware River. This is New Jersey's only straight border.New Jersey is often broadly divided into three geographic regions: North Jersey, Central Jersey, and South Jersey. Some New Jersey residents do not consider Central Jersey a region in its own right, but others believe it is a separate geographic and cultural area from the North and South.Within those regions are five distinct areas, based upon natural geography and population concentration. Northeastern New Jersey lies closest to Manhattan in New York City, and up to a million residents commute daily into the city for work, many via public transportation. Northwestern New Jersey is more wooded, rural, and mountainous. The Jersey Shore, along the Atlantic Coast in Central and South Jersey, has its own unique natural, residential, and cultural characteristics owing to its location by the ocean. The Delaware Valley includes the southwestern counties of the state, which reside within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. The Pine Barrens region is in the southern interior of New Jersey; covered rather extensively by mixed pine and oak forest, this region has a lower population density than most of the rest of the state.The federal Office of Management and Budget divides New Jersey's counties into seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas, with 16 counties included in either the New York City or Philadelphia metro areas. Four counties have independent metro areas, and Warren County is part of the Pennsylvania-based Lehigh Valley metro area. New Jersey is also at the center of the Northeast megalopolis.High Point, in Montague Township, Sussex County, is the state's highest elevation, at above sea level. The state's highest prominence is Kitty Ann Mountain in Morris County, rising . The Palisades are a line of steep cliffs on the west side of the Hudson River, in Bergen and Hudson Counties. Major New Jersey rivers include the Hudson, Delaware, Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, Musconetcong, Mullica, Rancocas, Manasquan, Maurice, and Toms rivers. Due to New Jersey's peninsular geography, both sunrise and sunset are visible over water from different points on the Jersey Shore.There are two climatic conditions in the state. The south, central, and northeast parts of the state have a humid subtropical climate, while the northwest has a humid continental climate (microthermal), with much cooler temperatures due to higher elevation. New Jersey receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually.Climate change is affecting New Jersey faster than much of the rest of the United States. As of 2019, New Jersey was one of the fastest-warming states in the nation. Since 1895, average temperatures have climbed by almost 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, double the average for the other Lower 48 states.Summers are typically hot and humid, with statewide average high temperatures of and lows of ; however, temperatures exceed on average 25 days each summer, exceeding in some years. Winters are usually cold, with average high temperatures of and lows of for most of the state, but temperatures can, for brief periods, fall below and sometimes rise above . Northwestern parts of the state have significantly colder winters with sub- being an almost annual occurrence. Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations, with lower humidity than summer. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone classification ranges from6 in the northwest of the state, to 7B near Cape May. All-time temperature extremes recorded in New Jersey include on July 10, 1936, in Runyon, Middlesex County and on January 5, 1904, in River Vale, Bergen County.Average annual precipitation ranges from , uniformly spread through the year. Average snowfall per winter season ranges from in the south and near the seacoast, in the northeast and central part of the state, to about in the northwestern highlands, but this often varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year, with 25 to 30 thunderstorms, most of which occur during the summer.During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters", which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States. Hurricanes and tropical storms (such as Tropical Storm Floyd in 1999), tornadoes, and earthquakes are rare, although New Jersey was impacted by a hurricane in 1903, and Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012 with the storm making landfall in the state with top winds of .For its overall population and nation-leading population density, New Jersey has a relative paucity of classic large cities. This paradox is most pronounced in Bergen County, New Jersey's most populous county, whose more than 930,000 residents in 2019 inhabited 70 municipalities, the most populous being Hackensack, with 44,522 residents estimated in 2018. Many urban areas extend far beyond the limits of a single large city, as New Jersey cities (and indeed municipalities in general) tend to be geographically small; three of the four largest cities in New Jersey by population have under of land area, and eight of the top ten, including all of the top five have land area under . , only four municipalities had populations in excess of 100,000, although Edison and Woodbridge came very close.The United States Census Bureau tabulated in the 2020 United States census that the population of New Jersey was 9,288,994 on April 1, 2020, a 5.7% increase since the 2010 United States census. Residents of New Jersey are most commonly referred to as "New Jerseyans" or, less commonly, as "New Jerseyites". At the 2010 census, there were 8,791,894 people living in the state. At the 2010 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic makeup of the state was: 68.6% White American, 13.7% African American, 8.3% Asian American, 0.3% Native American, 2.7% Multiracial American, and 6.4% other races. Non-Hispanic Whites were 58.9% of the population in 2011, down from 85% in 1970. In 2010, 17.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).In 2010, unauthorized immigrants constituted an estimated 6.2% of the population. This was the fourth-highest percentage of any state in the country. There were an estimated 550,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010. Among the municipalities which are considered sanctuary cities are Camden, Jersey City and Newark.As of 2010, New Jersey was the eleventh-most populous state in the United States, and the most densely populated, at 1,185 residents per square mile (458 per km), with most of the population residing in the counties surrounding New York City, Philadelphia, and along the eastern Jersey Shore, while the extreme southern and northwestern counties are relatively less dense overall. It was also the second wealthiest state by median household income, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.The center of population for New Jersey is located in Middlesex County, in the town of Milltown, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike.New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers "per square mile" than anywhere else in the world.On October 21, 2013, same-sex marriages commenced in New Jersey.New Jersey is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse states in the United States. As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white. The state has the second largest Jewish population by percentage (after New York); the second largest Muslim population by percentage (after Michigan); the largest population of Peruvians in the United States; the largest population of Cubans outside of Florida; the third highest Asian population by percentage; and the second highest Italian population, according to the 2000 Census. African Americans, Hispanics (Puerto Ricans and Dominicans), West Indians, Arabs, and Brazilian and Portuguese Americans are also high in number. New Jersey has the third highest Asian Indian population of any state by absolute numbers and the highest by percentage, with Bergen County home to America's largest Malayali community. Overall, New Jersey has the third largest Korean population, with Bergen County home to the highest Korean concentration per capita of any U.S. county (6.9% in 2011). New Jersey also has the fourth largest Filipino population, and fourth largest Chinese population, per the 2010 U.S. Census. The five largest ethnic groups in 2000 were: Italian (17.9%), Irish (15.9%), African (13.6%), German (12.6%), Polish (6.9%).India Square, in Bombay, Jersey City, Hudson County, is home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere. Meanwhile, Central New Jersey, particularly Edison and surrounding Middlesex County, is prominently known for its significant concentration of Asian Indians. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville in 2014, a BAPS temple. The growing Little India is a South Asian-focused commercial strip in Middlesex County, the U.S. county with the highest concentration of Asian Indians. The Oak Tree Road strip runs for about through Edison and neighboring Iselin in Woodbridge Township, near the area's sprawling Chinatown and Koreatown, running along New Jersey Route 27. It is the largest and most diverse South Asian cultural hub in the United States. Carteret's Punjabi Sikh community, variously estimated at upwards of 3,000, is the largest concentration of Sikhs in the state. Monroe Township in Middlesex County has experienced a particularly rapid growth rate in its Indian American population, with an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017, which was 23 times the 256 (0.9%) counted as of the 2000 Census; and Diwali is celebrated by the township as a Hindu holiday. In Middlesex County, election ballots are printed in English, Spanish, Gujarati, Hindi, and Punjabi.Newark was the fourth poorest of U.S. cities with over 250,000 residents in 2008, but New Jersey as a whole had the second-highest median household income as of 2014. This is largely because so much of New Jersey consists of suburbs, most of them affluent, of New York City and Philadelphia. New Jersey is also the most densely populated state, and the only state that has had every one of its counties deemed "urban" as defined by the Census Bureau's Combined Statistical Area.In 2010, 6.2% of its population was reported as under age 5, 23.5% under 18, and 13.5% were 65 or older; and females made up approximately 51.3% of the population.A study by the Pew Research Center found that in 2013, New Jersey was the only U.S. state in which immigrants born in India constituted the largest foreign-born nationality, representing roughly 10% of all foreign-born residents in the state.For further information on various ethnoracial groups and neighborhoods prominently featured within New Jersey, see the following articles:As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's population younger than age1 were minorities (meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white)."Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number."As of 2010, 71.31% (5,830,812) of New Jersey residents age5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 14.59% (1,193,261) spoke Spanish, 1.23% (100,217) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.06% (86,849) Italian, 1.06% (86,486) Portuguese, 0.96% (78,627) Tagalog, and Korean was spoken as a main language by 0.89% (73,057) of the population over the age of five. In total, 28.69% (2,345,644) of New Jersey's population age5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.A diverse collection of languages has since evolved amongst the state's population, given that New Jersey has become cosmopolitan and is home to ethnic enclaves of non-English-speaking communities:By number of adherents, the largest denominations in New Jersey, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2010, were the Roman Catholic Church with 3,235,290; Islam with 160,666; and the United Methodist Church with 138,052. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville, Mercer County, in central New Jersey during 2014, a BAPS temple. In January 2018, Gurbir Grewal became the first Sikh American state attorney general in the United States. In January 2019, Sadaf Jaffer became the first female Muslim American mayor, first female South Asian mayor, and first female Pakistani-American mayor in the United States, of Montgomery in Somerset County.The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey's gross state product in the fourth quarter of 2018 was $639.8 billion. New Jersey's estimated taxpayer burden in 2015 was $59,400 per taxpayer. New Jersey is nearly $239 billion in debt.New Jersey's per capita gross state product in 2008 was $54,699, second in the U.S. and above the national per capita gross domestic product of $46,588. Its per capita income was the third highest in the nation with $51,358. In 2020, New Jersey had the highest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, approximately 9.76% of households. The state is ranked second in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4%. Nine of New Jersey's counties are among the 100 wealthiest U.S. counties.New Jersey has seven tax brackets that determine state income tax rates, which range from 1.4% (for income below $20,000) to 8.97% (for income above $500,000).The standard sales tax rate as of January 1, 2018, is 6.625%, applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law. This rate, which is comparably lower than that of New York City, often attracts numerous shoppers from New York City, often to suburban Paramus, New Jersey, which has five malls, one of which (the Garden State Plaza) has over of retail space. Tax exemptions include most food items for at-home preparation, medications, most clothing, footwear and disposable paper products for use in the home. There are 27 Urban Enterprise Zone statewide, including sections of Paterson, Elizabeth, and Jersey City. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half the rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.New Jersey has the highest cumulative tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9% of income. All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute. New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax, but it does impose an inheritance tax.New Jersey consistently ranks as having one of the highest proportional levels of disparity of any state in the United States, based upon what it receives from the federal government relative to what it gives. In 2015, WalletHub ranked New Jersey the state least dependent upon federal government aid overall and having the fourth lowest return on taxpayer investment from the federal government, at 48 cents per dollar.New Jersey has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation. Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas.New Jersey's economy is multifaceted, but is centered on the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, information technology, the financial industry, chemical development, telecommunications, food processing, electric equipment, printing, publishing, and tourism. New Jersey's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, horses, vegetables, fruits and nuts, seafood, and dairy products. New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach, and fourth in bell peppers, peaches, and head lettuce. The state harvests the fourth-largest number of acres planted with asparagus.Although New Jersey is home to many energy-intensive industries, its energy consumption is only 2.7% of the U.S. total, and its carbon dioxide emissions are 0.8% of the U.S. total. Its comparatively low greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the state's use of nuclear power. According to the Energy Information Administration, nuclear power dominates New Jersey's electricity market, typically supplying more than one-half of state generation. New Jersey has three nuclear power plants, including the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which came online in 1969 and is the oldest operating nuclear plant in the country.New Jersey has a strong scientific economy and is home to major pharmaceutical and telecommunications firms, drawing on the state's large and well-educated labor pool. There is also a strong service economy in retail sales, education, and real estate, serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia. Thomas Edison invented the first electric light bulb at his home in Menlo Park, Edison in 1879. New Jersey is also a key participant in the renewable wind industry.Shipping is a key industry in New Jersey because of the state's strategic geographic location, the Port of New York and New Jersey being the busiest port on the East Coast. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world's first container port and today is one of the world's largest.New Jersey hosts several business headquarters, including twenty-four Fortune 500 companies. Paramus in Bergen County has become the top retail ZIP code (07652) in the United States, with the municipality generating over US$6 billion in annual retail sales. Several New Jersey counties, including Somerset (7), Morris (10), Hunterdon (13), Bergen (21), and Monmouth (42), have been ranked among the highest-income counties in the United States.New Jersey's location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis and its extensive transportation system have put over one-third of all United States residents and many Canadian residents within overnight distance by land. This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.In 1976, a referendum of New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City, where the first legalized casino opened in 1978. At that time, Las Vegas was the only other casino resort in the country. Today, several casinos lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk, the first and longest boardwalk in the world. Atlantic City experienced a dramatic contraction in its stature as a gambling destination after 2010, including the closure of multiple casinos since 2014, spurred by competition from the advent of legalized gambling in other northeastern U.S. states. On February 26, 2013, Governor Chris Christie signed online gambling into law. Sports betting has become a growing source of gambling revenue in New Jersey since being legalized across the nation by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 14, 2018.Forests cover 45%, or approximately 2.1 million acres, of New Jersey's land area. The chief tree of the northern forests is the oak. The Pine Barrens, consisting of pine forests, is in the southern part of the state.Some mining activity of zinc, iron, and manganese still takes place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace.New Jersey is second in the nation in solar power installations, enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies, and the renewable energy certificates program. The state has more than 10,000 solar installations.As of 2010, there were 605 school districts in the state.Secretary of Education Rick Rosenberg, appointed by Governor Jon Corzine, created the Education Advancement Initiative (EAI) to increase college admission rates by 10% for New Jersey's high school students, decrease dropout rates by 15%, and increase the amount of money devoted to schools by 10%. Rosenberg retracted this plan when criticized for taking the money out of healthcare to fund this initiative.In 2010, the state government paid all teachers' premiums for health insurance, but currently all NJ public teachers pay a portion of their own health insurance premiums.New Jersey is known for the quality of its education. In 2015, the state spent more per each public school student than any other U.S. state except New York, Alaska, and Connecticut, amounting to $18,235 spent per pupil; over 50% of the expenditure was allocated to student instruction.According to 2011 "Newsweek" statistics, students of High Technology High School in Lincroft, Monmouth County and Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, Bergen County registered average SAT scores of 2145 and 2100, respectively, representing the second- and third-highest scores, respectively, of all listed U.S. high schools.Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, one of the world's most prominent research universities, is often featured at or near the top of various national and global university rankings, topping the 2020 list of "U.S. News & World Report". In 2013, Rutgers University, headquartered in New Brunswick, Middlesex County as the flagship institution of higher education in New Jersey, regained medical and dental schools, augmenting its profile as a national research university as well.In 2014, New Jersey's school systems were ranked at the top of all fifty U.S. states by financial website Wallethub.com. In 2018, New Jersey's overall educational system was ranked second among all states to Massachusetts by "U.S. News & World Report". In both 2019 and 2020, "Education Week" also ranked New Jersey public schools the best of all U.S. states.Nine New Jersey high schools were ranked among the top 25 in the U.S. on the "Newsweek" "America's Top High Schools 2016" list, more than from any other state. A 2017 UCLA Civil Rights project found that New Jersey has the sixth-most segregated classrooms in the United States.New Jersey has continued to play a prominent role as a U.S. cultural nexus. Like every state, New Jersey has its own cuisine, religious communities, museums, and .New Jersey is the birthplace of modern inventions such as: FM radio, the motion picture camera, the lithium battery, the light bulb, transistors, and the electric train. Other New Jersey creations include: the drive-in movie, the cultivated blueberry, cranberry sauce, the postcard, the boardwalk, the zipper, the phonograph, saltwater taffy, the dirigible, the seedless watermelon, the first use of a submarine in warfare, and the ice cream cone.Diners are iconic to New Jersey. The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has over 600 diners, more than any other place in the world.New Jersey is the only state without a state song. "I'm From New Jersey" is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey state song, but it was not even a contender when in 1996 the New Jersey Arts Council submitted their suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature.New Jersey is frequently the target of jokes in American culture, especially from New York City-based television shows, such as "Saturday Night Live". Academic Michael Aaron Rockland attributes this to New Yorkers' view that New Jersey is the beginning of Middle America. The New Jersey Turnpike, which runs between two major East Coast cities, New York City and Philadelphia, is also cited as a reason, as people who traverse through the state may only see its industrial zones. Reality television shows like "Jersey Shore" and "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" have reinforced stereotypical views of New Jersey culture, but Rockland cited "The Sopranos" and the music of Bruce Springsteen as exporting a more positive image.New Jersey is known for several foods developed within the region, including Taylor Ham (also known as pork roll), sloppy joe sandwiches, tomato pies, and Texas wieners.Several states with substantial Italian American populations take credit for the development of submarine sandwiches, including New Jersey.New Jersey has long been an important origin for both rock and rap music. Prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey include:New Jersey currently has six teams from major professional sports leagues playing in the state, although one Major League Soccer team and two National Football League teams identify themselves as being from the New York metropolitan area.The National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, based in Newark at the Prudential Center, is the only major league sports franchise to bear the state's name. Founded in 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri, as the Kansas City Scouts, the team played in Denver, Colorado, as the Colorado Rockies from 1976 until the spring of 1982 when naval architect, businessman, and Jersey City native John J. McMullen purchased, renamed, and moved the franchise to Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. While the team had mostly losing records in Kansas City, Denver, and its first years in New Jersey, the Devils began to improve in the late 1980s and early 1990s under Hall of Fame president and general manager Lou Lamoriello. The team made the playoffs for the Stanley Cup in 2001 and 2012, and won it in 1995, 2000, and 2003. The organization is the youngest of the nine major league teams in the New York metropolitan area. The Devils have established a following throughout the northern and central portions of the state, carving a place in a media market once dominated by the New York Rangers and Islanders.In 2018, the Philadelphia Flyers renovated and expanded their training facility, the Virtua Center Flyers Skate Zone, in Voorhees Township in the southern portion of the state.The New York Metropolitan Area's two National Football League teams, the New York Giants and the New York Jets, play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. Built for about $1.6 billion, the venue is the most expensive stadium ever built. On February 2, 2014, MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII.The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena, a soccer-specific stadium in Harrison across the Passaic River from downtown Newark. On July 27, 2011, Red Bull Arena hosted the 2011 MLS All-Star Game.From 1977 to 2012, New Jersey had a National Basketball Association team, the New Jersey Nets. WNBA's New York Liberty played in New Jersey from 2011 to 2013 while their primary home arena, Madison Square Garden was undergoing renovations. In 2016, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA opened their new headquarters and training facility, the Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex, in Camden.The Meadowlands Sports Complex is home to the Meadowlands Racetrack, one of three major harness racing tracks in the state. The Meadowlands Racetrack and Freehold Raceway in Freehold are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America. Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is a popular spot for thoroughbred racing in New Jersey and the northeast. It hosted the Breeders' Cup in 2007, and its turf course was renovated in preparation.New Jerseyans' collegiate allegiances are predominantly split among the three major NCAA Division I programs in the state: the Rutgers University (New Jersey's flagship state university) Scarlet Knights, members of the Big Ten Conference; the Seton Hall University (the state's largest Catholic university) Pirates, members of the Big East Conference; and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers.The intense rivalry between Rutgers and Princeton athletics began with the first intercollegiate football game in 1869. The schools have not met on the football field since 1980, but they continue to play each other annually in all other sports offered by the two universities.Rutgers, which fields 24 teams in various sports, is nationally known for its football program, with a 6–4 all-time bowl record; and its women's basketball programs, which appeared in a National Final in 2007. In 2008 and 2009, Rutgers expanded their football home, Rutgers Stadium, now called SHI Stadium, on the Busch Campus. The basketball teams play at the Rutgers Athletic Center on Livingston Campus. Both venues and campuses are in Piscataway, across the Raritan River from New Brunswick. The university also fields men's basketball and baseball programs. Rutgers' fans live mostly in the western parts of the state and Middlesex County; its alumni base is the largest in the state.Rutgers' satellite campuses in Camden and Newark each field their own athletic programs—the Rutgers–Camden Scarlet Raptors and the Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders—which both compete in NCAA Division III.Seton Hall fields no football team, but its men's basketball team is one of the Big East's storied programs. No New Jersey team has won more games in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, and it is the state's only men's basketball program to reach a modern National Final. The Pirates play their home games at Prudential Center in downtown Newark, about from the university's South Orange campus. Their fans hail largely from in the predominantly Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore. The annual inter-conference rivalry game between Seton Hall and Rutgers, whose venue alternates between Newark and Piscataway, the Garden State Hardwood Classic, is planned through 2026.The state's other Division I schools include the Monmouth University Hawks (West Long Branch), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Highlanders (Newark), the Rider University Broncs (Lawrenceville), and the Saint Peter's University Peacocks and Peahens (Jersey City).Fairleigh Dickinson University competes in both Division I and Division III. It has two campuses, each with its own sports teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the FDU Knights, and compete in the Northeast Conference and NCAA Division I. The college at Florham (FDU-Florham) teams are known as the FDU-Florham Devils and compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' Freedom Conference and NCAA Division III.Among the various Division III schools in the state, the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks have fielded the longest continuously running collegiate men's lacrosse program in the country. 2009 marked the 125th season.New Jersey high schools are divided into divisions under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).' Founded in 1918, the NJSIAA currently represents 22,000 schools, 330,000 coaches, and almost 4.5 million athletes.Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison, with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory. Edison's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio. America's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909. DuMont Laboratories in Passaic developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home.A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey. Since 1978, the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in-state. New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers. Governor Chris Christie suspended the credits in 2010, but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program. Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly, the program offers 20 percent tax credits (22% in urban enterprise zones) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending. When Governor Phil Murphy took office, he instated the New Jersey Film & Digital Media Tax Credit Program in 2018 and expanded it in 2020. The benefits include a 30% tax credit on film projects and a 40% subsidy for studio developments.The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the most prominent and heavily trafficked roadways in the United States. This toll road, which overlaps with Interstate 95 for much of its length, carries traffic between Delaware and New York, and up and down the East Coast in general. Commonly referred to as simply "the Turnpike", it is known for its numerous rest areas named after prominent New Jerseyans.The Garden State Parkway, or simply "the Parkway", carries relatively more in-state traffic than interstate traffic and runs from New Jersey's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May. It is the main route that connects the New York metropolitan area to the Jersey Shore. With a total of fifteen travel and six shoulder lanes, the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway, spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County, is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes as well as one of the busiest.New Jersey is connected to New York City via various key bridges and tunnels. The double-decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world, at 102 million vehicles per year, across fourteen lanes. It connects Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, and carries Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 across the Hudson River. The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey Route 495, and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying Interstate 78. New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges—from north to south, the Bayonne Bridge, the Goethals Bridge, and the Outerbridge Crossing.New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three of its neighboring states. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Delaware River Port Authority (with Pennsylvania), the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (with Pennsylvania), and the Delaware River and Bay Authority (with Delaware) operate most of the major transportation routes in and out of the state. Bridge tolls are collected only from traffic exiting the state, with the exception of the private Dingman's Ferry Bridge over the Delaware River, which charges a toll in both directions.It is unlawful for a customer to serve themselves gasoline in New Jersey. It became the last remaining U.S. state where all gas stations are required to sell full-service gasoline to customers at all times in 2016, after Oregon's introduction of restricted self-service gasoline availability took effect.Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, it is one of the three main airports serving the New York metropolitan area. United Airlines is the airport's largest tenant, operating an entire terminal there, which it uses as one of its primary hubs. FedEx Express operates a large cargo terminal at EWR as well. The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to Amtrak and NJ Transit trains along the Northeast Corridor Line.Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and rapidly growing Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of the state. Teterboro Airport in Bergen County, and Millville Municipal Airport in Cumberland County, are general aviation airports popular with private and corporate aircraft due to their proximity to New York City and the Jersey Shore, respectively.NJ Transit operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state. A state-run corporation, it began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey in 1979. In the early 1980s, it acquired Conrail's commuter train operations that connected suburban towns to New York City. Today, NJ Transit has eleven commuter rail lines that run through different parts of the state. Most of the lines end at either Penn Station in New York City or Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken. One line provides service between Atlantic City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen, through Hoboken and Jersey City. The Newark Light Rail is partially underground, and connects downtown Newark with other parts of the city and its suburbs, Belleville and Bloomfield. The River Line connects Trenton and Camden.The PATH is a rapid transit system consisting of four lines operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It links Hoboken, Jersey City, Harrison and Newark with New York City. The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit system that links Camden County to Philadelphia. Both the PATCO and the PATH are two of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to operate 24 hours a day.Amtrak operates numerous long-distance passenger trains in New Jersey, both to and from neighboring states and around the country. In addition to the Newark Airport connection, other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Transit Center, Metropark, and the historic Newark Penn Station.The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, or SEPTA, has two commuter rail lines that operate into New Jersey. The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center, and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing.AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak/NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport's terminals and parking lots.Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers, of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City.New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, and Edgewater, with service to different parts of Manhattan. Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to Battery Park City in Manhattan. Statue Cruises offers service from Liberty State Park to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, including Ellis Island. SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket.The Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May–Lewes Ferry on Delaware Bay, carrying both passengers and vehicles between New Jersey and Delaware. The agency also operates the Forts Ferry Crossing for passengers across the Delaware River. The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia.The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation. Until 2010, the governor was the only statewide elected executive official in the state and appointed numerous government officials. Formerly, an acting governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as president of the New Jersey State Senate, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process. In 2002 and 2007, president of the state senate Richard Codey held the position of acting governor for a short time, and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long-term acting governor due to Jim McGreevey's resignation. A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming acting governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate. Phil Murphy (D) is the governor. The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton.Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first lieutenant governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19, 2010. She was elected on the Republican ticket with Governor-Elect Chris Christie in the November 2009 NJ gubernatorial election. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8, 2005, and effective as of January 17, 2006.The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947. It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature, consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members. Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one state senator and two Assembly members. Assembly members are elected for a two-year term in all odd-numbered years; state senators are elected in the years ending in 1, 3, and7 and thus serve either four- or two-year terms.New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years. (The others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia.) New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years, in the year following each federal Presidential election year. Thus, the last year when New Jersey elected a governor was 2017; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2021.The New Jersey Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. All are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Justices serve an initial seven-year term, after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70.Most of the day-to-day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Court, where simple traffic tickets, minor criminal offenses, and small civil matters are heard.More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county. All Superior Court judges are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Each judge serves an initial seven-year term, after which he or she can be reappointed to serve until age 70. New Jersey's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity, like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states. The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level; the Law Division hears both criminal cases and civil lawsuits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is damages, while the Chancery Division hears family cases, civil suits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is equitable relief, and probate trials.The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division, which functions as the state's intermediate appellate court. Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice.There is also a Tax Court, which is a court of limited jurisdiction. Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation. They also hear appeals on decisions made by the director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income, sales and business taxes, and homestead rebates. Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court. Tax Court judges are appointed by the governor for initial terms of seven years, and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70. There are 12 Tax Court judgeships.New Jersey is divided into 21 counties; 13 date from the colonial era. New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones; most recently Union County in 1857. New Jersey is the only state in the nation where elected county officials are called "Freeholders", governing each county as part of its own Board of Chosen Freeholders. The number of freeholders in each county is determined by referendum, and must consist of three, five, seven or nine members.Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders or split into separate branches of government. In 16 counties, members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each freeholder assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In the other five counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the Board of Chosen Freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator (or County Manager) may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.New Jersey currently has 565 municipalities; the number was 566 before Princeton Township and Princeton Borough merged to form the municipality of Princeton on January 1, 2013. Unlike other states, all New Jersey land is part of a municipality. In 2008, Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people, to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs. In May 2009, the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation.Starting in the 20th century, largely driven by reform-minded goals, a series of six modern forms of government was implemented. This began with the Walsh Act, enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature, which provided for a three- or five-member commission elected on a non-partisan basis. This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law, which offered a non-partisan council, provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council, and introduced a Council-manager government structure with an appointed manager responsible for day-to-day administration of municipal affairs.The Faulkner Act, originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981, offers four basic plans: Mayor-Council, Council-Manager, Small Municipality, and Mayor-Council-Administrator. The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government: the number of seats on the council; seats selected at-large, by wards, or through a combination of both; staggered or concurrent terms of office; and a mayor chosen by the council or elected directly by voters. Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters. Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature.While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government, they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government, or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms, leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public. For example, though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type, Loch Arbour is the only one remaining with the village form of government. The other three villages—Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter)—have all migrated to other non-village forms.Socially, New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation. Polls indicate that 60% of the population are self-described as pro-choice, although a majority are opposed to late trimester and intact dilation and extraction and public funding of abortion. In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll, a plurality supported same-sex marriage 49% to 43% opposed, On October 18, 2013, the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional, unanimous (7–0) order authorizing same-sex marriage in the state, pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie, who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same-sex marriages took place on October 21, 2013.New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on assault firearms, hollow-nose bullets and slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black-powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.In past elections, New Jersey was a Republican bastion, but recently has become a Democratic stronghold. Currently, New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 26–14, and Assembly, 54–26), a 10–2 split of the state's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. Although the Democratic Party is very successful statewide, the state has had Republican governors; from 1994 to 2002, Christine Todd Whitman won twice with 47% and 49% of the votes, respectively, and in the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine with 48% of the vote. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Christie won reelection with over 60% of the votes. Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party's candidate for governor, the current governor and lieutenant governor are members of the Democratic Party. The governor's appointments to cabinet and non-cabinet positions may be from either party; for instance, the attorney general is a Democrat.In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party. For many years in the past, however, it was a Republican stronghold, having given comfortable margins of victory to the Republican candidate in the close elections of 1948, 1968, and 1976. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrent serving black and Latino U.S. senators.The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (typically the state's most Democratic county—it includes Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (the second-strongest Democratic county, including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).The suburban northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially Morris County, Sussex County, and Warren County. Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, President Barack Obama won New Jersey with approximately fifty-seven percent of the vote, compared to McCain's forty-one percent. Independent candidate Ralph Nader garnered less than one percent of the vote.About one-third of the state's counties are considered "swing" counties, but some go more one way than others. For example, Salem County, the same is true with Passaic County, with a highly populated Hispanic Democratic south (including Paterson, the state's third-largest city) and a rural, Republican north; with the "swing" township of Wayne in the middle. Other "swing" counties like Monmouth County, Somerset County, and Cape May County tend to go Republican, as they also have population in conservative areas, although Somerset has recently trended Democratic.To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 21 days prior to election day.On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey is the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965. Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole".There is also a mineral museum Ogdensburg in Sussex County.Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music, theater, and dance companies and venues located throughout the state, including:New Jersey is the location of most of the boardwalks in the U.S., with nearly every town and city along the Jersey Shore area each having a boardwalk with various attractions, entertainment, shopping, dining, miniature golf, arcades, water parks with various water rides, including water slides, lazy rivers, wave pools, etc., and amusement parks hosting rides and attractions including roller coasters, carousels, Ferris wheels, bumper cars, teacups, etc.
|
[
"William Livingston",
"A. Harry Moore",
"Rodman McCamley Price",
"William Sanford Pennington",
"Charles Creighton Stratton",
"Leon Rutherford Taylor",
"Jon Corzine",
"George C. Ludlow",
"Donald DiFrancesco",
"Clarence Edwards Case",
"Charles Edison",
"Leon Abbett",
"Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr.",
"David Ogden Watkins",
"Brendan Byrne",
"Richard Joseph Hughes",
"Samuel L. Southard",
"Horace Griggs Prall",
"Chris Christie",
"Peter Dumont Vroom",
"Elias P. Seeley",
"Joseph Bloomfield",
"Woodrow Wilson",
"Thomas Henderson",
"Aaron Ogden",
"Morgan Foster Larson",
"Clifford Ross Powell",
"Jim McGreevey",
"Theodore Fitz Randolph",
"James Fairman Fielder",
"Joseph D. Bedle",
"Foster McGowan Voorhees",
"Robert Stockton Green",
"George Brinton McClellan",
"Mahlon Dickerson",
"Franklin Murphy",
"William Nelson Runyon",
"George Sebastian Silzer",
"Harold Giles Hoffman",
"Joel Parker",
"Edward C. Stokes",
"William Thomas Cahill",
"Thomas Kean",
"John Orus Bennett III",
"Walter Evans Edge",
"Alfred Eastlack Driscoll",
"Charles Smith Olden",
"Christine Todd Whitman",
"James Florio",
"John W. Griggs",
"John Lambert",
"Isaac Halstead Williamson",
"Robert Baumle Meyner",
"William Pennington",
"George Franklin Fort",
"William A. Newell",
"Phil Murphy",
"George Theodore Werts",
"William Paterson",
"John Franklin Fort",
"Richard Codey",
"Philemon Dickerson"
] |
|
Who was the head of New Jersey in Aug 18, 1922?
|
August 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Edward Irving Edwards"
]
}
|
L2_Q1408_P6_40
|
William Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1837 to Oct, 1843.
George Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1851 to Jan, 1854.
A. Harry Moore is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929.
Charles Smith Olden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1863.
Woodrow Wilson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1911 to Mar, 1913.
Rodman McCamley Price is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1857.
Charles Edison is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1944.
Jim McGreevey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Nov, 2004.
John Lambert is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1802 to Oct, 1803.
Harold Giles Hoffman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1938.
Joel Parker is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1866.
Robert Stockton Green is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1890.
William Thomas Cahill is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1974.
Joseph D. Bedle is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1878.
William Livingston is the head of the government of New Jersey from Aug, 1776 to Jul, 1790.
Thomas Henderson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1793 to Jun, 1793.
John Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1911.
Foster McGowan Voorhees is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1898 to Oct, 1898.
Walter Evans Edge is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1917 to May, 1919.
David Ogden Watkins is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1898 to Jan, 1899.
Franklin Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1902 to Jan, 1905.
George Brinton McClellan is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1881.
Peter Dumont Vroom is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1829 to Oct, 1832.
George Theodore Werts is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1893 to Jan, 1896.
George Sebastian Silzer is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1926.
Richard Joseph Hughes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1970.
Chris Christie is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Joseph Bloomfield is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1801 to Oct, 1802.
Horace Griggs Prall is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
Donald DiFrancesco is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr. is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1869.
Brendan Byrne is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982.
Alfred Eastlack Driscoll is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1954.
George C. Ludlow is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
Elias P. Seeley is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1833.
Charles Creighton Stratton is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1845 to Jan, 1848.
Mahlon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1815 to Feb, 1817.
Robert Baumle Meyner is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1962.
Clifford Ross Powell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
William Nelson Runyon is the head of the government of New Jersey from May, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Phil Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Theodore Fitz Randolph is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872.
Morgan Foster Larson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1932.
Philemon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1836 to Oct, 1837.
Isaac Halstead Williamson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1817 to Oct, 1829.
John Orus Bennett III is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Aaron Ogden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1812 to Oct, 1813.
Christine Todd Whitman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2001.
Thomas Kean is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990.
Samuel L. Southard is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Jon Corzine is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
William Paterson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1790 to Mar, 1793.
Edward Irving Edwards is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1923.
James Florio is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1994.
Richard Codey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Leon Abbett is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1887.
Clarence Edwards Case is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1920.
William A. Newell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1860.
William Sanford Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1813 to Jun, 1815.
Leon Rutherford Taylor is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1913 to Jan, 1914.
John W. Griggs is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1898.
James Fairman Fielder is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1913 to Oct, 1913.
Edward C. Stokes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1908.
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New JerseyNew Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous, with 9,288,994 residents as of 2020 and an area of , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. New Jersey's state capital is Trenton, while the state's most populous city is Newark. All but one county in New Jersey (Warren County) lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia; consequently, the state's largest metropolitan area falls within Greater New York.New Jersey was first inhabited by Native Americans for at least 2,800 years, with the Lenape being the dominant group by the time Europeans arrived in the early 17th century. Dutch and the Swedish colonists founded the first European settlements in the state. The English later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey—after the largest of the Channel Islands, Jersey—and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, factories in the "Big Six" cities of Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, Jersey City, and Elizabeth helped drive the nation's Industrial Revolution. New Jersey's central location in the Northeast megalopolis fueled its rapid growth and suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century. At the turn of the 21st century, the state's economy increasingly diversified, while its multicultural populace began reverting toward more urban settings within the state, outpacing the growth in suburbs since 2008.As of 2020, New Jersey was home to the highest number of millionaires per capita of all U.S. states, with 9.76% of households—more than 323,000 of 3.3 million statewide—meeting the criteria. Based on 2017 data, it was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income. New Jersey's public school system consistently ranks at or among the top among all fifty U.S. states.Around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact. "" is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign: Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf. They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade.The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey. The Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of land ownership was not recognized by the Lenape, Dutch West India Company policy required its colonists to purchase the land that they settled. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen. Peter Minuit's purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. The entire region became a territory of England on June 24, 1664, after an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is now New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam, annexing the entire province.During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the King. It was from the Royal Square in Saint Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II), the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony (as opposed to a royal colony). James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. The area was named the Province of New Jersey.Since the state's inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of , a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings. Unlike Plymouth Colony, Jamestown and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era, and commercial farming developed sporadically. Some townships, such as Burlington on the Delaware River and Perth Amboy, emerged as important ports for shipping to New York City and Philadelphia. The colony's fertile lands and tolerant religious policy drew more settlers, and New Jersey's population had increased to 120,000 by 1775.Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule took place along Hackensack River and Arthur Kill—settlers came primarily from New York and New England. On March 18, 1673, Berkeley sold his half of the colony to Quakers in England, who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony. (William Penn acted as trustee for the lands for a time.) New Jersey was governed very briefly as two distinct provinces, East and West Jersey, for 28 years between 1674 and 1702, at times part of the Province of New York or Dominion of New England.In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a royal governor, rather than a proprietary one. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. Britain believed that he was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land. In 1708 he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused those governors of favoritism to New York. Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738.New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. The was passed July 2, 1776, just two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain. It was an act of the Provincial Congress, which made itself into the State Legislature. To reassure neutrals, it provided that it would become void if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain. New Jersey representatives Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, and Abraham Clark were among those who signed the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.During the American Revolutionary War, British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times, and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Because of this, New Jersey today is often referred to as "The Crossroads of the American Revolution". The winter quarters of the Continental Army were established there twice by General George Washington in Morristown, which has been called "The Military Capital of the American Revolution.“On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River. After the crossing, they surprised and defeated the Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. By evading Cornwallis's army, the Americans made a surprise attack on Princeton and successfully defeated the British forces there on January 3, 1777. Emanuel Leutze's painting of "Washington Crossing the Delaware" became an icon of the Revolution.American forces under Washington met the British forces under General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth in an indecisive engagement in June 1778. The Americans attempted to take the British column by surprise. When the British army attempted to flank the Americans, the Americans retreated in disorder. Their ranks were later reorganized and withstood the British charges.In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University, making Princeton the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the war.On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey, as it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging tariffs on goods imported from Europe. On November 20, 1789, the state became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights.The 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to "all inhabitants" who had a certain level of wealth. This included women and blacks, but not married women, because they could not own property separately from their husbands. Both sides, in several elections, claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of "petticoat electors", whether entitled to vote or not; on the other hand, both parties passed Voting Rights Acts. In 1807, the legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal "white male" suffrage, excluding paupers; the constitution was itself an act of the legislature and not enshrined as the modern constitution.On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage. New Jersey voters eventually ratified the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.Industrialization accelerated in the northern part of the state following completion of the Morris Canal in 1831. The canal allowed for coal to be brought from eastern Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley to northern New Jersey's growing industries in Paterson, Newark, and Jersey City.In 1844, the second state constitution was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the state senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of Mercer County) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1962 by the decision "Baker v. Carr". While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself.New Jersey was one of the few Union states (the others being Delaware and Kentucky) to select a candidate other than Abraham Lincoln twice in national elections, and sided with Stephen Douglas (1860) and George B. McClellan (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan, a native Philadelphian, had New Jersey ties and formally resided in New Jersey at the time; he later became Governor of New Jersey (1878–81). (In New Jersey, the factions of the Democratic party managed an effective coalition in 1860.) During the American Civil War, the state was led first by Republican governor Charles Smith Olden, then by Democrat Joel Parker. During the course of the war, between 65,000 and 80,000 soldiers from the state enlisted in the Union army; unlike many states, including some Northern ones, no battle was fought there.In the Industrial Revolution, cities like Paterson grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more industrialized economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. Inventor Thomas Edison also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been granted 1,093 patents, many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at Menlo Park and then in West Orange, are considered perhaps the first research centers in the United States. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as locomotion and steamboats were introduced to New Jersey.Iron mining was also a leading industry during the middle to late 19th century. Bog iron pits in the southern New Jersey Pinelands were among the first sources of iron for the new nation. Mines such as Mt. Hope, Mine Hill and the Rockaway Valley Mines created a thriving industry. Mining generated the impetus for new towns and was one of the driving forces behind the need for the Morris Canal. Zinc mines were also a major industry, especially the Sterling Hill Mine.New Jersey prospered through the Roaring Twenties. The first Miss America Pageant was held in 1921 in Atlantic City, the Holland Tunnel connecting Jersey City to Manhattan opened in 1927, and the first drive-in movie was shown in 1933 in Camden. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the state offered begging licenses to unemployed residents, the zeppelin airship Hindenburg crashed in flames over Lakehurst, and the SS "Morro Castle" beached itself near Asbury Park after going up in flames while at sea.Through both World Wars, New Jersey was a center for war production, especially naval construction. The Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company yards in Kearny and Newark and the New York Shipbuilding Corporation yard in Camden produced aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, and destroyers. New Jersey manufactured 6.8 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking fifth among the 48 states. In addition, Fort Dix (1917) (originally called "Camp Dix"), Camp Merritt (1917) and Camp Kilmer (1941) were all constructed to house and train American soldiers through both World Wars. New Jersey also became a principal location for defense in the Cold War. Fourteen Nike missile stations were constructed for the defense of the New York City and Philadelphia areas. "PT-109", a motor torpedo boat commanded by Lt. (j.g.) John F. Kennedy in World War II, was built at the Elco Boatworks in Bayonne. The aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise" (CV-6) was briefly docked at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne in the 1950s before she was sent to Kearney to be scrapped. In 1962, the world's first nuclear-powered cargo ship, the NS Savannah, was launched at Camden.In 1951, the New Jersey Turnpike opened, permitting fast travel by car and truck between North Jersey (and metropolitan New York) and South Jersey (and metropolitan Philadelphia). In 1959, Air Defense Command deployed the CIM-10 Bomarc surface-to-air missile to McGuire Air Force Base. On June 7, 1960, an explosion in a CIM-10 Bomarc missile fuel tank caused the accident and subsequent plutonium contamination.In the 1960s, race riots erupted in many of the industrial cities of North Jersey. The first race riots in New Jersey occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964. Several others ensued in 1967, in Newark and Plainfield. Other riots followed the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A riot occurred in Camden in 1971. As a result of an order from the New Jersey Supreme Court to fund schools equitably, the New Jersey legislature passed an income tax bill in 1976. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.In the early part of the 2000s, two light rail systems were opened: the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail in Hudson County and the River Line between Camden and Trenton. The intent of these projects was to encourage transit-oriented development in North Jersey and South Jersey, respectively. The HBLR in particular was credited with a revitalization of Hudson County and Jersey City in particular. Urban revitalization has continued in North Jersey in the 21st century. As of 2014, Jersey City's Census-estimated population was 262,146, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, representing an increase of 5.9% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was enumerated at 247,597. Between 2000 and 2010, Newark experienced its first population increase since the 1950s.The state of New Jersey is bordered on the north and northeast by New York (parts of which are across the Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, the Kill Van Kull, Newark Bay, and the Arthur Kill); on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the southwest by Delaware across Delaware Bay; and on the west by Pennsylvania across the Delaware River. This is New Jersey's only straight border.New Jersey is often broadly divided into three geographic regions: North Jersey, Central Jersey, and South Jersey. Some New Jersey residents do not consider Central Jersey a region in its own right, but others believe it is a separate geographic and cultural area from the North and South.Within those regions are five distinct areas, based upon natural geography and population concentration. Northeastern New Jersey lies closest to Manhattan in New York City, and up to a million residents commute daily into the city for work, many via public transportation. Northwestern New Jersey is more wooded, rural, and mountainous. The Jersey Shore, along the Atlantic Coast in Central and South Jersey, has its own unique natural, residential, and cultural characteristics owing to its location by the ocean. The Delaware Valley includes the southwestern counties of the state, which reside within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. The Pine Barrens region is in the southern interior of New Jersey; covered rather extensively by mixed pine and oak forest, this region has a lower population density than most of the rest of the state.The federal Office of Management and Budget divides New Jersey's counties into seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas, with 16 counties included in either the New York City or Philadelphia metro areas. Four counties have independent metro areas, and Warren County is part of the Pennsylvania-based Lehigh Valley metro area. New Jersey is also at the center of the Northeast megalopolis.High Point, in Montague Township, Sussex County, is the state's highest elevation, at above sea level. The state's highest prominence is Kitty Ann Mountain in Morris County, rising . The Palisades are a line of steep cliffs on the west side of the Hudson River, in Bergen and Hudson Counties. Major New Jersey rivers include the Hudson, Delaware, Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, Musconetcong, Mullica, Rancocas, Manasquan, Maurice, and Toms rivers. Due to New Jersey's peninsular geography, both sunrise and sunset are visible over water from different points on the Jersey Shore.There are two climatic conditions in the state. The south, central, and northeast parts of the state have a humid subtropical climate, while the northwest has a humid continental climate (microthermal), with much cooler temperatures due to higher elevation. New Jersey receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually.Climate change is affecting New Jersey faster than much of the rest of the United States. As of 2019, New Jersey was one of the fastest-warming states in the nation. Since 1895, average temperatures have climbed by almost 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, double the average for the other Lower 48 states.Summers are typically hot and humid, with statewide average high temperatures of and lows of ; however, temperatures exceed on average 25 days each summer, exceeding in some years. Winters are usually cold, with average high temperatures of and lows of for most of the state, but temperatures can, for brief periods, fall below and sometimes rise above . Northwestern parts of the state have significantly colder winters with sub- being an almost annual occurrence. Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations, with lower humidity than summer. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone classification ranges from6 in the northwest of the state, to 7B near Cape May. All-time temperature extremes recorded in New Jersey include on July 10, 1936, in Runyon, Middlesex County and on January 5, 1904, in River Vale, Bergen County.Average annual precipitation ranges from , uniformly spread through the year. Average snowfall per winter season ranges from in the south and near the seacoast, in the northeast and central part of the state, to about in the northwestern highlands, but this often varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year, with 25 to 30 thunderstorms, most of which occur during the summer.During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters", which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States. Hurricanes and tropical storms (such as Tropical Storm Floyd in 1999), tornadoes, and earthquakes are rare, although New Jersey was impacted by a hurricane in 1903, and Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012 with the storm making landfall in the state with top winds of .For its overall population and nation-leading population density, New Jersey has a relative paucity of classic large cities. This paradox is most pronounced in Bergen County, New Jersey's most populous county, whose more than 930,000 residents in 2019 inhabited 70 municipalities, the most populous being Hackensack, with 44,522 residents estimated in 2018. Many urban areas extend far beyond the limits of a single large city, as New Jersey cities (and indeed municipalities in general) tend to be geographically small; three of the four largest cities in New Jersey by population have under of land area, and eight of the top ten, including all of the top five have land area under . , only four municipalities had populations in excess of 100,000, although Edison and Woodbridge came very close.The United States Census Bureau tabulated in the 2020 United States census that the population of New Jersey was 9,288,994 on April 1, 2020, a 5.7% increase since the 2010 United States census. Residents of New Jersey are most commonly referred to as "New Jerseyans" or, less commonly, as "New Jerseyites". At the 2010 census, there were 8,791,894 people living in the state. At the 2010 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic makeup of the state was: 68.6% White American, 13.7% African American, 8.3% Asian American, 0.3% Native American, 2.7% Multiracial American, and 6.4% other races. Non-Hispanic Whites were 58.9% of the population in 2011, down from 85% in 1970. In 2010, 17.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).In 2010, unauthorized immigrants constituted an estimated 6.2% of the population. This was the fourth-highest percentage of any state in the country. There were an estimated 550,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010. Among the municipalities which are considered sanctuary cities are Camden, Jersey City and Newark.As of 2010, New Jersey was the eleventh-most populous state in the United States, and the most densely populated, at 1,185 residents per square mile (458 per km), with most of the population residing in the counties surrounding New York City, Philadelphia, and along the eastern Jersey Shore, while the extreme southern and northwestern counties are relatively less dense overall. It was also the second wealthiest state by median household income, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.The center of population for New Jersey is located in Middlesex County, in the town of Milltown, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike.New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers "per square mile" than anywhere else in the world.On October 21, 2013, same-sex marriages commenced in New Jersey.New Jersey is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse states in the United States. As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white. The state has the second largest Jewish population by percentage (after New York); the second largest Muslim population by percentage (after Michigan); the largest population of Peruvians in the United States; the largest population of Cubans outside of Florida; the third highest Asian population by percentage; and the second highest Italian population, according to the 2000 Census. African Americans, Hispanics (Puerto Ricans and Dominicans), West Indians, Arabs, and Brazilian and Portuguese Americans are also high in number. New Jersey has the third highest Asian Indian population of any state by absolute numbers and the highest by percentage, with Bergen County home to America's largest Malayali community. Overall, New Jersey has the third largest Korean population, with Bergen County home to the highest Korean concentration per capita of any U.S. county (6.9% in 2011). New Jersey also has the fourth largest Filipino population, and fourth largest Chinese population, per the 2010 U.S. Census. The five largest ethnic groups in 2000 were: Italian (17.9%), Irish (15.9%), African (13.6%), German (12.6%), Polish (6.9%).India Square, in Bombay, Jersey City, Hudson County, is home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere. Meanwhile, Central New Jersey, particularly Edison and surrounding Middlesex County, is prominently known for its significant concentration of Asian Indians. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville in 2014, a BAPS temple. The growing Little India is a South Asian-focused commercial strip in Middlesex County, the U.S. county with the highest concentration of Asian Indians. The Oak Tree Road strip runs for about through Edison and neighboring Iselin in Woodbridge Township, near the area's sprawling Chinatown and Koreatown, running along New Jersey Route 27. It is the largest and most diverse South Asian cultural hub in the United States. Carteret's Punjabi Sikh community, variously estimated at upwards of 3,000, is the largest concentration of Sikhs in the state. Monroe Township in Middlesex County has experienced a particularly rapid growth rate in its Indian American population, with an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017, which was 23 times the 256 (0.9%) counted as of the 2000 Census; and Diwali is celebrated by the township as a Hindu holiday. In Middlesex County, election ballots are printed in English, Spanish, Gujarati, Hindi, and Punjabi.Newark was the fourth poorest of U.S. cities with over 250,000 residents in 2008, but New Jersey as a whole had the second-highest median household income as of 2014. This is largely because so much of New Jersey consists of suburbs, most of them affluent, of New York City and Philadelphia. New Jersey is also the most densely populated state, and the only state that has had every one of its counties deemed "urban" as defined by the Census Bureau's Combined Statistical Area.In 2010, 6.2% of its population was reported as under age 5, 23.5% under 18, and 13.5% were 65 or older; and females made up approximately 51.3% of the population.A study by the Pew Research Center found that in 2013, New Jersey was the only U.S. state in which immigrants born in India constituted the largest foreign-born nationality, representing roughly 10% of all foreign-born residents in the state.For further information on various ethnoracial groups and neighborhoods prominently featured within New Jersey, see the following articles:As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's population younger than age1 were minorities (meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white)."Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number."As of 2010, 71.31% (5,830,812) of New Jersey residents age5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 14.59% (1,193,261) spoke Spanish, 1.23% (100,217) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.06% (86,849) Italian, 1.06% (86,486) Portuguese, 0.96% (78,627) Tagalog, and Korean was spoken as a main language by 0.89% (73,057) of the population over the age of five. In total, 28.69% (2,345,644) of New Jersey's population age5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.A diverse collection of languages has since evolved amongst the state's population, given that New Jersey has become cosmopolitan and is home to ethnic enclaves of non-English-speaking communities:By number of adherents, the largest denominations in New Jersey, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2010, were the Roman Catholic Church with 3,235,290; Islam with 160,666; and the United Methodist Church with 138,052. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville, Mercer County, in central New Jersey during 2014, a BAPS temple. In January 2018, Gurbir Grewal became the first Sikh American state attorney general in the United States. In January 2019, Sadaf Jaffer became the first female Muslim American mayor, first female South Asian mayor, and first female Pakistani-American mayor in the United States, of Montgomery in Somerset County.The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey's gross state product in the fourth quarter of 2018 was $639.8 billion. New Jersey's estimated taxpayer burden in 2015 was $59,400 per taxpayer. New Jersey is nearly $239 billion in debt.New Jersey's per capita gross state product in 2008 was $54,699, second in the U.S. and above the national per capita gross domestic product of $46,588. Its per capita income was the third highest in the nation with $51,358. In 2020, New Jersey had the highest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, approximately 9.76% of households. The state is ranked second in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4%. Nine of New Jersey's counties are among the 100 wealthiest U.S. counties.New Jersey has seven tax brackets that determine state income tax rates, which range from 1.4% (for income below $20,000) to 8.97% (for income above $500,000).The standard sales tax rate as of January 1, 2018, is 6.625%, applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law. This rate, which is comparably lower than that of New York City, often attracts numerous shoppers from New York City, often to suburban Paramus, New Jersey, which has five malls, one of which (the Garden State Plaza) has over of retail space. Tax exemptions include most food items for at-home preparation, medications, most clothing, footwear and disposable paper products for use in the home. There are 27 Urban Enterprise Zone statewide, including sections of Paterson, Elizabeth, and Jersey City. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half the rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.New Jersey has the highest cumulative tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9% of income. All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute. New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax, but it does impose an inheritance tax.New Jersey consistently ranks as having one of the highest proportional levels of disparity of any state in the United States, based upon what it receives from the federal government relative to what it gives. In 2015, WalletHub ranked New Jersey the state least dependent upon federal government aid overall and having the fourth lowest return on taxpayer investment from the federal government, at 48 cents per dollar.New Jersey has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation. Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas.New Jersey's economy is multifaceted, but is centered on the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, information technology, the financial industry, chemical development, telecommunications, food processing, electric equipment, printing, publishing, and tourism. New Jersey's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, horses, vegetables, fruits and nuts, seafood, and dairy products. New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach, and fourth in bell peppers, peaches, and head lettuce. The state harvests the fourth-largest number of acres planted with asparagus.Although New Jersey is home to many energy-intensive industries, its energy consumption is only 2.7% of the U.S. total, and its carbon dioxide emissions are 0.8% of the U.S. total. Its comparatively low greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the state's use of nuclear power. According to the Energy Information Administration, nuclear power dominates New Jersey's electricity market, typically supplying more than one-half of state generation. New Jersey has three nuclear power plants, including the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which came online in 1969 and is the oldest operating nuclear plant in the country.New Jersey has a strong scientific economy and is home to major pharmaceutical and telecommunications firms, drawing on the state's large and well-educated labor pool. There is also a strong service economy in retail sales, education, and real estate, serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia. Thomas Edison invented the first electric light bulb at his home in Menlo Park, Edison in 1879. New Jersey is also a key participant in the renewable wind industry.Shipping is a key industry in New Jersey because of the state's strategic geographic location, the Port of New York and New Jersey being the busiest port on the East Coast. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world's first container port and today is one of the world's largest.New Jersey hosts several business headquarters, including twenty-four Fortune 500 companies. Paramus in Bergen County has become the top retail ZIP code (07652) in the United States, with the municipality generating over US$6 billion in annual retail sales. Several New Jersey counties, including Somerset (7), Morris (10), Hunterdon (13), Bergen (21), and Monmouth (42), have been ranked among the highest-income counties in the United States.New Jersey's location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis and its extensive transportation system have put over one-third of all United States residents and many Canadian residents within overnight distance by land. This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.In 1976, a referendum of New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City, where the first legalized casino opened in 1978. At that time, Las Vegas was the only other casino resort in the country. Today, several casinos lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk, the first and longest boardwalk in the world. Atlantic City experienced a dramatic contraction in its stature as a gambling destination after 2010, including the closure of multiple casinos since 2014, spurred by competition from the advent of legalized gambling in other northeastern U.S. states. On February 26, 2013, Governor Chris Christie signed online gambling into law. Sports betting has become a growing source of gambling revenue in New Jersey since being legalized across the nation by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 14, 2018.Forests cover 45%, or approximately 2.1 million acres, of New Jersey's land area. The chief tree of the northern forests is the oak. The Pine Barrens, consisting of pine forests, is in the southern part of the state.Some mining activity of zinc, iron, and manganese still takes place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace.New Jersey is second in the nation in solar power installations, enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies, and the renewable energy certificates program. The state has more than 10,000 solar installations.As of 2010, there were 605 school districts in the state.Secretary of Education Rick Rosenberg, appointed by Governor Jon Corzine, created the Education Advancement Initiative (EAI) to increase college admission rates by 10% for New Jersey's high school students, decrease dropout rates by 15%, and increase the amount of money devoted to schools by 10%. Rosenberg retracted this plan when criticized for taking the money out of healthcare to fund this initiative.In 2010, the state government paid all teachers' premiums for health insurance, but currently all NJ public teachers pay a portion of their own health insurance premiums.New Jersey is known for the quality of its education. In 2015, the state spent more per each public school student than any other U.S. state except New York, Alaska, and Connecticut, amounting to $18,235 spent per pupil; over 50% of the expenditure was allocated to student instruction.According to 2011 "Newsweek" statistics, students of High Technology High School in Lincroft, Monmouth County and Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, Bergen County registered average SAT scores of 2145 and 2100, respectively, representing the second- and third-highest scores, respectively, of all listed U.S. high schools.Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, one of the world's most prominent research universities, is often featured at or near the top of various national and global university rankings, topping the 2020 list of "U.S. News & World Report". In 2013, Rutgers University, headquartered in New Brunswick, Middlesex County as the flagship institution of higher education in New Jersey, regained medical and dental schools, augmenting its profile as a national research university as well.In 2014, New Jersey's school systems were ranked at the top of all fifty U.S. states by financial website Wallethub.com. In 2018, New Jersey's overall educational system was ranked second among all states to Massachusetts by "U.S. News & World Report". In both 2019 and 2020, "Education Week" also ranked New Jersey public schools the best of all U.S. states.Nine New Jersey high schools were ranked among the top 25 in the U.S. on the "Newsweek" "America's Top High Schools 2016" list, more than from any other state. A 2017 UCLA Civil Rights project found that New Jersey has the sixth-most segregated classrooms in the United States.New Jersey has continued to play a prominent role as a U.S. cultural nexus. Like every state, New Jersey has its own cuisine, religious communities, museums, and .New Jersey is the birthplace of modern inventions such as: FM radio, the motion picture camera, the lithium battery, the light bulb, transistors, and the electric train. Other New Jersey creations include: the drive-in movie, the cultivated blueberry, cranberry sauce, the postcard, the boardwalk, the zipper, the phonograph, saltwater taffy, the dirigible, the seedless watermelon, the first use of a submarine in warfare, and the ice cream cone.Diners are iconic to New Jersey. The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has over 600 diners, more than any other place in the world.New Jersey is the only state without a state song. "I'm From New Jersey" is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey state song, but it was not even a contender when in 1996 the New Jersey Arts Council submitted their suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature.New Jersey is frequently the target of jokes in American culture, especially from New York City-based television shows, such as "Saturday Night Live". Academic Michael Aaron Rockland attributes this to New Yorkers' view that New Jersey is the beginning of Middle America. The New Jersey Turnpike, which runs between two major East Coast cities, New York City and Philadelphia, is also cited as a reason, as people who traverse through the state may only see its industrial zones. Reality television shows like "Jersey Shore" and "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" have reinforced stereotypical views of New Jersey culture, but Rockland cited "The Sopranos" and the music of Bruce Springsteen as exporting a more positive image.New Jersey is known for several foods developed within the region, including Taylor Ham (also known as pork roll), sloppy joe sandwiches, tomato pies, and Texas wieners.Several states with substantial Italian American populations take credit for the development of submarine sandwiches, including New Jersey.New Jersey has long been an important origin for both rock and rap music. Prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey include:New Jersey currently has six teams from major professional sports leagues playing in the state, although one Major League Soccer team and two National Football League teams identify themselves as being from the New York metropolitan area.The National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, based in Newark at the Prudential Center, is the only major league sports franchise to bear the state's name. Founded in 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri, as the Kansas City Scouts, the team played in Denver, Colorado, as the Colorado Rockies from 1976 until the spring of 1982 when naval architect, businessman, and Jersey City native John J. McMullen purchased, renamed, and moved the franchise to Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. While the team had mostly losing records in Kansas City, Denver, and its first years in New Jersey, the Devils began to improve in the late 1980s and early 1990s under Hall of Fame president and general manager Lou Lamoriello. The team made the playoffs for the Stanley Cup in 2001 and 2012, and won it in 1995, 2000, and 2003. The organization is the youngest of the nine major league teams in the New York metropolitan area. The Devils have established a following throughout the northern and central portions of the state, carving a place in a media market once dominated by the New York Rangers and Islanders.In 2018, the Philadelphia Flyers renovated and expanded their training facility, the Virtua Center Flyers Skate Zone, in Voorhees Township in the southern portion of the state.The New York Metropolitan Area's two National Football League teams, the New York Giants and the New York Jets, play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. Built for about $1.6 billion, the venue is the most expensive stadium ever built. On February 2, 2014, MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII.The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena, a soccer-specific stadium in Harrison across the Passaic River from downtown Newark. On July 27, 2011, Red Bull Arena hosted the 2011 MLS All-Star Game.From 1977 to 2012, New Jersey had a National Basketball Association team, the New Jersey Nets. WNBA's New York Liberty played in New Jersey from 2011 to 2013 while their primary home arena, Madison Square Garden was undergoing renovations. In 2016, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA opened their new headquarters and training facility, the Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex, in Camden.The Meadowlands Sports Complex is home to the Meadowlands Racetrack, one of three major harness racing tracks in the state. The Meadowlands Racetrack and Freehold Raceway in Freehold are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America. Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is a popular spot for thoroughbred racing in New Jersey and the northeast. It hosted the Breeders' Cup in 2007, and its turf course was renovated in preparation.New Jerseyans' collegiate allegiances are predominantly split among the three major NCAA Division I programs in the state: the Rutgers University (New Jersey's flagship state university) Scarlet Knights, members of the Big Ten Conference; the Seton Hall University (the state's largest Catholic university) Pirates, members of the Big East Conference; and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers.The intense rivalry between Rutgers and Princeton athletics began with the first intercollegiate football game in 1869. The schools have not met on the football field since 1980, but they continue to play each other annually in all other sports offered by the two universities.Rutgers, which fields 24 teams in various sports, is nationally known for its football program, with a 6–4 all-time bowl record; and its women's basketball programs, which appeared in a National Final in 2007. In 2008 and 2009, Rutgers expanded their football home, Rutgers Stadium, now called SHI Stadium, on the Busch Campus. The basketball teams play at the Rutgers Athletic Center on Livingston Campus. Both venues and campuses are in Piscataway, across the Raritan River from New Brunswick. The university also fields men's basketball and baseball programs. Rutgers' fans live mostly in the western parts of the state and Middlesex County; its alumni base is the largest in the state.Rutgers' satellite campuses in Camden and Newark each field their own athletic programs—the Rutgers–Camden Scarlet Raptors and the Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders—which both compete in NCAA Division III.Seton Hall fields no football team, but its men's basketball team is one of the Big East's storied programs. No New Jersey team has won more games in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, and it is the state's only men's basketball program to reach a modern National Final. The Pirates play their home games at Prudential Center in downtown Newark, about from the university's South Orange campus. Their fans hail largely from in the predominantly Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore. The annual inter-conference rivalry game between Seton Hall and Rutgers, whose venue alternates between Newark and Piscataway, the Garden State Hardwood Classic, is planned through 2026.The state's other Division I schools include the Monmouth University Hawks (West Long Branch), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Highlanders (Newark), the Rider University Broncs (Lawrenceville), and the Saint Peter's University Peacocks and Peahens (Jersey City).Fairleigh Dickinson University competes in both Division I and Division III. It has two campuses, each with its own sports teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the FDU Knights, and compete in the Northeast Conference and NCAA Division I. The college at Florham (FDU-Florham) teams are known as the FDU-Florham Devils and compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' Freedom Conference and NCAA Division III.Among the various Division III schools in the state, the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks have fielded the longest continuously running collegiate men's lacrosse program in the country. 2009 marked the 125th season.New Jersey high schools are divided into divisions under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).' Founded in 1918, the NJSIAA currently represents 22,000 schools, 330,000 coaches, and almost 4.5 million athletes.Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison, with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory. Edison's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio. America's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909. DuMont Laboratories in Passaic developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home.A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey. Since 1978, the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in-state. New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers. Governor Chris Christie suspended the credits in 2010, but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program. Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly, the program offers 20 percent tax credits (22% in urban enterprise zones) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending. When Governor Phil Murphy took office, he instated the New Jersey Film & Digital Media Tax Credit Program in 2018 and expanded it in 2020. The benefits include a 30% tax credit on film projects and a 40% subsidy for studio developments.The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the most prominent and heavily trafficked roadways in the United States. This toll road, which overlaps with Interstate 95 for much of its length, carries traffic between Delaware and New York, and up and down the East Coast in general. Commonly referred to as simply "the Turnpike", it is known for its numerous rest areas named after prominent New Jerseyans.The Garden State Parkway, or simply "the Parkway", carries relatively more in-state traffic than interstate traffic and runs from New Jersey's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May. It is the main route that connects the New York metropolitan area to the Jersey Shore. With a total of fifteen travel and six shoulder lanes, the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway, spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County, is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes as well as one of the busiest.New Jersey is connected to New York City via various key bridges and tunnels. The double-decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world, at 102 million vehicles per year, across fourteen lanes. It connects Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, and carries Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 across the Hudson River. The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey Route 495, and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying Interstate 78. New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges—from north to south, the Bayonne Bridge, the Goethals Bridge, and the Outerbridge Crossing.New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three of its neighboring states. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Delaware River Port Authority (with Pennsylvania), the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (with Pennsylvania), and the Delaware River and Bay Authority (with Delaware) operate most of the major transportation routes in and out of the state. Bridge tolls are collected only from traffic exiting the state, with the exception of the private Dingman's Ferry Bridge over the Delaware River, which charges a toll in both directions.It is unlawful for a customer to serve themselves gasoline in New Jersey. It became the last remaining U.S. state where all gas stations are required to sell full-service gasoline to customers at all times in 2016, after Oregon's introduction of restricted self-service gasoline availability took effect.Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, it is one of the three main airports serving the New York metropolitan area. United Airlines is the airport's largest tenant, operating an entire terminal there, which it uses as one of its primary hubs. FedEx Express operates a large cargo terminal at EWR as well. The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to Amtrak and NJ Transit trains along the Northeast Corridor Line.Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and rapidly growing Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of the state. Teterboro Airport in Bergen County, and Millville Municipal Airport in Cumberland County, are general aviation airports popular with private and corporate aircraft due to their proximity to New York City and the Jersey Shore, respectively.NJ Transit operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state. A state-run corporation, it began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey in 1979. In the early 1980s, it acquired Conrail's commuter train operations that connected suburban towns to New York City. Today, NJ Transit has eleven commuter rail lines that run through different parts of the state. Most of the lines end at either Penn Station in New York City or Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken. One line provides service between Atlantic City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen, through Hoboken and Jersey City. The Newark Light Rail is partially underground, and connects downtown Newark with other parts of the city and its suburbs, Belleville and Bloomfield. The River Line connects Trenton and Camden.The PATH is a rapid transit system consisting of four lines operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It links Hoboken, Jersey City, Harrison and Newark with New York City. The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit system that links Camden County to Philadelphia. Both the PATCO and the PATH are two of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to operate 24 hours a day.Amtrak operates numerous long-distance passenger trains in New Jersey, both to and from neighboring states and around the country. In addition to the Newark Airport connection, other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Transit Center, Metropark, and the historic Newark Penn Station.The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, or SEPTA, has two commuter rail lines that operate into New Jersey. The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center, and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing.AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak/NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport's terminals and parking lots.Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers, of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City.New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, and Edgewater, with service to different parts of Manhattan. Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to Battery Park City in Manhattan. Statue Cruises offers service from Liberty State Park to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, including Ellis Island. SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket.The Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May–Lewes Ferry on Delaware Bay, carrying both passengers and vehicles between New Jersey and Delaware. The agency also operates the Forts Ferry Crossing for passengers across the Delaware River. The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia.The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation. Until 2010, the governor was the only statewide elected executive official in the state and appointed numerous government officials. Formerly, an acting governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as president of the New Jersey State Senate, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process. In 2002 and 2007, president of the state senate Richard Codey held the position of acting governor for a short time, and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long-term acting governor due to Jim McGreevey's resignation. A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming acting governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate. Phil Murphy (D) is the governor. The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton.Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first lieutenant governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19, 2010. She was elected on the Republican ticket with Governor-Elect Chris Christie in the November 2009 NJ gubernatorial election. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8, 2005, and effective as of January 17, 2006.The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947. It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature, consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members. Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one state senator and two Assembly members. Assembly members are elected for a two-year term in all odd-numbered years; state senators are elected in the years ending in 1, 3, and7 and thus serve either four- or two-year terms.New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years. (The others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia.) New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years, in the year following each federal Presidential election year. Thus, the last year when New Jersey elected a governor was 2017; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2021.The New Jersey Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. All are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Justices serve an initial seven-year term, after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70.Most of the day-to-day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Court, where simple traffic tickets, minor criminal offenses, and small civil matters are heard.More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county. All Superior Court judges are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Each judge serves an initial seven-year term, after which he or she can be reappointed to serve until age 70. New Jersey's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity, like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states. The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level; the Law Division hears both criminal cases and civil lawsuits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is damages, while the Chancery Division hears family cases, civil suits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is equitable relief, and probate trials.The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division, which functions as the state's intermediate appellate court. Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice.There is also a Tax Court, which is a court of limited jurisdiction. Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation. They also hear appeals on decisions made by the director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income, sales and business taxes, and homestead rebates. Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court. Tax Court judges are appointed by the governor for initial terms of seven years, and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70. There are 12 Tax Court judgeships.New Jersey is divided into 21 counties; 13 date from the colonial era. New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones; most recently Union County in 1857. New Jersey is the only state in the nation where elected county officials are called "Freeholders", governing each county as part of its own Board of Chosen Freeholders. The number of freeholders in each county is determined by referendum, and must consist of three, five, seven or nine members.Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders or split into separate branches of government. In 16 counties, members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each freeholder assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In the other five counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the Board of Chosen Freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator (or County Manager) may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.New Jersey currently has 565 municipalities; the number was 566 before Princeton Township and Princeton Borough merged to form the municipality of Princeton on January 1, 2013. Unlike other states, all New Jersey land is part of a municipality. In 2008, Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people, to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs. In May 2009, the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation.Starting in the 20th century, largely driven by reform-minded goals, a series of six modern forms of government was implemented. This began with the Walsh Act, enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature, which provided for a three- or five-member commission elected on a non-partisan basis. This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law, which offered a non-partisan council, provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council, and introduced a Council-manager government structure with an appointed manager responsible for day-to-day administration of municipal affairs.The Faulkner Act, originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981, offers four basic plans: Mayor-Council, Council-Manager, Small Municipality, and Mayor-Council-Administrator. The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government: the number of seats on the council; seats selected at-large, by wards, or through a combination of both; staggered or concurrent terms of office; and a mayor chosen by the council or elected directly by voters. Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters. Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature.While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government, they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government, or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms, leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public. For example, though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type, Loch Arbour is the only one remaining with the village form of government. The other three villages—Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter)—have all migrated to other non-village forms.Socially, New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation. Polls indicate that 60% of the population are self-described as pro-choice, although a majority are opposed to late trimester and intact dilation and extraction and public funding of abortion. In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll, a plurality supported same-sex marriage 49% to 43% opposed, On October 18, 2013, the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional, unanimous (7–0) order authorizing same-sex marriage in the state, pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie, who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same-sex marriages took place on October 21, 2013.New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on assault firearms, hollow-nose bullets and slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black-powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.In past elections, New Jersey was a Republican bastion, but recently has become a Democratic stronghold. Currently, New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 26–14, and Assembly, 54–26), a 10–2 split of the state's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. Although the Democratic Party is very successful statewide, the state has had Republican governors; from 1994 to 2002, Christine Todd Whitman won twice with 47% and 49% of the votes, respectively, and in the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine with 48% of the vote. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Christie won reelection with over 60% of the votes. Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party's candidate for governor, the current governor and lieutenant governor are members of the Democratic Party. The governor's appointments to cabinet and non-cabinet positions may be from either party; for instance, the attorney general is a Democrat.In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party. For many years in the past, however, it was a Republican stronghold, having given comfortable margins of victory to the Republican candidate in the close elections of 1948, 1968, and 1976. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrent serving black and Latino U.S. senators.The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (typically the state's most Democratic county—it includes Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (the second-strongest Democratic county, including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).The suburban northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially Morris County, Sussex County, and Warren County. Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, President Barack Obama won New Jersey with approximately fifty-seven percent of the vote, compared to McCain's forty-one percent. Independent candidate Ralph Nader garnered less than one percent of the vote.About one-third of the state's counties are considered "swing" counties, but some go more one way than others. For example, Salem County, the same is true with Passaic County, with a highly populated Hispanic Democratic south (including Paterson, the state's third-largest city) and a rural, Republican north; with the "swing" township of Wayne in the middle. Other "swing" counties like Monmouth County, Somerset County, and Cape May County tend to go Republican, as they also have population in conservative areas, although Somerset has recently trended Democratic.To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 21 days prior to election day.On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey is the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965. Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole".There is also a mineral museum Ogdensburg in Sussex County.Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music, theater, and dance companies and venues located throughout the state, including:New Jersey is the location of most of the boardwalks in the U.S., with nearly every town and city along the Jersey Shore area each having a boardwalk with various attractions, entertainment, shopping, dining, miniature golf, arcades, water parks with various water rides, including water slides, lazy rivers, wave pools, etc., and amusement parks hosting rides and attractions including roller coasters, carousels, Ferris wheels, bumper cars, teacups, etc.
|
[
"William Livingston",
"A. Harry Moore",
"Rodman McCamley Price",
"William Sanford Pennington",
"Charles Creighton Stratton",
"Leon Rutherford Taylor",
"Jon Corzine",
"George C. Ludlow",
"Donald DiFrancesco",
"Clarence Edwards Case",
"Charles Edison",
"Leon Abbett",
"Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr.",
"David Ogden Watkins",
"Brendan Byrne",
"Richard Joseph Hughes",
"Samuel L. Southard",
"Horace Griggs Prall",
"Chris Christie",
"Peter Dumont Vroom",
"Elias P. Seeley",
"Joseph Bloomfield",
"Woodrow Wilson",
"Thomas Henderson",
"Aaron Ogden",
"Morgan Foster Larson",
"Clifford Ross Powell",
"Jim McGreevey",
"Theodore Fitz Randolph",
"James Fairman Fielder",
"Joseph D. Bedle",
"Foster McGowan Voorhees",
"Robert Stockton Green",
"George Brinton McClellan",
"Mahlon Dickerson",
"Franklin Murphy",
"William Nelson Runyon",
"George Sebastian Silzer",
"Harold Giles Hoffman",
"Joel Parker",
"Edward C. Stokes",
"William Thomas Cahill",
"Thomas Kean",
"John Orus Bennett III",
"Walter Evans Edge",
"Alfred Eastlack Driscoll",
"Charles Smith Olden",
"Christine Todd Whitman",
"James Florio",
"John W. Griggs",
"John Lambert",
"Isaac Halstead Williamson",
"Robert Baumle Meyner",
"William Pennington",
"George Franklin Fort",
"William A. Newell",
"Phil Murphy",
"George Theodore Werts",
"William Paterson",
"John Franklin Fort",
"Richard Codey",
"Philemon Dickerson"
] |
|
Who was the head of New Jersey in 08/18/1922?
|
August 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Edward Irving Edwards"
]
}
|
L2_Q1408_P6_40
|
William Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1837 to Oct, 1843.
George Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1851 to Jan, 1854.
A. Harry Moore is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929.
Charles Smith Olden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1863.
Woodrow Wilson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1911 to Mar, 1913.
Rodman McCamley Price is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1857.
Charles Edison is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1944.
Jim McGreevey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Nov, 2004.
John Lambert is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1802 to Oct, 1803.
Harold Giles Hoffman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1938.
Joel Parker is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1866.
Robert Stockton Green is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1890.
William Thomas Cahill is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1974.
Joseph D. Bedle is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1878.
William Livingston is the head of the government of New Jersey from Aug, 1776 to Jul, 1790.
Thomas Henderson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1793 to Jun, 1793.
John Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1911.
Foster McGowan Voorhees is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1898 to Oct, 1898.
Walter Evans Edge is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1917 to May, 1919.
David Ogden Watkins is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1898 to Jan, 1899.
Franklin Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1902 to Jan, 1905.
George Brinton McClellan is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1881.
Peter Dumont Vroom is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1829 to Oct, 1832.
George Theodore Werts is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1893 to Jan, 1896.
George Sebastian Silzer is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1926.
Richard Joseph Hughes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1970.
Chris Christie is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Joseph Bloomfield is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1801 to Oct, 1802.
Horace Griggs Prall is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
Donald DiFrancesco is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr. is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1869.
Brendan Byrne is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982.
Alfred Eastlack Driscoll is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1954.
George C. Ludlow is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
Elias P. Seeley is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1833.
Charles Creighton Stratton is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1845 to Jan, 1848.
Mahlon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1815 to Feb, 1817.
Robert Baumle Meyner is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1962.
Clifford Ross Powell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
William Nelson Runyon is the head of the government of New Jersey from May, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Phil Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Theodore Fitz Randolph is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872.
Morgan Foster Larson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1932.
Philemon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1836 to Oct, 1837.
Isaac Halstead Williamson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1817 to Oct, 1829.
John Orus Bennett III is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Aaron Ogden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1812 to Oct, 1813.
Christine Todd Whitman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2001.
Thomas Kean is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990.
Samuel L. Southard is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Jon Corzine is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
William Paterson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1790 to Mar, 1793.
Edward Irving Edwards is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1923.
James Florio is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1994.
Richard Codey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Leon Abbett is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1887.
Clarence Edwards Case is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1920.
William A. Newell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1860.
William Sanford Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1813 to Jun, 1815.
Leon Rutherford Taylor is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1913 to Jan, 1914.
John W. Griggs is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1898.
James Fairman Fielder is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1913 to Oct, 1913.
Edward C. Stokes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1908.
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New JerseyNew Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous, with 9,288,994 residents as of 2020 and an area of , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. New Jersey's state capital is Trenton, while the state's most populous city is Newark. All but one county in New Jersey (Warren County) lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia; consequently, the state's largest metropolitan area falls within Greater New York.New Jersey was first inhabited by Native Americans for at least 2,800 years, with the Lenape being the dominant group by the time Europeans arrived in the early 17th century. Dutch and the Swedish colonists founded the first European settlements in the state. The English later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey—after the largest of the Channel Islands, Jersey—and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, factories in the "Big Six" cities of Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, Jersey City, and Elizabeth helped drive the nation's Industrial Revolution. New Jersey's central location in the Northeast megalopolis fueled its rapid growth and suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century. At the turn of the 21st century, the state's economy increasingly diversified, while its multicultural populace began reverting toward more urban settings within the state, outpacing the growth in suburbs since 2008.As of 2020, New Jersey was home to the highest number of millionaires per capita of all U.S. states, with 9.76% of households—more than 323,000 of 3.3 million statewide—meeting the criteria. Based on 2017 data, it was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income. New Jersey's public school system consistently ranks at or among the top among all fifty U.S. states.Around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact. "" is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign: Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf. They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade.The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey. The Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of land ownership was not recognized by the Lenape, Dutch West India Company policy required its colonists to purchase the land that they settled. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen. Peter Minuit's purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. The entire region became a territory of England on June 24, 1664, after an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is now New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam, annexing the entire province.During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the King. It was from the Royal Square in Saint Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II), the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony (as opposed to a royal colony). James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. The area was named the Province of New Jersey.Since the state's inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of , a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings. Unlike Plymouth Colony, Jamestown and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era, and commercial farming developed sporadically. Some townships, such as Burlington on the Delaware River and Perth Amboy, emerged as important ports for shipping to New York City and Philadelphia. The colony's fertile lands and tolerant religious policy drew more settlers, and New Jersey's population had increased to 120,000 by 1775.Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule took place along Hackensack River and Arthur Kill—settlers came primarily from New York and New England. On March 18, 1673, Berkeley sold his half of the colony to Quakers in England, who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony. (William Penn acted as trustee for the lands for a time.) New Jersey was governed very briefly as two distinct provinces, East and West Jersey, for 28 years between 1674 and 1702, at times part of the Province of New York or Dominion of New England.In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a royal governor, rather than a proprietary one. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. Britain believed that he was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land. In 1708 he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused those governors of favoritism to New York. Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738.New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. The was passed July 2, 1776, just two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain. It was an act of the Provincial Congress, which made itself into the State Legislature. To reassure neutrals, it provided that it would become void if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain. New Jersey representatives Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, and Abraham Clark were among those who signed the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.During the American Revolutionary War, British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times, and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Because of this, New Jersey today is often referred to as "The Crossroads of the American Revolution". The winter quarters of the Continental Army were established there twice by General George Washington in Morristown, which has been called "The Military Capital of the American Revolution.“On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River. After the crossing, they surprised and defeated the Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. By evading Cornwallis's army, the Americans made a surprise attack on Princeton and successfully defeated the British forces there on January 3, 1777. Emanuel Leutze's painting of "Washington Crossing the Delaware" became an icon of the Revolution.American forces under Washington met the British forces under General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth in an indecisive engagement in June 1778. The Americans attempted to take the British column by surprise. When the British army attempted to flank the Americans, the Americans retreated in disorder. Their ranks were later reorganized and withstood the British charges.In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University, making Princeton the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the war.On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey, as it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging tariffs on goods imported from Europe. On November 20, 1789, the state became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights.The 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to "all inhabitants" who had a certain level of wealth. This included women and blacks, but not married women, because they could not own property separately from their husbands. Both sides, in several elections, claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of "petticoat electors", whether entitled to vote or not; on the other hand, both parties passed Voting Rights Acts. In 1807, the legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal "white male" suffrage, excluding paupers; the constitution was itself an act of the legislature and not enshrined as the modern constitution.On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage. New Jersey voters eventually ratified the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.Industrialization accelerated in the northern part of the state following completion of the Morris Canal in 1831. The canal allowed for coal to be brought from eastern Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley to northern New Jersey's growing industries in Paterson, Newark, and Jersey City.In 1844, the second state constitution was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the state senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of Mercer County) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1962 by the decision "Baker v. Carr". While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself.New Jersey was one of the few Union states (the others being Delaware and Kentucky) to select a candidate other than Abraham Lincoln twice in national elections, and sided with Stephen Douglas (1860) and George B. McClellan (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan, a native Philadelphian, had New Jersey ties and formally resided in New Jersey at the time; he later became Governor of New Jersey (1878–81). (In New Jersey, the factions of the Democratic party managed an effective coalition in 1860.) During the American Civil War, the state was led first by Republican governor Charles Smith Olden, then by Democrat Joel Parker. During the course of the war, between 65,000 and 80,000 soldiers from the state enlisted in the Union army; unlike many states, including some Northern ones, no battle was fought there.In the Industrial Revolution, cities like Paterson grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more industrialized economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. Inventor Thomas Edison also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been granted 1,093 patents, many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at Menlo Park and then in West Orange, are considered perhaps the first research centers in the United States. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as locomotion and steamboats were introduced to New Jersey.Iron mining was also a leading industry during the middle to late 19th century. Bog iron pits in the southern New Jersey Pinelands were among the first sources of iron for the new nation. Mines such as Mt. Hope, Mine Hill and the Rockaway Valley Mines created a thriving industry. Mining generated the impetus for new towns and was one of the driving forces behind the need for the Morris Canal. Zinc mines were also a major industry, especially the Sterling Hill Mine.New Jersey prospered through the Roaring Twenties. The first Miss America Pageant was held in 1921 in Atlantic City, the Holland Tunnel connecting Jersey City to Manhattan opened in 1927, and the first drive-in movie was shown in 1933 in Camden. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the state offered begging licenses to unemployed residents, the zeppelin airship Hindenburg crashed in flames over Lakehurst, and the SS "Morro Castle" beached itself near Asbury Park after going up in flames while at sea.Through both World Wars, New Jersey was a center for war production, especially naval construction. The Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company yards in Kearny and Newark and the New York Shipbuilding Corporation yard in Camden produced aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, and destroyers. New Jersey manufactured 6.8 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking fifth among the 48 states. In addition, Fort Dix (1917) (originally called "Camp Dix"), Camp Merritt (1917) and Camp Kilmer (1941) were all constructed to house and train American soldiers through both World Wars. New Jersey also became a principal location for defense in the Cold War. Fourteen Nike missile stations were constructed for the defense of the New York City and Philadelphia areas. "PT-109", a motor torpedo boat commanded by Lt. (j.g.) John F. Kennedy in World War II, was built at the Elco Boatworks in Bayonne. The aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise" (CV-6) was briefly docked at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne in the 1950s before she was sent to Kearney to be scrapped. In 1962, the world's first nuclear-powered cargo ship, the NS Savannah, was launched at Camden.In 1951, the New Jersey Turnpike opened, permitting fast travel by car and truck between North Jersey (and metropolitan New York) and South Jersey (and metropolitan Philadelphia). In 1959, Air Defense Command deployed the CIM-10 Bomarc surface-to-air missile to McGuire Air Force Base. On June 7, 1960, an explosion in a CIM-10 Bomarc missile fuel tank caused the accident and subsequent plutonium contamination.In the 1960s, race riots erupted in many of the industrial cities of North Jersey. The first race riots in New Jersey occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964. Several others ensued in 1967, in Newark and Plainfield. Other riots followed the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A riot occurred in Camden in 1971. As a result of an order from the New Jersey Supreme Court to fund schools equitably, the New Jersey legislature passed an income tax bill in 1976. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.In the early part of the 2000s, two light rail systems were opened: the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail in Hudson County and the River Line between Camden and Trenton. The intent of these projects was to encourage transit-oriented development in North Jersey and South Jersey, respectively. The HBLR in particular was credited with a revitalization of Hudson County and Jersey City in particular. Urban revitalization has continued in North Jersey in the 21st century. As of 2014, Jersey City's Census-estimated population was 262,146, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, representing an increase of 5.9% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was enumerated at 247,597. Between 2000 and 2010, Newark experienced its first population increase since the 1950s.The state of New Jersey is bordered on the north and northeast by New York (parts of which are across the Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, the Kill Van Kull, Newark Bay, and the Arthur Kill); on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the southwest by Delaware across Delaware Bay; and on the west by Pennsylvania across the Delaware River. This is New Jersey's only straight border.New Jersey is often broadly divided into three geographic regions: North Jersey, Central Jersey, and South Jersey. Some New Jersey residents do not consider Central Jersey a region in its own right, but others believe it is a separate geographic and cultural area from the North and South.Within those regions are five distinct areas, based upon natural geography and population concentration. Northeastern New Jersey lies closest to Manhattan in New York City, and up to a million residents commute daily into the city for work, many via public transportation. Northwestern New Jersey is more wooded, rural, and mountainous. The Jersey Shore, along the Atlantic Coast in Central and South Jersey, has its own unique natural, residential, and cultural characteristics owing to its location by the ocean. The Delaware Valley includes the southwestern counties of the state, which reside within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. The Pine Barrens region is in the southern interior of New Jersey; covered rather extensively by mixed pine and oak forest, this region has a lower population density than most of the rest of the state.The federal Office of Management and Budget divides New Jersey's counties into seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas, with 16 counties included in either the New York City or Philadelphia metro areas. Four counties have independent metro areas, and Warren County is part of the Pennsylvania-based Lehigh Valley metro area. New Jersey is also at the center of the Northeast megalopolis.High Point, in Montague Township, Sussex County, is the state's highest elevation, at above sea level. The state's highest prominence is Kitty Ann Mountain in Morris County, rising . The Palisades are a line of steep cliffs on the west side of the Hudson River, in Bergen and Hudson Counties. Major New Jersey rivers include the Hudson, Delaware, Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, Musconetcong, Mullica, Rancocas, Manasquan, Maurice, and Toms rivers. Due to New Jersey's peninsular geography, both sunrise and sunset are visible over water from different points on the Jersey Shore.There are two climatic conditions in the state. The south, central, and northeast parts of the state have a humid subtropical climate, while the northwest has a humid continental climate (microthermal), with much cooler temperatures due to higher elevation. New Jersey receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually.Climate change is affecting New Jersey faster than much of the rest of the United States. As of 2019, New Jersey was one of the fastest-warming states in the nation. Since 1895, average temperatures have climbed by almost 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, double the average for the other Lower 48 states.Summers are typically hot and humid, with statewide average high temperatures of and lows of ; however, temperatures exceed on average 25 days each summer, exceeding in some years. Winters are usually cold, with average high temperatures of and lows of for most of the state, but temperatures can, for brief periods, fall below and sometimes rise above . Northwestern parts of the state have significantly colder winters with sub- being an almost annual occurrence. Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations, with lower humidity than summer. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone classification ranges from6 in the northwest of the state, to 7B near Cape May. All-time temperature extremes recorded in New Jersey include on July 10, 1936, in Runyon, Middlesex County and on January 5, 1904, in River Vale, Bergen County.Average annual precipitation ranges from , uniformly spread through the year. Average snowfall per winter season ranges from in the south and near the seacoast, in the northeast and central part of the state, to about in the northwestern highlands, but this often varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year, with 25 to 30 thunderstorms, most of which occur during the summer.During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters", which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States. Hurricanes and tropical storms (such as Tropical Storm Floyd in 1999), tornadoes, and earthquakes are rare, although New Jersey was impacted by a hurricane in 1903, and Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012 with the storm making landfall in the state with top winds of .For its overall population and nation-leading population density, New Jersey has a relative paucity of classic large cities. This paradox is most pronounced in Bergen County, New Jersey's most populous county, whose more than 930,000 residents in 2019 inhabited 70 municipalities, the most populous being Hackensack, with 44,522 residents estimated in 2018. Many urban areas extend far beyond the limits of a single large city, as New Jersey cities (and indeed municipalities in general) tend to be geographically small; three of the four largest cities in New Jersey by population have under of land area, and eight of the top ten, including all of the top five have land area under . , only four municipalities had populations in excess of 100,000, although Edison and Woodbridge came very close.The United States Census Bureau tabulated in the 2020 United States census that the population of New Jersey was 9,288,994 on April 1, 2020, a 5.7% increase since the 2010 United States census. Residents of New Jersey are most commonly referred to as "New Jerseyans" or, less commonly, as "New Jerseyites". At the 2010 census, there were 8,791,894 people living in the state. At the 2010 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic makeup of the state was: 68.6% White American, 13.7% African American, 8.3% Asian American, 0.3% Native American, 2.7% Multiracial American, and 6.4% other races. Non-Hispanic Whites were 58.9% of the population in 2011, down from 85% in 1970. In 2010, 17.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).In 2010, unauthorized immigrants constituted an estimated 6.2% of the population. This was the fourth-highest percentage of any state in the country. There were an estimated 550,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010. Among the municipalities which are considered sanctuary cities are Camden, Jersey City and Newark.As of 2010, New Jersey was the eleventh-most populous state in the United States, and the most densely populated, at 1,185 residents per square mile (458 per km), with most of the population residing in the counties surrounding New York City, Philadelphia, and along the eastern Jersey Shore, while the extreme southern and northwestern counties are relatively less dense overall. It was also the second wealthiest state by median household income, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.The center of population for New Jersey is located in Middlesex County, in the town of Milltown, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike.New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers "per square mile" than anywhere else in the world.On October 21, 2013, same-sex marriages commenced in New Jersey.New Jersey is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse states in the United States. As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white. The state has the second largest Jewish population by percentage (after New York); the second largest Muslim population by percentage (after Michigan); the largest population of Peruvians in the United States; the largest population of Cubans outside of Florida; the third highest Asian population by percentage; and the second highest Italian population, according to the 2000 Census. African Americans, Hispanics (Puerto Ricans and Dominicans), West Indians, Arabs, and Brazilian and Portuguese Americans are also high in number. New Jersey has the third highest Asian Indian population of any state by absolute numbers and the highest by percentage, with Bergen County home to America's largest Malayali community. Overall, New Jersey has the third largest Korean population, with Bergen County home to the highest Korean concentration per capita of any U.S. county (6.9% in 2011). New Jersey also has the fourth largest Filipino population, and fourth largest Chinese population, per the 2010 U.S. Census. The five largest ethnic groups in 2000 were: Italian (17.9%), Irish (15.9%), African (13.6%), German (12.6%), Polish (6.9%).India Square, in Bombay, Jersey City, Hudson County, is home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere. Meanwhile, Central New Jersey, particularly Edison and surrounding Middlesex County, is prominently known for its significant concentration of Asian Indians. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville in 2014, a BAPS temple. The growing Little India is a South Asian-focused commercial strip in Middlesex County, the U.S. county with the highest concentration of Asian Indians. The Oak Tree Road strip runs for about through Edison and neighboring Iselin in Woodbridge Township, near the area's sprawling Chinatown and Koreatown, running along New Jersey Route 27. It is the largest and most diverse South Asian cultural hub in the United States. Carteret's Punjabi Sikh community, variously estimated at upwards of 3,000, is the largest concentration of Sikhs in the state. Monroe Township in Middlesex County has experienced a particularly rapid growth rate in its Indian American population, with an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017, which was 23 times the 256 (0.9%) counted as of the 2000 Census; and Diwali is celebrated by the township as a Hindu holiday. In Middlesex County, election ballots are printed in English, Spanish, Gujarati, Hindi, and Punjabi.Newark was the fourth poorest of U.S. cities with over 250,000 residents in 2008, but New Jersey as a whole had the second-highest median household income as of 2014. This is largely because so much of New Jersey consists of suburbs, most of them affluent, of New York City and Philadelphia. New Jersey is also the most densely populated state, and the only state that has had every one of its counties deemed "urban" as defined by the Census Bureau's Combined Statistical Area.In 2010, 6.2% of its population was reported as under age 5, 23.5% under 18, and 13.5% were 65 or older; and females made up approximately 51.3% of the population.A study by the Pew Research Center found that in 2013, New Jersey was the only U.S. state in which immigrants born in India constituted the largest foreign-born nationality, representing roughly 10% of all foreign-born residents in the state.For further information on various ethnoracial groups and neighborhoods prominently featured within New Jersey, see the following articles:As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's population younger than age1 were minorities (meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white)."Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number."As of 2010, 71.31% (5,830,812) of New Jersey residents age5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 14.59% (1,193,261) spoke Spanish, 1.23% (100,217) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.06% (86,849) Italian, 1.06% (86,486) Portuguese, 0.96% (78,627) Tagalog, and Korean was spoken as a main language by 0.89% (73,057) of the population over the age of five. In total, 28.69% (2,345,644) of New Jersey's population age5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.A diverse collection of languages has since evolved amongst the state's population, given that New Jersey has become cosmopolitan and is home to ethnic enclaves of non-English-speaking communities:By number of adherents, the largest denominations in New Jersey, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2010, were the Roman Catholic Church with 3,235,290; Islam with 160,666; and the United Methodist Church with 138,052. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville, Mercer County, in central New Jersey during 2014, a BAPS temple. In January 2018, Gurbir Grewal became the first Sikh American state attorney general in the United States. In January 2019, Sadaf Jaffer became the first female Muslim American mayor, first female South Asian mayor, and first female Pakistani-American mayor in the United States, of Montgomery in Somerset County.The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey's gross state product in the fourth quarter of 2018 was $639.8 billion. New Jersey's estimated taxpayer burden in 2015 was $59,400 per taxpayer. New Jersey is nearly $239 billion in debt.New Jersey's per capita gross state product in 2008 was $54,699, second in the U.S. and above the national per capita gross domestic product of $46,588. Its per capita income was the third highest in the nation with $51,358. In 2020, New Jersey had the highest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, approximately 9.76% of households. The state is ranked second in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4%. Nine of New Jersey's counties are among the 100 wealthiest U.S. counties.New Jersey has seven tax brackets that determine state income tax rates, which range from 1.4% (for income below $20,000) to 8.97% (for income above $500,000).The standard sales tax rate as of January 1, 2018, is 6.625%, applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law. This rate, which is comparably lower than that of New York City, often attracts numerous shoppers from New York City, often to suburban Paramus, New Jersey, which has five malls, one of which (the Garden State Plaza) has over of retail space. Tax exemptions include most food items for at-home preparation, medications, most clothing, footwear and disposable paper products for use in the home. There are 27 Urban Enterprise Zone statewide, including sections of Paterson, Elizabeth, and Jersey City. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half the rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.New Jersey has the highest cumulative tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9% of income. All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute. New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax, but it does impose an inheritance tax.New Jersey consistently ranks as having one of the highest proportional levels of disparity of any state in the United States, based upon what it receives from the federal government relative to what it gives. In 2015, WalletHub ranked New Jersey the state least dependent upon federal government aid overall and having the fourth lowest return on taxpayer investment from the federal government, at 48 cents per dollar.New Jersey has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation. Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas.New Jersey's economy is multifaceted, but is centered on the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, information technology, the financial industry, chemical development, telecommunications, food processing, electric equipment, printing, publishing, and tourism. New Jersey's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, horses, vegetables, fruits and nuts, seafood, and dairy products. New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach, and fourth in bell peppers, peaches, and head lettuce. The state harvests the fourth-largest number of acres planted with asparagus.Although New Jersey is home to many energy-intensive industries, its energy consumption is only 2.7% of the U.S. total, and its carbon dioxide emissions are 0.8% of the U.S. total. Its comparatively low greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the state's use of nuclear power. According to the Energy Information Administration, nuclear power dominates New Jersey's electricity market, typically supplying more than one-half of state generation. New Jersey has three nuclear power plants, including the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which came online in 1969 and is the oldest operating nuclear plant in the country.New Jersey has a strong scientific economy and is home to major pharmaceutical and telecommunications firms, drawing on the state's large and well-educated labor pool. There is also a strong service economy in retail sales, education, and real estate, serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia. Thomas Edison invented the first electric light bulb at his home in Menlo Park, Edison in 1879. New Jersey is also a key participant in the renewable wind industry.Shipping is a key industry in New Jersey because of the state's strategic geographic location, the Port of New York and New Jersey being the busiest port on the East Coast. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world's first container port and today is one of the world's largest.New Jersey hosts several business headquarters, including twenty-four Fortune 500 companies. Paramus in Bergen County has become the top retail ZIP code (07652) in the United States, with the municipality generating over US$6 billion in annual retail sales. Several New Jersey counties, including Somerset (7), Morris (10), Hunterdon (13), Bergen (21), and Monmouth (42), have been ranked among the highest-income counties in the United States.New Jersey's location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis and its extensive transportation system have put over one-third of all United States residents and many Canadian residents within overnight distance by land. This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.In 1976, a referendum of New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City, where the first legalized casino opened in 1978. At that time, Las Vegas was the only other casino resort in the country. Today, several casinos lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk, the first and longest boardwalk in the world. Atlantic City experienced a dramatic contraction in its stature as a gambling destination after 2010, including the closure of multiple casinos since 2014, spurred by competition from the advent of legalized gambling in other northeastern U.S. states. On February 26, 2013, Governor Chris Christie signed online gambling into law. Sports betting has become a growing source of gambling revenue in New Jersey since being legalized across the nation by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 14, 2018.Forests cover 45%, or approximately 2.1 million acres, of New Jersey's land area. The chief tree of the northern forests is the oak. The Pine Barrens, consisting of pine forests, is in the southern part of the state.Some mining activity of zinc, iron, and manganese still takes place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace.New Jersey is second in the nation in solar power installations, enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies, and the renewable energy certificates program. The state has more than 10,000 solar installations.As of 2010, there were 605 school districts in the state.Secretary of Education Rick Rosenberg, appointed by Governor Jon Corzine, created the Education Advancement Initiative (EAI) to increase college admission rates by 10% for New Jersey's high school students, decrease dropout rates by 15%, and increase the amount of money devoted to schools by 10%. Rosenberg retracted this plan when criticized for taking the money out of healthcare to fund this initiative.In 2010, the state government paid all teachers' premiums for health insurance, but currently all NJ public teachers pay a portion of their own health insurance premiums.New Jersey is known for the quality of its education. In 2015, the state spent more per each public school student than any other U.S. state except New York, Alaska, and Connecticut, amounting to $18,235 spent per pupil; over 50% of the expenditure was allocated to student instruction.According to 2011 "Newsweek" statistics, students of High Technology High School in Lincroft, Monmouth County and Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, Bergen County registered average SAT scores of 2145 and 2100, respectively, representing the second- and third-highest scores, respectively, of all listed U.S. high schools.Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, one of the world's most prominent research universities, is often featured at or near the top of various national and global university rankings, topping the 2020 list of "U.S. News & World Report". In 2013, Rutgers University, headquartered in New Brunswick, Middlesex County as the flagship institution of higher education in New Jersey, regained medical and dental schools, augmenting its profile as a national research university as well.In 2014, New Jersey's school systems were ranked at the top of all fifty U.S. states by financial website Wallethub.com. In 2018, New Jersey's overall educational system was ranked second among all states to Massachusetts by "U.S. News & World Report". In both 2019 and 2020, "Education Week" also ranked New Jersey public schools the best of all U.S. states.Nine New Jersey high schools were ranked among the top 25 in the U.S. on the "Newsweek" "America's Top High Schools 2016" list, more than from any other state. A 2017 UCLA Civil Rights project found that New Jersey has the sixth-most segregated classrooms in the United States.New Jersey has continued to play a prominent role as a U.S. cultural nexus. Like every state, New Jersey has its own cuisine, religious communities, museums, and .New Jersey is the birthplace of modern inventions such as: FM radio, the motion picture camera, the lithium battery, the light bulb, transistors, and the electric train. Other New Jersey creations include: the drive-in movie, the cultivated blueberry, cranberry sauce, the postcard, the boardwalk, the zipper, the phonograph, saltwater taffy, the dirigible, the seedless watermelon, the first use of a submarine in warfare, and the ice cream cone.Diners are iconic to New Jersey. The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has over 600 diners, more than any other place in the world.New Jersey is the only state without a state song. "I'm From New Jersey" is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey state song, but it was not even a contender when in 1996 the New Jersey Arts Council submitted their suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature.New Jersey is frequently the target of jokes in American culture, especially from New York City-based television shows, such as "Saturday Night Live". Academic Michael Aaron Rockland attributes this to New Yorkers' view that New Jersey is the beginning of Middle America. The New Jersey Turnpike, which runs between two major East Coast cities, New York City and Philadelphia, is also cited as a reason, as people who traverse through the state may only see its industrial zones. Reality television shows like "Jersey Shore" and "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" have reinforced stereotypical views of New Jersey culture, but Rockland cited "The Sopranos" and the music of Bruce Springsteen as exporting a more positive image.New Jersey is known for several foods developed within the region, including Taylor Ham (also known as pork roll), sloppy joe sandwiches, tomato pies, and Texas wieners.Several states with substantial Italian American populations take credit for the development of submarine sandwiches, including New Jersey.New Jersey has long been an important origin for both rock and rap music. Prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey include:New Jersey currently has six teams from major professional sports leagues playing in the state, although one Major League Soccer team and two National Football League teams identify themselves as being from the New York metropolitan area.The National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, based in Newark at the Prudential Center, is the only major league sports franchise to bear the state's name. Founded in 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri, as the Kansas City Scouts, the team played in Denver, Colorado, as the Colorado Rockies from 1976 until the spring of 1982 when naval architect, businessman, and Jersey City native John J. McMullen purchased, renamed, and moved the franchise to Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. While the team had mostly losing records in Kansas City, Denver, and its first years in New Jersey, the Devils began to improve in the late 1980s and early 1990s under Hall of Fame president and general manager Lou Lamoriello. The team made the playoffs for the Stanley Cup in 2001 and 2012, and won it in 1995, 2000, and 2003. The organization is the youngest of the nine major league teams in the New York metropolitan area. The Devils have established a following throughout the northern and central portions of the state, carving a place in a media market once dominated by the New York Rangers and Islanders.In 2018, the Philadelphia Flyers renovated and expanded their training facility, the Virtua Center Flyers Skate Zone, in Voorhees Township in the southern portion of the state.The New York Metropolitan Area's two National Football League teams, the New York Giants and the New York Jets, play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. Built for about $1.6 billion, the venue is the most expensive stadium ever built. On February 2, 2014, MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII.The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena, a soccer-specific stadium in Harrison across the Passaic River from downtown Newark. On July 27, 2011, Red Bull Arena hosted the 2011 MLS All-Star Game.From 1977 to 2012, New Jersey had a National Basketball Association team, the New Jersey Nets. WNBA's New York Liberty played in New Jersey from 2011 to 2013 while their primary home arena, Madison Square Garden was undergoing renovations. In 2016, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA opened their new headquarters and training facility, the Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex, in Camden.The Meadowlands Sports Complex is home to the Meadowlands Racetrack, one of three major harness racing tracks in the state. The Meadowlands Racetrack and Freehold Raceway in Freehold are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America. Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is a popular spot for thoroughbred racing in New Jersey and the northeast. It hosted the Breeders' Cup in 2007, and its turf course was renovated in preparation.New Jerseyans' collegiate allegiances are predominantly split among the three major NCAA Division I programs in the state: the Rutgers University (New Jersey's flagship state university) Scarlet Knights, members of the Big Ten Conference; the Seton Hall University (the state's largest Catholic university) Pirates, members of the Big East Conference; and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers.The intense rivalry between Rutgers and Princeton athletics began with the first intercollegiate football game in 1869. The schools have not met on the football field since 1980, but they continue to play each other annually in all other sports offered by the two universities.Rutgers, which fields 24 teams in various sports, is nationally known for its football program, with a 6–4 all-time bowl record; and its women's basketball programs, which appeared in a National Final in 2007. In 2008 and 2009, Rutgers expanded their football home, Rutgers Stadium, now called SHI Stadium, on the Busch Campus. The basketball teams play at the Rutgers Athletic Center on Livingston Campus. Both venues and campuses are in Piscataway, across the Raritan River from New Brunswick. The university also fields men's basketball and baseball programs. Rutgers' fans live mostly in the western parts of the state and Middlesex County; its alumni base is the largest in the state.Rutgers' satellite campuses in Camden and Newark each field their own athletic programs—the Rutgers–Camden Scarlet Raptors and the Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders—which both compete in NCAA Division III.Seton Hall fields no football team, but its men's basketball team is one of the Big East's storied programs. No New Jersey team has won more games in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, and it is the state's only men's basketball program to reach a modern National Final. The Pirates play their home games at Prudential Center in downtown Newark, about from the university's South Orange campus. Their fans hail largely from in the predominantly Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore. The annual inter-conference rivalry game between Seton Hall and Rutgers, whose venue alternates between Newark and Piscataway, the Garden State Hardwood Classic, is planned through 2026.The state's other Division I schools include the Monmouth University Hawks (West Long Branch), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Highlanders (Newark), the Rider University Broncs (Lawrenceville), and the Saint Peter's University Peacocks and Peahens (Jersey City).Fairleigh Dickinson University competes in both Division I and Division III. It has two campuses, each with its own sports teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the FDU Knights, and compete in the Northeast Conference and NCAA Division I. The college at Florham (FDU-Florham) teams are known as the FDU-Florham Devils and compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' Freedom Conference and NCAA Division III.Among the various Division III schools in the state, the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks have fielded the longest continuously running collegiate men's lacrosse program in the country. 2009 marked the 125th season.New Jersey high schools are divided into divisions under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).' Founded in 1918, the NJSIAA currently represents 22,000 schools, 330,000 coaches, and almost 4.5 million athletes.Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison, with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory. Edison's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio. America's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909. DuMont Laboratories in Passaic developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home.A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey. Since 1978, the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in-state. New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers. Governor Chris Christie suspended the credits in 2010, but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program. Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly, the program offers 20 percent tax credits (22% in urban enterprise zones) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending. When Governor Phil Murphy took office, he instated the New Jersey Film & Digital Media Tax Credit Program in 2018 and expanded it in 2020. The benefits include a 30% tax credit on film projects and a 40% subsidy for studio developments.The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the most prominent and heavily trafficked roadways in the United States. This toll road, which overlaps with Interstate 95 for much of its length, carries traffic between Delaware and New York, and up and down the East Coast in general. Commonly referred to as simply "the Turnpike", it is known for its numerous rest areas named after prominent New Jerseyans.The Garden State Parkway, or simply "the Parkway", carries relatively more in-state traffic than interstate traffic and runs from New Jersey's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May. It is the main route that connects the New York metropolitan area to the Jersey Shore. With a total of fifteen travel and six shoulder lanes, the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway, spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County, is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes as well as one of the busiest.New Jersey is connected to New York City via various key bridges and tunnels. The double-decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world, at 102 million vehicles per year, across fourteen lanes. It connects Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, and carries Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 across the Hudson River. The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey Route 495, and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying Interstate 78. New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges—from north to south, the Bayonne Bridge, the Goethals Bridge, and the Outerbridge Crossing.New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three of its neighboring states. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Delaware River Port Authority (with Pennsylvania), the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (with Pennsylvania), and the Delaware River and Bay Authority (with Delaware) operate most of the major transportation routes in and out of the state. Bridge tolls are collected only from traffic exiting the state, with the exception of the private Dingman's Ferry Bridge over the Delaware River, which charges a toll in both directions.It is unlawful for a customer to serve themselves gasoline in New Jersey. It became the last remaining U.S. state where all gas stations are required to sell full-service gasoline to customers at all times in 2016, after Oregon's introduction of restricted self-service gasoline availability took effect.Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, it is one of the three main airports serving the New York metropolitan area. United Airlines is the airport's largest tenant, operating an entire terminal there, which it uses as one of its primary hubs. FedEx Express operates a large cargo terminal at EWR as well. The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to Amtrak and NJ Transit trains along the Northeast Corridor Line.Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and rapidly growing Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of the state. Teterboro Airport in Bergen County, and Millville Municipal Airport in Cumberland County, are general aviation airports popular with private and corporate aircraft due to their proximity to New York City and the Jersey Shore, respectively.NJ Transit operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state. A state-run corporation, it began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey in 1979. In the early 1980s, it acquired Conrail's commuter train operations that connected suburban towns to New York City. Today, NJ Transit has eleven commuter rail lines that run through different parts of the state. Most of the lines end at either Penn Station in New York City or Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken. One line provides service between Atlantic City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen, through Hoboken and Jersey City. The Newark Light Rail is partially underground, and connects downtown Newark with other parts of the city and its suburbs, Belleville and Bloomfield. The River Line connects Trenton and Camden.The PATH is a rapid transit system consisting of four lines operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It links Hoboken, Jersey City, Harrison and Newark with New York City. The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit system that links Camden County to Philadelphia. Both the PATCO and the PATH are two of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to operate 24 hours a day.Amtrak operates numerous long-distance passenger trains in New Jersey, both to and from neighboring states and around the country. In addition to the Newark Airport connection, other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Transit Center, Metropark, and the historic Newark Penn Station.The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, or SEPTA, has two commuter rail lines that operate into New Jersey. The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center, and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing.AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak/NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport's terminals and parking lots.Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers, of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City.New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, and Edgewater, with service to different parts of Manhattan. Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to Battery Park City in Manhattan. Statue Cruises offers service from Liberty State Park to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, including Ellis Island. SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket.The Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May–Lewes Ferry on Delaware Bay, carrying both passengers and vehicles between New Jersey and Delaware. The agency also operates the Forts Ferry Crossing for passengers across the Delaware River. The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia.The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation. Until 2010, the governor was the only statewide elected executive official in the state and appointed numerous government officials. Formerly, an acting governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as president of the New Jersey State Senate, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process. In 2002 and 2007, president of the state senate Richard Codey held the position of acting governor for a short time, and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long-term acting governor due to Jim McGreevey's resignation. A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming acting governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate. Phil Murphy (D) is the governor. The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton.Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first lieutenant governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19, 2010. She was elected on the Republican ticket with Governor-Elect Chris Christie in the November 2009 NJ gubernatorial election. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8, 2005, and effective as of January 17, 2006.The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947. It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature, consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members. Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one state senator and two Assembly members. Assembly members are elected for a two-year term in all odd-numbered years; state senators are elected in the years ending in 1, 3, and7 and thus serve either four- or two-year terms.New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years. (The others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia.) New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years, in the year following each federal Presidential election year. Thus, the last year when New Jersey elected a governor was 2017; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2021.The New Jersey Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. All are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Justices serve an initial seven-year term, after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70.Most of the day-to-day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Court, where simple traffic tickets, minor criminal offenses, and small civil matters are heard.More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county. All Superior Court judges are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Each judge serves an initial seven-year term, after which he or she can be reappointed to serve until age 70. New Jersey's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity, like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states. The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level; the Law Division hears both criminal cases and civil lawsuits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is damages, while the Chancery Division hears family cases, civil suits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is equitable relief, and probate trials.The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division, which functions as the state's intermediate appellate court. Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice.There is also a Tax Court, which is a court of limited jurisdiction. Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation. They also hear appeals on decisions made by the director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income, sales and business taxes, and homestead rebates. Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court. Tax Court judges are appointed by the governor for initial terms of seven years, and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70. There are 12 Tax Court judgeships.New Jersey is divided into 21 counties; 13 date from the colonial era. New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones; most recently Union County in 1857. New Jersey is the only state in the nation where elected county officials are called "Freeholders", governing each county as part of its own Board of Chosen Freeholders. The number of freeholders in each county is determined by referendum, and must consist of three, five, seven or nine members.Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders or split into separate branches of government. In 16 counties, members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each freeholder assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In the other five counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the Board of Chosen Freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator (or County Manager) may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.New Jersey currently has 565 municipalities; the number was 566 before Princeton Township and Princeton Borough merged to form the municipality of Princeton on January 1, 2013. Unlike other states, all New Jersey land is part of a municipality. In 2008, Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people, to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs. In May 2009, the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation.Starting in the 20th century, largely driven by reform-minded goals, a series of six modern forms of government was implemented. This began with the Walsh Act, enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature, which provided for a three- or five-member commission elected on a non-partisan basis. This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law, which offered a non-partisan council, provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council, and introduced a Council-manager government structure with an appointed manager responsible for day-to-day administration of municipal affairs.The Faulkner Act, originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981, offers four basic plans: Mayor-Council, Council-Manager, Small Municipality, and Mayor-Council-Administrator. The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government: the number of seats on the council; seats selected at-large, by wards, or through a combination of both; staggered or concurrent terms of office; and a mayor chosen by the council or elected directly by voters. Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters. Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature.While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government, they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government, or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms, leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public. For example, though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type, Loch Arbour is the only one remaining with the village form of government. The other three villages—Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter)—have all migrated to other non-village forms.Socially, New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation. Polls indicate that 60% of the population are self-described as pro-choice, although a majority are opposed to late trimester and intact dilation and extraction and public funding of abortion. In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll, a plurality supported same-sex marriage 49% to 43% opposed, On October 18, 2013, the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional, unanimous (7–0) order authorizing same-sex marriage in the state, pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie, who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same-sex marriages took place on October 21, 2013.New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on assault firearms, hollow-nose bullets and slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black-powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.In past elections, New Jersey was a Republican bastion, but recently has become a Democratic stronghold. Currently, New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 26–14, and Assembly, 54–26), a 10–2 split of the state's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. Although the Democratic Party is very successful statewide, the state has had Republican governors; from 1994 to 2002, Christine Todd Whitman won twice with 47% and 49% of the votes, respectively, and in the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine with 48% of the vote. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Christie won reelection with over 60% of the votes. Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party's candidate for governor, the current governor and lieutenant governor are members of the Democratic Party. The governor's appointments to cabinet and non-cabinet positions may be from either party; for instance, the attorney general is a Democrat.In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party. For many years in the past, however, it was a Republican stronghold, having given comfortable margins of victory to the Republican candidate in the close elections of 1948, 1968, and 1976. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrent serving black and Latino U.S. senators.The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (typically the state's most Democratic county—it includes Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (the second-strongest Democratic county, including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).The suburban northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially Morris County, Sussex County, and Warren County. Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, President Barack Obama won New Jersey with approximately fifty-seven percent of the vote, compared to McCain's forty-one percent. Independent candidate Ralph Nader garnered less than one percent of the vote.About one-third of the state's counties are considered "swing" counties, but some go more one way than others. For example, Salem County, the same is true with Passaic County, with a highly populated Hispanic Democratic south (including Paterson, the state's third-largest city) and a rural, Republican north; with the "swing" township of Wayne in the middle. Other "swing" counties like Monmouth County, Somerset County, and Cape May County tend to go Republican, as they also have population in conservative areas, although Somerset has recently trended Democratic.To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 21 days prior to election day.On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey is the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965. Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole".There is also a mineral museum Ogdensburg in Sussex County.Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music, theater, and dance companies and venues located throughout the state, including:New Jersey is the location of most of the boardwalks in the U.S., with nearly every town and city along the Jersey Shore area each having a boardwalk with various attractions, entertainment, shopping, dining, miniature golf, arcades, water parks with various water rides, including water slides, lazy rivers, wave pools, etc., and amusement parks hosting rides and attractions including roller coasters, carousels, Ferris wheels, bumper cars, teacups, etc.
|
[
"William Livingston",
"A. Harry Moore",
"Rodman McCamley Price",
"William Sanford Pennington",
"Charles Creighton Stratton",
"Leon Rutherford Taylor",
"Jon Corzine",
"George C. Ludlow",
"Donald DiFrancesco",
"Clarence Edwards Case",
"Charles Edison",
"Leon Abbett",
"Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr.",
"David Ogden Watkins",
"Brendan Byrne",
"Richard Joseph Hughes",
"Samuel L. Southard",
"Horace Griggs Prall",
"Chris Christie",
"Peter Dumont Vroom",
"Elias P. Seeley",
"Joseph Bloomfield",
"Woodrow Wilson",
"Thomas Henderson",
"Aaron Ogden",
"Morgan Foster Larson",
"Clifford Ross Powell",
"Jim McGreevey",
"Theodore Fitz Randolph",
"James Fairman Fielder",
"Joseph D. Bedle",
"Foster McGowan Voorhees",
"Robert Stockton Green",
"George Brinton McClellan",
"Mahlon Dickerson",
"Franklin Murphy",
"William Nelson Runyon",
"George Sebastian Silzer",
"Harold Giles Hoffman",
"Joel Parker",
"Edward C. Stokes",
"William Thomas Cahill",
"Thomas Kean",
"John Orus Bennett III",
"Walter Evans Edge",
"Alfred Eastlack Driscoll",
"Charles Smith Olden",
"Christine Todd Whitman",
"James Florio",
"John W. Griggs",
"John Lambert",
"Isaac Halstead Williamson",
"Robert Baumle Meyner",
"William Pennington",
"George Franklin Fort",
"William A. Newell",
"Phil Murphy",
"George Theodore Werts",
"William Paterson",
"John Franklin Fort",
"Richard Codey",
"Philemon Dickerson"
] |
|
Who was the head of New Jersey in 18-Aug-192218-August-1922?
|
August 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Edward Irving Edwards"
]
}
|
L2_Q1408_P6_40
|
William Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1837 to Oct, 1843.
George Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1851 to Jan, 1854.
A. Harry Moore is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1929.
Charles Smith Olden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1863.
Woodrow Wilson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1911 to Mar, 1913.
Rodman McCamley Price is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1854 to Jan, 1857.
Charles Edison is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1941 to Jan, 1944.
Jim McGreevey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Nov, 2004.
John Lambert is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1802 to Oct, 1803.
Harold Giles Hoffman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1938.
Joel Parker is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1863 to Jan, 1866.
Robert Stockton Green is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1890.
William Thomas Cahill is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1970 to Jan, 1974.
Joseph D. Bedle is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1878.
William Livingston is the head of the government of New Jersey from Aug, 1776 to Jul, 1790.
Thomas Henderson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1793 to Jun, 1793.
John Franklin Fort is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1911.
Foster McGowan Voorhees is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1898 to Oct, 1898.
Walter Evans Edge is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1917 to May, 1919.
David Ogden Watkins is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1898 to Jan, 1899.
Franklin Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1902 to Jan, 1905.
George Brinton McClellan is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1878 to Jan, 1881.
Peter Dumont Vroom is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1829 to Oct, 1832.
George Theodore Werts is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1893 to Jan, 1896.
George Sebastian Silzer is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1923 to Jan, 1926.
Richard Joseph Hughes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1970.
Chris Christie is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2018.
Joseph Bloomfield is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1801 to Oct, 1802.
Horace Griggs Prall is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
Donald DiFrancesco is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr. is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1869.
Brendan Byrne is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1974 to Jan, 1982.
Alfred Eastlack Driscoll is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1954.
George C. Ludlow is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1881 to Jan, 1884.
Elias P. Seeley is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1833.
Charles Creighton Stratton is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1845 to Jan, 1848.
Mahlon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1815 to Feb, 1817.
Robert Baumle Meyner is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1962.
Clifford Ross Powell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1935.
William Nelson Runyon is the head of the government of New Jersey from May, 1919 to Jan, 1920.
Phil Murphy is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Theodore Fitz Randolph is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872.
Morgan Foster Larson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1932.
Philemon Dickerson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Nov, 1836 to Oct, 1837.
Isaac Halstead Williamson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Feb, 1817 to Oct, 1829.
John Orus Bennett III is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Aaron Ogden is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1812 to Oct, 1813.
Christine Todd Whitman is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2001.
Thomas Kean is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1990.
Samuel L. Southard is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Jon Corzine is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.
William Paterson is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1790 to Mar, 1793.
Edward Irving Edwards is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1923.
James Florio is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1994.
Richard Codey is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Leon Abbett is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1884 to Jan, 1887.
Clarence Edwards Case is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1920.
William A. Newell is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1860.
William Sanford Pennington is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1813 to Jun, 1815.
Leon Rutherford Taylor is the head of the government of New Jersey from Oct, 1913 to Jan, 1914.
John W. Griggs is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1898.
James Fairman Fielder is the head of the government of New Jersey from Mar, 1913 to Oct, 1913.
Edward C. Stokes is the head of the government of New Jersey from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1908.
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New JerseyNew Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous, with 9,288,994 residents as of 2020 and an area of , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. New Jersey's state capital is Trenton, while the state's most populous city is Newark. All but one county in New Jersey (Warren County) lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia; consequently, the state's largest metropolitan area falls within Greater New York.New Jersey was first inhabited by Native Americans for at least 2,800 years, with the Lenape being the dominant group by the time Europeans arrived in the early 17th century. Dutch and the Swedish colonists founded the first European settlements in the state. The English later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey—after the largest of the Channel Islands, Jersey—and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, factories in the "Big Six" cities of Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, Jersey City, and Elizabeth helped drive the nation's Industrial Revolution. New Jersey's central location in the Northeast megalopolis fueled its rapid growth and suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century. At the turn of the 21st century, the state's economy increasingly diversified, while its multicultural populace began reverting toward more urban settings within the state, outpacing the growth in suburbs since 2008.As of 2020, New Jersey was home to the highest number of millionaires per capita of all U.S. states, with 9.76% of households—more than 323,000 of 3.3 million statewide—meeting the criteria. Based on 2017 data, it was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income. New Jersey's public school system consistently ranks at or among the top among all fifty U.S. states.Around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact. "" is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign: Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf. They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade.The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey. The Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of land ownership was not recognized by the Lenape, Dutch West India Company policy required its colonists to purchase the land that they settled. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen. Peter Minuit's purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. The entire region became a territory of England on June 24, 1664, after an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is now New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam, annexing the entire province.During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the King. It was from the Royal Square in Saint Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II), the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony (as opposed to a royal colony). James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. The area was named the Province of New Jersey.Since the state's inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of , a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings. Unlike Plymouth Colony, Jamestown and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era, and commercial farming developed sporadically. Some townships, such as Burlington on the Delaware River and Perth Amboy, emerged as important ports for shipping to New York City and Philadelphia. The colony's fertile lands and tolerant religious policy drew more settlers, and New Jersey's population had increased to 120,000 by 1775.Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule took place along Hackensack River and Arthur Kill—settlers came primarily from New York and New England. On March 18, 1673, Berkeley sold his half of the colony to Quakers in England, who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony. (William Penn acted as trustee for the lands for a time.) New Jersey was governed very briefly as two distinct provinces, East and West Jersey, for 28 years between 1674 and 1702, at times part of the Province of New York or Dominion of New England.In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a royal governor, rather than a proprietary one. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. Britain believed that he was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land. In 1708 he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused those governors of favoritism to New York. Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738.New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. The was passed July 2, 1776, just two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain. It was an act of the Provincial Congress, which made itself into the State Legislature. To reassure neutrals, it provided that it would become void if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain. New Jersey representatives Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, and Abraham Clark were among those who signed the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.During the American Revolutionary War, British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times, and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Because of this, New Jersey today is often referred to as "The Crossroads of the American Revolution". The winter quarters of the Continental Army were established there twice by General George Washington in Morristown, which has been called "The Military Capital of the American Revolution.“On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River. After the crossing, they surprised and defeated the Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. By evading Cornwallis's army, the Americans made a surprise attack on Princeton and successfully defeated the British forces there on January 3, 1777. Emanuel Leutze's painting of "Washington Crossing the Delaware" became an icon of the Revolution.American forces under Washington met the British forces under General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth in an indecisive engagement in June 1778. The Americans attempted to take the British column by surprise. When the British army attempted to flank the Americans, the Americans retreated in disorder. Their ranks were later reorganized and withstood the British charges.In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University, making Princeton the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the war.On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey, as it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging tariffs on goods imported from Europe. On November 20, 1789, the state became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights.The 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to "all inhabitants" who had a certain level of wealth. This included women and blacks, but not married women, because they could not own property separately from their husbands. Both sides, in several elections, claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of "petticoat electors", whether entitled to vote or not; on the other hand, both parties passed Voting Rights Acts. In 1807, the legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal "white male" suffrage, excluding paupers; the constitution was itself an act of the legislature and not enshrined as the modern constitution.On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage. New Jersey voters eventually ratified the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.Industrialization accelerated in the northern part of the state following completion of the Morris Canal in 1831. The canal allowed for coal to be brought from eastern Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley to northern New Jersey's growing industries in Paterson, Newark, and Jersey City.In 1844, the second state constitution was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the state senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of Mercer County) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1962 by the decision "Baker v. Carr". While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself.New Jersey was one of the few Union states (the others being Delaware and Kentucky) to select a candidate other than Abraham Lincoln twice in national elections, and sided with Stephen Douglas (1860) and George B. McClellan (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan, a native Philadelphian, had New Jersey ties and formally resided in New Jersey at the time; he later became Governor of New Jersey (1878–81). (In New Jersey, the factions of the Democratic party managed an effective coalition in 1860.) During the American Civil War, the state was led first by Republican governor Charles Smith Olden, then by Democrat Joel Parker. During the course of the war, between 65,000 and 80,000 soldiers from the state enlisted in the Union army; unlike many states, including some Northern ones, no battle was fought there.In the Industrial Revolution, cities like Paterson grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more industrialized economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. Inventor Thomas Edison also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been granted 1,093 patents, many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at Menlo Park and then in West Orange, are considered perhaps the first research centers in the United States. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as locomotion and steamboats were introduced to New Jersey.Iron mining was also a leading industry during the middle to late 19th century. Bog iron pits in the southern New Jersey Pinelands were among the first sources of iron for the new nation. Mines such as Mt. Hope, Mine Hill and the Rockaway Valley Mines created a thriving industry. Mining generated the impetus for new towns and was one of the driving forces behind the need for the Morris Canal. Zinc mines were also a major industry, especially the Sterling Hill Mine.New Jersey prospered through the Roaring Twenties. The first Miss America Pageant was held in 1921 in Atlantic City, the Holland Tunnel connecting Jersey City to Manhattan opened in 1927, and the first drive-in movie was shown in 1933 in Camden. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the state offered begging licenses to unemployed residents, the zeppelin airship Hindenburg crashed in flames over Lakehurst, and the SS "Morro Castle" beached itself near Asbury Park after going up in flames while at sea.Through both World Wars, New Jersey was a center for war production, especially naval construction. The Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company yards in Kearny and Newark and the New York Shipbuilding Corporation yard in Camden produced aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, and destroyers. New Jersey manufactured 6.8 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking fifth among the 48 states. In addition, Fort Dix (1917) (originally called "Camp Dix"), Camp Merritt (1917) and Camp Kilmer (1941) were all constructed to house and train American soldiers through both World Wars. New Jersey also became a principal location for defense in the Cold War. Fourteen Nike missile stations were constructed for the defense of the New York City and Philadelphia areas. "PT-109", a motor torpedo boat commanded by Lt. (j.g.) John F. Kennedy in World War II, was built at the Elco Boatworks in Bayonne. The aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise" (CV-6) was briefly docked at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne in the 1950s before she was sent to Kearney to be scrapped. In 1962, the world's first nuclear-powered cargo ship, the NS Savannah, was launched at Camden.In 1951, the New Jersey Turnpike opened, permitting fast travel by car and truck between North Jersey (and metropolitan New York) and South Jersey (and metropolitan Philadelphia). In 1959, Air Defense Command deployed the CIM-10 Bomarc surface-to-air missile to McGuire Air Force Base. On June 7, 1960, an explosion in a CIM-10 Bomarc missile fuel tank caused the accident and subsequent plutonium contamination.In the 1960s, race riots erupted in many of the industrial cities of North Jersey. The first race riots in New Jersey occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964. Several others ensued in 1967, in Newark and Plainfield. Other riots followed the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A riot occurred in Camden in 1971. As a result of an order from the New Jersey Supreme Court to fund schools equitably, the New Jersey legislature passed an income tax bill in 1976. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.In the early part of the 2000s, two light rail systems were opened: the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail in Hudson County and the River Line between Camden and Trenton. The intent of these projects was to encourage transit-oriented development in North Jersey and South Jersey, respectively. The HBLR in particular was credited with a revitalization of Hudson County and Jersey City in particular. Urban revitalization has continued in North Jersey in the 21st century. As of 2014, Jersey City's Census-estimated population was 262,146, with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010, representing an increase of 5.9% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population was enumerated at 247,597. Between 2000 and 2010, Newark experienced its first population increase since the 1950s.The state of New Jersey is bordered on the north and northeast by New York (parts of which are across the Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, the Kill Van Kull, Newark Bay, and the Arthur Kill); on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the southwest by Delaware across Delaware Bay; and on the west by Pennsylvania across the Delaware River. This is New Jersey's only straight border.New Jersey is often broadly divided into three geographic regions: North Jersey, Central Jersey, and South Jersey. Some New Jersey residents do not consider Central Jersey a region in its own right, but others believe it is a separate geographic and cultural area from the North and South.Within those regions are five distinct areas, based upon natural geography and population concentration. Northeastern New Jersey lies closest to Manhattan in New York City, and up to a million residents commute daily into the city for work, many via public transportation. Northwestern New Jersey is more wooded, rural, and mountainous. The Jersey Shore, along the Atlantic Coast in Central and South Jersey, has its own unique natural, residential, and cultural characteristics owing to its location by the ocean. The Delaware Valley includes the southwestern counties of the state, which reside within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. The Pine Barrens region is in the southern interior of New Jersey; covered rather extensively by mixed pine and oak forest, this region has a lower population density than most of the rest of the state.The federal Office of Management and Budget divides New Jersey's counties into seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas, with 16 counties included in either the New York City or Philadelphia metro areas. Four counties have independent metro areas, and Warren County is part of the Pennsylvania-based Lehigh Valley metro area. New Jersey is also at the center of the Northeast megalopolis.High Point, in Montague Township, Sussex County, is the state's highest elevation, at above sea level. The state's highest prominence is Kitty Ann Mountain in Morris County, rising . The Palisades are a line of steep cliffs on the west side of the Hudson River, in Bergen and Hudson Counties. Major New Jersey rivers include the Hudson, Delaware, Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, Musconetcong, Mullica, Rancocas, Manasquan, Maurice, and Toms rivers. Due to New Jersey's peninsular geography, both sunrise and sunset are visible over water from different points on the Jersey Shore.There are two climatic conditions in the state. The south, central, and northeast parts of the state have a humid subtropical climate, while the northwest has a humid continental climate (microthermal), with much cooler temperatures due to higher elevation. New Jersey receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually.Climate change is affecting New Jersey faster than much of the rest of the United States. As of 2019, New Jersey was one of the fastest-warming states in the nation. Since 1895, average temperatures have climbed by almost 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, double the average for the other Lower 48 states.Summers are typically hot and humid, with statewide average high temperatures of and lows of ; however, temperatures exceed on average 25 days each summer, exceeding in some years. Winters are usually cold, with average high temperatures of and lows of for most of the state, but temperatures can, for brief periods, fall below and sometimes rise above . Northwestern parts of the state have significantly colder winters with sub- being an almost annual occurrence. Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations, with lower humidity than summer. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone classification ranges from6 in the northwest of the state, to 7B near Cape May. All-time temperature extremes recorded in New Jersey include on July 10, 1936, in Runyon, Middlesex County and on January 5, 1904, in River Vale, Bergen County.Average annual precipitation ranges from , uniformly spread through the year. Average snowfall per winter season ranges from in the south and near the seacoast, in the northeast and central part of the state, to about in the northwestern highlands, but this often varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year, with 25 to 30 thunderstorms, most of which occur during the summer.During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters", which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States. Hurricanes and tropical storms (such as Tropical Storm Floyd in 1999), tornadoes, and earthquakes are rare, although New Jersey was impacted by a hurricane in 1903, and Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012 with the storm making landfall in the state with top winds of .For its overall population and nation-leading population density, New Jersey has a relative paucity of classic large cities. This paradox is most pronounced in Bergen County, New Jersey's most populous county, whose more than 930,000 residents in 2019 inhabited 70 municipalities, the most populous being Hackensack, with 44,522 residents estimated in 2018. Many urban areas extend far beyond the limits of a single large city, as New Jersey cities (and indeed municipalities in general) tend to be geographically small; three of the four largest cities in New Jersey by population have under of land area, and eight of the top ten, including all of the top five have land area under . , only four municipalities had populations in excess of 100,000, although Edison and Woodbridge came very close.The United States Census Bureau tabulated in the 2020 United States census that the population of New Jersey was 9,288,994 on April 1, 2020, a 5.7% increase since the 2010 United States census. Residents of New Jersey are most commonly referred to as "New Jerseyans" or, less commonly, as "New Jerseyites". At the 2010 census, there were 8,791,894 people living in the state. At the 2010 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic makeup of the state was: 68.6% White American, 13.7% African American, 8.3% Asian American, 0.3% Native American, 2.7% Multiracial American, and 6.4% other races. Non-Hispanic Whites were 58.9% of the population in 2011, down from 85% in 1970. In 2010, 17.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).In 2010, unauthorized immigrants constituted an estimated 6.2% of the population. This was the fourth-highest percentage of any state in the country. There were an estimated 550,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010. Among the municipalities which are considered sanctuary cities are Camden, Jersey City and Newark.As of 2010, New Jersey was the eleventh-most populous state in the United States, and the most densely populated, at 1,185 residents per square mile (458 per km), with most of the population residing in the counties surrounding New York City, Philadelphia, and along the eastern Jersey Shore, while the extreme southern and northwestern counties are relatively less dense overall. It was also the second wealthiest state by median household income, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.The center of population for New Jersey is located in Middlesex County, in the town of Milltown, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike.New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers "per square mile" than anywhere else in the world.On October 21, 2013, same-sex marriages commenced in New Jersey.New Jersey is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse states in the United States. As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white. The state has the second largest Jewish population by percentage (after New York); the second largest Muslim population by percentage (after Michigan); the largest population of Peruvians in the United States; the largest population of Cubans outside of Florida; the third highest Asian population by percentage; and the second highest Italian population, according to the 2000 Census. African Americans, Hispanics (Puerto Ricans and Dominicans), West Indians, Arabs, and Brazilian and Portuguese Americans are also high in number. New Jersey has the third highest Asian Indian population of any state by absolute numbers and the highest by percentage, with Bergen County home to America's largest Malayali community. Overall, New Jersey has the third largest Korean population, with Bergen County home to the highest Korean concentration per capita of any U.S. county (6.9% in 2011). New Jersey also has the fourth largest Filipino population, and fourth largest Chinese population, per the 2010 U.S. Census. The five largest ethnic groups in 2000 were: Italian (17.9%), Irish (15.9%), African (13.6%), German (12.6%), Polish (6.9%).India Square, in Bombay, Jersey City, Hudson County, is home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere. Meanwhile, Central New Jersey, particularly Edison and surrounding Middlesex County, is prominently known for its significant concentration of Asian Indians. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville in 2014, a BAPS temple. The growing Little India is a South Asian-focused commercial strip in Middlesex County, the U.S. county with the highest concentration of Asian Indians. The Oak Tree Road strip runs for about through Edison and neighboring Iselin in Woodbridge Township, near the area's sprawling Chinatown and Koreatown, running along New Jersey Route 27. It is the largest and most diverse South Asian cultural hub in the United States. Carteret's Punjabi Sikh community, variously estimated at upwards of 3,000, is the largest concentration of Sikhs in the state. Monroe Township in Middlesex County has experienced a particularly rapid growth rate in its Indian American population, with an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017, which was 23 times the 256 (0.9%) counted as of the 2000 Census; and Diwali is celebrated by the township as a Hindu holiday. In Middlesex County, election ballots are printed in English, Spanish, Gujarati, Hindi, and Punjabi.Newark was the fourth poorest of U.S. cities with over 250,000 residents in 2008, but New Jersey as a whole had the second-highest median household income as of 2014. This is largely because so much of New Jersey consists of suburbs, most of them affluent, of New York City and Philadelphia. New Jersey is also the most densely populated state, and the only state that has had every one of its counties deemed "urban" as defined by the Census Bureau's Combined Statistical Area.In 2010, 6.2% of its population was reported as under age 5, 23.5% under 18, and 13.5% were 65 or older; and females made up approximately 51.3% of the population.A study by the Pew Research Center found that in 2013, New Jersey was the only U.S. state in which immigrants born in India constituted the largest foreign-born nationality, representing roughly 10% of all foreign-born residents in the state.For further information on various ethnoracial groups and neighborhoods prominently featured within New Jersey, see the following articles:As of 2011, 56.4% of New Jersey's population younger than age1 were minorities (meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white)."Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number."As of 2010, 71.31% (5,830,812) of New Jersey residents age5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 14.59% (1,193,261) spoke Spanish, 1.23% (100,217) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.06% (86,849) Italian, 1.06% (86,486) Portuguese, 0.96% (78,627) Tagalog, and Korean was spoken as a main language by 0.89% (73,057) of the population over the age of five. In total, 28.69% (2,345,644) of New Jersey's population age5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.A diverse collection of languages has since evolved amongst the state's population, given that New Jersey has become cosmopolitan and is home to ethnic enclaves of non-English-speaking communities:By number of adherents, the largest denominations in New Jersey, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2010, were the Roman Catholic Church with 3,235,290; Islam with 160,666; and the United Methodist Church with 138,052. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville, Mercer County, in central New Jersey during 2014, a BAPS temple. In January 2018, Gurbir Grewal became the first Sikh American state attorney general in the United States. In January 2019, Sadaf Jaffer became the first female Muslim American mayor, first female South Asian mayor, and first female Pakistani-American mayor in the United States, of Montgomery in Somerset County.The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey's gross state product in the fourth quarter of 2018 was $639.8 billion. New Jersey's estimated taxpayer burden in 2015 was $59,400 per taxpayer. New Jersey is nearly $239 billion in debt.New Jersey's per capita gross state product in 2008 was $54,699, second in the U.S. and above the national per capita gross domestic product of $46,588. Its per capita income was the third highest in the nation with $51,358. In 2020, New Jersey had the highest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, approximately 9.76% of households. The state is ranked second in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4%. Nine of New Jersey's counties are among the 100 wealthiest U.S. counties.New Jersey has seven tax brackets that determine state income tax rates, which range from 1.4% (for income below $20,000) to 8.97% (for income above $500,000).The standard sales tax rate as of January 1, 2018, is 6.625%, applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law. This rate, which is comparably lower than that of New York City, often attracts numerous shoppers from New York City, often to suburban Paramus, New Jersey, which has five malls, one of which (the Garden State Plaza) has over of retail space. Tax exemptions include most food items for at-home preparation, medications, most clothing, footwear and disposable paper products for use in the home. There are 27 Urban Enterprise Zone statewide, including sections of Paterson, Elizabeth, and Jersey City. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half the rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.New Jersey has the highest cumulative tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9% of income. All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute. New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax, but it does impose an inheritance tax.New Jersey consistently ranks as having one of the highest proportional levels of disparity of any state in the United States, based upon what it receives from the federal government relative to what it gives. In 2015, WalletHub ranked New Jersey the state least dependent upon federal government aid overall and having the fourth lowest return on taxpayer investment from the federal government, at 48 cents per dollar.New Jersey has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation. Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas.New Jersey's economy is multifaceted, but is centered on the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, information technology, the financial industry, chemical development, telecommunications, food processing, electric equipment, printing, publishing, and tourism. New Jersey's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, horses, vegetables, fruits and nuts, seafood, and dairy products. New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach, and fourth in bell peppers, peaches, and head lettuce. The state harvests the fourth-largest number of acres planted with asparagus.Although New Jersey is home to many energy-intensive industries, its energy consumption is only 2.7% of the U.S. total, and its carbon dioxide emissions are 0.8% of the U.S. total. Its comparatively low greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the state's use of nuclear power. According to the Energy Information Administration, nuclear power dominates New Jersey's electricity market, typically supplying more than one-half of state generation. New Jersey has three nuclear power plants, including the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which came online in 1969 and is the oldest operating nuclear plant in the country.New Jersey has a strong scientific economy and is home to major pharmaceutical and telecommunications firms, drawing on the state's large and well-educated labor pool. There is also a strong service economy in retail sales, education, and real estate, serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia. Thomas Edison invented the first electric light bulb at his home in Menlo Park, Edison in 1879. New Jersey is also a key participant in the renewable wind industry.Shipping is a key industry in New Jersey because of the state's strategic geographic location, the Port of New York and New Jersey being the busiest port on the East Coast. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world's first container port and today is one of the world's largest.New Jersey hosts several business headquarters, including twenty-four Fortune 500 companies. Paramus in Bergen County has become the top retail ZIP code (07652) in the United States, with the municipality generating over US$6 billion in annual retail sales. Several New Jersey counties, including Somerset (7), Morris (10), Hunterdon (13), Bergen (21), and Monmouth (42), have been ranked among the highest-income counties in the United States.New Jersey's location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis and its extensive transportation system have put over one-third of all United States residents and many Canadian residents within overnight distance by land. This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.In 1976, a referendum of New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City, where the first legalized casino opened in 1978. At that time, Las Vegas was the only other casino resort in the country. Today, several casinos lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk, the first and longest boardwalk in the world. Atlantic City experienced a dramatic contraction in its stature as a gambling destination after 2010, including the closure of multiple casinos since 2014, spurred by competition from the advent of legalized gambling in other northeastern U.S. states. On February 26, 2013, Governor Chris Christie signed online gambling into law. Sports betting has become a growing source of gambling revenue in New Jersey since being legalized across the nation by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 14, 2018.Forests cover 45%, or approximately 2.1 million acres, of New Jersey's land area. The chief tree of the northern forests is the oak. The Pine Barrens, consisting of pine forests, is in the southern part of the state.Some mining activity of zinc, iron, and manganese still takes place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace.New Jersey is second in the nation in solar power installations, enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies, and the renewable energy certificates program. The state has more than 10,000 solar installations.As of 2010, there were 605 school districts in the state.Secretary of Education Rick Rosenberg, appointed by Governor Jon Corzine, created the Education Advancement Initiative (EAI) to increase college admission rates by 10% for New Jersey's high school students, decrease dropout rates by 15%, and increase the amount of money devoted to schools by 10%. Rosenberg retracted this plan when criticized for taking the money out of healthcare to fund this initiative.In 2010, the state government paid all teachers' premiums for health insurance, but currently all NJ public teachers pay a portion of their own health insurance premiums.New Jersey is known for the quality of its education. In 2015, the state spent more per each public school student than any other U.S. state except New York, Alaska, and Connecticut, amounting to $18,235 spent per pupil; over 50% of the expenditure was allocated to student instruction.According to 2011 "Newsweek" statistics, students of High Technology High School in Lincroft, Monmouth County and Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, Bergen County registered average SAT scores of 2145 and 2100, respectively, representing the second- and third-highest scores, respectively, of all listed U.S. high schools.Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, one of the world's most prominent research universities, is often featured at or near the top of various national and global university rankings, topping the 2020 list of "U.S. News & World Report". In 2013, Rutgers University, headquartered in New Brunswick, Middlesex County as the flagship institution of higher education in New Jersey, regained medical and dental schools, augmenting its profile as a national research university as well.In 2014, New Jersey's school systems were ranked at the top of all fifty U.S. states by financial website Wallethub.com. In 2018, New Jersey's overall educational system was ranked second among all states to Massachusetts by "U.S. News & World Report". In both 2019 and 2020, "Education Week" also ranked New Jersey public schools the best of all U.S. states.Nine New Jersey high schools were ranked among the top 25 in the U.S. on the "Newsweek" "America's Top High Schools 2016" list, more than from any other state. A 2017 UCLA Civil Rights project found that New Jersey has the sixth-most segregated classrooms in the United States.New Jersey has continued to play a prominent role as a U.S. cultural nexus. Like every state, New Jersey has its own cuisine, religious communities, museums, and .New Jersey is the birthplace of modern inventions such as: FM radio, the motion picture camera, the lithium battery, the light bulb, transistors, and the electric train. Other New Jersey creations include: the drive-in movie, the cultivated blueberry, cranberry sauce, the postcard, the boardwalk, the zipper, the phonograph, saltwater taffy, the dirigible, the seedless watermelon, the first use of a submarine in warfare, and the ice cream cone.Diners are iconic to New Jersey. The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has over 600 diners, more than any other place in the world.New Jersey is the only state without a state song. "I'm From New Jersey" is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey state song, but it was not even a contender when in 1996 the New Jersey Arts Council submitted their suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature.New Jersey is frequently the target of jokes in American culture, especially from New York City-based television shows, such as "Saturday Night Live". Academic Michael Aaron Rockland attributes this to New Yorkers' view that New Jersey is the beginning of Middle America. The New Jersey Turnpike, which runs between two major East Coast cities, New York City and Philadelphia, is also cited as a reason, as people who traverse through the state may only see its industrial zones. Reality television shows like "Jersey Shore" and "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" have reinforced stereotypical views of New Jersey culture, but Rockland cited "The Sopranos" and the music of Bruce Springsteen as exporting a more positive image.New Jersey is known for several foods developed within the region, including Taylor Ham (also known as pork roll), sloppy joe sandwiches, tomato pies, and Texas wieners.Several states with substantial Italian American populations take credit for the development of submarine sandwiches, including New Jersey.New Jersey has long been an important origin for both rock and rap music. Prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey include:New Jersey currently has six teams from major professional sports leagues playing in the state, although one Major League Soccer team and two National Football League teams identify themselves as being from the New York metropolitan area.The National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, based in Newark at the Prudential Center, is the only major league sports franchise to bear the state's name. Founded in 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri, as the Kansas City Scouts, the team played in Denver, Colorado, as the Colorado Rockies from 1976 until the spring of 1982 when naval architect, businessman, and Jersey City native John J. McMullen purchased, renamed, and moved the franchise to Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. While the team had mostly losing records in Kansas City, Denver, and its first years in New Jersey, the Devils began to improve in the late 1980s and early 1990s under Hall of Fame president and general manager Lou Lamoriello. The team made the playoffs for the Stanley Cup in 2001 and 2012, and won it in 1995, 2000, and 2003. The organization is the youngest of the nine major league teams in the New York metropolitan area. The Devils have established a following throughout the northern and central portions of the state, carving a place in a media market once dominated by the New York Rangers and Islanders.In 2018, the Philadelphia Flyers renovated and expanded their training facility, the Virtua Center Flyers Skate Zone, in Voorhees Township in the southern portion of the state.The New York Metropolitan Area's two National Football League teams, the New York Giants and the New York Jets, play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. Built for about $1.6 billion, the venue is the most expensive stadium ever built. On February 2, 2014, MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII.The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena, a soccer-specific stadium in Harrison across the Passaic River from downtown Newark. On July 27, 2011, Red Bull Arena hosted the 2011 MLS All-Star Game.From 1977 to 2012, New Jersey had a National Basketball Association team, the New Jersey Nets. WNBA's New York Liberty played in New Jersey from 2011 to 2013 while their primary home arena, Madison Square Garden was undergoing renovations. In 2016, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA opened their new headquarters and training facility, the Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex, in Camden.The Meadowlands Sports Complex is home to the Meadowlands Racetrack, one of three major harness racing tracks in the state. The Meadowlands Racetrack and Freehold Raceway in Freehold are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America. Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is a popular spot for thoroughbred racing in New Jersey and the northeast. It hosted the Breeders' Cup in 2007, and its turf course was renovated in preparation.New Jerseyans' collegiate allegiances are predominantly split among the three major NCAA Division I programs in the state: the Rutgers University (New Jersey's flagship state university) Scarlet Knights, members of the Big Ten Conference; the Seton Hall University (the state's largest Catholic university) Pirates, members of the Big East Conference; and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers.The intense rivalry between Rutgers and Princeton athletics began with the first intercollegiate football game in 1869. The schools have not met on the football field since 1980, but they continue to play each other annually in all other sports offered by the two universities.Rutgers, which fields 24 teams in various sports, is nationally known for its football program, with a 6–4 all-time bowl record; and its women's basketball programs, which appeared in a National Final in 2007. In 2008 and 2009, Rutgers expanded their football home, Rutgers Stadium, now called SHI Stadium, on the Busch Campus. The basketball teams play at the Rutgers Athletic Center on Livingston Campus. Both venues and campuses are in Piscataway, across the Raritan River from New Brunswick. The university also fields men's basketball and baseball programs. Rutgers' fans live mostly in the western parts of the state and Middlesex County; its alumni base is the largest in the state.Rutgers' satellite campuses in Camden and Newark each field their own athletic programs—the Rutgers–Camden Scarlet Raptors and the Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders—which both compete in NCAA Division III.Seton Hall fields no football team, but its men's basketball team is one of the Big East's storied programs. No New Jersey team has won more games in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, and it is the state's only men's basketball program to reach a modern National Final. The Pirates play their home games at Prudential Center in downtown Newark, about from the university's South Orange campus. Their fans hail largely from in the predominantly Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore. The annual inter-conference rivalry game between Seton Hall and Rutgers, whose venue alternates between Newark and Piscataway, the Garden State Hardwood Classic, is planned through 2026.The state's other Division I schools include the Monmouth University Hawks (West Long Branch), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Highlanders (Newark), the Rider University Broncs (Lawrenceville), and the Saint Peter's University Peacocks and Peahens (Jersey City).Fairleigh Dickinson University competes in both Division I and Division III. It has two campuses, each with its own sports teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the FDU Knights, and compete in the Northeast Conference and NCAA Division I. The college at Florham (FDU-Florham) teams are known as the FDU-Florham Devils and compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' Freedom Conference and NCAA Division III.Among the various Division III schools in the state, the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks have fielded the longest continuously running collegiate men's lacrosse program in the country. 2009 marked the 125th season.New Jersey high schools are divided into divisions under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).' Founded in 1918, the NJSIAA currently represents 22,000 schools, 330,000 coaches, and almost 4.5 million athletes.Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison, with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory. Edison's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio. America's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909. DuMont Laboratories in Passaic developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home.A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey. Since 1978, the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in-state. New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers. Governor Chris Christie suspended the credits in 2010, but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program. Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly, the program offers 20 percent tax credits (22% in urban enterprise zones) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending. When Governor Phil Murphy took office, he instated the New Jersey Film & Digital Media Tax Credit Program in 2018 and expanded it in 2020. The benefits include a 30% tax credit on film projects and a 40% subsidy for studio developments.The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the most prominent and heavily trafficked roadways in the United States. This toll road, which overlaps with Interstate 95 for much of its length, carries traffic between Delaware and New York, and up and down the East Coast in general. Commonly referred to as simply "the Turnpike", it is known for its numerous rest areas named after prominent New Jerseyans.The Garden State Parkway, or simply "the Parkway", carries relatively more in-state traffic than interstate traffic and runs from New Jersey's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May. It is the main route that connects the New York metropolitan area to the Jersey Shore. With a total of fifteen travel and six shoulder lanes, the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway, spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County, is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes as well as one of the busiest.New Jersey is connected to New York City via various key bridges and tunnels. The double-decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world, at 102 million vehicles per year, across fourteen lanes. It connects Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, and carries Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 across the Hudson River. The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey Route 495, and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying Interstate 78. New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges—from north to south, the Bayonne Bridge, the Goethals Bridge, and the Outerbridge Crossing.New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three of its neighboring states. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Delaware River Port Authority (with Pennsylvania), the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (with Pennsylvania), and the Delaware River and Bay Authority (with Delaware) operate most of the major transportation routes in and out of the state. Bridge tolls are collected only from traffic exiting the state, with the exception of the private Dingman's Ferry Bridge over the Delaware River, which charges a toll in both directions.It is unlawful for a customer to serve themselves gasoline in New Jersey. It became the last remaining U.S. state where all gas stations are required to sell full-service gasoline to customers at all times in 2016, after Oregon's introduction of restricted self-service gasoline availability took effect.Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, it is one of the three main airports serving the New York metropolitan area. United Airlines is the airport's largest tenant, operating an entire terminal there, which it uses as one of its primary hubs. FedEx Express operates a large cargo terminal at EWR as well. The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to Amtrak and NJ Transit trains along the Northeast Corridor Line.Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and rapidly growing Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of the state. Teterboro Airport in Bergen County, and Millville Municipal Airport in Cumberland County, are general aviation airports popular with private and corporate aircraft due to their proximity to New York City and the Jersey Shore, respectively.NJ Transit operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state. A state-run corporation, it began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey in 1979. In the early 1980s, it acquired Conrail's commuter train operations that connected suburban towns to New York City. Today, NJ Transit has eleven commuter rail lines that run through different parts of the state. Most of the lines end at either Penn Station in New York City or Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken. One line provides service between Atlantic City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen, through Hoboken and Jersey City. The Newark Light Rail is partially underground, and connects downtown Newark with other parts of the city and its suburbs, Belleville and Bloomfield. The River Line connects Trenton and Camden.The PATH is a rapid transit system consisting of four lines operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It links Hoboken, Jersey City, Harrison and Newark with New York City. The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit system that links Camden County to Philadelphia. Both the PATCO and the PATH are two of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to operate 24 hours a day.Amtrak operates numerous long-distance passenger trains in New Jersey, both to and from neighboring states and around the country. In addition to the Newark Airport connection, other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Transit Center, Metropark, and the historic Newark Penn Station.The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, or SEPTA, has two commuter rail lines that operate into New Jersey. The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center, and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing.AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak/NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport's terminals and parking lots.Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers, of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City.New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, and Edgewater, with service to different parts of Manhattan. Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to Battery Park City in Manhattan. Statue Cruises offers service from Liberty State Park to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, including Ellis Island. SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket.The Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May–Lewes Ferry on Delaware Bay, carrying both passengers and vehicles between New Jersey and Delaware. The agency also operates the Forts Ferry Crossing for passengers across the Delaware River. The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia.The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation. Until 2010, the governor was the only statewide elected executive official in the state and appointed numerous government officials. Formerly, an acting governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as president of the New Jersey State Senate, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process. In 2002 and 2007, president of the state senate Richard Codey held the position of acting governor for a short time, and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long-term acting governor due to Jim McGreevey's resignation. A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming acting governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate. Phil Murphy (D) is the governor. The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton.Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first lieutenant governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19, 2010. She was elected on the Republican ticket with Governor-Elect Chris Christie in the November 2009 NJ gubernatorial election. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8, 2005, and effective as of January 17, 2006.The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947. It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature, consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members. Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one state senator and two Assembly members. Assembly members are elected for a two-year term in all odd-numbered years; state senators are elected in the years ending in 1, 3, and7 and thus serve either four- or two-year terms.New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years. (The others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia.) New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years, in the year following each federal Presidential election year. Thus, the last year when New Jersey elected a governor was 2017; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2021.The New Jersey Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. All are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Justices serve an initial seven-year term, after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70.Most of the day-to-day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Court, where simple traffic tickets, minor criminal offenses, and small civil matters are heard.More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county. All Superior Court judges are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Each judge serves an initial seven-year term, after which he or she can be reappointed to serve until age 70. New Jersey's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity, like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states. The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level; the Law Division hears both criminal cases and civil lawsuits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is damages, while the Chancery Division hears family cases, civil suits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is equitable relief, and probate trials.The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division, which functions as the state's intermediate appellate court. Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice.There is also a Tax Court, which is a court of limited jurisdiction. Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation. They also hear appeals on decisions made by the director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income, sales and business taxes, and homestead rebates. Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court. Tax Court judges are appointed by the governor for initial terms of seven years, and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70. There are 12 Tax Court judgeships.New Jersey is divided into 21 counties; 13 date from the colonial era. New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones; most recently Union County in 1857. New Jersey is the only state in the nation where elected county officials are called "Freeholders", governing each county as part of its own Board of Chosen Freeholders. The number of freeholders in each county is determined by referendum, and must consist of three, five, seven or nine members.Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders or split into separate branches of government. In 16 counties, members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each freeholder assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In the other five counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the Board of Chosen Freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator (or County Manager) may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.New Jersey currently has 565 municipalities; the number was 566 before Princeton Township and Princeton Borough merged to form the municipality of Princeton on January 1, 2013. Unlike other states, all New Jersey land is part of a municipality. In 2008, Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people, to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs. In May 2009, the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation.Starting in the 20th century, largely driven by reform-minded goals, a series of six modern forms of government was implemented. This began with the Walsh Act, enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature, which provided for a three- or five-member commission elected on a non-partisan basis. This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law, which offered a non-partisan council, provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council, and introduced a Council-manager government structure with an appointed manager responsible for day-to-day administration of municipal affairs.The Faulkner Act, originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981, offers four basic plans: Mayor-Council, Council-Manager, Small Municipality, and Mayor-Council-Administrator. The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government: the number of seats on the council; seats selected at-large, by wards, or through a combination of both; staggered or concurrent terms of office; and a mayor chosen by the council or elected directly by voters. Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters. Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature.While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government, they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government, or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms, leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public. For example, though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type, Loch Arbour is the only one remaining with the village form of government. The other three villages—Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter)—have all migrated to other non-village forms.Socially, New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation. Polls indicate that 60% of the population are self-described as pro-choice, although a majority are opposed to late trimester and intact dilation and extraction and public funding of abortion. In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll, a plurality supported same-sex marriage 49% to 43% opposed, On October 18, 2013, the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional, unanimous (7–0) order authorizing same-sex marriage in the state, pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie, who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same-sex marriages took place on October 21, 2013.New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on assault firearms, hollow-nose bullets and slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black-powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.In past elections, New Jersey was a Republican bastion, but recently has become a Democratic stronghold. Currently, New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 26–14, and Assembly, 54–26), a 10–2 split of the state's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. Although the Democratic Party is very successful statewide, the state has had Republican governors; from 1994 to 2002, Christine Todd Whitman won twice with 47% and 49% of the votes, respectively, and in the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine with 48% of the vote. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Christie won reelection with over 60% of the votes. Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party's candidate for governor, the current governor and lieutenant governor are members of the Democratic Party. The governor's appointments to cabinet and non-cabinet positions may be from either party; for instance, the attorney general is a Democrat.In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party. For many years in the past, however, it was a Republican stronghold, having given comfortable margins of victory to the Republican candidate in the close elections of 1948, 1968, and 1976. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrent serving black and Latino U.S. senators.The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (typically the state's most Democratic county—it includes Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (the second-strongest Democratic county, including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).The suburban northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially Morris County, Sussex County, and Warren County. Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, President Barack Obama won New Jersey with approximately fifty-seven percent of the vote, compared to McCain's forty-one percent. Independent candidate Ralph Nader garnered less than one percent of the vote.About one-third of the state's counties are considered "swing" counties, but some go more one way than others. For example, Salem County, the same is true with Passaic County, with a highly populated Hispanic Democratic south (including Paterson, the state's third-largest city) and a rural, Republican north; with the "swing" township of Wayne in the middle. Other "swing" counties like Monmouth County, Somerset County, and Cape May County tend to go Republican, as they also have population in conservative areas, although Somerset has recently trended Democratic.To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 21 days prior to election day.On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey is the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965. Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole".There is also a mineral museum Ogdensburg in Sussex County.Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music, theater, and dance companies and venues located throughout the state, including:New Jersey is the location of most of the boardwalks in the U.S., with nearly every town and city along the Jersey Shore area each having a boardwalk with various attractions, entertainment, shopping, dining, miniature golf, arcades, water parks with various water rides, including water slides, lazy rivers, wave pools, etc., and amusement parks hosting rides and attractions including roller coasters, carousels, Ferris wheels, bumper cars, teacups, etc.
|
[
"William Livingston",
"A. Harry Moore",
"Rodman McCamley Price",
"William Sanford Pennington",
"Charles Creighton Stratton",
"Leon Rutherford Taylor",
"Jon Corzine",
"George C. Ludlow",
"Donald DiFrancesco",
"Clarence Edwards Case",
"Charles Edison",
"Leon Abbett",
"Marcus Lawrence Ward Sr.",
"David Ogden Watkins",
"Brendan Byrne",
"Richard Joseph Hughes",
"Samuel L. Southard",
"Horace Griggs Prall",
"Chris Christie",
"Peter Dumont Vroom",
"Elias P. Seeley",
"Joseph Bloomfield",
"Woodrow Wilson",
"Thomas Henderson",
"Aaron Ogden",
"Morgan Foster Larson",
"Clifford Ross Powell",
"Jim McGreevey",
"Theodore Fitz Randolph",
"James Fairman Fielder",
"Joseph D. Bedle",
"Foster McGowan Voorhees",
"Robert Stockton Green",
"George Brinton McClellan",
"Mahlon Dickerson",
"Franklin Murphy",
"William Nelson Runyon",
"George Sebastian Silzer",
"Harold Giles Hoffman",
"Joel Parker",
"Edward C. Stokes",
"William Thomas Cahill",
"Thomas Kean",
"John Orus Bennett III",
"Walter Evans Edge",
"Alfred Eastlack Driscoll",
"Charles Smith Olden",
"Christine Todd Whitman",
"James Florio",
"John W. Griggs",
"John Lambert",
"Isaac Halstead Williamson",
"Robert Baumle Meyner",
"William Pennington",
"George Franklin Fort",
"William A. Newell",
"Phil Murphy",
"George Theodore Werts",
"William Paterson",
"John Franklin Fort",
"Richard Codey",
"Philemon Dickerson"
] |
|
Which team did Benjamin Jeannot play for in Jun, 2009?
|
June 22, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q2244180_P54_2
|
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Stade Malherbe Caen from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for LB Châteauroux from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for F.C. Lorient from Jul, 2014 to Jul, 2017.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-21 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-20 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Dijon FCO from Jul, 2017 to Sep, 2019.
|
Benjamin JeannotBenjamin Jeannot (born 22 January 1992) is a French professional footballer who plays for Stade Malherbe Caen on loan from Dijon. He plays as a striker and is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. With the under-17 team, Jeannot played at the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship in Germany.Jeannot began his career with local club AS Dommartin-les-Toul in September 1999. In June 2002, he joined professional club AS Nancy. While in the club's youth academy, Jeannot scored 594 goals in various youth team sections.In July 2009, Jeannot signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Nancy until June 2012. The contract made Jeannot the youngest professional football player in the club's history. He was, subsequently, promoted to the club reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth level of French football. Jeannot appeared in 16 matches with the team scoring only one goal. In the 2010–11 season, he started the season with the reserve team again. After promising performances with the team, which included scoring all four goals in a victory over Lyon Duchère, Jeannot was called up to the senior team by manager Pablo Correa in February 2011. He made his professional debut on 12 February in the club's 3–1 win over Auxerre appearing as a substitute. Two weeks later, Jeannot appeared as a substitute in the team's 2–1 defeat to Marseille. On 11 March 2011, Jeannot signed a three-year contract extension with Nancy until June 2015. After signing the extension, he was permanently promoted to the first-team by manager Pablo Correa and assigned the number 10 shirt.In 2012 July, he was loaned to Châteauroux, in Ligue 2.Jeannot is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. He made his youth international debut at under-16 level on 4 December 2007 appearing as a substitute in a 3–0 victory over the Republic of Ireland. Jeannot appeared in six of the team's remaining seven matches as he failed to score a goal. At under-17 level, he made his debut with the team on 24 August 2008 in a 2–1 win over Slovakia in a tournament held in Austria. Jeannot scored his first youth international goal on 6 November in a 2–0 win over the United States. As a result of his performances with the team, he was named to the squad to participate in the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. Jeannot started all three group stage matches as France crashed out of the competition in the group stage portion. At under-18 level, he appeared in six matches. Jeannot made his debut with the team at the Sendai Cup in Japan appearing in all three group stage matches. After missing two call-ups, he returned to the team to participate in the 2010 edition of the Copa del Atlántico, a yearly youth international competition held on the Canary Islands in Spain. In the opening group stage match against the hosts, Jeannot scored the equalizing goal in the team's 2–2 draw.
|
[
"France national under-20 football team",
"France national under-19 football team",
"France national under-21 football team",
"F.C. Lorient",
"Dijon FCO",
"France national under-16 football team",
"Stade Malherbe Caen",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"LB Châteauroux"
] |
|
Which team did Benjamin Jeannot play for in 2009-06-22?
|
June 22, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q2244180_P54_2
|
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Stade Malherbe Caen from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for LB Châteauroux from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for F.C. Lorient from Jul, 2014 to Jul, 2017.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-21 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-20 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Dijon FCO from Jul, 2017 to Sep, 2019.
|
Benjamin JeannotBenjamin Jeannot (born 22 January 1992) is a French professional footballer who plays for Stade Malherbe Caen on loan from Dijon. He plays as a striker and is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. With the under-17 team, Jeannot played at the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship in Germany.Jeannot began his career with local club AS Dommartin-les-Toul in September 1999. In June 2002, he joined professional club AS Nancy. While in the club's youth academy, Jeannot scored 594 goals in various youth team sections.In July 2009, Jeannot signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Nancy until June 2012. The contract made Jeannot the youngest professional football player in the club's history. He was, subsequently, promoted to the club reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth level of French football. Jeannot appeared in 16 matches with the team scoring only one goal. In the 2010–11 season, he started the season with the reserve team again. After promising performances with the team, which included scoring all four goals in a victory over Lyon Duchère, Jeannot was called up to the senior team by manager Pablo Correa in February 2011. He made his professional debut on 12 February in the club's 3–1 win over Auxerre appearing as a substitute. Two weeks later, Jeannot appeared as a substitute in the team's 2–1 defeat to Marseille. On 11 March 2011, Jeannot signed a three-year contract extension with Nancy until June 2015. After signing the extension, he was permanently promoted to the first-team by manager Pablo Correa and assigned the number 10 shirt.In 2012 July, he was loaned to Châteauroux, in Ligue 2.Jeannot is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. He made his youth international debut at under-16 level on 4 December 2007 appearing as a substitute in a 3–0 victory over the Republic of Ireland. Jeannot appeared in six of the team's remaining seven matches as he failed to score a goal. At under-17 level, he made his debut with the team on 24 August 2008 in a 2–1 win over Slovakia in a tournament held in Austria. Jeannot scored his first youth international goal on 6 November in a 2–0 win over the United States. As a result of his performances with the team, he was named to the squad to participate in the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. Jeannot started all three group stage matches as France crashed out of the competition in the group stage portion. At under-18 level, he appeared in six matches. Jeannot made his debut with the team at the Sendai Cup in Japan appearing in all three group stage matches. After missing two call-ups, he returned to the team to participate in the 2010 edition of the Copa del Atlántico, a yearly youth international competition held on the Canary Islands in Spain. In the opening group stage match against the hosts, Jeannot scored the equalizing goal in the team's 2–2 draw.
|
[
"France national under-20 football team",
"France national under-19 football team",
"France national under-21 football team",
"F.C. Lorient",
"Dijon FCO",
"France national under-16 football team",
"Stade Malherbe Caen",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"LB Châteauroux"
] |
|
Which team did Benjamin Jeannot play for in 22/06/2009?
|
June 22, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q2244180_P54_2
|
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Stade Malherbe Caen from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for LB Châteauroux from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for F.C. Lorient from Jul, 2014 to Jul, 2017.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-21 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-20 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Dijon FCO from Jul, 2017 to Sep, 2019.
|
Benjamin JeannotBenjamin Jeannot (born 22 January 1992) is a French professional footballer who plays for Stade Malherbe Caen on loan from Dijon. He plays as a striker and is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. With the under-17 team, Jeannot played at the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship in Germany.Jeannot began his career with local club AS Dommartin-les-Toul in September 1999. In June 2002, he joined professional club AS Nancy. While in the club's youth academy, Jeannot scored 594 goals in various youth team sections.In July 2009, Jeannot signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Nancy until June 2012. The contract made Jeannot the youngest professional football player in the club's history. He was, subsequently, promoted to the club reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth level of French football. Jeannot appeared in 16 matches with the team scoring only one goal. In the 2010–11 season, he started the season with the reserve team again. After promising performances with the team, which included scoring all four goals in a victory over Lyon Duchère, Jeannot was called up to the senior team by manager Pablo Correa in February 2011. He made his professional debut on 12 February in the club's 3–1 win over Auxerre appearing as a substitute. Two weeks later, Jeannot appeared as a substitute in the team's 2–1 defeat to Marseille. On 11 March 2011, Jeannot signed a three-year contract extension with Nancy until June 2015. After signing the extension, he was permanently promoted to the first-team by manager Pablo Correa and assigned the number 10 shirt.In 2012 July, he was loaned to Châteauroux, in Ligue 2.Jeannot is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. He made his youth international debut at under-16 level on 4 December 2007 appearing as a substitute in a 3–0 victory over the Republic of Ireland. Jeannot appeared in six of the team's remaining seven matches as he failed to score a goal. At under-17 level, he made his debut with the team on 24 August 2008 in a 2–1 win over Slovakia in a tournament held in Austria. Jeannot scored his first youth international goal on 6 November in a 2–0 win over the United States. As a result of his performances with the team, he was named to the squad to participate in the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. Jeannot started all three group stage matches as France crashed out of the competition in the group stage portion. At under-18 level, he appeared in six matches. Jeannot made his debut with the team at the Sendai Cup in Japan appearing in all three group stage matches. After missing two call-ups, he returned to the team to participate in the 2010 edition of the Copa del Atlántico, a yearly youth international competition held on the Canary Islands in Spain. In the opening group stage match against the hosts, Jeannot scored the equalizing goal in the team's 2–2 draw.
|
[
"France national under-20 football team",
"France national under-19 football team",
"France national under-21 football team",
"F.C. Lorient",
"Dijon FCO",
"France national under-16 football team",
"Stade Malherbe Caen",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"LB Châteauroux"
] |
|
Which team did Benjamin Jeannot play for in Jun 22, 2009?
|
June 22, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q2244180_P54_2
|
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Stade Malherbe Caen from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for LB Châteauroux from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for F.C. Lorient from Jul, 2014 to Jul, 2017.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-21 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-20 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Dijon FCO from Jul, 2017 to Sep, 2019.
|
Benjamin JeannotBenjamin Jeannot (born 22 January 1992) is a French professional footballer who plays for Stade Malherbe Caen on loan from Dijon. He plays as a striker and is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. With the under-17 team, Jeannot played at the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship in Germany.Jeannot began his career with local club AS Dommartin-les-Toul in September 1999. In June 2002, he joined professional club AS Nancy. While in the club's youth academy, Jeannot scored 594 goals in various youth team sections.In July 2009, Jeannot signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Nancy until June 2012. The contract made Jeannot the youngest professional football player in the club's history. He was, subsequently, promoted to the club reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth level of French football. Jeannot appeared in 16 matches with the team scoring only one goal. In the 2010–11 season, he started the season with the reserve team again. After promising performances with the team, which included scoring all four goals in a victory over Lyon Duchère, Jeannot was called up to the senior team by manager Pablo Correa in February 2011. He made his professional debut on 12 February in the club's 3–1 win over Auxerre appearing as a substitute. Two weeks later, Jeannot appeared as a substitute in the team's 2–1 defeat to Marseille. On 11 March 2011, Jeannot signed a three-year contract extension with Nancy until June 2015. After signing the extension, he was permanently promoted to the first-team by manager Pablo Correa and assigned the number 10 shirt.In 2012 July, he was loaned to Châteauroux, in Ligue 2.Jeannot is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. He made his youth international debut at under-16 level on 4 December 2007 appearing as a substitute in a 3–0 victory over the Republic of Ireland. Jeannot appeared in six of the team's remaining seven matches as he failed to score a goal. At under-17 level, he made his debut with the team on 24 August 2008 in a 2–1 win over Slovakia in a tournament held in Austria. Jeannot scored his first youth international goal on 6 November in a 2–0 win over the United States. As a result of his performances with the team, he was named to the squad to participate in the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. Jeannot started all three group stage matches as France crashed out of the competition in the group stage portion. At under-18 level, he appeared in six matches. Jeannot made his debut with the team at the Sendai Cup in Japan appearing in all three group stage matches. After missing two call-ups, he returned to the team to participate in the 2010 edition of the Copa del Atlántico, a yearly youth international competition held on the Canary Islands in Spain. In the opening group stage match against the hosts, Jeannot scored the equalizing goal in the team's 2–2 draw.
|
[
"France national under-20 football team",
"France national under-19 football team",
"France national under-21 football team",
"F.C. Lorient",
"Dijon FCO",
"France national under-16 football team",
"Stade Malherbe Caen",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"LB Châteauroux"
] |
|
Which team did Benjamin Jeannot play for in 06/22/2009?
|
June 22, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q2244180_P54_2
|
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Stade Malherbe Caen from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for LB Châteauroux from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for F.C. Lorient from Jul, 2014 to Jul, 2017.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-21 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-20 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Dijon FCO from Jul, 2017 to Sep, 2019.
|
Benjamin JeannotBenjamin Jeannot (born 22 January 1992) is a French professional footballer who plays for Stade Malherbe Caen on loan from Dijon. He plays as a striker and is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. With the under-17 team, Jeannot played at the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship in Germany.Jeannot began his career with local club AS Dommartin-les-Toul in September 1999. In June 2002, he joined professional club AS Nancy. While in the club's youth academy, Jeannot scored 594 goals in various youth team sections.In July 2009, Jeannot signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Nancy until June 2012. The contract made Jeannot the youngest professional football player in the club's history. He was, subsequently, promoted to the club reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth level of French football. Jeannot appeared in 16 matches with the team scoring only one goal. In the 2010–11 season, he started the season with the reserve team again. After promising performances with the team, which included scoring all four goals in a victory over Lyon Duchère, Jeannot was called up to the senior team by manager Pablo Correa in February 2011. He made his professional debut on 12 February in the club's 3–1 win over Auxerre appearing as a substitute. Two weeks later, Jeannot appeared as a substitute in the team's 2–1 defeat to Marseille. On 11 March 2011, Jeannot signed a three-year contract extension with Nancy until June 2015. After signing the extension, he was permanently promoted to the first-team by manager Pablo Correa and assigned the number 10 shirt.In 2012 July, he was loaned to Châteauroux, in Ligue 2.Jeannot is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. He made his youth international debut at under-16 level on 4 December 2007 appearing as a substitute in a 3–0 victory over the Republic of Ireland. Jeannot appeared in six of the team's remaining seven matches as he failed to score a goal. At under-17 level, he made his debut with the team on 24 August 2008 in a 2–1 win over Slovakia in a tournament held in Austria. Jeannot scored his first youth international goal on 6 November in a 2–0 win over the United States. As a result of his performances with the team, he was named to the squad to participate in the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. Jeannot started all three group stage matches as France crashed out of the competition in the group stage portion. At under-18 level, he appeared in six matches. Jeannot made his debut with the team at the Sendai Cup in Japan appearing in all three group stage matches. After missing two call-ups, he returned to the team to participate in the 2010 edition of the Copa del Atlántico, a yearly youth international competition held on the Canary Islands in Spain. In the opening group stage match against the hosts, Jeannot scored the equalizing goal in the team's 2–2 draw.
|
[
"France national under-20 football team",
"France national under-19 football team",
"France national under-21 football team",
"F.C. Lorient",
"Dijon FCO",
"France national under-16 football team",
"Stade Malherbe Caen",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"LB Châteauroux"
] |
|
Which team did Benjamin Jeannot play for in 22-Jun-200922-June-2009?
|
June 22, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"France national under-18 football team"
]
}
|
L2_Q2244180_P54_2
|
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Stade Malherbe Caen from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-19 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-18 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for LB Châteauroux from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for F.C. Lorient from Jul, 2014 to Jul, 2017.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-21 football team from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-20 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for France national under-16 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for A.S. Nancy-Lorraine from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014.
Benjamin Jeannot plays for Dijon FCO from Jul, 2017 to Sep, 2019.
|
Benjamin JeannotBenjamin Jeannot (born 22 January 1992) is a French professional footballer who plays for Stade Malherbe Caen on loan from Dijon. He plays as a striker and is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. With the under-17 team, Jeannot played at the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship in Germany.Jeannot began his career with local club AS Dommartin-les-Toul in September 1999. In June 2002, he joined professional club AS Nancy. While in the club's youth academy, Jeannot scored 594 goals in various youth team sections.In July 2009, Jeannot signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Nancy until June 2012. The contract made Jeannot the youngest professional football player in the club's history. He was, subsequently, promoted to the club reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth level of French football. Jeannot appeared in 16 matches with the team scoring only one goal. In the 2010–11 season, he started the season with the reserve team again. After promising performances with the team, which included scoring all four goals in a victory over Lyon Duchère, Jeannot was called up to the senior team by manager Pablo Correa in February 2011. He made his professional debut on 12 February in the club's 3–1 win over Auxerre appearing as a substitute. Two weeks later, Jeannot appeared as a substitute in the team's 2–1 defeat to Marseille. On 11 March 2011, Jeannot signed a three-year contract extension with Nancy until June 2015. After signing the extension, he was permanently promoted to the first-team by manager Pablo Correa and assigned the number 10 shirt.In 2012 July, he was loaned to Châteauroux, in Ligue 2.Jeannot is a French youth international having starred for his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-18 level. He made his youth international debut at under-16 level on 4 December 2007 appearing as a substitute in a 3–0 victory over the Republic of Ireland. Jeannot appeared in six of the team's remaining seven matches as he failed to score a goal. At under-17 level, he made his debut with the team on 24 August 2008 in a 2–1 win over Slovakia in a tournament held in Austria. Jeannot scored his first youth international goal on 6 November in a 2–0 win over the United States. As a result of his performances with the team, he was named to the squad to participate in the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. Jeannot started all three group stage matches as France crashed out of the competition in the group stage portion. At under-18 level, he appeared in six matches. Jeannot made his debut with the team at the Sendai Cup in Japan appearing in all three group stage matches. After missing two call-ups, he returned to the team to participate in the 2010 edition of the Copa del Atlántico, a yearly youth international competition held on the Canary Islands in Spain. In the opening group stage match against the hosts, Jeannot scored the equalizing goal in the team's 2–2 draw.
|
[
"France national under-20 football team",
"France national under-19 football team",
"France national under-21 football team",
"F.C. Lorient",
"Dijon FCO",
"France national under-16 football team",
"Stade Malherbe Caen",
"France national under-17 football team",
"A.S. Nancy-Lorraine",
"LB Châteauroux"
] |
|
Which employer did Alfred Croiset work for in Nov, 1869?
|
November 05, 1869
|
{
"text": [
"Lycée Mirangron de Nevers"
]
}
|
L2_Q4241862_P108_1
|
Alfred Croiset works for Lycée Mirangron de Nevers from Jan, 1868 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Croiset works for Collège Stanislas de Paris from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1874.
Alfred Croiset works for school Vaugelas from Jan, 1867 to Jan, 1868.
Alfred Croiset works for Faculty of Arts of Paris from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1921.
|
Alfred CroisetMarie Joseph Alfred Croiset (5 January 1845 – 7 June 1923) was a French classical philologist.Born in Paris, Alfred Croiset, son of the teacher and classical philologist (François) Paul Croiset (1814-1897), attended the "Lycée Charlemagne" from 1855 to 1859 and then until 1864 the "Lycée Louis-le-Grand" in Paris. His brother Maurice (1846–1935), who was one year younge, also became an important classical philologist, and the brothers often worked together.Alfred Croiset began studying classical philology at the "École normale supérieure" in 1864, which he graduated in 1867. In the following ten years he taught at various "lycées" in France (1867 Chambéry, 1868 Nevers, 1871 Montauban, 1871 "Collège Stanislas" in Paris, 1874 "Lycée Charlemagne" in Paris). This activity was only interrupted twice, first in 1870 during his mobilization for the Franco-Prussian War, then again in 1873 during his doctorate with the thesis "Xénophon, son caractère et son talent" at the Sorbonne .In 1877 he moved to the Sorbonne as "maître de conférences" , where he completed his thesis "De personis apud Aristophanem" in 1880, and in 1885 he became a professor there. In 1886 he became a member of the "Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres" . From 1898 to 1919 he was dean of the "Faculté des lettres". After leaving the position, he received the title of dean hc. He was on leave and in 1921 retired. He died in Paris in 1923.In 1887 he became a Knight, in 1897 an Officer, in 1901 a Commander, and in 1913 a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor.Croiset devoted himself mainly to Greek literature. His critical edition of Plato's "Dialogues", co- edited with Louis Bodin, is still used today. In addition, he dealt with Pindar, Thucydides as well as Xenophon and Aristophanes. With his brother he wrote a widely read Greek literary history, which also became the basis of a manual. Together with his writings on democracy education, it was particularly well received and widely used in the United States. His efforts to reform teaching as well as his many years of work as dean led to opposition with anti-modernist circles, who accused him of the "scientization" and "Germanization" of the humanities. Henri Massis was one of the critics from student circles . Croiset's students included Paul Mazon, Auguste Diès, and Gustave Glotz .
|
[
"Faculty of Arts of Paris",
"school Vaugelas",
"Collège Stanislas de Paris"
] |
|
Which employer did Alfred Croiset work for in 1869-11-05?
|
November 05, 1869
|
{
"text": [
"Lycée Mirangron de Nevers"
]
}
|
L2_Q4241862_P108_1
|
Alfred Croiset works for Lycée Mirangron de Nevers from Jan, 1868 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Croiset works for Collège Stanislas de Paris from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1874.
Alfred Croiset works for school Vaugelas from Jan, 1867 to Jan, 1868.
Alfred Croiset works for Faculty of Arts of Paris from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1921.
|
Alfred CroisetMarie Joseph Alfred Croiset (5 January 1845 – 7 June 1923) was a French classical philologist.Born in Paris, Alfred Croiset, son of the teacher and classical philologist (François) Paul Croiset (1814-1897), attended the "Lycée Charlemagne" from 1855 to 1859 and then until 1864 the "Lycée Louis-le-Grand" in Paris. His brother Maurice (1846–1935), who was one year younge, also became an important classical philologist, and the brothers often worked together.Alfred Croiset began studying classical philology at the "École normale supérieure" in 1864, which he graduated in 1867. In the following ten years he taught at various "lycées" in France (1867 Chambéry, 1868 Nevers, 1871 Montauban, 1871 "Collège Stanislas" in Paris, 1874 "Lycée Charlemagne" in Paris). This activity was only interrupted twice, first in 1870 during his mobilization for the Franco-Prussian War, then again in 1873 during his doctorate with the thesis "Xénophon, son caractère et son talent" at the Sorbonne .In 1877 he moved to the Sorbonne as "maître de conférences" , where he completed his thesis "De personis apud Aristophanem" in 1880, and in 1885 he became a professor there. In 1886 he became a member of the "Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres" . From 1898 to 1919 he was dean of the "Faculté des lettres". After leaving the position, he received the title of dean hc. He was on leave and in 1921 retired. He died in Paris in 1923.In 1887 he became a Knight, in 1897 an Officer, in 1901 a Commander, and in 1913 a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor.Croiset devoted himself mainly to Greek literature. His critical edition of Plato's "Dialogues", co- edited with Louis Bodin, is still used today. In addition, he dealt with Pindar, Thucydides as well as Xenophon and Aristophanes. With his brother he wrote a widely read Greek literary history, which also became the basis of a manual. Together with his writings on democracy education, it was particularly well received and widely used in the United States. His efforts to reform teaching as well as his many years of work as dean led to opposition with anti-modernist circles, who accused him of the "scientization" and "Germanization" of the humanities. Henri Massis was one of the critics from student circles . Croiset's students included Paul Mazon, Auguste Diès, and Gustave Glotz .
|
[
"Faculty of Arts of Paris",
"school Vaugelas",
"Collège Stanislas de Paris"
] |
|
Which employer did Alfred Croiset work for in 05/11/1869?
|
November 05, 1869
|
{
"text": [
"Lycée Mirangron de Nevers"
]
}
|
L2_Q4241862_P108_1
|
Alfred Croiset works for Lycée Mirangron de Nevers from Jan, 1868 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Croiset works for Collège Stanislas de Paris from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1874.
Alfred Croiset works for school Vaugelas from Jan, 1867 to Jan, 1868.
Alfred Croiset works for Faculty of Arts of Paris from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1921.
|
Alfred CroisetMarie Joseph Alfred Croiset (5 January 1845 – 7 June 1923) was a French classical philologist.Born in Paris, Alfred Croiset, son of the teacher and classical philologist (François) Paul Croiset (1814-1897), attended the "Lycée Charlemagne" from 1855 to 1859 and then until 1864 the "Lycée Louis-le-Grand" in Paris. His brother Maurice (1846–1935), who was one year younge, also became an important classical philologist, and the brothers often worked together.Alfred Croiset began studying classical philology at the "École normale supérieure" in 1864, which he graduated in 1867. In the following ten years he taught at various "lycées" in France (1867 Chambéry, 1868 Nevers, 1871 Montauban, 1871 "Collège Stanislas" in Paris, 1874 "Lycée Charlemagne" in Paris). This activity was only interrupted twice, first in 1870 during his mobilization for the Franco-Prussian War, then again in 1873 during his doctorate with the thesis "Xénophon, son caractère et son talent" at the Sorbonne .In 1877 he moved to the Sorbonne as "maître de conférences" , where he completed his thesis "De personis apud Aristophanem" in 1880, and in 1885 he became a professor there. In 1886 he became a member of the "Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres" . From 1898 to 1919 he was dean of the "Faculté des lettres". After leaving the position, he received the title of dean hc. He was on leave and in 1921 retired. He died in Paris in 1923.In 1887 he became a Knight, in 1897 an Officer, in 1901 a Commander, and in 1913 a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor.Croiset devoted himself mainly to Greek literature. His critical edition of Plato's "Dialogues", co- edited with Louis Bodin, is still used today. In addition, he dealt with Pindar, Thucydides as well as Xenophon and Aristophanes. With his brother he wrote a widely read Greek literary history, which also became the basis of a manual. Together with his writings on democracy education, it was particularly well received and widely used in the United States. His efforts to reform teaching as well as his many years of work as dean led to opposition with anti-modernist circles, who accused him of the "scientization" and "Germanization" of the humanities. Henri Massis was one of the critics from student circles . Croiset's students included Paul Mazon, Auguste Diès, and Gustave Glotz .
|
[
"Faculty of Arts of Paris",
"school Vaugelas",
"Collège Stanislas de Paris"
] |
|
Which employer did Alfred Croiset work for in Nov 05, 1869?
|
November 05, 1869
|
{
"text": [
"Lycée Mirangron de Nevers"
]
}
|
L2_Q4241862_P108_1
|
Alfred Croiset works for Lycée Mirangron de Nevers from Jan, 1868 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Croiset works for Collège Stanislas de Paris from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1874.
Alfred Croiset works for school Vaugelas from Jan, 1867 to Jan, 1868.
Alfred Croiset works for Faculty of Arts of Paris from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1921.
|
Alfred CroisetMarie Joseph Alfred Croiset (5 January 1845 – 7 June 1923) was a French classical philologist.Born in Paris, Alfred Croiset, son of the teacher and classical philologist (François) Paul Croiset (1814-1897), attended the "Lycée Charlemagne" from 1855 to 1859 and then until 1864 the "Lycée Louis-le-Grand" in Paris. His brother Maurice (1846–1935), who was one year younge, also became an important classical philologist, and the brothers often worked together.Alfred Croiset began studying classical philology at the "École normale supérieure" in 1864, which he graduated in 1867. In the following ten years he taught at various "lycées" in France (1867 Chambéry, 1868 Nevers, 1871 Montauban, 1871 "Collège Stanislas" in Paris, 1874 "Lycée Charlemagne" in Paris). This activity was only interrupted twice, first in 1870 during his mobilization for the Franco-Prussian War, then again in 1873 during his doctorate with the thesis "Xénophon, son caractère et son talent" at the Sorbonne .In 1877 he moved to the Sorbonne as "maître de conférences" , where he completed his thesis "De personis apud Aristophanem" in 1880, and in 1885 he became a professor there. In 1886 he became a member of the "Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres" . From 1898 to 1919 he was dean of the "Faculté des lettres". After leaving the position, he received the title of dean hc. He was on leave and in 1921 retired. He died in Paris in 1923.In 1887 he became a Knight, in 1897 an Officer, in 1901 a Commander, and in 1913 a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor.Croiset devoted himself mainly to Greek literature. His critical edition of Plato's "Dialogues", co- edited with Louis Bodin, is still used today. In addition, he dealt with Pindar, Thucydides as well as Xenophon and Aristophanes. With his brother he wrote a widely read Greek literary history, which also became the basis of a manual. Together with his writings on democracy education, it was particularly well received and widely used in the United States. His efforts to reform teaching as well as his many years of work as dean led to opposition with anti-modernist circles, who accused him of the "scientization" and "Germanization" of the humanities. Henri Massis was one of the critics from student circles . Croiset's students included Paul Mazon, Auguste Diès, and Gustave Glotz .
|
[
"Faculty of Arts of Paris",
"school Vaugelas",
"Collège Stanislas de Paris"
] |
|
Which employer did Alfred Croiset work for in 11/05/1869?
|
November 05, 1869
|
{
"text": [
"Lycée Mirangron de Nevers"
]
}
|
L2_Q4241862_P108_1
|
Alfred Croiset works for Lycée Mirangron de Nevers from Jan, 1868 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Croiset works for Collège Stanislas de Paris from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1874.
Alfred Croiset works for school Vaugelas from Jan, 1867 to Jan, 1868.
Alfred Croiset works for Faculty of Arts of Paris from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1921.
|
Alfred CroisetMarie Joseph Alfred Croiset (5 January 1845 – 7 June 1923) was a French classical philologist.Born in Paris, Alfred Croiset, son of the teacher and classical philologist (François) Paul Croiset (1814-1897), attended the "Lycée Charlemagne" from 1855 to 1859 and then until 1864 the "Lycée Louis-le-Grand" in Paris. His brother Maurice (1846–1935), who was one year younge, also became an important classical philologist, and the brothers often worked together.Alfred Croiset began studying classical philology at the "École normale supérieure" in 1864, which he graduated in 1867. In the following ten years he taught at various "lycées" in France (1867 Chambéry, 1868 Nevers, 1871 Montauban, 1871 "Collège Stanislas" in Paris, 1874 "Lycée Charlemagne" in Paris). This activity was only interrupted twice, first in 1870 during his mobilization for the Franco-Prussian War, then again in 1873 during his doctorate with the thesis "Xénophon, son caractère et son talent" at the Sorbonne .In 1877 he moved to the Sorbonne as "maître de conférences" , where he completed his thesis "De personis apud Aristophanem" in 1880, and in 1885 he became a professor there. In 1886 he became a member of the "Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres" . From 1898 to 1919 he was dean of the "Faculté des lettres". After leaving the position, he received the title of dean hc. He was on leave and in 1921 retired. He died in Paris in 1923.In 1887 he became a Knight, in 1897 an Officer, in 1901 a Commander, and in 1913 a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor.Croiset devoted himself mainly to Greek literature. His critical edition of Plato's "Dialogues", co- edited with Louis Bodin, is still used today. In addition, he dealt with Pindar, Thucydides as well as Xenophon and Aristophanes. With his brother he wrote a widely read Greek literary history, which also became the basis of a manual. Together with his writings on democracy education, it was particularly well received and widely used in the United States. His efforts to reform teaching as well as his many years of work as dean led to opposition with anti-modernist circles, who accused him of the "scientization" and "Germanization" of the humanities. Henri Massis was one of the critics from student circles . Croiset's students included Paul Mazon, Auguste Diès, and Gustave Glotz .
|
[
"Faculty of Arts of Paris",
"school Vaugelas",
"Collège Stanislas de Paris"
] |
|
Which employer did Alfred Croiset work for in 05-Nov-186905-November-1869?
|
November 05, 1869
|
{
"text": [
"Lycée Mirangron de Nevers"
]
}
|
L2_Q4241862_P108_1
|
Alfred Croiset works for Lycée Mirangron de Nevers from Jan, 1868 to Jan, 1870.
Alfred Croiset works for Collège Stanislas de Paris from Jan, 1871 to Jan, 1874.
Alfred Croiset works for school Vaugelas from Jan, 1867 to Jan, 1868.
Alfred Croiset works for Faculty of Arts of Paris from Jan, 1877 to Jan, 1921.
|
Alfred CroisetMarie Joseph Alfred Croiset (5 January 1845 – 7 June 1923) was a French classical philologist.Born in Paris, Alfred Croiset, son of the teacher and classical philologist (François) Paul Croiset (1814-1897), attended the "Lycée Charlemagne" from 1855 to 1859 and then until 1864 the "Lycée Louis-le-Grand" in Paris. His brother Maurice (1846–1935), who was one year younge, also became an important classical philologist, and the brothers often worked together.Alfred Croiset began studying classical philology at the "École normale supérieure" in 1864, which he graduated in 1867. In the following ten years he taught at various "lycées" in France (1867 Chambéry, 1868 Nevers, 1871 Montauban, 1871 "Collège Stanislas" in Paris, 1874 "Lycée Charlemagne" in Paris). This activity was only interrupted twice, first in 1870 during his mobilization for the Franco-Prussian War, then again in 1873 during his doctorate with the thesis "Xénophon, son caractère et son talent" at the Sorbonne .In 1877 he moved to the Sorbonne as "maître de conférences" , where he completed his thesis "De personis apud Aristophanem" in 1880, and in 1885 he became a professor there. In 1886 he became a member of the "Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres" . From 1898 to 1919 he was dean of the "Faculté des lettres". After leaving the position, he received the title of dean hc. He was on leave and in 1921 retired. He died in Paris in 1923.In 1887 he became a Knight, in 1897 an Officer, in 1901 a Commander, and in 1913 a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor.Croiset devoted himself mainly to Greek literature. His critical edition of Plato's "Dialogues", co- edited with Louis Bodin, is still used today. In addition, he dealt with Pindar, Thucydides as well as Xenophon and Aristophanes. With his brother he wrote a widely read Greek literary history, which also became the basis of a manual. Together with his writings on democracy education, it was particularly well received and widely used in the United States. His efforts to reform teaching as well as his many years of work as dean led to opposition with anti-modernist circles, who accused him of the "scientization" and "Germanization" of the humanities. Henri Massis was one of the critics from student circles . Croiset's students included Paul Mazon, Auguste Diès, and Gustave Glotz .
|
[
"Faculty of Arts of Paris",
"school Vaugelas",
"Collège Stanislas de Paris"
] |
|
Which team did Michele Cossato play for in Jul, 2003?
|
July 19, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"ACF Fiorentina"
]
}
|
L2_Q3856568_P54_7
|
Michele Cossato plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Michele Cossato plays for S.S.D. Domegliara from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. Perugia Calcio from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Michele Cossato plays for A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Michele Cossato plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. ChievoVerona from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1997.
Michele Cossato plays for Associazione Sportiva Cittadella from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for Hellas Verona F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Michele Cossato plays for Padania national football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for Football Club Atletico Montichiari from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Michele Cossato plays for Venezia F.C. from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1998.
|
Michele CossatoMichele Cossato (born 28 April 1970 in Milan) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played as a striker for Domegliara, a team that was competing in Serie D of the Italian football league system. He is the brother of fellow former footballer Federico Cossato.His first achievements in football took place in Verona, where he grew up. He played for both of the major Veronese teams Chievo Verona and Hellas Verona.Michele Cossato's long football career began in the 1986–87 football season, when, although he was still very young, he joined A.C. ChievoVerona. During that year the team moved down to Serie C2. He was then sold to Valdagno, to get experience in playing for the Interregional Championship (the current Serie D). With the team of the Province of Vicenza he scored 4 goals in 19 matches. In the 1988–1989 Championship he returned to Chievo, and was part of the team's most triumphant season (which resulted in their promotion to Serie C1). In the summer of 1990 he was lent to Oltrepò and then to A.C. Perugia, in Serie C1. In the 8 matches he played, no goals were scored. In the season 1991–1992 the Chievo decided to keep the player, whose season has unfortunately not been memorable: in fact, he played 3 matches without scoring a goal.The 1992–93 Serie C1 enshrines the mature of Cossato, who is noted by scoring 5 goals in 25 matches. The following season, with its 8 goals in 28 matches, gives a fundamental contribution to the promotion of Chievo in Serie B. In the three years as a cadet played for Chievo, he confirmed himself as a prolific striker (28 goals scored in 104 matches). Become a key player for the team, he meant salvation for his team in 1994 and in 1995 as well. In the 1996–1997 season, the one in which Chievo almost got a promotion in Serie A, he established along with Raffaele Cerbone one of several pairs of the League (32 total goals). At the end of the season he left Chievo, together with the trainer Malesani, another big maker of the then excellent championship team.After the long and successful period with Chievo, Cossato went to A.C. Venezia, which strongly fought to obtain the promotion in Serie A. The promotion is very positive for both the player and his team. The worship of the success of the so-called Lagoon (reference to Venice) is largely attributable to the couple of attack formed by Schwoch (17 goals) and Cossato (11 goals). In the season 1998–1999 he had the opportunity to play in Serie A, but being not included in the plans of the team he didn't make its debut in the championship. In October he was signed by Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio. In his period in Bergamo, Cossato, due to several physical problems, wasn't able to express himself at best and to meet the high expectations placed on him.During the month of January 2000 he went back to Verona, this time to play with the team of Hellas. On 6 February 2000 he made his debut in Serie A (playing Verona – Fiorentina, ended with a 2–2). The year ended with no goals scored by Cossato. The precarious physical condition allowed him to play only a few times in season 2000–2001 (14 matches, 2 goals). Indeed, on June 24, 2001, during the play-off return to escape relegation in Serie B between Reggina and Hellas Verona, he put off a goal which meant salvation for the team. This made him extremely popular among supporters of Verona.Cossato has been nicknamed "Super Mike" and in his honor several gadgets have been created.In the first Derby in Serie A with Chievo some physical problems continued to prevent him by a continuous use (7 presences, 1 goal). At the end of the season, Hellas retroceded in the Serie B.In his last season with the team, the attacker scored 3 goals in 22 league appearances.After the period with the Verona, Cossato was bought by ACF Fiorentina in September 2003.The trainer saw him as the expert attacker who could give a valuable contribution for the immediate return of the team in Serie A. However, the experience of Cossato with the team of Florence is anything but memorable. Between the beginning of the championship in January he played only a few minutes and didn't score any goal. Thus, with the beginning of 2004, he moved to Cittadella, in Serie C1.Even with the Veneto team he failed to make better (10 presences, no goals). In 2004, the player signed the offer of Montichiari, playing in Serie C2. The first season with Lombard team was very positive. The player, in fact, went back to his goal continuity (15 goals in 27 presences) becoming a player of primary importance for his team.The championship 2005–2006 was Cossato's last among professionals. He scored 2 goals.In the summer of 2006 he accepted the proposal by Claudio Paiola, ambitious president of Domegliara, training veronese of Valpolicella. He had therefore the possibility of closing his career close to home and at the same time, to make a good contribution in terms of experience to his new team, which had as its objective the jump in Serie D. In 2007, the Domegliara won the championship of Excellence gaining promotion. Cossato fell 16 times in two marking networks. He remained in the next season of Serie D player on the staff headed by Paolo Vanoli.In the summer of 2008 was reached by his brother Federico, but the permanence of both lasted only a few months and in December received the consensual termination of the contract.At the beginning of June 2008, Cossato advocated to the ideals Po Valley and announced its aggregation row in the selection of Padania football team to tackle the 2008 edition of Viva World Cup, World Cup between national NF-Board and not recognised by FIFA, along with his brother Federico.
|
[
"Padania national football team",
"A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno",
"Hellas Verona F.C.",
"Football Club Atletico Montichiari",
"A.C. Perugia Calcio",
"A.C. ChievoVerona",
"Associazione Sportiva Cittadella",
"S.S.D. Domegliara",
"Venezia F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C.",
"A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò"
] |
|
Which team did Michele Cossato play for in 2003-07-19?
|
July 19, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"ACF Fiorentina"
]
}
|
L2_Q3856568_P54_7
|
Michele Cossato plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Michele Cossato plays for S.S.D. Domegliara from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. Perugia Calcio from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Michele Cossato plays for A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Michele Cossato plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. ChievoVerona from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1997.
Michele Cossato plays for Associazione Sportiva Cittadella from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for Hellas Verona F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Michele Cossato plays for Padania national football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for Football Club Atletico Montichiari from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Michele Cossato plays for Venezia F.C. from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1998.
|
Michele CossatoMichele Cossato (born 28 April 1970 in Milan) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played as a striker for Domegliara, a team that was competing in Serie D of the Italian football league system. He is the brother of fellow former footballer Federico Cossato.His first achievements in football took place in Verona, where he grew up. He played for both of the major Veronese teams Chievo Verona and Hellas Verona.Michele Cossato's long football career began in the 1986–87 football season, when, although he was still very young, he joined A.C. ChievoVerona. During that year the team moved down to Serie C2. He was then sold to Valdagno, to get experience in playing for the Interregional Championship (the current Serie D). With the team of the Province of Vicenza he scored 4 goals in 19 matches. In the 1988–1989 Championship he returned to Chievo, and was part of the team's most triumphant season (which resulted in their promotion to Serie C1). In the summer of 1990 he was lent to Oltrepò and then to A.C. Perugia, in Serie C1. In the 8 matches he played, no goals were scored. In the season 1991–1992 the Chievo decided to keep the player, whose season has unfortunately not been memorable: in fact, he played 3 matches without scoring a goal.The 1992–93 Serie C1 enshrines the mature of Cossato, who is noted by scoring 5 goals in 25 matches. The following season, with its 8 goals in 28 matches, gives a fundamental contribution to the promotion of Chievo in Serie B. In the three years as a cadet played for Chievo, he confirmed himself as a prolific striker (28 goals scored in 104 matches). Become a key player for the team, he meant salvation for his team in 1994 and in 1995 as well. In the 1996–1997 season, the one in which Chievo almost got a promotion in Serie A, he established along with Raffaele Cerbone one of several pairs of the League (32 total goals). At the end of the season he left Chievo, together with the trainer Malesani, another big maker of the then excellent championship team.After the long and successful period with Chievo, Cossato went to A.C. Venezia, which strongly fought to obtain the promotion in Serie A. The promotion is very positive for both the player and his team. The worship of the success of the so-called Lagoon (reference to Venice) is largely attributable to the couple of attack formed by Schwoch (17 goals) and Cossato (11 goals). In the season 1998–1999 he had the opportunity to play in Serie A, but being not included in the plans of the team he didn't make its debut in the championship. In October he was signed by Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio. In his period in Bergamo, Cossato, due to several physical problems, wasn't able to express himself at best and to meet the high expectations placed on him.During the month of January 2000 he went back to Verona, this time to play with the team of Hellas. On 6 February 2000 he made his debut in Serie A (playing Verona – Fiorentina, ended with a 2–2). The year ended with no goals scored by Cossato. The precarious physical condition allowed him to play only a few times in season 2000–2001 (14 matches, 2 goals). Indeed, on June 24, 2001, during the play-off return to escape relegation in Serie B between Reggina and Hellas Verona, he put off a goal which meant salvation for the team. This made him extremely popular among supporters of Verona.Cossato has been nicknamed "Super Mike" and in his honor several gadgets have been created.In the first Derby in Serie A with Chievo some physical problems continued to prevent him by a continuous use (7 presences, 1 goal). At the end of the season, Hellas retroceded in the Serie B.In his last season with the team, the attacker scored 3 goals in 22 league appearances.After the period with the Verona, Cossato was bought by ACF Fiorentina in September 2003.The trainer saw him as the expert attacker who could give a valuable contribution for the immediate return of the team in Serie A. However, the experience of Cossato with the team of Florence is anything but memorable. Between the beginning of the championship in January he played only a few minutes and didn't score any goal. Thus, with the beginning of 2004, he moved to Cittadella, in Serie C1.Even with the Veneto team he failed to make better (10 presences, no goals). In 2004, the player signed the offer of Montichiari, playing in Serie C2. The first season with Lombard team was very positive. The player, in fact, went back to his goal continuity (15 goals in 27 presences) becoming a player of primary importance for his team.The championship 2005–2006 was Cossato's last among professionals. He scored 2 goals.In the summer of 2006 he accepted the proposal by Claudio Paiola, ambitious president of Domegliara, training veronese of Valpolicella. He had therefore the possibility of closing his career close to home and at the same time, to make a good contribution in terms of experience to his new team, which had as its objective the jump in Serie D. In 2007, the Domegliara won the championship of Excellence gaining promotion. Cossato fell 16 times in two marking networks. He remained in the next season of Serie D player on the staff headed by Paolo Vanoli.In the summer of 2008 was reached by his brother Federico, but the permanence of both lasted only a few months and in December received the consensual termination of the contract.At the beginning of June 2008, Cossato advocated to the ideals Po Valley and announced its aggregation row in the selection of Padania football team to tackle the 2008 edition of Viva World Cup, World Cup between national NF-Board and not recognised by FIFA, along with his brother Federico.
|
[
"Padania national football team",
"A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno",
"Hellas Verona F.C.",
"Football Club Atletico Montichiari",
"A.C. Perugia Calcio",
"A.C. ChievoVerona",
"Associazione Sportiva Cittadella",
"S.S.D. Domegliara",
"Venezia F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C.",
"A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò"
] |
|
Which team did Michele Cossato play for in 19/07/2003?
|
July 19, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"ACF Fiorentina"
]
}
|
L2_Q3856568_P54_7
|
Michele Cossato plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Michele Cossato plays for S.S.D. Domegliara from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. Perugia Calcio from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Michele Cossato plays for A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Michele Cossato plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. ChievoVerona from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1997.
Michele Cossato plays for Associazione Sportiva Cittadella from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for Hellas Verona F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Michele Cossato plays for Padania national football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for Football Club Atletico Montichiari from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Michele Cossato plays for Venezia F.C. from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1998.
|
Michele CossatoMichele Cossato (born 28 April 1970 in Milan) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played as a striker for Domegliara, a team that was competing in Serie D of the Italian football league system. He is the brother of fellow former footballer Federico Cossato.His first achievements in football took place in Verona, where he grew up. He played for both of the major Veronese teams Chievo Verona and Hellas Verona.Michele Cossato's long football career began in the 1986–87 football season, when, although he was still very young, he joined A.C. ChievoVerona. During that year the team moved down to Serie C2. He was then sold to Valdagno, to get experience in playing for the Interregional Championship (the current Serie D). With the team of the Province of Vicenza he scored 4 goals in 19 matches. In the 1988–1989 Championship he returned to Chievo, and was part of the team's most triumphant season (which resulted in their promotion to Serie C1). In the summer of 1990 he was lent to Oltrepò and then to A.C. Perugia, in Serie C1. In the 8 matches he played, no goals were scored. In the season 1991–1992 the Chievo decided to keep the player, whose season has unfortunately not been memorable: in fact, he played 3 matches without scoring a goal.The 1992–93 Serie C1 enshrines the mature of Cossato, who is noted by scoring 5 goals in 25 matches. The following season, with its 8 goals in 28 matches, gives a fundamental contribution to the promotion of Chievo in Serie B. In the three years as a cadet played for Chievo, he confirmed himself as a prolific striker (28 goals scored in 104 matches). Become a key player for the team, he meant salvation for his team in 1994 and in 1995 as well. In the 1996–1997 season, the one in which Chievo almost got a promotion in Serie A, he established along with Raffaele Cerbone one of several pairs of the League (32 total goals). At the end of the season he left Chievo, together with the trainer Malesani, another big maker of the then excellent championship team.After the long and successful period with Chievo, Cossato went to A.C. Venezia, which strongly fought to obtain the promotion in Serie A. The promotion is very positive for both the player and his team. The worship of the success of the so-called Lagoon (reference to Venice) is largely attributable to the couple of attack formed by Schwoch (17 goals) and Cossato (11 goals). In the season 1998–1999 he had the opportunity to play in Serie A, but being not included in the plans of the team he didn't make its debut in the championship. In October he was signed by Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio. In his period in Bergamo, Cossato, due to several physical problems, wasn't able to express himself at best and to meet the high expectations placed on him.During the month of January 2000 he went back to Verona, this time to play with the team of Hellas. On 6 February 2000 he made his debut in Serie A (playing Verona – Fiorentina, ended with a 2–2). The year ended with no goals scored by Cossato. The precarious physical condition allowed him to play only a few times in season 2000–2001 (14 matches, 2 goals). Indeed, on June 24, 2001, during the play-off return to escape relegation in Serie B between Reggina and Hellas Verona, he put off a goal which meant salvation for the team. This made him extremely popular among supporters of Verona.Cossato has been nicknamed "Super Mike" and in his honor several gadgets have been created.In the first Derby in Serie A with Chievo some physical problems continued to prevent him by a continuous use (7 presences, 1 goal). At the end of the season, Hellas retroceded in the Serie B.In his last season with the team, the attacker scored 3 goals in 22 league appearances.After the period with the Verona, Cossato was bought by ACF Fiorentina in September 2003.The trainer saw him as the expert attacker who could give a valuable contribution for the immediate return of the team in Serie A. However, the experience of Cossato with the team of Florence is anything but memorable. Between the beginning of the championship in January he played only a few minutes and didn't score any goal. Thus, with the beginning of 2004, he moved to Cittadella, in Serie C1.Even with the Veneto team he failed to make better (10 presences, no goals). In 2004, the player signed the offer of Montichiari, playing in Serie C2. The first season with Lombard team was very positive. The player, in fact, went back to his goal continuity (15 goals in 27 presences) becoming a player of primary importance for his team.The championship 2005–2006 was Cossato's last among professionals. He scored 2 goals.In the summer of 2006 he accepted the proposal by Claudio Paiola, ambitious president of Domegliara, training veronese of Valpolicella. He had therefore the possibility of closing his career close to home and at the same time, to make a good contribution in terms of experience to his new team, which had as its objective the jump in Serie D. In 2007, the Domegliara won the championship of Excellence gaining promotion. Cossato fell 16 times in two marking networks. He remained in the next season of Serie D player on the staff headed by Paolo Vanoli.In the summer of 2008 was reached by his brother Federico, but the permanence of both lasted only a few months and in December received the consensual termination of the contract.At the beginning of June 2008, Cossato advocated to the ideals Po Valley and announced its aggregation row in the selection of Padania football team to tackle the 2008 edition of Viva World Cup, World Cup between national NF-Board and not recognised by FIFA, along with his brother Federico.
|
[
"Padania national football team",
"A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno",
"Hellas Verona F.C.",
"Football Club Atletico Montichiari",
"A.C. Perugia Calcio",
"A.C. ChievoVerona",
"Associazione Sportiva Cittadella",
"S.S.D. Domegliara",
"Venezia F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C.",
"A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò"
] |
|
Which team did Michele Cossato play for in Jul 19, 2003?
|
July 19, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"ACF Fiorentina"
]
}
|
L2_Q3856568_P54_7
|
Michele Cossato plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Michele Cossato plays for S.S.D. Domegliara from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. Perugia Calcio from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Michele Cossato plays for A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Michele Cossato plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. ChievoVerona from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1997.
Michele Cossato plays for Associazione Sportiva Cittadella from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for Hellas Verona F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Michele Cossato plays for Padania national football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for Football Club Atletico Montichiari from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Michele Cossato plays for Venezia F.C. from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1998.
|
Michele CossatoMichele Cossato (born 28 April 1970 in Milan) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played as a striker for Domegliara, a team that was competing in Serie D of the Italian football league system. He is the brother of fellow former footballer Federico Cossato.His first achievements in football took place in Verona, where he grew up. He played for both of the major Veronese teams Chievo Verona and Hellas Verona.Michele Cossato's long football career began in the 1986–87 football season, when, although he was still very young, he joined A.C. ChievoVerona. During that year the team moved down to Serie C2. He was then sold to Valdagno, to get experience in playing for the Interregional Championship (the current Serie D). With the team of the Province of Vicenza he scored 4 goals in 19 matches. In the 1988–1989 Championship he returned to Chievo, and was part of the team's most triumphant season (which resulted in their promotion to Serie C1). In the summer of 1990 he was lent to Oltrepò and then to A.C. Perugia, in Serie C1. In the 8 matches he played, no goals were scored. In the season 1991–1992 the Chievo decided to keep the player, whose season has unfortunately not been memorable: in fact, he played 3 matches without scoring a goal.The 1992–93 Serie C1 enshrines the mature of Cossato, who is noted by scoring 5 goals in 25 matches. The following season, with its 8 goals in 28 matches, gives a fundamental contribution to the promotion of Chievo in Serie B. In the three years as a cadet played for Chievo, he confirmed himself as a prolific striker (28 goals scored in 104 matches). Become a key player for the team, he meant salvation for his team in 1994 and in 1995 as well. In the 1996–1997 season, the one in which Chievo almost got a promotion in Serie A, he established along with Raffaele Cerbone one of several pairs of the League (32 total goals). At the end of the season he left Chievo, together with the trainer Malesani, another big maker of the then excellent championship team.After the long and successful period with Chievo, Cossato went to A.C. Venezia, which strongly fought to obtain the promotion in Serie A. The promotion is very positive for both the player and his team. The worship of the success of the so-called Lagoon (reference to Venice) is largely attributable to the couple of attack formed by Schwoch (17 goals) and Cossato (11 goals). In the season 1998–1999 he had the opportunity to play in Serie A, but being not included in the plans of the team he didn't make its debut in the championship. In October he was signed by Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio. In his period in Bergamo, Cossato, due to several physical problems, wasn't able to express himself at best and to meet the high expectations placed on him.During the month of January 2000 he went back to Verona, this time to play with the team of Hellas. On 6 February 2000 he made his debut in Serie A (playing Verona – Fiorentina, ended with a 2–2). The year ended with no goals scored by Cossato. The precarious physical condition allowed him to play only a few times in season 2000–2001 (14 matches, 2 goals). Indeed, on June 24, 2001, during the play-off return to escape relegation in Serie B between Reggina and Hellas Verona, he put off a goal which meant salvation for the team. This made him extremely popular among supporters of Verona.Cossato has been nicknamed "Super Mike" and in his honor several gadgets have been created.In the first Derby in Serie A with Chievo some physical problems continued to prevent him by a continuous use (7 presences, 1 goal). At the end of the season, Hellas retroceded in the Serie B.In his last season with the team, the attacker scored 3 goals in 22 league appearances.After the period with the Verona, Cossato was bought by ACF Fiorentina in September 2003.The trainer saw him as the expert attacker who could give a valuable contribution for the immediate return of the team in Serie A. However, the experience of Cossato with the team of Florence is anything but memorable. Between the beginning of the championship in January he played only a few minutes and didn't score any goal. Thus, with the beginning of 2004, he moved to Cittadella, in Serie C1.Even with the Veneto team he failed to make better (10 presences, no goals). In 2004, the player signed the offer of Montichiari, playing in Serie C2. The first season with Lombard team was very positive. The player, in fact, went back to his goal continuity (15 goals in 27 presences) becoming a player of primary importance for his team.The championship 2005–2006 was Cossato's last among professionals. He scored 2 goals.In the summer of 2006 he accepted the proposal by Claudio Paiola, ambitious president of Domegliara, training veronese of Valpolicella. He had therefore the possibility of closing his career close to home and at the same time, to make a good contribution in terms of experience to his new team, which had as its objective the jump in Serie D. In 2007, the Domegliara won the championship of Excellence gaining promotion. Cossato fell 16 times in two marking networks. He remained in the next season of Serie D player on the staff headed by Paolo Vanoli.In the summer of 2008 was reached by his brother Federico, but the permanence of both lasted only a few months and in December received the consensual termination of the contract.At the beginning of June 2008, Cossato advocated to the ideals Po Valley and announced its aggregation row in the selection of Padania football team to tackle the 2008 edition of Viva World Cup, World Cup between national NF-Board and not recognised by FIFA, along with his brother Federico.
|
[
"Padania national football team",
"A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno",
"Hellas Verona F.C.",
"Football Club Atletico Montichiari",
"A.C. Perugia Calcio",
"A.C. ChievoVerona",
"Associazione Sportiva Cittadella",
"S.S.D. Domegliara",
"Venezia F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C.",
"A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò"
] |
|
Which team did Michele Cossato play for in 07/19/2003?
|
July 19, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"ACF Fiorentina"
]
}
|
L2_Q3856568_P54_7
|
Michele Cossato plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Michele Cossato plays for S.S.D. Domegliara from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. Perugia Calcio from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Michele Cossato plays for A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Michele Cossato plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. ChievoVerona from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1997.
Michele Cossato plays for Associazione Sportiva Cittadella from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for Hellas Verona F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Michele Cossato plays for Padania national football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for Football Club Atletico Montichiari from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Michele Cossato plays for Venezia F.C. from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1998.
|
Michele CossatoMichele Cossato (born 28 April 1970 in Milan) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played as a striker for Domegliara, a team that was competing in Serie D of the Italian football league system. He is the brother of fellow former footballer Federico Cossato.His first achievements in football took place in Verona, where he grew up. He played for both of the major Veronese teams Chievo Verona and Hellas Verona.Michele Cossato's long football career began in the 1986–87 football season, when, although he was still very young, he joined A.C. ChievoVerona. During that year the team moved down to Serie C2. He was then sold to Valdagno, to get experience in playing for the Interregional Championship (the current Serie D). With the team of the Province of Vicenza he scored 4 goals in 19 matches. In the 1988–1989 Championship he returned to Chievo, and was part of the team's most triumphant season (which resulted in their promotion to Serie C1). In the summer of 1990 he was lent to Oltrepò and then to A.C. Perugia, in Serie C1. In the 8 matches he played, no goals were scored. In the season 1991–1992 the Chievo decided to keep the player, whose season has unfortunately not been memorable: in fact, he played 3 matches without scoring a goal.The 1992–93 Serie C1 enshrines the mature of Cossato, who is noted by scoring 5 goals in 25 matches. The following season, with its 8 goals in 28 matches, gives a fundamental contribution to the promotion of Chievo in Serie B. In the three years as a cadet played for Chievo, he confirmed himself as a prolific striker (28 goals scored in 104 matches). Become a key player for the team, he meant salvation for his team in 1994 and in 1995 as well. In the 1996–1997 season, the one in which Chievo almost got a promotion in Serie A, he established along with Raffaele Cerbone one of several pairs of the League (32 total goals). At the end of the season he left Chievo, together with the trainer Malesani, another big maker of the then excellent championship team.After the long and successful period with Chievo, Cossato went to A.C. Venezia, which strongly fought to obtain the promotion in Serie A. The promotion is very positive for both the player and his team. The worship of the success of the so-called Lagoon (reference to Venice) is largely attributable to the couple of attack formed by Schwoch (17 goals) and Cossato (11 goals). In the season 1998–1999 he had the opportunity to play in Serie A, but being not included in the plans of the team he didn't make its debut in the championship. In October he was signed by Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio. In his period in Bergamo, Cossato, due to several physical problems, wasn't able to express himself at best and to meet the high expectations placed on him.During the month of January 2000 he went back to Verona, this time to play with the team of Hellas. On 6 February 2000 he made his debut in Serie A (playing Verona – Fiorentina, ended with a 2–2). The year ended with no goals scored by Cossato. The precarious physical condition allowed him to play only a few times in season 2000–2001 (14 matches, 2 goals). Indeed, on June 24, 2001, during the play-off return to escape relegation in Serie B between Reggina and Hellas Verona, he put off a goal which meant salvation for the team. This made him extremely popular among supporters of Verona.Cossato has been nicknamed "Super Mike" and in his honor several gadgets have been created.In the first Derby in Serie A with Chievo some physical problems continued to prevent him by a continuous use (7 presences, 1 goal). At the end of the season, Hellas retroceded in the Serie B.In his last season with the team, the attacker scored 3 goals in 22 league appearances.After the period with the Verona, Cossato was bought by ACF Fiorentina in September 2003.The trainer saw him as the expert attacker who could give a valuable contribution for the immediate return of the team in Serie A. However, the experience of Cossato with the team of Florence is anything but memorable. Between the beginning of the championship in January he played only a few minutes and didn't score any goal. Thus, with the beginning of 2004, he moved to Cittadella, in Serie C1.Even with the Veneto team he failed to make better (10 presences, no goals). In 2004, the player signed the offer of Montichiari, playing in Serie C2. The first season with Lombard team was very positive. The player, in fact, went back to his goal continuity (15 goals in 27 presences) becoming a player of primary importance for his team.The championship 2005–2006 was Cossato's last among professionals. He scored 2 goals.In the summer of 2006 he accepted the proposal by Claudio Paiola, ambitious president of Domegliara, training veronese of Valpolicella. He had therefore the possibility of closing his career close to home and at the same time, to make a good contribution in terms of experience to his new team, which had as its objective the jump in Serie D. In 2007, the Domegliara won the championship of Excellence gaining promotion. Cossato fell 16 times in two marking networks. He remained in the next season of Serie D player on the staff headed by Paolo Vanoli.In the summer of 2008 was reached by his brother Federico, but the permanence of both lasted only a few months and in December received the consensual termination of the contract.At the beginning of June 2008, Cossato advocated to the ideals Po Valley and announced its aggregation row in the selection of Padania football team to tackle the 2008 edition of Viva World Cup, World Cup between national NF-Board and not recognised by FIFA, along with his brother Federico.
|
[
"Padania national football team",
"A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno",
"Hellas Verona F.C.",
"Football Club Atletico Montichiari",
"A.C. Perugia Calcio",
"A.C. ChievoVerona",
"Associazione Sportiva Cittadella",
"S.S.D. Domegliara",
"Venezia F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C.",
"A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò"
] |
|
Which team did Michele Cossato play for in 19-Jul-200319-July-2003?
|
July 19, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"ACF Fiorentina"
]
}
|
L2_Q3856568_P54_7
|
Michele Cossato plays for Atalanta B.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2000.
Michele Cossato plays for S.S.D. Domegliara from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. Perugia Calcio from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
Michele Cossato plays for A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
Michele Cossato plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1988.
Michele Cossato plays for A.C. ChievoVerona from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1997.
Michele Cossato plays for Associazione Sportiva Cittadella from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Michele Cossato plays for Hellas Verona F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Michele Cossato plays for Padania national football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Michele Cossato plays for Football Club Atletico Montichiari from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
Michele Cossato plays for Venezia F.C. from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 1998.
|
Michele CossatoMichele Cossato (born 28 April 1970 in Milan) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played as a striker for Domegliara, a team that was competing in Serie D of the Italian football league system. He is the brother of fellow former footballer Federico Cossato.His first achievements in football took place in Verona, where he grew up. He played for both of the major Veronese teams Chievo Verona and Hellas Verona.Michele Cossato's long football career began in the 1986–87 football season, when, although he was still very young, he joined A.C. ChievoVerona. During that year the team moved down to Serie C2. He was then sold to Valdagno, to get experience in playing for the Interregional Championship (the current Serie D). With the team of the Province of Vicenza he scored 4 goals in 19 matches. In the 1988–1989 Championship he returned to Chievo, and was part of the team's most triumphant season (which resulted in their promotion to Serie C1). In the summer of 1990 he was lent to Oltrepò and then to A.C. Perugia, in Serie C1. In the 8 matches he played, no goals were scored. In the season 1991–1992 the Chievo decided to keep the player, whose season has unfortunately not been memorable: in fact, he played 3 matches without scoring a goal.The 1992–93 Serie C1 enshrines the mature of Cossato, who is noted by scoring 5 goals in 25 matches. The following season, with its 8 goals in 28 matches, gives a fundamental contribution to the promotion of Chievo in Serie B. In the three years as a cadet played for Chievo, he confirmed himself as a prolific striker (28 goals scored in 104 matches). Become a key player for the team, he meant salvation for his team in 1994 and in 1995 as well. In the 1996–1997 season, the one in which Chievo almost got a promotion in Serie A, he established along with Raffaele Cerbone one of several pairs of the League (32 total goals). At the end of the season he left Chievo, together with the trainer Malesani, another big maker of the then excellent championship team.After the long and successful period with Chievo, Cossato went to A.C. Venezia, which strongly fought to obtain the promotion in Serie A. The promotion is very positive for both the player and his team. The worship of the success of the so-called Lagoon (reference to Venice) is largely attributable to the couple of attack formed by Schwoch (17 goals) and Cossato (11 goals). In the season 1998–1999 he had the opportunity to play in Serie A, but being not included in the plans of the team he didn't make its debut in the championship. In October he was signed by Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio. In his period in Bergamo, Cossato, due to several physical problems, wasn't able to express himself at best and to meet the high expectations placed on him.During the month of January 2000 he went back to Verona, this time to play with the team of Hellas. On 6 February 2000 he made his debut in Serie A (playing Verona – Fiorentina, ended with a 2–2). The year ended with no goals scored by Cossato. The precarious physical condition allowed him to play only a few times in season 2000–2001 (14 matches, 2 goals). Indeed, on June 24, 2001, during the play-off return to escape relegation in Serie B between Reggina and Hellas Verona, he put off a goal which meant salvation for the team. This made him extremely popular among supporters of Verona.Cossato has been nicknamed "Super Mike" and in his honor several gadgets have been created.In the first Derby in Serie A with Chievo some physical problems continued to prevent him by a continuous use (7 presences, 1 goal). At the end of the season, Hellas retroceded in the Serie B.In his last season with the team, the attacker scored 3 goals in 22 league appearances.After the period with the Verona, Cossato was bought by ACF Fiorentina in September 2003.The trainer saw him as the expert attacker who could give a valuable contribution for the immediate return of the team in Serie A. However, the experience of Cossato with the team of Florence is anything but memorable. Between the beginning of the championship in January he played only a few minutes and didn't score any goal. Thus, with the beginning of 2004, he moved to Cittadella, in Serie C1.Even with the Veneto team he failed to make better (10 presences, no goals). In 2004, the player signed the offer of Montichiari, playing in Serie C2. The first season with Lombard team was very positive. The player, in fact, went back to his goal continuity (15 goals in 27 presences) becoming a player of primary importance for his team.The championship 2005–2006 was Cossato's last among professionals. He scored 2 goals.In the summer of 2006 he accepted the proposal by Claudio Paiola, ambitious president of Domegliara, training veronese of Valpolicella. He had therefore the possibility of closing his career close to home and at the same time, to make a good contribution in terms of experience to his new team, which had as its objective the jump in Serie D. In 2007, the Domegliara won the championship of Excellence gaining promotion. Cossato fell 16 times in two marking networks. He remained in the next season of Serie D player on the staff headed by Paolo Vanoli.In the summer of 2008 was reached by his brother Federico, but the permanence of both lasted only a few months and in December received the consensual termination of the contract.At the beginning of June 2008, Cossato advocated to the ideals Po Valley and announced its aggregation row in the selection of Padania football team to tackle the 2008 edition of Viva World Cup, World Cup between national NF-Board and not recognised by FIFA, along with his brother Federico.
|
[
"Padania national football team",
"A.C.D. Trissino-Valdagno",
"Hellas Verona F.C.",
"Football Club Atletico Montichiari",
"A.C. Perugia Calcio",
"A.C. ChievoVerona",
"Associazione Sportiva Cittadella",
"S.S.D. Domegliara",
"Venezia F.C.",
"Atalanta B.C.",
"A.S.D. S.B.C. Oltrepò"
] |
|
Which political party did Nilde Iotti belong to in Nov, 1955?
|
November 07, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Italian Communist Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q445685_P102_0
|
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Feb, 1991 to Feb, 1998.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Feb, 1998 to Dec, 1999.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Italian Communist Party from Jan, 1946 to Feb, 1991.
|
Nilde IottiLeonilde Iotti, commonly known as Nilde Iotti (; 10 April 1920 – 4 December 1999) was an Italian politician, member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was the first woman ever to become President of the Chamber of Deputies, an office she held for three consecutive legislatures from 1979 to 1992, becoming the longest-serving post-war President of the Chamber.Nilde Iotti was born in Reggio Emilia in 1920; her father Egidio was a railroader and a socialist trade unionist, fired by the railway company due to his political commitment. In 1934, her father died, but, thanks to a scholarship, she attended the Catholic University of Milan, graduating in Literature in 1942. At the university, she had, among her professors, Amintore Fanfani, future Christian democratic leader and Prime Minister. On 5 October 1942, Iotti became a member of the National Fascist Party (PNF) within the Federation of Female Fascists of Reggio Emilia, as the fascist membership was a necessary condition to become a teacher. After Benito Mussolini's downfall in July 1943 and Pietro Badoglio's proclamation on September 8, which caused the beginning of the civil war, Iotti became interested in communist ideals and took part in the resistance movement against the Nazi German invaders during World War II.After the end of the war and the referendum against the Savoy Monarchy, in 1946, Iotti was elected member of the Constituent Assembly, within the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was also one of the 75 members of the Committee entrusted with the drafting of the Italian Republican Constitution. In the same year, Iotti started her relationship with the communist leader, Palmiro Togliatti, 27 years older than her, which lasted until his death in 1964. Their relationship, which was kept secret in the early years, became of public domain in 1948, after an attempt on Togliatti's life, a few days after the general election. Their love was quite opposed by Italy's public opinion, including many communists, because Togliatti was already married to Rita Montagnana at the time. However, Togliatti forced his wife Rita and their son Aldo, who was mentally ill, to live in Moscow, so he could continue his relationship with Iotti. Together they asked for and obtained the adoption of an orphan girl, Marisa Malagoli, the younger sister of one of the six workers killed by Carabinieri on 9 January 1950, in Modena, during a workers' demonstration.In April 1948 Iotti was re-elected with the PCI to the Chamber of Deputies, of which she was a member without interruption until 1999. In 1956, she became a member of the Central Committee of the Party and in 1962 of the National Direction. Re-elected to the Chamber in 1963, she was appointed in the Constitutional Affairs Commission, focusing her activity on the relevance of the female role in the world of work and family relationships. In the following years, her main commitment turned out to be the reform on civil rights, as the right to divorce. She was particularly involved in the campaign for the 1974 divorce referendum.After 1979 election, thanks to the support of PCI's historic rival, the Christian Democracy (DC), Iotti became President of the Chamber of Deputies, with 443 votes out of 615. She succeeded another communist, Pietro Ingrao. Iotti focused her first speech in front of the house on women's role in society as well as the fight against terrorism.Iotti was popular and respected as a president, and was confirmed in the office for two more legislatures. In 1987, she was entrusted by President Francesco Cossiga with a mandate of potentially forming a government. She became the first communist and the first woman to have ever received an exploratory mandate to become Prime Minister of Italy; however, Iotti was not able to form a coalition.In 1992, Iotti's name was put forth for the election of the President of the Italian Republic.She was an atheist.She died in Rome on 4 December 1999 and she is buried in the "Cimitero del Verano".
|
[
"Democratic Party of the Left",
"Democrats of the Left"
] |
|
Which political party did Nilde Iotti belong to in 1955-11-07?
|
November 07, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Italian Communist Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q445685_P102_0
|
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Feb, 1991 to Feb, 1998.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Feb, 1998 to Dec, 1999.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Italian Communist Party from Jan, 1946 to Feb, 1991.
|
Nilde IottiLeonilde Iotti, commonly known as Nilde Iotti (; 10 April 1920 – 4 December 1999) was an Italian politician, member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was the first woman ever to become President of the Chamber of Deputies, an office she held for three consecutive legislatures from 1979 to 1992, becoming the longest-serving post-war President of the Chamber.Nilde Iotti was born in Reggio Emilia in 1920; her father Egidio was a railroader and a socialist trade unionist, fired by the railway company due to his political commitment. In 1934, her father died, but, thanks to a scholarship, she attended the Catholic University of Milan, graduating in Literature in 1942. At the university, she had, among her professors, Amintore Fanfani, future Christian democratic leader and Prime Minister. On 5 October 1942, Iotti became a member of the National Fascist Party (PNF) within the Federation of Female Fascists of Reggio Emilia, as the fascist membership was a necessary condition to become a teacher. After Benito Mussolini's downfall in July 1943 and Pietro Badoglio's proclamation on September 8, which caused the beginning of the civil war, Iotti became interested in communist ideals and took part in the resistance movement against the Nazi German invaders during World War II.After the end of the war and the referendum against the Savoy Monarchy, in 1946, Iotti was elected member of the Constituent Assembly, within the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was also one of the 75 members of the Committee entrusted with the drafting of the Italian Republican Constitution. In the same year, Iotti started her relationship with the communist leader, Palmiro Togliatti, 27 years older than her, which lasted until his death in 1964. Their relationship, which was kept secret in the early years, became of public domain in 1948, after an attempt on Togliatti's life, a few days after the general election. Their love was quite opposed by Italy's public opinion, including many communists, because Togliatti was already married to Rita Montagnana at the time. However, Togliatti forced his wife Rita and their son Aldo, who was mentally ill, to live in Moscow, so he could continue his relationship with Iotti. Together they asked for and obtained the adoption of an orphan girl, Marisa Malagoli, the younger sister of one of the six workers killed by Carabinieri on 9 January 1950, in Modena, during a workers' demonstration.In April 1948 Iotti was re-elected with the PCI to the Chamber of Deputies, of which she was a member without interruption until 1999. In 1956, she became a member of the Central Committee of the Party and in 1962 of the National Direction. Re-elected to the Chamber in 1963, she was appointed in the Constitutional Affairs Commission, focusing her activity on the relevance of the female role in the world of work and family relationships. In the following years, her main commitment turned out to be the reform on civil rights, as the right to divorce. She was particularly involved in the campaign for the 1974 divorce referendum.After 1979 election, thanks to the support of PCI's historic rival, the Christian Democracy (DC), Iotti became President of the Chamber of Deputies, with 443 votes out of 615. She succeeded another communist, Pietro Ingrao. Iotti focused her first speech in front of the house on women's role in society as well as the fight against terrorism.Iotti was popular and respected as a president, and was confirmed in the office for two more legislatures. In 1987, she was entrusted by President Francesco Cossiga with a mandate of potentially forming a government. She became the first communist and the first woman to have ever received an exploratory mandate to become Prime Minister of Italy; however, Iotti was not able to form a coalition.In 1992, Iotti's name was put forth for the election of the President of the Italian Republic.She was an atheist.She died in Rome on 4 December 1999 and she is buried in the "Cimitero del Verano".
|
[
"Democratic Party of the Left",
"Democrats of the Left"
] |
|
Which political party did Nilde Iotti belong to in 07/11/1955?
|
November 07, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Italian Communist Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q445685_P102_0
|
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Feb, 1991 to Feb, 1998.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Feb, 1998 to Dec, 1999.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Italian Communist Party from Jan, 1946 to Feb, 1991.
|
Nilde IottiLeonilde Iotti, commonly known as Nilde Iotti (; 10 April 1920 – 4 December 1999) was an Italian politician, member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was the first woman ever to become President of the Chamber of Deputies, an office she held for three consecutive legislatures from 1979 to 1992, becoming the longest-serving post-war President of the Chamber.Nilde Iotti was born in Reggio Emilia in 1920; her father Egidio was a railroader and a socialist trade unionist, fired by the railway company due to his political commitment. In 1934, her father died, but, thanks to a scholarship, she attended the Catholic University of Milan, graduating in Literature in 1942. At the university, she had, among her professors, Amintore Fanfani, future Christian democratic leader and Prime Minister. On 5 October 1942, Iotti became a member of the National Fascist Party (PNF) within the Federation of Female Fascists of Reggio Emilia, as the fascist membership was a necessary condition to become a teacher. After Benito Mussolini's downfall in July 1943 and Pietro Badoglio's proclamation on September 8, which caused the beginning of the civil war, Iotti became interested in communist ideals and took part in the resistance movement against the Nazi German invaders during World War II.After the end of the war and the referendum against the Savoy Monarchy, in 1946, Iotti was elected member of the Constituent Assembly, within the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was also one of the 75 members of the Committee entrusted with the drafting of the Italian Republican Constitution. In the same year, Iotti started her relationship with the communist leader, Palmiro Togliatti, 27 years older than her, which lasted until his death in 1964. Their relationship, which was kept secret in the early years, became of public domain in 1948, after an attempt on Togliatti's life, a few days after the general election. Their love was quite opposed by Italy's public opinion, including many communists, because Togliatti was already married to Rita Montagnana at the time. However, Togliatti forced his wife Rita and their son Aldo, who was mentally ill, to live in Moscow, so he could continue his relationship with Iotti. Together they asked for and obtained the adoption of an orphan girl, Marisa Malagoli, the younger sister of one of the six workers killed by Carabinieri on 9 January 1950, in Modena, during a workers' demonstration.In April 1948 Iotti was re-elected with the PCI to the Chamber of Deputies, of which she was a member without interruption until 1999. In 1956, she became a member of the Central Committee of the Party and in 1962 of the National Direction. Re-elected to the Chamber in 1963, she was appointed in the Constitutional Affairs Commission, focusing her activity on the relevance of the female role in the world of work and family relationships. In the following years, her main commitment turned out to be the reform on civil rights, as the right to divorce. She was particularly involved in the campaign for the 1974 divorce referendum.After 1979 election, thanks to the support of PCI's historic rival, the Christian Democracy (DC), Iotti became President of the Chamber of Deputies, with 443 votes out of 615. She succeeded another communist, Pietro Ingrao. Iotti focused her first speech in front of the house on women's role in society as well as the fight against terrorism.Iotti was popular and respected as a president, and was confirmed in the office for two more legislatures. In 1987, she was entrusted by President Francesco Cossiga with a mandate of potentially forming a government. She became the first communist and the first woman to have ever received an exploratory mandate to become Prime Minister of Italy; however, Iotti was not able to form a coalition.In 1992, Iotti's name was put forth for the election of the President of the Italian Republic.She was an atheist.She died in Rome on 4 December 1999 and she is buried in the "Cimitero del Verano".
|
[
"Democratic Party of the Left",
"Democrats of the Left"
] |
|
Which political party did Nilde Iotti belong to in Nov 07, 1955?
|
November 07, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Italian Communist Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q445685_P102_0
|
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Feb, 1991 to Feb, 1998.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Feb, 1998 to Dec, 1999.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Italian Communist Party from Jan, 1946 to Feb, 1991.
|
Nilde IottiLeonilde Iotti, commonly known as Nilde Iotti (; 10 April 1920 – 4 December 1999) was an Italian politician, member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was the first woman ever to become President of the Chamber of Deputies, an office she held for three consecutive legislatures from 1979 to 1992, becoming the longest-serving post-war President of the Chamber.Nilde Iotti was born in Reggio Emilia in 1920; her father Egidio was a railroader and a socialist trade unionist, fired by the railway company due to his political commitment. In 1934, her father died, but, thanks to a scholarship, she attended the Catholic University of Milan, graduating in Literature in 1942. At the university, she had, among her professors, Amintore Fanfani, future Christian democratic leader and Prime Minister. On 5 October 1942, Iotti became a member of the National Fascist Party (PNF) within the Federation of Female Fascists of Reggio Emilia, as the fascist membership was a necessary condition to become a teacher. After Benito Mussolini's downfall in July 1943 and Pietro Badoglio's proclamation on September 8, which caused the beginning of the civil war, Iotti became interested in communist ideals and took part in the resistance movement against the Nazi German invaders during World War II.After the end of the war and the referendum against the Savoy Monarchy, in 1946, Iotti was elected member of the Constituent Assembly, within the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was also one of the 75 members of the Committee entrusted with the drafting of the Italian Republican Constitution. In the same year, Iotti started her relationship with the communist leader, Palmiro Togliatti, 27 years older than her, which lasted until his death in 1964. Their relationship, which was kept secret in the early years, became of public domain in 1948, after an attempt on Togliatti's life, a few days after the general election. Their love was quite opposed by Italy's public opinion, including many communists, because Togliatti was already married to Rita Montagnana at the time. However, Togliatti forced his wife Rita and their son Aldo, who was mentally ill, to live in Moscow, so he could continue his relationship with Iotti. Together they asked for and obtained the adoption of an orphan girl, Marisa Malagoli, the younger sister of one of the six workers killed by Carabinieri on 9 January 1950, in Modena, during a workers' demonstration.In April 1948 Iotti was re-elected with the PCI to the Chamber of Deputies, of which she was a member without interruption until 1999. In 1956, she became a member of the Central Committee of the Party and in 1962 of the National Direction. Re-elected to the Chamber in 1963, she was appointed in the Constitutional Affairs Commission, focusing her activity on the relevance of the female role in the world of work and family relationships. In the following years, her main commitment turned out to be the reform on civil rights, as the right to divorce. She was particularly involved in the campaign for the 1974 divorce referendum.After 1979 election, thanks to the support of PCI's historic rival, the Christian Democracy (DC), Iotti became President of the Chamber of Deputies, with 443 votes out of 615. She succeeded another communist, Pietro Ingrao. Iotti focused her first speech in front of the house on women's role in society as well as the fight against terrorism.Iotti was popular and respected as a president, and was confirmed in the office for two more legislatures. In 1987, she was entrusted by President Francesco Cossiga with a mandate of potentially forming a government. She became the first communist and the first woman to have ever received an exploratory mandate to become Prime Minister of Italy; however, Iotti was not able to form a coalition.In 1992, Iotti's name was put forth for the election of the President of the Italian Republic.She was an atheist.She died in Rome on 4 December 1999 and she is buried in the "Cimitero del Verano".
|
[
"Democratic Party of the Left",
"Democrats of the Left"
] |
|
Which political party did Nilde Iotti belong to in 11/07/1955?
|
November 07, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Italian Communist Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q445685_P102_0
|
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Feb, 1991 to Feb, 1998.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Feb, 1998 to Dec, 1999.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Italian Communist Party from Jan, 1946 to Feb, 1991.
|
Nilde IottiLeonilde Iotti, commonly known as Nilde Iotti (; 10 April 1920 – 4 December 1999) was an Italian politician, member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was the first woman ever to become President of the Chamber of Deputies, an office she held for three consecutive legislatures from 1979 to 1992, becoming the longest-serving post-war President of the Chamber.Nilde Iotti was born in Reggio Emilia in 1920; her father Egidio was a railroader and a socialist trade unionist, fired by the railway company due to his political commitment. In 1934, her father died, but, thanks to a scholarship, she attended the Catholic University of Milan, graduating in Literature in 1942. At the university, she had, among her professors, Amintore Fanfani, future Christian democratic leader and Prime Minister. On 5 October 1942, Iotti became a member of the National Fascist Party (PNF) within the Federation of Female Fascists of Reggio Emilia, as the fascist membership was a necessary condition to become a teacher. After Benito Mussolini's downfall in July 1943 and Pietro Badoglio's proclamation on September 8, which caused the beginning of the civil war, Iotti became interested in communist ideals and took part in the resistance movement against the Nazi German invaders during World War II.After the end of the war and the referendum against the Savoy Monarchy, in 1946, Iotti was elected member of the Constituent Assembly, within the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was also one of the 75 members of the Committee entrusted with the drafting of the Italian Republican Constitution. In the same year, Iotti started her relationship with the communist leader, Palmiro Togliatti, 27 years older than her, which lasted until his death in 1964. Their relationship, which was kept secret in the early years, became of public domain in 1948, after an attempt on Togliatti's life, a few days after the general election. Their love was quite opposed by Italy's public opinion, including many communists, because Togliatti was already married to Rita Montagnana at the time. However, Togliatti forced his wife Rita and their son Aldo, who was mentally ill, to live in Moscow, so he could continue his relationship with Iotti. Together they asked for and obtained the adoption of an orphan girl, Marisa Malagoli, the younger sister of one of the six workers killed by Carabinieri on 9 January 1950, in Modena, during a workers' demonstration.In April 1948 Iotti was re-elected with the PCI to the Chamber of Deputies, of which she was a member without interruption until 1999. In 1956, she became a member of the Central Committee of the Party and in 1962 of the National Direction. Re-elected to the Chamber in 1963, she was appointed in the Constitutional Affairs Commission, focusing her activity on the relevance of the female role in the world of work and family relationships. In the following years, her main commitment turned out to be the reform on civil rights, as the right to divorce. She was particularly involved in the campaign for the 1974 divorce referendum.After 1979 election, thanks to the support of PCI's historic rival, the Christian Democracy (DC), Iotti became President of the Chamber of Deputies, with 443 votes out of 615. She succeeded another communist, Pietro Ingrao. Iotti focused her first speech in front of the house on women's role in society as well as the fight against terrorism.Iotti was popular and respected as a president, and was confirmed in the office for two more legislatures. In 1987, she was entrusted by President Francesco Cossiga with a mandate of potentially forming a government. She became the first communist and the first woman to have ever received an exploratory mandate to become Prime Minister of Italy; however, Iotti was not able to form a coalition.In 1992, Iotti's name was put forth for the election of the President of the Italian Republic.She was an atheist.She died in Rome on 4 December 1999 and she is buried in the "Cimitero del Verano".
|
[
"Democratic Party of the Left",
"Democrats of the Left"
] |
|
Which political party did Nilde Iotti belong to in 07-Nov-195507-November-1955?
|
November 07, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"Italian Communist Party"
]
}
|
L2_Q445685_P102_0
|
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Feb, 1991 to Feb, 1998.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Democrats of the Left from Feb, 1998 to Dec, 1999.
Nilde Iotti is a member of the Italian Communist Party from Jan, 1946 to Feb, 1991.
|
Nilde IottiLeonilde Iotti, commonly known as Nilde Iotti (; 10 April 1920 – 4 December 1999) was an Italian politician, member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was the first woman ever to become President of the Chamber of Deputies, an office she held for three consecutive legislatures from 1979 to 1992, becoming the longest-serving post-war President of the Chamber.Nilde Iotti was born in Reggio Emilia in 1920; her father Egidio was a railroader and a socialist trade unionist, fired by the railway company due to his political commitment. In 1934, her father died, but, thanks to a scholarship, she attended the Catholic University of Milan, graduating in Literature in 1942. At the university, she had, among her professors, Amintore Fanfani, future Christian democratic leader and Prime Minister. On 5 October 1942, Iotti became a member of the National Fascist Party (PNF) within the Federation of Female Fascists of Reggio Emilia, as the fascist membership was a necessary condition to become a teacher. After Benito Mussolini's downfall in July 1943 and Pietro Badoglio's proclamation on September 8, which caused the beginning of the civil war, Iotti became interested in communist ideals and took part in the resistance movement against the Nazi German invaders during World War II.After the end of the war and the referendum against the Savoy Monarchy, in 1946, Iotti was elected member of the Constituent Assembly, within the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was also one of the 75 members of the Committee entrusted with the drafting of the Italian Republican Constitution. In the same year, Iotti started her relationship with the communist leader, Palmiro Togliatti, 27 years older than her, which lasted until his death in 1964. Their relationship, which was kept secret in the early years, became of public domain in 1948, after an attempt on Togliatti's life, a few days after the general election. Their love was quite opposed by Italy's public opinion, including many communists, because Togliatti was already married to Rita Montagnana at the time. However, Togliatti forced his wife Rita and their son Aldo, who was mentally ill, to live in Moscow, so he could continue his relationship with Iotti. Together they asked for and obtained the adoption of an orphan girl, Marisa Malagoli, the younger sister of one of the six workers killed by Carabinieri on 9 January 1950, in Modena, during a workers' demonstration.In April 1948 Iotti was re-elected with the PCI to the Chamber of Deputies, of which she was a member without interruption until 1999. In 1956, she became a member of the Central Committee of the Party and in 1962 of the National Direction. Re-elected to the Chamber in 1963, she was appointed in the Constitutional Affairs Commission, focusing her activity on the relevance of the female role in the world of work and family relationships. In the following years, her main commitment turned out to be the reform on civil rights, as the right to divorce. She was particularly involved in the campaign for the 1974 divorce referendum.After 1979 election, thanks to the support of PCI's historic rival, the Christian Democracy (DC), Iotti became President of the Chamber of Deputies, with 443 votes out of 615. She succeeded another communist, Pietro Ingrao. Iotti focused her first speech in front of the house on women's role in society as well as the fight against terrorism.Iotti was popular and respected as a president, and was confirmed in the office for two more legislatures. In 1987, she was entrusted by President Francesco Cossiga with a mandate of potentially forming a government. She became the first communist and the first woman to have ever received an exploratory mandate to become Prime Minister of Italy; however, Iotti was not able to form a coalition.In 1992, Iotti's name was put forth for the election of the President of the Italian Republic.She was an atheist.She died in Rome on 4 December 1999 and she is buried in the "Cimitero del Verano".
|
[
"Democratic Party of the Left",
"Democrats of the Left"
] |
|
Which position did Elio Ballesi hold in Mar, 1955?
|
March 29, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic"
]
}
|
L2_Q18811767_P39_0
|
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Italian Senate from Jun, 1968 to Oct, 1971.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from Jan, 1954 to Jun, 1958.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of mayor of Macerata from Jan, 1965 to Jul, 1967.
|
Elio BallesiElio Ballesi (22 September 1920 – 20 October 1971) was an Italian politician who served as a Deputy (1954–1963), Senator (1968–1971) and Mayor of Macerata for two terms (1956–1957, 1965–1967).
|
[
"member of the Italian Senate",
"mayor of Macerata"
] |
|
Which position did Elio Ballesi hold in 1955-03-29?
|
March 29, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic"
]
}
|
L2_Q18811767_P39_0
|
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Italian Senate from Jun, 1968 to Oct, 1971.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from Jan, 1954 to Jun, 1958.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of mayor of Macerata from Jan, 1965 to Jul, 1967.
|
Elio BallesiElio Ballesi (22 September 1920 – 20 October 1971) was an Italian politician who served as a Deputy (1954–1963), Senator (1968–1971) and Mayor of Macerata for two terms (1956–1957, 1965–1967).
|
[
"member of the Italian Senate",
"mayor of Macerata"
] |
|
Which position did Elio Ballesi hold in 29/03/1955?
|
March 29, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic"
]
}
|
L2_Q18811767_P39_0
|
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Italian Senate from Jun, 1968 to Oct, 1971.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from Jan, 1954 to Jun, 1958.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of mayor of Macerata from Jan, 1965 to Jul, 1967.
|
Elio BallesiElio Ballesi (22 September 1920 – 20 October 1971) was an Italian politician who served as a Deputy (1954–1963), Senator (1968–1971) and Mayor of Macerata for two terms (1956–1957, 1965–1967).
|
[
"member of the Italian Senate",
"mayor of Macerata"
] |
|
Which position did Elio Ballesi hold in Mar 29, 1955?
|
March 29, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic"
]
}
|
L2_Q18811767_P39_0
|
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Italian Senate from Jun, 1968 to Oct, 1971.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from Jan, 1954 to Jun, 1958.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of mayor of Macerata from Jan, 1965 to Jul, 1967.
|
Elio BallesiElio Ballesi (22 September 1920 – 20 October 1971) was an Italian politician who served as a Deputy (1954–1963), Senator (1968–1971) and Mayor of Macerata for two terms (1956–1957, 1965–1967).
|
[
"member of the Italian Senate",
"mayor of Macerata"
] |
|
Which position did Elio Ballesi hold in 03/29/1955?
|
March 29, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic"
]
}
|
L2_Q18811767_P39_0
|
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Italian Senate from Jun, 1968 to Oct, 1971.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from Jan, 1954 to Jun, 1958.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of mayor of Macerata from Jan, 1965 to Jul, 1967.
|
Elio BallesiElio Ballesi (22 September 1920 – 20 October 1971) was an Italian politician who served as a Deputy (1954–1963), Senator (1968–1971) and Mayor of Macerata for two terms (1956–1957, 1965–1967).
|
[
"member of the Italian Senate",
"mayor of Macerata"
] |
|
Which position did Elio Ballesi hold in 29-Mar-195529-March-1955?
|
March 29, 1955
|
{
"text": [
"member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic"
]
}
|
L2_Q18811767_P39_0
|
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Italian Senate from Jun, 1968 to Oct, 1971.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from Jan, 1954 to Jun, 1958.
Elio Ballesi holds the position of mayor of Macerata from Jan, 1965 to Jul, 1967.
|
Elio BallesiElio Ballesi (22 September 1920 – 20 October 1971) was an Italian politician who served as a Deputy (1954–1963), Senator (1968–1971) and Mayor of Macerata for two terms (1956–1957, 1965–1967).
|
[
"member of the Italian Senate",
"mayor of Macerata"
] |
|
Which employer did Chia-Chiao Lin work for in Jul, 1945?
|
July 22, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"Brown University"
]
}
|
L2_Q717421_P108_1
|
Chia-Chiao Lin works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Brown University from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1947.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Florida State University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2011.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1983.
|
Chia-Chiao LinChia-Chiao Lin (; 7 July 1916 – 13 January 2013) was a Chinese-born American applied mathematician and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Lin made major contributions to the theory of hydrodynamic stability, turbulent flow, mathematics, and astrophysics.Lin was born in Beijing with ancestral roots in Fuzhou. In 1937 Lin graduated from the department of physics, National Tsinghua University in Beijing. After graduation he was a teaching assistant in the Tsinghua University physics department. In 1939 Lin won a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship and was initially supported to study in the United Kingdom. However, due to World War II, Lin and several others were sent to North America by ship. Unluckily, Lin's ship was stopped in Kobe, Japan, and all students had to return to China. In 1940, Lin finally reached Canada and studied at the University of Toronto from which he earned his M.Sc. In 1941. Lin continued his studies in the United States and received his PhD from the California Institute of Technology in 1944 under Theodore von Kármán. His PhD thesis provided a analytic method to solve a problem in the stability of parallel shearing flows, which was the subject of Werner Heisenberg's PhD thesis.Lin also taught at Caltech between 1943 and 1945. He taught at Brown University between 1945 and 1947. Lin joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947. Lin was promoted to professor at MIT in 1953 and became an Institute Professor of MIT in 1963. He was President of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics from 1972 to 1974. Lin retired from MIT in 1987. In 2002, he moved back to China and helped found the Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics (ZCAM) at Tsinghua University. He died in Beijing in 2013, aged 96.During his career Lin has received many prizes and awards, including:Lin was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, cited in the American Men and Women of Science. and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Lin was elected Academician of Academia Sinica in 1958, and became a Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994.
|
[
"Florida State University",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"California Institute of Technology"
] |
|
Which employer did Chia-Chiao Lin work for in 1945-07-22?
|
July 22, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"Brown University"
]
}
|
L2_Q717421_P108_1
|
Chia-Chiao Lin works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Brown University from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1947.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Florida State University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2011.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1983.
|
Chia-Chiao LinChia-Chiao Lin (; 7 July 1916 – 13 January 2013) was a Chinese-born American applied mathematician and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Lin made major contributions to the theory of hydrodynamic stability, turbulent flow, mathematics, and astrophysics.Lin was born in Beijing with ancestral roots in Fuzhou. In 1937 Lin graduated from the department of physics, National Tsinghua University in Beijing. After graduation he was a teaching assistant in the Tsinghua University physics department. In 1939 Lin won a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship and was initially supported to study in the United Kingdom. However, due to World War II, Lin and several others were sent to North America by ship. Unluckily, Lin's ship was stopped in Kobe, Japan, and all students had to return to China. In 1940, Lin finally reached Canada and studied at the University of Toronto from which he earned his M.Sc. In 1941. Lin continued his studies in the United States and received his PhD from the California Institute of Technology in 1944 under Theodore von Kármán. His PhD thesis provided a analytic method to solve a problem in the stability of parallel shearing flows, which was the subject of Werner Heisenberg's PhD thesis.Lin also taught at Caltech between 1943 and 1945. He taught at Brown University between 1945 and 1947. Lin joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947. Lin was promoted to professor at MIT in 1953 and became an Institute Professor of MIT in 1963. He was President of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics from 1972 to 1974. Lin retired from MIT in 1987. In 2002, he moved back to China and helped found the Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics (ZCAM) at Tsinghua University. He died in Beijing in 2013, aged 96.During his career Lin has received many prizes and awards, including:Lin was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, cited in the American Men and Women of Science. and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Lin was elected Academician of Academia Sinica in 1958, and became a Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994.
|
[
"Florida State University",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"California Institute of Technology"
] |
|
Which employer did Chia-Chiao Lin work for in 22/07/1945?
|
July 22, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"Brown University"
]
}
|
L2_Q717421_P108_1
|
Chia-Chiao Lin works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Brown University from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1947.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Florida State University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2011.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1983.
|
Chia-Chiao LinChia-Chiao Lin (; 7 July 1916 – 13 January 2013) was a Chinese-born American applied mathematician and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Lin made major contributions to the theory of hydrodynamic stability, turbulent flow, mathematics, and astrophysics.Lin was born in Beijing with ancestral roots in Fuzhou. In 1937 Lin graduated from the department of physics, National Tsinghua University in Beijing. After graduation he was a teaching assistant in the Tsinghua University physics department. In 1939 Lin won a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship and was initially supported to study in the United Kingdom. However, due to World War II, Lin and several others were sent to North America by ship. Unluckily, Lin's ship was stopped in Kobe, Japan, and all students had to return to China. In 1940, Lin finally reached Canada and studied at the University of Toronto from which he earned his M.Sc. In 1941. Lin continued his studies in the United States and received his PhD from the California Institute of Technology in 1944 under Theodore von Kármán. His PhD thesis provided a analytic method to solve a problem in the stability of parallel shearing flows, which was the subject of Werner Heisenberg's PhD thesis.Lin also taught at Caltech between 1943 and 1945. He taught at Brown University between 1945 and 1947. Lin joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947. Lin was promoted to professor at MIT in 1953 and became an Institute Professor of MIT in 1963. He was President of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics from 1972 to 1974. Lin retired from MIT in 1987. In 2002, he moved back to China and helped found the Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics (ZCAM) at Tsinghua University. He died in Beijing in 2013, aged 96.During his career Lin has received many prizes and awards, including:Lin was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, cited in the American Men and Women of Science. and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Lin was elected Academician of Academia Sinica in 1958, and became a Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994.
|
[
"Florida State University",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"California Institute of Technology"
] |
|
Which employer did Chia-Chiao Lin work for in Jul 22, 1945?
|
July 22, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"Brown University"
]
}
|
L2_Q717421_P108_1
|
Chia-Chiao Lin works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Brown University from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1947.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Florida State University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2011.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1983.
|
Chia-Chiao LinChia-Chiao Lin (; 7 July 1916 – 13 January 2013) was a Chinese-born American applied mathematician and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Lin made major contributions to the theory of hydrodynamic stability, turbulent flow, mathematics, and astrophysics.Lin was born in Beijing with ancestral roots in Fuzhou. In 1937 Lin graduated from the department of physics, National Tsinghua University in Beijing. After graduation he was a teaching assistant in the Tsinghua University physics department. In 1939 Lin won a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship and was initially supported to study in the United Kingdom. However, due to World War II, Lin and several others were sent to North America by ship. Unluckily, Lin's ship was stopped in Kobe, Japan, and all students had to return to China. In 1940, Lin finally reached Canada and studied at the University of Toronto from which he earned his M.Sc. In 1941. Lin continued his studies in the United States and received his PhD from the California Institute of Technology in 1944 under Theodore von Kármán. His PhD thesis provided a analytic method to solve a problem in the stability of parallel shearing flows, which was the subject of Werner Heisenberg's PhD thesis.Lin also taught at Caltech between 1943 and 1945. He taught at Brown University between 1945 and 1947. Lin joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947. Lin was promoted to professor at MIT in 1953 and became an Institute Professor of MIT in 1963. He was President of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics from 1972 to 1974. Lin retired from MIT in 1987. In 2002, he moved back to China and helped found the Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics (ZCAM) at Tsinghua University. He died in Beijing in 2013, aged 96.During his career Lin has received many prizes and awards, including:Lin was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, cited in the American Men and Women of Science. and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Lin was elected Academician of Academia Sinica in 1958, and became a Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994.
|
[
"Florida State University",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"California Institute of Technology"
] |
|
Which employer did Chia-Chiao Lin work for in 07/22/1945?
|
July 22, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"Brown University"
]
}
|
L2_Q717421_P108_1
|
Chia-Chiao Lin works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Brown University from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1947.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Florida State University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2011.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1983.
|
Chia-Chiao LinChia-Chiao Lin (; 7 July 1916 – 13 January 2013) was a Chinese-born American applied mathematician and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Lin made major contributions to the theory of hydrodynamic stability, turbulent flow, mathematics, and astrophysics.Lin was born in Beijing with ancestral roots in Fuzhou. In 1937 Lin graduated from the department of physics, National Tsinghua University in Beijing. After graduation he was a teaching assistant in the Tsinghua University physics department. In 1939 Lin won a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship and was initially supported to study in the United Kingdom. However, due to World War II, Lin and several others were sent to North America by ship. Unluckily, Lin's ship was stopped in Kobe, Japan, and all students had to return to China. In 1940, Lin finally reached Canada and studied at the University of Toronto from which he earned his M.Sc. In 1941. Lin continued his studies in the United States and received his PhD from the California Institute of Technology in 1944 under Theodore von Kármán. His PhD thesis provided a analytic method to solve a problem in the stability of parallel shearing flows, which was the subject of Werner Heisenberg's PhD thesis.Lin also taught at Caltech between 1943 and 1945. He taught at Brown University between 1945 and 1947. Lin joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947. Lin was promoted to professor at MIT in 1953 and became an Institute Professor of MIT in 1963. He was President of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics from 1972 to 1974. Lin retired from MIT in 1987. In 2002, he moved back to China and helped found the Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics (ZCAM) at Tsinghua University. He died in Beijing in 2013, aged 96.During his career Lin has received many prizes and awards, including:Lin was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, cited in the American Men and Women of Science. and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Lin was elected Academician of Academia Sinica in 1958, and became a Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994.
|
[
"Florida State University",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"California Institute of Technology"
] |
|
Which employer did Chia-Chiao Lin work for in 22-Jul-194522-July-1945?
|
July 22, 1945
|
{
"text": [
"Brown University"
]
}
|
L2_Q717421_P108_1
|
Chia-Chiao Lin works for California Institute of Technology from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1945.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Brown University from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1947.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Florida State University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2011.
Chia-Chiao Lin works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1983.
|
Chia-Chiao LinChia-Chiao Lin (; 7 July 1916 – 13 January 2013) was a Chinese-born American applied mathematician and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Lin made major contributions to the theory of hydrodynamic stability, turbulent flow, mathematics, and astrophysics.Lin was born in Beijing with ancestral roots in Fuzhou. In 1937 Lin graduated from the department of physics, National Tsinghua University in Beijing. After graduation he was a teaching assistant in the Tsinghua University physics department. In 1939 Lin won a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship and was initially supported to study in the United Kingdom. However, due to World War II, Lin and several others were sent to North America by ship. Unluckily, Lin's ship was stopped in Kobe, Japan, and all students had to return to China. In 1940, Lin finally reached Canada and studied at the University of Toronto from which he earned his M.Sc. In 1941. Lin continued his studies in the United States and received his PhD from the California Institute of Technology in 1944 under Theodore von Kármán. His PhD thesis provided a analytic method to solve a problem in the stability of parallel shearing flows, which was the subject of Werner Heisenberg's PhD thesis.Lin also taught at Caltech between 1943 and 1945. He taught at Brown University between 1945 and 1947. Lin joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947. Lin was promoted to professor at MIT in 1953 and became an Institute Professor of MIT in 1963. He was President of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics from 1972 to 1974. Lin retired from MIT in 1987. In 2002, he moved back to China and helped found the Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics (ZCAM) at Tsinghua University. He died in Beijing in 2013, aged 96.During his career Lin has received many prizes and awards, including:Lin was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, cited in the American Men and Women of Science. and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Lin was elected Academician of Academia Sinica in 1958, and became a Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994.
|
[
"Florida State University",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"California Institute of Technology"
] |
|
Who was the head of Region Zealand in Apr, 2022?
|
April 18, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Heino Knudsen"
]
}
|
L2_Q26589_P6_3
|
Jens Stenbæk is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2017.
Kristian Ebbensgaard is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2009.
Steen Bach Nielsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Heino Knudsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
Region ZealandRegion Zealand () is the southernmost administrative region of Denmark, established on 1 January 2007 as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, which abolished the traditional counties ("amter") and set up five larger regions. Zealand Region has 17 municipalities.Zealand Region consists of the former counties of Roskilde, Storstrøm, and Vestsjælland. The region is named after the island of Sjælland (Zealand), which it shares with the neighbouring Danish Capital Region. Region Zealand ("Region Sjælland") also includes the adjacent islands of Lolland, Falster, and Møn.The region is subdivided into 17 municipalities:The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was almost €31 billion in 2019, accounting for around 10% of Denmarks economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,000 € or 89% of the EU27 average in the same year.The five regions of Denmark each have a regional council of 41 members. These are elected every four years, during the local elections.
|
[
"Kristian Ebbensgaard",
"Jens Stenbæk",
"Steen Bach Nielsen"
] |
|
Who was the head of Region Zealand in 2022-04-18?
|
April 18, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Heino Knudsen"
]
}
|
L2_Q26589_P6_3
|
Jens Stenbæk is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2017.
Kristian Ebbensgaard is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2009.
Steen Bach Nielsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Heino Knudsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
Region ZealandRegion Zealand () is the southernmost administrative region of Denmark, established on 1 January 2007 as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, which abolished the traditional counties ("amter") and set up five larger regions. Zealand Region has 17 municipalities.Zealand Region consists of the former counties of Roskilde, Storstrøm, and Vestsjælland. The region is named after the island of Sjælland (Zealand), which it shares with the neighbouring Danish Capital Region. Region Zealand ("Region Sjælland") also includes the adjacent islands of Lolland, Falster, and Møn.The region is subdivided into 17 municipalities:The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was almost €31 billion in 2019, accounting for around 10% of Denmarks economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,000 € or 89% of the EU27 average in the same year.The five regions of Denmark each have a regional council of 41 members. These are elected every four years, during the local elections.
|
[
"Kristian Ebbensgaard",
"Jens Stenbæk",
"Steen Bach Nielsen"
] |
|
Who was the head of Region Zealand in 18/04/2022?
|
April 18, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Heino Knudsen"
]
}
|
L2_Q26589_P6_3
|
Jens Stenbæk is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2017.
Kristian Ebbensgaard is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2009.
Steen Bach Nielsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Heino Knudsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
Region ZealandRegion Zealand () is the southernmost administrative region of Denmark, established on 1 January 2007 as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, which abolished the traditional counties ("amter") and set up five larger regions. Zealand Region has 17 municipalities.Zealand Region consists of the former counties of Roskilde, Storstrøm, and Vestsjælland. The region is named after the island of Sjælland (Zealand), which it shares with the neighbouring Danish Capital Region. Region Zealand ("Region Sjælland") also includes the adjacent islands of Lolland, Falster, and Møn.The region is subdivided into 17 municipalities:The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was almost €31 billion in 2019, accounting for around 10% of Denmarks economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,000 € or 89% of the EU27 average in the same year.The five regions of Denmark each have a regional council of 41 members. These are elected every four years, during the local elections.
|
[
"Kristian Ebbensgaard",
"Jens Stenbæk",
"Steen Bach Nielsen"
] |
|
Who was the head of Region Zealand in Apr 18, 2022?
|
April 18, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Heino Knudsen"
]
}
|
L2_Q26589_P6_3
|
Jens Stenbæk is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2017.
Kristian Ebbensgaard is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2009.
Steen Bach Nielsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Heino Knudsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
Region ZealandRegion Zealand () is the southernmost administrative region of Denmark, established on 1 January 2007 as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, which abolished the traditional counties ("amter") and set up five larger regions. Zealand Region has 17 municipalities.Zealand Region consists of the former counties of Roskilde, Storstrøm, and Vestsjælland. The region is named after the island of Sjælland (Zealand), which it shares with the neighbouring Danish Capital Region. Region Zealand ("Region Sjælland") also includes the adjacent islands of Lolland, Falster, and Møn.The region is subdivided into 17 municipalities:The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was almost €31 billion in 2019, accounting for around 10% of Denmarks economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,000 € or 89% of the EU27 average in the same year.The five regions of Denmark each have a regional council of 41 members. These are elected every four years, during the local elections.
|
[
"Kristian Ebbensgaard",
"Jens Stenbæk",
"Steen Bach Nielsen"
] |
|
Who was the head of Region Zealand in 04/18/2022?
|
April 18, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Heino Knudsen"
]
}
|
L2_Q26589_P6_3
|
Jens Stenbæk is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2017.
Kristian Ebbensgaard is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2009.
Steen Bach Nielsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Heino Knudsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
Region ZealandRegion Zealand () is the southernmost administrative region of Denmark, established on 1 January 2007 as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, which abolished the traditional counties ("amter") and set up five larger regions. Zealand Region has 17 municipalities.Zealand Region consists of the former counties of Roskilde, Storstrøm, and Vestsjælland. The region is named after the island of Sjælland (Zealand), which it shares with the neighbouring Danish Capital Region. Region Zealand ("Region Sjælland") also includes the adjacent islands of Lolland, Falster, and Møn.The region is subdivided into 17 municipalities:The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was almost €31 billion in 2019, accounting for around 10% of Denmarks economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,000 € or 89% of the EU27 average in the same year.The five regions of Denmark each have a regional council of 41 members. These are elected every four years, during the local elections.
|
[
"Kristian Ebbensgaard",
"Jens Stenbæk",
"Steen Bach Nielsen"
] |
|
Who was the head of Region Zealand in 18-Apr-202218-April-2022?
|
April 18, 2022
|
{
"text": [
"Heino Knudsen"
]
}
|
L2_Q26589_P6_3
|
Jens Stenbæk is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2017.
Kristian Ebbensgaard is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2007 to Dec, 2009.
Steen Bach Nielsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2010 to Dec, 2013.
Heino Knudsen is the head of the government of Region Zealand from Jan, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
|
Region ZealandRegion Zealand () is the southernmost administrative region of Denmark, established on 1 January 2007 as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, which abolished the traditional counties ("amter") and set up five larger regions. Zealand Region has 17 municipalities.Zealand Region consists of the former counties of Roskilde, Storstrøm, and Vestsjælland. The region is named after the island of Sjælland (Zealand), which it shares with the neighbouring Danish Capital Region. Region Zealand ("Region Sjælland") also includes the adjacent islands of Lolland, Falster, and Møn.The region is subdivided into 17 municipalities:The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was almost €31 billion in 2019, accounting for around 10% of Denmarks economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,000 € or 89% of the EU27 average in the same year.The five regions of Denmark each have a regional council of 41 members. These are elected every four years, during the local elections.
|
[
"Kristian Ebbensgaard",
"Jens Stenbæk",
"Steen Bach Nielsen"
] |
|
Which team did Alyaksey Belavusaw play for in Jan, 2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Vitebsk"
]
}
|
L2_Q4738608_P54_5
|
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC SKVICH Minsk from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Vitebsk from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1998.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Naftan Novopolotsk from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Belshina Bobruisk from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo Minsk from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
|
Alyaksey BelavusawAlyaksey Belavusaw (; ; born 26 April 1976) is a retired Belarusian professional footballer. His latest club was Torpedo Minsk.Naftan Novopolotsk
|
[
"FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk",
"FC Belshina Bobruisk",
"FC Naftan Novopolotsk",
"FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk",
"FC Dinamo Minsk",
"FC SKVICH Minsk",
"FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk"
] |
|
Which team did Alyaksey Belavusaw play for in 2011-01-01?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Vitebsk"
]
}
|
L2_Q4738608_P54_5
|
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC SKVICH Minsk from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Vitebsk from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1998.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Naftan Novopolotsk from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Belshina Bobruisk from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo Minsk from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
|
Alyaksey BelavusawAlyaksey Belavusaw (; ; born 26 April 1976) is a retired Belarusian professional footballer. His latest club was Torpedo Minsk.Naftan Novopolotsk
|
[
"FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk",
"FC Belshina Bobruisk",
"FC Naftan Novopolotsk",
"FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk",
"FC Dinamo Minsk",
"FC SKVICH Minsk",
"FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk"
] |
|
Which team did Alyaksey Belavusaw play for in 01/01/2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Vitebsk"
]
}
|
L2_Q4738608_P54_5
|
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC SKVICH Minsk from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Vitebsk from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1998.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Naftan Novopolotsk from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Belshina Bobruisk from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo Minsk from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
|
Alyaksey BelavusawAlyaksey Belavusaw (; ; born 26 April 1976) is a retired Belarusian professional footballer. His latest club was Torpedo Minsk.Naftan Novopolotsk
|
[
"FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk",
"FC Belshina Bobruisk",
"FC Naftan Novopolotsk",
"FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk",
"FC Dinamo Minsk",
"FC SKVICH Minsk",
"FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk"
] |
|
Which team did Alyaksey Belavusaw play for in Jan 01, 2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Vitebsk"
]
}
|
L2_Q4738608_P54_5
|
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC SKVICH Minsk from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Vitebsk from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1998.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Naftan Novopolotsk from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Belshina Bobruisk from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo Minsk from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
|
Alyaksey BelavusawAlyaksey Belavusaw (; ; born 26 April 1976) is a retired Belarusian professional footballer. His latest club was Torpedo Minsk.Naftan Novopolotsk
|
[
"FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk",
"FC Belshina Bobruisk",
"FC Naftan Novopolotsk",
"FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk",
"FC Dinamo Minsk",
"FC SKVICH Minsk",
"FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk"
] |
|
Which team did Alyaksey Belavusaw play for in 01/01/2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Vitebsk"
]
}
|
L2_Q4738608_P54_5
|
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC SKVICH Minsk from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Vitebsk from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1998.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Naftan Novopolotsk from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Belshina Bobruisk from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo Minsk from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
|
Alyaksey BelavusawAlyaksey Belavusaw (; ; born 26 April 1976) is a retired Belarusian professional footballer. His latest club was Torpedo Minsk.Naftan Novopolotsk
|
[
"FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk",
"FC Belshina Bobruisk",
"FC Naftan Novopolotsk",
"FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk",
"FC Dinamo Minsk",
"FC SKVICH Minsk",
"FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk"
] |
|
Which team did Alyaksey Belavusaw play for in 01-Jan-201101-January-2011?
|
January 01, 2011
|
{
"text": [
"FC Vitebsk"
]
}
|
L2_Q4738608_P54_5
|
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC SKVICH Minsk from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Vitebsk from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1998.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Naftan Novopolotsk from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Belshina Bobruisk from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Alyaksey Belavusaw plays for FC Dinamo Minsk from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
|
Alyaksey BelavusawAlyaksey Belavusaw (; ; born 26 April 1976) is a retired Belarusian professional footballer. His latest club was Torpedo Minsk.Naftan Novopolotsk
|
[
"FC Dinamo-Juni Minsk",
"FC Belshina Bobruisk",
"FC Naftan Novopolotsk",
"FC Torpedo-MAZ Minsk",
"FC Dinamo Minsk",
"FC SKVICH Minsk",
"FC Shakhtyor Salihorsk"
] |
|
Which political party did Ulrike Trebesius belong to in Dec, 2013?
|
December 17, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Alternative for Germany"
]
}
|
L2_Q17117406_P102_0
|
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Alternative for Germany from Apr, 2013 to Jul, 2015.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the independent politician from Oct, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Liberal Conservative Reformers from Jul, 2015 to Sep, 2018.
|
Ulrike TrebesiusUlrike Trebesius (born 17 April 1970) is a German politician. From 2014 until 2019, she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) representing Germany.
|
[
"Liberal Conservative Reformers",
"independent politician"
] |
|
Which political party did Ulrike Trebesius belong to in 2013-12-17?
|
December 17, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Alternative for Germany"
]
}
|
L2_Q17117406_P102_0
|
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Alternative for Germany from Apr, 2013 to Jul, 2015.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the independent politician from Oct, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Liberal Conservative Reformers from Jul, 2015 to Sep, 2018.
|
Ulrike TrebesiusUlrike Trebesius (born 17 April 1970) is a German politician. From 2014 until 2019, she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) representing Germany.
|
[
"Liberal Conservative Reformers",
"independent politician"
] |
|
Which political party did Ulrike Trebesius belong to in 17/12/2013?
|
December 17, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Alternative for Germany"
]
}
|
L2_Q17117406_P102_0
|
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Alternative for Germany from Apr, 2013 to Jul, 2015.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the independent politician from Oct, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Liberal Conservative Reformers from Jul, 2015 to Sep, 2018.
|
Ulrike TrebesiusUlrike Trebesius (born 17 April 1970) is a German politician. From 2014 until 2019, she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) representing Germany.
|
[
"Liberal Conservative Reformers",
"independent politician"
] |
|
Which political party did Ulrike Trebesius belong to in Dec 17, 2013?
|
December 17, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Alternative for Germany"
]
}
|
L2_Q17117406_P102_0
|
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Alternative for Germany from Apr, 2013 to Jul, 2015.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the independent politician from Oct, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Liberal Conservative Reformers from Jul, 2015 to Sep, 2018.
|
Ulrike TrebesiusUlrike Trebesius (born 17 April 1970) is a German politician. From 2014 until 2019, she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) representing Germany.
|
[
"Liberal Conservative Reformers",
"independent politician"
] |
|
Which political party did Ulrike Trebesius belong to in 12/17/2013?
|
December 17, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Alternative for Germany"
]
}
|
L2_Q17117406_P102_0
|
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Alternative for Germany from Apr, 2013 to Jul, 2015.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the independent politician from Oct, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Liberal Conservative Reformers from Jul, 2015 to Sep, 2018.
|
Ulrike TrebesiusUlrike Trebesius (born 17 April 1970) is a German politician. From 2014 until 2019, she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) representing Germany.
|
[
"Liberal Conservative Reformers",
"independent politician"
] |
|
Which political party did Ulrike Trebesius belong to in 17-Dec-201317-December-2013?
|
December 17, 2013
|
{
"text": [
"Alternative for Germany"
]
}
|
L2_Q17117406_P102_0
|
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Alternative for Germany from Apr, 2013 to Jul, 2015.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the independent politician from Oct, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Ulrike Trebesius is a member of the Liberal Conservative Reformers from Jul, 2015 to Sep, 2018.
|
Ulrike TrebesiusUlrike Trebesius (born 17 April 1970) is a German politician. From 2014 until 2019, she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) representing Germany.
|
[
"Liberal Conservative Reformers",
"independent politician"
] |
|
Which employer did Major Greenwood work for in May, 1928?
|
May 28, 1928
|
{
"text": [
"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"
]
}
|
L2_Q15109500_P108_2
|
Major Greenwood works for Royal London Hospital from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1910.
Major Greenwood works for ministry of health from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1927.
Major Greenwood works for London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1946.
|
Major GreenwoodMajor Greenwood FRS (9 August 1880 – 5 October 1949) was an English epidemiologist and statistician.Major Greenwood junior was born in Shoreditch in London's East End, the only child of Major Greenwood, a physician in general practice there ("Major" was his forename, not a military rank.) and his wife Annie, daughter of Peter Lodwick Burchell, F.R.C.S., M.B., L.S.A. The Greenwood family is recorded back to the twelfth century in the person of Wyomarus Greenwode, of Greenwode Leghe, near Heptonstall, Yorkshire, caterer to the Empress Maude in 1154. Greenwood was educated on the classical side at Merchant Taylors' School and went on to study medicine at University College London and the London Hospital. On qualifying in 1904 he worked for a time as assistant to his father but after a few months he gave up clinical practice for good.He went to work as a demonstrator for the physiologist Leonard Hill (father of the future statistician Austin Bradford Hill) at the London Hospital Medical College. Leonard Hill recalled, "By recognising the ability of a student with nothing behind him to show his worth and by appointing him my assistant I may claim to have started Greenwood on his career." While Greenwood made a good start in physiological research he was already drawn to statistics; his first paper in Biometrika appeared in 1904. After a period of study with Karl Pearson he was appointed statistician to the Lister Institute in 1910. There he worked on a wide range of problems, including a study of the effectiveness of inoculation with the statistician Udny Yule. In the First World War Greenwood first served in the Royal Army Medical Corps but then was put in charge of a medical research unit at the Ministry of Munitions. There he investigated the health problems associated with factory work, one result of which was an influential study of accidents which he produced with Yule. In 1919 Greenwood joined the newly created Ministry of Health with responsibility for medical statistics. He co-authored a number of papers (see publications) with Ethel Newbold during his tenure there (and wrote a touching obituary for her on her early death in 1933). In 1928 he became the first professor of Epidemiology and Vital Statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine where he stayed until he retired in 1945. He established a group of researchers, of whom the most important was Austin Bradford Hill. Greenwood played the same role in A. B. Hill’s career as Hill’s father had played in his.The Royal Society awarded the Buchanan Medal to Greenwood in 1927, and elected him a Fellow in 1928. The election certificate statedEngaged in medical research. Has applied the statistical method to the elucidation of many problems of physiology, pathology, hygiene and epidemiology. Is the author, or joint author, of more than sixty papers dealing with these applications, including important contributions to the experimental study of epidemiology (Journ Hyg, 24, 1925, Greenwood and Topley; ibid, 25, 1926, Greenwood, Newbold, Topley and Wilson). Has done much to encourage and develop the use of modern statistical methods by medical laboratory investigators, and, as Chairman of the Medical Research Council's Statistical Committee, to secure the adequate planning and execution of field investigations.He was elected President of the Royal Statistical Society in 1934 and awarded its Guy Medal in Gold in 1945.Greenwood produced a large body of research, was the first holder of important positions in modern medical statistics and wrote extensively on the history of his subject, but as Austin Bradford Hill wrote in his obituary, "in the future, it may well indeed seem that one of his greatest contributions, if not the greatest, lay merely in his outlook, in his statistical approach to medicine, then a new approach and one long regarded with suspicion. And he fought this fight continuously and honestly—for logic for accuracy, for ‘little sums.’"His name is attached to the Greenwood formula for the variance or standard error (SE) of the Kaplan–Meier estimator of survival.A statistical method invented by Major Greenwood in a statistical study of infectious diseases is still used in present-day research. The Greenwood statistic was used to discover that there is some kind of order in the placement of genes on the chromosomes of living things and this inspired a new look at epigenetics, which is now considered to be as important as genetics in how living organisms develop and evolve.Greenwood lived at Loughton, where among his neighbours were Sir Frank Baines, Millais Culpin, and Leonard Erskine Hill.
|
[
"ministry of health",
"Royal London Hospital"
] |
|
Which employer did Major Greenwood work for in 1928-05-28?
|
May 28, 1928
|
{
"text": [
"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"
]
}
|
L2_Q15109500_P108_2
|
Major Greenwood works for Royal London Hospital from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1910.
Major Greenwood works for ministry of health from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1927.
Major Greenwood works for London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1946.
|
Major GreenwoodMajor Greenwood FRS (9 August 1880 – 5 October 1949) was an English epidemiologist and statistician.Major Greenwood junior was born in Shoreditch in London's East End, the only child of Major Greenwood, a physician in general practice there ("Major" was his forename, not a military rank.) and his wife Annie, daughter of Peter Lodwick Burchell, F.R.C.S., M.B., L.S.A. The Greenwood family is recorded back to the twelfth century in the person of Wyomarus Greenwode, of Greenwode Leghe, near Heptonstall, Yorkshire, caterer to the Empress Maude in 1154. Greenwood was educated on the classical side at Merchant Taylors' School and went on to study medicine at University College London and the London Hospital. On qualifying in 1904 he worked for a time as assistant to his father but after a few months he gave up clinical practice for good.He went to work as a demonstrator for the physiologist Leonard Hill (father of the future statistician Austin Bradford Hill) at the London Hospital Medical College. Leonard Hill recalled, "By recognising the ability of a student with nothing behind him to show his worth and by appointing him my assistant I may claim to have started Greenwood on his career." While Greenwood made a good start in physiological research he was already drawn to statistics; his first paper in Biometrika appeared in 1904. After a period of study with Karl Pearson he was appointed statistician to the Lister Institute in 1910. There he worked on a wide range of problems, including a study of the effectiveness of inoculation with the statistician Udny Yule. In the First World War Greenwood first served in the Royal Army Medical Corps but then was put in charge of a medical research unit at the Ministry of Munitions. There he investigated the health problems associated with factory work, one result of which was an influential study of accidents which he produced with Yule. In 1919 Greenwood joined the newly created Ministry of Health with responsibility for medical statistics. He co-authored a number of papers (see publications) with Ethel Newbold during his tenure there (and wrote a touching obituary for her on her early death in 1933). In 1928 he became the first professor of Epidemiology and Vital Statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine where he stayed until he retired in 1945. He established a group of researchers, of whom the most important was Austin Bradford Hill. Greenwood played the same role in A. B. Hill’s career as Hill’s father had played in his.The Royal Society awarded the Buchanan Medal to Greenwood in 1927, and elected him a Fellow in 1928. The election certificate statedEngaged in medical research. Has applied the statistical method to the elucidation of many problems of physiology, pathology, hygiene and epidemiology. Is the author, or joint author, of more than sixty papers dealing with these applications, including important contributions to the experimental study of epidemiology (Journ Hyg, 24, 1925, Greenwood and Topley; ibid, 25, 1926, Greenwood, Newbold, Topley and Wilson). Has done much to encourage and develop the use of modern statistical methods by medical laboratory investigators, and, as Chairman of the Medical Research Council's Statistical Committee, to secure the adequate planning and execution of field investigations.He was elected President of the Royal Statistical Society in 1934 and awarded its Guy Medal in Gold in 1945.Greenwood produced a large body of research, was the first holder of important positions in modern medical statistics and wrote extensively on the history of his subject, but as Austin Bradford Hill wrote in his obituary, "in the future, it may well indeed seem that one of his greatest contributions, if not the greatest, lay merely in his outlook, in his statistical approach to medicine, then a new approach and one long regarded with suspicion. And he fought this fight continuously and honestly—for logic for accuracy, for ‘little sums.’"His name is attached to the Greenwood formula for the variance or standard error (SE) of the Kaplan–Meier estimator of survival.A statistical method invented by Major Greenwood in a statistical study of infectious diseases is still used in present-day research. The Greenwood statistic was used to discover that there is some kind of order in the placement of genes on the chromosomes of living things and this inspired a new look at epigenetics, which is now considered to be as important as genetics in how living organisms develop and evolve.Greenwood lived at Loughton, where among his neighbours were Sir Frank Baines, Millais Culpin, and Leonard Erskine Hill.
|
[
"ministry of health",
"Royal London Hospital"
] |
|
Which employer did Major Greenwood work for in 28/05/1928?
|
May 28, 1928
|
{
"text": [
"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"
]
}
|
L2_Q15109500_P108_2
|
Major Greenwood works for Royal London Hospital from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1910.
Major Greenwood works for ministry of health from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1927.
Major Greenwood works for London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1946.
|
Major GreenwoodMajor Greenwood FRS (9 August 1880 – 5 October 1949) was an English epidemiologist and statistician.Major Greenwood junior was born in Shoreditch in London's East End, the only child of Major Greenwood, a physician in general practice there ("Major" was his forename, not a military rank.) and his wife Annie, daughter of Peter Lodwick Burchell, F.R.C.S., M.B., L.S.A. The Greenwood family is recorded back to the twelfth century in the person of Wyomarus Greenwode, of Greenwode Leghe, near Heptonstall, Yorkshire, caterer to the Empress Maude in 1154. Greenwood was educated on the classical side at Merchant Taylors' School and went on to study medicine at University College London and the London Hospital. On qualifying in 1904 he worked for a time as assistant to his father but after a few months he gave up clinical practice for good.He went to work as a demonstrator for the physiologist Leonard Hill (father of the future statistician Austin Bradford Hill) at the London Hospital Medical College. Leonard Hill recalled, "By recognising the ability of a student with nothing behind him to show his worth and by appointing him my assistant I may claim to have started Greenwood on his career." While Greenwood made a good start in physiological research he was already drawn to statistics; his first paper in Biometrika appeared in 1904. After a period of study with Karl Pearson he was appointed statistician to the Lister Institute in 1910. There he worked on a wide range of problems, including a study of the effectiveness of inoculation with the statistician Udny Yule. In the First World War Greenwood first served in the Royal Army Medical Corps but then was put in charge of a medical research unit at the Ministry of Munitions. There he investigated the health problems associated with factory work, one result of which was an influential study of accidents which he produced with Yule. In 1919 Greenwood joined the newly created Ministry of Health with responsibility for medical statistics. He co-authored a number of papers (see publications) with Ethel Newbold during his tenure there (and wrote a touching obituary for her on her early death in 1933). In 1928 he became the first professor of Epidemiology and Vital Statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine where he stayed until he retired in 1945. He established a group of researchers, of whom the most important was Austin Bradford Hill. Greenwood played the same role in A. B. Hill’s career as Hill’s father had played in his.The Royal Society awarded the Buchanan Medal to Greenwood in 1927, and elected him a Fellow in 1928. The election certificate statedEngaged in medical research. Has applied the statistical method to the elucidation of many problems of physiology, pathology, hygiene and epidemiology. Is the author, or joint author, of more than sixty papers dealing with these applications, including important contributions to the experimental study of epidemiology (Journ Hyg, 24, 1925, Greenwood and Topley; ibid, 25, 1926, Greenwood, Newbold, Topley and Wilson). Has done much to encourage and develop the use of modern statistical methods by medical laboratory investigators, and, as Chairman of the Medical Research Council's Statistical Committee, to secure the adequate planning and execution of field investigations.He was elected President of the Royal Statistical Society in 1934 and awarded its Guy Medal in Gold in 1945.Greenwood produced a large body of research, was the first holder of important positions in modern medical statistics and wrote extensively on the history of his subject, but as Austin Bradford Hill wrote in his obituary, "in the future, it may well indeed seem that one of his greatest contributions, if not the greatest, lay merely in his outlook, in his statistical approach to medicine, then a new approach and one long regarded with suspicion. And he fought this fight continuously and honestly—for logic for accuracy, for ‘little sums.’"His name is attached to the Greenwood formula for the variance or standard error (SE) of the Kaplan–Meier estimator of survival.A statistical method invented by Major Greenwood in a statistical study of infectious diseases is still used in present-day research. The Greenwood statistic was used to discover that there is some kind of order in the placement of genes on the chromosomes of living things and this inspired a new look at epigenetics, which is now considered to be as important as genetics in how living organisms develop and evolve.Greenwood lived at Loughton, where among his neighbours were Sir Frank Baines, Millais Culpin, and Leonard Erskine Hill.
|
[
"ministry of health",
"Royal London Hospital"
] |
|
Which employer did Major Greenwood work for in May 28, 1928?
|
May 28, 1928
|
{
"text": [
"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"
]
}
|
L2_Q15109500_P108_2
|
Major Greenwood works for Royal London Hospital from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1910.
Major Greenwood works for ministry of health from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1927.
Major Greenwood works for London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1946.
|
Major GreenwoodMajor Greenwood FRS (9 August 1880 – 5 October 1949) was an English epidemiologist and statistician.Major Greenwood junior was born in Shoreditch in London's East End, the only child of Major Greenwood, a physician in general practice there ("Major" was his forename, not a military rank.) and his wife Annie, daughter of Peter Lodwick Burchell, F.R.C.S., M.B., L.S.A. The Greenwood family is recorded back to the twelfth century in the person of Wyomarus Greenwode, of Greenwode Leghe, near Heptonstall, Yorkshire, caterer to the Empress Maude in 1154. Greenwood was educated on the classical side at Merchant Taylors' School and went on to study medicine at University College London and the London Hospital. On qualifying in 1904 he worked for a time as assistant to his father but after a few months he gave up clinical practice for good.He went to work as a demonstrator for the physiologist Leonard Hill (father of the future statistician Austin Bradford Hill) at the London Hospital Medical College. Leonard Hill recalled, "By recognising the ability of a student with nothing behind him to show his worth and by appointing him my assistant I may claim to have started Greenwood on his career." While Greenwood made a good start in physiological research he was already drawn to statistics; his first paper in Biometrika appeared in 1904. After a period of study with Karl Pearson he was appointed statistician to the Lister Institute in 1910. There he worked on a wide range of problems, including a study of the effectiveness of inoculation with the statistician Udny Yule. In the First World War Greenwood first served in the Royal Army Medical Corps but then was put in charge of a medical research unit at the Ministry of Munitions. There he investigated the health problems associated with factory work, one result of which was an influential study of accidents which he produced with Yule. In 1919 Greenwood joined the newly created Ministry of Health with responsibility for medical statistics. He co-authored a number of papers (see publications) with Ethel Newbold during his tenure there (and wrote a touching obituary for her on her early death in 1933). In 1928 he became the first professor of Epidemiology and Vital Statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine where he stayed until he retired in 1945. He established a group of researchers, of whom the most important was Austin Bradford Hill. Greenwood played the same role in A. B. Hill’s career as Hill’s father had played in his.The Royal Society awarded the Buchanan Medal to Greenwood in 1927, and elected him a Fellow in 1928. The election certificate statedEngaged in medical research. Has applied the statistical method to the elucidation of many problems of physiology, pathology, hygiene and epidemiology. Is the author, or joint author, of more than sixty papers dealing with these applications, including important contributions to the experimental study of epidemiology (Journ Hyg, 24, 1925, Greenwood and Topley; ibid, 25, 1926, Greenwood, Newbold, Topley and Wilson). Has done much to encourage and develop the use of modern statistical methods by medical laboratory investigators, and, as Chairman of the Medical Research Council's Statistical Committee, to secure the adequate planning and execution of field investigations.He was elected President of the Royal Statistical Society in 1934 and awarded its Guy Medal in Gold in 1945.Greenwood produced a large body of research, was the first holder of important positions in modern medical statistics and wrote extensively on the history of his subject, but as Austin Bradford Hill wrote in his obituary, "in the future, it may well indeed seem that one of his greatest contributions, if not the greatest, lay merely in his outlook, in his statistical approach to medicine, then a new approach and one long regarded with suspicion. And he fought this fight continuously and honestly—for logic for accuracy, for ‘little sums.’"His name is attached to the Greenwood formula for the variance or standard error (SE) of the Kaplan–Meier estimator of survival.A statistical method invented by Major Greenwood in a statistical study of infectious diseases is still used in present-day research. The Greenwood statistic was used to discover that there is some kind of order in the placement of genes on the chromosomes of living things and this inspired a new look at epigenetics, which is now considered to be as important as genetics in how living organisms develop and evolve.Greenwood lived at Loughton, where among his neighbours were Sir Frank Baines, Millais Culpin, and Leonard Erskine Hill.
|
[
"ministry of health",
"Royal London Hospital"
] |
|
Which employer did Major Greenwood work for in 05/28/1928?
|
May 28, 1928
|
{
"text": [
"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"
]
}
|
L2_Q15109500_P108_2
|
Major Greenwood works for Royal London Hospital from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1910.
Major Greenwood works for ministry of health from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1927.
Major Greenwood works for London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1946.
|
Major GreenwoodMajor Greenwood FRS (9 August 1880 – 5 October 1949) was an English epidemiologist and statistician.Major Greenwood junior was born in Shoreditch in London's East End, the only child of Major Greenwood, a physician in general practice there ("Major" was his forename, not a military rank.) and his wife Annie, daughter of Peter Lodwick Burchell, F.R.C.S., M.B., L.S.A. The Greenwood family is recorded back to the twelfth century in the person of Wyomarus Greenwode, of Greenwode Leghe, near Heptonstall, Yorkshire, caterer to the Empress Maude in 1154. Greenwood was educated on the classical side at Merchant Taylors' School and went on to study medicine at University College London and the London Hospital. On qualifying in 1904 he worked for a time as assistant to his father but after a few months he gave up clinical practice for good.He went to work as a demonstrator for the physiologist Leonard Hill (father of the future statistician Austin Bradford Hill) at the London Hospital Medical College. Leonard Hill recalled, "By recognising the ability of a student with nothing behind him to show his worth and by appointing him my assistant I may claim to have started Greenwood on his career." While Greenwood made a good start in physiological research he was already drawn to statistics; his first paper in Biometrika appeared in 1904. After a period of study with Karl Pearson he was appointed statistician to the Lister Institute in 1910. There he worked on a wide range of problems, including a study of the effectiveness of inoculation with the statistician Udny Yule. In the First World War Greenwood first served in the Royal Army Medical Corps but then was put in charge of a medical research unit at the Ministry of Munitions. There he investigated the health problems associated with factory work, one result of which was an influential study of accidents which he produced with Yule. In 1919 Greenwood joined the newly created Ministry of Health with responsibility for medical statistics. He co-authored a number of papers (see publications) with Ethel Newbold during his tenure there (and wrote a touching obituary for her on her early death in 1933). In 1928 he became the first professor of Epidemiology and Vital Statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine where he stayed until he retired in 1945. He established a group of researchers, of whom the most important was Austin Bradford Hill. Greenwood played the same role in A. B. Hill’s career as Hill’s father had played in his.The Royal Society awarded the Buchanan Medal to Greenwood in 1927, and elected him a Fellow in 1928. The election certificate statedEngaged in medical research. Has applied the statistical method to the elucidation of many problems of physiology, pathology, hygiene and epidemiology. Is the author, or joint author, of more than sixty papers dealing with these applications, including important contributions to the experimental study of epidemiology (Journ Hyg, 24, 1925, Greenwood and Topley; ibid, 25, 1926, Greenwood, Newbold, Topley and Wilson). Has done much to encourage and develop the use of modern statistical methods by medical laboratory investigators, and, as Chairman of the Medical Research Council's Statistical Committee, to secure the adequate planning and execution of field investigations.He was elected President of the Royal Statistical Society in 1934 and awarded its Guy Medal in Gold in 1945.Greenwood produced a large body of research, was the first holder of important positions in modern medical statistics and wrote extensively on the history of his subject, but as Austin Bradford Hill wrote in his obituary, "in the future, it may well indeed seem that one of his greatest contributions, if not the greatest, lay merely in his outlook, in his statistical approach to medicine, then a new approach and one long regarded with suspicion. And he fought this fight continuously and honestly—for logic for accuracy, for ‘little sums.’"His name is attached to the Greenwood formula for the variance or standard error (SE) of the Kaplan–Meier estimator of survival.A statistical method invented by Major Greenwood in a statistical study of infectious diseases is still used in present-day research. The Greenwood statistic was used to discover that there is some kind of order in the placement of genes on the chromosomes of living things and this inspired a new look at epigenetics, which is now considered to be as important as genetics in how living organisms develop and evolve.Greenwood lived at Loughton, where among his neighbours were Sir Frank Baines, Millais Culpin, and Leonard Erskine Hill.
|
[
"ministry of health",
"Royal London Hospital"
] |
|
Which employer did Major Greenwood work for in 28-May-192828-May-1928?
|
May 28, 1928
|
{
"text": [
"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"
]
}
|
L2_Q15109500_P108_2
|
Major Greenwood works for Royal London Hospital from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1910.
Major Greenwood works for ministry of health from Jan, 1919 to Jan, 1927.
Major Greenwood works for London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1946.
|
Major GreenwoodMajor Greenwood FRS (9 August 1880 – 5 October 1949) was an English epidemiologist and statistician.Major Greenwood junior was born in Shoreditch in London's East End, the only child of Major Greenwood, a physician in general practice there ("Major" was his forename, not a military rank.) and his wife Annie, daughter of Peter Lodwick Burchell, F.R.C.S., M.B., L.S.A. The Greenwood family is recorded back to the twelfth century in the person of Wyomarus Greenwode, of Greenwode Leghe, near Heptonstall, Yorkshire, caterer to the Empress Maude in 1154. Greenwood was educated on the classical side at Merchant Taylors' School and went on to study medicine at University College London and the London Hospital. On qualifying in 1904 he worked for a time as assistant to his father but after a few months he gave up clinical practice for good.He went to work as a demonstrator for the physiologist Leonard Hill (father of the future statistician Austin Bradford Hill) at the London Hospital Medical College. Leonard Hill recalled, "By recognising the ability of a student with nothing behind him to show his worth and by appointing him my assistant I may claim to have started Greenwood on his career." While Greenwood made a good start in physiological research he was already drawn to statistics; his first paper in Biometrika appeared in 1904. After a period of study with Karl Pearson he was appointed statistician to the Lister Institute in 1910. There he worked on a wide range of problems, including a study of the effectiveness of inoculation with the statistician Udny Yule. In the First World War Greenwood first served in the Royal Army Medical Corps but then was put in charge of a medical research unit at the Ministry of Munitions. There he investigated the health problems associated with factory work, one result of which was an influential study of accidents which he produced with Yule. In 1919 Greenwood joined the newly created Ministry of Health with responsibility for medical statistics. He co-authored a number of papers (see publications) with Ethel Newbold during his tenure there (and wrote a touching obituary for her on her early death in 1933). In 1928 he became the first professor of Epidemiology and Vital Statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine where he stayed until he retired in 1945. He established a group of researchers, of whom the most important was Austin Bradford Hill. Greenwood played the same role in A. B. Hill’s career as Hill’s father had played in his.The Royal Society awarded the Buchanan Medal to Greenwood in 1927, and elected him a Fellow in 1928. The election certificate statedEngaged in medical research. Has applied the statistical method to the elucidation of many problems of physiology, pathology, hygiene and epidemiology. Is the author, or joint author, of more than sixty papers dealing with these applications, including important contributions to the experimental study of epidemiology (Journ Hyg, 24, 1925, Greenwood and Topley; ibid, 25, 1926, Greenwood, Newbold, Topley and Wilson). Has done much to encourage and develop the use of modern statistical methods by medical laboratory investigators, and, as Chairman of the Medical Research Council's Statistical Committee, to secure the adequate planning and execution of field investigations.He was elected President of the Royal Statistical Society in 1934 and awarded its Guy Medal in Gold in 1945.Greenwood produced a large body of research, was the first holder of important positions in modern medical statistics and wrote extensively on the history of his subject, but as Austin Bradford Hill wrote in his obituary, "in the future, it may well indeed seem that one of his greatest contributions, if not the greatest, lay merely in his outlook, in his statistical approach to medicine, then a new approach and one long regarded with suspicion. And he fought this fight continuously and honestly—for logic for accuracy, for ‘little sums.’"His name is attached to the Greenwood formula for the variance or standard error (SE) of the Kaplan–Meier estimator of survival.A statistical method invented by Major Greenwood in a statistical study of infectious diseases is still used in present-day research. The Greenwood statistic was used to discover that there is some kind of order in the placement of genes on the chromosomes of living things and this inspired a new look at epigenetics, which is now considered to be as important as genetics in how living organisms develop and evolve.Greenwood lived at Loughton, where among his neighbours were Sir Frank Baines, Millais Culpin, and Leonard Erskine Hill.
|
[
"ministry of health",
"Royal London Hospital"
] |
|
Which position did Ann Winterton hold in Apr, 2004?
|
April 07, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q337529_P39_4
|
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 2004 to Apr, 2005.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Ann WintertonJane Ann, Lady Winterton ("née" Hodgson; born 6 March 1941 in Sutton Coldfield) is a British Conservative Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Congleton from 1983 to 2010. She is married to Sir Nicholas Winterton, also a former Conservative MP.Winterton was educated at Erdington Grammar School for Girls. Following her election to represent Congleton in 1983, she was a member of several select committees, including Agriculture (1987–1997), the chairman's panel (1992–1998) and the National Drug Strategy (1998–2001), Social Security (2000–2001) and the Unopposed Bills Panel since 1997. She is a representative of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and a patron of Cheshire National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. She is also president of the Congleton Pantomime Society.Winterton became Shadow Rural Affairs Minister in 2001, and in May 2002 told the club dinner:In February 2004 she had the Conservative whip removed for telling the following joke (which alluded to the recent death of twenty-three illegal immigrant Chinese cockle-pickers in Morecambe Bay) at a Whitehall private dinner party to improve Denmark–United Kingdom relations and declining to apologise:A month later, Winterton apologised for the joke, and had the whip restored. Lord Taylor of Warwick, the only black Conservative peer in the House of Lords, criticised the decision to restore the whip and said she was not fit to be an MP.Nick Palmer, then Labour MP for Broxtowe, who was at the dinner, criticised the joke and told BBC Radio 4's "Today", "People were a bit stunned really. It was a very low-key friendly dinner. I was very sorry for the host – it was just a group of people discussing Danish issues."Michael Howard, leader of the Conservatives, said, "Ann Winterton's remarks about the tragic deaths in Morecambe Bay were completely unacceptable. Such sentiments have no place in the Conservative Party. I deplore them and I apologise for them on behalf of my party."In September 2005 (following the May general election), Winterton said she felt that Britain is a country where:Along with her husband, she managed to ask questions at Tony Blair's last Prime minister's questions in 2007.Together with Nicholas Winterton, Ann Winterton was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, who concluded that they had misused their MPs' expenses to pay rent for a flat that they had already bought outright. The Wintertons transferred the ownership of the flat into a family trust to avoid the inheritance tax threshold. Since 2002, they had paid the rent for living in the flat from their MPs' expenditure. The Wintertons had declared their intentions to the Commons' Fees Office. On 25 May 2009, it was announced that both the Wintertons would stand down as MPs at the following general election. Winterton was one of 98 MPs who voted in favour of legislation which would have kept MPs expense details secret.
|
[
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Ann Winterton hold in 2004-04-07?
|
April 07, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q337529_P39_4
|
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 2004 to Apr, 2005.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Ann WintertonJane Ann, Lady Winterton ("née" Hodgson; born 6 March 1941 in Sutton Coldfield) is a British Conservative Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Congleton from 1983 to 2010. She is married to Sir Nicholas Winterton, also a former Conservative MP.Winterton was educated at Erdington Grammar School for Girls. Following her election to represent Congleton in 1983, she was a member of several select committees, including Agriculture (1987–1997), the chairman's panel (1992–1998) and the National Drug Strategy (1998–2001), Social Security (2000–2001) and the Unopposed Bills Panel since 1997. She is a representative of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and a patron of Cheshire National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. She is also president of the Congleton Pantomime Society.Winterton became Shadow Rural Affairs Minister in 2001, and in May 2002 told the club dinner:In February 2004 she had the Conservative whip removed for telling the following joke (which alluded to the recent death of twenty-three illegal immigrant Chinese cockle-pickers in Morecambe Bay) at a Whitehall private dinner party to improve Denmark–United Kingdom relations and declining to apologise:A month later, Winterton apologised for the joke, and had the whip restored. Lord Taylor of Warwick, the only black Conservative peer in the House of Lords, criticised the decision to restore the whip and said she was not fit to be an MP.Nick Palmer, then Labour MP for Broxtowe, who was at the dinner, criticised the joke and told BBC Radio 4's "Today", "People were a bit stunned really. It was a very low-key friendly dinner. I was very sorry for the host – it was just a group of people discussing Danish issues."Michael Howard, leader of the Conservatives, said, "Ann Winterton's remarks about the tragic deaths in Morecambe Bay were completely unacceptable. Such sentiments have no place in the Conservative Party. I deplore them and I apologise for them on behalf of my party."In September 2005 (following the May general election), Winterton said she felt that Britain is a country where:Along with her husband, she managed to ask questions at Tony Blair's last Prime minister's questions in 2007.Together with Nicholas Winterton, Ann Winterton was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, who concluded that they had misused their MPs' expenses to pay rent for a flat that they had already bought outright. The Wintertons transferred the ownership of the flat into a family trust to avoid the inheritance tax threshold. Since 2002, they had paid the rent for living in the flat from their MPs' expenditure. The Wintertons had declared their intentions to the Commons' Fees Office. On 25 May 2009, it was announced that both the Wintertons would stand down as MPs at the following general election. Winterton was one of 98 MPs who voted in favour of legislation which would have kept MPs expense details secret.
|
[
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Ann Winterton hold in 07/04/2004?
|
April 07, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q337529_P39_4
|
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 2004 to Apr, 2005.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Ann WintertonJane Ann, Lady Winterton ("née" Hodgson; born 6 March 1941 in Sutton Coldfield) is a British Conservative Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Congleton from 1983 to 2010. She is married to Sir Nicholas Winterton, also a former Conservative MP.Winterton was educated at Erdington Grammar School for Girls. Following her election to represent Congleton in 1983, she was a member of several select committees, including Agriculture (1987–1997), the chairman's panel (1992–1998) and the National Drug Strategy (1998–2001), Social Security (2000–2001) and the Unopposed Bills Panel since 1997. She is a representative of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and a patron of Cheshire National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. She is also president of the Congleton Pantomime Society.Winterton became Shadow Rural Affairs Minister in 2001, and in May 2002 told the club dinner:In February 2004 she had the Conservative whip removed for telling the following joke (which alluded to the recent death of twenty-three illegal immigrant Chinese cockle-pickers in Morecambe Bay) at a Whitehall private dinner party to improve Denmark–United Kingdom relations and declining to apologise:A month later, Winterton apologised for the joke, and had the whip restored. Lord Taylor of Warwick, the only black Conservative peer in the House of Lords, criticised the decision to restore the whip and said she was not fit to be an MP.Nick Palmer, then Labour MP for Broxtowe, who was at the dinner, criticised the joke and told BBC Radio 4's "Today", "People were a bit stunned really. It was a very low-key friendly dinner. I was very sorry for the host – it was just a group of people discussing Danish issues."Michael Howard, leader of the Conservatives, said, "Ann Winterton's remarks about the tragic deaths in Morecambe Bay were completely unacceptable. Such sentiments have no place in the Conservative Party. I deplore them and I apologise for them on behalf of my party."In September 2005 (following the May general election), Winterton said she felt that Britain is a country where:Along with her husband, she managed to ask questions at Tony Blair's last Prime minister's questions in 2007.Together with Nicholas Winterton, Ann Winterton was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, who concluded that they had misused their MPs' expenses to pay rent for a flat that they had already bought outright. The Wintertons transferred the ownership of the flat into a family trust to avoid the inheritance tax threshold. Since 2002, they had paid the rent for living in the flat from their MPs' expenditure. The Wintertons had declared their intentions to the Commons' Fees Office. On 25 May 2009, it was announced that both the Wintertons would stand down as MPs at the following general election. Winterton was one of 98 MPs who voted in favour of legislation which would have kept MPs expense details secret.
|
[
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Ann Winterton hold in Apr 07, 2004?
|
April 07, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q337529_P39_4
|
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 2004 to Apr, 2005.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Ann WintertonJane Ann, Lady Winterton ("née" Hodgson; born 6 March 1941 in Sutton Coldfield) is a British Conservative Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Congleton from 1983 to 2010. She is married to Sir Nicholas Winterton, also a former Conservative MP.Winterton was educated at Erdington Grammar School for Girls. Following her election to represent Congleton in 1983, she was a member of several select committees, including Agriculture (1987–1997), the chairman's panel (1992–1998) and the National Drug Strategy (1998–2001), Social Security (2000–2001) and the Unopposed Bills Panel since 1997. She is a representative of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and a patron of Cheshire National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. She is also president of the Congleton Pantomime Society.Winterton became Shadow Rural Affairs Minister in 2001, and in May 2002 told the club dinner:In February 2004 she had the Conservative whip removed for telling the following joke (which alluded to the recent death of twenty-three illegal immigrant Chinese cockle-pickers in Morecambe Bay) at a Whitehall private dinner party to improve Denmark–United Kingdom relations and declining to apologise:A month later, Winterton apologised for the joke, and had the whip restored. Lord Taylor of Warwick, the only black Conservative peer in the House of Lords, criticised the decision to restore the whip and said she was not fit to be an MP.Nick Palmer, then Labour MP for Broxtowe, who was at the dinner, criticised the joke and told BBC Radio 4's "Today", "People were a bit stunned really. It was a very low-key friendly dinner. I was very sorry for the host – it was just a group of people discussing Danish issues."Michael Howard, leader of the Conservatives, said, "Ann Winterton's remarks about the tragic deaths in Morecambe Bay were completely unacceptable. Such sentiments have no place in the Conservative Party. I deplore them and I apologise for them on behalf of my party."In September 2005 (following the May general election), Winterton said she felt that Britain is a country where:Along with her husband, she managed to ask questions at Tony Blair's last Prime minister's questions in 2007.Together with Nicholas Winterton, Ann Winterton was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, who concluded that they had misused their MPs' expenses to pay rent for a flat that they had already bought outright. The Wintertons transferred the ownership of the flat into a family trust to avoid the inheritance tax threshold. Since 2002, they had paid the rent for living in the flat from their MPs' expenditure. The Wintertons had declared their intentions to the Commons' Fees Office. On 25 May 2009, it was announced that both the Wintertons would stand down as MPs at the following general election. Winterton was one of 98 MPs who voted in favour of legislation which would have kept MPs expense details secret.
|
[
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Ann Winterton hold in 04/07/2004?
|
April 07, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q337529_P39_4
|
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 2004 to Apr, 2005.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Ann WintertonJane Ann, Lady Winterton ("née" Hodgson; born 6 March 1941 in Sutton Coldfield) is a British Conservative Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Congleton from 1983 to 2010. She is married to Sir Nicholas Winterton, also a former Conservative MP.Winterton was educated at Erdington Grammar School for Girls. Following her election to represent Congleton in 1983, she was a member of several select committees, including Agriculture (1987–1997), the chairman's panel (1992–1998) and the National Drug Strategy (1998–2001), Social Security (2000–2001) and the Unopposed Bills Panel since 1997. She is a representative of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and a patron of Cheshire National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. She is also president of the Congleton Pantomime Society.Winterton became Shadow Rural Affairs Minister in 2001, and in May 2002 told the club dinner:In February 2004 she had the Conservative whip removed for telling the following joke (which alluded to the recent death of twenty-three illegal immigrant Chinese cockle-pickers in Morecambe Bay) at a Whitehall private dinner party to improve Denmark–United Kingdom relations and declining to apologise:A month later, Winterton apologised for the joke, and had the whip restored. Lord Taylor of Warwick, the only black Conservative peer in the House of Lords, criticised the decision to restore the whip and said she was not fit to be an MP.Nick Palmer, then Labour MP for Broxtowe, who was at the dinner, criticised the joke and told BBC Radio 4's "Today", "People were a bit stunned really. It was a very low-key friendly dinner. I was very sorry for the host – it was just a group of people discussing Danish issues."Michael Howard, leader of the Conservatives, said, "Ann Winterton's remarks about the tragic deaths in Morecambe Bay were completely unacceptable. Such sentiments have no place in the Conservative Party. I deplore them and I apologise for them on behalf of my party."In September 2005 (following the May general election), Winterton said she felt that Britain is a country where:Along with her husband, she managed to ask questions at Tony Blair's last Prime minister's questions in 2007.Together with Nicholas Winterton, Ann Winterton was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, who concluded that they had misused their MPs' expenses to pay rent for a flat that they had already bought outright. The Wintertons transferred the ownership of the flat into a family trust to avoid the inheritance tax threshold. Since 2002, they had paid the rent for living in the flat from their MPs' expenditure. The Wintertons had declared their intentions to the Commons' Fees Office. On 25 May 2009, it was announced that both the Wintertons would stand down as MPs at the following general election. Winterton was one of 98 MPs who voted in favour of legislation which would have kept MPs expense details secret.
|
[
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Ann Winterton hold in 07-Apr-200407-April-2004?
|
April 07, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q337529_P39_4
|
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 2004 to Apr, 2005.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Ann Winterton holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
|
Ann WintertonJane Ann, Lady Winterton ("née" Hodgson; born 6 March 1941 in Sutton Coldfield) is a British Conservative Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Congleton from 1983 to 2010. She is married to Sir Nicholas Winterton, also a former Conservative MP.Winterton was educated at Erdington Grammar School for Girls. Following her election to represent Congleton in 1983, she was a member of several select committees, including Agriculture (1987–1997), the chairman's panel (1992–1998) and the National Drug Strategy (1998–2001), Social Security (2000–2001) and the Unopposed Bills Panel since 1997. She is a representative of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and a patron of Cheshire National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. She is also president of the Congleton Pantomime Society.Winterton became Shadow Rural Affairs Minister in 2001, and in May 2002 told the club dinner:In February 2004 she had the Conservative whip removed for telling the following joke (which alluded to the recent death of twenty-three illegal immigrant Chinese cockle-pickers in Morecambe Bay) at a Whitehall private dinner party to improve Denmark–United Kingdom relations and declining to apologise:A month later, Winterton apologised for the joke, and had the whip restored. Lord Taylor of Warwick, the only black Conservative peer in the House of Lords, criticised the decision to restore the whip and said she was not fit to be an MP.Nick Palmer, then Labour MP for Broxtowe, who was at the dinner, criticised the joke and told BBC Radio 4's "Today", "People were a bit stunned really. It was a very low-key friendly dinner. I was very sorry for the host – it was just a group of people discussing Danish issues."Michael Howard, leader of the Conservatives, said, "Ann Winterton's remarks about the tragic deaths in Morecambe Bay were completely unacceptable. Such sentiments have no place in the Conservative Party. I deplore them and I apologise for them on behalf of my party."In September 2005 (following the May general election), Winterton said she felt that Britain is a country where:Along with her husband, she managed to ask questions at Tony Blair's last Prime minister's questions in 2007.Together with Nicholas Winterton, Ann Winterton was investigated by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, who concluded that they had misused their MPs' expenses to pay rent for a flat that they had already bought outright. The Wintertons transferred the ownership of the flat into a family trust to avoid the inheritance tax threshold. Since 2002, they had paid the rent for living in the flat from their MPs' expenditure. The Wintertons had declared their intentions to the Commons' Fees Office. On 25 May 2009, it was announced that both the Wintertons would stand down as MPs at the following general election. Winterton was one of 98 MPs who voted in favour of legislation which would have kept MPs expense details secret.
|
[
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Adam Putnam hold in Jul, 2012?
|
July 15, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Florida Commissioner of Agriculture"
]
}
|
L2_Q350663_P39_3
|
Adam Putnam holds the position of member of the Florida House of Representatives from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Adam Putnam holds the position of United States representative from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Florida Commissioner of Agriculture from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
|
Adam PutnamAdam Hughes Putnam (born July 31, 1974) is an American politician who served as the 11th Commissioner of Agriculture of Florida from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives for five terms, representing the Central Florida-based 12th congressional district. He chaired the House Republican Conference from 2007 to 2009.In May 2017, he announced he was running for Governor of Florida in the 2018 election. Putnam was initially considered the frontrunner for the Republican nomination, but lost the primary to U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis after President Donald Trump came out in open support of DeSantis. DeSantis went on to win the general election against Tallahassee Mayor and Democratic nominee Andrew Gillum. On March 13, 2019, it was announced that he would become the next CEO of Ducks Unlimited, starting June 30, 2019, after the retirement of Dale Hall.Putnam was born in Bartow, Florida, the son of Sarah Elizabeth (née Hughes) and William Dudley Putnam II. He graduated from Bartow High School and attended the University of Florida, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in food and resource economics.In 1996, Putnam was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, representing parts of Polk County. At 22 years old, he was the youngest person ever elected to the Florida Legislature. He was reelected to a second term in 1998. While in the state house, he served as chair of the Agriculture Committee.In 2000, Putnam ran for the U.S. House seat being vacated by retiring Congressman Charles Canady. The district, numbered the 12th, included all of Putnam's home constituency as well as other areas of Polk County and rural Central Florida. He faced no opposition in the Republican primary, and defeated Democrat Mike Stedem in the general election, 57 to 43%. Taking office when he was 26 years old, Putnam was the youngest member of Congress from 2001 to 2005. Putnam was reelected in 2002 to a redistricted seat that included most of Polk County as well as parts of neighboring Hillsborough and Osceola Counties. He was reelected three more times after that, serving a total of ten years in Congress.On October 10, 2002, Putnam voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq.In February 2006, Putnam became a member of the House leadership, assuming the role of chairman of the House Republican Policy Committee, the fifth-ranking Republican leadership position in the House. In November 2006, Putnam was elected by his colleagues as House Republican Conference Chairman, the third-highest ranking position. Following House Republican losses in the 2008 general election, he resigned his post as Conference Chairman. In 2010 "The Florida Independent" reported that Putnam had earmarked $100,000 for an abscission chemical used in citrus harvesting that "The Florida Independent" said would benefit his family's citrus business.Putnam was a signatory to the Taxpayer Protection Pledge. The American Conservative Union gave him a 91% evaluation.After the numerous calls by Democrats, including Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV), Putnam became the top Republican in either house to call for the ouster of former U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. "For the good of the nation, I think it is time for fresh leadership at the Department of Justice", Putnam said. This was met with surprise by many Republicans, who were remaining silent on the Gonzales issue. However, Putnam mentioned that there remained severe discontent within the GOP circle over Gonzales and as the Chairman of the House Republican Conference, he thought that it was important to send this message out.In February 2009, Putnam declared himself a candidate for Florida Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services in the 2010 election and that he would not seek a sixth term in Congress. Putnam won the election over Democratic opponent Scott Maddox with 56% of the vote. He was reelected in 2014.As head of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Putnam was responsible for issuing concealed weapons permits after conducting background checks on applicants. An investigation by the Office of Inspector General found that from February 2016 until May 2017 the department stopped conducting national background checks on applicants for concealed weapons permits, because a worker could not log into an FBI database. More than 100,000 concealed carry permits were issued during this period without full screening. Putnam later said that 365 applicants should have been further backgrounded, and that 291 permits ended up being revoked for noncriminal disqualifying factors (drug abuse, mental illness, fugitives). Putnam pointed out that concealed carry permits do not allow gun purchases, which require a background check at the time of purchase. Florida Governor Rick Scott said that the incident was "disturbing" and "concerning" adding, "People need to do their jobs. This is public safety." Additional failures in conducting proper reviews of gun permit applications were reported in a 2012 report of the inspector general, including the issuance of gun licenses to felons, which occurred during the first years of Putnam's tenure, although certain instances occurred before Putnam's tenure.In response to the 2013 series "Worst Charities in America" by the "Tampa Bay Times" and the Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR)—the result of a year-long joint investigation, in 2014 Putnam crafted CS/SB 638 and CS/HB 629—legislation that was intended to crack down on "fraudulent and deceptive organizations" to prevent them from misusing charitable contributions donated by residents of Florida. The legislation "had passed two of their three referenced committees" by March 2014.In May 2017, Putnam announced his campaign for the governorship of Florida in the 2018 election to succeed term-limited Republican Rick Scott. He was one of eight candidates running for the Republican nomination.Putnam placed second in the primary election, which was won by U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis. However, as of April 2018, Putnam's campaign had acquired $19.2 million in campaign contributions, far more than any other candidate. His PAC, Florida Grown, has received large contributions from The Walt Disney Company ($824,442), Publix ($736,000), Florida Power and Light ($587,060) and U.S. Sugar ($560,000). The donations from Publix to Putnam drew public protest, including a die-in at a Publix supermarket, resulting from Putnam's claim of being a "proud NRA sell-out".
|
[
"member of the Florida House of Representatives",
"Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives",
"United States representative"
] |
|
Which position did Adam Putnam hold in 2012-07-15?
|
July 15, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Florida Commissioner of Agriculture"
]
}
|
L2_Q350663_P39_3
|
Adam Putnam holds the position of member of the Florida House of Representatives from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Adam Putnam holds the position of United States representative from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Florida Commissioner of Agriculture from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
|
Adam PutnamAdam Hughes Putnam (born July 31, 1974) is an American politician who served as the 11th Commissioner of Agriculture of Florida from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives for five terms, representing the Central Florida-based 12th congressional district. He chaired the House Republican Conference from 2007 to 2009.In May 2017, he announced he was running for Governor of Florida in the 2018 election. Putnam was initially considered the frontrunner for the Republican nomination, but lost the primary to U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis after President Donald Trump came out in open support of DeSantis. DeSantis went on to win the general election against Tallahassee Mayor and Democratic nominee Andrew Gillum. On March 13, 2019, it was announced that he would become the next CEO of Ducks Unlimited, starting June 30, 2019, after the retirement of Dale Hall.Putnam was born in Bartow, Florida, the son of Sarah Elizabeth (née Hughes) and William Dudley Putnam II. He graduated from Bartow High School and attended the University of Florida, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in food and resource economics.In 1996, Putnam was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, representing parts of Polk County. At 22 years old, he was the youngest person ever elected to the Florida Legislature. He was reelected to a second term in 1998. While in the state house, he served as chair of the Agriculture Committee.In 2000, Putnam ran for the U.S. House seat being vacated by retiring Congressman Charles Canady. The district, numbered the 12th, included all of Putnam's home constituency as well as other areas of Polk County and rural Central Florida. He faced no opposition in the Republican primary, and defeated Democrat Mike Stedem in the general election, 57 to 43%. Taking office when he was 26 years old, Putnam was the youngest member of Congress from 2001 to 2005. Putnam was reelected in 2002 to a redistricted seat that included most of Polk County as well as parts of neighboring Hillsborough and Osceola Counties. He was reelected three more times after that, serving a total of ten years in Congress.On October 10, 2002, Putnam voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq.In February 2006, Putnam became a member of the House leadership, assuming the role of chairman of the House Republican Policy Committee, the fifth-ranking Republican leadership position in the House. In November 2006, Putnam was elected by his colleagues as House Republican Conference Chairman, the third-highest ranking position. Following House Republican losses in the 2008 general election, he resigned his post as Conference Chairman. In 2010 "The Florida Independent" reported that Putnam had earmarked $100,000 for an abscission chemical used in citrus harvesting that "The Florida Independent" said would benefit his family's citrus business.Putnam was a signatory to the Taxpayer Protection Pledge. The American Conservative Union gave him a 91% evaluation.After the numerous calls by Democrats, including Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV), Putnam became the top Republican in either house to call for the ouster of former U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. "For the good of the nation, I think it is time for fresh leadership at the Department of Justice", Putnam said. This was met with surprise by many Republicans, who were remaining silent on the Gonzales issue. However, Putnam mentioned that there remained severe discontent within the GOP circle over Gonzales and as the Chairman of the House Republican Conference, he thought that it was important to send this message out.In February 2009, Putnam declared himself a candidate for Florida Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services in the 2010 election and that he would not seek a sixth term in Congress. Putnam won the election over Democratic opponent Scott Maddox with 56% of the vote. He was reelected in 2014.As head of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Putnam was responsible for issuing concealed weapons permits after conducting background checks on applicants. An investigation by the Office of Inspector General found that from February 2016 until May 2017 the department stopped conducting national background checks on applicants for concealed weapons permits, because a worker could not log into an FBI database. More than 100,000 concealed carry permits were issued during this period without full screening. Putnam later said that 365 applicants should have been further backgrounded, and that 291 permits ended up being revoked for noncriminal disqualifying factors (drug abuse, mental illness, fugitives). Putnam pointed out that concealed carry permits do not allow gun purchases, which require a background check at the time of purchase. Florida Governor Rick Scott said that the incident was "disturbing" and "concerning" adding, "People need to do their jobs. This is public safety." Additional failures in conducting proper reviews of gun permit applications were reported in a 2012 report of the inspector general, including the issuance of gun licenses to felons, which occurred during the first years of Putnam's tenure, although certain instances occurred before Putnam's tenure.In response to the 2013 series "Worst Charities in America" by the "Tampa Bay Times" and the Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR)—the result of a year-long joint investigation, in 2014 Putnam crafted CS/SB 638 and CS/HB 629—legislation that was intended to crack down on "fraudulent and deceptive organizations" to prevent them from misusing charitable contributions donated by residents of Florida. The legislation "had passed two of their three referenced committees" by March 2014.In May 2017, Putnam announced his campaign for the governorship of Florida in the 2018 election to succeed term-limited Republican Rick Scott. He was one of eight candidates running for the Republican nomination.Putnam placed second in the primary election, which was won by U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis. However, as of April 2018, Putnam's campaign had acquired $19.2 million in campaign contributions, far more than any other candidate. His PAC, Florida Grown, has received large contributions from The Walt Disney Company ($824,442), Publix ($736,000), Florida Power and Light ($587,060) and U.S. Sugar ($560,000). The donations from Publix to Putnam drew public protest, including a die-in at a Publix supermarket, resulting from Putnam's claim of being a "proud NRA sell-out".
|
[
"member of the Florida House of Representatives",
"Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives",
"United States representative"
] |
|
Which position did Adam Putnam hold in 15/07/2012?
|
July 15, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Florida Commissioner of Agriculture"
]
}
|
L2_Q350663_P39_3
|
Adam Putnam holds the position of member of the Florida House of Representatives from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Adam Putnam holds the position of United States representative from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Florida Commissioner of Agriculture from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
|
Adam PutnamAdam Hughes Putnam (born July 31, 1974) is an American politician who served as the 11th Commissioner of Agriculture of Florida from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives for five terms, representing the Central Florida-based 12th congressional district. He chaired the House Republican Conference from 2007 to 2009.In May 2017, he announced he was running for Governor of Florida in the 2018 election. Putnam was initially considered the frontrunner for the Republican nomination, but lost the primary to U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis after President Donald Trump came out in open support of DeSantis. DeSantis went on to win the general election against Tallahassee Mayor and Democratic nominee Andrew Gillum. On March 13, 2019, it was announced that he would become the next CEO of Ducks Unlimited, starting June 30, 2019, after the retirement of Dale Hall.Putnam was born in Bartow, Florida, the son of Sarah Elizabeth (née Hughes) and William Dudley Putnam II. He graduated from Bartow High School and attended the University of Florida, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in food and resource economics.In 1996, Putnam was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, representing parts of Polk County. At 22 years old, he was the youngest person ever elected to the Florida Legislature. He was reelected to a second term in 1998. While in the state house, he served as chair of the Agriculture Committee.In 2000, Putnam ran for the U.S. House seat being vacated by retiring Congressman Charles Canady. The district, numbered the 12th, included all of Putnam's home constituency as well as other areas of Polk County and rural Central Florida. He faced no opposition in the Republican primary, and defeated Democrat Mike Stedem in the general election, 57 to 43%. Taking office when he was 26 years old, Putnam was the youngest member of Congress from 2001 to 2005. Putnam was reelected in 2002 to a redistricted seat that included most of Polk County as well as parts of neighboring Hillsborough and Osceola Counties. He was reelected three more times after that, serving a total of ten years in Congress.On October 10, 2002, Putnam voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq.In February 2006, Putnam became a member of the House leadership, assuming the role of chairman of the House Republican Policy Committee, the fifth-ranking Republican leadership position in the House. In November 2006, Putnam was elected by his colleagues as House Republican Conference Chairman, the third-highest ranking position. Following House Republican losses in the 2008 general election, he resigned his post as Conference Chairman. In 2010 "The Florida Independent" reported that Putnam had earmarked $100,000 for an abscission chemical used in citrus harvesting that "The Florida Independent" said would benefit his family's citrus business.Putnam was a signatory to the Taxpayer Protection Pledge. The American Conservative Union gave him a 91% evaluation.After the numerous calls by Democrats, including Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV), Putnam became the top Republican in either house to call for the ouster of former U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. "For the good of the nation, I think it is time for fresh leadership at the Department of Justice", Putnam said. This was met with surprise by many Republicans, who were remaining silent on the Gonzales issue. However, Putnam mentioned that there remained severe discontent within the GOP circle over Gonzales and as the Chairman of the House Republican Conference, he thought that it was important to send this message out.In February 2009, Putnam declared himself a candidate for Florida Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services in the 2010 election and that he would not seek a sixth term in Congress. Putnam won the election over Democratic opponent Scott Maddox with 56% of the vote. He was reelected in 2014.As head of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Putnam was responsible for issuing concealed weapons permits after conducting background checks on applicants. An investigation by the Office of Inspector General found that from February 2016 until May 2017 the department stopped conducting national background checks on applicants for concealed weapons permits, because a worker could not log into an FBI database. More than 100,000 concealed carry permits were issued during this period without full screening. Putnam later said that 365 applicants should have been further backgrounded, and that 291 permits ended up being revoked for noncriminal disqualifying factors (drug abuse, mental illness, fugitives). Putnam pointed out that concealed carry permits do not allow gun purchases, which require a background check at the time of purchase. Florida Governor Rick Scott said that the incident was "disturbing" and "concerning" adding, "People need to do their jobs. This is public safety." Additional failures in conducting proper reviews of gun permit applications were reported in a 2012 report of the inspector general, including the issuance of gun licenses to felons, which occurred during the first years of Putnam's tenure, although certain instances occurred before Putnam's tenure.In response to the 2013 series "Worst Charities in America" by the "Tampa Bay Times" and the Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR)—the result of a year-long joint investigation, in 2014 Putnam crafted CS/SB 638 and CS/HB 629—legislation that was intended to crack down on "fraudulent and deceptive organizations" to prevent them from misusing charitable contributions donated by residents of Florida. The legislation "had passed two of their three referenced committees" by March 2014.In May 2017, Putnam announced his campaign for the governorship of Florida in the 2018 election to succeed term-limited Republican Rick Scott. He was one of eight candidates running for the Republican nomination.Putnam placed second in the primary election, which was won by U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis. However, as of April 2018, Putnam's campaign had acquired $19.2 million in campaign contributions, far more than any other candidate. His PAC, Florida Grown, has received large contributions from The Walt Disney Company ($824,442), Publix ($736,000), Florida Power and Light ($587,060) and U.S. Sugar ($560,000). The donations from Publix to Putnam drew public protest, including a die-in at a Publix supermarket, resulting from Putnam's claim of being a "proud NRA sell-out".
|
[
"member of the Florida House of Representatives",
"Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives",
"United States representative"
] |
|
Which position did Adam Putnam hold in Jul 15, 2012?
|
July 15, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Florida Commissioner of Agriculture"
]
}
|
L2_Q350663_P39_3
|
Adam Putnam holds the position of member of the Florida House of Representatives from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Adam Putnam holds the position of United States representative from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Florida Commissioner of Agriculture from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
|
Adam PutnamAdam Hughes Putnam (born July 31, 1974) is an American politician who served as the 11th Commissioner of Agriculture of Florida from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives for five terms, representing the Central Florida-based 12th congressional district. He chaired the House Republican Conference from 2007 to 2009.In May 2017, he announced he was running for Governor of Florida in the 2018 election. Putnam was initially considered the frontrunner for the Republican nomination, but lost the primary to U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis after President Donald Trump came out in open support of DeSantis. DeSantis went on to win the general election against Tallahassee Mayor and Democratic nominee Andrew Gillum. On March 13, 2019, it was announced that he would become the next CEO of Ducks Unlimited, starting June 30, 2019, after the retirement of Dale Hall.Putnam was born in Bartow, Florida, the son of Sarah Elizabeth (née Hughes) and William Dudley Putnam II. He graduated from Bartow High School and attended the University of Florida, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in food and resource economics.In 1996, Putnam was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, representing parts of Polk County. At 22 years old, he was the youngest person ever elected to the Florida Legislature. He was reelected to a second term in 1998. While in the state house, he served as chair of the Agriculture Committee.In 2000, Putnam ran for the U.S. House seat being vacated by retiring Congressman Charles Canady. The district, numbered the 12th, included all of Putnam's home constituency as well as other areas of Polk County and rural Central Florida. He faced no opposition in the Republican primary, and defeated Democrat Mike Stedem in the general election, 57 to 43%. Taking office when he was 26 years old, Putnam was the youngest member of Congress from 2001 to 2005. Putnam was reelected in 2002 to a redistricted seat that included most of Polk County as well as parts of neighboring Hillsborough and Osceola Counties. He was reelected three more times after that, serving a total of ten years in Congress.On October 10, 2002, Putnam voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq.In February 2006, Putnam became a member of the House leadership, assuming the role of chairman of the House Republican Policy Committee, the fifth-ranking Republican leadership position in the House. In November 2006, Putnam was elected by his colleagues as House Republican Conference Chairman, the third-highest ranking position. Following House Republican losses in the 2008 general election, he resigned his post as Conference Chairman. In 2010 "The Florida Independent" reported that Putnam had earmarked $100,000 for an abscission chemical used in citrus harvesting that "The Florida Independent" said would benefit his family's citrus business.Putnam was a signatory to the Taxpayer Protection Pledge. The American Conservative Union gave him a 91% evaluation.After the numerous calls by Democrats, including Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV), Putnam became the top Republican in either house to call for the ouster of former U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. "For the good of the nation, I think it is time for fresh leadership at the Department of Justice", Putnam said. This was met with surprise by many Republicans, who were remaining silent on the Gonzales issue. However, Putnam mentioned that there remained severe discontent within the GOP circle over Gonzales and as the Chairman of the House Republican Conference, he thought that it was important to send this message out.In February 2009, Putnam declared himself a candidate for Florida Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services in the 2010 election and that he would not seek a sixth term in Congress. Putnam won the election over Democratic opponent Scott Maddox with 56% of the vote. He was reelected in 2014.As head of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Putnam was responsible for issuing concealed weapons permits after conducting background checks on applicants. An investigation by the Office of Inspector General found that from February 2016 until May 2017 the department stopped conducting national background checks on applicants for concealed weapons permits, because a worker could not log into an FBI database. More than 100,000 concealed carry permits were issued during this period without full screening. Putnam later said that 365 applicants should have been further backgrounded, and that 291 permits ended up being revoked for noncriminal disqualifying factors (drug abuse, mental illness, fugitives). Putnam pointed out that concealed carry permits do not allow gun purchases, which require a background check at the time of purchase. Florida Governor Rick Scott said that the incident was "disturbing" and "concerning" adding, "People need to do their jobs. This is public safety." Additional failures in conducting proper reviews of gun permit applications were reported in a 2012 report of the inspector general, including the issuance of gun licenses to felons, which occurred during the first years of Putnam's tenure, although certain instances occurred before Putnam's tenure.In response to the 2013 series "Worst Charities in America" by the "Tampa Bay Times" and the Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR)—the result of a year-long joint investigation, in 2014 Putnam crafted CS/SB 638 and CS/HB 629—legislation that was intended to crack down on "fraudulent and deceptive organizations" to prevent them from misusing charitable contributions donated by residents of Florida. The legislation "had passed two of their three referenced committees" by March 2014.In May 2017, Putnam announced his campaign for the governorship of Florida in the 2018 election to succeed term-limited Republican Rick Scott. He was one of eight candidates running for the Republican nomination.Putnam placed second in the primary election, which was won by U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis. However, as of April 2018, Putnam's campaign had acquired $19.2 million in campaign contributions, far more than any other candidate. His PAC, Florida Grown, has received large contributions from The Walt Disney Company ($824,442), Publix ($736,000), Florida Power and Light ($587,060) and U.S. Sugar ($560,000). The donations from Publix to Putnam drew public protest, including a die-in at a Publix supermarket, resulting from Putnam's claim of being a "proud NRA sell-out".
|
[
"member of the Florida House of Representatives",
"Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives",
"United States representative"
] |
|
Which position did Adam Putnam hold in 07/15/2012?
|
July 15, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Florida Commissioner of Agriculture"
]
}
|
L2_Q350663_P39_3
|
Adam Putnam holds the position of member of the Florida House of Representatives from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Adam Putnam holds the position of United States representative from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Florida Commissioner of Agriculture from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
|
Adam PutnamAdam Hughes Putnam (born July 31, 1974) is an American politician who served as the 11th Commissioner of Agriculture of Florida from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives for five terms, representing the Central Florida-based 12th congressional district. He chaired the House Republican Conference from 2007 to 2009.In May 2017, he announced he was running for Governor of Florida in the 2018 election. Putnam was initially considered the frontrunner for the Republican nomination, but lost the primary to U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis after President Donald Trump came out in open support of DeSantis. DeSantis went on to win the general election against Tallahassee Mayor and Democratic nominee Andrew Gillum. On March 13, 2019, it was announced that he would become the next CEO of Ducks Unlimited, starting June 30, 2019, after the retirement of Dale Hall.Putnam was born in Bartow, Florida, the son of Sarah Elizabeth (née Hughes) and William Dudley Putnam II. He graduated from Bartow High School and attended the University of Florida, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in food and resource economics.In 1996, Putnam was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, representing parts of Polk County. At 22 years old, he was the youngest person ever elected to the Florida Legislature. He was reelected to a second term in 1998. While in the state house, he served as chair of the Agriculture Committee.In 2000, Putnam ran for the U.S. House seat being vacated by retiring Congressman Charles Canady. The district, numbered the 12th, included all of Putnam's home constituency as well as other areas of Polk County and rural Central Florida. He faced no opposition in the Republican primary, and defeated Democrat Mike Stedem in the general election, 57 to 43%. Taking office when he was 26 years old, Putnam was the youngest member of Congress from 2001 to 2005. Putnam was reelected in 2002 to a redistricted seat that included most of Polk County as well as parts of neighboring Hillsborough and Osceola Counties. He was reelected three more times after that, serving a total of ten years in Congress.On October 10, 2002, Putnam voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq.In February 2006, Putnam became a member of the House leadership, assuming the role of chairman of the House Republican Policy Committee, the fifth-ranking Republican leadership position in the House. In November 2006, Putnam was elected by his colleagues as House Republican Conference Chairman, the third-highest ranking position. Following House Republican losses in the 2008 general election, he resigned his post as Conference Chairman. In 2010 "The Florida Independent" reported that Putnam had earmarked $100,000 for an abscission chemical used in citrus harvesting that "The Florida Independent" said would benefit his family's citrus business.Putnam was a signatory to the Taxpayer Protection Pledge. The American Conservative Union gave him a 91% evaluation.After the numerous calls by Democrats, including Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV), Putnam became the top Republican in either house to call for the ouster of former U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. "For the good of the nation, I think it is time for fresh leadership at the Department of Justice", Putnam said. This was met with surprise by many Republicans, who were remaining silent on the Gonzales issue. However, Putnam mentioned that there remained severe discontent within the GOP circle over Gonzales and as the Chairman of the House Republican Conference, he thought that it was important to send this message out.In February 2009, Putnam declared himself a candidate for Florida Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services in the 2010 election and that he would not seek a sixth term in Congress. Putnam won the election over Democratic opponent Scott Maddox with 56% of the vote. He was reelected in 2014.As head of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Putnam was responsible for issuing concealed weapons permits after conducting background checks on applicants. An investigation by the Office of Inspector General found that from February 2016 until May 2017 the department stopped conducting national background checks on applicants for concealed weapons permits, because a worker could not log into an FBI database. More than 100,000 concealed carry permits were issued during this period without full screening. Putnam later said that 365 applicants should have been further backgrounded, and that 291 permits ended up being revoked for noncriminal disqualifying factors (drug abuse, mental illness, fugitives). Putnam pointed out that concealed carry permits do not allow gun purchases, which require a background check at the time of purchase. Florida Governor Rick Scott said that the incident was "disturbing" and "concerning" adding, "People need to do their jobs. This is public safety." Additional failures in conducting proper reviews of gun permit applications were reported in a 2012 report of the inspector general, including the issuance of gun licenses to felons, which occurred during the first years of Putnam's tenure, although certain instances occurred before Putnam's tenure.In response to the 2013 series "Worst Charities in America" by the "Tampa Bay Times" and the Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR)—the result of a year-long joint investigation, in 2014 Putnam crafted CS/SB 638 and CS/HB 629—legislation that was intended to crack down on "fraudulent and deceptive organizations" to prevent them from misusing charitable contributions donated by residents of Florida. The legislation "had passed two of their three referenced committees" by March 2014.In May 2017, Putnam announced his campaign for the governorship of Florida in the 2018 election to succeed term-limited Republican Rick Scott. He was one of eight candidates running for the Republican nomination.Putnam placed second in the primary election, which was won by U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis. However, as of April 2018, Putnam's campaign had acquired $19.2 million in campaign contributions, far more than any other candidate. His PAC, Florida Grown, has received large contributions from The Walt Disney Company ($824,442), Publix ($736,000), Florida Power and Light ($587,060) and U.S. Sugar ($560,000). The donations from Publix to Putnam drew public protest, including a die-in at a Publix supermarket, resulting from Putnam's claim of being a "proud NRA sell-out".
|
[
"member of the Florida House of Representatives",
"Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives",
"United States representative"
] |
|
Which position did Adam Putnam hold in 15-Jul-201215-July-2012?
|
July 15, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Florida Commissioner of Agriculture"
]
}
|
L2_Q350663_P39_3
|
Adam Putnam holds the position of member of the Florida House of Representatives from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2001.
Adam Putnam holds the position of United States representative from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2003.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009.
Adam Putnam holds the position of Florida Commissioner of Agriculture from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
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Adam PutnamAdam Hughes Putnam (born July 31, 1974) is an American politician who served as the 11th Commissioner of Agriculture of Florida from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives for five terms, representing the Central Florida-based 12th congressional district. He chaired the House Republican Conference from 2007 to 2009.In May 2017, he announced he was running for Governor of Florida in the 2018 election. Putnam was initially considered the frontrunner for the Republican nomination, but lost the primary to U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis after President Donald Trump came out in open support of DeSantis. DeSantis went on to win the general election against Tallahassee Mayor and Democratic nominee Andrew Gillum. On March 13, 2019, it was announced that he would become the next CEO of Ducks Unlimited, starting June 30, 2019, after the retirement of Dale Hall.Putnam was born in Bartow, Florida, the son of Sarah Elizabeth (née Hughes) and William Dudley Putnam II. He graduated from Bartow High School and attended the University of Florida, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in food and resource economics.In 1996, Putnam was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, representing parts of Polk County. At 22 years old, he was the youngest person ever elected to the Florida Legislature. He was reelected to a second term in 1998. While in the state house, he served as chair of the Agriculture Committee.In 2000, Putnam ran for the U.S. House seat being vacated by retiring Congressman Charles Canady. The district, numbered the 12th, included all of Putnam's home constituency as well as other areas of Polk County and rural Central Florida. He faced no opposition in the Republican primary, and defeated Democrat Mike Stedem in the general election, 57 to 43%. Taking office when he was 26 years old, Putnam was the youngest member of Congress from 2001 to 2005. Putnam was reelected in 2002 to a redistricted seat that included most of Polk County as well as parts of neighboring Hillsborough and Osceola Counties. He was reelected three more times after that, serving a total of ten years in Congress.On October 10, 2002, Putnam voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq.In February 2006, Putnam became a member of the House leadership, assuming the role of chairman of the House Republican Policy Committee, the fifth-ranking Republican leadership position in the House. In November 2006, Putnam was elected by his colleagues as House Republican Conference Chairman, the third-highest ranking position. Following House Republican losses in the 2008 general election, he resigned his post as Conference Chairman. In 2010 "The Florida Independent" reported that Putnam had earmarked $100,000 for an abscission chemical used in citrus harvesting that "The Florida Independent" said would benefit his family's citrus business.Putnam was a signatory to the Taxpayer Protection Pledge. The American Conservative Union gave him a 91% evaluation.After the numerous calls by Democrats, including Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), Speaker of the House and Senate Majority Leader Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV), Putnam became the top Republican in either house to call for the ouster of former U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. "For the good of the nation, I think it is time for fresh leadership at the Department of Justice", Putnam said. This was met with surprise by many Republicans, who were remaining silent on the Gonzales issue. However, Putnam mentioned that there remained severe discontent within the GOP circle over Gonzales and as the Chairman of the House Republican Conference, he thought that it was important to send this message out.In February 2009, Putnam declared himself a candidate for Florida Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services in the 2010 election and that he would not seek a sixth term in Congress. Putnam won the election over Democratic opponent Scott Maddox with 56% of the vote. He was reelected in 2014.As head of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Putnam was responsible for issuing concealed weapons permits after conducting background checks on applicants. An investigation by the Office of Inspector General found that from February 2016 until May 2017 the department stopped conducting national background checks on applicants for concealed weapons permits, because a worker could not log into an FBI database. More than 100,000 concealed carry permits were issued during this period without full screening. Putnam later said that 365 applicants should have been further backgrounded, and that 291 permits ended up being revoked for noncriminal disqualifying factors (drug abuse, mental illness, fugitives). Putnam pointed out that concealed carry permits do not allow gun purchases, which require a background check at the time of purchase. Florida Governor Rick Scott said that the incident was "disturbing" and "concerning" adding, "People need to do their jobs. This is public safety." Additional failures in conducting proper reviews of gun permit applications were reported in a 2012 report of the inspector general, including the issuance of gun licenses to felons, which occurred during the first years of Putnam's tenure, although certain instances occurred before Putnam's tenure.In response to the 2013 series "Worst Charities in America" by the "Tampa Bay Times" and the Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR)—the result of a year-long joint investigation, in 2014 Putnam crafted CS/SB 638 and CS/HB 629—legislation that was intended to crack down on "fraudulent and deceptive organizations" to prevent them from misusing charitable contributions donated by residents of Florida. The legislation "had passed two of their three referenced committees" by March 2014.In May 2017, Putnam announced his campaign for the governorship of Florida in the 2018 election to succeed term-limited Republican Rick Scott. He was one of eight candidates running for the Republican nomination.Putnam placed second in the primary election, which was won by U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis. However, as of April 2018, Putnam's campaign had acquired $19.2 million in campaign contributions, far more than any other candidate. His PAC, Florida Grown, has received large contributions from The Walt Disney Company ($824,442), Publix ($736,000), Florida Power and Light ($587,060) and U.S. Sugar ($560,000). The donations from Publix to Putnam drew public protest, including a die-in at a Publix supermarket, resulting from Putnam's claim of being a "proud NRA sell-out".
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[
"member of the Florida House of Representatives",
"Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives",
"United States representative"
] |
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