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Who was the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia in Apr, 2020?	April 11, 2020	{ "text": [ "Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic" ] }	L2_Q12142696_P488_5	Viacheslav Pokhvalsky is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jun, 1998 to Mar, 2004. Victor Kalnik is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Feb, 2007 to Mar, 2011. Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Jurij Rylatsch is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006. Mikola Baltazhi is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2011 to Jul, 2018. Oleksandr Vorobyov is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1998.	Embassy of Ukraine, SofiaThe Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia is an embassy located in Sofia, Bulgaria. It is hosts the primary diplomatic mission from Ukraine to the Republic of Bulgaria.Ukraine and Bulgaria first established diplomatic relations on February 9, 1918, with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk during the First World War. The treaty was signed between the Soviet Union (which had recently come to power after overthrowing the tsarist government of the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers (The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria). The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw Russian troops from the Eastern Front of the war and make peace with the Central Powers. Part of the agreement was the establishment of diplomatic relations between the governments of the Central Powers and the governments of the newly independent Eastern European republics that had gained independence from Russia during the Russian Revolution. One of these newly independent Eastern Europeans states was the Ukrainian People's Republic. Thus, the treaty caused Bulgaria and Ukraine to establish diplomatic ties. Oleksandr Shulhin, a prominent Ukrainian politician, became the first Ukrainian ambassador to Bulgaria. The diplomatic relations were ultimately short lived, as the Ukrainian People's Republic was eventually forced to join the Soviet Union in 1922. Coming under supremacy from Moscow once again, Ukraine was forced to break off the diplomatic relations it had established during its brief experience with independence. Bulgaria and Ukraine re-established diplomatic relations on December 13, 1991, shortly after Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union and became the modern sovereign state known as the Republic of Ukraine. The two countries have enjoyed positive and productive relations ever since 1991. Bulgaria, as a member of the European Union, has supported Ukraine in its efforts to become closer with the EU and with Western Europe in general.Bulgaria supported Ukraine's claim to the Crimean Peninsula over Russia's claim during the Crimean Crisis of 2014. During the crisis, then President of Bulgaria, Rosen Plevneliev, stated "Bulgaria is for preserving the sovereignty, the territorial integrity and the democratic future of Ukraine."In addition to the Ukrainian embassy in Sofia, a Bulgarian embassy was established in the Capital of Ukraine, Kyiv (see Embassy of Bulgaria, Kyiv). The two countries also have consulate-generals in each others' borders. Bulgaria maintains a consulate-general in Odessa and Ukraine maintains a consulate-general in Varna. The Ukrainian embassy in Sofia provides various consular services, such as "visa, passport, document legalization [and] emergency travel assistance". The embassy's stated purpose is to "help the government of Ukraine to maintain cordial economic, political, cultural, social and other transnational ties with the government of Bulgaria."	[ "Viacheslav Pokhvalsky", "Victor Kalnik", "Mikola Baltazhi", "Oleksandr Vorobyov", "Jurij Rylatsch" ]
Who was the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia in 2020-04-11?	April 11, 2020	{ "text": [ "Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic" ] }	L2_Q12142696_P488_5	Viacheslav Pokhvalsky is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jun, 1998 to Mar, 2004. Victor Kalnik is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Feb, 2007 to Mar, 2011. Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Jurij Rylatsch is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006. Mikola Baltazhi is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2011 to Jul, 2018. Oleksandr Vorobyov is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1998.	Embassy of Ukraine, SofiaThe Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia is an embassy located in Sofia, Bulgaria. It is hosts the primary diplomatic mission from Ukraine to the Republic of Bulgaria.Ukraine and Bulgaria first established diplomatic relations on February 9, 1918, with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk during the First World War. The treaty was signed between the Soviet Union (which had recently come to power after overthrowing the tsarist government of the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers (The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria). The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw Russian troops from the Eastern Front of the war and make peace with the Central Powers. Part of the agreement was the establishment of diplomatic relations between the governments of the Central Powers and the governments of the newly independent Eastern European republics that had gained independence from Russia during the Russian Revolution. One of these newly independent Eastern Europeans states was the Ukrainian People's Republic. Thus, the treaty caused Bulgaria and Ukraine to establish diplomatic ties. Oleksandr Shulhin, a prominent Ukrainian politician, became the first Ukrainian ambassador to Bulgaria. The diplomatic relations were ultimately short lived, as the Ukrainian People's Republic was eventually forced to join the Soviet Union in 1922. Coming under supremacy from Moscow once again, Ukraine was forced to break off the diplomatic relations it had established during its brief experience with independence. Bulgaria and Ukraine re-established diplomatic relations on December 13, 1991, shortly after Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union and became the modern sovereign state known as the Republic of Ukraine. The two countries have enjoyed positive and productive relations ever since 1991. Bulgaria, as a member of the European Union, has supported Ukraine in its efforts to become closer with the EU and with Western Europe in general.Bulgaria supported Ukraine's claim to the Crimean Peninsula over Russia's claim during the Crimean Crisis of 2014. During the crisis, then President of Bulgaria, Rosen Plevneliev, stated "Bulgaria is for preserving the sovereignty, the territorial integrity and the democratic future of Ukraine."In addition to the Ukrainian embassy in Sofia, a Bulgarian embassy was established in the Capital of Ukraine, Kyiv (see Embassy of Bulgaria, Kyiv). The two countries also have consulate-generals in each others' borders. Bulgaria maintains a consulate-general in Odessa and Ukraine maintains a consulate-general in Varna. The Ukrainian embassy in Sofia provides various consular services, such as "visa, passport, document legalization [and] emergency travel assistance". The embassy's stated purpose is to "help the government of Ukraine to maintain cordial economic, political, cultural, social and other transnational ties with the government of Bulgaria."	[ "Viacheslav Pokhvalsky", "Victor Kalnik", "Mikola Baltazhi", "Oleksandr Vorobyov", "Jurij Rylatsch" ]
Who was the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia in 11/04/2020?	April 11, 2020	{ "text": [ "Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic" ] }	L2_Q12142696_P488_5	Viacheslav Pokhvalsky is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jun, 1998 to Mar, 2004. Victor Kalnik is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Feb, 2007 to Mar, 2011. Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Jurij Rylatsch is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006. Mikola Baltazhi is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2011 to Jul, 2018. Oleksandr Vorobyov is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1998.	Embassy of Ukraine, SofiaThe Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia is an embassy located in Sofia, Bulgaria. It is hosts the primary diplomatic mission from Ukraine to the Republic of Bulgaria.Ukraine and Bulgaria first established diplomatic relations on February 9, 1918, with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk during the First World War. The treaty was signed between the Soviet Union (which had recently come to power after overthrowing the tsarist government of the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers (The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria). The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw Russian troops from the Eastern Front of the war and make peace with the Central Powers. Part of the agreement was the establishment of diplomatic relations between the governments of the Central Powers and the governments of the newly independent Eastern European republics that had gained independence from Russia during the Russian Revolution. One of these newly independent Eastern Europeans states was the Ukrainian People's Republic. Thus, the treaty caused Bulgaria and Ukraine to establish diplomatic ties. Oleksandr Shulhin, a prominent Ukrainian politician, became the first Ukrainian ambassador to Bulgaria. The diplomatic relations were ultimately short lived, as the Ukrainian People's Republic was eventually forced to join the Soviet Union in 1922. Coming under supremacy from Moscow once again, Ukraine was forced to break off the diplomatic relations it had established during its brief experience with independence. Bulgaria and Ukraine re-established diplomatic relations on December 13, 1991, shortly after Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union and became the modern sovereign state known as the Republic of Ukraine. The two countries have enjoyed positive and productive relations ever since 1991. Bulgaria, as a member of the European Union, has supported Ukraine in its efforts to become closer with the EU and with Western Europe in general.Bulgaria supported Ukraine's claim to the Crimean Peninsula over Russia's claim during the Crimean Crisis of 2014. During the crisis, then President of Bulgaria, Rosen Plevneliev, stated "Bulgaria is for preserving the sovereignty, the territorial integrity and the democratic future of Ukraine."In addition to the Ukrainian embassy in Sofia, a Bulgarian embassy was established in the Capital of Ukraine, Kyiv (see Embassy of Bulgaria, Kyiv). The two countries also have consulate-generals in each others' borders. Bulgaria maintains a consulate-general in Odessa and Ukraine maintains a consulate-general in Varna. The Ukrainian embassy in Sofia provides various consular services, such as "visa, passport, document legalization [and] emergency travel assistance". The embassy's stated purpose is to "help the government of Ukraine to maintain cordial economic, political, cultural, social and other transnational ties with the government of Bulgaria."	[ "Viacheslav Pokhvalsky", "Victor Kalnik", "Mikola Baltazhi", "Oleksandr Vorobyov", "Jurij Rylatsch" ]
Who was the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia in Apr 11, 2020?	April 11, 2020	{ "text": [ "Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic" ] }	L2_Q12142696_P488_5	Viacheslav Pokhvalsky is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jun, 1998 to Mar, 2004. Victor Kalnik is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Feb, 2007 to Mar, 2011. Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Jurij Rylatsch is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006. Mikola Baltazhi is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2011 to Jul, 2018. Oleksandr Vorobyov is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1998.	Embassy of Ukraine, SofiaThe Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia is an embassy located in Sofia, Bulgaria. It is hosts the primary diplomatic mission from Ukraine to the Republic of Bulgaria.Ukraine and Bulgaria first established diplomatic relations on February 9, 1918, with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk during the First World War. The treaty was signed between the Soviet Union (which had recently come to power after overthrowing the tsarist government of the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers (The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria). The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw Russian troops from the Eastern Front of the war and make peace with the Central Powers. Part of the agreement was the establishment of diplomatic relations between the governments of the Central Powers and the governments of the newly independent Eastern European republics that had gained independence from Russia during the Russian Revolution. One of these newly independent Eastern Europeans states was the Ukrainian People's Republic. Thus, the treaty caused Bulgaria and Ukraine to establish diplomatic ties. Oleksandr Shulhin, a prominent Ukrainian politician, became the first Ukrainian ambassador to Bulgaria. The diplomatic relations were ultimately short lived, as the Ukrainian People's Republic was eventually forced to join the Soviet Union in 1922. Coming under supremacy from Moscow once again, Ukraine was forced to break off the diplomatic relations it had established during its brief experience with independence. Bulgaria and Ukraine re-established diplomatic relations on December 13, 1991, shortly after Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union and became the modern sovereign state known as the Republic of Ukraine. The two countries have enjoyed positive and productive relations ever since 1991. Bulgaria, as a member of the European Union, has supported Ukraine in its efforts to become closer with the EU and with Western Europe in general.Bulgaria supported Ukraine's claim to the Crimean Peninsula over Russia's claim during the Crimean Crisis of 2014. During the crisis, then President of Bulgaria, Rosen Plevneliev, stated "Bulgaria is for preserving the sovereignty, the territorial integrity and the democratic future of Ukraine."In addition to the Ukrainian embassy in Sofia, a Bulgarian embassy was established in the Capital of Ukraine, Kyiv (see Embassy of Bulgaria, Kyiv). The two countries also have consulate-generals in each others' borders. Bulgaria maintains a consulate-general in Odessa and Ukraine maintains a consulate-general in Varna. The Ukrainian embassy in Sofia provides various consular services, such as "visa, passport, document legalization [and] emergency travel assistance". The embassy's stated purpose is to "help the government of Ukraine to maintain cordial economic, political, cultural, social and other transnational ties with the government of Bulgaria."	[ "Viacheslav Pokhvalsky", "Victor Kalnik", "Mikola Baltazhi", "Oleksandr Vorobyov", "Jurij Rylatsch" ]
Who was the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia in 04/11/2020?	April 11, 2020	{ "text": [ "Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic" ] }	L2_Q12142696_P488_5	Viacheslav Pokhvalsky is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jun, 1998 to Mar, 2004. Victor Kalnik is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Feb, 2007 to Mar, 2011. Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Jurij Rylatsch is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006. Mikola Baltazhi is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2011 to Jul, 2018. Oleksandr Vorobyov is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1998.	Embassy of Ukraine, SofiaThe Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia is an embassy located in Sofia, Bulgaria. It is hosts the primary diplomatic mission from Ukraine to the Republic of Bulgaria.Ukraine and Bulgaria first established diplomatic relations on February 9, 1918, with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk during the First World War. The treaty was signed between the Soviet Union (which had recently come to power after overthrowing the tsarist government of the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers (The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria). The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw Russian troops from the Eastern Front of the war and make peace with the Central Powers. Part of the agreement was the establishment of diplomatic relations between the governments of the Central Powers and the governments of the newly independent Eastern European republics that had gained independence from Russia during the Russian Revolution. One of these newly independent Eastern Europeans states was the Ukrainian People's Republic. Thus, the treaty caused Bulgaria and Ukraine to establish diplomatic ties. Oleksandr Shulhin, a prominent Ukrainian politician, became the first Ukrainian ambassador to Bulgaria. The diplomatic relations were ultimately short lived, as the Ukrainian People's Republic was eventually forced to join the Soviet Union in 1922. Coming under supremacy from Moscow once again, Ukraine was forced to break off the diplomatic relations it had established during its brief experience with independence. Bulgaria and Ukraine re-established diplomatic relations on December 13, 1991, shortly after Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union and became the modern sovereign state known as the Republic of Ukraine. The two countries have enjoyed positive and productive relations ever since 1991. Bulgaria, as a member of the European Union, has supported Ukraine in its efforts to become closer with the EU and with Western Europe in general.Bulgaria supported Ukraine's claim to the Crimean Peninsula over Russia's claim during the Crimean Crisis of 2014. During the crisis, then President of Bulgaria, Rosen Plevneliev, stated "Bulgaria is for preserving the sovereignty, the territorial integrity and the democratic future of Ukraine."In addition to the Ukrainian embassy in Sofia, a Bulgarian embassy was established in the Capital of Ukraine, Kyiv (see Embassy of Bulgaria, Kyiv). The two countries also have consulate-generals in each others' borders. Bulgaria maintains a consulate-general in Odessa and Ukraine maintains a consulate-general in Varna. The Ukrainian embassy in Sofia provides various consular services, such as "visa, passport, document legalization [and] emergency travel assistance". The embassy's stated purpose is to "help the government of Ukraine to maintain cordial economic, political, cultural, social and other transnational ties with the government of Bulgaria."	[ "Viacheslav Pokhvalsky", "Victor Kalnik", "Mikola Baltazhi", "Oleksandr Vorobyov", "Jurij Rylatsch" ]
Who was the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia in 11-Apr-202011-April-2020?	April 11, 2020	{ "text": [ "Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic" ] }	L2_Q12142696_P488_5	Viacheslav Pokhvalsky is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jun, 1998 to Mar, 2004. Victor Kalnik is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Feb, 2007 to Mar, 2011. Moskalenko Vitalij Anatolijovic is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Jurij Rylatsch is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2004 to Jun, 2006. Mikola Baltazhi is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Mar, 2011 to Jul, 2018. Oleksandr Vorobyov is the chair of Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1998.	Embassy of Ukraine, SofiaThe Embassy of Ukraine, Sofia is an embassy located in Sofia, Bulgaria. It is hosts the primary diplomatic mission from Ukraine to the Republic of Bulgaria.Ukraine and Bulgaria first established diplomatic relations on February 9, 1918, with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk during the First World War. The treaty was signed between the Soviet Union (which had recently come to power after overthrowing the tsarist government of the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers (The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria). The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw Russian troops from the Eastern Front of the war and make peace with the Central Powers. Part of the agreement was the establishment of diplomatic relations between the governments of the Central Powers and the governments of the newly independent Eastern European republics that had gained independence from Russia during the Russian Revolution. One of these newly independent Eastern Europeans states was the Ukrainian People's Republic. Thus, the treaty caused Bulgaria and Ukraine to establish diplomatic ties. Oleksandr Shulhin, a prominent Ukrainian politician, became the first Ukrainian ambassador to Bulgaria. The diplomatic relations were ultimately short lived, as the Ukrainian People's Republic was eventually forced to join the Soviet Union in 1922. Coming under supremacy from Moscow once again, Ukraine was forced to break off the diplomatic relations it had established during its brief experience with independence. Bulgaria and Ukraine re-established diplomatic relations on December 13, 1991, shortly after Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union and became the modern sovereign state known as the Republic of Ukraine. The two countries have enjoyed positive and productive relations ever since 1991. Bulgaria, as a member of the European Union, has supported Ukraine in its efforts to become closer with the EU and with Western Europe in general.Bulgaria supported Ukraine's claim to the Crimean Peninsula over Russia's claim during the Crimean Crisis of 2014. During the crisis, then President of Bulgaria, Rosen Plevneliev, stated "Bulgaria is for preserving the sovereignty, the territorial integrity and the democratic future of Ukraine."In addition to the Ukrainian embassy in Sofia, a Bulgarian embassy was established in the Capital of Ukraine, Kyiv (see Embassy of Bulgaria, Kyiv). The two countries also have consulate-generals in each others' borders. Bulgaria maintains a consulate-general in Odessa and Ukraine maintains a consulate-general in Varna. The Ukrainian embassy in Sofia provides various consular services, such as "visa, passport, document legalization [and] emergency travel assistance". The embassy's stated purpose is to "help the government of Ukraine to maintain cordial economic, political, cultural, social and other transnational ties with the government of Bulgaria."	[ "Viacheslav Pokhvalsky", "Victor Kalnik", "Mikola Baltazhi", "Oleksandr Vorobyov", "Jurij Rylatsch" ]
Which team did Mathias Kouo-Doumbé play for in Jan, 2002?	January 29, 2002	{ "text": [ "Hibernian F.C." ] }	L2_Q3298578_P54_0	Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Hibernian F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004.	Mathias Kouo-DoumbéMathias Kouo-Doumbé (born 28 October 1979), often known simply as Mat or Mathias Doumbé, is a French former footballer.He began his career in his native France, where he was on the books of Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team. He moved to Scotland in 2001 to play for Premier League club Hibernian, and went on to spend three years with the club, playing in the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final. He switched to English club Plymouth Argyle in May 2004, and spent five seasons playing in the Championship. He dropped down a division when he joined Milton Keynes Dons for a four-year spell in August 2009. After a four-year spell with the Dons, he signed with League Two side Northampton Town in September 2013.Doumbé, the son of a Cameroonian father, was offered a place at Clairefontaine at the age of 13 alongside his friend Philippe Christanval, but his parents turned down the offer as they wanted him to focus on his schoolwork. Nevertheless, he won a contract at Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team against Romania, only to be shown the door at the Parc des Princes after picking up a serious ankle injury.Doumbé was signed by Alex McLeish at Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in October 2001. He did not feature in the "Hibs" side in the 2001–02 season, but was still handed a new one-year deal in June 2002.He made his debut on 18 August 2002, conceding a penalty in a 4–2 defeat to Rangers at Easter Road. He made a further 14 appearances in the 2002–03 season, as new boss Bobby Williamson searched for a solution to the club's poor defensive record.In August 2003, it was reported that Dundee United boss Ian McCall had offered a cash sum plus David McCracken in exchange for Doumbé. He scored his first senior goal on 27 September, in a 2–1 home defeat to Celtic. He established himself at centre-back during the 2003–04 season, and played in the League Cup final defeat to Livingston at Hampden Park. At the end of the campaign he rejected the offer of a new contract after being linked with a move to Rangers.Doumbé turned down a three-year deal at Hibernian when he joined his former manager Bobby Williamson at Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer in May 2004. He enjoyed an impressive start to the 2004–05 season, and was soon linked with a move to Premier League side Everton. Days after being linked with a move away from Home Park, he was described by Williamson as being "very committed and very brave, or foolish, whatever way you want to look at it" after he required 24 stitches in his head after challenging for the ball in a 2–1 defeat to Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.He firmly established himself in the first team in the 2005–06 campaign, making a total of 43 Championship appearances as new boss Tony Pulis focused on shoring up the defence. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2006.He continued to be an important player after Ian Holloway replaced Pulis as manager, and he played 30 games in the 2006–07 season.Doumbé featured just 14 times for the "Pilgrims" in the 2007–08 season, with Paul Sturrock (yet another new manager) generally preferring the central defensive partnership of Marcel Seip and Krisztián Timár. In May 2008, Doumbé signed a two-year extension to his contract, as he became Argyle's longest-serving outfield player, second only to goalkeeper Romain Larrieu.Loan signing Craig Cathcart was generally preferred to play alongside Marcel Seip in the 2008–09 season, limiting Doumbé to 24 appearances. Doumbé had a trial with Millwall in July 2009 after "Lions" boss Kenny Jackett admitted that he was short on defenders. His contract with Argyle was cancelled by mutual consent the following month.Doumbé signed with Milton Keynes Dons on 7 August 2009. He played his first game for The Dons the following day at Stadium mk in a 0–0 draw with Hartlepool United. He went on to play 39 games in the 2009–10 campaign as Paul Ince led the club to a 12th-place finish in League One.He made 51 appearances in the 2010–11 campaign as new boss Karl Robinson took MK to the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Peterborough United. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2011.He missed the first six weeks of the 2011–12 season with an ankle injury picked up in a friendly defeat to Oxford United. He went on to score five goals despite featuring in just 23 games, and was absent from the end-of-season run-in that ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Huddersfield Town.Doumbé featured 28 times in the 2012–13 campaign and was released in May 2013.He went on trial at Port Vale in July 2013, but did not sign a contract; manager Micky Adams said that "It's well documented that I would have liked to have brought in Matt Doumbe, but that's not been possible."In September 2013, Doumbé joined League Two side Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager Aidy Boothroyd said that "He's got more cuts and bruises on his head than I've ever seen in a centre-half, which is a good sign. He's brave, he's calm under pressure and he'll get his share of goals."On 21 September 2013, Doumbé made his debut for Northampton in a 3–0 defeat at Mansfield Town, with the third of Mansfield's goals being an own-goal by Doumbé. Doumbé was used regularly in central defence as Northampton's form improved after new manager Chris Wilder arrived at Sixfields in January. However, despite chipping in with three goals in the second half of the season, including the winner in the final game against Oxford - a win which ultimately secured Northampton's safety in League Two, Doumbé was not offered a new contract for the 2014–15 season.Doumbé prefers to play on the right-side of central defence. He is a speedy player with good heading and marking abilities.Hibernian	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Milton Keynes Dons F.C.", "Northampton Town F.C." ]
Which team did Mathias Kouo-Doumbé play for in 2002-01-29?	January 29, 2002	{ "text": [ "Hibernian F.C." ] }	L2_Q3298578_P54_0	Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Hibernian F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004.	Mathias Kouo-DoumbéMathias Kouo-Doumbé (born 28 October 1979), often known simply as Mat or Mathias Doumbé, is a French former footballer.He began his career in his native France, where he was on the books of Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team. He moved to Scotland in 2001 to play for Premier League club Hibernian, and went on to spend three years with the club, playing in the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final. He switched to English club Plymouth Argyle in May 2004, and spent five seasons playing in the Championship. He dropped down a division when he joined Milton Keynes Dons for a four-year spell in August 2009. After a four-year spell with the Dons, he signed with League Two side Northampton Town in September 2013.Doumbé, the son of a Cameroonian father, was offered a place at Clairefontaine at the age of 13 alongside his friend Philippe Christanval, but his parents turned down the offer as they wanted him to focus on his schoolwork. Nevertheless, he won a contract at Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team against Romania, only to be shown the door at the Parc des Princes after picking up a serious ankle injury.Doumbé was signed by Alex McLeish at Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in October 2001. He did not feature in the "Hibs" side in the 2001–02 season, but was still handed a new one-year deal in June 2002.He made his debut on 18 August 2002, conceding a penalty in a 4–2 defeat to Rangers at Easter Road. He made a further 14 appearances in the 2002–03 season, as new boss Bobby Williamson searched for a solution to the club's poor defensive record.In August 2003, it was reported that Dundee United boss Ian McCall had offered a cash sum plus David McCracken in exchange for Doumbé. He scored his first senior goal on 27 September, in a 2–1 home defeat to Celtic. He established himself at centre-back during the 2003–04 season, and played in the League Cup final defeat to Livingston at Hampden Park. At the end of the campaign he rejected the offer of a new contract after being linked with a move to Rangers.Doumbé turned down a three-year deal at Hibernian when he joined his former manager Bobby Williamson at Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer in May 2004. He enjoyed an impressive start to the 2004–05 season, and was soon linked with a move to Premier League side Everton. Days after being linked with a move away from Home Park, he was described by Williamson as being "very committed and very brave, or foolish, whatever way you want to look at it" after he required 24 stitches in his head after challenging for the ball in a 2–1 defeat to Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.He firmly established himself in the first team in the 2005–06 campaign, making a total of 43 Championship appearances as new boss Tony Pulis focused on shoring up the defence. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2006.He continued to be an important player after Ian Holloway replaced Pulis as manager, and he played 30 games in the 2006–07 season.Doumbé featured just 14 times for the "Pilgrims" in the 2007–08 season, with Paul Sturrock (yet another new manager) generally preferring the central defensive partnership of Marcel Seip and Krisztián Timár. In May 2008, Doumbé signed a two-year extension to his contract, as he became Argyle's longest-serving outfield player, second only to goalkeeper Romain Larrieu.Loan signing Craig Cathcart was generally preferred to play alongside Marcel Seip in the 2008–09 season, limiting Doumbé to 24 appearances. Doumbé had a trial with Millwall in July 2009 after "Lions" boss Kenny Jackett admitted that he was short on defenders. His contract with Argyle was cancelled by mutual consent the following month.Doumbé signed with Milton Keynes Dons on 7 August 2009. He played his first game for The Dons the following day at Stadium mk in a 0–0 draw with Hartlepool United. He went on to play 39 games in the 2009–10 campaign as Paul Ince led the club to a 12th-place finish in League One.He made 51 appearances in the 2010–11 campaign as new boss Karl Robinson took MK to the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Peterborough United. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2011.He missed the first six weeks of the 2011–12 season with an ankle injury picked up in a friendly defeat to Oxford United. He went on to score five goals despite featuring in just 23 games, and was absent from the end-of-season run-in that ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Huddersfield Town.Doumbé featured 28 times in the 2012–13 campaign and was released in May 2013.He went on trial at Port Vale in July 2013, but did not sign a contract; manager Micky Adams said that "It's well documented that I would have liked to have brought in Matt Doumbe, but that's not been possible."In September 2013, Doumbé joined League Two side Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager Aidy Boothroyd said that "He's got more cuts and bruises on his head than I've ever seen in a centre-half, which is a good sign. He's brave, he's calm under pressure and he'll get his share of goals."On 21 September 2013, Doumbé made his debut for Northampton in a 3–0 defeat at Mansfield Town, with the third of Mansfield's goals being an own-goal by Doumbé. Doumbé was used regularly in central defence as Northampton's form improved after new manager Chris Wilder arrived at Sixfields in January. However, despite chipping in with three goals in the second half of the season, including the winner in the final game against Oxford - a win which ultimately secured Northampton's safety in League Two, Doumbé was not offered a new contract for the 2014–15 season.Doumbé prefers to play on the right-side of central defence. He is a speedy player with good heading and marking abilities.Hibernian	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Milton Keynes Dons F.C.", "Northampton Town F.C." ]
Which team did Mathias Kouo-Doumbé play for in 29/01/2002?	January 29, 2002	{ "text": [ "Hibernian F.C." ] }	L2_Q3298578_P54_0	Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Hibernian F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004.	Mathias Kouo-DoumbéMathias Kouo-Doumbé (born 28 October 1979), often known simply as Mat or Mathias Doumbé, is a French former footballer.He began his career in his native France, where he was on the books of Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team. He moved to Scotland in 2001 to play for Premier League club Hibernian, and went on to spend three years with the club, playing in the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final. He switched to English club Plymouth Argyle in May 2004, and spent five seasons playing in the Championship. He dropped down a division when he joined Milton Keynes Dons for a four-year spell in August 2009. After a four-year spell with the Dons, he signed with League Two side Northampton Town in September 2013.Doumbé, the son of a Cameroonian father, was offered a place at Clairefontaine at the age of 13 alongside his friend Philippe Christanval, but his parents turned down the offer as they wanted him to focus on his schoolwork. Nevertheless, he won a contract at Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team against Romania, only to be shown the door at the Parc des Princes after picking up a serious ankle injury.Doumbé was signed by Alex McLeish at Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in October 2001. He did not feature in the "Hibs" side in the 2001–02 season, but was still handed a new one-year deal in June 2002.He made his debut on 18 August 2002, conceding a penalty in a 4–2 defeat to Rangers at Easter Road. He made a further 14 appearances in the 2002–03 season, as new boss Bobby Williamson searched for a solution to the club's poor defensive record.In August 2003, it was reported that Dundee United boss Ian McCall had offered a cash sum plus David McCracken in exchange for Doumbé. He scored his first senior goal on 27 September, in a 2–1 home defeat to Celtic. He established himself at centre-back during the 2003–04 season, and played in the League Cup final defeat to Livingston at Hampden Park. At the end of the campaign he rejected the offer of a new contract after being linked with a move to Rangers.Doumbé turned down a three-year deal at Hibernian when he joined his former manager Bobby Williamson at Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer in May 2004. He enjoyed an impressive start to the 2004–05 season, and was soon linked with a move to Premier League side Everton. Days after being linked with a move away from Home Park, he was described by Williamson as being "very committed and very brave, or foolish, whatever way you want to look at it" after he required 24 stitches in his head after challenging for the ball in a 2–1 defeat to Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.He firmly established himself in the first team in the 2005–06 campaign, making a total of 43 Championship appearances as new boss Tony Pulis focused on shoring up the defence. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2006.He continued to be an important player after Ian Holloway replaced Pulis as manager, and he played 30 games in the 2006–07 season.Doumbé featured just 14 times for the "Pilgrims" in the 2007–08 season, with Paul Sturrock (yet another new manager) generally preferring the central defensive partnership of Marcel Seip and Krisztián Timár. In May 2008, Doumbé signed a two-year extension to his contract, as he became Argyle's longest-serving outfield player, second only to goalkeeper Romain Larrieu.Loan signing Craig Cathcart was generally preferred to play alongside Marcel Seip in the 2008–09 season, limiting Doumbé to 24 appearances. Doumbé had a trial with Millwall in July 2009 after "Lions" boss Kenny Jackett admitted that he was short on defenders. His contract with Argyle was cancelled by mutual consent the following month.Doumbé signed with Milton Keynes Dons on 7 August 2009. He played his first game for The Dons the following day at Stadium mk in a 0–0 draw with Hartlepool United. He went on to play 39 games in the 2009–10 campaign as Paul Ince led the club to a 12th-place finish in League One.He made 51 appearances in the 2010–11 campaign as new boss Karl Robinson took MK to the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Peterborough United. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2011.He missed the first six weeks of the 2011–12 season with an ankle injury picked up in a friendly defeat to Oxford United. He went on to score five goals despite featuring in just 23 games, and was absent from the end-of-season run-in that ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Huddersfield Town.Doumbé featured 28 times in the 2012–13 campaign and was released in May 2013.He went on trial at Port Vale in July 2013, but did not sign a contract; manager Micky Adams said that "It's well documented that I would have liked to have brought in Matt Doumbe, but that's not been possible."In September 2013, Doumbé joined League Two side Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager Aidy Boothroyd said that "He's got more cuts and bruises on his head than I've ever seen in a centre-half, which is a good sign. He's brave, he's calm under pressure and he'll get his share of goals."On 21 September 2013, Doumbé made his debut for Northampton in a 3–0 defeat at Mansfield Town, with the third of Mansfield's goals being an own-goal by Doumbé. Doumbé was used regularly in central defence as Northampton's form improved after new manager Chris Wilder arrived at Sixfields in January. However, despite chipping in with three goals in the second half of the season, including the winner in the final game against Oxford - a win which ultimately secured Northampton's safety in League Two, Doumbé was not offered a new contract for the 2014–15 season.Doumbé prefers to play on the right-side of central defence. He is a speedy player with good heading and marking abilities.Hibernian	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Milton Keynes Dons F.C.", "Northampton Town F.C." ]
Which team did Mathias Kouo-Doumbé play for in Jan 29, 2002?	January 29, 2002	{ "text": [ "Hibernian F.C." ] }	L2_Q3298578_P54_0	Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Hibernian F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004.	Mathias Kouo-DoumbéMathias Kouo-Doumbé (born 28 October 1979), often known simply as Mat or Mathias Doumbé, is a French former footballer.He began his career in his native France, where he was on the books of Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team. He moved to Scotland in 2001 to play for Premier League club Hibernian, and went on to spend three years with the club, playing in the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final. He switched to English club Plymouth Argyle in May 2004, and spent five seasons playing in the Championship. He dropped down a division when he joined Milton Keynes Dons for a four-year spell in August 2009. After a four-year spell with the Dons, he signed with League Two side Northampton Town in September 2013.Doumbé, the son of a Cameroonian father, was offered a place at Clairefontaine at the age of 13 alongside his friend Philippe Christanval, but his parents turned down the offer as they wanted him to focus on his schoolwork. Nevertheless, he won a contract at Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team against Romania, only to be shown the door at the Parc des Princes after picking up a serious ankle injury.Doumbé was signed by Alex McLeish at Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in October 2001. He did not feature in the "Hibs" side in the 2001–02 season, but was still handed a new one-year deal in June 2002.He made his debut on 18 August 2002, conceding a penalty in a 4–2 defeat to Rangers at Easter Road. He made a further 14 appearances in the 2002–03 season, as new boss Bobby Williamson searched for a solution to the club's poor defensive record.In August 2003, it was reported that Dundee United boss Ian McCall had offered a cash sum plus David McCracken in exchange for Doumbé. He scored his first senior goal on 27 September, in a 2–1 home defeat to Celtic. He established himself at centre-back during the 2003–04 season, and played in the League Cup final defeat to Livingston at Hampden Park. At the end of the campaign he rejected the offer of a new contract after being linked with a move to Rangers.Doumbé turned down a three-year deal at Hibernian when he joined his former manager Bobby Williamson at Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer in May 2004. He enjoyed an impressive start to the 2004–05 season, and was soon linked with a move to Premier League side Everton. Days after being linked with a move away from Home Park, he was described by Williamson as being "very committed and very brave, or foolish, whatever way you want to look at it" after he required 24 stitches in his head after challenging for the ball in a 2–1 defeat to Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.He firmly established himself in the first team in the 2005–06 campaign, making a total of 43 Championship appearances as new boss Tony Pulis focused on shoring up the defence. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2006.He continued to be an important player after Ian Holloway replaced Pulis as manager, and he played 30 games in the 2006–07 season.Doumbé featured just 14 times for the "Pilgrims" in the 2007–08 season, with Paul Sturrock (yet another new manager) generally preferring the central defensive partnership of Marcel Seip and Krisztián Timár. In May 2008, Doumbé signed a two-year extension to his contract, as he became Argyle's longest-serving outfield player, second only to goalkeeper Romain Larrieu.Loan signing Craig Cathcart was generally preferred to play alongside Marcel Seip in the 2008–09 season, limiting Doumbé to 24 appearances. Doumbé had a trial with Millwall in July 2009 after "Lions" boss Kenny Jackett admitted that he was short on defenders. His contract with Argyle was cancelled by mutual consent the following month.Doumbé signed with Milton Keynes Dons on 7 August 2009. He played his first game for The Dons the following day at Stadium mk in a 0–0 draw with Hartlepool United. He went on to play 39 games in the 2009–10 campaign as Paul Ince led the club to a 12th-place finish in League One.He made 51 appearances in the 2010–11 campaign as new boss Karl Robinson took MK to the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Peterborough United. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2011.He missed the first six weeks of the 2011–12 season with an ankle injury picked up in a friendly defeat to Oxford United. He went on to score five goals despite featuring in just 23 games, and was absent from the end-of-season run-in that ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Huddersfield Town.Doumbé featured 28 times in the 2012–13 campaign and was released in May 2013.He went on trial at Port Vale in July 2013, but did not sign a contract; manager Micky Adams said that "It's well documented that I would have liked to have brought in Matt Doumbe, but that's not been possible."In September 2013, Doumbé joined League Two side Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager Aidy Boothroyd said that "He's got more cuts and bruises on his head than I've ever seen in a centre-half, which is a good sign. He's brave, he's calm under pressure and he'll get his share of goals."On 21 September 2013, Doumbé made his debut for Northampton in a 3–0 defeat at Mansfield Town, with the third of Mansfield's goals being an own-goal by Doumbé. Doumbé was used regularly in central defence as Northampton's form improved after new manager Chris Wilder arrived at Sixfields in January. However, despite chipping in with three goals in the second half of the season, including the winner in the final game against Oxford - a win which ultimately secured Northampton's safety in League Two, Doumbé was not offered a new contract for the 2014–15 season.Doumbé prefers to play on the right-side of central defence. He is a speedy player with good heading and marking abilities.Hibernian	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Milton Keynes Dons F.C.", "Northampton Town F.C." ]
Which team did Mathias Kouo-Doumbé play for in 01/29/2002?	January 29, 2002	{ "text": [ "Hibernian F.C." ] }	L2_Q3298578_P54_0	Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Hibernian F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004.	Mathias Kouo-DoumbéMathias Kouo-Doumbé (born 28 October 1979), often known simply as Mat or Mathias Doumbé, is a French former footballer.He began his career in his native France, where he was on the books of Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team. He moved to Scotland in 2001 to play for Premier League club Hibernian, and went on to spend three years with the club, playing in the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final. He switched to English club Plymouth Argyle in May 2004, and spent five seasons playing in the Championship. He dropped down a division when he joined Milton Keynes Dons for a four-year spell in August 2009. After a four-year spell with the Dons, he signed with League Two side Northampton Town in September 2013.Doumbé, the son of a Cameroonian father, was offered a place at Clairefontaine at the age of 13 alongside his friend Philippe Christanval, but his parents turned down the offer as they wanted him to focus on his schoolwork. Nevertheless, he won a contract at Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team against Romania, only to be shown the door at the Parc des Princes after picking up a serious ankle injury.Doumbé was signed by Alex McLeish at Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in October 2001. He did not feature in the "Hibs" side in the 2001–02 season, but was still handed a new one-year deal in June 2002.He made his debut on 18 August 2002, conceding a penalty in a 4–2 defeat to Rangers at Easter Road. He made a further 14 appearances in the 2002–03 season, as new boss Bobby Williamson searched for a solution to the club's poor defensive record.In August 2003, it was reported that Dundee United boss Ian McCall had offered a cash sum plus David McCracken in exchange for Doumbé. He scored his first senior goal on 27 September, in a 2–1 home defeat to Celtic. He established himself at centre-back during the 2003–04 season, and played in the League Cup final defeat to Livingston at Hampden Park. At the end of the campaign he rejected the offer of a new contract after being linked with a move to Rangers.Doumbé turned down a three-year deal at Hibernian when he joined his former manager Bobby Williamson at Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer in May 2004. He enjoyed an impressive start to the 2004–05 season, and was soon linked with a move to Premier League side Everton. Days after being linked with a move away from Home Park, he was described by Williamson as being "very committed and very brave, or foolish, whatever way you want to look at it" after he required 24 stitches in his head after challenging for the ball in a 2–1 defeat to Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.He firmly established himself in the first team in the 2005–06 campaign, making a total of 43 Championship appearances as new boss Tony Pulis focused on shoring up the defence. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2006.He continued to be an important player after Ian Holloway replaced Pulis as manager, and he played 30 games in the 2006–07 season.Doumbé featured just 14 times for the "Pilgrims" in the 2007–08 season, with Paul Sturrock (yet another new manager) generally preferring the central defensive partnership of Marcel Seip and Krisztián Timár. In May 2008, Doumbé signed a two-year extension to his contract, as he became Argyle's longest-serving outfield player, second only to goalkeeper Romain Larrieu.Loan signing Craig Cathcart was generally preferred to play alongside Marcel Seip in the 2008–09 season, limiting Doumbé to 24 appearances. Doumbé had a trial with Millwall in July 2009 after "Lions" boss Kenny Jackett admitted that he was short on defenders. His contract with Argyle was cancelled by mutual consent the following month.Doumbé signed with Milton Keynes Dons on 7 August 2009. He played his first game for The Dons the following day at Stadium mk in a 0–0 draw with Hartlepool United. He went on to play 39 games in the 2009–10 campaign as Paul Ince led the club to a 12th-place finish in League One.He made 51 appearances in the 2010–11 campaign as new boss Karl Robinson took MK to the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Peterborough United. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2011.He missed the first six weeks of the 2011–12 season with an ankle injury picked up in a friendly defeat to Oxford United. He went on to score five goals despite featuring in just 23 games, and was absent from the end-of-season run-in that ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Huddersfield Town.Doumbé featured 28 times in the 2012–13 campaign and was released in May 2013.He went on trial at Port Vale in July 2013, but did not sign a contract; manager Micky Adams said that "It's well documented that I would have liked to have brought in Matt Doumbe, but that's not been possible."In September 2013, Doumbé joined League Two side Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager Aidy Boothroyd said that "He's got more cuts and bruises on his head than I've ever seen in a centre-half, which is a good sign. He's brave, he's calm under pressure and he'll get his share of goals."On 21 September 2013, Doumbé made his debut for Northampton in a 3–0 defeat at Mansfield Town, with the third of Mansfield's goals being an own-goal by Doumbé. Doumbé was used regularly in central defence as Northampton's form improved after new manager Chris Wilder arrived at Sixfields in January. However, despite chipping in with three goals in the second half of the season, including the winner in the final game against Oxford - a win which ultimately secured Northampton's safety in League Two, Doumbé was not offered a new contract for the 2014–15 season.Doumbé prefers to play on the right-side of central defence. He is a speedy player with good heading and marking abilities.Hibernian	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Milton Keynes Dons F.C.", "Northampton Town F.C." ]
Which team did Mathias Kouo-Doumbé play for in 29-Jan-200229-January-2002?	January 29, 2002	{ "text": [ "Hibernian F.C." ] }	L2_Q3298578_P54_0	Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2013. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2009. Mathias Kouo-Doumbé plays for Hibernian F.C. from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004.	Mathias Kouo-DoumbéMathias Kouo-Doumbé (born 28 October 1979), often known simply as Mat or Mathias Doumbé, is a French former footballer.He began his career in his native France, where he was on the books of Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team. He moved to Scotland in 2001 to play for Premier League club Hibernian, and went on to spend three years with the club, playing in the 2004 Scottish League Cup Final. He switched to English club Plymouth Argyle in May 2004, and spent five seasons playing in the Championship. He dropped down a division when he joined Milton Keynes Dons for a four-year spell in August 2009. After a four-year spell with the Dons, he signed with League Two side Northampton Town in September 2013.Doumbé, the son of a Cameroonian father, was offered a place at Clairefontaine at the age of 13 alongside his friend Philippe Christanval, but his parents turned down the offer as they wanted him to focus on his schoolwork. Nevertheless, he won a contract at Paris Saint-Germain and was capped by the French under-21 team against Romania, only to be shown the door at the Parc des Princes after picking up a serious ankle injury.Doumbé was signed by Alex McLeish at Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in October 2001. He did not feature in the "Hibs" side in the 2001–02 season, but was still handed a new one-year deal in June 2002.He made his debut on 18 August 2002, conceding a penalty in a 4–2 defeat to Rangers at Easter Road. He made a further 14 appearances in the 2002–03 season, as new boss Bobby Williamson searched for a solution to the club's poor defensive record.In August 2003, it was reported that Dundee United boss Ian McCall had offered a cash sum plus David McCracken in exchange for Doumbé. He scored his first senior goal on 27 September, in a 2–1 home defeat to Celtic. He established himself at centre-back during the 2003–04 season, and played in the League Cup final defeat to Livingston at Hampden Park. At the end of the campaign he rejected the offer of a new contract after being linked with a move to Rangers.Doumbé turned down a three-year deal at Hibernian when he joined his former manager Bobby Williamson at Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer in May 2004. He enjoyed an impressive start to the 2004–05 season, and was soon linked with a move to Premier League side Everton. Days after being linked with a move away from Home Park, he was described by Williamson as being "very committed and very brave, or foolish, whatever way you want to look at it" after he required 24 stitches in his head after challenging for the ball in a 2–1 defeat to Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.He firmly established himself in the first team in the 2005–06 campaign, making a total of 43 Championship appearances as new boss Tony Pulis focused on shoring up the defence. He signed a new two-year contract in May 2006.He continued to be an important player after Ian Holloway replaced Pulis as manager, and he played 30 games in the 2006–07 season.Doumbé featured just 14 times for the "Pilgrims" in the 2007–08 season, with Paul Sturrock (yet another new manager) generally preferring the central defensive partnership of Marcel Seip and Krisztián Timár. In May 2008, Doumbé signed a two-year extension to his contract, as he became Argyle's longest-serving outfield player, second only to goalkeeper Romain Larrieu.Loan signing Craig Cathcart was generally preferred to play alongside Marcel Seip in the 2008–09 season, limiting Doumbé to 24 appearances. Doumbé had a trial with Millwall in July 2009 after "Lions" boss Kenny Jackett admitted that he was short on defenders. His contract with Argyle was cancelled by mutual consent the following month.Doumbé signed with Milton Keynes Dons on 7 August 2009. He played his first game for The Dons the following day at Stadium mk in a 0–0 draw with Hartlepool United. He went on to play 39 games in the 2009–10 campaign as Paul Ince led the club to a 12th-place finish in League One.He made 51 appearances in the 2010–11 campaign as new boss Karl Robinson took MK to the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by Peterborough United. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2011.He missed the first six weeks of the 2011–12 season with an ankle injury picked up in a friendly defeat to Oxford United. He went on to score five goals despite featuring in just 23 games, and was absent from the end-of-season run-in that ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Huddersfield Town.Doumbé featured 28 times in the 2012–13 campaign and was released in May 2013.He went on trial at Port Vale in July 2013, but did not sign a contract; manager Micky Adams said that "It's well documented that I would have liked to have brought in Matt Doumbe, but that's not been possible."In September 2013, Doumbé joined League Two side Northampton Town until the end of the 2013–14 season. Manager Aidy Boothroyd said that "He's got more cuts and bruises on his head than I've ever seen in a centre-half, which is a good sign. He's brave, he's calm under pressure and he'll get his share of goals."On 21 September 2013, Doumbé made his debut for Northampton in a 3–0 defeat at Mansfield Town, with the third of Mansfield's goals being an own-goal by Doumbé. Doumbé was used regularly in central defence as Northampton's form improved after new manager Chris Wilder arrived at Sixfields in January. However, despite chipping in with three goals in the second half of the season, including the winner in the final game against Oxford - a win which ultimately secured Northampton's safety in League Two, Doumbé was not offered a new contract for the 2014–15 season.Doumbé prefers to play on the right-side of central defence. He is a speedy player with good heading and marking abilities.Hibernian	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Milton Keynes Dons F.C.", "Northampton Town F.C." ]
Which employer did Simon Schama work for in Jan, 1985?	January 01, 1985	{ "text": [ "Harvard University" ] }	L2_Q472272_P108_2	Simon Schama works for Columbia University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994. Simon Schama works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1980. Simon Schama works for Harvard University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1993. Simon Schama works for Christ's College from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1976.	Simon SchamaSir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture."Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.	[ "Columbia University", "Christ's College", "University of Oxford" ]
Which employer did Simon Schama work for in 1985-01-01?	January 01, 1985	{ "text": [ "Harvard University" ] }	L2_Q472272_P108_2	Simon Schama works for Columbia University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994. Simon Schama works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1980. Simon Schama works for Harvard University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1993. Simon Schama works for Christ's College from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1976.	Simon SchamaSir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture."Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.	[ "Columbia University", "Christ's College", "University of Oxford" ]
Which employer did Simon Schama work for in 01/01/1985?	January 01, 1985	{ "text": [ "Harvard University" ] }	L2_Q472272_P108_2	Simon Schama works for Columbia University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994. Simon Schama works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1980. Simon Schama works for Harvard University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1993. Simon Schama works for Christ's College from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1976.	Simon SchamaSir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture."Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.	[ "Columbia University", "Christ's College", "University of Oxford" ]
Which employer did Simon Schama work for in Jan 01, 1985?	January 01, 1985	{ "text": [ "Harvard University" ] }	L2_Q472272_P108_2	Simon Schama works for Columbia University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994. Simon Schama works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1980. Simon Schama works for Harvard University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1993. Simon Schama works for Christ's College from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1976.	Simon SchamaSir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture."Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.	[ "Columbia University", "Christ's College", "University of Oxford" ]
Which employer did Simon Schama work for in 01/01/1985?	January 01, 1985	{ "text": [ "Harvard University" ] }	L2_Q472272_P108_2	Simon Schama works for Columbia University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994. Simon Schama works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1980. Simon Schama works for Harvard University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1993. Simon Schama works for Christ's College from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1976.	Simon SchamaSir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture."Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.	[ "Columbia University", "Christ's College", "University of Oxford" ]
Which employer did Simon Schama work for in 01-Jan-198501-January-1985?	January 01, 1985	{ "text": [ "Harvard University" ] }	L2_Q472272_P108_2	Simon Schama works for Columbia University from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994. Simon Schama works for University of Oxford from Jan, 1976 to Jan, 1980. Simon Schama works for Harvard University from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1993. Simon Schama works for Christ's College from Jan, 1966 to Jan, 1976.	Simon SchamaSir Simon Michael Schama (; born 13 February 1945) is an English historian specialising in art history, Dutch history, Jewish history, and French history. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University, New York.He first came to public attention with his history of the French Revolution titled "", published in 1989. In the United Kingdom, he is perhaps best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC television documentary series "A History of Britain" broadcast between 2000 and 2002. Schama was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.Schama was born in Marylebone, London. His mother, Gertie (née Steinberg), was from an Ashkenazi Lithuanian Jewish family (from Kaunas, present-day Lithuania), and his father, Arthur Schama, was of Sephardi Jewish background (from Smyrna, present-day İzmir in Turkey), later moving through Moldova and Romania.In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. In 1956, Schama won a scholarship to the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Hertfordshire). He then studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was taught by John H. Plumb. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Starred First in 1966.Schama worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he was a Fellow and Director of Studies in History at Christ's College. He then taught for some time at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution.At this time, Schama wrote his first book, "Patriots and Liberators", which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the "Patriottentijd" revolution of the 1780s in the Netherlands, and its aftermath.His second book, "Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel" (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond and James Rothschild.In 1980, Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, "The Embarrassment of Riches" (1987), again focused on Dutch history. Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture."Citizens" (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French Revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious negative criticism.Schama appeared as an on-screen expert in Michael Wood's 1989 PBS series "Art of the Western World" as a presenting art historian, commenting on paintings by Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt, and Johannes Vermeer.In 1991, he published "Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)", a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of British Army General James Wolfe in 1759 – and the famous 1770 painting depicting the event by Benjamin West – and that of George Parkman, murdered uncle of the better known 19th-century American historian Francis Parkman.Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation", and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a very mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative, but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment.It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor, and Richard Holmes.Sales in hardback exceeded those of Schama's earlier works.Schama's next book, "Landscape and Memory" (1995), focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. More personal and idiosyncratic than "Dead Certainties", this book was more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. Despite mixed reviews, the book was a commercial success and won numerous prizes.Plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. Schama became art critic for "The New Yorker" in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title "Hang Ups". During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated "Rembrandt's Eyes", another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.In 1995, Schama wrote and presented a series called "Landscape and Memory" to accompany his book of the same name.Schama returned to the UK in 2000, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title "A History of Britain". Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of Insular Celtic civilisation. Three series were made, totalling 15 episodes, covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.In 2001, Schama received a CBE. In 2003, he signed a new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled "Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution", dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, "Simon Schama's Power of Art" which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's , Bernini's "Ecstasy of St Theresa", Rembrandt's "Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis", Jacques-Louis David's , J. M. W. Turner's "The Slave Ship", Vincent van Gogh's "Wheat Field with Crows", Picasso's "Guernica" and Mark Rothko's Seagram murals. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.In October 2008, on the eve of the presidential election won by Barack Obama, the BBC broadcast a four-part television series called "" presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled "Baseball and Me", both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series "A Point of View":In 2011 the BBC commissioned Simon Schama to write and present a five-part series called "A History of the Jews" for BBC Two for transmission in 2012, The title became "The Story of the Jews" and broadcast was delayed until September 2013. Writing in "The Observer", Andrew Anthony called it "an astonishing achievement, a TV landmark."In 2018, Simon Schama wrote and presented five of the nine episodes of "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.Schama is Jewish. He is married to Virginia Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children, Chloe and Gabriel. As of 2014, he resides in Briarcliff Manor, New York. Schama is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.In 2010, Schama was a financial donor to Oona King's unsuccessful campaign to become Mayor of London.In August 2014, Schama was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.In November 2017, Schama joined Simon Sebag Montefiore and Howard Jacobson in writing a letter to "The Times" about their concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, with particular reference to a growth in Anti-Zionism and its "antisemitic characteristics". Schama and Sebag Montefiore have both written historical works about Israel, while Jacobson has written regularly about Israel and the UK Jewish community in his newspaper columns. Schama made a further criticism of the party in July 2019, when he joined other leading Jewish figures in saying, in a letter to "The Guardian", that the crisis was "a taint of international and historic shame" and that trust in the party was "fractured beyond repair".Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in "The Guardian" in an article co-authored with Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, saying: "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, only weeks after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon War. He described Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful to Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. He said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."Schama was a supporter of President Barack Obama and a critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 US presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.	[ "Columbia University", "Christ's College", "University of Oxford" ]
Which team did Erhan Kartal play for in Jun, 2012?	June 06, 2012	{ "text": [ "Denizlispor", "Turkey national under-20 football team" ] }	L2_Q1350734_P54_2	Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-20 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Erhan Kartal plays for Şanlıurfaspor from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Erhan Kartal plays for Denizlispor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.	Erhan KartalErhan Kartal (born 1 March 1993) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a right back for Samsunspor. He made his Süper Lig debut for Denizlispor against Gençlerbirliği on 2 May 2010.Kartal represented Turkey at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship.	[ "Kasımpaşa S.K.", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national under-16 football team", "Şanlıurfaspor", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ]
Which team did Erhan Kartal play for in 2012-06-06?	June 06, 2012	{ "text": [ "Denizlispor", "Turkey national under-20 football team" ] }	L2_Q1350734_P54_2	Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-20 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Erhan Kartal plays for Şanlıurfaspor from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Erhan Kartal plays for Denizlispor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.	Erhan KartalErhan Kartal (born 1 March 1993) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a right back for Samsunspor. He made his Süper Lig debut for Denizlispor against Gençlerbirliği on 2 May 2010.Kartal represented Turkey at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship.	[ "Kasımpaşa S.K.", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national under-16 football team", "Şanlıurfaspor", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ]
Which team did Erhan Kartal play for in 06/06/2012?	June 06, 2012	{ "text": [ "Denizlispor", "Turkey national under-20 football team" ] }	L2_Q1350734_P54_2	Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-20 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Erhan Kartal plays for Şanlıurfaspor from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Erhan Kartal plays for Denizlispor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.	Erhan KartalErhan Kartal (born 1 March 1993) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a right back for Samsunspor. He made his Süper Lig debut for Denizlispor against Gençlerbirliği on 2 May 2010.Kartal represented Turkey at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship.	[ "Kasımpaşa S.K.", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national under-16 football team", "Şanlıurfaspor", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ]
Which team did Erhan Kartal play for in Jun 06, 2012?	June 06, 2012	{ "text": [ "Denizlispor", "Turkey national under-20 football team" ] }	L2_Q1350734_P54_2	Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-20 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Erhan Kartal plays for Şanlıurfaspor from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Erhan Kartal plays for Denizlispor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.	Erhan KartalErhan Kartal (born 1 March 1993) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a right back for Samsunspor. He made his Süper Lig debut for Denizlispor against Gençlerbirliği on 2 May 2010.Kartal represented Turkey at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship.	[ "Kasımpaşa S.K.", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national under-16 football team", "Şanlıurfaspor", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ]
Which team did Erhan Kartal play for in 06/06/2012?	June 06, 2012	{ "text": [ "Denizlispor", "Turkey national under-20 football team" ] }	L2_Q1350734_P54_2	Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-20 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Erhan Kartal plays for Şanlıurfaspor from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Erhan Kartal plays for Denizlispor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.	Erhan KartalErhan Kartal (born 1 March 1993) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a right back for Samsunspor. He made his Süper Lig debut for Denizlispor against Gençlerbirliği on 2 May 2010.Kartal represented Turkey at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship.	[ "Kasımpaşa S.K.", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national under-16 football team", "Şanlıurfaspor", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ]
Which team did Erhan Kartal play for in 06-Jun-201206-June-2012?	June 06, 2012	{ "text": [ "Denizlispor", "Turkey national under-20 football team" ] }	L2_Q1350734_P54_2	Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-20 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Erhan Kartal plays for Şanlıurfaspor from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Erhan Kartal plays for Denizlispor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013. Erhan Kartal plays for Kasımpaşa S.K. from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016. Erhan Kartal plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.	Erhan KartalErhan Kartal (born 1 March 1993) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a right back for Samsunspor. He made his Süper Lig debut for Denizlispor against Gençlerbirliği on 2 May 2010.Kartal represented Turkey at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship.	[ "Kasımpaşa S.K.", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national under-16 football team", "Şanlıurfaspor", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ]
Which position did Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin hold in Apr, 1996?	April 20, 1996	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q5645354_P39_4	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jul, 1983 to Mar, 2006. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of ContinJames Hector Northey "Hamish" Gray, Baron Gray of Contin, (28 June 1927 – 14 March 2006) was a Scottish Conservative politician and life peer.Gray was born in Inverness and educated at the Inverness Royal Academy. His father owned an Inverness roofing firm. He was commissioned into the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders in 1945 and served in India, during partition. He married Judith Waite Brydon in 1953 and they had two sons and a daughter.He was elected as an Independent member of Inverness Council in 1965 and at the 1970 general election he was elected to Parliament as the Conservative and Unionist Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Ross and Cromarty. He was appointed to the Whips' Office in 1971, and he served as a front bench Energy spokesman (1975–1979). Upon the Conservatives' return to government in 1979, he was appointed as the Minister of State for Energy under David Howell, where he remained until the 1983 general election, when he was defeated in the new Ross, Cromarty and Skye constituency by the SDP candidate Charles Kennedy.He was made a life peer in 1983, taking the title Baron Gray of Contin, of Contin, in the District of Ross and Cromarty, and was Minister of State for Scotland from 1983 to 1986.He served Inverness as Deputy Lieutenant (1989), Vice Lord Lieutenant (1994) and Lord Lieutenant (1996–2002).He died on 14 March 2006 at a hospice in Inverness after a long battle with cancer.	[ "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin hold in 1996-04-20?	April 20, 1996	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q5645354_P39_4	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jul, 1983 to Mar, 2006. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of ContinJames Hector Northey "Hamish" Gray, Baron Gray of Contin, (28 June 1927 – 14 March 2006) was a Scottish Conservative politician and life peer.Gray was born in Inverness and educated at the Inverness Royal Academy. His father owned an Inverness roofing firm. He was commissioned into the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders in 1945 and served in India, during partition. He married Judith Waite Brydon in 1953 and they had two sons and a daughter.He was elected as an Independent member of Inverness Council in 1965 and at the 1970 general election he was elected to Parliament as the Conservative and Unionist Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Ross and Cromarty. He was appointed to the Whips' Office in 1971, and he served as a front bench Energy spokesman (1975–1979). Upon the Conservatives' return to government in 1979, he was appointed as the Minister of State for Energy under David Howell, where he remained until the 1983 general election, when he was defeated in the new Ross, Cromarty and Skye constituency by the SDP candidate Charles Kennedy.He was made a life peer in 1983, taking the title Baron Gray of Contin, of Contin, in the District of Ross and Cromarty, and was Minister of State for Scotland from 1983 to 1986.He served Inverness as Deputy Lieutenant (1989), Vice Lord Lieutenant (1994) and Lord Lieutenant (1996–2002).He died on 14 March 2006 at a hospice in Inverness after a long battle with cancer.	[ "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin hold in 20/04/1996?	April 20, 1996	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q5645354_P39_4	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jul, 1983 to Mar, 2006. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of ContinJames Hector Northey "Hamish" Gray, Baron Gray of Contin, (28 June 1927 – 14 March 2006) was a Scottish Conservative politician and life peer.Gray was born in Inverness and educated at the Inverness Royal Academy. His father owned an Inverness roofing firm. He was commissioned into the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders in 1945 and served in India, during partition. He married Judith Waite Brydon in 1953 and they had two sons and a daughter.He was elected as an Independent member of Inverness Council in 1965 and at the 1970 general election he was elected to Parliament as the Conservative and Unionist Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Ross and Cromarty. He was appointed to the Whips' Office in 1971, and he served as a front bench Energy spokesman (1975–1979). Upon the Conservatives' return to government in 1979, he was appointed as the Minister of State for Energy under David Howell, where he remained until the 1983 general election, when he was defeated in the new Ross, Cromarty and Skye constituency by the SDP candidate Charles Kennedy.He was made a life peer in 1983, taking the title Baron Gray of Contin, of Contin, in the District of Ross and Cromarty, and was Minister of State for Scotland from 1983 to 1986.He served Inverness as Deputy Lieutenant (1989), Vice Lord Lieutenant (1994) and Lord Lieutenant (1996–2002).He died on 14 March 2006 at a hospice in Inverness after a long battle with cancer.	[ "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin hold in Apr 20, 1996?	April 20, 1996	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q5645354_P39_4	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jul, 1983 to Mar, 2006. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of ContinJames Hector Northey "Hamish" Gray, Baron Gray of Contin, (28 June 1927 – 14 March 2006) was a Scottish Conservative politician and life peer.Gray was born in Inverness and educated at the Inverness Royal Academy. His father owned an Inverness roofing firm. He was commissioned into the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders in 1945 and served in India, during partition. He married Judith Waite Brydon in 1953 and they had two sons and a daughter.He was elected as an Independent member of Inverness Council in 1965 and at the 1970 general election he was elected to Parliament as the Conservative and Unionist Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Ross and Cromarty. He was appointed to the Whips' Office in 1971, and he served as a front bench Energy spokesman (1975–1979). Upon the Conservatives' return to government in 1979, he was appointed as the Minister of State for Energy under David Howell, where he remained until the 1983 general election, when he was defeated in the new Ross, Cromarty and Skye constituency by the SDP candidate Charles Kennedy.He was made a life peer in 1983, taking the title Baron Gray of Contin, of Contin, in the District of Ross and Cromarty, and was Minister of State for Scotland from 1983 to 1986.He served Inverness as Deputy Lieutenant (1989), Vice Lord Lieutenant (1994) and Lord Lieutenant (1996–2002).He died on 14 March 2006 at a hospice in Inverness after a long battle with cancer.	[ "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin hold in 04/20/1996?	April 20, 1996	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q5645354_P39_4	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jul, 1983 to Mar, 2006. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of ContinJames Hector Northey "Hamish" Gray, Baron Gray of Contin, (28 June 1927 – 14 March 2006) was a Scottish Conservative politician and life peer.Gray was born in Inverness and educated at the Inverness Royal Academy. His father owned an Inverness roofing firm. He was commissioned into the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders in 1945 and served in India, during partition. He married Judith Waite Brydon in 1953 and they had two sons and a daughter.He was elected as an Independent member of Inverness Council in 1965 and at the 1970 general election he was elected to Parliament as the Conservative and Unionist Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Ross and Cromarty. He was appointed to the Whips' Office in 1971, and he served as a front bench Energy spokesman (1975–1979). Upon the Conservatives' return to government in 1979, he was appointed as the Minister of State for Energy under David Howell, where he remained until the 1983 general election, when he was defeated in the new Ross, Cromarty and Skye constituency by the SDP candidate Charles Kennedy.He was made a life peer in 1983, taking the title Baron Gray of Contin, of Contin, in the District of Ross and Cromarty, and was Minister of State for Scotland from 1983 to 1986.He served Inverness as Deputy Lieutenant (1989), Vice Lord Lieutenant (1994) and Lord Lieutenant (1996–2002).He died on 14 March 2006 at a hospice in Inverness after a long battle with cancer.	[ "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin hold in 20-Apr-199620-April-1996?	April 20, 1996	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q5645354_P39_4	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jul, 1983 to Mar, 2006. Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of Contin holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.	Hamish Gray, Baron Gray of ContinJames Hector Northey "Hamish" Gray, Baron Gray of Contin, (28 June 1927 – 14 March 2006) was a Scottish Conservative politician and life peer.Gray was born in Inverness and educated at the Inverness Royal Academy. His father owned an Inverness roofing firm. He was commissioned into the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders in 1945 and served in India, during partition. He married Judith Waite Brydon in 1953 and they had two sons and a daughter.He was elected as an Independent member of Inverness Council in 1965 and at the 1970 general election he was elected to Parliament as the Conservative and Unionist Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Ross and Cromarty. He was appointed to the Whips' Office in 1971, and he served as a front bench Energy spokesman (1975–1979). Upon the Conservatives' return to government in 1979, he was appointed as the Minister of State for Energy under David Howell, where he remained until the 1983 general election, when he was defeated in the new Ross, Cromarty and Skye constituency by the SDP candidate Charles Kennedy.He was made a life peer in 1983, taking the title Baron Gray of Contin, of Contin, in the District of Ross and Cromarty, and was Minister of State for Scotland from 1983 to 1986.He served Inverness as Deputy Lieutenant (1989), Vice Lord Lieutenant (1994) and Lord Lieutenant (1996–2002).He died on 14 March 2006 at a hospice in Inverness after a long battle with cancer.	[ "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Who was the head of Germany in Oct, 1965?	October 06, 1965	{ "text": [ "Ludwig Erhard" ] }	L2_Q183_P6_1	Willy Brandt is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1969 to May, 1974. Walter Scheel is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to May, 1974. Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Kurt Georg Kiesinger is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 1966 to Oct, 1969. Ludwig Erhard is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1963 to Nov, 1966. Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to Oct, 1982. Helmut Kohl is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1982 to Oct, 1998. Konrad Adenauer is the head of the government of Germany from Sep, 1949 to Oct, 1963. Gerhard Schröder is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1998 to Oct, 2005. Angela Merkel is the head of the government of Germany from Nov, 2005 to Dec, 2021.	GermanyGermany (, ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; covering an area of , with a population of over 83 million within its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. In 1871, Germany became a nation-state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the semi-presidential Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Germany was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, East Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of communism, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990—becoming a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. Germany is a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods. As a developed country, which ranks very high on the Human Development Index, it offers social security and a universal health care system, environmental protections, and a tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD. It has the fourth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.The English word "Germany" derives from the Latin , which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. The German term , originally ("the German lands") is derived from (cf. "Dutch"), descended from Old High German "of the people" (from or "people"), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic "of the people" (see also the Latinised form ), derived from , descended from Proto-Indo-European *"" "people", from which the word "Teutons" also originates.Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The first non-modern human fossil (the Neanderthal) was discovered in the Neander Valley. Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the Swabian Jura, including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found, the 40,000-year-old Lion Man, and the 35,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels. The Nebra sky disk, created during the European Bronze Age, is attributed to a German site.The Germanic tribes are thought to date from the Nordic Bronze Age or the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes.Under Augustus, Rome began to invade Germania. In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by Arminius. By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote "Germania", Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces. Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands. After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria, and areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes.Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843 and the Holy Roman Empire emerged from the eastern portion. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps. The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major duchies. In 996 Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the Investiture controversy.Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east "(Ostsiedlung)". Members of the Hanseatic League, mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. Population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–50. The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors.Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratization of knowledge. In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects ("cuius regio, eius religio"). From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates; their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or the Reformed faith as their official religion. The legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Diet. The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as Empress Consort when her husband, Francis I, became Emperor.From 1740, dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire, agreed to the Partitions of Poland. During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet, most of the Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the "Imperium" was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars.Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states. The appointment of the Emperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. The "Zollverein", a tariff union, furthered economic unity. In light of revolutionary movements in Europe, intellectuals and commoners started the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, raising the German Question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.In the period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as Chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war. However, under Wilhelm II, Germany took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary; the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France. At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun. Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and China. The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as punishment for an uprising; this was the 20th century's first genocide.The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a federal republic. Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the Allies. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler. Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in Africa and the South Sea.On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution. In the subsequent struggle for power, communists seized power in Bavaria, but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and a period of hyperinflation followed. A debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won a special election in 1932 and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the first Nazi concentration camp opened. The Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution; his government established a centralised totalitarian state, withdrew from the League of Nations, and dramatically increased the country's rearmament. A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the autobahn.In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other minorities. Germany also reacquired control of the Saarland in 1935, remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, and in violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. "Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)" saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II in Europe; Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, forcing the French government to sign an armistice. The British repelled German air attacks in the Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet Union. By 1942, Germany and her allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe; the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final German counteroffensive. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.In what later became known as the Holocaust, the German government persecuted minorities, including interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. In total 17 million people were systematically murdered, including 6 million Jews, at least 130,000 Romani, 275,000 persons with disabilities, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses, thousands of homosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of political and religious opponents. Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles, 1.3 million Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war. German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million, and around 900,000 German civilians died. Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the Marshall Plan. Konrad Adenauer was elected the first Federal Chancellor of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth ("Wirtschaftswunder") beginning in the early 1950s. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community.East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the USSR via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members ("Politbüro") of the communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service. While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of the Cold War.Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's . In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria, causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the "Wende" reform process culminating in the "Two Plus Four Treaty" under which Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism, the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, German Reunification and "Die Wende".United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its memberships in international organisations. Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a "Bundesstadt" (federal city) retaining some federal ministries. The relocation of the government was completed in 1999, and modernisation of the east German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the European Union, signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, and co-founding the Eurozone. Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan as part of a NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of European integration, the energy transition ("Energiewende") for a sustainable energy supply, the "Debt Brake" for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate (pronatalism), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry 4.0. Germany was affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015: the country took in over a million migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its states.Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe; bordering Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers , consisting of of land and of water. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at ) in the south to the shores of the North Sea ("Nordsee") in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ("Ostsee") in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.Most of Germany has a temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north to continental in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to mild and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.From February 2019 – 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of in January 2020 to a high of in June 2019. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020. Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019. The highest temperature ever recorded in Germany was 42.6 °C on 25 July 2019 in Lingen and the lowest was −37.8 °C on 12 February 1929 in Wolnzach.The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions: Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests, and Alps conifer and mixed forests. 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are conifers, particularly spruce and pine. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include roe deer, wild boar, mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of the Eurasian beaver. The blue cornflower was once a German national symbol.The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park, the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz National Park, the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Harz National Park, the Hainich National Park, the Black Forest National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park, the Bavarian Forest National Park and the Berchtesgaden National Park. In addition, there are 17 Biosphere Reserves, and 105 nature parks. More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany. The Berlin Zoo, which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the "Bundestag" (Federal Diet) and "Bundesrat" (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The "Bundestag" is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the "Bundesrat" represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the "Bundestag" and the "Bundesrat"; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.The president, currently Frank-Walter Steinmeier, is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the "Bundesversammlung" (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the "Bundestag" and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the "Bundestagspräsident" (president of the "Bundestag"), who is elected by the "Bundestag" and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the "Bundespräsident" after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the "Bundestag". The chancellor, currently Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power through their Cabinet.Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance '90/The Greens have also been junior partners in coalition governments. Since 2007, the left-wing populist party The Left has been a staple in the German "Bundestag", though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election, the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time.Germany is a federal state and comprises sixteen constituent states which are collectively referred to as "Länder". Each state has its own constitution, and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Germany is divided into 401 districts ("Kreise") at a municipal level; these consist of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts.Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law. The "Bundesverfassungsgericht" (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review. Germany's supreme court system is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Finance Court and the Federal Administrative Court.Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the "Strafgesetzbuch" and the "Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch" respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public. Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges ("") sit side by side with professional judges.Germany has a low murder rate with 1.18 murders per 100,000 . In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. Germany is a member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies. Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism.The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States.Germany's military, the "Bundeswehr", is organised into the "Heer" (Army and special forces KSK), "Marine" (Navy), "Luftwaffe" (Air Force), "Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr" (Joint Medical Service) and "Streitkräftebasis" (Joint Support Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 8th highest in the world. In 2018, military spending was at $49.5 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%., the "Bundeswehr" has a strength of 184,001 active soldiers and 80,947 civilians. Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad. Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service. Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction. According to SIPRI, Germany was the fourth largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2014 to 2018.In peacetime, the "Bundeswehr" is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In state of defence, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the "Bundeswehr". The role of the "Bundeswehr" is described in the Constitution of Germany as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defence" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world. , the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against Daesh, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo.Germany has a social market economy with a highly skilled labour force, a low level of corruption, and a high level of innovation. It is the world's third largest exporter and third largest importer of goods, and has the largest economy in Europe, which is also the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. Its GDP per capita measured in purchasing power standards amounts to 121% of the EU27 average (100%). The service sector contributes approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%, and agriculture 1% . The unemployment rate published by Eurostat amounts to 3.2% , which is the fourth-lowest in the EU.Germany is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers. In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the Eurozone economy according to the International Monetary Fund. Germany introduced the common European currency, the Euro, in 2002. Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt.Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world, and is the fourth largest by production. The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics. Germany is one of the largest exporters globally.Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2019, the Fortune Global 500, 29 are headquartered in Germany. 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the DAX, the German stock market index which is operated by Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Well-known international brands include Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, Allianz, Adidas, Porsche, Bosch and Deutsche Telekom. Berlin is a hub for startup companies and has become the leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union. Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised small and medium enterprises, known as the "Mittelstand" model. These companies represent 48% global market leaders in their segments, labelled Hidden Champions.Research and development efforts form an integral part of the German economy. In 2018 Germany ranked fourth globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published. Research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association, and the Fraunhofer Society and the Leibniz Association. Germany is the largest contributor to the European Space Agency.With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent. Its road network is among the densest in Europe. The motorway (Autobahn) is widely known for having no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles. The InterCityExpress or "ICE" train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to . The largest German airports are Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport. The Port of Hamburg is one of the top twenty largest container ports in the world., Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of energy. The government and the nuclear power industry agreed to phase out all nuclear power plants by 2021. It meets the country's power demands using 40% renewable sources. Germany is committed to the Paris Agreement and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, and water management. The country's household recycling rate is among the highest in the world—at around 65%. The country's greenhouse gas emissions per capita were the ninth highest in the EU . The German energy transition ("Energiewende") is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy.Germany is the ninth most visited country in the world , with 37.4 million visits. Berlin has become the third most visited city destination in Europe. Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs.Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include Cologne Cathedral, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag, the Dresden Frauenkirche, Neuschwanstein Castle, Heidelberg Castle, the Wartburg, and Sanssouci Palace. The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's second most popular theme park resort.With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census, rising to 83.1 million , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the nineteenth-most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (588 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Germany at birth is 80.19 years (77.93 years for males and 82.58 years for females). The fertility rate of 1.41 children born per woman (2011 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the lowest fertility rates in the world. Since the 1970s, Germany's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s, particularly a rise in the number of well-educated migrants. Germany has the third oldest population in the world, with an average age of 47.4 years.Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries: There is a Danish minority in the northernmost state of Schleswig-Holstein; the Sorbs, a Slavic population, are in the Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg; the Roma and Sinti live throughout the country; and the Frisians are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony.After the United States, Germany is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. The majority of migrants live in western Germany, in particular in urban areas. Of the country's residents, 18.6 million people (22.5%) were of immigrant or partially immigrant descent in 2016 (including persons descending or partially descending from ethnic German repatriates). In 2015, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs listed Germany as host to the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants. , Germany ranks fifth amongst EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's population, at 12.9%.Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions. The country's largest city is Berlin, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr.The 2011 German Census showed Christianity as the largest religion in Germany, with 66.8% identified themselves as Christian, with 3.8% of those not being church members. 31.7% declared themselves as Protestants, including members of the Evangelical Church in Germany (which encompasses Lutheran, Reformed and administrative or confessional unions of both traditions) and the free churches (); 31.2% declared themselves as Roman Catholics, and Orthodox believers constituted 1.3%. According to data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church claimed 28.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of the population. Islam is the second largest religion in the country. In the 2011 census, 1.9% of the census population (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this religion (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question. Most of the Muslims are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations. Other religions comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination, though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the European Commission. German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romany, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages and Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue academic or vocational education. A system of apprenticeship called "Duale Ausbildung" leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school. This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the "Abitur". According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study. The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386) being the oldest. The Humboldt University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many Western universities. In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven Universities of Excellence.Germany's system of hospitals, called "Krankenhäuser", dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating from Bismarck's social legislation of the 1880s. Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded . In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.Germany ranked 20th in the world in 2013 in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births). , the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%. Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called "Das Land der Dichter und Denker" ("the land of poets and thinkers"), because of the major role its writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought. A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as Oktoberfest and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, Christmas pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other practices. UNESCO inscribed 41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List. There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the "Tag der Deutschen Einheit" (German Unity Day).German classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel were influential composers of the Baroque period. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms were significant Romantic composers. Richard Wagner was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Wolfgang Rihm are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.As of 2013, Germany was the second largest music market in Europe, and fourth largest in the world. German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle, pop, Ostrock, heavy metal/rock, punk, pop rock, indie, Volksmusik (folk music), schlager pop and German hip hop. German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre. DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Felix Jaehn, Paul Kalkbrenner, Robin Schulz and Scooter).German painters have influenced western art. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of the Renaissance, Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max Ernst of Surrealism. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; "Die Brücke" (The Bridge) and "Der Blaue Reiter" (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include neo-expressionism and the New Leipzig School.Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were precursors of Romanesque. Brick Gothic is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in Renaissance and Baroque art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. Weser Renaissance). Vernacular architecture in Germany is often identified by its timber framing ("Fachwerk") traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles. When industrialisation spread across Europe, Classicism and a distinctive style of historism developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as "Gründerzeit style". Expressionist architecture developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced Art Deco and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early modernist movement: it is the home of Werkbund initiated by Hermann Muthesius (New Objectivity), and of the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade skyscraper. Renowned contemporary architects and offices include Pritzker Prize winners Gottfried Böhm and Frei Otto.German designers became early leaders of modern product design. The Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level. The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their "Deutsches Wörterbuch", or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass. The German book market is the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years. The Leipzig Book Fair also retains a major position in Europe.German philosophy is historically significant: Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism; the enlightenment philosophy by Immanuel Kant; the establishment of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; Friedrich Nietzsche's development of perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's contributions to the dawn of analytic philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; the development of the Frankfurt School has been particularly influential.The largest internationally operating media companies in Germany are the Bertelsmann enterprise, Axel Springer SE and ProSiebenSat.1 Media. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 38 million TV households. Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels. There are more than 300 public and private radio stations in Germany; Germany's national radio network is the Deutschlandradio and the public Deutsche Welle is the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages. Germany's print market of newspapers and magazines is the largest in Europe. The papers with the highest circulation are "Bild", "Süddeutsche Zeitung", "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" and "Die Welt". The largest magazines include "ADAC Motorwelt" and "Der Spiegel". Germany has a large video gaming market, with over 34 million players nationwide.German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the Skladanowsky Brothers were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was particularly influential with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Director Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as "Trümmerfilm" (rubble film). East German film was dominated by state-owned film studio DEFA, while the dominant genre in West Germany was the "Heimatfilm" ("homeland film"). During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim.The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German production "Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum)" in 1979, to "Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa)" in 2002, and to "Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others)" in 2007. Various Germans won an Oscar for their performances in other films. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the European Film Academy. The Berlin International Film Festival, known as "Berlinale", awarding the "Golden Bear" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading film festivals. The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at the German Film Awards.German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia share some traditions with Switzerland and Austria). International varieties such as pizza, sushi, Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine and doner kebab are also popular.Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and rolls ("Brötchen"). German cheeses account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe. In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts and Weisswursts. The national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person stands at in 2013 and remains among the highest in the world. German beer purity regulations date back to the 16th century. Wine is becoming more popular in many parts of the country, especially close to German wine regions. In 2019, Germany was the ninth largest wine producer in the world.The 2018 Michelin Guide awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars, giving the country a cumulative total of 300 stars.Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund") is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide, and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world. The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014, the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996, and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017.Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and Audi 13 times (). The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven Formula One World Drivers' Championships. Sebastian Vettel is also among the top five most successful Formula One drivers of all time.Historically, German athletes have been successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-time Olympic Games medal count (when combining East and West German medals). Germany was the last country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936: the Berlin Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Munich hosted the Summer Games of 1972.	[ "Konrad Adenauer", "Gerhard Schröder", "Helmut Schmidt", "Willy Brandt", "Helmut Kohl", "Angela Merkel", "Walter Scheel", "Olaf Scholz", "Kurt Georg Kiesinger" ]
Who was the head of Germany in 1965-10-06?	October 06, 1965	{ "text": [ "Ludwig Erhard" ] }	L2_Q183_P6_1	Willy Brandt is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1969 to May, 1974. Walter Scheel is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to May, 1974. Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Kurt Georg Kiesinger is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 1966 to Oct, 1969. Ludwig Erhard is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1963 to Nov, 1966. Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to Oct, 1982. Helmut Kohl is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1982 to Oct, 1998. Konrad Adenauer is the head of the government of Germany from Sep, 1949 to Oct, 1963. Gerhard Schröder is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1998 to Oct, 2005. Angela Merkel is the head of the government of Germany from Nov, 2005 to Dec, 2021.	GermanyGermany (, ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; covering an area of , with a population of over 83 million within its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. In 1871, Germany became a nation-state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the semi-presidential Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Germany was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, East Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of communism, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990—becoming a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. Germany is a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods. As a developed country, which ranks very high on the Human Development Index, it offers social security and a universal health care system, environmental protections, and a tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD. It has the fourth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.The English word "Germany" derives from the Latin , which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. The German term , originally ("the German lands") is derived from (cf. "Dutch"), descended from Old High German "of the people" (from or "people"), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic "of the people" (see also the Latinised form ), derived from , descended from Proto-Indo-European *"" "people", from which the word "Teutons" also originates.Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The first non-modern human fossil (the Neanderthal) was discovered in the Neander Valley. Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the Swabian Jura, including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found, the 40,000-year-old Lion Man, and the 35,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels. The Nebra sky disk, created during the European Bronze Age, is attributed to a German site.The Germanic tribes are thought to date from the Nordic Bronze Age or the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes.Under Augustus, Rome began to invade Germania. In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by Arminius. By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote "Germania", Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces. Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands. After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria, and areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes.Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843 and the Holy Roman Empire emerged from the eastern portion. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps. The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major duchies. In 996 Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the Investiture controversy.Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east "(Ostsiedlung)". Members of the Hanseatic League, mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. Population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–50. The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors.Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratization of knowledge. In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects ("cuius regio, eius religio"). From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates; their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or the Reformed faith as their official religion. The legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Diet. The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as Empress Consort when her husband, Francis I, became Emperor.From 1740, dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire, agreed to the Partitions of Poland. During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet, most of the Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the "Imperium" was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars.Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states. The appointment of the Emperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. The "Zollverein", a tariff union, furthered economic unity. In light of revolutionary movements in Europe, intellectuals and commoners started the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, raising the German Question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.In the period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as Chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war. However, under Wilhelm II, Germany took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary; the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France. At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun. Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and China. The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as punishment for an uprising; this was the 20th century's first genocide.The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a federal republic. Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the Allies. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler. Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in Africa and the South Sea.On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution. In the subsequent struggle for power, communists seized power in Bavaria, but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and a period of hyperinflation followed. A debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won a special election in 1932 and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the first Nazi concentration camp opened. The Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution; his government established a centralised totalitarian state, withdrew from the League of Nations, and dramatically increased the country's rearmament. A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the autobahn.In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other minorities. Germany also reacquired control of the Saarland in 1935, remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, and in violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. "Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)" saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II in Europe; Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, forcing the French government to sign an armistice. The British repelled German air attacks in the Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet Union. By 1942, Germany and her allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe; the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final German counteroffensive. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.In what later became known as the Holocaust, the German government persecuted minorities, including interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. In total 17 million people were systematically murdered, including 6 million Jews, at least 130,000 Romani, 275,000 persons with disabilities, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses, thousands of homosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of political and religious opponents. Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles, 1.3 million Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war. German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million, and around 900,000 German civilians died. Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the Marshall Plan. Konrad Adenauer was elected the first Federal Chancellor of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth ("Wirtschaftswunder") beginning in the early 1950s. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community.East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the USSR via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members ("Politbüro") of the communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service. While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of the Cold War.Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's . In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria, causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the "Wende" reform process culminating in the "Two Plus Four Treaty" under which Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism, the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, German Reunification and "Die Wende".United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its memberships in international organisations. Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a "Bundesstadt" (federal city) retaining some federal ministries. The relocation of the government was completed in 1999, and modernisation of the east German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the European Union, signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, and co-founding the Eurozone. Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan as part of a NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of European integration, the energy transition ("Energiewende") for a sustainable energy supply, the "Debt Brake" for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate (pronatalism), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry 4.0. Germany was affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015: the country took in over a million migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its states.Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe; bordering Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers , consisting of of land and of water. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at ) in the south to the shores of the North Sea ("Nordsee") in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ("Ostsee") in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.Most of Germany has a temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north to continental in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to mild and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.From February 2019 – 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of in January 2020 to a high of in June 2019. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020. Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019. The highest temperature ever recorded in Germany was 42.6 °C on 25 July 2019 in Lingen and the lowest was −37.8 °C on 12 February 1929 in Wolnzach.The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions: Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests, and Alps conifer and mixed forests. 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are conifers, particularly spruce and pine. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include roe deer, wild boar, mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of the Eurasian beaver. The blue cornflower was once a German national symbol.The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park, the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz National Park, the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Harz National Park, the Hainich National Park, the Black Forest National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park, the Bavarian Forest National Park and the Berchtesgaden National Park. In addition, there are 17 Biosphere Reserves, and 105 nature parks. More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany. The Berlin Zoo, which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the "Bundestag" (Federal Diet) and "Bundesrat" (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The "Bundestag" is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the "Bundesrat" represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the "Bundestag" and the "Bundesrat"; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.The president, currently Frank-Walter Steinmeier, is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the "Bundesversammlung" (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the "Bundestag" and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the "Bundestagspräsident" (president of the "Bundestag"), who is elected by the "Bundestag" and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the "Bundespräsident" after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the "Bundestag". The chancellor, currently Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power through their Cabinet.Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance '90/The Greens have also been junior partners in coalition governments. Since 2007, the left-wing populist party The Left has been a staple in the German "Bundestag", though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election, the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time.Germany is a federal state and comprises sixteen constituent states which are collectively referred to as "Länder". Each state has its own constitution, and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Germany is divided into 401 districts ("Kreise") at a municipal level; these consist of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts.Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law. The "Bundesverfassungsgericht" (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review. Germany's supreme court system is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Finance Court and the Federal Administrative Court.Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the "Strafgesetzbuch" and the "Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch" respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public. Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges ("") sit side by side with professional judges.Germany has a low murder rate with 1.18 murders per 100,000 . In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. Germany is a member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies. Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism.The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States.Germany's military, the "Bundeswehr", is organised into the "Heer" (Army and special forces KSK), "Marine" (Navy), "Luftwaffe" (Air Force), "Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr" (Joint Medical Service) and "Streitkräftebasis" (Joint Support Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 8th highest in the world. In 2018, military spending was at $49.5 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%., the "Bundeswehr" has a strength of 184,001 active soldiers and 80,947 civilians. Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad. Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service. Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction. According to SIPRI, Germany was the fourth largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2014 to 2018.In peacetime, the "Bundeswehr" is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In state of defence, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the "Bundeswehr". The role of the "Bundeswehr" is described in the Constitution of Germany as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defence" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world. , the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against Daesh, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo.Germany has a social market economy with a highly skilled labour force, a low level of corruption, and a high level of innovation. It is the world's third largest exporter and third largest importer of goods, and has the largest economy in Europe, which is also the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. Its GDP per capita measured in purchasing power standards amounts to 121% of the EU27 average (100%). The service sector contributes approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%, and agriculture 1% . The unemployment rate published by Eurostat amounts to 3.2% , which is the fourth-lowest in the EU.Germany is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers. In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the Eurozone economy according to the International Monetary Fund. Germany introduced the common European currency, the Euro, in 2002. Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt.Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world, and is the fourth largest by production. The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics. Germany is one of the largest exporters globally.Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2019, the Fortune Global 500, 29 are headquartered in Germany. 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the DAX, the German stock market index which is operated by Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Well-known international brands include Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, Allianz, Adidas, Porsche, Bosch and Deutsche Telekom. Berlin is a hub for startup companies and has become the leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union. Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised small and medium enterprises, known as the "Mittelstand" model. These companies represent 48% global market leaders in their segments, labelled Hidden Champions.Research and development efforts form an integral part of the German economy. In 2018 Germany ranked fourth globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published. Research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association, and the Fraunhofer Society and the Leibniz Association. Germany is the largest contributor to the European Space Agency.With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent. Its road network is among the densest in Europe. The motorway (Autobahn) is widely known for having no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles. The InterCityExpress or "ICE" train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to . The largest German airports are Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport. The Port of Hamburg is one of the top twenty largest container ports in the world., Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of energy. The government and the nuclear power industry agreed to phase out all nuclear power plants by 2021. It meets the country's power demands using 40% renewable sources. Germany is committed to the Paris Agreement and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, and water management. The country's household recycling rate is among the highest in the world—at around 65%. The country's greenhouse gas emissions per capita were the ninth highest in the EU . The German energy transition ("Energiewende") is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy.Germany is the ninth most visited country in the world , with 37.4 million visits. Berlin has become the third most visited city destination in Europe. Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs.Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include Cologne Cathedral, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag, the Dresden Frauenkirche, Neuschwanstein Castle, Heidelberg Castle, the Wartburg, and Sanssouci Palace. The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's second most popular theme park resort.With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census, rising to 83.1 million , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the nineteenth-most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (588 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Germany at birth is 80.19 years (77.93 years for males and 82.58 years for females). The fertility rate of 1.41 children born per woman (2011 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the lowest fertility rates in the world. Since the 1970s, Germany's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s, particularly a rise in the number of well-educated migrants. Germany has the third oldest population in the world, with an average age of 47.4 years.Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries: There is a Danish minority in the northernmost state of Schleswig-Holstein; the Sorbs, a Slavic population, are in the Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg; the Roma and Sinti live throughout the country; and the Frisians are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony.After the United States, Germany is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. The majority of migrants live in western Germany, in particular in urban areas. Of the country's residents, 18.6 million people (22.5%) were of immigrant or partially immigrant descent in 2016 (including persons descending or partially descending from ethnic German repatriates). In 2015, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs listed Germany as host to the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants. , Germany ranks fifth amongst EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's population, at 12.9%.Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions. The country's largest city is Berlin, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr.The 2011 German Census showed Christianity as the largest religion in Germany, with 66.8% identified themselves as Christian, with 3.8% of those not being church members. 31.7% declared themselves as Protestants, including members of the Evangelical Church in Germany (which encompasses Lutheran, Reformed and administrative or confessional unions of both traditions) and the free churches (); 31.2% declared themselves as Roman Catholics, and Orthodox believers constituted 1.3%. According to data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church claimed 28.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of the population. Islam is the second largest religion in the country. In the 2011 census, 1.9% of the census population (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this religion (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question. Most of the Muslims are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations. Other religions comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination, though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the European Commission. German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romany, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages and Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue academic or vocational education. A system of apprenticeship called "Duale Ausbildung" leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school. This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the "Abitur". According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study. The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386) being the oldest. The Humboldt University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many Western universities. In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven Universities of Excellence.Germany's system of hospitals, called "Krankenhäuser", dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating from Bismarck's social legislation of the 1880s. Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded . In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.Germany ranked 20th in the world in 2013 in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births). , the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%. Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called "Das Land der Dichter und Denker" ("the land of poets and thinkers"), because of the major role its writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought. A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as Oktoberfest and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, Christmas pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other practices. UNESCO inscribed 41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List. There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the "Tag der Deutschen Einheit" (German Unity Day).German classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel were influential composers of the Baroque period. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms were significant Romantic composers. Richard Wagner was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Wolfgang Rihm are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.As of 2013, Germany was the second largest music market in Europe, and fourth largest in the world. German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle, pop, Ostrock, heavy metal/rock, punk, pop rock, indie, Volksmusik (folk music), schlager pop and German hip hop. German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre. DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Felix Jaehn, Paul Kalkbrenner, Robin Schulz and Scooter).German painters have influenced western art. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of the Renaissance, Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max Ernst of Surrealism. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; "Die Brücke" (The Bridge) and "Der Blaue Reiter" (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include neo-expressionism and the New Leipzig School.Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were precursors of Romanesque. Brick Gothic is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in Renaissance and Baroque art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. Weser Renaissance). Vernacular architecture in Germany is often identified by its timber framing ("Fachwerk") traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles. When industrialisation spread across Europe, Classicism and a distinctive style of historism developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as "Gründerzeit style". Expressionist architecture developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced Art Deco and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early modernist movement: it is the home of Werkbund initiated by Hermann Muthesius (New Objectivity), and of the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade skyscraper. Renowned contemporary architects and offices include Pritzker Prize winners Gottfried Böhm and Frei Otto.German designers became early leaders of modern product design. The Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level. The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their "Deutsches Wörterbuch", or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass. The German book market is the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years. The Leipzig Book Fair also retains a major position in Europe.German philosophy is historically significant: Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism; the enlightenment philosophy by Immanuel Kant; the establishment of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; Friedrich Nietzsche's development of perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's contributions to the dawn of analytic philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; the development of the Frankfurt School has been particularly influential.The largest internationally operating media companies in Germany are the Bertelsmann enterprise, Axel Springer SE and ProSiebenSat.1 Media. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 38 million TV households. Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels. There are more than 300 public and private radio stations in Germany; Germany's national radio network is the Deutschlandradio and the public Deutsche Welle is the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages. Germany's print market of newspapers and magazines is the largest in Europe. The papers with the highest circulation are "Bild", "Süddeutsche Zeitung", "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" and "Die Welt". The largest magazines include "ADAC Motorwelt" and "Der Spiegel". Germany has a large video gaming market, with over 34 million players nationwide.German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the Skladanowsky Brothers were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was particularly influential with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Director Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as "Trümmerfilm" (rubble film). East German film was dominated by state-owned film studio DEFA, while the dominant genre in West Germany was the "Heimatfilm" ("homeland film"). During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim.The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German production "Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum)" in 1979, to "Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa)" in 2002, and to "Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others)" in 2007. Various Germans won an Oscar for their performances in other films. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the European Film Academy. The Berlin International Film Festival, known as "Berlinale", awarding the "Golden Bear" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading film festivals. The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at the German Film Awards.German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia share some traditions with Switzerland and Austria). International varieties such as pizza, sushi, Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine and doner kebab are also popular.Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and rolls ("Brötchen"). German cheeses account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe. In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts and Weisswursts. The national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person stands at in 2013 and remains among the highest in the world. German beer purity regulations date back to the 16th century. Wine is becoming more popular in many parts of the country, especially close to German wine regions. In 2019, Germany was the ninth largest wine producer in the world.The 2018 Michelin Guide awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars, giving the country a cumulative total of 300 stars.Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund") is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide, and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world. The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014, the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996, and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017.Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and Audi 13 times (). The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven Formula One World Drivers' Championships. Sebastian Vettel is also among the top five most successful Formula One drivers of all time.Historically, German athletes have been successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-time Olympic Games medal count (when combining East and West German medals). Germany was the last country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936: the Berlin Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Munich hosted the Summer Games of 1972.	[ "Konrad Adenauer", "Gerhard Schröder", "Helmut Schmidt", "Willy Brandt", "Helmut Kohl", "Angela Merkel", "Walter Scheel", "Olaf Scholz", "Kurt Georg Kiesinger" ]
Who was the head of Germany in 06/10/1965?	October 06, 1965	{ "text": [ "Ludwig Erhard" ] }	L2_Q183_P6_1	Willy Brandt is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1969 to May, 1974. Walter Scheel is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to May, 1974. Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Kurt Georg Kiesinger is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 1966 to Oct, 1969. Ludwig Erhard is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1963 to Nov, 1966. Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to Oct, 1982. Helmut Kohl is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1982 to Oct, 1998. Konrad Adenauer is the head of the government of Germany from Sep, 1949 to Oct, 1963. Gerhard Schröder is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1998 to Oct, 2005. Angela Merkel is the head of the government of Germany from Nov, 2005 to Dec, 2021.	GermanyGermany (, ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; covering an area of , with a population of over 83 million within its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. In 1871, Germany became a nation-state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the semi-presidential Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Germany was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, East Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of communism, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990—becoming a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. Germany is a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods. As a developed country, which ranks very high on the Human Development Index, it offers social security and a universal health care system, environmental protections, and a tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD. It has the fourth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.The English word "Germany" derives from the Latin , which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. The German term , originally ("the German lands") is derived from (cf. "Dutch"), descended from Old High German "of the people" (from or "people"), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic "of the people" (see also the Latinised form ), derived from , descended from Proto-Indo-European *"" "people", from which the word "Teutons" also originates.Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The first non-modern human fossil (the Neanderthal) was discovered in the Neander Valley. Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the Swabian Jura, including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found, the 40,000-year-old Lion Man, and the 35,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels. The Nebra sky disk, created during the European Bronze Age, is attributed to a German site.The Germanic tribes are thought to date from the Nordic Bronze Age or the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes.Under Augustus, Rome began to invade Germania. In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by Arminius. By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote "Germania", Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces. Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands. After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria, and areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes.Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843 and the Holy Roman Empire emerged from the eastern portion. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps. The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major duchies. In 996 Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the Investiture controversy.Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east "(Ostsiedlung)". Members of the Hanseatic League, mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. Population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–50. The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors.Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratization of knowledge. In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects ("cuius regio, eius religio"). From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates; their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or the Reformed faith as their official religion. The legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Diet. The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as Empress Consort when her husband, Francis I, became Emperor.From 1740, dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire, agreed to the Partitions of Poland. During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet, most of the Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the "Imperium" was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars.Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states. The appointment of the Emperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. The "Zollverein", a tariff union, furthered economic unity. In light of revolutionary movements in Europe, intellectuals and commoners started the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, raising the German Question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.In the period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as Chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war. However, under Wilhelm II, Germany took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary; the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France. At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun. Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and China. The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as punishment for an uprising; this was the 20th century's first genocide.The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a federal republic. Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the Allies. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler. Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in Africa and the South Sea.On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution. In the subsequent struggle for power, communists seized power in Bavaria, but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and a period of hyperinflation followed. A debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won a special election in 1932 and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the first Nazi concentration camp opened. The Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution; his government established a centralised totalitarian state, withdrew from the League of Nations, and dramatically increased the country's rearmament. A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the autobahn.In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other minorities. Germany also reacquired control of the Saarland in 1935, remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, and in violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. "Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)" saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II in Europe; Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, forcing the French government to sign an armistice. The British repelled German air attacks in the Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet Union. By 1942, Germany and her allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe; the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final German counteroffensive. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.In what later became known as the Holocaust, the German government persecuted minorities, including interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. In total 17 million people were systematically murdered, including 6 million Jews, at least 130,000 Romani, 275,000 persons with disabilities, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses, thousands of homosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of political and religious opponents. Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles, 1.3 million Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war. German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million, and around 900,000 German civilians died. Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the Marshall Plan. Konrad Adenauer was elected the first Federal Chancellor of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth ("Wirtschaftswunder") beginning in the early 1950s. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community.East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the USSR via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members ("Politbüro") of the communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service. While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of the Cold War.Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's . In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria, causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the "Wende" reform process culminating in the "Two Plus Four Treaty" under which Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism, the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, German Reunification and "Die Wende".United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its memberships in international organisations. Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a "Bundesstadt" (federal city) retaining some federal ministries. The relocation of the government was completed in 1999, and modernisation of the east German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the European Union, signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, and co-founding the Eurozone. Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan as part of a NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of European integration, the energy transition ("Energiewende") for a sustainable energy supply, the "Debt Brake" for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate (pronatalism), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry 4.0. Germany was affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015: the country took in over a million migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its states.Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe; bordering Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers , consisting of of land and of water. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at ) in the south to the shores of the North Sea ("Nordsee") in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ("Ostsee") in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.Most of Germany has a temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north to continental in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to mild and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.From February 2019 – 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of in January 2020 to a high of in June 2019. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020. Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019. The highest temperature ever recorded in Germany was 42.6 °C on 25 July 2019 in Lingen and the lowest was −37.8 °C on 12 February 1929 in Wolnzach.The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions: Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests, and Alps conifer and mixed forests. 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are conifers, particularly spruce and pine. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include roe deer, wild boar, mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of the Eurasian beaver. The blue cornflower was once a German national symbol.The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park, the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz National Park, the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Harz National Park, the Hainich National Park, the Black Forest National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park, the Bavarian Forest National Park and the Berchtesgaden National Park. In addition, there are 17 Biosphere Reserves, and 105 nature parks. More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany. The Berlin Zoo, which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the "Bundestag" (Federal Diet) and "Bundesrat" (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The "Bundestag" is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the "Bundesrat" represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the "Bundestag" and the "Bundesrat"; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.The president, currently Frank-Walter Steinmeier, is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the "Bundesversammlung" (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the "Bundestag" and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the "Bundestagspräsident" (president of the "Bundestag"), who is elected by the "Bundestag" and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the "Bundespräsident" after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the "Bundestag". The chancellor, currently Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power through their Cabinet.Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance '90/The Greens have also been junior partners in coalition governments. Since 2007, the left-wing populist party The Left has been a staple in the German "Bundestag", though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election, the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time.Germany is a federal state and comprises sixteen constituent states which are collectively referred to as "Länder". Each state has its own constitution, and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Germany is divided into 401 districts ("Kreise") at a municipal level; these consist of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts.Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law. The "Bundesverfassungsgericht" (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review. Germany's supreme court system is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Finance Court and the Federal Administrative Court.Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the "Strafgesetzbuch" and the "Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch" respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public. Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges ("") sit side by side with professional judges.Germany has a low murder rate with 1.18 murders per 100,000 . In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. Germany is a member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies. Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism.The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States.Germany's military, the "Bundeswehr", is organised into the "Heer" (Army and special forces KSK), "Marine" (Navy), "Luftwaffe" (Air Force), "Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr" (Joint Medical Service) and "Streitkräftebasis" (Joint Support Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 8th highest in the world. In 2018, military spending was at $49.5 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%., the "Bundeswehr" has a strength of 184,001 active soldiers and 80,947 civilians. Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad. Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service. Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction. According to SIPRI, Germany was the fourth largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2014 to 2018.In peacetime, the "Bundeswehr" is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In state of defence, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the "Bundeswehr". The role of the "Bundeswehr" is described in the Constitution of Germany as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defence" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world. , the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against Daesh, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo.Germany has a social market economy with a highly skilled labour force, a low level of corruption, and a high level of innovation. It is the world's third largest exporter and third largest importer of goods, and has the largest economy in Europe, which is also the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. Its GDP per capita measured in purchasing power standards amounts to 121% of the EU27 average (100%). The service sector contributes approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%, and agriculture 1% . The unemployment rate published by Eurostat amounts to 3.2% , which is the fourth-lowest in the EU.Germany is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers. In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the Eurozone economy according to the International Monetary Fund. Germany introduced the common European currency, the Euro, in 2002. Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt.Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world, and is the fourth largest by production. The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics. Germany is one of the largest exporters globally.Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2019, the Fortune Global 500, 29 are headquartered in Germany. 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the DAX, the German stock market index which is operated by Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Well-known international brands include Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, Allianz, Adidas, Porsche, Bosch and Deutsche Telekom. Berlin is a hub for startup companies and has become the leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union. Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised small and medium enterprises, known as the "Mittelstand" model. These companies represent 48% global market leaders in their segments, labelled Hidden Champions.Research and development efforts form an integral part of the German economy. In 2018 Germany ranked fourth globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published. Research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association, and the Fraunhofer Society and the Leibniz Association. Germany is the largest contributor to the European Space Agency.With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent. Its road network is among the densest in Europe. The motorway (Autobahn) is widely known for having no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles. The InterCityExpress or "ICE" train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to . The largest German airports are Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport. The Port of Hamburg is one of the top twenty largest container ports in the world., Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of energy. The government and the nuclear power industry agreed to phase out all nuclear power plants by 2021. It meets the country's power demands using 40% renewable sources. Germany is committed to the Paris Agreement and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, and water management. The country's household recycling rate is among the highest in the world—at around 65%. The country's greenhouse gas emissions per capita were the ninth highest in the EU . The German energy transition ("Energiewende") is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy.Germany is the ninth most visited country in the world , with 37.4 million visits. Berlin has become the third most visited city destination in Europe. Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs.Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include Cologne Cathedral, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag, the Dresden Frauenkirche, Neuschwanstein Castle, Heidelberg Castle, the Wartburg, and Sanssouci Palace. The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's second most popular theme park resort.With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census, rising to 83.1 million , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the nineteenth-most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (588 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Germany at birth is 80.19 years (77.93 years for males and 82.58 years for females). The fertility rate of 1.41 children born per woman (2011 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the lowest fertility rates in the world. Since the 1970s, Germany's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s, particularly a rise in the number of well-educated migrants. Germany has the third oldest population in the world, with an average age of 47.4 years.Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries: There is a Danish minority in the northernmost state of Schleswig-Holstein; the Sorbs, a Slavic population, are in the Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg; the Roma and Sinti live throughout the country; and the Frisians are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony.After the United States, Germany is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. The majority of migrants live in western Germany, in particular in urban areas. Of the country's residents, 18.6 million people (22.5%) were of immigrant or partially immigrant descent in 2016 (including persons descending or partially descending from ethnic German repatriates). In 2015, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs listed Germany as host to the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants. , Germany ranks fifth amongst EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's population, at 12.9%.Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions. The country's largest city is Berlin, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr.The 2011 German Census showed Christianity as the largest religion in Germany, with 66.8% identified themselves as Christian, with 3.8% of those not being church members. 31.7% declared themselves as Protestants, including members of the Evangelical Church in Germany (which encompasses Lutheran, Reformed and administrative or confessional unions of both traditions) and the free churches (); 31.2% declared themselves as Roman Catholics, and Orthodox believers constituted 1.3%. According to data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church claimed 28.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of the population. Islam is the second largest religion in the country. In the 2011 census, 1.9% of the census population (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this religion (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question. Most of the Muslims are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations. Other religions comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination, though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the European Commission. German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romany, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages and Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue academic or vocational education. A system of apprenticeship called "Duale Ausbildung" leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school. This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the "Abitur". According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study. The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386) being the oldest. The Humboldt University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many Western universities. In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven Universities of Excellence.Germany's system of hospitals, called "Krankenhäuser", dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating from Bismarck's social legislation of the 1880s. Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded . In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.Germany ranked 20th in the world in 2013 in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births). , the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%. Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called "Das Land der Dichter und Denker" ("the land of poets and thinkers"), because of the major role its writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought. A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as Oktoberfest and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, Christmas pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other practices. UNESCO inscribed 41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List. There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the "Tag der Deutschen Einheit" (German Unity Day).German classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel were influential composers of the Baroque period. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms were significant Romantic composers. Richard Wagner was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Wolfgang Rihm are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.As of 2013, Germany was the second largest music market in Europe, and fourth largest in the world. German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle, pop, Ostrock, heavy metal/rock, punk, pop rock, indie, Volksmusik (folk music), schlager pop and German hip hop. German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre. DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Felix Jaehn, Paul Kalkbrenner, Robin Schulz and Scooter).German painters have influenced western art. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of the Renaissance, Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max Ernst of Surrealism. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; "Die Brücke" (The Bridge) and "Der Blaue Reiter" (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include neo-expressionism and the New Leipzig School.Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were precursors of Romanesque. Brick Gothic is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in Renaissance and Baroque art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. Weser Renaissance). Vernacular architecture in Germany is often identified by its timber framing ("Fachwerk") traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles. When industrialisation spread across Europe, Classicism and a distinctive style of historism developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as "Gründerzeit style". Expressionist architecture developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced Art Deco and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early modernist movement: it is the home of Werkbund initiated by Hermann Muthesius (New Objectivity), and of the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade skyscraper. Renowned contemporary architects and offices include Pritzker Prize winners Gottfried Böhm and Frei Otto.German designers became early leaders of modern product design. The Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level. The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their "Deutsches Wörterbuch", or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass. The German book market is the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years. The Leipzig Book Fair also retains a major position in Europe.German philosophy is historically significant: Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism; the enlightenment philosophy by Immanuel Kant; the establishment of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; Friedrich Nietzsche's development of perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's contributions to the dawn of analytic philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; the development of the Frankfurt School has been particularly influential.The largest internationally operating media companies in Germany are the Bertelsmann enterprise, Axel Springer SE and ProSiebenSat.1 Media. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 38 million TV households. Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels. There are more than 300 public and private radio stations in Germany; Germany's national radio network is the Deutschlandradio and the public Deutsche Welle is the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages. Germany's print market of newspapers and magazines is the largest in Europe. The papers with the highest circulation are "Bild", "Süddeutsche Zeitung", "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" and "Die Welt". The largest magazines include "ADAC Motorwelt" and "Der Spiegel". Germany has a large video gaming market, with over 34 million players nationwide.German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the Skladanowsky Brothers were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was particularly influential with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Director Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as "Trümmerfilm" (rubble film). East German film was dominated by state-owned film studio DEFA, while the dominant genre in West Germany was the "Heimatfilm" ("homeland film"). During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim.The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German production "Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum)" in 1979, to "Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa)" in 2002, and to "Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others)" in 2007. Various Germans won an Oscar for their performances in other films. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the European Film Academy. The Berlin International Film Festival, known as "Berlinale", awarding the "Golden Bear" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading film festivals. The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at the German Film Awards.German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia share some traditions with Switzerland and Austria). International varieties such as pizza, sushi, Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine and doner kebab are also popular.Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and rolls ("Brötchen"). German cheeses account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe. In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts and Weisswursts. The national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person stands at in 2013 and remains among the highest in the world. German beer purity regulations date back to the 16th century. Wine is becoming more popular in many parts of the country, especially close to German wine regions. In 2019, Germany was the ninth largest wine producer in the world.The 2018 Michelin Guide awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars, giving the country a cumulative total of 300 stars.Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund") is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide, and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world. The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014, the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996, and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017.Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and Audi 13 times (). The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven Formula One World Drivers' Championships. Sebastian Vettel is also among the top five most successful Formula One drivers of all time.Historically, German athletes have been successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-time Olympic Games medal count (when combining East and West German medals). Germany was the last country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936: the Berlin Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Munich hosted the Summer Games of 1972.	[ "Konrad Adenauer", "Gerhard Schröder", "Helmut Schmidt", "Willy Brandt", "Helmut Kohl", "Angela Merkel", "Walter Scheel", "Olaf Scholz", "Kurt Georg Kiesinger" ]
Who was the head of Germany in Oct 06, 1965?	October 06, 1965	{ "text": [ "Ludwig Erhard" ] }	L2_Q183_P6_1	Willy Brandt is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1969 to May, 1974. Walter Scheel is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to May, 1974. Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Kurt Georg Kiesinger is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 1966 to Oct, 1969. Ludwig Erhard is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1963 to Nov, 1966. Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to Oct, 1982. Helmut Kohl is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1982 to Oct, 1998. Konrad Adenauer is the head of the government of Germany from Sep, 1949 to Oct, 1963. Gerhard Schröder is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1998 to Oct, 2005. Angela Merkel is the head of the government of Germany from Nov, 2005 to Dec, 2021.	GermanyGermany (, ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; covering an area of , with a population of over 83 million within its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. In 1871, Germany became a nation-state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the semi-presidential Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Germany was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, East Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of communism, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990—becoming a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. Germany is a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods. As a developed country, which ranks very high on the Human Development Index, it offers social security and a universal health care system, environmental protections, and a tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD. It has the fourth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.The English word "Germany" derives from the Latin , which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. The German term , originally ("the German lands") is derived from (cf. "Dutch"), descended from Old High German "of the people" (from or "people"), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic "of the people" (see also the Latinised form ), derived from , descended from Proto-Indo-European *"" "people", from which the word "Teutons" also originates.Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The first non-modern human fossil (the Neanderthal) was discovered in the Neander Valley. Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the Swabian Jura, including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found, the 40,000-year-old Lion Man, and the 35,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels. The Nebra sky disk, created during the European Bronze Age, is attributed to a German site.The Germanic tribes are thought to date from the Nordic Bronze Age or the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes.Under Augustus, Rome began to invade Germania. In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by Arminius. By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote "Germania", Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces. Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands. After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria, and areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes.Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843 and the Holy Roman Empire emerged from the eastern portion. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps. The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major duchies. In 996 Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the Investiture controversy.Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east "(Ostsiedlung)". Members of the Hanseatic League, mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. Population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–50. The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors.Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratization of knowledge. In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects ("cuius regio, eius religio"). From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates; their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or the Reformed faith as their official religion. The legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Diet. The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as Empress Consort when her husband, Francis I, became Emperor.From 1740, dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire, agreed to the Partitions of Poland. During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet, most of the Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the "Imperium" was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars.Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states. The appointment of the Emperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. The "Zollverein", a tariff union, furthered economic unity. In light of revolutionary movements in Europe, intellectuals and commoners started the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, raising the German Question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.In the period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as Chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war. However, under Wilhelm II, Germany took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary; the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France. At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun. Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and China. The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as punishment for an uprising; this was the 20th century's first genocide.The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a federal republic. Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the Allies. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler. Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in Africa and the South Sea.On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution. In the subsequent struggle for power, communists seized power in Bavaria, but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and a period of hyperinflation followed. A debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won a special election in 1932 and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the first Nazi concentration camp opened. The Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution; his government established a centralised totalitarian state, withdrew from the League of Nations, and dramatically increased the country's rearmament. A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the autobahn.In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other minorities. Germany also reacquired control of the Saarland in 1935, remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, and in violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. "Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)" saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II in Europe; Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, forcing the French government to sign an armistice. The British repelled German air attacks in the Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet Union. By 1942, Germany and her allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe; the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final German counteroffensive. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.In what later became known as the Holocaust, the German government persecuted minorities, including interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. In total 17 million people were systematically murdered, including 6 million Jews, at least 130,000 Romani, 275,000 persons with disabilities, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses, thousands of homosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of political and religious opponents. Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles, 1.3 million Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war. German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million, and around 900,000 German civilians died. Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the Marshall Plan. Konrad Adenauer was elected the first Federal Chancellor of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth ("Wirtschaftswunder") beginning in the early 1950s. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community.East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the USSR via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members ("Politbüro") of the communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service. While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of the Cold War.Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's . In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria, causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the "Wende" reform process culminating in the "Two Plus Four Treaty" under which Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism, the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, German Reunification and "Die Wende".United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its memberships in international organisations. Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a "Bundesstadt" (federal city) retaining some federal ministries. The relocation of the government was completed in 1999, and modernisation of the east German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the European Union, signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, and co-founding the Eurozone. Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan as part of a NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of European integration, the energy transition ("Energiewende") for a sustainable energy supply, the "Debt Brake" for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate (pronatalism), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry 4.0. Germany was affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015: the country took in over a million migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its states.Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe; bordering Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers , consisting of of land and of water. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at ) in the south to the shores of the North Sea ("Nordsee") in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ("Ostsee") in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.Most of Germany has a temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north to continental in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to mild and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.From February 2019 – 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of in January 2020 to a high of in June 2019. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020. Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019. The highest temperature ever recorded in Germany was 42.6 °C on 25 July 2019 in Lingen and the lowest was −37.8 °C on 12 February 1929 in Wolnzach.The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions: Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests, and Alps conifer and mixed forests. 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are conifers, particularly spruce and pine. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include roe deer, wild boar, mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of the Eurasian beaver. The blue cornflower was once a German national symbol.The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park, the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz National Park, the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Harz National Park, the Hainich National Park, the Black Forest National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park, the Bavarian Forest National Park and the Berchtesgaden National Park. In addition, there are 17 Biosphere Reserves, and 105 nature parks. More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany. The Berlin Zoo, which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the "Bundestag" (Federal Diet) and "Bundesrat" (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The "Bundestag" is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the "Bundesrat" represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the "Bundestag" and the "Bundesrat"; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.The president, currently Frank-Walter Steinmeier, is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the "Bundesversammlung" (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the "Bundestag" and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the "Bundestagspräsident" (president of the "Bundestag"), who is elected by the "Bundestag" and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the "Bundespräsident" after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the "Bundestag". The chancellor, currently Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power through their Cabinet.Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance '90/The Greens have also been junior partners in coalition governments. Since 2007, the left-wing populist party The Left has been a staple in the German "Bundestag", though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election, the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time.Germany is a federal state and comprises sixteen constituent states which are collectively referred to as "Länder". Each state has its own constitution, and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Germany is divided into 401 districts ("Kreise") at a municipal level; these consist of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts.Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law. The "Bundesverfassungsgericht" (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review. Germany's supreme court system is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Finance Court and the Federal Administrative Court.Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the "Strafgesetzbuch" and the "Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch" respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public. Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges ("") sit side by side with professional judges.Germany has a low murder rate with 1.18 murders per 100,000 . In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. Germany is a member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies. Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism.The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States.Germany's military, the "Bundeswehr", is organised into the "Heer" (Army and special forces KSK), "Marine" (Navy), "Luftwaffe" (Air Force), "Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr" (Joint Medical Service) and "Streitkräftebasis" (Joint Support Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 8th highest in the world. In 2018, military spending was at $49.5 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%., the "Bundeswehr" has a strength of 184,001 active soldiers and 80,947 civilians. Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad. Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service. Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction. According to SIPRI, Germany was the fourth largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2014 to 2018.In peacetime, the "Bundeswehr" is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In state of defence, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the "Bundeswehr". The role of the "Bundeswehr" is described in the Constitution of Germany as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defence" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world. , the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against Daesh, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo.Germany has a social market economy with a highly skilled labour force, a low level of corruption, and a high level of innovation. It is the world's third largest exporter and third largest importer of goods, and has the largest economy in Europe, which is also the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. Its GDP per capita measured in purchasing power standards amounts to 121% of the EU27 average (100%). The service sector contributes approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%, and agriculture 1% . The unemployment rate published by Eurostat amounts to 3.2% , which is the fourth-lowest in the EU.Germany is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers. In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the Eurozone economy according to the International Monetary Fund. Germany introduced the common European currency, the Euro, in 2002. Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt.Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world, and is the fourth largest by production. The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics. Germany is one of the largest exporters globally.Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2019, the Fortune Global 500, 29 are headquartered in Germany. 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the DAX, the German stock market index which is operated by Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Well-known international brands include Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, Allianz, Adidas, Porsche, Bosch and Deutsche Telekom. Berlin is a hub for startup companies and has become the leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union. Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised small and medium enterprises, known as the "Mittelstand" model. These companies represent 48% global market leaders in their segments, labelled Hidden Champions.Research and development efforts form an integral part of the German economy. In 2018 Germany ranked fourth globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published. Research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association, and the Fraunhofer Society and the Leibniz Association. Germany is the largest contributor to the European Space Agency.With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent. Its road network is among the densest in Europe. The motorway (Autobahn) is widely known for having no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles. The InterCityExpress or "ICE" train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to . The largest German airports are Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport. The Port of Hamburg is one of the top twenty largest container ports in the world., Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of energy. The government and the nuclear power industry agreed to phase out all nuclear power plants by 2021. It meets the country's power demands using 40% renewable sources. Germany is committed to the Paris Agreement and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, and water management. The country's household recycling rate is among the highest in the world—at around 65%. The country's greenhouse gas emissions per capita were the ninth highest in the EU . The German energy transition ("Energiewende") is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy.Germany is the ninth most visited country in the world , with 37.4 million visits. Berlin has become the third most visited city destination in Europe. Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs.Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include Cologne Cathedral, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag, the Dresden Frauenkirche, Neuschwanstein Castle, Heidelberg Castle, the Wartburg, and Sanssouci Palace. The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's second most popular theme park resort.With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census, rising to 83.1 million , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the nineteenth-most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (588 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Germany at birth is 80.19 years (77.93 years for males and 82.58 years for females). The fertility rate of 1.41 children born per woman (2011 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the lowest fertility rates in the world. Since the 1970s, Germany's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s, particularly a rise in the number of well-educated migrants. Germany has the third oldest population in the world, with an average age of 47.4 years.Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries: There is a Danish minority in the northernmost state of Schleswig-Holstein; the Sorbs, a Slavic population, are in the Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg; the Roma and Sinti live throughout the country; and the Frisians are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony.After the United States, Germany is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. The majority of migrants live in western Germany, in particular in urban areas. Of the country's residents, 18.6 million people (22.5%) were of immigrant or partially immigrant descent in 2016 (including persons descending or partially descending from ethnic German repatriates). In 2015, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs listed Germany as host to the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants. , Germany ranks fifth amongst EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's population, at 12.9%.Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions. The country's largest city is Berlin, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr.The 2011 German Census showed Christianity as the largest religion in Germany, with 66.8% identified themselves as Christian, with 3.8% of those not being church members. 31.7% declared themselves as Protestants, including members of the Evangelical Church in Germany (which encompasses Lutheran, Reformed and administrative or confessional unions of both traditions) and the free churches (); 31.2% declared themselves as Roman Catholics, and Orthodox believers constituted 1.3%. According to data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church claimed 28.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of the population. Islam is the second largest religion in the country. In the 2011 census, 1.9% of the census population (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this religion (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question. Most of the Muslims are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations. Other religions comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination, though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the European Commission. German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romany, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages and Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue academic or vocational education. A system of apprenticeship called "Duale Ausbildung" leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school. This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the "Abitur". According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study. The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386) being the oldest. The Humboldt University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many Western universities. In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven Universities of Excellence.Germany's system of hospitals, called "Krankenhäuser", dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating from Bismarck's social legislation of the 1880s. Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded . In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.Germany ranked 20th in the world in 2013 in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births). , the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%. Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called "Das Land der Dichter und Denker" ("the land of poets and thinkers"), because of the major role its writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought. A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as Oktoberfest and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, Christmas pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other practices. UNESCO inscribed 41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List. There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the "Tag der Deutschen Einheit" (German Unity Day).German classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel were influential composers of the Baroque period. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms were significant Romantic composers. Richard Wagner was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Wolfgang Rihm are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.As of 2013, Germany was the second largest music market in Europe, and fourth largest in the world. German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle, pop, Ostrock, heavy metal/rock, punk, pop rock, indie, Volksmusik (folk music), schlager pop and German hip hop. German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre. DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Felix Jaehn, Paul Kalkbrenner, Robin Schulz and Scooter).German painters have influenced western art. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of the Renaissance, Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max Ernst of Surrealism. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; "Die Brücke" (The Bridge) and "Der Blaue Reiter" (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include neo-expressionism and the New Leipzig School.Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were precursors of Romanesque. Brick Gothic is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in Renaissance and Baroque art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. Weser Renaissance). Vernacular architecture in Germany is often identified by its timber framing ("Fachwerk") traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles. When industrialisation spread across Europe, Classicism and a distinctive style of historism developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as "Gründerzeit style". Expressionist architecture developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced Art Deco and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early modernist movement: it is the home of Werkbund initiated by Hermann Muthesius (New Objectivity), and of the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade skyscraper. Renowned contemporary architects and offices include Pritzker Prize winners Gottfried Böhm and Frei Otto.German designers became early leaders of modern product design. The Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level. The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their "Deutsches Wörterbuch", or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass. The German book market is the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years. The Leipzig Book Fair also retains a major position in Europe.German philosophy is historically significant: Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism; the enlightenment philosophy by Immanuel Kant; the establishment of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; Friedrich Nietzsche's development of perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's contributions to the dawn of analytic philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; the development of the Frankfurt School has been particularly influential.The largest internationally operating media companies in Germany are the Bertelsmann enterprise, Axel Springer SE and ProSiebenSat.1 Media. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 38 million TV households. Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels. There are more than 300 public and private radio stations in Germany; Germany's national radio network is the Deutschlandradio and the public Deutsche Welle is the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages. Germany's print market of newspapers and magazines is the largest in Europe. The papers with the highest circulation are "Bild", "Süddeutsche Zeitung", "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" and "Die Welt". The largest magazines include "ADAC Motorwelt" and "Der Spiegel". Germany has a large video gaming market, with over 34 million players nationwide.German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the Skladanowsky Brothers were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was particularly influential with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Director Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as "Trümmerfilm" (rubble film). East German film was dominated by state-owned film studio DEFA, while the dominant genre in West Germany was the "Heimatfilm" ("homeland film"). During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim.The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German production "Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum)" in 1979, to "Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa)" in 2002, and to "Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others)" in 2007. Various Germans won an Oscar for their performances in other films. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the European Film Academy. The Berlin International Film Festival, known as "Berlinale", awarding the "Golden Bear" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading film festivals. The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at the German Film Awards.German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia share some traditions with Switzerland and Austria). International varieties such as pizza, sushi, Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine and doner kebab are also popular.Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and rolls ("Brötchen"). German cheeses account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe. In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts and Weisswursts. The national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person stands at in 2013 and remains among the highest in the world. German beer purity regulations date back to the 16th century. Wine is becoming more popular in many parts of the country, especially close to German wine regions. In 2019, Germany was the ninth largest wine producer in the world.The 2018 Michelin Guide awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars, giving the country a cumulative total of 300 stars.Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund") is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide, and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world. The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014, the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996, and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017.Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and Audi 13 times (). The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven Formula One World Drivers' Championships. Sebastian Vettel is also among the top five most successful Formula One drivers of all time.Historically, German athletes have been successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-time Olympic Games medal count (when combining East and West German medals). Germany was the last country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936: the Berlin Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Munich hosted the Summer Games of 1972.	[ "Konrad Adenauer", "Gerhard Schröder", "Helmut Schmidt", "Willy Brandt", "Helmut Kohl", "Angela Merkel", "Walter Scheel", "Olaf Scholz", "Kurt Georg Kiesinger" ]
Who was the head of Germany in 10/06/1965?	October 06, 1965	{ "text": [ "Ludwig Erhard" ] }	L2_Q183_P6_1	Willy Brandt is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1969 to May, 1974. Walter Scheel is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to May, 1974. Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Kurt Georg Kiesinger is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 1966 to Oct, 1969. Ludwig Erhard is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1963 to Nov, 1966. Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to Oct, 1982. Helmut Kohl is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1982 to Oct, 1998. Konrad Adenauer is the head of the government of Germany from Sep, 1949 to Oct, 1963. Gerhard Schröder is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1998 to Oct, 2005. Angela Merkel is the head of the government of Germany from Nov, 2005 to Dec, 2021.	GermanyGermany (, ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; covering an area of , with a population of over 83 million within its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. In 1871, Germany became a nation-state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the semi-presidential Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Germany was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, East Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of communism, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990—becoming a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. Germany is a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods. As a developed country, which ranks very high on the Human Development Index, it offers social security and a universal health care system, environmental protections, and a tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD. It has the fourth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.The English word "Germany" derives from the Latin , which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. The German term , originally ("the German lands") is derived from (cf. "Dutch"), descended from Old High German "of the people" (from or "people"), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic "of the people" (see also the Latinised form ), derived from , descended from Proto-Indo-European *"" "people", from which the word "Teutons" also originates.Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The first non-modern human fossil (the Neanderthal) was discovered in the Neander Valley. Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the Swabian Jura, including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found, the 40,000-year-old Lion Man, and the 35,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels. The Nebra sky disk, created during the European Bronze Age, is attributed to a German site.The Germanic tribes are thought to date from the Nordic Bronze Age or the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes.Under Augustus, Rome began to invade Germania. In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by Arminius. By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote "Germania", Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces. Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands. After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria, and areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes.Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843 and the Holy Roman Empire emerged from the eastern portion. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps. The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major duchies. In 996 Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the Investiture controversy.Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east "(Ostsiedlung)". Members of the Hanseatic League, mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. Population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–50. The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors.Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratization of knowledge. In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects ("cuius regio, eius religio"). From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates; their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or the Reformed faith as their official religion. The legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Diet. The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as Empress Consort when her husband, Francis I, became Emperor.From 1740, dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire, agreed to the Partitions of Poland. During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet, most of the Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the "Imperium" was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars.Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states. The appointment of the Emperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. The "Zollverein", a tariff union, furthered economic unity. In light of revolutionary movements in Europe, intellectuals and commoners started the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, raising the German Question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.In the period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as Chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war. However, under Wilhelm II, Germany took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary; the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France. At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun. Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and China. The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as punishment for an uprising; this was the 20th century's first genocide.The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a federal republic. Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the Allies. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler. Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in Africa and the South Sea.On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution. In the subsequent struggle for power, communists seized power in Bavaria, but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and a period of hyperinflation followed. A debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won a special election in 1932 and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the first Nazi concentration camp opened. The Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution; his government established a centralised totalitarian state, withdrew from the League of Nations, and dramatically increased the country's rearmament. A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the autobahn.In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other minorities. Germany also reacquired control of the Saarland in 1935, remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, and in violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. "Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)" saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II in Europe; Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, forcing the French government to sign an armistice. The British repelled German air attacks in the Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet Union. By 1942, Germany and her allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe; the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final German counteroffensive. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.In what later became known as the Holocaust, the German government persecuted minorities, including interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. In total 17 million people were systematically murdered, including 6 million Jews, at least 130,000 Romani, 275,000 persons with disabilities, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses, thousands of homosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of political and religious opponents. Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles, 1.3 million Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war. German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million, and around 900,000 German civilians died. Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the Marshall Plan. Konrad Adenauer was elected the first Federal Chancellor of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth ("Wirtschaftswunder") beginning in the early 1950s. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community.East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the USSR via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members ("Politbüro") of the communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service. While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of the Cold War.Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's . In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria, causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the "Wende" reform process culminating in the "Two Plus Four Treaty" under which Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism, the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, German Reunification and "Die Wende".United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its memberships in international organisations. Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a "Bundesstadt" (federal city) retaining some federal ministries. The relocation of the government was completed in 1999, and modernisation of the east German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the European Union, signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, and co-founding the Eurozone. Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan as part of a NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of European integration, the energy transition ("Energiewende") for a sustainable energy supply, the "Debt Brake" for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate (pronatalism), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry 4.0. Germany was affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015: the country took in over a million migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its states.Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe; bordering Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers , consisting of of land and of water. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at ) in the south to the shores of the North Sea ("Nordsee") in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ("Ostsee") in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.Most of Germany has a temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north to continental in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to mild and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.From February 2019 – 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of in January 2020 to a high of in June 2019. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020. Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019. The highest temperature ever recorded in Germany was 42.6 °C on 25 July 2019 in Lingen and the lowest was −37.8 °C on 12 February 1929 in Wolnzach.The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions: Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests, and Alps conifer and mixed forests. 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are conifers, particularly spruce and pine. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include roe deer, wild boar, mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of the Eurasian beaver. The blue cornflower was once a German national symbol.The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park, the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz National Park, the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Harz National Park, the Hainich National Park, the Black Forest National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park, the Bavarian Forest National Park and the Berchtesgaden National Park. In addition, there are 17 Biosphere Reserves, and 105 nature parks. More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany. The Berlin Zoo, which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the "Bundestag" (Federal Diet) and "Bundesrat" (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The "Bundestag" is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the "Bundesrat" represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the "Bundestag" and the "Bundesrat"; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.The president, currently Frank-Walter Steinmeier, is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the "Bundesversammlung" (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the "Bundestag" and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the "Bundestagspräsident" (president of the "Bundestag"), who is elected by the "Bundestag" and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the "Bundespräsident" after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the "Bundestag". The chancellor, currently Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power through their Cabinet.Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance '90/The Greens have also been junior partners in coalition governments. Since 2007, the left-wing populist party The Left has been a staple in the German "Bundestag", though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election, the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time.Germany is a federal state and comprises sixteen constituent states which are collectively referred to as "Länder". Each state has its own constitution, and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Germany is divided into 401 districts ("Kreise") at a municipal level; these consist of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts.Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law. The "Bundesverfassungsgericht" (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review. Germany's supreme court system is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Finance Court and the Federal Administrative Court.Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the "Strafgesetzbuch" and the "Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch" respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public. Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges ("") sit side by side with professional judges.Germany has a low murder rate with 1.18 murders per 100,000 . In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. Germany is a member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies. Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism.The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States.Germany's military, the "Bundeswehr", is organised into the "Heer" (Army and special forces KSK), "Marine" (Navy), "Luftwaffe" (Air Force), "Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr" (Joint Medical Service) and "Streitkräftebasis" (Joint Support Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 8th highest in the world. In 2018, military spending was at $49.5 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%., the "Bundeswehr" has a strength of 184,001 active soldiers and 80,947 civilians. Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad. Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service. Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction. According to SIPRI, Germany was the fourth largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2014 to 2018.In peacetime, the "Bundeswehr" is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In state of defence, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the "Bundeswehr". The role of the "Bundeswehr" is described in the Constitution of Germany as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defence" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world. , the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against Daesh, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo.Germany has a social market economy with a highly skilled labour force, a low level of corruption, and a high level of innovation. It is the world's third largest exporter and third largest importer of goods, and has the largest economy in Europe, which is also the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. Its GDP per capita measured in purchasing power standards amounts to 121% of the EU27 average (100%). The service sector contributes approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%, and agriculture 1% . The unemployment rate published by Eurostat amounts to 3.2% , which is the fourth-lowest in the EU.Germany is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers. In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the Eurozone economy according to the International Monetary Fund. Germany introduced the common European currency, the Euro, in 2002. Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt.Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world, and is the fourth largest by production. The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics. Germany is one of the largest exporters globally.Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2019, the Fortune Global 500, 29 are headquartered in Germany. 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the DAX, the German stock market index which is operated by Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Well-known international brands include Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, Allianz, Adidas, Porsche, Bosch and Deutsche Telekom. Berlin is a hub for startup companies and has become the leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union. Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised small and medium enterprises, known as the "Mittelstand" model. These companies represent 48% global market leaders in their segments, labelled Hidden Champions.Research and development efforts form an integral part of the German economy. In 2018 Germany ranked fourth globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published. Research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association, and the Fraunhofer Society and the Leibniz Association. Germany is the largest contributor to the European Space Agency.With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent. Its road network is among the densest in Europe. The motorway (Autobahn) is widely known for having no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles. The InterCityExpress or "ICE" train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to . The largest German airports are Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport. The Port of Hamburg is one of the top twenty largest container ports in the world., Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of energy. The government and the nuclear power industry agreed to phase out all nuclear power plants by 2021. It meets the country's power demands using 40% renewable sources. Germany is committed to the Paris Agreement and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, and water management. The country's household recycling rate is among the highest in the world—at around 65%. The country's greenhouse gas emissions per capita were the ninth highest in the EU . The German energy transition ("Energiewende") is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy.Germany is the ninth most visited country in the world , with 37.4 million visits. Berlin has become the third most visited city destination in Europe. Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs.Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include Cologne Cathedral, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag, the Dresden Frauenkirche, Neuschwanstein Castle, Heidelberg Castle, the Wartburg, and Sanssouci Palace. The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's second most popular theme park resort.With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census, rising to 83.1 million , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the nineteenth-most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (588 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Germany at birth is 80.19 years (77.93 years for males and 82.58 years for females). The fertility rate of 1.41 children born per woman (2011 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the lowest fertility rates in the world. Since the 1970s, Germany's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s, particularly a rise in the number of well-educated migrants. Germany has the third oldest population in the world, with an average age of 47.4 years.Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries: There is a Danish minority in the northernmost state of Schleswig-Holstein; the Sorbs, a Slavic population, are in the Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg; the Roma and Sinti live throughout the country; and the Frisians are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony.After the United States, Germany is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. The majority of migrants live in western Germany, in particular in urban areas. Of the country's residents, 18.6 million people (22.5%) were of immigrant or partially immigrant descent in 2016 (including persons descending or partially descending from ethnic German repatriates). In 2015, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs listed Germany as host to the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants. , Germany ranks fifth amongst EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's population, at 12.9%.Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions. The country's largest city is Berlin, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr.The 2011 German Census showed Christianity as the largest religion in Germany, with 66.8% identified themselves as Christian, with 3.8% of those not being church members. 31.7% declared themselves as Protestants, including members of the Evangelical Church in Germany (which encompasses Lutheran, Reformed and administrative or confessional unions of both traditions) and the free churches (); 31.2% declared themselves as Roman Catholics, and Orthodox believers constituted 1.3%. According to data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church claimed 28.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of the population. Islam is the second largest religion in the country. In the 2011 census, 1.9% of the census population (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this religion (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question. Most of the Muslims are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations. Other religions comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination, though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the European Commission. German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romany, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages and Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue academic or vocational education. A system of apprenticeship called "Duale Ausbildung" leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school. This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the "Abitur". According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study. The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386) being the oldest. The Humboldt University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many Western universities. In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven Universities of Excellence.Germany's system of hospitals, called "Krankenhäuser", dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating from Bismarck's social legislation of the 1880s. Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded . In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.Germany ranked 20th in the world in 2013 in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births). , the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%. Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called "Das Land der Dichter und Denker" ("the land of poets and thinkers"), because of the major role its writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought. A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as Oktoberfest and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, Christmas pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other practices. UNESCO inscribed 41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List. There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the "Tag der Deutschen Einheit" (German Unity Day).German classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel were influential composers of the Baroque period. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms were significant Romantic composers. Richard Wagner was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Wolfgang Rihm are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.As of 2013, Germany was the second largest music market in Europe, and fourth largest in the world. German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle, pop, Ostrock, heavy metal/rock, punk, pop rock, indie, Volksmusik (folk music), schlager pop and German hip hop. German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre. DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Felix Jaehn, Paul Kalkbrenner, Robin Schulz and Scooter).German painters have influenced western art. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of the Renaissance, Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max Ernst of Surrealism. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; "Die Brücke" (The Bridge) and "Der Blaue Reiter" (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include neo-expressionism and the New Leipzig School.Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were precursors of Romanesque. Brick Gothic is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in Renaissance and Baroque art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. Weser Renaissance). Vernacular architecture in Germany is often identified by its timber framing ("Fachwerk") traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles. When industrialisation spread across Europe, Classicism and a distinctive style of historism developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as "Gründerzeit style". Expressionist architecture developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced Art Deco and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early modernist movement: it is the home of Werkbund initiated by Hermann Muthesius (New Objectivity), and of the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade skyscraper. Renowned contemporary architects and offices include Pritzker Prize winners Gottfried Böhm and Frei Otto.German designers became early leaders of modern product design. The Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level. The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their "Deutsches Wörterbuch", or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass. The German book market is the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years. The Leipzig Book Fair also retains a major position in Europe.German philosophy is historically significant: Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism; the enlightenment philosophy by Immanuel Kant; the establishment of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; Friedrich Nietzsche's development of perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's contributions to the dawn of analytic philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; the development of the Frankfurt School has been particularly influential.The largest internationally operating media companies in Germany are the Bertelsmann enterprise, Axel Springer SE and ProSiebenSat.1 Media. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 38 million TV households. Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels. There are more than 300 public and private radio stations in Germany; Germany's national radio network is the Deutschlandradio and the public Deutsche Welle is the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages. Germany's print market of newspapers and magazines is the largest in Europe. The papers with the highest circulation are "Bild", "Süddeutsche Zeitung", "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" and "Die Welt". The largest magazines include "ADAC Motorwelt" and "Der Spiegel". Germany has a large video gaming market, with over 34 million players nationwide.German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the Skladanowsky Brothers were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was particularly influential with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Director Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as "Trümmerfilm" (rubble film). East German film was dominated by state-owned film studio DEFA, while the dominant genre in West Germany was the "Heimatfilm" ("homeland film"). During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim.The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German production "Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum)" in 1979, to "Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa)" in 2002, and to "Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others)" in 2007. Various Germans won an Oscar for their performances in other films. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the European Film Academy. The Berlin International Film Festival, known as "Berlinale", awarding the "Golden Bear" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading film festivals. The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at the German Film Awards.German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia share some traditions with Switzerland and Austria). International varieties such as pizza, sushi, Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine and doner kebab are also popular.Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and rolls ("Brötchen"). German cheeses account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe. In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts and Weisswursts. The national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person stands at in 2013 and remains among the highest in the world. German beer purity regulations date back to the 16th century. Wine is becoming more popular in many parts of the country, especially close to German wine regions. In 2019, Germany was the ninth largest wine producer in the world.The 2018 Michelin Guide awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars, giving the country a cumulative total of 300 stars.Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund") is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide, and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world. The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014, the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996, and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017.Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and Audi 13 times (). The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven Formula One World Drivers' Championships. Sebastian Vettel is also among the top five most successful Formula One drivers of all time.Historically, German athletes have been successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-time Olympic Games medal count (when combining East and West German medals). Germany was the last country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936: the Berlin Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Munich hosted the Summer Games of 1972.	[ "Konrad Adenauer", "Gerhard Schröder", "Helmut Schmidt", "Willy Brandt", "Helmut Kohl", "Angela Merkel", "Walter Scheel", "Olaf Scholz", "Kurt Georg Kiesinger" ]
Who was the head of Germany in 06-Oct-196506-October-1965?	October 06, 1965	{ "text": [ "Ludwig Erhard" ] }	L2_Q183_P6_1	Willy Brandt is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1969 to May, 1974. Walter Scheel is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to May, 1974. Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 2021 to Dec, 2022. Kurt Georg Kiesinger is the head of the government of Germany from Dec, 1966 to Oct, 1969. Ludwig Erhard is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1963 to Nov, 1966. Helmut Schmidt is the head of the government of Germany from May, 1974 to Oct, 1982. Helmut Kohl is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1982 to Oct, 1998. Konrad Adenauer is the head of the government of Germany from Sep, 1949 to Oct, 1963. Gerhard Schröder is the head of the government of Germany from Oct, 1998 to Oct, 2005. Angela Merkel is the head of the government of Germany from Nov, 2005 to Dec, 2021.	GermanyGermany (, ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; covering an area of , with a population of over 83 million within its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. In 1871, Germany became a nation-state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the semi-presidential Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Germany was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, East Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of communism, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990—becoming a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. Germany is a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods. As a developed country, which ranks very high on the Human Development Index, it offers social security and a universal health care system, environmental protections, and a tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD. It has the fourth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.The English word "Germany" derives from the Latin , which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. The German term , originally ("the German lands") is derived from (cf. "Dutch"), descended from Old High German "of the people" (from or "people"), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic "of the people" (see also the Latinised form ), derived from , descended from Proto-Indo-European *"" "people", from which the word "Teutons" also originates.Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The first non-modern human fossil (the Neanderthal) was discovered in the Neander Valley. Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the Swabian Jura, including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found, the 40,000-year-old Lion Man, and the 35,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels. The Nebra sky disk, created during the European Bronze Age, is attributed to a German site.The Germanic tribes are thought to date from the Nordic Bronze Age or the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes.Under Augustus, Rome began to invade Germania. In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by Arminius. By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote "Germania", Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces. Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands. After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria, and areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes.Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843 and the Holy Roman Empire emerged from the eastern portion. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps. The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major duchies. In 996 Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the Investiture controversy.Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east "(Ostsiedlung)". Members of the Hanseatic League, mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. Population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–50. The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors.Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratization of knowledge. In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects ("cuius regio, eius religio"). From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates; their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or the Reformed faith as their official religion. The legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Diet. The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as Empress Consort when her husband, Francis I, became Emperor.From 1740, dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire, agreed to the Partitions of Poland. During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet, most of the Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the "Imperium" was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars.Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states. The appointment of the Emperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. The "Zollverein", a tariff union, furthered economic unity. In light of revolutionary movements in Europe, intellectuals and commoners started the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, raising the German Question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.In the period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as Chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war. However, under Wilhelm II, Germany took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary; the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France. At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun. Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and China. The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as punishment for an uprising; this was the 20th century's first genocide.The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a federal republic. Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the Allies. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler. Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in Africa and the South Sea.On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution. In the subsequent struggle for power, communists seized power in Bavaria, but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and a period of hyperinflation followed. A debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won a special election in 1932 and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the first Nazi concentration camp opened. The Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution; his government established a centralised totalitarian state, withdrew from the League of Nations, and dramatically increased the country's rearmament. A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the autobahn.In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other minorities. Germany also reacquired control of the Saarland in 1935, remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, and in violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. "Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)" saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II in Europe; Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, forcing the French government to sign an armistice. The British repelled German air attacks in the Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet Union. By 1942, Germany and her allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe; the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final German counteroffensive. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.In what later became known as the Holocaust, the German government persecuted minorities, including interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. In total 17 million people were systematically murdered, including 6 million Jews, at least 130,000 Romani, 275,000 persons with disabilities, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses, thousands of homosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of political and religious opponents. Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles, 1.3 million Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war. German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million, and around 900,000 German civilians died. Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the Marshall Plan. Konrad Adenauer was elected the first Federal Chancellor of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth ("Wirtschaftswunder") beginning in the early 1950s. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community.East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the USSR via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members ("Politbüro") of the communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service. While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of the Cold War.Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's . In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria, causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the "Wende" reform process culminating in the "Two Plus Four Treaty" under which Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism, the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, German Reunification and "Die Wende".United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its memberships in international organisations. Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a "Bundesstadt" (federal city) retaining some federal ministries. The relocation of the government was completed in 1999, and modernisation of the east German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the European Union, signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, and co-founding the Eurozone. Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan as part of a NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of European integration, the energy transition ("Energiewende") for a sustainable energy supply, the "Debt Brake" for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate (pronatalism), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry 4.0. Germany was affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015: the country took in over a million migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its states.Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe; bordering Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers , consisting of of land and of water. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at ) in the south to the shores of the North Sea ("Nordsee") in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ("Ostsee") in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.Most of Germany has a temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north to continental in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to mild and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.From February 2019 – 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of in January 2020 to a high of in June 2019. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020. Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019. The highest temperature ever recorded in Germany was 42.6 °C on 25 July 2019 in Lingen and the lowest was −37.8 °C on 12 February 1929 in Wolnzach.The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions: Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic mixed forests, Central European mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests, and Alps conifer and mixed forests. 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are conifers, particularly spruce and pine. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include roe deer, wild boar, mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of the Eurasian beaver. The blue cornflower was once a German national symbol.The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park, the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz National Park, the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Harz National Park, the Hainich National Park, the Black Forest National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park, the Bavarian Forest National Park and the Berchtesgaden National Park. In addition, there are 17 Biosphere Reserves, and 105 nature parks. More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany. The Berlin Zoo, which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the "Bundestag" (Federal Diet) and "Bundesrat" (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The "Bundestag" is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the "Bundesrat" represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the "Bundestag" and the "Bundesrat"; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.The president, currently Frank-Walter Steinmeier, is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the "Bundesversammlung" (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the "Bundestag" and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the "Bundestagspräsident" (president of the "Bundestag"), who is elected by the "Bundestag" and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the "Bundespräsident" after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the "Bundestag". The chancellor, currently Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power through their Cabinet.Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance '90/The Greens have also been junior partners in coalition governments. Since 2007, the left-wing populist party The Left has been a staple in the German "Bundestag", though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election, the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time.Germany is a federal state and comprises sixteen constituent states which are collectively referred to as "Länder". Each state has its own constitution, and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Germany is divided into 401 districts ("Kreise") at a municipal level; these consist of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts.Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law. The "Bundesverfassungsgericht" (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review. Germany's supreme court system is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Finance Court and the Federal Administrative Court.Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the "Strafgesetzbuch" and the "Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch" respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public. Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges ("") sit side by side with professional judges.Germany has a low murder rate with 1.18 murders per 100,000 . In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. Germany is a member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies. Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism.The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States.Germany's military, the "Bundeswehr", is organised into the "Heer" (Army and special forces KSK), "Marine" (Navy), "Luftwaffe" (Air Force), "Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr" (Joint Medical Service) and "Streitkräftebasis" (Joint Support Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 8th highest in the world. In 2018, military spending was at $49.5 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%., the "Bundeswehr" has a strength of 184,001 active soldiers and 80,947 civilians. Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad. Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service. Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction. According to SIPRI, Germany was the fourth largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2014 to 2018.In peacetime, the "Bundeswehr" is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In state of defence, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the "Bundeswehr". The role of the "Bundeswehr" is described in the Constitution of Germany as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defence" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world. , the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against Daesh, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo.Germany has a social market economy with a highly skilled labour force, a low level of corruption, and a high level of innovation. It is the world's third largest exporter and third largest importer of goods, and has the largest economy in Europe, which is also the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. Its GDP per capita measured in purchasing power standards amounts to 121% of the EU27 average (100%). The service sector contributes approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%, and agriculture 1% . The unemployment rate published by Eurostat amounts to 3.2% , which is the fourth-lowest in the EU.Germany is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers. In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the Eurozone economy according to the International Monetary Fund. Germany introduced the common European currency, the Euro, in 2002. Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt.Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world, and is the fourth largest by production. The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics. Germany is one of the largest exporters globally.Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2019, the Fortune Global 500, 29 are headquartered in Germany. 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the DAX, the German stock market index which is operated by Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Well-known international brands include Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, Allianz, Adidas, Porsche, Bosch and Deutsche Telekom. Berlin is a hub for startup companies and has become the leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union. Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised small and medium enterprises, known as the "Mittelstand" model. These companies represent 48% global market leaders in their segments, labelled Hidden Champions.Research and development efforts form an integral part of the German economy. In 2018 Germany ranked fourth globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published. Research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association, and the Fraunhofer Society and the Leibniz Association. Germany is the largest contributor to the European Space Agency.With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent. Its road network is among the densest in Europe. The motorway (Autobahn) is widely known for having no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles. The InterCityExpress or "ICE" train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to . The largest German airports are Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport. The Port of Hamburg is one of the top twenty largest container ports in the world., Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of energy. The government and the nuclear power industry agreed to phase out all nuclear power plants by 2021. It meets the country's power demands using 40% renewable sources. Germany is committed to the Paris Agreement and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, and water management. The country's household recycling rate is among the highest in the world—at around 65%. The country's greenhouse gas emissions per capita were the ninth highest in the EU . The German energy transition ("Energiewende") is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy.Germany is the ninth most visited country in the world , with 37.4 million visits. Berlin has become the third most visited city destination in Europe. Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs.Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include Cologne Cathedral, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag, the Dresden Frauenkirche, Neuschwanstein Castle, Heidelberg Castle, the Wartburg, and Sanssouci Palace. The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's second most popular theme park resort.With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census, rising to 83.1 million , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the nineteenth-most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (588 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Germany at birth is 80.19 years (77.93 years for males and 82.58 years for females). The fertility rate of 1.41 children born per woman (2011 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the lowest fertility rates in the world. Since the 1970s, Germany's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s, particularly a rise in the number of well-educated migrants. Germany has the third oldest population in the world, with an average age of 47.4 years.Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries: There is a Danish minority in the northernmost state of Schleswig-Holstein; the Sorbs, a Slavic population, are in the Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg; the Roma and Sinti live throughout the country; and the Frisians are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony.After the United States, Germany is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. The majority of migrants live in western Germany, in particular in urban areas. Of the country's residents, 18.6 million people (22.5%) were of immigrant or partially immigrant descent in 2016 (including persons descending or partially descending from ethnic German repatriates). In 2015, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs listed Germany as host to the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants. , Germany ranks fifth amongst EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's population, at 12.9%.Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions. The country's largest city is Berlin, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr.The 2011 German Census showed Christianity as the largest religion in Germany, with 66.8% identified themselves as Christian, with 3.8% of those not being church members. 31.7% declared themselves as Protestants, including members of the Evangelical Church in Germany (which encompasses Lutheran, Reformed and administrative or confessional unions of both traditions) and the free churches (); 31.2% declared themselves as Roman Catholics, and Orthodox believers constituted 1.3%. According to data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church claimed 28.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of the population. Islam is the second largest religion in the country. In the 2011 census, 1.9% of the census population (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this religion (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question. Most of the Muslims are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations. Other religions comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination, though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the European Commission. German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romany, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages and Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue academic or vocational education. A system of apprenticeship called "Duale Ausbildung" leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school. This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the "Abitur". According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study. The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386) being the oldest. The Humboldt University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many Western universities. In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven Universities of Excellence.Germany's system of hospitals, called "Krankenhäuser", dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating from Bismarck's social legislation of the 1880s. Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded . In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.Germany ranked 20th in the world in 2013 in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births). , the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%. Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called "Das Land der Dichter und Denker" ("the land of poets and thinkers"), because of the major role its writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought. A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as Oktoberfest and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, Christmas pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other practices. UNESCO inscribed 41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List. There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the "Tag der Deutschen Einheit" (German Unity Day).German classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel were influential composers of the Baroque period. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms were significant Romantic composers. Richard Wagner was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Wolfgang Rihm are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.As of 2013, Germany was the second largest music market in Europe, and fourth largest in the world. German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle, pop, Ostrock, heavy metal/rock, punk, pop rock, indie, Volksmusik (folk music), schlager pop and German hip hop. German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre. DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Felix Jaehn, Paul Kalkbrenner, Robin Schulz and Scooter).German painters have influenced western art. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of the Renaissance, Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max Ernst of Surrealism. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; "Die Brücke" (The Bridge) and "Der Blaue Reiter" (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include neo-expressionism and the New Leipzig School.Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were precursors of Romanesque. Brick Gothic is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in Renaissance and Baroque art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. Weser Renaissance). Vernacular architecture in Germany is often identified by its timber framing ("Fachwerk") traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles. When industrialisation spread across Europe, Classicism and a distinctive style of historism developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as "Gründerzeit style". Expressionist architecture developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced Art Deco and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early modernist movement: it is the home of Werkbund initiated by Hermann Muthesius (New Objectivity), and of the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade skyscraper. Renowned contemporary architects and offices include Pritzker Prize winners Gottfried Böhm and Frei Otto.German designers became early leaders of modern product design. The Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level. The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their "Deutsches Wörterbuch", or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass. The German book market is the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years. The Leipzig Book Fair also retains a major position in Europe.German philosophy is historically significant: Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism; the enlightenment philosophy by Immanuel Kant; the establishment of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; Friedrich Nietzsche's development of perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's contributions to the dawn of analytic philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; the development of the Frankfurt School has been particularly influential.The largest internationally operating media companies in Germany are the Bertelsmann enterprise, Axel Springer SE and ProSiebenSat.1 Media. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 38 million TV households. Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels. There are more than 300 public and private radio stations in Germany; Germany's national radio network is the Deutschlandradio and the public Deutsche Welle is the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages. Germany's print market of newspapers and magazines is the largest in Europe. The papers with the highest circulation are "Bild", "Süddeutsche Zeitung", "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" and "Die Welt". The largest magazines include "ADAC Motorwelt" and "Der Spiegel". Germany has a large video gaming market, with over 34 million players nationwide.German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the Skladanowsky Brothers were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was particularly influential with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Director Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as "Trümmerfilm" (rubble film). East German film was dominated by state-owned film studio DEFA, while the dominant genre in West Germany was the "Heimatfilm" ("homeland film"). During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim.The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German production "Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum)" in 1979, to "Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa)" in 2002, and to "Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others)" in 2007. Various Germans won an Oscar for their performances in other films. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the European Film Academy. The Berlin International Film Festival, known as "Berlinale", awarding the "Golden Bear" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading film festivals. The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at the German Film Awards.German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia share some traditions with Switzerland and Austria). International varieties such as pizza, sushi, Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine and doner kebab are also popular.Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and rolls ("Brötchen"). German cheeses account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe. In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts and Weisswursts. The national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person stands at in 2013 and remains among the highest in the world. German beer purity regulations date back to the 16th century. Wine is becoming more popular in many parts of the country, especially close to German wine regions. In 2019, Germany was the ninth largest wine producer in the world.The 2018 Michelin Guide awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars, giving the country a cumulative total of 300 stars.Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund") is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide, and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world. The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014, the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996, and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017.Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and Audi 13 times (). The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven Formula One World Drivers' Championships. Sebastian Vettel is also among the top five most successful Formula One drivers of all time.Historically, German athletes have been successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-time Olympic Games medal count (when combining East and West German medals). Germany was the last country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936: the Berlin Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Munich hosted the Summer Games of 1972.	[ "Konrad Adenauer", "Gerhard Schröder", "Helmut Schmidt", "Willy Brandt", "Helmut Kohl", "Angela Merkel", "Walter Scheel", "Olaf Scholz", "Kurt Georg Kiesinger" ]
Which position did John Dorington hold in Apr, 1900?	April 28, 1900	{ "text": [ "Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6229817_P39_4	John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1874 to Jul, 1874. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1874 to Jan, 1874.	John DoringtonSir John Edward Dorington, 1st Baronet, (24 July 1832 – 5 April 1911) was a British Conservative politician.The son of John E. Dorington of Lypiatt Park, Stroud he was educated at Windlesham House School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.Dorington was returned to parliament for Stroud in a by-election in early January 1874. He lost his seat almost immediately in the general election commencing in late January 1874. However, the election was declared void in April 1874 and Dorington was once again returned in the following May by-election. He again lost his seat when this election was declared void in July 1874. He was created a baronet, of Lypiatt Park in the parish of Stroud in the county of Gloucester, in January 1886. In July of the same year he was once again returned to parliament, this time for Tewkesbury, and held the seat until his own death in 1911.In December 1886 he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 August 1902, following an announcement of the King′s intention to make this appointment in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published in June that year.He continued to represent Tewkesbury in parliament until 1906. His death in April 1911, aged 78. The baronetcy died with him.	[ "Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Dorington hold in 1900-04-28?	April 28, 1900	{ "text": [ "Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6229817_P39_4	John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1874 to Jul, 1874. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1874 to Jan, 1874.	John DoringtonSir John Edward Dorington, 1st Baronet, (24 July 1832 – 5 April 1911) was a British Conservative politician.The son of John E. Dorington of Lypiatt Park, Stroud he was educated at Windlesham House School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.Dorington was returned to parliament for Stroud in a by-election in early January 1874. He lost his seat almost immediately in the general election commencing in late January 1874. However, the election was declared void in April 1874 and Dorington was once again returned in the following May by-election. He again lost his seat when this election was declared void in July 1874. He was created a baronet, of Lypiatt Park in the parish of Stroud in the county of Gloucester, in January 1886. In July of the same year he was once again returned to parliament, this time for Tewkesbury, and held the seat until his own death in 1911.In December 1886 he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 August 1902, following an announcement of the King′s intention to make this appointment in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published in June that year.He continued to represent Tewkesbury in parliament until 1906. His death in April 1911, aged 78. The baronetcy died with him.	[ "Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Dorington hold in 28/04/1900?	April 28, 1900	{ "text": [ "Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6229817_P39_4	John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1874 to Jul, 1874. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1874 to Jan, 1874.	John DoringtonSir John Edward Dorington, 1st Baronet, (24 July 1832 – 5 April 1911) was a British Conservative politician.The son of John E. Dorington of Lypiatt Park, Stroud he was educated at Windlesham House School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.Dorington was returned to parliament for Stroud in a by-election in early January 1874. He lost his seat almost immediately in the general election commencing in late January 1874. However, the election was declared void in April 1874 and Dorington was once again returned in the following May by-election. He again lost his seat when this election was declared void in July 1874. He was created a baronet, of Lypiatt Park in the parish of Stroud in the county of Gloucester, in January 1886. In July of the same year he was once again returned to parliament, this time for Tewkesbury, and held the seat until his own death in 1911.In December 1886 he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 August 1902, following an announcement of the King′s intention to make this appointment in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published in June that year.He continued to represent Tewkesbury in parliament until 1906. His death in April 1911, aged 78. The baronetcy died with him.	[ "Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Dorington hold in Apr 28, 1900?	April 28, 1900	{ "text": [ "Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6229817_P39_4	John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1874 to Jul, 1874. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1874 to Jan, 1874.	John DoringtonSir John Edward Dorington, 1st Baronet, (24 July 1832 – 5 April 1911) was a British Conservative politician.The son of John E. Dorington of Lypiatt Park, Stroud he was educated at Windlesham House School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.Dorington was returned to parliament for Stroud in a by-election in early January 1874. He lost his seat almost immediately in the general election commencing in late January 1874. However, the election was declared void in April 1874 and Dorington was once again returned in the following May by-election. He again lost his seat when this election was declared void in July 1874. He was created a baronet, of Lypiatt Park in the parish of Stroud in the county of Gloucester, in January 1886. In July of the same year he was once again returned to parliament, this time for Tewkesbury, and held the seat until his own death in 1911.In December 1886 he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 August 1902, following an announcement of the King′s intention to make this appointment in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published in June that year.He continued to represent Tewkesbury in parliament until 1906. His death in April 1911, aged 78. The baronetcy died with him.	[ "Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Dorington hold in 04/28/1900?	April 28, 1900	{ "text": [ "Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6229817_P39_4	John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1874 to Jul, 1874. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1874 to Jan, 1874.	John DoringtonSir John Edward Dorington, 1st Baronet, (24 July 1832 – 5 April 1911) was a British Conservative politician.The son of John E. Dorington of Lypiatt Park, Stroud he was educated at Windlesham House School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.Dorington was returned to parliament for Stroud in a by-election in early January 1874. He lost his seat almost immediately in the general election commencing in late January 1874. However, the election was declared void in April 1874 and Dorington was once again returned in the following May by-election. He again lost his seat when this election was declared void in July 1874. He was created a baronet, of Lypiatt Park in the parish of Stroud in the county of Gloucester, in January 1886. In July of the same year he was once again returned to parliament, this time for Tewkesbury, and held the seat until his own death in 1911.In December 1886 he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 August 1902, following an announcement of the King′s intention to make this appointment in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published in June that year.He continued to represent Tewkesbury in parliament until 1906. His death in April 1911, aged 78. The baronetcy died with him.	[ "Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Dorington hold in 28-Apr-190028-April-1900?	April 28, 1900	{ "text": [ "Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6229817_P39_4	John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1874 to Jul, 1874. John Dorington holds the position of Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1874 to Jan, 1874.	John DoringtonSir John Edward Dorington, 1st Baronet, (24 July 1832 – 5 April 1911) was a British Conservative politician.The son of John E. Dorington of Lypiatt Park, Stroud he was educated at Windlesham House School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.Dorington was returned to parliament for Stroud in a by-election in early January 1874. He lost his seat almost immediately in the general election commencing in late January 1874. However, the election was declared void in April 1874 and Dorington was once again returned in the following May by-election. He again lost his seat when this election was declared void in July 1874. He was created a baronet, of Lypiatt Park in the parish of Stroud in the county of Gloucester, in January 1886. In July of the same year he was once again returned to parliament, this time for Tewkesbury, and held the seat until his own death in 1911.In December 1886 he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He was appointed a Privy Councillor on 11 August 1902, following an announcement of the King′s intention to make this appointment in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published in June that year.He continued to represent Tewkesbury in parliament until 1906. His death in April 1911, aged 78. The baronetcy died with him.	[ "Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 21st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 20th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Where was Adolf Born educated in Dec, 1949?	December 07, 1949	{ "text": [ "Faculty of Education, Charles University" ] }	L2_Q361032_P69_0	Adolf Born attended Faculty of Education, Charles University from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1950. Adolf Born attended Academy of Fine Arts, Prague from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955. Adolf Born attended Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1953.	Adolf BornAdolf Born (12 June 1930 – 22 May 2016) was a Czech painter, illustrator, filmmaker and caricaturist, "known for his murkily-tinted pictures of bizarre fauna, and Victorian gentlemen in top hats and top coats". In recognition of his lasting contribution as a children's illustrator, Born was a finalist for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2008. His various international rewards and honors also include the Grand Prix at the International Salon of Cartoons in Montreal and the Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.Born was born in the town of České Velenice on the Bohemian side of the southern border with Austria, moving to Prague with his family in 1935. He received his visual arts education between 1949 and 1955 at the School of Applied Arts in Prague, in the Department of Caricature and Newspaper Drawing. Since the 1960s his works have been exhibited throughout the world. In 1966, in collaboration with Gene Deitch, Born animated the first ever screen adaptation of a work by J. R. R. Tolkien, "The Hobbit!" Initially better known to the public as a cartoonist published in magazines, censorship prompted him, from 1973 onwards, to focus more on animation and book illustrations. In 1974 Born was declared cartoonist of the year in Montreal, and he won the Palma d'Oro at the International Festival of the Humor of Bordighera, Italy.One of the forms he specialised in was the bookplate (the ""ex libris""), usually using colour lithography. He held over 100 exhibitions, illustrated hundreds of books, and designed many theatre sets and costumes.He was married and had one daughter.The asteroid 17806 Adolfborn, discovered by Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory, is named after him.Born died on 22 May 2016, at the age of 85.	[ "Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague", "Academy of Fine Arts, Prague" ]
Where was Adolf Born educated in 1949-12-07?	December 07, 1949	{ "text": [ "Faculty of Education, Charles University" ] }	L2_Q361032_P69_0	Adolf Born attended Faculty of Education, Charles University from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1950. Adolf Born attended Academy of Fine Arts, Prague from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955. Adolf Born attended Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1953.	Adolf BornAdolf Born (12 June 1930 – 22 May 2016) was a Czech painter, illustrator, filmmaker and caricaturist, "known for his murkily-tinted pictures of bizarre fauna, and Victorian gentlemen in top hats and top coats". In recognition of his lasting contribution as a children's illustrator, Born was a finalist for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2008. His various international rewards and honors also include the Grand Prix at the International Salon of Cartoons in Montreal and the Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.Born was born in the town of České Velenice on the Bohemian side of the southern border with Austria, moving to Prague with his family in 1935. He received his visual arts education between 1949 and 1955 at the School of Applied Arts in Prague, in the Department of Caricature and Newspaper Drawing. Since the 1960s his works have been exhibited throughout the world. In 1966, in collaboration with Gene Deitch, Born animated the first ever screen adaptation of a work by J. R. R. Tolkien, "The Hobbit!" Initially better known to the public as a cartoonist published in magazines, censorship prompted him, from 1973 onwards, to focus more on animation and book illustrations. In 1974 Born was declared cartoonist of the year in Montreal, and he won the Palma d'Oro at the International Festival of the Humor of Bordighera, Italy.One of the forms he specialised in was the bookplate (the ""ex libris""), usually using colour lithography. He held over 100 exhibitions, illustrated hundreds of books, and designed many theatre sets and costumes.He was married and had one daughter.The asteroid 17806 Adolfborn, discovered by Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory, is named after him.Born died on 22 May 2016, at the age of 85.	[ "Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague", "Academy of Fine Arts, Prague" ]
Where was Adolf Born educated in 07/12/1949?	December 07, 1949	{ "text": [ "Faculty of Education, Charles University" ] }	L2_Q361032_P69_0	Adolf Born attended Faculty of Education, Charles University from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1950. Adolf Born attended Academy of Fine Arts, Prague from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955. Adolf Born attended Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1953.	Adolf BornAdolf Born (12 June 1930 – 22 May 2016) was a Czech painter, illustrator, filmmaker and caricaturist, "known for his murkily-tinted pictures of bizarre fauna, and Victorian gentlemen in top hats and top coats". In recognition of his lasting contribution as a children's illustrator, Born was a finalist for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2008. His various international rewards and honors also include the Grand Prix at the International Salon of Cartoons in Montreal and the Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.Born was born in the town of České Velenice on the Bohemian side of the southern border with Austria, moving to Prague with his family in 1935. He received his visual arts education between 1949 and 1955 at the School of Applied Arts in Prague, in the Department of Caricature and Newspaper Drawing. Since the 1960s his works have been exhibited throughout the world. In 1966, in collaboration with Gene Deitch, Born animated the first ever screen adaptation of a work by J. R. R. Tolkien, "The Hobbit!" Initially better known to the public as a cartoonist published in magazines, censorship prompted him, from 1973 onwards, to focus more on animation and book illustrations. In 1974 Born was declared cartoonist of the year in Montreal, and he won the Palma d'Oro at the International Festival of the Humor of Bordighera, Italy.One of the forms he specialised in was the bookplate (the ""ex libris""), usually using colour lithography. He held over 100 exhibitions, illustrated hundreds of books, and designed many theatre sets and costumes.He was married and had one daughter.The asteroid 17806 Adolfborn, discovered by Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory, is named after him.Born died on 22 May 2016, at the age of 85.	[ "Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague", "Academy of Fine Arts, Prague" ]
Where was Adolf Born educated in Dec 07, 1949?	December 07, 1949	{ "text": [ "Faculty of Education, Charles University" ] }	L2_Q361032_P69_0	Adolf Born attended Faculty of Education, Charles University from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1950. Adolf Born attended Academy of Fine Arts, Prague from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955. Adolf Born attended Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1953.	Adolf BornAdolf Born (12 June 1930 – 22 May 2016) was a Czech painter, illustrator, filmmaker and caricaturist, "known for his murkily-tinted pictures of bizarre fauna, and Victorian gentlemen in top hats and top coats". In recognition of his lasting contribution as a children's illustrator, Born was a finalist for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2008. His various international rewards and honors also include the Grand Prix at the International Salon of Cartoons in Montreal and the Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.Born was born in the town of České Velenice on the Bohemian side of the southern border with Austria, moving to Prague with his family in 1935. He received his visual arts education between 1949 and 1955 at the School of Applied Arts in Prague, in the Department of Caricature and Newspaper Drawing. Since the 1960s his works have been exhibited throughout the world. In 1966, in collaboration with Gene Deitch, Born animated the first ever screen adaptation of a work by J. R. R. Tolkien, "The Hobbit!" Initially better known to the public as a cartoonist published in magazines, censorship prompted him, from 1973 onwards, to focus more on animation and book illustrations. In 1974 Born was declared cartoonist of the year in Montreal, and he won the Palma d'Oro at the International Festival of the Humor of Bordighera, Italy.One of the forms he specialised in was the bookplate (the ""ex libris""), usually using colour lithography. He held over 100 exhibitions, illustrated hundreds of books, and designed many theatre sets and costumes.He was married and had one daughter.The asteroid 17806 Adolfborn, discovered by Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory, is named after him.Born died on 22 May 2016, at the age of 85.	[ "Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague", "Academy of Fine Arts, Prague" ]
Where was Adolf Born educated in 12/07/1949?	December 07, 1949	{ "text": [ "Faculty of Education, Charles University" ] }	L2_Q361032_P69_0	Adolf Born attended Faculty of Education, Charles University from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1950. Adolf Born attended Academy of Fine Arts, Prague from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955. Adolf Born attended Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1953.	Adolf BornAdolf Born (12 June 1930 – 22 May 2016) was a Czech painter, illustrator, filmmaker and caricaturist, "known for his murkily-tinted pictures of bizarre fauna, and Victorian gentlemen in top hats and top coats". In recognition of his lasting contribution as a children's illustrator, Born was a finalist for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2008. His various international rewards and honors also include the Grand Prix at the International Salon of Cartoons in Montreal and the Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.Born was born in the town of České Velenice on the Bohemian side of the southern border with Austria, moving to Prague with his family in 1935. He received his visual arts education between 1949 and 1955 at the School of Applied Arts in Prague, in the Department of Caricature and Newspaper Drawing. Since the 1960s his works have been exhibited throughout the world. In 1966, in collaboration with Gene Deitch, Born animated the first ever screen adaptation of a work by J. R. R. Tolkien, "The Hobbit!" Initially better known to the public as a cartoonist published in magazines, censorship prompted him, from 1973 onwards, to focus more on animation and book illustrations. In 1974 Born was declared cartoonist of the year in Montreal, and he won the Palma d'Oro at the International Festival of the Humor of Bordighera, Italy.One of the forms he specialised in was the bookplate (the ""ex libris""), usually using colour lithography. He held over 100 exhibitions, illustrated hundreds of books, and designed many theatre sets and costumes.He was married and had one daughter.The asteroid 17806 Adolfborn, discovered by Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory, is named after him.Born died on 22 May 2016, at the age of 85.	[ "Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague", "Academy of Fine Arts, Prague" ]
Where was Adolf Born educated in 07-Dec-194907-December-1949?	December 07, 1949	{ "text": [ "Faculty of Education, Charles University" ] }	L2_Q361032_P69_0	Adolf Born attended Faculty of Education, Charles University from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1950. Adolf Born attended Academy of Fine Arts, Prague from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1955. Adolf Born attended Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1953.	Adolf BornAdolf Born (12 June 1930 – 22 May 2016) was a Czech painter, illustrator, filmmaker and caricaturist, "known for his murkily-tinted pictures of bizarre fauna, and Victorian gentlemen in top hats and top coats". In recognition of his lasting contribution as a children's illustrator, Born was a finalist for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2008. His various international rewards and honors also include the Grand Prix at the International Salon of Cartoons in Montreal and the Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.Born was born in the town of České Velenice on the Bohemian side of the southern border with Austria, moving to Prague with his family in 1935. He received his visual arts education between 1949 and 1955 at the School of Applied Arts in Prague, in the Department of Caricature and Newspaper Drawing. Since the 1960s his works have been exhibited throughout the world. In 1966, in collaboration with Gene Deitch, Born animated the first ever screen adaptation of a work by J. R. R. Tolkien, "The Hobbit!" Initially better known to the public as a cartoonist published in magazines, censorship prompted him, from 1973 onwards, to focus more on animation and book illustrations. In 1974 Born was declared cartoonist of the year in Montreal, and he won the Palma d'Oro at the International Festival of the Humor of Bordighera, Italy.One of the forms he specialised in was the bookplate (the ""ex libris""), usually using colour lithography. He held over 100 exhibitions, illustrated hundreds of books, and designed many theatre sets and costumes.He was married and had one daughter.The asteroid 17806 Adolfborn, discovered by Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory, is named after him.Born died on 22 May 2016, at the age of 85.	[ "Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague", "Academy of Fine Arts, Prague" ]
Which team did Bob Wyllie play for in Mar, 1959?	March 15, 1959	{ "text": [ "Mansfield Town F.C." ] }	L2_Q4934472_P54_4	Bob Wyllie plays for West Ham United F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1958. Bob Wyllie plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1956. Bob Wyllie plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. Bob Wyllie plays for Mansfield Town F.C. from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1962. Bob Wyllie plays for Dundee United F.C. from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.	Bob WyllieRobinson Gourlay Nicholl "Bob" Wyllie (4 April 1929 – May 1981) was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper.Wyllie began his career with hometown club Dundee United and made nearly 100 league appearances before moving to English side Blackpool. After just eleven league appearances, Wyllie moved on to West Ham United and after a similar number of matches, moved on again, this time to Plymouth Argyle. Playing in just a handful of matches at Plymouth, Wyllie saw out his career at Mansfield Town, becoming a regular at Field Mill and by the time he retired from the senior game in 1962, he had made over 200 career league appearances.Wyllie died in 1981 after settling in Alfreton, Derbyshire.	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Dundee United F.C.", "West Ham United F.C.", "Blackpool F.C." ]
Which team did Bob Wyllie play for in 1959-03-15?	March 15, 1959	{ "text": [ "Mansfield Town F.C." ] }	L2_Q4934472_P54_4	Bob Wyllie plays for West Ham United F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1958. Bob Wyllie plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1956. Bob Wyllie plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. Bob Wyllie plays for Mansfield Town F.C. from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1962. Bob Wyllie plays for Dundee United F.C. from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.	Bob WyllieRobinson Gourlay Nicholl "Bob" Wyllie (4 April 1929 – May 1981) was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper.Wyllie began his career with hometown club Dundee United and made nearly 100 league appearances before moving to English side Blackpool. After just eleven league appearances, Wyllie moved on to West Ham United and after a similar number of matches, moved on again, this time to Plymouth Argyle. Playing in just a handful of matches at Plymouth, Wyllie saw out his career at Mansfield Town, becoming a regular at Field Mill and by the time he retired from the senior game in 1962, he had made over 200 career league appearances.Wyllie died in 1981 after settling in Alfreton, Derbyshire.	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Dundee United F.C.", "West Ham United F.C.", "Blackpool F.C." ]
Which team did Bob Wyllie play for in 15/03/1959?	March 15, 1959	{ "text": [ "Mansfield Town F.C." ] }	L2_Q4934472_P54_4	Bob Wyllie plays for West Ham United F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1958. Bob Wyllie plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1956. Bob Wyllie plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. Bob Wyllie plays for Mansfield Town F.C. from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1962. Bob Wyllie plays for Dundee United F.C. from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.	Bob WyllieRobinson Gourlay Nicholl "Bob" Wyllie (4 April 1929 – May 1981) was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper.Wyllie began his career with hometown club Dundee United and made nearly 100 league appearances before moving to English side Blackpool. After just eleven league appearances, Wyllie moved on to West Ham United and after a similar number of matches, moved on again, this time to Plymouth Argyle. Playing in just a handful of matches at Plymouth, Wyllie saw out his career at Mansfield Town, becoming a regular at Field Mill and by the time he retired from the senior game in 1962, he had made over 200 career league appearances.Wyllie died in 1981 after settling in Alfreton, Derbyshire.	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Dundee United F.C.", "West Ham United F.C.", "Blackpool F.C." ]
Which team did Bob Wyllie play for in Mar 15, 1959?	March 15, 1959	{ "text": [ "Mansfield Town F.C." ] }	L2_Q4934472_P54_4	Bob Wyllie plays for West Ham United F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1958. Bob Wyllie plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1956. Bob Wyllie plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. Bob Wyllie plays for Mansfield Town F.C. from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1962. Bob Wyllie plays for Dundee United F.C. from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.	Bob WyllieRobinson Gourlay Nicholl "Bob" Wyllie (4 April 1929 – May 1981) was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper.Wyllie began his career with hometown club Dundee United and made nearly 100 league appearances before moving to English side Blackpool. After just eleven league appearances, Wyllie moved on to West Ham United and after a similar number of matches, moved on again, this time to Plymouth Argyle. Playing in just a handful of matches at Plymouth, Wyllie saw out his career at Mansfield Town, becoming a regular at Field Mill and by the time he retired from the senior game in 1962, he had made over 200 career league appearances.Wyllie died in 1981 after settling in Alfreton, Derbyshire.	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Dundee United F.C.", "West Ham United F.C.", "Blackpool F.C." ]
Which team did Bob Wyllie play for in 03/15/1959?	March 15, 1959	{ "text": [ "Mansfield Town F.C." ] }	L2_Q4934472_P54_4	Bob Wyllie plays for West Ham United F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1958. Bob Wyllie plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1956. Bob Wyllie plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. Bob Wyllie plays for Mansfield Town F.C. from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1962. Bob Wyllie plays for Dundee United F.C. from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.	Bob WyllieRobinson Gourlay Nicholl "Bob" Wyllie (4 April 1929 – May 1981) was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper.Wyllie began his career with hometown club Dundee United and made nearly 100 league appearances before moving to English side Blackpool. After just eleven league appearances, Wyllie moved on to West Ham United and after a similar number of matches, moved on again, this time to Plymouth Argyle. Playing in just a handful of matches at Plymouth, Wyllie saw out his career at Mansfield Town, becoming a regular at Field Mill and by the time he retired from the senior game in 1962, he had made over 200 career league appearances.Wyllie died in 1981 after settling in Alfreton, Derbyshire.	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Dundee United F.C.", "West Ham United F.C.", "Blackpool F.C." ]
Which team did Bob Wyllie play for in 15-Mar-195915-March-1959?	March 15, 1959	{ "text": [ "Mansfield Town F.C." ] }	L2_Q4934472_P54_4	Bob Wyllie plays for West Ham United F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1958. Bob Wyllie plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1956. Bob Wyllie plays for Plymouth Argyle F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1959. Bob Wyllie plays for Mansfield Town F.C. from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1962. Bob Wyllie plays for Dundee United F.C. from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.	Bob WyllieRobinson Gourlay Nicholl "Bob" Wyllie (4 April 1929 – May 1981) was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper.Wyllie began his career with hometown club Dundee United and made nearly 100 league appearances before moving to English side Blackpool. After just eleven league appearances, Wyllie moved on to West Ham United and after a similar number of matches, moved on again, this time to Plymouth Argyle. Playing in just a handful of matches at Plymouth, Wyllie saw out his career at Mansfield Town, becoming a regular at Field Mill and by the time he retired from the senior game in 1962, he had made over 200 career league appearances.Wyllie died in 1981 after settling in Alfreton, Derbyshire.	[ "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "Dundee United F.C.", "West Ham United F.C.", "Blackpool F.C." ]
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in Dec, 1968?	December 20, 1968	{ "text": [ "Sapienza University of Rome" ] }	L2_Q954665_P108_6	Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969. Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.	Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):	[ "University of Texas at Dallas", "University of Hamburg", "University of Liverpool", "University of London", "King's College London", "Cornell University" ]
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in 1968-12-20?	December 20, 1968	{ "text": [ "Sapienza University of Rome" ] }	L2_Q954665_P108_6	Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969. Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.	Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):	[ "University of Texas at Dallas", "University of Hamburg", "University of Liverpool", "University of London", "King's College London", "Cornell University" ]
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in 20/12/1968?	December 20, 1968	{ "text": [ "Sapienza University of Rome" ] }	L2_Q954665_P108_6	Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969. Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.	Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):	[ "University of Texas at Dallas", "University of Hamburg", "University of Liverpool", "University of London", "King's College London", "Cornell University" ]
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in Dec 20, 1968?	December 20, 1968	{ "text": [ "Sapienza University of Rome" ] }	L2_Q954665_P108_6	Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969. Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.	Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):	[ "University of Texas at Dallas", "University of Hamburg", "University of Liverpool", "University of London", "King's College London", "Cornell University" ]
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in 12/20/1968?	December 20, 1968	{ "text": [ "Sapienza University of Rome" ] }	L2_Q954665_P108_6	Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969. Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.	Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):	[ "University of Texas at Dallas", "University of Hamburg", "University of Liverpool", "University of London", "King's College London", "Cornell University" ]
Which employer did Wolfgang Rindler work for in 20-Dec-196820-December-1968?	December 20, 1968	{ "text": [ "Sapienza University of Rome" ] }	L2_Q954665_P108_6	Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Hamburg from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Liverpool from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1949. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of London from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1956. Wolfgang Rindler works for University of Texas at Dallas from Jan, 1963 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for Sapienza University of Rome from Jan, 1968 to Jan, 1969. Wolfgang Rindler works for Cornell University from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1963. Wolfgang Rindler works for King's College London from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.	Wolfgang RindlerWolfgang Rindler (18 May 1924 – 8 February 2019) was a physicist working in the field of general relativity where he is known for introducing the term "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and (in collaboration with Roger Penrose) for the use of spinors in general relativity. An honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the , he was also a prolific textbook author.Born in Vienna on 18 May 1924, Wolfgang Rindler was the son of a lawyer. In 1938, his mother sent him to England through the auspices of the Kindertransport rescue of Jewish children from Germany and Austria. He gained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Liverpool and his PhD from Imperial College London. From 1956 to 1963 he taught at Cornell University.In 1960 Oliver & Boyd and InterScience published his first book on special relativity. Reviewer Alfred Schild said it was an "excellent, clear and concise account" and "provided a sound balance between physical ideas, analytical formulae and space-time geometry". (1966, second edition)In 1961 Rindler used the Fitzgerald contraction as the premise of his article "Length contraction paradox". The thought experiment is now called the ladder paradox.In September of 1963 he took up a position at the newly-founded Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, the private research organization that in 1969 became the University of Texas at Dallas, where he was one of the founding faculty members. He was based at UTD for the remainder of his career, eventually becoming professor emeritus. He was visiting scholar at King's College London for the academic year 1961-1962, at the University La Sapienza in Rome for 1968-1969,In 1969 Springer published the first edition of his "Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological". The undergraduate textbook was lauded as a "refreshingly modern approach to the critical problem of "teaching" relativity theory." Another reviewer said it is "simply the best introduction" and is "filled with fabulous insights." When the second edition appeared in 1977 a reviewer noted its treatment "reminiscent of Mach's celebrated examination of the foundations of classical mechanics". On the other hand, the second edition "gives the barest hints of new developments" (models of neutron stars, in X-ray astronomy, supernova explosions, and quasars). Later, another reviewer criticized it for the paucity of diagrams, but lauded the chapter on cosmology as "lyrical, philosophical, yet technical."Rindler was a visiting scholar at the University of Vienna in 1975 and 1987, and at Churchill College, Cambridge University, in 1990.In 1982 Oxford University Press published "Introduction to Special Relativity", with the second edition in 1991. A reviewer noted that other books provide a better introduction and intuitive understanding, but that it "should provide a useful reference for most applications of special relativity: kinematics, optics, particle mechanics, electromagnetism and mechanics of continua."In 1984 Roger Penrose and Rindler published "Spinors and Spacetime", volume 1, on "two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields". Michał Heller wrote that "Spinors and Spacetime" "is both elementary and highly advanced. It begins on an almost graduate level but soon, step by step, reaches the highest standards of modern mathematical physics."In 2001 Oxford University Press published "Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological", with a second edition in 2006. A reviewer noted "His writing is elegant, yet compact and logically precise." He was impressed with the "discussion of the internal structure of black holes analyzed first in Schwarzschild coordinates, and then in a masterful treatment of the Kruskal extension." Wolfgang Rindler died at the age of 94 on 8 February 2019.Rindler published several articles in The American Journal of Physics ("AJP"):	[ "University of Texas at Dallas", "University of Hamburg", "University of Liverpool", "University of London", "King's College London", "Cornell University" ]
Which position did Per Rudberg hold in Aug, 1975?	August 20, 1975	{ "text": [ "Military Commander of Lower Norrland" ] }	L2_Q6082545_P39_3	Per Rudberg holds the position of Military Commander of Lower Norrland from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1978. Per Rudberg holds the position of Chief of Navy from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984. Per Rudberg holds the position of ship commander from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962. Per Rudberg holds the position of flotilla commander from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970. Per Rudberg holds the position of aide-de-camp from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.	Per RudbergVice Admiral Per Yngve Rudberg (29 August 1922 – 9 May 2010) was a Swedish Navy officer. Rudberg was commissioned as an officer in the Swedish Navy after graduating from Royal Swedish Naval Academy in 1944. He served aboard destroyers, torpedo boats and training vessels and later became commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla and led among other things the naval development in the emerging radar technology. Besides the usual management training, Rudberg attended the French Naval Academy. He served in the Defence Staff and the Naval Staff and was promoted to rear admiral and military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) in 1973. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral and served as the Chief of the Navy from 1978 to 1984 during which time the Swedish submarine incidents culminated when the Soviet submarine "U 137" ran aground in Blekinge archipelago.Rudberg was born on 29 August 1922 in Vänersborg, Sweden, the son of bishop Yngve Rudberg and his wife Margit (née Hemberg). He was the brother of the philologist Stig Rudberg and the author Birgitta Rudberg. Rudberg's uncle was Gunnar Rudberg and cousin was Sten Rudberg. He passed "studentexamen" in Uppsala in 1941 and like many others during the World War II, Rudberg made his way to the military. He underwent naval officer training and became an acting sub-lieutenant ("fänrik") in the Swedish Navy in 1944 and held several naval appointments from 1944 to 1950. During these years, Rudberg was assigned to artillery weapons service and it resulted in service on torpedo boats, destroyers and cruisers and the training ship "Prins Carl", where he for some years led the navy's radar and fire-control system school. He also served on land at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy in Näsbypark. Rudberg was promoted to sub-lieutenant ("löjtnant") in 1946 and completed the Royal Swedish Naval Staff College staff course from 1952 to 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1954 and served in the Naval Staff from 1955 to 1959.Another important appointment was as aide-de-camp to the then Chief of the Navy, Admiral . In this context, he participated in the design of a new idea plan for the navy's further development after the navy's unfavorable 1958 Defense Decision. He went on to study at the "École Supérieure de Guerre Navale" in Paris from 1959 to 1960 and at the "Cours Supérieur Interarmées" in Paris in 1960. Rudberg was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1960 and served at the Naval Command East in 1963 and in the Defence Staff in 1964. He was promoted to commander in 1964 and was a military expert in the 1965 Defense Investigation, and was head of department in the Defence Staff from 1965 to 1967 when he was promoted to captain. Rudberg was commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla from 1967 to 1970 and promoted to senior captain the same year. He was a skilled captain and flotilla commanding officer who developed the naval tactics concerning electronic warfare and tactics against foreign anti-ship missiles.Rudberg was section chief in the Defence Staff from 1970 to 1973 and was promoted to rear admiral the same year. He was military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) from 1973 to 1978. As military commander, he added a naval dimension to the military district which in the past had been so army accentuated. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral in 1978 and was appointed Chief of the Navy the same year. At this time, the security policy environment had deteriorated in Sweden's region through the Poland crisis and the increase in tension between the superpowers. The Swedish Navy had for a number of years strongly committed to acquire a Swedish anti-ship missile. The government was not prepared to support such a development. The navy was then forced to focus on the acquisition of a foreign option. When Rudberg took office, this process had come a long way. After the Swedish government crisis in 1979 a new government was formed that wanted to change the plans. The risk of repeated delays were evident. Rudberg managed, however, personally to force comprehensive safeguards regarding timing and quality for a production in Sweden. The industry kept its commitments and the Swedish defense got the RBS-15 for sea, air and coastal artillery forces. Likewise, he showed a great commitment to improve the protection against the ongoing violations of foreign submarines in Swedish waters. Demobilized vessels was now placed in depots and could thus be kept in a high material readiness. Trained and demobilized conscripts could if necessary be called in for these vessels.Rudberg was convinced that the navy should be accorded greater importance in the Swedish defense, and he argued for this in the military management. Meanwhile, Sweden was subjected to repeated underwater violations and Rudberg was forced to redirect the emergency preparedness system to meet the threats. The navy went from being a school navy to become a contingency navy and the coastal artillery began with a constant surveillance of sensitive areas. New equipment was also procured for the submarine protection. Rudberg could collectively leave a qualitatively strengthened navy when he retired in 1984. As the Chief of the Navy, Rudberg would in the event of a military attack on Sweden or in a military crisis immediately be flown to England where he would act as a kind of "reserve Supreme Commander" but also be a link between Sweden and the Allied forces. The Chief of the Army would be the Supreme Commander's deputy and Chief of the Air Force would be the commanding officer at the front. In a news article in "Svenska Dagbladet" in 1998, Rudberg explained that after Prime Minister Olof Palme's assassination in Stockholm on 28 February 1986, Rudberg, who until recently had been the Chief of the Navy, had called the Supreme Commander Lennart Ljung and announced that he was ready to travel to Washington, D.C., where Sweden's naval chief had his place in the event of a war.After his retirement from active service Rudberg settled in Värmdö and devoted much time to the church congregation activities as churchwarden and elected representative. He was for a period chairman of the parish council. In the church congregation, he got involved in particular issues relating to leadership. Rudberg was chairman of the board of British Aerospace (Sweden) AB from 1985, of Vasa Rediviva from 1986 and board member of the "Medborgarrättsrörelsen" from 1984 and of the Maritime Museum from 1990.In 1945 he married Kjerstin Oredsson (born 1920), the daughter of doctor Ola Oredsson and Katherine Spira. He was the father of Jan, Sven, Lars and Frank.	[ "flotilla commander", "aide-de-camp", "Chief of Navy", "ship commander" ]
Which position did Per Rudberg hold in 1975-08-20?	August 20, 1975	{ "text": [ "Military Commander of Lower Norrland" ] }	L2_Q6082545_P39_3	Per Rudberg holds the position of Military Commander of Lower Norrland from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1978. Per Rudberg holds the position of Chief of Navy from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984. Per Rudberg holds the position of ship commander from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962. Per Rudberg holds the position of flotilla commander from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970. Per Rudberg holds the position of aide-de-camp from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.	Per RudbergVice Admiral Per Yngve Rudberg (29 August 1922 – 9 May 2010) was a Swedish Navy officer. Rudberg was commissioned as an officer in the Swedish Navy after graduating from Royal Swedish Naval Academy in 1944. He served aboard destroyers, torpedo boats and training vessels and later became commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla and led among other things the naval development in the emerging radar technology. Besides the usual management training, Rudberg attended the French Naval Academy. He served in the Defence Staff and the Naval Staff and was promoted to rear admiral and military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) in 1973. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral and served as the Chief of the Navy from 1978 to 1984 during which time the Swedish submarine incidents culminated when the Soviet submarine "U 137" ran aground in Blekinge archipelago.Rudberg was born on 29 August 1922 in Vänersborg, Sweden, the son of bishop Yngve Rudberg and his wife Margit (née Hemberg). He was the brother of the philologist Stig Rudberg and the author Birgitta Rudberg. Rudberg's uncle was Gunnar Rudberg and cousin was Sten Rudberg. He passed "studentexamen" in Uppsala in 1941 and like many others during the World War II, Rudberg made his way to the military. He underwent naval officer training and became an acting sub-lieutenant ("fänrik") in the Swedish Navy in 1944 and held several naval appointments from 1944 to 1950. During these years, Rudberg was assigned to artillery weapons service and it resulted in service on torpedo boats, destroyers and cruisers and the training ship "Prins Carl", where he for some years led the navy's radar and fire-control system school. He also served on land at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy in Näsbypark. Rudberg was promoted to sub-lieutenant ("löjtnant") in 1946 and completed the Royal Swedish Naval Staff College staff course from 1952 to 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1954 and served in the Naval Staff from 1955 to 1959.Another important appointment was as aide-de-camp to the then Chief of the Navy, Admiral . In this context, he participated in the design of a new idea plan for the navy's further development after the navy's unfavorable 1958 Defense Decision. He went on to study at the "École Supérieure de Guerre Navale" in Paris from 1959 to 1960 and at the "Cours Supérieur Interarmées" in Paris in 1960. Rudberg was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1960 and served at the Naval Command East in 1963 and in the Defence Staff in 1964. He was promoted to commander in 1964 and was a military expert in the 1965 Defense Investigation, and was head of department in the Defence Staff from 1965 to 1967 when he was promoted to captain. Rudberg was commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla from 1967 to 1970 and promoted to senior captain the same year. He was a skilled captain and flotilla commanding officer who developed the naval tactics concerning electronic warfare and tactics against foreign anti-ship missiles.Rudberg was section chief in the Defence Staff from 1970 to 1973 and was promoted to rear admiral the same year. He was military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) from 1973 to 1978. As military commander, he added a naval dimension to the military district which in the past had been so army accentuated. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral in 1978 and was appointed Chief of the Navy the same year. At this time, the security policy environment had deteriorated in Sweden's region through the Poland crisis and the increase in tension between the superpowers. The Swedish Navy had for a number of years strongly committed to acquire a Swedish anti-ship missile. The government was not prepared to support such a development. The navy was then forced to focus on the acquisition of a foreign option. When Rudberg took office, this process had come a long way. After the Swedish government crisis in 1979 a new government was formed that wanted to change the plans. The risk of repeated delays were evident. Rudberg managed, however, personally to force comprehensive safeguards regarding timing and quality for a production in Sweden. The industry kept its commitments and the Swedish defense got the RBS-15 for sea, air and coastal artillery forces. Likewise, he showed a great commitment to improve the protection against the ongoing violations of foreign submarines in Swedish waters. Demobilized vessels was now placed in depots and could thus be kept in a high material readiness. Trained and demobilized conscripts could if necessary be called in for these vessels.Rudberg was convinced that the navy should be accorded greater importance in the Swedish defense, and he argued for this in the military management. Meanwhile, Sweden was subjected to repeated underwater violations and Rudberg was forced to redirect the emergency preparedness system to meet the threats. The navy went from being a school navy to become a contingency navy and the coastal artillery began with a constant surveillance of sensitive areas. New equipment was also procured for the submarine protection. Rudberg could collectively leave a qualitatively strengthened navy when he retired in 1984. As the Chief of the Navy, Rudberg would in the event of a military attack on Sweden or in a military crisis immediately be flown to England where he would act as a kind of "reserve Supreme Commander" but also be a link between Sweden and the Allied forces. The Chief of the Army would be the Supreme Commander's deputy and Chief of the Air Force would be the commanding officer at the front. In a news article in "Svenska Dagbladet" in 1998, Rudberg explained that after Prime Minister Olof Palme's assassination in Stockholm on 28 February 1986, Rudberg, who until recently had been the Chief of the Navy, had called the Supreme Commander Lennart Ljung and announced that he was ready to travel to Washington, D.C., where Sweden's naval chief had his place in the event of a war.After his retirement from active service Rudberg settled in Värmdö and devoted much time to the church congregation activities as churchwarden and elected representative. He was for a period chairman of the parish council. In the church congregation, he got involved in particular issues relating to leadership. Rudberg was chairman of the board of British Aerospace (Sweden) AB from 1985, of Vasa Rediviva from 1986 and board member of the "Medborgarrättsrörelsen" from 1984 and of the Maritime Museum from 1990.In 1945 he married Kjerstin Oredsson (born 1920), the daughter of doctor Ola Oredsson and Katherine Spira. He was the father of Jan, Sven, Lars and Frank.	[ "flotilla commander", "aide-de-camp", "Chief of Navy", "ship commander" ]
Which position did Per Rudberg hold in 20/08/1975?	August 20, 1975	{ "text": [ "Military Commander of Lower Norrland" ] }	L2_Q6082545_P39_3	Per Rudberg holds the position of Military Commander of Lower Norrland from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1978. Per Rudberg holds the position of Chief of Navy from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984. Per Rudberg holds the position of ship commander from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962. Per Rudberg holds the position of flotilla commander from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970. Per Rudberg holds the position of aide-de-camp from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.	Per RudbergVice Admiral Per Yngve Rudberg (29 August 1922 – 9 May 2010) was a Swedish Navy officer. Rudberg was commissioned as an officer in the Swedish Navy after graduating from Royal Swedish Naval Academy in 1944. He served aboard destroyers, torpedo boats and training vessels and later became commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla and led among other things the naval development in the emerging radar technology. Besides the usual management training, Rudberg attended the French Naval Academy. He served in the Defence Staff and the Naval Staff and was promoted to rear admiral and military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) in 1973. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral and served as the Chief of the Navy from 1978 to 1984 during which time the Swedish submarine incidents culminated when the Soviet submarine "U 137" ran aground in Blekinge archipelago.Rudberg was born on 29 August 1922 in Vänersborg, Sweden, the son of bishop Yngve Rudberg and his wife Margit (née Hemberg). He was the brother of the philologist Stig Rudberg and the author Birgitta Rudberg. Rudberg's uncle was Gunnar Rudberg and cousin was Sten Rudberg. He passed "studentexamen" in Uppsala in 1941 and like many others during the World War II, Rudberg made his way to the military. He underwent naval officer training and became an acting sub-lieutenant ("fänrik") in the Swedish Navy in 1944 and held several naval appointments from 1944 to 1950. During these years, Rudberg was assigned to artillery weapons service and it resulted in service on torpedo boats, destroyers and cruisers and the training ship "Prins Carl", where he for some years led the navy's radar and fire-control system school. He also served on land at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy in Näsbypark. Rudberg was promoted to sub-lieutenant ("löjtnant") in 1946 and completed the Royal Swedish Naval Staff College staff course from 1952 to 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1954 and served in the Naval Staff from 1955 to 1959.Another important appointment was as aide-de-camp to the then Chief of the Navy, Admiral . In this context, he participated in the design of a new idea plan for the navy's further development after the navy's unfavorable 1958 Defense Decision. He went on to study at the "École Supérieure de Guerre Navale" in Paris from 1959 to 1960 and at the "Cours Supérieur Interarmées" in Paris in 1960. Rudberg was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1960 and served at the Naval Command East in 1963 and in the Defence Staff in 1964. He was promoted to commander in 1964 and was a military expert in the 1965 Defense Investigation, and was head of department in the Defence Staff from 1965 to 1967 when he was promoted to captain. Rudberg was commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla from 1967 to 1970 and promoted to senior captain the same year. He was a skilled captain and flotilla commanding officer who developed the naval tactics concerning electronic warfare and tactics against foreign anti-ship missiles.Rudberg was section chief in the Defence Staff from 1970 to 1973 and was promoted to rear admiral the same year. He was military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) from 1973 to 1978. As military commander, he added a naval dimension to the military district which in the past had been so army accentuated. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral in 1978 and was appointed Chief of the Navy the same year. At this time, the security policy environment had deteriorated in Sweden's region through the Poland crisis and the increase in tension between the superpowers. The Swedish Navy had for a number of years strongly committed to acquire a Swedish anti-ship missile. The government was not prepared to support such a development. The navy was then forced to focus on the acquisition of a foreign option. When Rudberg took office, this process had come a long way. After the Swedish government crisis in 1979 a new government was formed that wanted to change the plans. The risk of repeated delays were evident. Rudberg managed, however, personally to force comprehensive safeguards regarding timing and quality for a production in Sweden. The industry kept its commitments and the Swedish defense got the RBS-15 for sea, air and coastal artillery forces. Likewise, he showed a great commitment to improve the protection against the ongoing violations of foreign submarines in Swedish waters. Demobilized vessels was now placed in depots and could thus be kept in a high material readiness. Trained and demobilized conscripts could if necessary be called in for these vessels.Rudberg was convinced that the navy should be accorded greater importance in the Swedish defense, and he argued for this in the military management. Meanwhile, Sweden was subjected to repeated underwater violations and Rudberg was forced to redirect the emergency preparedness system to meet the threats. The navy went from being a school navy to become a contingency navy and the coastal artillery began with a constant surveillance of sensitive areas. New equipment was also procured for the submarine protection. Rudberg could collectively leave a qualitatively strengthened navy when he retired in 1984. As the Chief of the Navy, Rudberg would in the event of a military attack on Sweden or in a military crisis immediately be flown to England where he would act as a kind of "reserve Supreme Commander" but also be a link between Sweden and the Allied forces. The Chief of the Army would be the Supreme Commander's deputy and Chief of the Air Force would be the commanding officer at the front. In a news article in "Svenska Dagbladet" in 1998, Rudberg explained that after Prime Minister Olof Palme's assassination in Stockholm on 28 February 1986, Rudberg, who until recently had been the Chief of the Navy, had called the Supreme Commander Lennart Ljung and announced that he was ready to travel to Washington, D.C., where Sweden's naval chief had his place in the event of a war.After his retirement from active service Rudberg settled in Värmdö and devoted much time to the church congregation activities as churchwarden and elected representative. He was for a period chairman of the parish council. In the church congregation, he got involved in particular issues relating to leadership. Rudberg was chairman of the board of British Aerospace (Sweden) AB from 1985, of Vasa Rediviva from 1986 and board member of the "Medborgarrättsrörelsen" from 1984 and of the Maritime Museum from 1990.In 1945 he married Kjerstin Oredsson (born 1920), the daughter of doctor Ola Oredsson and Katherine Spira. He was the father of Jan, Sven, Lars and Frank.	[ "flotilla commander", "aide-de-camp", "Chief of Navy", "ship commander" ]
Which position did Per Rudberg hold in Aug 20, 1975?	August 20, 1975	{ "text": [ "Military Commander of Lower Norrland" ] }	L2_Q6082545_P39_3	Per Rudberg holds the position of Military Commander of Lower Norrland from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1978. Per Rudberg holds the position of Chief of Navy from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984. Per Rudberg holds the position of ship commander from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962. Per Rudberg holds the position of flotilla commander from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970. Per Rudberg holds the position of aide-de-camp from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.	Per RudbergVice Admiral Per Yngve Rudberg (29 August 1922 – 9 May 2010) was a Swedish Navy officer. Rudberg was commissioned as an officer in the Swedish Navy after graduating from Royal Swedish Naval Academy in 1944. He served aboard destroyers, torpedo boats and training vessels and later became commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla and led among other things the naval development in the emerging radar technology. Besides the usual management training, Rudberg attended the French Naval Academy. He served in the Defence Staff and the Naval Staff and was promoted to rear admiral and military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) in 1973. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral and served as the Chief of the Navy from 1978 to 1984 during which time the Swedish submarine incidents culminated when the Soviet submarine "U 137" ran aground in Blekinge archipelago.Rudberg was born on 29 August 1922 in Vänersborg, Sweden, the son of bishop Yngve Rudberg and his wife Margit (née Hemberg). He was the brother of the philologist Stig Rudberg and the author Birgitta Rudberg. Rudberg's uncle was Gunnar Rudberg and cousin was Sten Rudberg. He passed "studentexamen" in Uppsala in 1941 and like many others during the World War II, Rudberg made his way to the military. He underwent naval officer training and became an acting sub-lieutenant ("fänrik") in the Swedish Navy in 1944 and held several naval appointments from 1944 to 1950. During these years, Rudberg was assigned to artillery weapons service and it resulted in service on torpedo boats, destroyers and cruisers and the training ship "Prins Carl", where he for some years led the navy's radar and fire-control system school. He also served on land at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy in Näsbypark. Rudberg was promoted to sub-lieutenant ("löjtnant") in 1946 and completed the Royal Swedish Naval Staff College staff course from 1952 to 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1954 and served in the Naval Staff from 1955 to 1959.Another important appointment was as aide-de-camp to the then Chief of the Navy, Admiral . In this context, he participated in the design of a new idea plan for the navy's further development after the navy's unfavorable 1958 Defense Decision. He went on to study at the "École Supérieure de Guerre Navale" in Paris from 1959 to 1960 and at the "Cours Supérieur Interarmées" in Paris in 1960. Rudberg was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1960 and served at the Naval Command East in 1963 and in the Defence Staff in 1964. He was promoted to commander in 1964 and was a military expert in the 1965 Defense Investigation, and was head of department in the Defence Staff from 1965 to 1967 when he was promoted to captain. Rudberg was commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla from 1967 to 1970 and promoted to senior captain the same year. He was a skilled captain and flotilla commanding officer who developed the naval tactics concerning electronic warfare and tactics against foreign anti-ship missiles.Rudberg was section chief in the Defence Staff from 1970 to 1973 and was promoted to rear admiral the same year. He was military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) from 1973 to 1978. As military commander, he added a naval dimension to the military district which in the past had been so army accentuated. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral in 1978 and was appointed Chief of the Navy the same year. At this time, the security policy environment had deteriorated in Sweden's region through the Poland crisis and the increase in tension between the superpowers. The Swedish Navy had for a number of years strongly committed to acquire a Swedish anti-ship missile. The government was not prepared to support such a development. The navy was then forced to focus on the acquisition of a foreign option. When Rudberg took office, this process had come a long way. After the Swedish government crisis in 1979 a new government was formed that wanted to change the plans. The risk of repeated delays were evident. Rudberg managed, however, personally to force comprehensive safeguards regarding timing and quality for a production in Sweden. The industry kept its commitments and the Swedish defense got the RBS-15 for sea, air and coastal artillery forces. Likewise, he showed a great commitment to improve the protection against the ongoing violations of foreign submarines in Swedish waters. Demobilized vessels was now placed in depots and could thus be kept in a high material readiness. Trained and demobilized conscripts could if necessary be called in for these vessels.Rudberg was convinced that the navy should be accorded greater importance in the Swedish defense, and he argued for this in the military management. Meanwhile, Sweden was subjected to repeated underwater violations and Rudberg was forced to redirect the emergency preparedness system to meet the threats. The navy went from being a school navy to become a contingency navy and the coastal artillery began with a constant surveillance of sensitive areas. New equipment was also procured for the submarine protection. Rudberg could collectively leave a qualitatively strengthened navy when he retired in 1984. As the Chief of the Navy, Rudberg would in the event of a military attack on Sweden or in a military crisis immediately be flown to England where he would act as a kind of "reserve Supreme Commander" but also be a link between Sweden and the Allied forces. The Chief of the Army would be the Supreme Commander's deputy and Chief of the Air Force would be the commanding officer at the front. In a news article in "Svenska Dagbladet" in 1998, Rudberg explained that after Prime Minister Olof Palme's assassination in Stockholm on 28 February 1986, Rudberg, who until recently had been the Chief of the Navy, had called the Supreme Commander Lennart Ljung and announced that he was ready to travel to Washington, D.C., where Sweden's naval chief had his place in the event of a war.After his retirement from active service Rudberg settled in Värmdö and devoted much time to the church congregation activities as churchwarden and elected representative. He was for a period chairman of the parish council. In the church congregation, he got involved in particular issues relating to leadership. Rudberg was chairman of the board of British Aerospace (Sweden) AB from 1985, of Vasa Rediviva from 1986 and board member of the "Medborgarrättsrörelsen" from 1984 and of the Maritime Museum from 1990.In 1945 he married Kjerstin Oredsson (born 1920), the daughter of doctor Ola Oredsson and Katherine Spira. He was the father of Jan, Sven, Lars and Frank.	[ "flotilla commander", "aide-de-camp", "Chief of Navy", "ship commander" ]
Which position did Per Rudberg hold in 08/20/1975?	August 20, 1975	{ "text": [ "Military Commander of Lower Norrland" ] }	L2_Q6082545_P39_3	Per Rudberg holds the position of Military Commander of Lower Norrland from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1978. Per Rudberg holds the position of Chief of Navy from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984. Per Rudberg holds the position of ship commander from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962. Per Rudberg holds the position of flotilla commander from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970. Per Rudberg holds the position of aide-de-camp from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.	Per RudbergVice Admiral Per Yngve Rudberg (29 August 1922 – 9 May 2010) was a Swedish Navy officer. Rudberg was commissioned as an officer in the Swedish Navy after graduating from Royal Swedish Naval Academy in 1944. He served aboard destroyers, torpedo boats and training vessels and later became commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla and led among other things the naval development in the emerging radar technology. Besides the usual management training, Rudberg attended the French Naval Academy. He served in the Defence Staff and the Naval Staff and was promoted to rear admiral and military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) in 1973. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral and served as the Chief of the Navy from 1978 to 1984 during which time the Swedish submarine incidents culminated when the Soviet submarine "U 137" ran aground in Blekinge archipelago.Rudberg was born on 29 August 1922 in Vänersborg, Sweden, the son of bishop Yngve Rudberg and his wife Margit (née Hemberg). He was the brother of the philologist Stig Rudberg and the author Birgitta Rudberg. Rudberg's uncle was Gunnar Rudberg and cousin was Sten Rudberg. He passed "studentexamen" in Uppsala in 1941 and like many others during the World War II, Rudberg made his way to the military. He underwent naval officer training and became an acting sub-lieutenant ("fänrik") in the Swedish Navy in 1944 and held several naval appointments from 1944 to 1950. During these years, Rudberg was assigned to artillery weapons service and it resulted in service on torpedo boats, destroyers and cruisers and the training ship "Prins Carl", where he for some years led the navy's radar and fire-control system school. He also served on land at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy in Näsbypark. Rudberg was promoted to sub-lieutenant ("löjtnant") in 1946 and completed the Royal Swedish Naval Staff College staff course from 1952 to 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1954 and served in the Naval Staff from 1955 to 1959.Another important appointment was as aide-de-camp to the then Chief of the Navy, Admiral . In this context, he participated in the design of a new idea plan for the navy's further development after the navy's unfavorable 1958 Defense Decision. He went on to study at the "École Supérieure de Guerre Navale" in Paris from 1959 to 1960 and at the "Cours Supérieur Interarmées" in Paris in 1960. Rudberg was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1960 and served at the Naval Command East in 1963 and in the Defence Staff in 1964. He was promoted to commander in 1964 and was a military expert in the 1965 Defense Investigation, and was head of department in the Defence Staff from 1965 to 1967 when he was promoted to captain. Rudberg was commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla from 1967 to 1970 and promoted to senior captain the same year. He was a skilled captain and flotilla commanding officer who developed the naval tactics concerning electronic warfare and tactics against foreign anti-ship missiles.Rudberg was section chief in the Defence Staff from 1970 to 1973 and was promoted to rear admiral the same year. He was military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) from 1973 to 1978. As military commander, he added a naval dimension to the military district which in the past had been so army accentuated. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral in 1978 and was appointed Chief of the Navy the same year. At this time, the security policy environment had deteriorated in Sweden's region through the Poland crisis and the increase in tension between the superpowers. The Swedish Navy had for a number of years strongly committed to acquire a Swedish anti-ship missile. The government was not prepared to support such a development. The navy was then forced to focus on the acquisition of a foreign option. When Rudberg took office, this process had come a long way. After the Swedish government crisis in 1979 a new government was formed that wanted to change the plans. The risk of repeated delays were evident. Rudberg managed, however, personally to force comprehensive safeguards regarding timing and quality for a production in Sweden. The industry kept its commitments and the Swedish defense got the RBS-15 for sea, air and coastal artillery forces. Likewise, he showed a great commitment to improve the protection against the ongoing violations of foreign submarines in Swedish waters. Demobilized vessels was now placed in depots and could thus be kept in a high material readiness. Trained and demobilized conscripts could if necessary be called in for these vessels.Rudberg was convinced that the navy should be accorded greater importance in the Swedish defense, and he argued for this in the military management. Meanwhile, Sweden was subjected to repeated underwater violations and Rudberg was forced to redirect the emergency preparedness system to meet the threats. The navy went from being a school navy to become a contingency navy and the coastal artillery began with a constant surveillance of sensitive areas. New equipment was also procured for the submarine protection. Rudberg could collectively leave a qualitatively strengthened navy when he retired in 1984. As the Chief of the Navy, Rudberg would in the event of a military attack on Sweden or in a military crisis immediately be flown to England where he would act as a kind of "reserve Supreme Commander" but also be a link between Sweden and the Allied forces. The Chief of the Army would be the Supreme Commander's deputy and Chief of the Air Force would be the commanding officer at the front. In a news article in "Svenska Dagbladet" in 1998, Rudberg explained that after Prime Minister Olof Palme's assassination in Stockholm on 28 February 1986, Rudberg, who until recently had been the Chief of the Navy, had called the Supreme Commander Lennart Ljung and announced that he was ready to travel to Washington, D.C., where Sweden's naval chief had his place in the event of a war.After his retirement from active service Rudberg settled in Värmdö and devoted much time to the church congregation activities as churchwarden and elected representative. He was for a period chairman of the parish council. In the church congregation, he got involved in particular issues relating to leadership. Rudberg was chairman of the board of British Aerospace (Sweden) AB from 1985, of Vasa Rediviva from 1986 and board member of the "Medborgarrättsrörelsen" from 1984 and of the Maritime Museum from 1990.In 1945 he married Kjerstin Oredsson (born 1920), the daughter of doctor Ola Oredsson and Katherine Spira. He was the father of Jan, Sven, Lars and Frank.	[ "flotilla commander", "aide-de-camp", "Chief of Navy", "ship commander" ]
Which position did Per Rudberg hold in 20-Aug-197520-August-1975?	August 20, 1975	{ "text": [ "Military Commander of Lower Norrland" ] }	L2_Q6082545_P39_3	Per Rudberg holds the position of Military Commander of Lower Norrland from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1978. Per Rudberg holds the position of Chief of Navy from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1984. Per Rudberg holds the position of ship commander from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962. Per Rudberg holds the position of flotilla commander from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1970. Per Rudberg holds the position of aide-de-camp from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957.	Per RudbergVice Admiral Per Yngve Rudberg (29 August 1922 – 9 May 2010) was a Swedish Navy officer. Rudberg was commissioned as an officer in the Swedish Navy after graduating from Royal Swedish Naval Academy in 1944. He served aboard destroyers, torpedo boats and training vessels and later became commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla and led among other things the naval development in the emerging radar technology. Besides the usual management training, Rudberg attended the French Naval Academy. He served in the Defence Staff and the Naval Staff and was promoted to rear admiral and military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) in 1973. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral and served as the Chief of the Navy from 1978 to 1984 during which time the Swedish submarine incidents culminated when the Soviet submarine "U 137" ran aground in Blekinge archipelago.Rudberg was born on 29 August 1922 in Vänersborg, Sweden, the son of bishop Yngve Rudberg and his wife Margit (née Hemberg). He was the brother of the philologist Stig Rudberg and the author Birgitta Rudberg. Rudberg's uncle was Gunnar Rudberg and cousin was Sten Rudberg. He passed "studentexamen" in Uppsala in 1941 and like many others during the World War II, Rudberg made his way to the military. He underwent naval officer training and became an acting sub-lieutenant ("fänrik") in the Swedish Navy in 1944 and held several naval appointments from 1944 to 1950. During these years, Rudberg was assigned to artillery weapons service and it resulted in service on torpedo boats, destroyers and cruisers and the training ship "Prins Carl", where he for some years led the navy's radar and fire-control system school. He also served on land at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy in Näsbypark. Rudberg was promoted to sub-lieutenant ("löjtnant") in 1946 and completed the Royal Swedish Naval Staff College staff course from 1952 to 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1954 and served in the Naval Staff from 1955 to 1959.Another important appointment was as aide-de-camp to the then Chief of the Navy, Admiral . In this context, he participated in the design of a new idea plan for the navy's further development after the navy's unfavorable 1958 Defense Decision. He went on to study at the "École Supérieure de Guerre Navale" in Paris from 1959 to 1960 and at the "Cours Supérieur Interarmées" in Paris in 1960. Rudberg was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1960 and served at the Naval Command East in 1963 and in the Defence Staff in 1964. He was promoted to commander in 1964 and was a military expert in the 1965 Defense Investigation, and was head of department in the Defence Staff from 1965 to 1967 when he was promoted to captain. Rudberg was commanding officer of the First Destroyer Flotilla from 1967 to 1970 and promoted to senior captain the same year. He was a skilled captain and flotilla commanding officer who developed the naval tactics concerning electronic warfare and tactics against foreign anti-ship missiles.Rudberg was section chief in the Defence Staff from 1970 to 1973 and was promoted to rear admiral the same year. He was military commander of the Lower Norrland Military District (Milo NN) from 1973 to 1978. As military commander, he added a naval dimension to the military district which in the past had been so army accentuated. Rudberg was promoted to vice admiral in 1978 and was appointed Chief of the Navy the same year. At this time, the security policy environment had deteriorated in Sweden's region through the Poland crisis and the increase in tension between the superpowers. The Swedish Navy had for a number of years strongly committed to acquire a Swedish anti-ship missile. The government was not prepared to support such a development. The navy was then forced to focus on the acquisition of a foreign option. When Rudberg took office, this process had come a long way. After the Swedish government crisis in 1979 a new government was formed that wanted to change the plans. The risk of repeated delays were evident. Rudberg managed, however, personally to force comprehensive safeguards regarding timing and quality for a production in Sweden. The industry kept its commitments and the Swedish defense got the RBS-15 for sea, air and coastal artillery forces. Likewise, he showed a great commitment to improve the protection against the ongoing violations of foreign submarines in Swedish waters. Demobilized vessels was now placed in depots and could thus be kept in a high material readiness. Trained and demobilized conscripts could if necessary be called in for these vessels.Rudberg was convinced that the navy should be accorded greater importance in the Swedish defense, and he argued for this in the military management. Meanwhile, Sweden was subjected to repeated underwater violations and Rudberg was forced to redirect the emergency preparedness system to meet the threats. The navy went from being a school navy to become a contingency navy and the coastal artillery began with a constant surveillance of sensitive areas. New equipment was also procured for the submarine protection. Rudberg could collectively leave a qualitatively strengthened navy when he retired in 1984. As the Chief of the Navy, Rudberg would in the event of a military attack on Sweden or in a military crisis immediately be flown to England where he would act as a kind of "reserve Supreme Commander" but also be a link between Sweden and the Allied forces. The Chief of the Army would be the Supreme Commander's deputy and Chief of the Air Force would be the commanding officer at the front. In a news article in "Svenska Dagbladet" in 1998, Rudberg explained that after Prime Minister Olof Palme's assassination in Stockholm on 28 February 1986, Rudberg, who until recently had been the Chief of the Navy, had called the Supreme Commander Lennart Ljung and announced that he was ready to travel to Washington, D.C., where Sweden's naval chief had his place in the event of a war.After his retirement from active service Rudberg settled in Värmdö and devoted much time to the church congregation activities as churchwarden and elected representative. He was for a period chairman of the parish council. In the church congregation, he got involved in particular issues relating to leadership. Rudberg was chairman of the board of British Aerospace (Sweden) AB from 1985, of Vasa Rediviva from 1986 and board member of the "Medborgarrättsrörelsen" from 1984 and of the Maritime Museum from 1990.In 1945 he married Kjerstin Oredsson (born 1920), the daughter of doctor Ola Oredsson and Katherine Spira. He was the father of Jan, Sven, Lars and Frank.	[ "flotilla commander", "aide-de-camp", "Chief of Navy", "ship commander" ]
Which position did Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet hold in Sep, 1831?	September 26, 1831	{ "text": [ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526182_P39_7	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jan, 1862. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd BaronetSir Charles Merrik Burrell, 3rd Baronet (24 May 1774 – 4 January 1862) was an English Conservative politician, who represented the seat of New Shoreham for fifty-six years, becoming Father of the House of Commons.Burrell was born at Golden Square, London, the son of Sir William Burrell, 2nd Baronet and his wife Sophia Raymond. He succeeded to the title of Baronet Raymond of Valentine House on 20 January 1796. In 1806 he was elected as M.P. for New Shoreham and he held the seat until his death in 1862.Burrell built a country mansion near Knepp Castle, known by the same name, near West Grinstead and purchased an estate at Boulton. He owned a house in Richmond Terrace, London which was the subject of a court case in 1833 in which he argued that because the house was on the site of the former Palace of Whitehall, it was not liable to the poor rate of St. Margaret's, Westminster.Burrell married Frances Wyndham, the illegitimate daughter of George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, and Elizabeth Ilive, on 4 July 1808 at St. George's Church, Hanover Square. Their eldest son Charles Wyndham Burrell died aged seventeen, but his other sons Percy and Walter succeeded successively to the baronetcy and the seat of New Shoreham.	[ "Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet hold in 1831-09-26?	September 26, 1831	{ "text": [ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526182_P39_7	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jan, 1862. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd BaronetSir Charles Merrik Burrell, 3rd Baronet (24 May 1774 – 4 January 1862) was an English Conservative politician, who represented the seat of New Shoreham for fifty-six years, becoming Father of the House of Commons.Burrell was born at Golden Square, London, the son of Sir William Burrell, 2nd Baronet and his wife Sophia Raymond. He succeeded to the title of Baronet Raymond of Valentine House on 20 January 1796. In 1806 he was elected as M.P. for New Shoreham and he held the seat until his death in 1862.Burrell built a country mansion near Knepp Castle, known by the same name, near West Grinstead and purchased an estate at Boulton. He owned a house in Richmond Terrace, London which was the subject of a court case in 1833 in which he argued that because the house was on the site of the former Palace of Whitehall, it was not liable to the poor rate of St. Margaret's, Westminster.Burrell married Frances Wyndham, the illegitimate daughter of George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, and Elizabeth Ilive, on 4 July 1808 at St. George's Church, Hanover Square. Their eldest son Charles Wyndham Burrell died aged seventeen, but his other sons Percy and Walter succeeded successively to the baronetcy and the seat of New Shoreham.	[ "Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet hold in 26/09/1831?	September 26, 1831	{ "text": [ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526182_P39_7	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jan, 1862. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd BaronetSir Charles Merrik Burrell, 3rd Baronet (24 May 1774 – 4 January 1862) was an English Conservative politician, who represented the seat of New Shoreham for fifty-six years, becoming Father of the House of Commons.Burrell was born at Golden Square, London, the son of Sir William Burrell, 2nd Baronet and his wife Sophia Raymond. He succeeded to the title of Baronet Raymond of Valentine House on 20 January 1796. In 1806 he was elected as M.P. for New Shoreham and he held the seat until his death in 1862.Burrell built a country mansion near Knepp Castle, known by the same name, near West Grinstead and purchased an estate at Boulton. He owned a house in Richmond Terrace, London which was the subject of a court case in 1833 in which he argued that because the house was on the site of the former Palace of Whitehall, it was not liable to the poor rate of St. Margaret's, Westminster.Burrell married Frances Wyndham, the illegitimate daughter of George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, and Elizabeth Ilive, on 4 July 1808 at St. George's Church, Hanover Square. Their eldest son Charles Wyndham Burrell died aged seventeen, but his other sons Percy and Walter succeeded successively to the baronetcy and the seat of New Shoreham.	[ "Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet hold in Sep 26, 1831?	September 26, 1831	{ "text": [ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526182_P39_7	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jan, 1862. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd BaronetSir Charles Merrik Burrell, 3rd Baronet (24 May 1774 – 4 January 1862) was an English Conservative politician, who represented the seat of New Shoreham for fifty-six years, becoming Father of the House of Commons.Burrell was born at Golden Square, London, the son of Sir William Burrell, 2nd Baronet and his wife Sophia Raymond. He succeeded to the title of Baronet Raymond of Valentine House on 20 January 1796. In 1806 he was elected as M.P. for New Shoreham and he held the seat until his death in 1862.Burrell built a country mansion near Knepp Castle, known by the same name, near West Grinstead and purchased an estate at Boulton. He owned a house in Richmond Terrace, London which was the subject of a court case in 1833 in which he argued that because the house was on the site of the former Palace of Whitehall, it was not liable to the poor rate of St. Margaret's, Westminster.Burrell married Frances Wyndham, the illegitimate daughter of George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, and Elizabeth Ilive, on 4 July 1808 at St. George's Church, Hanover Square. Their eldest son Charles Wyndham Burrell died aged seventeen, but his other sons Percy and Walter succeeded successively to the baronetcy and the seat of New Shoreham.	[ "Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet hold in 09/26/1831?	September 26, 1831	{ "text": [ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526182_P39_7	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jan, 1862. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd BaronetSir Charles Merrik Burrell, 3rd Baronet (24 May 1774 – 4 January 1862) was an English Conservative politician, who represented the seat of New Shoreham for fifty-six years, becoming Father of the House of Commons.Burrell was born at Golden Square, London, the son of Sir William Burrell, 2nd Baronet and his wife Sophia Raymond. He succeeded to the title of Baronet Raymond of Valentine House on 20 January 1796. In 1806 he was elected as M.P. for New Shoreham and he held the seat until his death in 1862.Burrell built a country mansion near Knepp Castle, known by the same name, near West Grinstead and purchased an estate at Boulton. He owned a house in Richmond Terrace, London which was the subject of a court case in 1833 in which he argued that because the house was on the site of the former Palace of Whitehall, it was not liable to the poor rate of St. Margaret's, Westminster.Burrell married Frances Wyndham, the illegitimate daughter of George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, and Elizabeth Ilive, on 4 July 1808 at St. George's Church, Hanover Square. Their eldest son Charles Wyndham Burrell died aged seventeen, but his other sons Percy and Walter succeeded successively to the baronetcy and the seat of New Shoreham.	[ "Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet hold in 26-Sep-183126-September-1831?	September 26, 1831	{ "text": [ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526182_P39_7	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Mar, 1857. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jan, 1862. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812. Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.	Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd BaronetSir Charles Merrik Burrell, 3rd Baronet (24 May 1774 – 4 January 1862) was an English Conservative politician, who represented the seat of New Shoreham for fifty-six years, becoming Father of the House of Commons.Burrell was born at Golden Square, London, the son of Sir William Burrell, 2nd Baronet and his wife Sophia Raymond. He succeeded to the title of Baronet Raymond of Valentine House on 20 January 1796. In 1806 he was elected as M.P. for New Shoreham and he held the seat until his death in 1862.Burrell built a country mansion near Knepp Castle, known by the same name, near West Grinstead and purchased an estate at Boulton. He owned a house in Richmond Terrace, London which was the subject of a court case in 1833 in which he argued that because the house was on the site of the former Palace of Whitehall, it was not liable to the poor rate of St. Margaret's, Westminster.Burrell married Frances Wyndham, the illegitimate daughter of George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, and Elizabeth Ilive, on 4 July 1808 at St. George's Church, Hanover Square. Their eldest son Charles Wyndham Burrell died aged seventeen, but his other sons Percy and Walter succeeded successively to the baronetcy and the seat of New Shoreham.	[ "Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which team did Sergei Serdyukov play for in Sep, 2011?	September 18, 2011	{ "text": [ "FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny" ] }	L2_Q4417284_P54_8	Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Anzhi Makhachkala from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Akhmat Grozny from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tom Tomsk from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Beshtau Lermontov from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 1999. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Nosta Novotroitsk from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for PFC Spartak Nalchik from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Orenburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo Makhachkala from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tyumen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.	Sergei SerdyukovSergei Sergeyevich Serdyukov (; born 10 April 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.He made his Russian Premier League debut for PFC Spartak Nalchik on 18 March 2006 in a game against PFC CSKA Moscow. He played 3 seasons in the Premier League for Spartak Nalchik, FC Tom Tomsk and FC Terek Grozny.	[ "FC Orenburg", "FC Nosta Novotroitsk", "FC Dynamo Makhachkala", "FC Akhmat Grozny", "FC Tyumen", "PFC Spartak Nalchik", "FC Tom Tomsk", "FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny", "FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol", "FC Beshtau Lermontov", "FC Anzhi Makhachkala" ]
Which team did Sergei Serdyukov play for in 2011-09-18?	September 18, 2011	{ "text": [ "FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny" ] }	L2_Q4417284_P54_8	Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Anzhi Makhachkala from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Akhmat Grozny from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tom Tomsk from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Beshtau Lermontov from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 1999. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Nosta Novotroitsk from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for PFC Spartak Nalchik from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Orenburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo Makhachkala from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tyumen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.	Sergei SerdyukovSergei Sergeyevich Serdyukov (; born 10 April 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.He made his Russian Premier League debut for PFC Spartak Nalchik on 18 March 2006 in a game against PFC CSKA Moscow. He played 3 seasons in the Premier League for Spartak Nalchik, FC Tom Tomsk and FC Terek Grozny.	[ "FC Orenburg", "FC Nosta Novotroitsk", "FC Dynamo Makhachkala", "FC Akhmat Grozny", "FC Tyumen", "PFC Spartak Nalchik", "FC Tom Tomsk", "FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny", "FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol", "FC Beshtau Lermontov", "FC Anzhi Makhachkala" ]
Which team did Sergei Serdyukov play for in 18/09/2011?	September 18, 2011	{ "text": [ "FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny" ] }	L2_Q4417284_P54_8	Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Anzhi Makhachkala from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Akhmat Grozny from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tom Tomsk from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Beshtau Lermontov from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 1999. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Nosta Novotroitsk from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for PFC Spartak Nalchik from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Orenburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo Makhachkala from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tyumen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.	Sergei SerdyukovSergei Sergeyevich Serdyukov (; born 10 April 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.He made his Russian Premier League debut for PFC Spartak Nalchik on 18 March 2006 in a game against PFC CSKA Moscow. He played 3 seasons in the Premier League for Spartak Nalchik, FC Tom Tomsk and FC Terek Grozny.	[ "FC Orenburg", "FC Nosta Novotroitsk", "FC Dynamo Makhachkala", "FC Akhmat Grozny", "FC Tyumen", "PFC Spartak Nalchik", "FC Tom Tomsk", "FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny", "FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol", "FC Beshtau Lermontov", "FC Anzhi Makhachkala" ]
Which team did Sergei Serdyukov play for in Sep 18, 2011?	September 18, 2011	{ "text": [ "FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny" ] }	L2_Q4417284_P54_8	Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Anzhi Makhachkala from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Akhmat Grozny from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tom Tomsk from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Beshtau Lermontov from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 1999. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Nosta Novotroitsk from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for PFC Spartak Nalchik from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Orenburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo Makhachkala from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tyumen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.	Sergei SerdyukovSergei Sergeyevich Serdyukov (; born 10 April 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.He made his Russian Premier League debut for PFC Spartak Nalchik on 18 March 2006 in a game against PFC CSKA Moscow. He played 3 seasons in the Premier League for Spartak Nalchik, FC Tom Tomsk and FC Terek Grozny.	[ "FC Orenburg", "FC Nosta Novotroitsk", "FC Dynamo Makhachkala", "FC Akhmat Grozny", "FC Tyumen", "PFC Spartak Nalchik", "FC Tom Tomsk", "FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny", "FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol", "FC Beshtau Lermontov", "FC Anzhi Makhachkala" ]
Which team did Sergei Serdyukov play for in 09/18/2011?	September 18, 2011	{ "text": [ "FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny" ] }	L2_Q4417284_P54_8	Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Anzhi Makhachkala from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Akhmat Grozny from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tom Tomsk from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Beshtau Lermontov from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 1999. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Nosta Novotroitsk from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for PFC Spartak Nalchik from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Orenburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo Makhachkala from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tyumen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.	Sergei SerdyukovSergei Sergeyevich Serdyukov (; born 10 April 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.He made his Russian Premier League debut for PFC Spartak Nalchik on 18 March 2006 in a game against PFC CSKA Moscow. He played 3 seasons in the Premier League for Spartak Nalchik, FC Tom Tomsk and FC Terek Grozny.	[ "FC Orenburg", "FC Nosta Novotroitsk", "FC Dynamo Makhachkala", "FC Akhmat Grozny", "FC Tyumen", "PFC Spartak Nalchik", "FC Tom Tomsk", "FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny", "FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol", "FC Beshtau Lermontov", "FC Anzhi Makhachkala" ]
Which team did Sergei Serdyukov play for in 18-Sep-201118-September-2011?	September 18, 2011	{ "text": [ "FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny" ] }	L2_Q4417284_P54_8	Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Anzhi Makhachkala from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Akhmat Grozny from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tom Tomsk from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Beshtau Lermontov from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 1999. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Nosta Novotroitsk from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Sergei Serdyukov plays for PFC Spartak Nalchik from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Orenburg from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo Makhachkala from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2005. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC Tyumen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Sergei Serdyukov plays for FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012.	Sergei SerdyukovSergei Sergeyevich Serdyukov (; born 10 April 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.He made his Russian Premier League debut for PFC Spartak Nalchik on 18 March 2006 in a game against PFC CSKA Moscow. He played 3 seasons in the Premier League for Spartak Nalchik, FC Tom Tomsk and FC Terek Grozny.	[ "FC Orenburg", "FC Nosta Novotroitsk", "FC Dynamo Makhachkala", "FC Akhmat Grozny", "FC Tyumen", "PFC Spartak Nalchik", "FC Tom Tomsk", "FC Kavkazkabel Prokhladny", "FC Dynamo GTS Stavropol", "FC Beshtau Lermontov", "FC Anzhi Makhachkala" ]
Which position did John Grogan hold in Jul, 2008?	July 10, 2008	{ "text": [ "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6236465_P39_2	John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.	John Grogan (politician)John Timothy Grogan (born 24 February 1961) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019. He is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce (MBCC).Born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michael's RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St John's College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982, and also served as the first President of the Oxford University Student Union, the first to be elected on a Labour Party (UK) platform.He worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–97. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton. He also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995.Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison, losing by 13,779 votes. He contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 general election but was again defeated by Alison, this time by 9,508 votes.Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he also stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989.Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, he defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind, who had lost his seat in 1992, with a majority of 3,836. He made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997.He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002. In 1999, he called for a memorial to the heroism of women during World War II to be remembered on the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square, with the campaign gaining the backing of the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd, and the Princess Royal. Although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall.In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a reduced majority of 467 votes, making the seat the 15th most marginal Labour-held seat in the UK. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select committee from 1997 until 2001, and then again from 2005 until 2010.In 2009, Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. detention of suspects for 42 days, gambling deregulation,Grogan helped lead the rebellion on the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, resulting in two Government defeats on the bill and ‘threatening' rather than ‘insulting’ behaviour being established as the test of religious hatred. At the public bill committee stage of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 he proposed an amendment, winning 8–7 against the Government. This ensured that the Regional Flood and Coastal Management Committees retained the power to approve the Environment Agency’s flood management bill rather than just the right to be consulted about it.He campaigned against the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, the top-up tuition fee reforms in 2004 and voted against the UK's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003. While serving as an MP, he also campaigned for reform of the licensing laws, the smoking ban, bus regulation and public service broadcasting. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers, the regulation of lobbyists and access for all to sporting listed events on free-to-air TV. He was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia.While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital and the expansion of its flood defences.In 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency.During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by "The Daily Telegraph" for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Mongolian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to "understand his [Mr Grogan's] constituents' Yorkshire accents".In 2010 Grogan and Tom Watson led parliamentary opposition on the Government benches to the Digital Economy Bill and the parliamentary campaign to save BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network from closure.In 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes. He re-fought the seat in the 2017 general election, winning with a majority of 239 votes.In Keighley Grogan championed a variety of causes including a new police station, the survival of rugby league club Keighley Cougars, a refurbished railway station, the campaign to re-open the Skipton-Colne railway line and the campaign against a planned incinerator. In neighbouring Ilkley he worked closely with the Clean River Group to stop the discharge of raw sewage into the River Wharfe and to apply to the Department of the Environment for designated bathing status.In 2018 Grogan was the only Labour MP to vote against his party’s amendments to the Data Protection Act 2018 on the grounds that they threatened press freedom. In Parliament he also helped revive campaigns to expand the number of listed sporting events not permitted to be broadcast solely on pay television services and for trains to be run on Boxing Day. He chaired the All Party Parliamentary Groups on Albania, Kosovo, Mongolia, Peru and Portugal.Grogan is a longstanding supporter of Yorkshire Devolution and since 2018 he has been co-chair of the One Yorkshire Committee, which brings together Members of Parliament, council leaders, businesses and trade unions to campaign for Devolution across the whole of Yorkshire.Grogan is a signatory of the "MPs Not Border Guards" pledge, which vows to not report constituents to the Home Office for immigration enforcement.He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel as well as Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East.Grogan lost his Keighley seat in the 2019 general election to the Conservative candidate Robbie Moore.From 2013 to 2015 Grogan chaired the Hatfield Colliery Trust, which was responsible for the employee-owned mine near Doncaster. This was the penultimate coal mine to close in the United Kingdom.	[ "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Grogan hold in 2008-07-10?	July 10, 2008	{ "text": [ "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6236465_P39_2	John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.	John Grogan (politician)John Timothy Grogan (born 24 February 1961) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019. He is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce (MBCC).Born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michael's RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St John's College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982, and also served as the first President of the Oxford University Student Union, the first to be elected on a Labour Party (UK) platform.He worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–97. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton. He also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995.Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison, losing by 13,779 votes. He contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 general election but was again defeated by Alison, this time by 9,508 votes.Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he also stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989.Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, he defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind, who had lost his seat in 1992, with a majority of 3,836. He made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997.He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002. In 1999, he called for a memorial to the heroism of women during World War II to be remembered on the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square, with the campaign gaining the backing of the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd, and the Princess Royal. Although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall.In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a reduced majority of 467 votes, making the seat the 15th most marginal Labour-held seat in the UK. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select committee from 1997 until 2001, and then again from 2005 until 2010.In 2009, Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. detention of suspects for 42 days, gambling deregulation,Grogan helped lead the rebellion on the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, resulting in two Government defeats on the bill and ‘threatening' rather than ‘insulting’ behaviour being established as the test of religious hatred. At the public bill committee stage of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 he proposed an amendment, winning 8–7 against the Government. This ensured that the Regional Flood and Coastal Management Committees retained the power to approve the Environment Agency’s flood management bill rather than just the right to be consulted about it.He campaigned against the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, the top-up tuition fee reforms in 2004 and voted against the UK's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003. While serving as an MP, he also campaigned for reform of the licensing laws, the smoking ban, bus regulation and public service broadcasting. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers, the regulation of lobbyists and access for all to sporting listed events on free-to-air TV. He was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia.While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital and the expansion of its flood defences.In 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency.During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by "The Daily Telegraph" for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Mongolian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to "understand his [Mr Grogan's] constituents' Yorkshire accents".In 2010 Grogan and Tom Watson led parliamentary opposition on the Government benches to the Digital Economy Bill and the parliamentary campaign to save BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network from closure.In 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes. He re-fought the seat in the 2017 general election, winning with a majority of 239 votes.In Keighley Grogan championed a variety of causes including a new police station, the survival of rugby league club Keighley Cougars, a refurbished railway station, the campaign to re-open the Skipton-Colne railway line and the campaign against a planned incinerator. In neighbouring Ilkley he worked closely with the Clean River Group to stop the discharge of raw sewage into the River Wharfe and to apply to the Department of the Environment for designated bathing status.In 2018 Grogan was the only Labour MP to vote against his party’s amendments to the Data Protection Act 2018 on the grounds that they threatened press freedom. In Parliament he also helped revive campaigns to expand the number of listed sporting events not permitted to be broadcast solely on pay television services and for trains to be run on Boxing Day. He chaired the All Party Parliamentary Groups on Albania, Kosovo, Mongolia, Peru and Portugal.Grogan is a longstanding supporter of Yorkshire Devolution and since 2018 he has been co-chair of the One Yorkshire Committee, which brings together Members of Parliament, council leaders, businesses and trade unions to campaign for Devolution across the whole of Yorkshire.Grogan is a signatory of the "MPs Not Border Guards" pledge, which vows to not report constituents to the Home Office for immigration enforcement.He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel as well as Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East.Grogan lost his Keighley seat in the 2019 general election to the Conservative candidate Robbie Moore.From 2013 to 2015 Grogan chaired the Hatfield Colliery Trust, which was responsible for the employee-owned mine near Doncaster. This was the penultimate coal mine to close in the United Kingdom.	[ "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Grogan hold in 10/07/2008?	July 10, 2008	{ "text": [ "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6236465_P39_2	John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.	John Grogan (politician)John Timothy Grogan (born 24 February 1961) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019. He is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce (MBCC).Born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michael's RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St John's College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982, and also served as the first President of the Oxford University Student Union, the first to be elected on a Labour Party (UK) platform.He worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–97. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton. He also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995.Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison, losing by 13,779 votes. He contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 general election but was again defeated by Alison, this time by 9,508 votes.Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he also stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989.Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, he defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind, who had lost his seat in 1992, with a majority of 3,836. He made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997.He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002. In 1999, he called for a memorial to the heroism of women during World War II to be remembered on the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square, with the campaign gaining the backing of the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd, and the Princess Royal. Although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall.In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a reduced majority of 467 votes, making the seat the 15th most marginal Labour-held seat in the UK. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select committee from 1997 until 2001, and then again from 2005 until 2010.In 2009, Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. detention of suspects for 42 days, gambling deregulation,Grogan helped lead the rebellion on the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, resulting in two Government defeats on the bill and ‘threatening' rather than ‘insulting’ behaviour being established as the test of religious hatred. At the public bill committee stage of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 he proposed an amendment, winning 8–7 against the Government. This ensured that the Regional Flood and Coastal Management Committees retained the power to approve the Environment Agency’s flood management bill rather than just the right to be consulted about it.He campaigned against the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, the top-up tuition fee reforms in 2004 and voted against the UK's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003. While serving as an MP, he also campaigned for reform of the licensing laws, the smoking ban, bus regulation and public service broadcasting. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers, the regulation of lobbyists and access for all to sporting listed events on free-to-air TV. He was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia.While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital and the expansion of its flood defences.In 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency.During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by "The Daily Telegraph" for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Mongolian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to "understand his [Mr Grogan's] constituents' Yorkshire accents".In 2010 Grogan and Tom Watson led parliamentary opposition on the Government benches to the Digital Economy Bill and the parliamentary campaign to save BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network from closure.In 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes. He re-fought the seat in the 2017 general election, winning with a majority of 239 votes.In Keighley Grogan championed a variety of causes including a new police station, the survival of rugby league club Keighley Cougars, a refurbished railway station, the campaign to re-open the Skipton-Colne railway line and the campaign against a planned incinerator. In neighbouring Ilkley he worked closely with the Clean River Group to stop the discharge of raw sewage into the River Wharfe and to apply to the Department of the Environment for designated bathing status.In 2018 Grogan was the only Labour MP to vote against his party’s amendments to the Data Protection Act 2018 on the grounds that they threatened press freedom. In Parliament he also helped revive campaigns to expand the number of listed sporting events not permitted to be broadcast solely on pay television services and for trains to be run on Boxing Day. He chaired the All Party Parliamentary Groups on Albania, Kosovo, Mongolia, Peru and Portugal.Grogan is a longstanding supporter of Yorkshire Devolution and since 2018 he has been co-chair of the One Yorkshire Committee, which brings together Members of Parliament, council leaders, businesses and trade unions to campaign for Devolution across the whole of Yorkshire.Grogan is a signatory of the "MPs Not Border Guards" pledge, which vows to not report constituents to the Home Office for immigration enforcement.He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel as well as Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East.Grogan lost his Keighley seat in the 2019 general election to the Conservative candidate Robbie Moore.From 2013 to 2015 Grogan chaired the Hatfield Colliery Trust, which was responsible for the employee-owned mine near Doncaster. This was the penultimate coal mine to close in the United Kingdom.	[ "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Grogan hold in Jul 10, 2008?	July 10, 2008	{ "text": [ "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6236465_P39_2	John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.	John Grogan (politician)John Timothy Grogan (born 24 February 1961) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019. He is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce (MBCC).Born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michael's RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St John's College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982, and also served as the first President of the Oxford University Student Union, the first to be elected on a Labour Party (UK) platform.He worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–97. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton. He also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995.Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison, losing by 13,779 votes. He contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 general election but was again defeated by Alison, this time by 9,508 votes.Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he also stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989.Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, he defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind, who had lost his seat in 1992, with a majority of 3,836. He made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997.He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002. In 1999, he called for a memorial to the heroism of women during World War II to be remembered on the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square, with the campaign gaining the backing of the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd, and the Princess Royal. Although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall.In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a reduced majority of 467 votes, making the seat the 15th most marginal Labour-held seat in the UK. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select committee from 1997 until 2001, and then again from 2005 until 2010.In 2009, Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. detention of suspects for 42 days, gambling deregulation,Grogan helped lead the rebellion on the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, resulting in two Government defeats on the bill and ‘threatening' rather than ‘insulting’ behaviour being established as the test of religious hatred. At the public bill committee stage of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 he proposed an amendment, winning 8–7 against the Government. This ensured that the Regional Flood and Coastal Management Committees retained the power to approve the Environment Agency’s flood management bill rather than just the right to be consulted about it.He campaigned against the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, the top-up tuition fee reforms in 2004 and voted against the UK's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003. While serving as an MP, he also campaigned for reform of the licensing laws, the smoking ban, bus regulation and public service broadcasting. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers, the regulation of lobbyists and access for all to sporting listed events on free-to-air TV. He was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia.While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital and the expansion of its flood defences.In 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency.During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by "The Daily Telegraph" for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Mongolian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to "understand his [Mr Grogan's] constituents' Yorkshire accents".In 2010 Grogan and Tom Watson led parliamentary opposition on the Government benches to the Digital Economy Bill and the parliamentary campaign to save BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network from closure.In 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes. He re-fought the seat in the 2017 general election, winning with a majority of 239 votes.In Keighley Grogan championed a variety of causes including a new police station, the survival of rugby league club Keighley Cougars, a refurbished railway station, the campaign to re-open the Skipton-Colne railway line and the campaign against a planned incinerator. In neighbouring Ilkley he worked closely with the Clean River Group to stop the discharge of raw sewage into the River Wharfe and to apply to the Department of the Environment for designated bathing status.In 2018 Grogan was the only Labour MP to vote against his party’s amendments to the Data Protection Act 2018 on the grounds that they threatened press freedom. In Parliament he also helped revive campaigns to expand the number of listed sporting events not permitted to be broadcast solely on pay television services and for trains to be run on Boxing Day. He chaired the All Party Parliamentary Groups on Albania, Kosovo, Mongolia, Peru and Portugal.Grogan is a longstanding supporter of Yorkshire Devolution and since 2018 he has been co-chair of the One Yorkshire Committee, which brings together Members of Parliament, council leaders, businesses and trade unions to campaign for Devolution across the whole of Yorkshire.Grogan is a signatory of the "MPs Not Border Guards" pledge, which vows to not report constituents to the Home Office for immigration enforcement.He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel as well as Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East.Grogan lost his Keighley seat in the 2019 general election to the Conservative candidate Robbie Moore.From 2013 to 2015 Grogan chaired the Hatfield Colliery Trust, which was responsible for the employee-owned mine near Doncaster. This was the penultimate coal mine to close in the United Kingdom.	[ "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Grogan hold in 07/10/2008?	July 10, 2008	{ "text": [ "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6236465_P39_2	John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.	John Grogan (politician)John Timothy Grogan (born 24 February 1961) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019. He is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce (MBCC).Born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michael's RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St John's College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982, and also served as the first President of the Oxford University Student Union, the first to be elected on a Labour Party (UK) platform.He worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–97. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton. He also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995.Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison, losing by 13,779 votes. He contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 general election but was again defeated by Alison, this time by 9,508 votes.Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he also stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989.Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, he defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind, who had lost his seat in 1992, with a majority of 3,836. He made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997.He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002. In 1999, he called for a memorial to the heroism of women during World War II to be remembered on the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square, with the campaign gaining the backing of the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd, and the Princess Royal. Although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall.In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a reduced majority of 467 votes, making the seat the 15th most marginal Labour-held seat in the UK. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select committee from 1997 until 2001, and then again from 2005 until 2010.In 2009, Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. detention of suspects for 42 days, gambling deregulation,Grogan helped lead the rebellion on the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, resulting in two Government defeats on the bill and ‘threatening' rather than ‘insulting’ behaviour being established as the test of religious hatred. At the public bill committee stage of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 he proposed an amendment, winning 8–7 against the Government. This ensured that the Regional Flood and Coastal Management Committees retained the power to approve the Environment Agency’s flood management bill rather than just the right to be consulted about it.He campaigned against the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, the top-up tuition fee reforms in 2004 and voted against the UK's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003. While serving as an MP, he also campaigned for reform of the licensing laws, the smoking ban, bus regulation and public service broadcasting. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers, the regulation of lobbyists and access for all to sporting listed events on free-to-air TV. He was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia.While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital and the expansion of its flood defences.In 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency.During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by "The Daily Telegraph" for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Mongolian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to "understand his [Mr Grogan's] constituents' Yorkshire accents".In 2010 Grogan and Tom Watson led parliamentary opposition on the Government benches to the Digital Economy Bill and the parliamentary campaign to save BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network from closure.In 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes. He re-fought the seat in the 2017 general election, winning with a majority of 239 votes.In Keighley Grogan championed a variety of causes including a new police station, the survival of rugby league club Keighley Cougars, a refurbished railway station, the campaign to re-open the Skipton-Colne railway line and the campaign against a planned incinerator. In neighbouring Ilkley he worked closely with the Clean River Group to stop the discharge of raw sewage into the River Wharfe and to apply to the Department of the Environment for designated bathing status.In 2018 Grogan was the only Labour MP to vote against his party’s amendments to the Data Protection Act 2018 on the grounds that they threatened press freedom. In Parliament he also helped revive campaigns to expand the number of listed sporting events not permitted to be broadcast solely on pay television services and for trains to be run on Boxing Day. He chaired the All Party Parliamentary Groups on Albania, Kosovo, Mongolia, Peru and Portugal.Grogan is a longstanding supporter of Yorkshire Devolution and since 2018 he has been co-chair of the One Yorkshire Committee, which brings together Members of Parliament, council leaders, businesses and trade unions to campaign for Devolution across the whole of Yorkshire.Grogan is a signatory of the "MPs Not Border Guards" pledge, which vows to not report constituents to the Home Office for immigration enforcement.He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel as well as Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East.Grogan lost his Keighley seat in the 2019 general election to the Conservative candidate Robbie Moore.From 2013 to 2015 Grogan chaired the Hatfield Colliery Trust, which was responsible for the employee-owned mine near Doncaster. This was the penultimate coal mine to close in the United Kingdom.	[ "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Grogan hold in 10-Jul-200810-July-2008?	July 10, 2008	{ "text": [ "Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6236465_P39_2	John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019. John Grogan holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.	John Grogan (politician)John Timothy Grogan (born 24 February 1961) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Selby between 1997 and 2010 and for Keighley between 2017 and 2019. He is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce (MBCC).Born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michael's RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St John's College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982, and also served as the first President of the Oxford University Student Union, the first to be elected on a Labour Party (UK) platform.He worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–97. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton. He also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995.Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison, losing by 13,779 votes. He contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 general election but was again defeated by Alison, this time by 9,508 votes.Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he also stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989.Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, he defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind, who had lost his seat in 1992, with a majority of 3,836. He made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997.He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002. In 1999, he called for a memorial to the heroism of women during World War II to be remembered on the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square, with the campaign gaining the backing of the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd, and the Princess Royal. Although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall.In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a reduced majority of 467 votes, making the seat the 15th most marginal Labour-held seat in the UK. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select committee from 1997 until 2001, and then again from 2005 until 2010.In 2009, Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. detention of suspects for 42 days, gambling deregulation,Grogan helped lead the rebellion on the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, resulting in two Government defeats on the bill and ‘threatening' rather than ‘insulting’ behaviour being established as the test of religious hatred. At the public bill committee stage of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 he proposed an amendment, winning 8–7 against the Government. This ensured that the Regional Flood and Coastal Management Committees retained the power to approve the Environment Agency’s flood management bill rather than just the right to be consulted about it.He campaigned against the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport, the top-up tuition fee reforms in 2004 and voted against the UK's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003. While serving as an MP, he also campaigned for reform of the licensing laws, the smoking ban, bus regulation and public service broadcasting. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers, the regulation of lobbyists and access for all to sporting listed events on free-to-air TV. He was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia.While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital and the expansion of its flood defences.In 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency.During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by "The Daily Telegraph" for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Mongolian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to "understand his [Mr Grogan's] constituents' Yorkshire accents".In 2010 Grogan and Tom Watson led parliamentary opposition on the Government benches to the Digital Economy Bill and the parliamentary campaign to save BBC Radio 6 Music and the BBC Asian Network from closure.In 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes. He re-fought the seat in the 2017 general election, winning with a majority of 239 votes.In Keighley Grogan championed a variety of causes including a new police station, the survival of rugby league club Keighley Cougars, a refurbished railway station, the campaign to re-open the Skipton-Colne railway line and the campaign against a planned incinerator. In neighbouring Ilkley he worked closely with the Clean River Group to stop the discharge of raw sewage into the River Wharfe and to apply to the Department of the Environment for designated bathing status.In 2018 Grogan was the only Labour MP to vote against his party’s amendments to the Data Protection Act 2018 on the grounds that they threatened press freedom. In Parliament he also helped revive campaigns to expand the number of listed sporting events not permitted to be broadcast solely on pay television services and for trains to be run on Boxing Day. He chaired the All Party Parliamentary Groups on Albania, Kosovo, Mongolia, Peru and Portugal.Grogan is a longstanding supporter of Yorkshire Devolution and since 2018 he has been co-chair of the One Yorkshire Committee, which brings together Members of Parliament, council leaders, businesses and trade unions to campaign for Devolution across the whole of Yorkshire.Grogan is a signatory of the "MPs Not Border Guards" pledge, which vows to not report constituents to the Home Office for immigration enforcement.He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel as well as Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East.Grogan lost his Keighley seat in the 2019 general election to the Conservative candidate Robbie Moore.From 2013 to 2015 Grogan chaired the Hatfield Colliery Trust, which was responsible for the employee-owned mine near Doncaster. This was the penultimate coal mine to close in the United Kingdom.	[ "Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which employer did John Lighton Synge work for in Jan, 1969?	January 15, 1969	{ "text": [ "Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies" ] }	L2_Q364650_P108_4	John Lighton Synge works for Carnegie Institute of Technology from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1948. John Lighton Synge works for Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1972. John Lighton Synge works for Ohio State University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946. John Lighton Synge works for University of Toronto from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1943. John Lighton Synge works for Trinity College Dublin from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1930.	John Lighton SyngeJohn Lighton Synge (; 23 March 1897 – 30 March 1995) was an Irish mathematician and physicist, whose seven decade career included significant periods in Ireland, Canada, and the USA. He was a prolific author and influential mentor, and is credited with the introduction of a new geometrical approach to the theory of relativity.Synge was born 1897 in Dublin, Ireland, into a prominent Church of Ireland family. He attended St. Andrew's College, Dublin and in 1915 entered Trinity College Dublin (TCD). He was elected a Foundation Scholar his first year, which was unusual as it was normally won by more advanced students. While an undergraduate at TCD, he spotted a non-trivial error in "Analytical Dynamics", a textbook by E. T. Whittaker, who had recently taught there, and notified Whittaker of the error. In 1919 he was awarded a B.A. in Mathematics and Experimental Physics, and also a gold medal for outstanding merit. In 1922 he was awarded an M.A., and in 1926 a Sc.D., the latter upon submission of his published papers up to then.In 1918, Synge had married Elizabeth Eleanor Mabel Allen (1896–1985). She was another student at TCD, first of mathematics, then of history, but family finances forced her to leave without graduating. Their daughters Margaret (Pegeen), Cathleen and Isabel were born in 1921, 1923 and 1930 respectively. The middle girl grew up to become the distinguished Canadian mathematician Cathleen Synge Morawetz.Synge's uncle John Millington Synge was a famous playwright. He is more distantly related to the 1952 Nobel prizewinner in chemistry Richard Laurence Millington Synge. He was a great-great-great-grandson of the mathematician and bishop Hugh Hamilton.His older brother, Edward Hutchinson Synge (1890-1957), who was known as Hutchie, also won a Foundation Scholarship in Trinity for Mathematics, though he never graduated. While Hutchie's later independent research was long overlooked, he is now recognised for his pioneering work in optics, particularly in near field optical imaging.He died on 30 March 1995 in Dublin.Synge was appointed to the position of lecturer at Trinity College, and then accepted a position at the University of Toronto in 1920. From 1920 until 1925, Synge was an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Toronto. There he attended lectures by Ludwik Silberstein on the theory of relativity, stimulating him to contribute "A system of space-time co-ordinates", a letter in "Nature" in 1921.Synge returned to Trinity College Dublin, in 1925, where he was elected to a fellowship and was appointed the University Professor of Natural Philosophy (the old name for physics). He was a member of the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society. He was treasurer of the Royal Irish Academy in 1929. He went back to Toronto in 1930, where he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics and became Head of the Department of Applied Mathematics. In 1940, he supervised three Chinese students, Guo Yonghuai, Chien Wei-zang and Chia-Chiao Lin, who later became leading applied mathematicians in China and the United States.He spent some of 1939 at Princeton University, and in 1941, he was a visiting professor at Brown University. In 1943 he was appointed as Chairman of the Mathematics Department of Ohio State University. Three years later he became Head of the Mathematics Department of the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where John Nash was one of his students. He spent a short time as a ballistic mathematician in the US Air Force between 1944 and 1945.He returned to Ireland in 1948, accepting the position of Senior Professor in the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. This school had been set up in 1940, and had several outstanding members, including Erwin Schrödinger (who contributed to quantum mechanics), who was also a Senior Professor.Synge made outstanding contributions to different fields of work including classical mechanics, general mechanics and geometrical optics, gas dynamics, hydrodynamics, elasticity, electrical networks, mathematical methods, differential geometry, and Einstein's theory of relativity. He studied an extensive range of mathematical physics problems, but his best known work revolved around using geometrical methods in general relativity.He was one of the first physicists to seriously study the interior of a black hole, and his early work was cited by both Kruskal and Szekeres in their independent discoveries of the true (so-called maximal) structure of the Schwarzschild black hole. Synge's later derivation of the Szekeres-Kruskal metric solution, which was motivated by a desire to avoid "using 'bad' [Schwarzschild] coordinates to obtain 'good' [Szekeres-Kruskal] coordinates," has been generally under-appreciated in the literature, but was adopted by Chandrasekhar in his black hole monograph.In pure mathematics, he is perhaps best known for Synge's theorem, which concerns the topology of closed orientable Riemannian manifold of positive sectional curvature. When such a space is even-dimensional and orientable, the theorem says it must be simply connected. In odd dimensions, it instead says that such a space is necessarily orientable.He also created the game of Vish in which players compete to find circularity (vicious circles) in dictionary definitions.Synge received many honours for his works. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1943. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 1943 was the first recipient of the society's Henry Marshall Tory Medal, as one of the first mathematicians working in Canada to be internationally recognised for his research in mathematics. He was president of the Royal Irish Academy from 1961 until 1964. The Royal Society of Canada established the John L. Synge Award in his honour in 1986.John Lighton Synge retired in 1972. During his time at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, about 12% of all workers in the relativity theory studied there. Professor Hermann Bondi, who gave the first J. L. Synge Public Lecture in 1992, had this to say: "Every one of the other 88% has been deeply influenced by his geometric vision and the clarity of his expression". He was awarded the Boyle Medal by the Royal Dublin Society in 1972.During his long scientific career, Synge published over 200 papers and 11 books. He proved the result now known as Synge's theorem.	[ "Trinity College Dublin", "Ohio State University", "University of Toronto", "Carnegie Institute of Technology" ]
Which employer did John Lighton Synge work for in 1969-01-15?	January 15, 1969	{ "text": [ "Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies" ] }	L2_Q364650_P108_4	John Lighton Synge works for Carnegie Institute of Technology from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1948. John Lighton Synge works for Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1972. John Lighton Synge works for Ohio State University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946. John Lighton Synge works for University of Toronto from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1943. John Lighton Synge works for Trinity College Dublin from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1930.	John Lighton SyngeJohn Lighton Synge (; 23 March 1897 – 30 March 1995) was an Irish mathematician and physicist, whose seven decade career included significant periods in Ireland, Canada, and the USA. He was a prolific author and influential mentor, and is credited with the introduction of a new geometrical approach to the theory of relativity.Synge was born 1897 in Dublin, Ireland, into a prominent Church of Ireland family. He attended St. Andrew's College, Dublin and in 1915 entered Trinity College Dublin (TCD). He was elected a Foundation Scholar his first year, which was unusual as it was normally won by more advanced students. While an undergraduate at TCD, he spotted a non-trivial error in "Analytical Dynamics", a textbook by E. T. Whittaker, who had recently taught there, and notified Whittaker of the error. In 1919 he was awarded a B.A. in Mathematics and Experimental Physics, and also a gold medal for outstanding merit. In 1922 he was awarded an M.A., and in 1926 a Sc.D., the latter upon submission of his published papers up to then.In 1918, Synge had married Elizabeth Eleanor Mabel Allen (1896–1985). She was another student at TCD, first of mathematics, then of history, but family finances forced her to leave without graduating. Their daughters Margaret (Pegeen), Cathleen and Isabel were born in 1921, 1923 and 1930 respectively. The middle girl grew up to become the distinguished Canadian mathematician Cathleen Synge Morawetz.Synge's uncle John Millington Synge was a famous playwright. He is more distantly related to the 1952 Nobel prizewinner in chemistry Richard Laurence Millington Synge. He was a great-great-great-grandson of the mathematician and bishop Hugh Hamilton.His older brother, Edward Hutchinson Synge (1890-1957), who was known as Hutchie, also won a Foundation Scholarship in Trinity for Mathematics, though he never graduated. While Hutchie's later independent research was long overlooked, he is now recognised for his pioneering work in optics, particularly in near field optical imaging.He died on 30 March 1995 in Dublin.Synge was appointed to the position of lecturer at Trinity College, and then accepted a position at the University of Toronto in 1920. From 1920 until 1925, Synge was an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Toronto. There he attended lectures by Ludwik Silberstein on the theory of relativity, stimulating him to contribute "A system of space-time co-ordinates", a letter in "Nature" in 1921.Synge returned to Trinity College Dublin, in 1925, where he was elected to a fellowship and was appointed the University Professor of Natural Philosophy (the old name for physics). He was a member of the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society. He was treasurer of the Royal Irish Academy in 1929. He went back to Toronto in 1930, where he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics and became Head of the Department of Applied Mathematics. In 1940, he supervised three Chinese students, Guo Yonghuai, Chien Wei-zang and Chia-Chiao Lin, who later became leading applied mathematicians in China and the United States.He spent some of 1939 at Princeton University, and in 1941, he was a visiting professor at Brown University. In 1943 he was appointed as Chairman of the Mathematics Department of Ohio State University. Three years later he became Head of the Mathematics Department of the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where John Nash was one of his students. He spent a short time as a ballistic mathematician in the US Air Force between 1944 and 1945.He returned to Ireland in 1948, accepting the position of Senior Professor in the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. This school had been set up in 1940, and had several outstanding members, including Erwin Schrödinger (who contributed to quantum mechanics), who was also a Senior Professor.Synge made outstanding contributions to different fields of work including classical mechanics, general mechanics and geometrical optics, gas dynamics, hydrodynamics, elasticity, electrical networks, mathematical methods, differential geometry, and Einstein's theory of relativity. He studied an extensive range of mathematical physics problems, but his best known work revolved around using geometrical methods in general relativity.He was one of the first physicists to seriously study the interior of a black hole, and his early work was cited by both Kruskal and Szekeres in their independent discoveries of the true (so-called maximal) structure of the Schwarzschild black hole. Synge's later derivation of the Szekeres-Kruskal metric solution, which was motivated by a desire to avoid "using 'bad' [Schwarzschild] coordinates to obtain 'good' [Szekeres-Kruskal] coordinates," has been generally under-appreciated in the literature, but was adopted by Chandrasekhar in his black hole monograph.In pure mathematics, he is perhaps best known for Synge's theorem, which concerns the topology of closed orientable Riemannian manifold of positive sectional curvature. When such a space is even-dimensional and orientable, the theorem says it must be simply connected. In odd dimensions, it instead says that such a space is necessarily orientable.He also created the game of Vish in which players compete to find circularity (vicious circles) in dictionary definitions.Synge received many honours for his works. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1943. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 1943 was the first recipient of the society's Henry Marshall Tory Medal, as one of the first mathematicians working in Canada to be internationally recognised for his research in mathematics. He was president of the Royal Irish Academy from 1961 until 1964. The Royal Society of Canada established the John L. Synge Award in his honour in 1986.John Lighton Synge retired in 1972. During his time at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, about 12% of all workers in the relativity theory studied there. Professor Hermann Bondi, who gave the first J. L. Synge Public Lecture in 1992, had this to say: "Every one of the other 88% has been deeply influenced by his geometric vision and the clarity of his expression". He was awarded the Boyle Medal by the Royal Dublin Society in 1972.During his long scientific career, Synge published over 200 papers and 11 books. He proved the result now known as Synge's theorem.	[ "Trinity College Dublin", "Ohio State University", "University of Toronto", "Carnegie Institute of Technology" ]
Which employer did John Lighton Synge work for in 15/01/1969?	January 15, 1969	{ "text": [ "Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies" ] }	L2_Q364650_P108_4	John Lighton Synge works for Carnegie Institute of Technology from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1948. John Lighton Synge works for Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1972. John Lighton Synge works for Ohio State University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946. John Lighton Synge works for University of Toronto from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1943. John Lighton Synge works for Trinity College Dublin from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1930.	John Lighton SyngeJohn Lighton Synge (; 23 March 1897 – 30 March 1995) was an Irish mathematician and physicist, whose seven decade career included significant periods in Ireland, Canada, and the USA. He was a prolific author and influential mentor, and is credited with the introduction of a new geometrical approach to the theory of relativity.Synge was born 1897 in Dublin, Ireland, into a prominent Church of Ireland family. He attended St. Andrew's College, Dublin and in 1915 entered Trinity College Dublin (TCD). He was elected a Foundation Scholar his first year, which was unusual as it was normally won by more advanced students. While an undergraduate at TCD, he spotted a non-trivial error in "Analytical Dynamics", a textbook by E. T. Whittaker, who had recently taught there, and notified Whittaker of the error. In 1919 he was awarded a B.A. in Mathematics and Experimental Physics, and also a gold medal for outstanding merit. In 1922 he was awarded an M.A., and in 1926 a Sc.D., the latter upon submission of his published papers up to then.In 1918, Synge had married Elizabeth Eleanor Mabel Allen (1896–1985). She was another student at TCD, first of mathematics, then of history, but family finances forced her to leave without graduating. Their daughters Margaret (Pegeen), Cathleen and Isabel were born in 1921, 1923 and 1930 respectively. The middle girl grew up to become the distinguished Canadian mathematician Cathleen Synge Morawetz.Synge's uncle John Millington Synge was a famous playwright. He is more distantly related to the 1952 Nobel prizewinner in chemistry Richard Laurence Millington Synge. He was a great-great-great-grandson of the mathematician and bishop Hugh Hamilton.His older brother, Edward Hutchinson Synge (1890-1957), who was known as Hutchie, also won a Foundation Scholarship in Trinity for Mathematics, though he never graduated. While Hutchie's later independent research was long overlooked, he is now recognised for his pioneering work in optics, particularly in near field optical imaging.He died on 30 March 1995 in Dublin.Synge was appointed to the position of lecturer at Trinity College, and then accepted a position at the University of Toronto in 1920. From 1920 until 1925, Synge was an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Toronto. There he attended lectures by Ludwik Silberstein on the theory of relativity, stimulating him to contribute "A system of space-time co-ordinates", a letter in "Nature" in 1921.Synge returned to Trinity College Dublin, in 1925, where he was elected to a fellowship and was appointed the University Professor of Natural Philosophy (the old name for physics). He was a member of the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society. He was treasurer of the Royal Irish Academy in 1929. He went back to Toronto in 1930, where he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics and became Head of the Department of Applied Mathematics. In 1940, he supervised three Chinese students, Guo Yonghuai, Chien Wei-zang and Chia-Chiao Lin, who later became leading applied mathematicians in China and the United States.He spent some of 1939 at Princeton University, and in 1941, he was a visiting professor at Brown University. In 1943 he was appointed as Chairman of the Mathematics Department of Ohio State University. Three years later he became Head of the Mathematics Department of the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where John Nash was one of his students. He spent a short time as a ballistic mathematician in the US Air Force between 1944 and 1945.He returned to Ireland in 1948, accepting the position of Senior Professor in the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. This school had been set up in 1940, and had several outstanding members, including Erwin Schrödinger (who contributed to quantum mechanics), who was also a Senior Professor.Synge made outstanding contributions to different fields of work including classical mechanics, general mechanics and geometrical optics, gas dynamics, hydrodynamics, elasticity, electrical networks, mathematical methods, differential geometry, and Einstein's theory of relativity. He studied an extensive range of mathematical physics problems, but his best known work revolved around using geometrical methods in general relativity.He was one of the first physicists to seriously study the interior of a black hole, and his early work was cited by both Kruskal and Szekeres in their independent discoveries of the true (so-called maximal) structure of the Schwarzschild black hole. Synge's later derivation of the Szekeres-Kruskal metric solution, which was motivated by a desire to avoid "using 'bad' [Schwarzschild] coordinates to obtain 'good' [Szekeres-Kruskal] coordinates," has been generally under-appreciated in the literature, but was adopted by Chandrasekhar in his black hole monograph.In pure mathematics, he is perhaps best known for Synge's theorem, which concerns the topology of closed orientable Riemannian manifold of positive sectional curvature. When such a space is even-dimensional and orientable, the theorem says it must be simply connected. In odd dimensions, it instead says that such a space is necessarily orientable.He also created the game of Vish in which players compete to find circularity (vicious circles) in dictionary definitions.Synge received many honours for his works. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1943. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 1943 was the first recipient of the society's Henry Marshall Tory Medal, as one of the first mathematicians working in Canada to be internationally recognised for his research in mathematics. He was president of the Royal Irish Academy from 1961 until 1964. The Royal Society of Canada established the John L. Synge Award in his honour in 1986.John Lighton Synge retired in 1972. During his time at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, about 12% of all workers in the relativity theory studied there. Professor Hermann Bondi, who gave the first J. L. Synge Public Lecture in 1992, had this to say: "Every one of the other 88% has been deeply influenced by his geometric vision and the clarity of his expression". He was awarded the Boyle Medal by the Royal Dublin Society in 1972.During his long scientific career, Synge published over 200 papers and 11 books. He proved the result now known as Synge's theorem.	[ "Trinity College Dublin", "Ohio State University", "University of Toronto", "Carnegie Institute of Technology" ]
Which employer did John Lighton Synge work for in Jan 15, 1969?	January 15, 1969	{ "text": [ "Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies" ] }	L2_Q364650_P108_4	John Lighton Synge works for Carnegie Institute of Technology from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1948. John Lighton Synge works for Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1972. John Lighton Synge works for Ohio State University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946. John Lighton Synge works for University of Toronto from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1943. John Lighton Synge works for Trinity College Dublin from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1930.	John Lighton SyngeJohn Lighton Synge (; 23 March 1897 – 30 March 1995) was an Irish mathematician and physicist, whose seven decade career included significant periods in Ireland, Canada, and the USA. He was a prolific author and influential mentor, and is credited with the introduction of a new geometrical approach to the theory of relativity.Synge was born 1897 in Dublin, Ireland, into a prominent Church of Ireland family. He attended St. Andrew's College, Dublin and in 1915 entered Trinity College Dublin (TCD). He was elected a Foundation Scholar his first year, which was unusual as it was normally won by more advanced students. While an undergraduate at TCD, he spotted a non-trivial error in "Analytical Dynamics", a textbook by E. T. Whittaker, who had recently taught there, and notified Whittaker of the error. In 1919 he was awarded a B.A. in Mathematics and Experimental Physics, and also a gold medal for outstanding merit. In 1922 he was awarded an M.A., and in 1926 a Sc.D., the latter upon submission of his published papers up to then.In 1918, Synge had married Elizabeth Eleanor Mabel Allen (1896–1985). She was another student at TCD, first of mathematics, then of history, but family finances forced her to leave without graduating. Their daughters Margaret (Pegeen), Cathleen and Isabel were born in 1921, 1923 and 1930 respectively. The middle girl grew up to become the distinguished Canadian mathematician Cathleen Synge Morawetz.Synge's uncle John Millington Synge was a famous playwright. He is more distantly related to the 1952 Nobel prizewinner in chemistry Richard Laurence Millington Synge. He was a great-great-great-grandson of the mathematician and bishop Hugh Hamilton.His older brother, Edward Hutchinson Synge (1890-1957), who was known as Hutchie, also won a Foundation Scholarship in Trinity for Mathematics, though he never graduated. While Hutchie's later independent research was long overlooked, he is now recognised for his pioneering work in optics, particularly in near field optical imaging.He died on 30 March 1995 in Dublin.Synge was appointed to the position of lecturer at Trinity College, and then accepted a position at the University of Toronto in 1920. From 1920 until 1925, Synge was an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Toronto. There he attended lectures by Ludwik Silberstein on the theory of relativity, stimulating him to contribute "A system of space-time co-ordinates", a letter in "Nature" in 1921.Synge returned to Trinity College Dublin, in 1925, where he was elected to a fellowship and was appointed the University Professor of Natural Philosophy (the old name for physics). He was a member of the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society. He was treasurer of the Royal Irish Academy in 1929. He went back to Toronto in 1930, where he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics and became Head of the Department of Applied Mathematics. In 1940, he supervised three Chinese students, Guo Yonghuai, Chien Wei-zang and Chia-Chiao Lin, who later became leading applied mathematicians in China and the United States.He spent some of 1939 at Princeton University, and in 1941, he was a visiting professor at Brown University. In 1943 he was appointed as Chairman of the Mathematics Department of Ohio State University. Three years later he became Head of the Mathematics Department of the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where John Nash was one of his students. He spent a short time as a ballistic mathematician in the US Air Force between 1944 and 1945.He returned to Ireland in 1948, accepting the position of Senior Professor in the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. This school had been set up in 1940, and had several outstanding members, including Erwin Schrödinger (who contributed to quantum mechanics), who was also a Senior Professor.Synge made outstanding contributions to different fields of work including classical mechanics, general mechanics and geometrical optics, gas dynamics, hydrodynamics, elasticity, electrical networks, mathematical methods, differential geometry, and Einstein's theory of relativity. He studied an extensive range of mathematical physics problems, but his best known work revolved around using geometrical methods in general relativity.He was one of the first physicists to seriously study the interior of a black hole, and his early work was cited by both Kruskal and Szekeres in their independent discoveries of the true (so-called maximal) structure of the Schwarzschild black hole. Synge's later derivation of the Szekeres-Kruskal metric solution, which was motivated by a desire to avoid "using 'bad' [Schwarzschild] coordinates to obtain 'good' [Szekeres-Kruskal] coordinates," has been generally under-appreciated in the literature, but was adopted by Chandrasekhar in his black hole monograph.In pure mathematics, he is perhaps best known for Synge's theorem, which concerns the topology of closed orientable Riemannian manifold of positive sectional curvature. When such a space is even-dimensional and orientable, the theorem says it must be simply connected. In odd dimensions, it instead says that such a space is necessarily orientable.He also created the game of Vish in which players compete to find circularity (vicious circles) in dictionary definitions.Synge received many honours for his works. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1943. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 1943 was the first recipient of the society's Henry Marshall Tory Medal, as one of the first mathematicians working in Canada to be internationally recognised for his research in mathematics. He was president of the Royal Irish Academy from 1961 until 1964. The Royal Society of Canada established the John L. Synge Award in his honour in 1986.John Lighton Synge retired in 1972. During his time at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, about 12% of all workers in the relativity theory studied there. Professor Hermann Bondi, who gave the first J. L. Synge Public Lecture in 1992, had this to say: "Every one of the other 88% has been deeply influenced by his geometric vision and the clarity of his expression". He was awarded the Boyle Medal by the Royal Dublin Society in 1972.During his long scientific career, Synge published over 200 papers and 11 books. He proved the result now known as Synge's theorem.	[ "Trinity College Dublin", "Ohio State University", "University of Toronto", "Carnegie Institute of Technology" ]
Which employer did John Lighton Synge work for in 01/15/1969?	January 15, 1969	{ "text": [ "Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies" ] }	L2_Q364650_P108_4	John Lighton Synge works for Carnegie Institute of Technology from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1948. John Lighton Synge works for Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1972. John Lighton Synge works for Ohio State University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946. John Lighton Synge works for University of Toronto from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1943. John Lighton Synge works for Trinity College Dublin from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1930.	John Lighton SyngeJohn Lighton Synge (; 23 March 1897 – 30 March 1995) was an Irish mathematician and physicist, whose seven decade career included significant periods in Ireland, Canada, and the USA. He was a prolific author and influential mentor, and is credited with the introduction of a new geometrical approach to the theory of relativity.Synge was born 1897 in Dublin, Ireland, into a prominent Church of Ireland family. He attended St. Andrew's College, Dublin and in 1915 entered Trinity College Dublin (TCD). He was elected a Foundation Scholar his first year, which was unusual as it was normally won by more advanced students. While an undergraduate at TCD, he spotted a non-trivial error in "Analytical Dynamics", a textbook by E. T. Whittaker, who had recently taught there, and notified Whittaker of the error. In 1919 he was awarded a B.A. in Mathematics and Experimental Physics, and also a gold medal for outstanding merit. In 1922 he was awarded an M.A., and in 1926 a Sc.D., the latter upon submission of his published papers up to then.In 1918, Synge had married Elizabeth Eleanor Mabel Allen (1896–1985). She was another student at TCD, first of mathematics, then of history, but family finances forced her to leave without graduating. Their daughters Margaret (Pegeen), Cathleen and Isabel were born in 1921, 1923 and 1930 respectively. The middle girl grew up to become the distinguished Canadian mathematician Cathleen Synge Morawetz.Synge's uncle John Millington Synge was a famous playwright. He is more distantly related to the 1952 Nobel prizewinner in chemistry Richard Laurence Millington Synge. He was a great-great-great-grandson of the mathematician and bishop Hugh Hamilton.His older brother, Edward Hutchinson Synge (1890-1957), who was known as Hutchie, also won a Foundation Scholarship in Trinity for Mathematics, though he never graduated. While Hutchie's later independent research was long overlooked, he is now recognised for his pioneering work in optics, particularly in near field optical imaging.He died on 30 March 1995 in Dublin.Synge was appointed to the position of lecturer at Trinity College, and then accepted a position at the University of Toronto in 1920. From 1920 until 1925, Synge was an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Toronto. There he attended lectures by Ludwik Silberstein on the theory of relativity, stimulating him to contribute "A system of space-time co-ordinates", a letter in "Nature" in 1921.Synge returned to Trinity College Dublin, in 1925, where he was elected to a fellowship and was appointed the University Professor of Natural Philosophy (the old name for physics). He was a member of the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society. He was treasurer of the Royal Irish Academy in 1929. He went back to Toronto in 1930, where he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics and became Head of the Department of Applied Mathematics. In 1940, he supervised three Chinese students, Guo Yonghuai, Chien Wei-zang and Chia-Chiao Lin, who later became leading applied mathematicians in China and the United States.He spent some of 1939 at Princeton University, and in 1941, he was a visiting professor at Brown University. In 1943 he was appointed as Chairman of the Mathematics Department of Ohio State University. Three years later he became Head of the Mathematics Department of the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where John Nash was one of his students. He spent a short time as a ballistic mathematician in the US Air Force between 1944 and 1945.He returned to Ireland in 1948, accepting the position of Senior Professor in the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. This school had been set up in 1940, and had several outstanding members, including Erwin Schrödinger (who contributed to quantum mechanics), who was also a Senior Professor.Synge made outstanding contributions to different fields of work including classical mechanics, general mechanics and geometrical optics, gas dynamics, hydrodynamics, elasticity, electrical networks, mathematical methods, differential geometry, and Einstein's theory of relativity. He studied an extensive range of mathematical physics problems, but his best known work revolved around using geometrical methods in general relativity.He was one of the first physicists to seriously study the interior of a black hole, and his early work was cited by both Kruskal and Szekeres in their independent discoveries of the true (so-called maximal) structure of the Schwarzschild black hole. Synge's later derivation of the Szekeres-Kruskal metric solution, which was motivated by a desire to avoid "using 'bad' [Schwarzschild] coordinates to obtain 'good' [Szekeres-Kruskal] coordinates," has been generally under-appreciated in the literature, but was adopted by Chandrasekhar in his black hole monograph.In pure mathematics, he is perhaps best known for Synge's theorem, which concerns the topology of closed orientable Riemannian manifold of positive sectional curvature. When such a space is even-dimensional and orientable, the theorem says it must be simply connected. In odd dimensions, it instead says that such a space is necessarily orientable.He also created the game of Vish in which players compete to find circularity (vicious circles) in dictionary definitions.Synge received many honours for his works. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1943. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 1943 was the first recipient of the society's Henry Marshall Tory Medal, as one of the first mathematicians working in Canada to be internationally recognised for his research in mathematics. He was president of the Royal Irish Academy from 1961 until 1964. The Royal Society of Canada established the John L. Synge Award in his honour in 1986.John Lighton Synge retired in 1972. During his time at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, about 12% of all workers in the relativity theory studied there. Professor Hermann Bondi, who gave the first J. L. Synge Public Lecture in 1992, had this to say: "Every one of the other 88% has been deeply influenced by his geometric vision and the clarity of his expression". He was awarded the Boyle Medal by the Royal Dublin Society in 1972.During his long scientific career, Synge published over 200 papers and 11 books. He proved the result now known as Synge's theorem.	[ "Trinity College Dublin", "Ohio State University", "University of Toronto", "Carnegie Institute of Technology" ]
Which employer did John Lighton Synge work for in 15-Jan-196915-January-1969?	January 15, 1969	{ "text": [ "Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies" ] }	L2_Q364650_P108_4	John Lighton Synge works for Carnegie Institute of Technology from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1948. John Lighton Synge works for Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1972. John Lighton Synge works for Ohio State University from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1946. John Lighton Synge works for University of Toronto from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1943. John Lighton Synge works for Trinity College Dublin from Jan, 1925 to Jan, 1930.	John Lighton SyngeJohn Lighton Synge (; 23 March 1897 – 30 March 1995) was an Irish mathematician and physicist, whose seven decade career included significant periods in Ireland, Canada, and the USA. He was a prolific author and influential mentor, and is credited with the introduction of a new geometrical approach to the theory of relativity.Synge was born 1897 in Dublin, Ireland, into a prominent Church of Ireland family. He attended St. Andrew's College, Dublin and in 1915 entered Trinity College Dublin (TCD). He was elected a Foundation Scholar his first year, which was unusual as it was normally won by more advanced students. While an undergraduate at TCD, he spotted a non-trivial error in "Analytical Dynamics", a textbook by E. T. Whittaker, who had recently taught there, and notified Whittaker of the error. In 1919 he was awarded a B.A. in Mathematics and Experimental Physics, and also a gold medal for outstanding merit. In 1922 he was awarded an M.A., and in 1926 a Sc.D., the latter upon submission of his published papers up to then.In 1918, Synge had married Elizabeth Eleanor Mabel Allen (1896–1985). She was another student at TCD, first of mathematics, then of history, but family finances forced her to leave without graduating. Their daughters Margaret (Pegeen), Cathleen and Isabel were born in 1921, 1923 and 1930 respectively. The middle girl grew up to become the distinguished Canadian mathematician Cathleen Synge Morawetz.Synge's uncle John Millington Synge was a famous playwright. He is more distantly related to the 1952 Nobel prizewinner in chemistry Richard Laurence Millington Synge. He was a great-great-great-grandson of the mathematician and bishop Hugh Hamilton.His older brother, Edward Hutchinson Synge (1890-1957), who was known as Hutchie, also won a Foundation Scholarship in Trinity for Mathematics, though he never graduated. While Hutchie's later independent research was long overlooked, he is now recognised for his pioneering work in optics, particularly in near field optical imaging.He died on 30 March 1995 in Dublin.Synge was appointed to the position of lecturer at Trinity College, and then accepted a position at the University of Toronto in 1920. From 1920 until 1925, Synge was an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Toronto. There he attended lectures by Ludwik Silberstein on the theory of relativity, stimulating him to contribute "A system of space-time co-ordinates", a letter in "Nature" in 1921.Synge returned to Trinity College Dublin, in 1925, where he was elected to a fellowship and was appointed the University Professor of Natural Philosophy (the old name for physics). He was a member of the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society. He was treasurer of the Royal Irish Academy in 1929. He went back to Toronto in 1930, where he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics and became Head of the Department of Applied Mathematics. In 1940, he supervised three Chinese students, Guo Yonghuai, Chien Wei-zang and Chia-Chiao Lin, who later became leading applied mathematicians in China and the United States.He spent some of 1939 at Princeton University, and in 1941, he was a visiting professor at Brown University. In 1943 he was appointed as Chairman of the Mathematics Department of Ohio State University. Three years later he became Head of the Mathematics Department of the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where John Nash was one of his students. He spent a short time as a ballistic mathematician in the US Air Force between 1944 and 1945.He returned to Ireland in 1948, accepting the position of Senior Professor in the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. This school had been set up in 1940, and had several outstanding members, including Erwin Schrödinger (who contributed to quantum mechanics), who was also a Senior Professor.Synge made outstanding contributions to different fields of work including classical mechanics, general mechanics and geometrical optics, gas dynamics, hydrodynamics, elasticity, electrical networks, mathematical methods, differential geometry, and Einstein's theory of relativity. He studied an extensive range of mathematical physics problems, but his best known work revolved around using geometrical methods in general relativity.He was one of the first physicists to seriously study the interior of a black hole, and his early work was cited by both Kruskal and Szekeres in their independent discoveries of the true (so-called maximal) structure of the Schwarzschild black hole. Synge's later derivation of the Szekeres-Kruskal metric solution, which was motivated by a desire to avoid "using 'bad' [Schwarzschild] coordinates to obtain 'good' [Szekeres-Kruskal] coordinates," has been generally under-appreciated in the literature, but was adopted by Chandrasekhar in his black hole monograph.In pure mathematics, he is perhaps best known for Synge's theorem, which concerns the topology of closed orientable Riemannian manifold of positive sectional curvature. When such a space is even-dimensional and orientable, the theorem says it must be simply connected. In odd dimensions, it instead says that such a space is necessarily orientable.He also created the game of Vish in which players compete to find circularity (vicious circles) in dictionary definitions.Synge received many honours for his works. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1943. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 1943 was the first recipient of the society's Henry Marshall Tory Medal, as one of the first mathematicians working in Canada to be internationally recognised for his research in mathematics. He was president of the Royal Irish Academy from 1961 until 1964. The Royal Society of Canada established the John L. Synge Award in his honour in 1986.John Lighton Synge retired in 1972. During his time at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, about 12% of all workers in the relativity theory studied there. Professor Hermann Bondi, who gave the first J. L. Synge Public Lecture in 1992, had this to say: "Every one of the other 88% has been deeply influenced by his geometric vision and the clarity of his expression". He was awarded the Boyle Medal by the Royal Dublin Society in 1972.During his long scientific career, Synge published over 200 papers and 11 books. He proved the result now known as Synge's theorem.	[ "Trinity College Dublin", "Ohio State University", "University of Toronto", "Carnegie Institute of Technology" ]
Which team did Julien Cardy play for in Jun, 2022?	June 04, 2022	{ "text": [ "En Avant de Guingamp" ] }	L2_Q2384325_P54_4	Julien Cardy plays for Toulouse FC from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2006. Julien Cardy plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Julien Cardy plays for AC Arles from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Julien Cardy plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Julien Cardy plays for FC Metz from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.	Julien CardyJulien Cardy (born 29 September 1981) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Toulouse FC, FC Metz, Tours FC, AC Arles-Avignon, and En Avant de Guingamp.Following his release by En Avant de Guingamp in summer 2016, 35-year-old Cardy had not signed for a new club by October 2016 and he expected to end his profession career.	[ "Toulouse FC", "Tours FC.", "FC Metz", "AC Arles" ]
Which team did Julien Cardy play for in 2022-06-04?	June 04, 2022	{ "text": [ "En Avant de Guingamp" ] }	L2_Q2384325_P54_4	Julien Cardy plays for Toulouse FC from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2006. Julien Cardy plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Julien Cardy plays for AC Arles from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Julien Cardy plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Julien Cardy plays for FC Metz from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.	Julien CardyJulien Cardy (born 29 September 1981) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Toulouse FC, FC Metz, Tours FC, AC Arles-Avignon, and En Avant de Guingamp.Following his release by En Avant de Guingamp in summer 2016, 35-year-old Cardy had not signed for a new club by October 2016 and he expected to end his profession career.	[ "Toulouse FC", "Tours FC.", "FC Metz", "AC Arles" ]
Which team did Julien Cardy play for in 04/06/2022?	June 04, 2022	{ "text": [ "En Avant de Guingamp" ] }	L2_Q2384325_P54_4	Julien Cardy plays for Toulouse FC from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2006. Julien Cardy plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Julien Cardy plays for AC Arles from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Julien Cardy plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Julien Cardy plays for FC Metz from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.	Julien CardyJulien Cardy (born 29 September 1981) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Toulouse FC, FC Metz, Tours FC, AC Arles-Avignon, and En Avant de Guingamp.Following his release by En Avant de Guingamp in summer 2016, 35-year-old Cardy had not signed for a new club by October 2016 and he expected to end his profession career.	[ "Toulouse FC", "Tours FC.", "FC Metz", "AC Arles" ]
Which team did Julien Cardy play for in Jun 04, 2022?	June 04, 2022	{ "text": [ "En Avant de Guingamp" ] }	L2_Q2384325_P54_4	Julien Cardy plays for Toulouse FC from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2006. Julien Cardy plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Julien Cardy plays for AC Arles from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Julien Cardy plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Julien Cardy plays for FC Metz from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.	Julien CardyJulien Cardy (born 29 September 1981) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Toulouse FC, FC Metz, Tours FC, AC Arles-Avignon, and En Avant de Guingamp.Following his release by En Avant de Guingamp in summer 2016, 35-year-old Cardy had not signed for a new club by October 2016 and he expected to end his profession career.	[ "Toulouse FC", "Tours FC.", "FC Metz", "AC Arles" ]
Which team did Julien Cardy play for in 06/04/2022?	June 04, 2022	{ "text": [ "En Avant de Guingamp" ] }	L2_Q2384325_P54_4	Julien Cardy plays for Toulouse FC from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2006. Julien Cardy plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Julien Cardy plays for AC Arles from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Julien Cardy plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Julien Cardy plays for FC Metz from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.	Julien CardyJulien Cardy (born 29 September 1981) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Toulouse FC, FC Metz, Tours FC, AC Arles-Avignon, and En Avant de Guingamp.Following his release by En Avant de Guingamp in summer 2016, 35-year-old Cardy had not signed for a new club by October 2016 and he expected to end his profession career.	[ "Toulouse FC", "Tours FC.", "FC Metz", "AC Arles" ]
Which team did Julien Cardy play for in 04-Jun-202204-June-2022?	June 04, 2022	{ "text": [ "En Avant de Guingamp" ] }	L2_Q2384325_P54_4	Julien Cardy plays for Toulouse FC from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2006. Julien Cardy plays for En Avant de Guingamp from Jan, 2014 to Dec, 2022. Julien Cardy plays for AC Arles from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Julien Cardy plays for Tours FC. from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Julien Cardy plays for FC Metz from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010.	Julien CardyJulien Cardy (born 29 September 1981) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Toulouse FC, FC Metz, Tours FC, AC Arles-Avignon, and En Avant de Guingamp.Following his release by En Avant de Guingamp in summer 2016, 35-year-old Cardy had not signed for a new club by October 2016 and he expected to end his profession career.	[ "Toulouse FC", "Tours FC.", "FC Metz", "AC Arles" ]
Which team did Jan Möller play for in Mar, 1990?	March 30, 1990	{ "text": [ "Helsingborgs IF" ] }	L2_Q572947_P54_4	Jan Möller plays for Sweden national association football team from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1988. Jan Möller plays for Trelleborgs FF from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Jan Möller plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988. Jan Möller plays for Toronto Blizzard from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983. Jan Möller plays for Bristol City F.C. from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982. Jan Möller plays for Helsingborgs IF from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1991.	Jan MöllerJan Möller (born 17 September 1953 in Malmö) is a retired Swedish footballer, who played as a goalkeeper.Möller had a successful 16-year career for Malmö FF during the 1970s and 1980s (two different spells), appearing in the 1978–79 European Cup final against Nottingham Forest, a 0–1 loss in Munich.He also played for Helsingborgs IF, Bristol City of England, Toronto Blizzard of Canada, and Trelleborgs FF, retiring professionally at the age of 40; in 1979, he was awarded the "Guldbollen".Möller was a Swedish international on 17 occasions, and was on squad for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, as a backup, along with Göran Hagberg, to Ronnie Hellström.	[ "Malmö FF", "Trelleborgs FF", "Toronto Blizzard", "Bristol City F.C.", "Sweden national association football team" ]
Which team did Jan Möller play for in 1990-03-30?	March 30, 1990	{ "text": [ "Helsingborgs IF" ] }	L2_Q572947_P54_4	Jan Möller plays for Sweden national association football team from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1988. Jan Möller plays for Trelleborgs FF from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Jan Möller plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988. Jan Möller plays for Toronto Blizzard from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983. Jan Möller plays for Bristol City F.C. from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982. Jan Möller plays for Helsingborgs IF from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1991.	Jan MöllerJan Möller (born 17 September 1953 in Malmö) is a retired Swedish footballer, who played as a goalkeeper.Möller had a successful 16-year career for Malmö FF during the 1970s and 1980s (two different spells), appearing in the 1978–79 European Cup final against Nottingham Forest, a 0–1 loss in Munich.He also played for Helsingborgs IF, Bristol City of England, Toronto Blizzard of Canada, and Trelleborgs FF, retiring professionally at the age of 40; in 1979, he was awarded the "Guldbollen".Möller was a Swedish international on 17 occasions, and was on squad for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, as a backup, along with Göran Hagberg, to Ronnie Hellström.	[ "Malmö FF", "Trelleborgs FF", "Toronto Blizzard", "Bristol City F.C.", "Sweden national association football team" ]
Which team did Jan Möller play for in 30/03/1990?	March 30, 1990	{ "text": [ "Helsingborgs IF" ] }	L2_Q572947_P54_4	Jan Möller plays for Sweden national association football team from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1988. Jan Möller plays for Trelleborgs FF from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Jan Möller plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988. Jan Möller plays for Toronto Blizzard from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983. Jan Möller plays for Bristol City F.C. from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982. Jan Möller plays for Helsingborgs IF from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1991.	Jan MöllerJan Möller (born 17 September 1953 in Malmö) is a retired Swedish footballer, who played as a goalkeeper.Möller had a successful 16-year career for Malmö FF during the 1970s and 1980s (two different spells), appearing in the 1978–79 European Cup final against Nottingham Forest, a 0–1 loss in Munich.He also played for Helsingborgs IF, Bristol City of England, Toronto Blizzard of Canada, and Trelleborgs FF, retiring professionally at the age of 40; in 1979, he was awarded the "Guldbollen".Möller was a Swedish international on 17 occasions, and was on squad for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, as a backup, along with Göran Hagberg, to Ronnie Hellström.	[ "Malmö FF", "Trelleborgs FF", "Toronto Blizzard", "Bristol City F.C.", "Sweden national association football team" ]
Which team did Jan Möller play for in Mar 30, 1990?	March 30, 1990	{ "text": [ "Helsingborgs IF" ] }	L2_Q572947_P54_4	Jan Möller plays for Sweden national association football team from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1988. Jan Möller plays for Trelleborgs FF from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Jan Möller plays for Malmö FF from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1988. Jan Möller plays for Toronto Blizzard from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983. Jan Möller plays for Bristol City F.C. from Jan, 1980 to Jan, 1982. Jan Möller plays for Helsingborgs IF from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1991.	Jan MöllerJan Möller (born 17 September 1953 in Malmö) is a retired Swedish footballer, who played as a goalkeeper.Möller had a successful 16-year career for Malmö FF during the 1970s and 1980s (two different spells), appearing in the 1978–79 European Cup final against Nottingham Forest, a 0–1 loss in Munich.He also played for Helsingborgs IF, Bristol City of England, Toronto Blizzard of Canada, and Trelleborgs FF, retiring professionally at the age of 40; in 1979, he was awarded the "Guldbollen".Möller was a Swedish international on 17 occasions, and was on squad for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, as a backup, along with Göran Hagberg, to Ronnie Hellström.	[ "Malmö FF", "Trelleborgs FF", "Toronto Blizzard", "Bristol City F.C.", "Sweden national association football team" ]

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