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Who was the head of Netherlands in 15/09/2004?
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September 15, 2004
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{
"text": [
"Jan Peter Balkenende"
]
}
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L2_Q55_P6_17
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Dries van Agt is the head of the government of Netherlands from Dec, 1977 to Nov, 1982.
Hendrikus Colijn is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1925 to Mar, 1926.
Willem Drees is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1948 to Dec, 1958.
Jo Cals is the head of the government of Netherlands from Apr, 1965 to Nov, 1966.
Joop den Uyl is the head of the government of Netherlands from May, 1973 to Dec, 1977.
Wim Kok is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1994 to Jul, 2002.
Piet de Jong is the head of the government of Netherlands from Apr, 1967 to Jul, 1971.
Victor Marijnen is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1963 to Apr, 1965.
Ruud Lubbers is the head of the government of Netherlands from Nov, 1982 to Aug, 1994.
Louis Beel is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1946 to Aug, 1948.
Jelle Zijlstra is the head of the government of Netherlands from Nov, 1966 to Apr, 1967.
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck is the head of the government of Netherlands from Sep, 1918 to Aug, 1925.
Jan de Quay is the head of the government of Netherlands from May, 1959 to Jul, 1963.
Dirk Jan de Geer is the head of the government of Netherlands from Mar, 1926 to Aug, 1929.
Mark Rutte is the head of the government of Netherlands from Oct, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Jan Peter Balkenende is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Wim Schermerhorn is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jun, 1945 to Jul, 1946.
Barend Biesheuvel is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1971 to May, 1973.
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy is the head of the government of Netherlands from Sep, 1940 to Jun, 1945.
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NetherlandsThe Netherlands ( ), sometimes informally Holland, is a country located in Western Europe with territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In Europe, the Netherlands consists of twelve provinces, bordering Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom. In the Caribbean, it consists of three special municipalities: the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. The country's official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland, and English and Papiamento as secondary official languages in the Caribbean Netherlands. Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognised regional languages (spoken in the east and southeast respectively), while Dutch Sign Language, Sinte Romani and Yiddish are recognised non-territorial languages.The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's most populous city and nominal capital, while The Hague holds the seat of the States General, Cabinet and Supreme Court. The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe, and the busiest in any country outside East Asia and Southeast Asia, behind only China and Singapore. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest in Europe. The country is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts, many of which are centred in The Hague, which is consequently dubbed 'the world's legal capital'."Netherlands" literally means "lower countries" in reference to its low elevation and flat topography, with only about 50% of its land exceeding above sea level, and nearly 26% falling below sea level. Most of the areas below sea level, known as "polders", are the result of land reclamation that began in the 14th century. Colloquially or informally the Netherlands is occasionally referred to by the pars pro toto "Holland". With a population of 17.4 million people, all living within a total area of roughly —of which the land area is —the Netherlands is the 16th most densely populated country in the world and the 2nd most densely populated country in the European Union, with a density of . Nevertheless, it is the world's second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products by value, owing to its fertile soil, mild climate, intensive agriculture and inventiveness.The Netherlands has been a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a unitary structure since 1848. The country has a tradition of pillarisation and a long record of social tolerance, having legalised abortion, prostitution and human euthanasia, along with maintaining a liberal drug policy. The Netherlands abolished the death penalty in Civil Law in 1870, though it was not completely removed until a new constitution was approved in 1983. The Netherlands allowed women's suffrage in 1919, before becoming the world's first country to legalise same-sex marriage in 2001. Its mixed-market advanced economy had the eleventh-highest per capita income globally. The Netherlands ranks among the highest in international indexes of press freedom, economic freedom, human development and quality of life, as well as happiness. In 2020, it ranked eighth on the human development index and fifth on the 2021 World Happiness Index.The Netherlands' turbulent history and shifts of power resulted in exceptionally many and widely varying names in different languages. There is diversity even within languages. In English, the Netherlands is also called Holland or (part of) the Low Countries, whereas the term ""Dutch"" is used as the demonym and adjectival form.The region called the Low Countries (comprising Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) have the same toponymy. Place names with "Neder", "Nieder", "Nedre", "Nether", "Lage(r)" or "Low(er)" (in Germanic languages) and "Bas" or "Inferior" (in Romance languages) are in use in low-lying places all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a deictic relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as "Super(ior)", "Up(per)", "Op(per)", "Ober", "Boven", "High", "Haut" or "Hoch". In the case of the Low Countries / Netherlands the geographical location of the "lower" region has been more or less downstream and near the sea. The geographical location of the upper region, however, changed tremendously over time, depending on the location of the economic and military power governing the Low Countries area. The Romans made a distinction between the Roman provinces of downstream Germania Inferior (nowadays part of Belgium and the Netherlands) and upstream Germania Superior (nowadays part of Germany). The designation 'Low' to refer to the region returns again in the 10th century Duchy of Lower Lorraine, that covered much of the Low Countries. But this time the corresponding "Upper" region is Upper Lorraine, in nowadays Northern France.The Dukes of Burgundy, who ruled from their residence in the Low Countries in the 15th century, used the term "les pays de par deçà" ("the lands over here") for the Low Countries, as opposed to "les pays de par delà" ("the lands over there") for their original homeland: Burgundy in present-day east-central France. Under Habsburg rule, "Les pays de par deçà" developed in "pays d'embas" ("lands down-here"), a deictic expression in relation to other Habsburg possessions like Hungary and Austria. This was translated as "Neder-landen" in contemporary Dutch official documents. From a regional point of view, "Niderlant" was also the area between the Meuse and the lower Rhine in the late Middle Ages. The area known as "Oberland" (High country) was in this deictic context considered to begin approximately at the nearby higher located Cologne.From the mid-sixteenth century on, the "Low Countries" and the "Netherlands" lost their original deictic meaning. They were probably the most commonly used names, besides Flanders, a "pars pro toto" for the Low Countries, especially in Romance language-speaking Europe. The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) divided the Low Countries into an independent northern Dutch Republic (or Latinised "Belgica Foederata", "Federated Netherlands", the precursor state of the Netherlands) and a Spanish controlled Southern Netherlands (Latinised "Belgica Regia", "Royal Netherlands", the precursor state of Belgium). The Low Countries today is a designation that includes the countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, although in most Romance languages, the term "Low Countries" is used as the name for the Netherlands specifically. It is used synonymously with the more neutral and geopolitical term Benelux.The Netherlands is also referred to as Holland in various languages, including English. However, Holland proper is only a region within the country that consists of North and South Holland, two of the nation's twelve provinces. Formerly they were a single province, and earlier the County of Holland, a remnant of the dissolved Frisian Kingdom which also included parts of present-day Utrecht. Following the decline of the Duchy of Brabant and the County of Flanders, Holland became the most economically and politically important county in the Low Countries region. The emphasis on Holland during the formation of the Dutch Republic, the Eighty Years' War, and the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, made Holland serve as a "pars pro toto" for the entire country, which is now considered informal or incorrect. Nonetheless, the name "Holland" is still widely used for the Netherlands national football team, including in the Netherlands, and the Dutch government's international websites for tourism and trade are "holland.com" and "hollandtradeandinvest.com". In 2020, however, the Dutch government announced that it would only communicate and advertise under the name "the Netherlands" in the future.The term Dutch is used as the demonymic and adjectival form of the Netherlands in the English language. The origins of the word go back to Proto-Germanic "*þiudiskaz", Latinised into Theodiscus, meaning "popular" or "of the people"; akin to Old Dutch "Dietsch", Old High German "duitsch", and Old English "þeodisc", all meaning "(of) the common (Germanic) people". At first, the English language used (the contemporary form of) Dutch to refer to any or all speakers of West Germanic languages (e.g. the Dutch, the Frisians, and the Germans). Gradually its meaning shifted to the West Germanic people they had most contact with, because of their geographical proximity and for the rivalry in trade and overseas territories. The derivative of the Proto-Germanic word "*þiudiskaz" in modern Dutch, "Diets", can be found in Dutch literature as a poetic name for the Dutch people or language, but is considered very archaic. Although it had a short resurgence after World War II to avoid the reference to Germany. It is still used in the expression "diets maken" – to put it straight to him/her (as in a threat) or, more neutral, to make it clear, understandable, explain, say in the people's language (cf. the Vulgate (Bible not in Greek or Hebrew, but Latin; the folks' language) in meaning vulgar, though not in a pejorative sense).In Dutch, the names for the Netherlands, the Dutch language and a Dutch citizen are "Nederland", "Nederlands" and "Nederlander", respectively. Colloquially the country is also by the Dutch often referred to as Holland, although to lesser extent outside the two provinces North and South Holland, where it may even be used as a pejorative term, e.g. Hollènder (dialect) in Maastricht.The plural "Nederlanden" is used in many different connotations in the past, but since 1815 it has been used in the official name "Koninkrijk der Nederlanden" ("Kingdom of the Netherlands"). In many other languages the plural stuck, for example "Niederlande" (German), "Pays-Bas" (French) and "Países Bajos" (Spanish). In Indonesian (a former colony) the country is called "Belanda", a name derived from 'Holland'.The prehistory of the area that is now the Netherlands was largely shaped by the sea and the rivers that constantly shifted the low-lying geography. The oldest human (Neanderthal) traces were found in higher soils, near Maastricht, from what is believed to be about 250,000 years ago. At the end of the Ice Age, the nomadic late Upper Paleolithic Hamburg culture (c. 13.000–10.000 BC) hunted reindeer in the area, using spears, but the later Ahrensburg culture (c. 11.200–9500 BC) used bow and arrow. From Mesolithic Maglemosian-like tribes (c. 8000 BC) the oldest canoe in the world was found in Drenthe.Indigenous late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from the Swifterbant culture (c. 5600 BC) were related to the southern Scandinavian Ertebølle culture and were strongly linked to rivers and open water. Between 4800 and 4500 BC, the Swifterbant people started to copy from the neighbouring Linear Pottery culture the practise of animal husbandry, and between 4300 and 4000 BC the practice of agriculture. The Funnelbeaker culture (c. 4300–2800 BC), which is related to the Swifterbant culture, erected the dolmens, large stone grave monuments found in Drenthe. There was a quick and smooth transition from the Funnelbeaker farming culture to the pan-European Corded Ware pastoralist culture (c. 2950 BC). In the southwest, the Seine-Oise-Marne culture — which was related to the Vlaardingen culture (c. 2600 BC), an apparently more primitive culture of hunter-gatherers — survived well into the Neolithic period, until it too was succeeded by the Corded Ware culture.Of the subsequent Bell Beaker culture (2700–2100 BC) several regions of origin have been postulated, notably the Iberian peninsula, the Netherlands and Central Europe. They introduced metalwork in copper, gold and later bronze and opened international trade routes not seen before, reflected in the discoveries of copper artifacts, as the metal is not normally found in Dutch soil. The many finds in Drenthe of rare bronze objects, suggest that it was even a trading centre in the Bronze Age (2000–800 BC). The Bell Beaker culture developed locally into the Barbed-Wire Beaker culture (2100–1800 BC) and later the Elp culture (c. 1800–800 BC), a Middle Bronze Age archaeological culture having earthenware pottery of low quality as a marker. The initial phase of the Elp culture was characterised by tumuli (1800–1200 BC) that were strongly tied to contemporary tumuli in northern Germany and Scandinavia and was apparently related to the Tumulus culture in central Europe. The subsequent phase was that of cremating the dead and placing their ashes in urns which were then buried in fields, following the customs of the Urnfield culture (1200–800 BC). The southern region became dominated by the related Hilversum culture (1800–800 BC), which apparently inherited cultural ties with Britain of the previous Barbed-Wire Beaker culture.From 800 BC onwards, the Iron Age Celtic Hallstatt culture became influential, replacing the Hilversum culture. Iron ore brought a measure of prosperity and was available throughout the country, including bog iron. Smiths travelled from settlement to settlement with bronze and iron, fabricating tools on demand. The King's grave of Oss (700 BC) was found in a burial mound, the largest of its kind in western Europe and containing an iron sword with an inlay of gold and coral.The deteriorating climate in Scandinavia around 850 BC further deteriorated around 650 BC and might have triggered migration of Germanic tribes from the North. By the time this migration was complete, around 250 BC, a few general cultural and linguistic groups had emerged. The North Sea Germanic Ingaevones inhabited the northern part of the Low Countries. They would later develop into the Frisii and the early Saxons. A second grouping, the Weser-Rhine Germanic (or Istvaeones), extended along the middle Rhine and Weser and inhabited the Low Countries south of the great rivers. This group consisted of tribes that would eventually develop into the Salian Franks. Also the Celtic La Tène culture (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest) had expanded over a wide range, including the southern area of the Low Countries. Some scholars have speculated that even a third ethnic identity and language, neither Germanic nor Celtic, survived in the Netherlands until the Roman period, the Iron Age Nordwestblock culture, that eventually was absorbed by the Celts to the south and the Germanic peoples from the east.The first author to describe the coast of Holland and Flanders was the Greek geographer Pytheas, who noted in c. 325 BC that in these regions, "more people died in the struggle against water than in the struggle against men." During the Gallic Wars, the area south and west of the Rhine was conquered by Roman forces under Julius Caesar from 57 BC to 53 BC. Caesar describes two main Celtic tribes living in what is now the southern Netherlands: the Menapii and the Eburones. The Rhine became fixed as Rome's northern frontier around 12 AD. Notable towns would arise along the Limes Germanicus: Nijmegen and Voorburg. In the first part of Gallia Belgica, the area south of the Limes became part of the Roman province of Germania Inferior. The area to the north of the Rhine, inhabited by the Frisii, remained outside Roman rule (but not its presence and control), while the Germanic border tribes of the Batavi and Cananefates served in the Roman cavalry. The Batavi rose against the Romans in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD but were eventually defeated. The Batavi later merged with other tribes into the confederation of the Salian Franks, whose identity emerged at the first half of the third century. Salian Franks appear in Roman texts as both allies and enemies. They were forced by the confederation of the Saxons from the east to move over the Rhine into Roman territory in the fourth century. From their new base in West Flanders and the Southwest Netherlands, they were raiding the English Channel. Roman forces pacified the region, but did not expel the Franks, who continued to be feared at least until the time of Julian the Apostate (358) when Salian Franks were allowed to settle as "foederati" in Texandria. It has been postulated that after deteriorating climate conditions and the Romans' withdrawal, the Frisii disappeared as "laeti" in c. 296, leaving the coastal lands largely unpopulated for the next two centuries. However, recent excavations in Kennemerland show clear indication of a permanent habitation.After Roman government in the area collapsed, the Franks expanded their territories in numerous kingdoms. By the 490s, Clovis I had conquered and united all these territories in the southern Netherlands in one Frankish kingdom, and from there continued his conquests into Gaul. During this expansion, Franks migrating to the south eventually adopted the Vulgar Latin of the local population. A widening cultural divide grew with the Franks remaining in their original homeland in the north (i.e. the southern Netherlands and Flanders), who kept on speaking Old Frankish, which by the ninth century had evolved into Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch. A Dutch-French language boundary hence came into existence.To the north of the Franks, climatic conditions improved, and during the Migration Period Saxons, the closely related Angles, Jutes and Frisii settled the coastal land. Many moved on to England and came to be known as Anglo-Saxons, but those who stayed would be referred to as Frisians and their language as Frisian, named after the land that was once inhabited by Frisii. Frisian was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast, and it is still the language most closely related to English among the living languages of continental Europe. By the seventh century a Frisian Kingdom (650–734) under King Aldegisel and King Redbad emerged with Traiectum (Utrecht) as its centre of power, while Dorestad was a flourishing trading place. Between 600 and around 719 the cities were often fought over between the Frisians and the Franks. In 734, at the Battle of the Boarn, the Frisians were defeated after a series of wars. With the approval of the Franks, the Anglo-Saxon missionary Willibrord converted the Frisian people to Christianity. He established the Archdiocese of Utrecht and became bishop of the Frisians. However, his successor Boniface was murdered by the Frisians in Dokkum, in 754.The Frankish Carolingian empire modelled itself on the Roman Empire and controlled much of Western Europe. However, in 843, it was divided into three parts—East, Middle, and West Francia. Most of present-day Netherlands became part of Middle Francia, which was a weak kingdom and subject of numerous partitions and annexation attempts by its stronger neighbours. It comprised territories from Frisia in the north to the Kingdom of Italy in the south. Around 850, Lothair I of Middle Francia acknowledged the Viking Rorik of Dorestad as ruler of most of Frisia. When the kingdom of Middle Francia was partitioned in 855, the lands north of the Alps passed to Lothair II and subsequently were named Lotharingia. After he died in 869, Lotharingia was partitioned, into Upper and Lower Lotharingia, the latter part comprising the Low Countries that technically became part of East Francia in 870, although it was effectively under the control of Vikings, who raided the largely defenceless Frisian and Frankish towns lying on the Frisian coast and along the rivers. Around 879, another Viking expedition led by Godfrid, Duke of Frisia, raided the Frisian lands. The Viking raids made the sway of French and German lords in the area weak. Resistance to the Vikings, if any, came from local nobles, who gained in stature as a result, and that laid the basis for the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia into semi-independent states. One of these local nobles was Gerolf of Holland, who assumed lordship in Frisia after he helped to assassinate Godfrid, and Viking rule came to an end.The Holy Roman Empire (the successor state of East Francia and then Lotharingia) ruled much of the Low Countries in the 10th and 11th century but was not able to maintain political unity. Powerful local nobles turned their cities, counties and duchies into private kingdoms that felt little sense of obligation to the emperor. Holland, Hainaut, Flanders, Gelre, Brabant, and Utrecht were in a state of almost continual war or in paradoxically formed personal unions. The language and culture of most of the people who lived in the County of Holland were originally Frisian. As Frankish settlement progressed from Flanders and Brabant, the area quickly became Old Low Franconian (or Old Dutch). The rest of Frisia in the north (now Friesland and Groningen) continued to maintain its independence and had its own institutions (collectively called the "Frisian freedom"), which resented the imposition of the feudal system.Around 1000 AD, due to several agricultural developments, the economy started to develop at a fast pace, and the higher productivity allowed workers to farm more land or to become tradesmen. Towns grew around monasteries and castles, and a mercantile middle class began to develop in these urban areas, especially in Flanders and later also Brabant. Wealthy cities started to buy certain privileges for themselves from the sovereign. In practice, this meant that Bruges and Antwerp became quasi-independent republics in their own right and would later develop into some of the most important cities and ports in Europe.Around 1100 AD, farmers from Flanders and Utrecht began draining and cultivating uninhabited swampy land in the western Netherlands, making the emergence of the County of Holland as the centre of power possible. The title of Count of Holland was fought over in the Hook and Cod Wars () between 1350 and 1490. The Cod faction consisted of the more progressive cities, while the Hook faction consisted of the conservative noblemen. These noblemen invited the Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy — who was also Count of Flanders — to conquer Holland.Most of the Imperial and French fiefs in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium were united in a personal union by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1433. The House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs would rule the Low Countries in the period from 1384 to 1581. Before the Burgundian union, the Dutch identified themselves by the town they lived in or their local duchy or county. The Burgundian period is when the road to nationhood began. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests, which then developed rapidly. The fleets of the County of Holland defeated the fleets of the Hanseatic League several times. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became the primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital because Holland could no longer produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former wetlands to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained.Under Habsburg Charles V, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain, all fiefs in the current Netherlands region were united into the Seventeen Provinces, which also included most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and some adjacent land in what is now France and Germany. In 1568, under Phillip II, the Eighty Years' War between the Provinces and their Spanish ruler began. The level of ferocity exhibited by both sides can be gleaned from a Dutch chronicler's report:The Duke of Alba ruthlessly attempted to suppress the Protestant movement in the Netherlands. Netherlanders were "burned, strangled, beheaded, or buried alive" by his "Blood Council" and his Spanish soldiers. Severed heads and decapitated corpses were displayed along streets and roads to terrorize the population into submission. Alba boasted of having executed 18,600, but this figure does not include those who perished by war and famine.The first great siege was Alba's effort to capture Haarlem and thereby cut Holland in half. It dragged on from December 1572 to the next summer, when Haarlemers finally surrendered on 13 July upon the promise that the city would be spared from being sacked. It was a stipulation Don Fadrique was unable to honour, when his soldiers mutinied, angered over pay owed and the miserable conditions they endured during the long, cold months of the campaign. On 4 November 1576, Spanish tercios seized Antwerp and subjected it to the worst pillage in the Netherlands' history. The citizens resisted, but were overcome; seven thousand of them were mowed down; a thousand buildings were torched; men, women, and children were slaughtered in a delirium of blood by soldiers crying, "Santiago! España! A sangre, a carne, a fuego, a sacco!" (Saint James! Spain! To blood, to the flesh, to fire, to sack!)Following the sack of Antwerp, delegates from Catholic Brabant, Protestant Holland and Zeeland agreed, at Ghent, to join Utrecht and William the Silent in driving out all Spanish troops and forming a new government for the Netherlands. Don Juan of Austria, the new Spanish governor, was forced to concede initially, but within months returned to active hostilities. As the fighting restarted, the Dutch began to look for help from the Queen of England, but she initially stood by her commitments to the Spanish in the Treaty of Bristol of 1574. The result was that when the next large-scale battle did occur at Gembloux in 1578, the Spanish forces easily won the day, killing at least 10,000 rebels, with the Spanish suffering few losses. In light of the defeat at Gembloux, the southern states of the Seventeen Provinces (today in northern France and Belgium) distanced themselves from the rebels in the north with the 1579 Union of Arras, which expressed their loyalty to Philip II of Spain. Opposing them, the northern half of the Seventeen Provinces forged the Union of Utrecht (also of 1579) in which they committed to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of the modern Netherlands.Spanish troops sacked Maastricht in 1579, killing over 10,000 civilians and thereby ensuring the rebellion continued. In 1581, the northern provinces adopted the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence in which the provinces officially deposed Philip II as reigning monarch in the northern provinces. Against the rebels Philip could draw on the resources of Spain, Spanish America, Spanish Italy and the Spanish Netherlands. The Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England sympathised with the Dutch struggle against the Spanish and sent an army of 7,600 soldiers to aid the Dutch in their war with the Catholic Spanish. English forces under the Earl of Leicester and then Lord Willoughby faced the Spanish in the Netherlands under the Duke of Parma in a series of largely indecisive actions that tied down significant numbers of Spanish troops and bought time for the Dutch to reorganise their defences. The war continued until 1648, when Spain under King Philip IV finally recognised the independence of the seven north-western provinces in the Peace of Münster. Parts of the southern provinces became "de facto" colonies of the new republican-mercantile empire.After declaring their independence, the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Groningen, Friesland, Utrecht, Overijssel, and Gelderland formed a confederation. All these duchies, lordships and counties were autonomous and had their own government, the States-Provincial. The States General, the confederal government, were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives from each of the seven provinces. The sparsely populated region of Drenthe was part of the republic too, although it was not considered one of the provinces. Moreover, the Republic had come to occupy during the Eighty Years' War a number of so-called Generality Lands in Flanders, Brabant and Limburg. Their population was mainly Roman Catholic, and these areas did not have a governmental structure of their own, and were used as a buffer zone between the Republic and the Spanish-controlled Southern Netherlands.In the Dutch Golden Age, spanning much of the 17th century, the Dutch Empire grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers, alongside Portugal, Spain, France and England. Science, military, and art (especially painting) were among the most acclaimed in the world. By 1650, the Dutch owned 16,000 merchant ships. The Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company established colonies and trading posts all over the world, including ruling the northern parts of Taiwan between 1624–1662 and 1664–1667. The Dutch settlement in North America began with the founding of New Amsterdam on the southern part of Manhattan in 1614. In South Africa, the Dutch settled the Cape Colony in 1652. Dutch colonies in South America were established along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains, among them Colony of Surinam (now Suriname). In Asia, the Dutch established the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and the only western trading post in Japan, Dejima.During the period of Proto-industrialization, the empire received 50% of textiles and 80% of silks import from the India's Mughal Empire, chiefly from its most developed region known as Bengal Subah.Many economic historians regard the Netherlands as the first thoroughly capitalist country in the world. In early modern Europe, it had the wealthiest trading city (Amsterdam) and the first full-time stock exchange. The inventiveness of the traders led to insurance and retirement funds as well as phenomena such as the boom-bust cycle, the world's first asset-inflation bubble, the tulip mania of 1636–1637, and the world's first bear raider, Isaac le Maire, who forced prices down by dumping stock and then buying it back at a discount. In 1672 – known in Dutch history as the Rampjaar (Disaster Year) – the Dutch Republic was at war with France, England and three German Bishoprics simultaneously. At sea, it could successfully prevent the English and French navy from entering the western shores. On land, however, it was almost taken over internally by the advancing French and German armies coming from the east. It managed to turn the tide by inundating parts of Holland but could never recover to its former glory again and went into a state of a general decline in the 18th century, with economic competition from England and long-standing rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the republican "Staatsgezinden" and the supporters of the stadtholder the "Prinsgezinden" as main political factions.With the armed support of revolutionary France, Dutch republicans proclaimed the Batavian Republic, modelled after the French Republic and rendering the Netherlands a unitary state on 19 January 1795. The stadtholder William V of Orange had fled to England. But from 1806 to 1810, the Kingdom of Holland was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom governed by his brother Louis Bonaparte to control the Netherlands more effectively. However, King Louis Bonaparte tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's, and he was forced to abdicate on 1 July 1810. The Emperor sent in an army and the Netherlands became part of the French Empire until the autumn of 1813 when Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Leipzig.William Frederick, son of the last stadtholder, returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and proclaimed himself Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands. Two years later, the Congress of Vienna added the southern Netherlands to the north to create a strong country on the northern border of France. William Frederick raised this United Netherlands to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself as King William I in 1815. In addition, William became hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg in exchange for his German possessions. However, the Southern Netherlands had been culturally separate from the north since 1581, and rebelled. The south gained independence in 1830 as Belgium (recognised by the Northern Netherlands in 1839 as the Kingdom of the Netherlands was created by decree), while the personal union between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when William III died with no surviving male heirs. Ascendancy laws prevented his daughter Queen Wilhelmina from becoming the next Grand Duchess.The Belgian Revolution at home and the Java War in the Dutch East Indies brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. However, the Cultivation System was introduced in 1830; in the Dutch East Indies, 20% of village land had to be devoted to government crops for export. The policy brought the Dutch enormous wealth and made the colony self-sufficient.The Netherlands abolished slavery in its colonies in 1863. Slaves in Suriname would be fully free only in 1873, since the law stipulated that there was to be a mandatory 10-year transition.The Netherlands was able to remain neutral during World War I, in part because the import of goods through the Netherlands proved essential to German survival until the blockade by the British Royal Navy in 1916. That changed in World War II, when Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. The Rotterdam Blitz forced the main element of the Dutch army to surrender four days later. During the occupation, over 100,000 Dutch Jews were rounded up and transported to Nazi extermination camps; only a few of them survived. Dutch workers were conscripted for forced labour in Germany, civilians who resisted were killed in reprisal for attacks on German soldiers, and the countryside was plundered for food. Although there were thousands of Dutch who risked their lives by hiding Jews from the Germans, over 20,000 Dutch fascists joined the Waffen SS, fighting on the Eastern Front. Political collaborators were members of the fascist NSB, the only legal political party in the occupied Netherlands. On 8 December 1941, the Dutch government-in-exile in London declared war on Japan, but could not prevent the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). In 1944–45, the First Canadian Army, which included Canadian, British and Polish troops, was responsible for liberating much of the Netherlands. Soon after VE Day, the Dutch fought a colonial war against the new Republic of Indonesia.In 1954, the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands reformed the political structure of the Netherlands, which was a result of international pressure to carry out decolonisation. The Dutch colonies of Surinam and Curaçao and Dependencies and the European country all became countries within the Kingdom, on a basis of equality. Indonesia had declared its independence in August 1945 (recognised in 1949), and thus was never part of the reformed Kingdom. Suriname followed in 1975. After the war, the Netherlands left behind an era of neutrality and gained closer ties with neighbouring states. The Netherlands was one of the founding members of the Benelux, the NATO, Euratom and the European Coal and Steel Community, which would evolve into the EEC (Common Market) and later the European Union.Government-encouraged emigration efforts to reduce population density prompted some 500,000 Dutch people to leave the country after the war. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural change, such as rapid de-pillarisation characterised by the decay of the old divisions along political and religious lines. Youths, and students in particular, rejected traditional mores and pushed for change in matters such as women's rights, sexuality, disarmament and environmental issues. In 2002 the euro was introduced as fiat money, and in 2010 the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved. Referendums were held on each island to determine their future status. As a result, the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (the BES islands) were to obtain closer ties with the Netherlands. This led to the incorporation of these three islands into the country of the Netherlands as "special municipalities" upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The special municipalities are collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands.According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, the European Netherlands has a total area of , including water bodies; and a land area of . The Caribbean Netherlands has a total area of It lies between latitudes 50° and 54° N, and longitudes 3° and 8° E.The Netherlands is geographically very low relative to sea level and is considered a flat country, with about 26% of its area and 21% of its population located below sea level, and only about 50% of its land exceeding one metre above sea level. The European part of the country is for the most part flat, with the exception of foothills in the far southeast, up to a height of no more than 321 metres, and some low hill ranges in the central parts. Most of the areas below sea level are man-made, caused by peat extraction or achieved through land reclamation. Since the late 16th century, large polder areas are preserved through elaborate drainage systems that include dikes, canals and pumping stations. Nearly 17% of the country's land area is reclaimed from the sea and from lakes.Much of the country was originally formed by the estuaries of three large European rivers: the Rhine ("Rijn"), the Meuse ("Maas") and the Scheldt ("Schelde"), as well as their tributaries. The south-western part of the Netherlands is to this day a river delta of these three rivers, the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta.The European Netherlands is divided into north and south parts by the Rhine, the Waal, its main tributary branch, and the Meuse. In the past, these rivers functioned as a natural barrier between fiefdoms and hence historically created a cultural divide, as is evident in some phonetic traits that are recognisable on either side of what the Dutch call their "Great Rivers" ("de Grote Rivieren"). Another significant branch of the Rhine, the IJssel river, discharges into Lake IJssel, the former Zuiderzee ('southern sea'). Just like the previous, this river forms a linguistic divide: people to the northeast of this river speak Dutch Low Saxon dialects (except for the province of Friesland, which has its own language).The modern Netherlands formed as a result of the interplay of the four main rivers (Rhine, Meuse, Schelde and IJssel) and the influence of the North Sea. The Netherlands is mostly composed of deltaic, coastal and eolian derived sediments during the Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods.Almost the entire west Netherlands is composed of the Rhine-Meuse river estuary, but human intervention greatly modified the natural processes at work. Most of the western Netherlands is below sea level due to the human process of turning standing bodies of water into usable land, a polder.In the east of the Netherlands, remains are found of the last ice age, which ended approximately ten thousand years ago. As the continental ice sheet moved in from the north, it pushed moraine forward. The ice sheet halted as it covered the eastern half of the Netherlands. After the ice age ended, the moraine remained in the form of a long hill-line. The cities of Arnhem and Nijmegen are built upon these hills.Over the centuries, the Dutch coastline has changed considerably as a result of natural disasters and human intervention.On 14 December 1287, St. Lucia's flood affected the Netherlands and Germany, killing more than 50,000 people in one of the most destructive floods in recorded history. The St. Elizabeth flood of 1421 and the mismanagement in its aftermath destroyed a newly reclaimed polder, replacing it with the "Biesbosch" tidal floodplains in the south-centre. The huge North Sea flood of early February 1953 caused the collapse of several dikes in the south-west of the Netherlands; more than 1,800 people drowned in the flood. The Dutch government subsequently instituted a large-scale programme, the "Delta Works", to protect the country against future flooding, which was completed over a period of more than thirty years.The impact of disasters was, to an extent, increased through human activity. Relatively high-lying swampland was drained to be used as farmland. The drainage caused the fertile peat to contract and ground levels to drop, upon which groundwater levels were lowered to compensate for the drop in ground level, causing the underlying peat to contract further. Additionally, until the 19th-century peat was mined, dried, and used for fuel, further exacerbating the problem. Centuries of extensive and poorly controlled peat extraction lowered an already low land surface by several metres. Even in flooded areas, peat extraction continued through turf dredging.Because of the flooding, farming was difficult, which encouraged foreign trade, the result of which was that the Dutch were involved in world affairs since the early 14th/15th century.To guard against floods, a series of defences against the water were contrived. In the first millennium AD, villages and farmhouses were built on man-made hills called "terps". Later, these terps were connected by dikes. In the 12th century, local government agencies called ""waterschappen"" ("water boards") or ""hoogheemraadschappen"" ("high home councils") started to appear, whose job it was to maintain the water level and to protect a region from floods; these agencies continue to exist. As the ground level dropped, the dikes by necessity grew and merged into an integrated system. By the 13th century windmills had come into use to pump water out of areas below sea level. The windmills were later used to drain lakes, creating the famous polders.In 1932 the "Afsluitdijk" ("Closure Dike") was completed, blocking the former "Zuiderzee" (Southern Sea) from the North Sea and thus creating the IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake). It became part of the larger Zuiderzee Works in which four polders totalling were reclaimed from the sea.The Netherlands is one of the countries that may suffer most from climate change. Not only is the rising sea a problem, but erratic weather patterns may cause the rivers to overflow.After the 1953 disaster, the Delta Works was constructed, which is a comprehensive set of civil works throughout the Dutch coast. The project started in 1958 and was largely completed in 1997 with the completion of the Maeslantkering. Since then, new projects have been periodically started to renovate and renew the Delta Works. The main goal of the Delta project was to reduce the risk of flooding in South Holland and Zeeland to once per 10,000 years (compared to once per 4000 years for the rest of the country). This was achieved by raising of outer sea-dikes and of the inner, canal, and river dikes, and by closing off the sea estuaries of the Zeeland province. New risk assessments occasionally show problems requiring additional Delta project dike reinforcements. The Delta project is considered by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the seven wonders of the modern world.It is anticipated that global warming in the 21st century will result in a rise in sea level. The Netherlands is actively preparing for a sea-level rise. A politically neutral Delta Commission has formulated an action plan to cope with a sea-level rise of and a simultaneous land height decline of . The plan encompasses the reinforcement of the existing coastal defences like dikes and dunes with of additional flood protection. Climate change will not only threaten the Netherlands from the seaside but could also alter rainfall patterns and river run-off. To protect the country from river flooding, another programme is already being executed. The Room for the River plan grants more flow space to rivers, protects the major populated areas and allows for periodic flooding of indefensible lands. The few residents who lived in these so-called "overflow areas" have been moved to higher ground, with some of that ground having been raised above anticipated flood levels.The predominant wind direction in the European Netherlands is southwest, which causes a mild maritime climate, with moderately warm summers and cool winters, and typically high humidity. This is especially true close to the Dutch coastline, where the difference in temperature between summer and winter, as well as between day and night is noticeably smaller than it is in the southeast of the country.Ice days—maximum temperature below —usually occur from December until February, with the occasional rare ice day prior to or after that period. Freezing days—minimum temperature below —occur much more often, usually ranging from mid-November to late March, but not rarely measured as early as mid-October and as late as mid-May. If one chooses the height of measurement to be above ground instead of , one may even find such temperatures in the middle of the summer. On average, snow can occur from November to April but sometimes occurs in May or October too.Warm days—maximum temperature above —are usually found in April to October, but in some parts of the country these warm days can also occur in March, or even sometimes in November or February (usually not in , however). Summer days—maximum temperature above —are usually measured in from May until September, tropical days—maximum temperature above —are rare and usually occur only in June to August.Precipitation throughout the year is distributed relatively equally each month. Summer and autumn months tend to gather a little more precipitation than the other months, mainly because of the intensity of the rainfall rather than the frequency of rain days (this is especially the case in summer when lightning is also much more frequent).The number of sunshine hours is affected by the fact that because of the geographical latitude, the length of the days varies between barely eight hours in December and nearly 17 hours in June.The following table are based on mean measurements by the KNMI weather station in De Bilt between 1991 and 2020. The highest recorded temperature was reached on 25 July 2019 in Gilze-Rijen.The Netherlands has 20 national parks and hundreds of other nature reserves, that include lakes, heathland, woods, dunes, and other habitats. Most of these are owned by Staatsbosbeheer, the national department for forestry and nature conservation and Natuurmonumenten (literally 'Natures monuments'), a private organisation that buys, protects and manages nature reserves. The Dutch part of the Wadden Sea in the north, with its tidal flats and wetlands, is rich in biological diversity, and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Nature Site in 2009.The Oosterschelde, formerly the northeast estuary of the river Scheldt was designated a national park in 2002, thereby making it the largest national park in the Netherlands at an area of . It consists primarily of the salt waters of the Oosterschelde but also includes mudflats, meadows, and shoals. Because of the large variety of sea life, including unique regional species, the park is popular with Scuba divers. Other activities include sailing, fishing, cycling, and bird watching.Phytogeographically, the European Netherlands is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the European territory of the Netherlands belongs to the ecoregion of Atlantic mixed forests. In 1871, the last old original natural woods were cut down, and most woods today are planted monocultures of trees like Scots pine and trees that are not native to the Netherlands. These woods were planted on anthropogenic heaths and sand-drifts (overgrazed heaths) (Veluwe). The Netherlands had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 0.6/10, ranking it 169th globally out of 172 countries.While Curaçao, Aruba and Sint Maarten have a constituent country status, the Caribbean Netherlands are three islands designated as special municipalities of the Netherlands. The islands are part of the Lesser Antilles and have land borders with France (Saint Martin) and maritime borders with Anguilla, Curaçao, France (Saint Barthélemy), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sint Maarten, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Venezuela.Within this island group:The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands enjoy a tropical climate with warm weather all year round. The Leeward Antilles are warmer and drier than the Windward islands. In summer, the Windward Islands can be subject to hurricanes.The Netherlands has been a constitutional monarchy since 1815, and due to the efforts of Johan Rudolph Thorbecke became a parliamentary democracy in 1848. The Netherlands is described as a consociational state. Dutch politics and governance are characterised by an effort to achieve broad consensus on important issues, within both the political community and society as a whole. In 2017, "The Economist" ranked the Netherlands as the 11th most democratic country in the world.The monarch is the head of state, at present King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. Constitutionally, the position is equipped with limited powers. By law, the King has the right to be periodically briefed and consulted on government affairs. Depending on the personalities and relationships of the King and the ministers, the monarch might have influence beyond the power granted by the Constitution of the Netherlands.The executive power is formed by the Council of Ministers, the deliberative organ of the Dutch cabinet. The cabinet usually consists of 13 to 16 ministers and a varying number of state secretaries. One to three ministers are ministers without portfolio. The head of government is the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, who often is the leader of the largest party of the coalition. The Prime Minister is a "primus inter pares", with no explicit powers beyond those of the other ministers. Mark Rutte has been Prime Minister since October 2010; the Prime Minister had been the leader of the largest party of the governing coalition continuously since 1973.The cabinet is responsible to the bicameral parliament, the States General, which also has legislative powers. The 150 members of the House of Representatives, the lower house, are elected in direct elections on the basis of party-list proportional representation. These are held every four years, or sooner in case the cabinet falls (for example: when one of the chambers carries a motion of no confidence, the cabinet offers its resignation to the monarch). The States-Provincial are directly elected every four years as well. The members of the provincial assemblies elect the 75 members of the Senate, the upper house, which has the power to reject laws, but not propose or amend them. Both houses send members to the Benelux Parliament, a consultative council.Both trade unions and employers organisations are consulted beforehand in policymaking in the financial, economic and social areas. They meet regularly with the government in the Social-Economic Council. This body advises government and its advice cannot be put aside easily.The Netherlands has a long tradition of social tolerance. In the 18th century, while the Dutch Reformed Church was the state religion, Catholicism, other forms of Protestantism, such as Baptists and Lutherans, as well as Judaism were tolerated but discriminated against.In the late 19th century this Dutch tradition of religious tolerance transformed into a system of pillarisation, in which religious groups coexisted separately and only interacted at the level of government. This tradition of tolerance influences Dutch criminal justice policies on recreational drugs, prostitution, LGBT rights, euthanasia, and abortion, which are among the most liberal in the world.Because of the multi-party system, no single party has held a majority in parliament since the 19th century, as a result, coalition cabinets had to be formed. Since suffrage became universal in 1917, the Dutch political system has been dominated by three families of political parties: the strongest of which were the Christian Democrats, currently represented by the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA); second were the Social Democrats, represented by the Labour Party (PvdA); and third were the Liberals, of which the right-wing People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is the main representative.These parties co-operated in coalition cabinets in which the Christian Democrats had always been a partner: so either a centre-left coalition of the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats was ruling or a centre-right coalition of Christian Democrats and Liberals. In the 1970s, the party system became more volatile: the Christian Democratic parties lost seats, while new parties became successful, such as the radical democrat and progressive liberal Democrats 66 (D66) or the ecologist party GroenLinks (GL).In the 1994 election, the CDA lost its dominant position. A "purple" cabinet was formed by the VVD, D66, and PvdA. In the 2002 elections, this cabinet lost its majority, because of an increased support for the CDA and the rise of the right-wing LPF, a new political party, around Pim Fortuyn, who was assassinated a week before the elections. A short-lived cabinet was formed by CDA, VVD, and LPF, which was led by the CDA Leader Jan Peter Balkenende. After the 2003 elections, in which the LPF lost most of its seats, a cabinet was formed by the CDA, VVD, and D66. The cabinet initiated an ambitious programme of reforming the welfare state, the healthcare system, and immigration policy.In June 2006, the cabinet fell after D66 voted in favour of a motion of no confidence against the Minister of Immigration and Integration, Rita Verdonk, who had instigated an investigation of the asylum procedure of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, a VVD MP. A caretaker cabinet was formed by the CDA and VVD, and general elections were held on 22 November 2006. In these elections, the CDA remained the largest party and the Socialist Party made the largest gains. The formation of a new cabinet took three months, resulting in a coalition of CDA, PvdA, and Christian Union.On 20 February 2010, the cabinet fell when the PvdA refused to prolong the involvement of the Dutch Army in Uruzgan, Afghanistan. Snap elections were held on 9 June 2010, with devastating results for the previously largest party, the CDA, which lost about half of its seats, resulting in 21 seats. The VVD became the largest party with 31 seats, closely followed by the PvdA with 30 seats. The big winner of the 2010 elections was Geert Wilders, whose right wing PVV, the ideological successor to the LPF, more than doubled its number of seats. Negotiation talks for a new government resulted in a minority government, led by VVD (a first) in coalition with CDA, which was sworn in on 14 October 2010. This unprecedented minority government was supported by PVV, but proved ultimately to be unstable, when on 21 April 2012, Wilders, leader of PVV, unexpectedly 'torpedoed seven weeks of austerity talks' on new austerity measures, paving the way for early elections.VVD and PvdA won a majority in the House of Representatives during the 2012 general election. On 5 November 2012 they formed the second Rutte cabinet. After the 2017 general election, VVD, Christian Democratic Appeal, Democrats 66 and ChristenUnie formed the third Rutte cabinet. This cabinet resigned in January 2021, two months before the general election, after a child welfare fraud scandal. In March 2021, centre-right VVD of Prime Minister Mark Rutte was the winner of the elections, securing 35 out of 150 seats. The second biggest party was the centre-left D66 with 24 seats. Geert Wilders' far-right party lost its support. Prime Minister Mark Rutte, in power since 2010, formed his fourth coalition government.The Netherlands is divided into twelve provinces, each under a King's Commissioner ("Commissaris van de Koning"). Informally in Limburg province this position is named Governor ("Gouverneur"). All provinces are divided into municipalities ("gemeenten"), of which there are 355 (2019).The country is also subdivided into 21 water districts, governed by a water board ("waterschap" or "hoogheemraadschap"), each having authority in matters concerning water management. The creation of water boards actually pre-dates that of the nation itself, the first appearing in 1196. The Dutch water boards are among the oldest democratic entities in the world still in existence. Direct elections of the water boards take place every four years.The administrative structure on the three BES islands, collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, is outside the twelve provinces. These islands have the status of "openbare lichamen (public bodies)". In the Netherlands these administrative units are often referred to as "special municipalities".The Netherlands has several Belgian exclaves and within those even several enclaves which are part of the province of North Brabant. Because the Netherlands and Belgium are both in the Benelux, and more recently in the Schengen Area, citizens of respective countries can travel through these enclaves without controls.The history of Dutch foreign policy has been characterised by its neutrality. Since World War II, the Netherlands has become a member of a large number of international organisations, most prominently the UN, NATO and the EU. The Dutch economy is very open and relies strongly on international trade.The foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to Atlantic co-operation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. One of the more controversial international issues surrounding the Netherlands is its liberal policy towards soft drugs.During and after the Dutch Golden Age, the Dutch people built up a commercial and colonial empire. The most important colonies were present-day Suriname and Indonesia. Indonesia became independent after the Indonesian National Revolution in the 1940s following a war of independence, international pressure and several United Nations Security Council resolutions. Suriname became independent in 1975. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. In addition, many people from these countries are living permanently in the Netherlands.The Netherlands has one of the oldest standing armies in Europe; it was first established as such by Maurice of Nassau in the late 1500s. The Dutch army was used throughout the Dutch Empire. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Dutch army was transformed into a conscription army. The army was unsuccessfully deployed during the Belgian Revolution in 1830. After 1830, it was deployed mainly in the Dutch colonies, as the Netherlands remained neutral in European wars (including the First World War), until the Netherlands was invaded in World War II and defeated by the Wehrmacht in May 1940.The Netherlands abandoned its neutrality in 1948 when it signed the Treaty of Brussels, and became a founding member of NATO in 1949. The Dutch military was therefore part of the NATO strength in Cold War Europe, deploying its army to several bases in Germany. More than 3,000 Dutch soldiers were assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division of the United States Army during the Korean War. In 1996 conscription was suspended, and the Dutch army was once again transformed into a professional army. Since the 1990s the Dutch army has been involved in the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War, it held a province in Iraq after the defeat of Saddam Hussein, and it was engaged in Afghanistan.The military is composed of four branches, all of which carry the prefix "Koninklijke" (Royal):The submarine service opened to women on 1 January 2017. The Korps Commandotroepen, the Special Operations Force of the Netherlands Army, is open to women, but because of the extremely high physical demands for initial training, it is almost impossible for a woman to become a commando. The Dutch Ministry of Defence employs more than 70,000 personnel, including over 20,000 civilians and over 50,000 military personnel. In April 2011 the government announced a major reduction in its military because of a cut in government expenditure, including a decrease in the number of tanks, fighter aircraft, naval ships and senior officials.The Netherlands has ratified many international conventions concerning war law. The Netherlands decided not to sign the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.The Netherlands has a developed economy and has been playing a special role in the European economy for many centuries. Since the 16th century, shipping, fishing, agriculture, trade, and banking have been leading sectors of the Dutch economy. The Netherlands has a high level of economic freedom. The Netherlands is one of the top countries in the Global Enabling Trade Report (2nd in 2016), and was ranked the fifth most competitive economy in the world by the Swiss International Institute for Management Development in 2017. In addition, the country was ranked the second most innovative nation in the world in the 2018 Global Innovation Index., the key trading partners of the Netherlands were Germany, Belgium, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, China and Russia. The Netherlands is one of the world's 10 leading exporting countries. Foodstuffs form the largest industrial sector. Other major industries include chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods, trade, services and tourism. Examples of international Dutch companies operating in Netherlands include Randstad, Unilever, Heineken, KLM, financial services (ING, ABN AMRO, Rabobank), chemicals (DSM, AKZO), petroleum refining (Royal Dutch Shell), electronical machinery (Philips, ASML), and satellite navigation (TomTom).The Netherlands has the 17th-largest economy in the world, and ranks 11th in GDP (nominal) per capita. Between 1997 and 2000 annual economic growth (GDP) averaged nearly 4%, well above the European average. Growth slowed considerably from 2001 to 2005 with the global economic slowdown, but accelerated to 4.1% in the third quarter of 2007. In May 2013, inflation was at 2.8% per year. In April 2013, unemployment was at 8.2% (or 6.7% following the ILO definition) of the labour force. In February 2019, this was reduced to 3.4%.In Q3 and Q4 2011, the Dutch economy contracted by 0.4% and 0.7%, respectively, because of European Debt Crisis, while in Q4 the Eurozone economy shrunk by 0.3%. The Netherlands also has a relatively low GINI coefficient of 0.326. Despite ranking 11th in GDP per capita, UNICEF ranked the Netherlands 1st in child well-being in rich countries, both in 2007 and in 2013. On the Index of Economic Freedom Netherlands is the 14th most free market capitalist economy out of 180 surveyed countries.Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX), part of Euronext, is the world's oldest stock exchange and is one of Europe's largest bourses. It is situated near Dam Square in the city's centre. As a founding member of the euro, the Netherlands replaced (for accounting purposes) its former currency, the "gulden" (guilder), on 1 January 1999, along with 15 other adopters of the euro. Actual euro coins and banknotes followed on 1 January 2002. One euro was equivalent to 2.20371 Dutch guilders. In the Caribbean Netherlands, the United States dollar is used instead of the euro.The Dutch location gives it prime access to markets in the UK and Germany, with the Port of Rotterdam being the largest port in Europe. Other important parts of the economy are international trade (Dutch colonialism started with co-operative private enterprises such as the Dutch East India Company), banking and transport. The Netherlands successfully addressed the issue of public finances and stagnating job growth long before its European partners. Amsterdam is the 5th-busiest tourist destination in Europe with more than 4.2 million international visitors. Since the enlargement of the EU large numbers of migrant workers have arrived in the Netherlands from Central and Eastern Europe.The Netherlands continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the five largest investors in the United States. The economy experienced a slowdown in 2005, but in 2006 recovered to the fastest pace in six years on the back of increased exports and strong investment. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007. The Netherlands is the fourth-most competitive economy in the world, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report.Beginning in the 1950s, the Netherlands discovered huge natural gas resources. The sale of natural gas generated enormous revenues for the Netherlands for decades, adding hundreds of billions of euros to the government's budget. However, the unforeseen consequences of the country's huge energy wealth impacted the competitiveness of other sectors of the economy, leading to the theory of Dutch disease.Apart from coal and gas, the country has no mining resources. The last coal mine was closed in 1974. The Groningen gas field, one of the largest natural-gas fields in the world, is situated near Slochteren. The exploitation of this field has resulted in €159 billion in revenue since the mid-1970s. The field is operated by government-owned Gasunie and output is jointly exploited by the government, Royal Dutch Shell, and Exxon Mobil through NAM (Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij). "Gas extraction has resulted in increasingly strong earth tremors, some measuring as much as 3.6 on the Richter magnitude scale. The cost of damage repairs, structural improvements to buildings, and compensation for home value decreases has been estimated at €6.5 billion. Around 35,000 homes are said to be affected." The Netherlands has an estimated 25% of natural gas reserves in the EU. The energy sector accounted for almost 11% of the GDP in 2014. Netherlands' economy, mainly due to the large shares of natural gas reserves, is considered to have "very high" energy intensity rating.The Netherlands is faced with future challenges as the energy supply is forecasted to fall short of the demand by the year 2025 in the gas sector. This is attributed to the depletion of the Netherlands' major gas field, Groningen, and the earthquakes that have hit the Groningen region. In addition, there is ambiguity surrounding the feasibility of producing unconventional gas. The Netherlands relies heavily on natural gas to provide energy. Gas is the main source of heating for households in the Netherlands and represented 35% of the energy mix in 2014. Furthermore, The European Union 2020 package (20% reduction in GHG emissions, 20% renewables in the energy mix and 20% improvement in energy efficiency) enacted in 2009 has influenced the domestic energy politics of Netherlands and pressured non-state actors to give consent to more aggressive energy reforms that would reduce reliance on natural resources as a source of income to the economy. Therefore, a transition towards renewable energy has been a key objective by Netherlands in order to safeguard the energy security of the country from natural resources depletion, mainly gas. Netherlands has set a 14% renewable energy target of the total energy mix by the year 2020. However, the continuation of providing tax breaks to electricity generated by coal and gas, and to the exploration and extraction of gas from fields that are "insufficiently" profitable, renders a successful transition towards renewable energy more difficult to achieve due to inconsistencies in the policy mix. In 2011, it was estimated that the renewable energy sector received 31% (EUR 743MM), while the conventional energy sector received 69% (EUR 1.6B), of the total energy subsidies by the government. Furthermore, the energy market in the Netherlands remains to be dominated by few major corporations Nuon, RWE, E.ON, Eneco, and Delta that have significant influence over the energy policy. Renewable energy share in the energy mix is estimated to reach 12.4% by the year 2020, falling 1.6% short of the 14% target.From a biological resource perspective, the Netherlands has a low endowment: the Netherlands’ biocapacity adds up to only 0.8 global hectares in 2016, 0.2 of which are dedicated to agriculture. The Dutch biocapacity per person is just about half of the 1.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person available worldwide. In contrast, in 2016, the Dutch used on average 4.8 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means the Dutch required nearly six times as much biocapacity as the Netherlands contains. As a result, the Netherlands was running a biocapacity deficit of 4.0 global hectares per person in 2016.The Dutch agricultural sector is highly mechanised, and has a strong focus on international exports. It employs about 4% of the Dutch labour force but produces large surpluses in the food-processing industry and accounts for 21% of the Dutch total export value. The Dutch rank first in the European Union and second worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind only the United States, with agricultural exports earning €80.7 billion in 2014, up from €75.4 billion in 2012. In 2019 agricultural exports were worth €94.5 billion.One-third of the world's exports of chilis, tomatoes, and cucumbers goes through the country. The Netherlands also exports one-fifteenth of the world's apples.Aside from that, a significant portion of Dutch agricultural exports consists of fresh-cut plants, flowers, and flower bulbs, with the Netherlands exporting two-thirds of the world's total.The Netherlands had an estimated population of 17,493,969 as of 30 April 2021. It is the 5th most densely populated country in Europe, and except for the very small city-states like Monaco, Vatican City and San Marino it is the most densely populated country in Europe. And it is the 16th most densely populated country in the world with a density of . It is the 67th most populous country in the world. Between 1900 and 1950, the country's population almost doubled from 5.1 to 10 million. From 1950 to 2000, the population further increased, to 15.9 million, though this represented a lower rate of population growth. The estimated growth rate is 0.44%.The fertility rate in the Netherlands is 1.78 children per woman (2018 estimate), which is high compared with many other European countries, but below the rate of 2.1 children per woman required for natural population replacement, it remains considerably below the high of 5.39 children born per woman in 1879. Netherlands subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 42.7 years. Life expectancy is high in the Netherlands: 84.3 years for newborn girls and 79.7 for boys (2020 estimate). The country has a migration rate of 1.9 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year. The majority of the population of the Netherlands is ethnically Dutch. According to a 2005 estimate, the population was 80.9% Dutch, 2.4% Indonesian, 2.4% German, 2.2% Turkish, 2.0% Surinamese, 1.9% Moroccan, 0.8% Antillean and Aruban, and 7.4% others. Some 150,000 to 200,000 people living in the Netherlands are expatriates, mostly concentrated in and around Amsterdam and The Hague, now constituting almost 10% of the population of these cities.The Dutch are the tallest people in the world, by nationality, with an average height of for adult males and for adult females in 2009. People in the south are on average about shorter than those in the north.According to Eurostat, in 2010 there were 1.8 million foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. Of these, 1.4 million (8.5%) were born outside the EU and 0.43 million (2.6%) were born in another EU Member State. On 21 November 2016, there were 3.8 million residents in the Netherlands with at least one foreign-born parent ("migration background"). Over half the young people in Amsterdam and Rotterdam have a non-western background. Dutch people, or descendants of Dutch people, are also found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Canada, Australia, South Africa and the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau (2006), more than 5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch ancestry. There are close to 3 million Dutch-descended Afrikaners living in South Africa. In 1940, there were 290,000 Europeans and Eurasians in Indonesia, but most have since left the country.The Randstad is the country's largest conurbation located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities: Amsterdam in the province North Holland, Rotterdam and The Hague in the province South Holland, and Utrecht in the province Utrecht. The Randstad has a population of about 8.2 million inhabitants and is the 5th largest metropolitan area in Europe. According to Dutch Central Statistics Bureau, in 2015, 28 per cent of the Dutch population had a spendable income above 45,000 euros (which does not include spending on health care or education).The official language is Dutch, which is spoken by the vast majority of the inhabitants. Besides Dutch, West Frisian is recognised as a second official language in the northern province of Friesland ("Fryslân" in West Frisian). West Frisian has a formal status for government correspondence in that province. In the European part of the kingdom two other regional languages are recognised under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.The first of these recognised regional languages is Low Saxon ("Nedersaksisch" in Dutch). Low Saxon consists of several dialects spoken in the north and east, like Tweants in the region of Twente, and Drents in the province of Drenthe. Secondly, Limburgish is also recognised as a regional language. It consists of Dutch varieties of Meuse-Rhenish Franconian languages and is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg. The dialects most spoken in the Netherlands are the Brabantian-Hollandic dialects.Ripuarian language, which is spoken in Kerkrade and Vaals in the form of, respectively, the Kerkrade dialect and the Vaals dialect are legally treated as Limburgish as well - see Southeast Limburgish dialect.English has a formal status in the special municipalities of Saba and Sint Eustatius. It is widely spoken on these islands. Papiamento has a formal status in the special municipality of Bonaire. Yiddish and the Romani language were recognised in 1996 as non-territorial languages. The Netherlands has a tradition of learning foreign languages, formalised in Dutch education laws. Some 90% of the total population indicate they are able to converse in English, 70% in German, and 29% in French. English is a mandatory course in all secondary schools. In most lower level secondary school educations ("vmbo"), one additional modern foreign language is mandatory during the first two years.In higher level secondary schools (HAVO and VWO), the acquisition of two additional modern foreign language skills is mandatory during the first three years. Only during the last three years in VWO one foreign language is mandatory. Besides English, the standard modern languages are French and German, although schools can replace one of these modern languages with Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Turkish or Arabic. Additionally, schools in Friesland teach and have exams in West Frisian, and schools across the country teach and have exams in Ancient Greek and Latin for secondary school (called Gymnasium or VWO+).The population of the Netherlands was predominantly Christian until the late 20th century, divided into a number of denominations. Although significant religious diversity remains, there has been a decline of religious adherence. The Netherlands is now one of the most secular societies in the world.In 2019, Statistics Netherlands found that 54.1% of the total population declared itself to be non-religious. Groups that represent the non-religious in the Netherlands include Humanistisch Verbond. Roman Catholics comprised 20.1% of the total population, Protestants (14.8%). Muslims comprised 5.0% of the total population and followers of other Christian denominations and other religions (like Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism) comprised the remaining 5.9%. A 2015 survey from another source found that Protestants outnumbered Catholics.The southern provinces of North Brabant and Limburg have historically been strongly Roman Catholic, and some residents consider the Catholic Church as a base for their cultural identity. Protestantism in the Netherlands consists of a number of churches within various traditions. The largest of these is the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN), a United church which is Reformed and Lutheran in orientation. It was formed in 2004 as a merger of the Dutch Reformed Church, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and a smaller Lutheran Church. Several orthodox Reformed and liberal churches did not merge into the PKN. Although in the Netherlands as a whole Christianity has become a minority, the Netherlands contains a Bible Belt from Zeeland to the northern parts of the province Overijssel, in which Protestant (particularly Reformed) beliefs remain strong, and even has majorities in municipal councils.Islam is the second largest religion in the state. In 2012, there were about 825,000 Muslims in the Netherlands (5% of the population). The Muslim population increased from the 1960 as a result of large numbers of migrant workers. This included migrant workers from Turkey and Morocco, as well as migrants from former Dutch colonies, such as Surinam and Indonesia. During the 1990s, Muslim refugees arrived from countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iran, Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan.Another religion practised is Hinduism, with around 215,000 adherents (slightly over 1% of the population). Most of these are Indo-Surinamese. There are also sizable populations of Hindu immigrants from India and Sri Lanka, and some Western adherents of Hinduism-oriented new religious movements such as Hare Krishnas. The Netherlands has an estimated 250,000 Buddhists or people strongly attracted to this religion, mainly ethnic Dutch people. In addition, there are about 45,000 Jews in the Netherlands.The Constitution of the Netherlands guarantees freedom of education, which means that all schools that adhere to general quality criteria receive the same government funding. This includes schools based on religious principles by religious groups (especially Roman Catholic and various Protestant). Three political parties in the Dutch parliament, (CDA, and two small parties, ChristianUnion and SGP) are based upon the Christian belief. Several Christian religious holidays are national holidays (Christmas, Easter, Pentecost and the Ascension of Jesus).Upon the country's independence, Protestants were predominant in most of the country, while Roman Catholics were dominant in the south, especially North Brabant and Limburg. In the late 19th century, secularism, atheism and pillarisation gained adherents. By 1960, Roman Catholics equalled Protestants in number; thereafter, both Christian branches began to decline. Conversely, Islam grew considerably as the result of immigration. Since 2000 there has been raised awareness of religion, mainly due to Muslim extremism.The Dutch royal family has been traditionally associated with Calvinism, specifically the Dutch Reformed Church, which has merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. The Dutch Reformed Church was the only major Protestant church in the Netherlands from the Reformation until the 19th century. Denominational splits in 1834 and in 1886 diversified Dutch Calvinism. In 2013, a Roman Catholic became Queen consort.A survey in December 2014 concluded that for the first time there were more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands, while the remainder of the population was agnostic (31%) or ietsistic (27%). In 2015, a vast majority of the inhabitants of the Netherlands (82%) said they had never or almost never visited a church, and 59% stated that they had never been to a church of any kind. Of all the people questioned, 24% saw themselves as atheist, an increase of 11% compared to the previous study done in 2006. The expected rise of spirituality (ietsism) has come to a halt according to research in 2015. In 2006, 40% of respondents considered themselves spiritual; in 2015 this has dropped to 31%. The number who believed in the existence of a higher power fell from 36% to 28% over the same period.Education in the Netherlands is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16. If a child does not have a "starting qualification" (HAVO, VWO or MBO 2+ degree) they are still forced to attend classes until they achieve such a qualification or reach the age of 18.All children in the Netherlands usually attend elementary school from (on average) ages 4 to 12. It comprises eight grades, the first of which is facultative. Based on an aptitude test, the eighth grade teacher's recommendation and the opinion of the pupil's parents or caretakers, a choice is made for one of the three main streams of secondary education. After completing a particular stream, a pupil may still continue in the penultimate year of the next stream.The VMBO has four grades and is subdivided over several levels. Successfully completing the VMBO results in a low-level vocational degree that grants access to the MBO. The MBO (middle-level applied education) is a form of education that primarily focuses on teaching a practical trade or a vocational degree. With the MBO certification, a student can apply for the HBO. The HAVO has 5 grades and allows for admission to the HBO. The HBO (higher professional education) are universities of professional education (applied sciences) that award professional bachelor's degrees; similar to polytechnic degrees. An HBO degree gives access to the university system. The VWO (comprising atheneum and gymnasium) has 6 grades and prepares for studying at a research university. Universities offer a three-year bachelor's degree, followed by a one or two-year master's degree, which in turn can be followed by a four or five-year doctoral degree programme.Doctoral candidates in the Netherlands are generally non-tenured employees of a university. All Dutch schools and universities are publicly funded and managed with the exception of religious schools that are publicly funded but not managed by the state even though requirements are necessary for the funding to be authorised. Dutch universities have a tuition fee of about 2,000 euros a year for students from the Netherlands and the European Union. The amount is about 10,000 euros for non-EU students.In 2016, the Netherlands maintained its number one position at the top of the annual Euro health consumer index (EHCI), which compares healthcare systems in Europe, scoring 916 of a maximum 1,000 points. The Netherlands has been among the top three countries in each report published since 2005. On 48 indicators such as patient rights and information, accessibility, prevention and outcomes, the Netherlands secured its top position among 37 European countries for six years in a row.The Netherlands was ranked first in a study in 2009 comparing the health care systems of the United States, Australia, Canada, Germany and New Zealand.Ever since a major reform of the health care system in 2006, the Dutch system received more points in the Index each year. According to the HCP (Health Consumer Powerhouse), the Netherlands has 'a chaos system', meaning patients have a great degree of freedom from where to buy their health insurance, to where they get their healthcare service. The difference between the Netherlands and other countries is that the chaos is managed. Healthcare decisions are being made in a dialogue between the patients and healthcare professionals.Health insurance in the Netherlands is mandatory. Healthcare in the Netherlands is covered by two statutory forms of insurance:While Dutch residents are automatically insured by the government for AWBZ, everyone has to take out their own basic healthcare insurance (basisverzekering), except those under 18 who are automatically covered under their parents' premium. If a person decides not to carry out an insurance coverage, the person may be fined. Insurers have to offer a universal package for everyone over the age of 18 years, regardless of age or state of health – it's illegal to refuse an application or impose special conditions. In contrast to many other European systems, the Dutch government is responsible for the accessibility and quality of the healthcare system in the Netherlands, but not in charge of its management.Healthcare in the Netherlands can be divided in several ways: three echelons, in somatic and mental health care and in 'cure' (short term) and 'care' (long term). Home doctors ("huisartsen", comparable to general practitioners) form the largest part of the first echelon. Being referenced by a member of the first echelon is mandatory for access to the second and third echelon. The health care system is in comparison to other Western countries quite effective but not the most cost-effective.Healthcare in the Netherlands is financed by a dual system that came into effect in January 2006. Long-term treatments, especially those that involve semi-permanent hospitalisation, and also disability costs such as wheelchairs, are covered by a state-controlled mandatory insurance. This is laid down in the "Algemene Wet Bijzondere Ziektekosten" ("General Law on Exceptional Healthcare Costs") which first came into effect in 1968. In 2009 this insurance covered 27% of all health care expenses.For all regular (short-term) medical treatment, there is a system of obligatory health insurance, with private health insurance companies. These insurance companies are obliged to provide a package with a defined set of insured treatments. This insurance covers 41% of all health care expenses.Other sources of health care payment are taxes (14%), out of pocket payments (9%), additional optional health insurance packages (4%) and a range of other sources (4%). Affordability is guaranteed through a system of income-related allowances and individual and employer-paid income-related premiums.A key feature of the Dutch system is that premiums may not be related to health status or age. Risk variances between private health insurance companies due to the different risks presented by individual policy holders are compensated through risk equalisation and a common risk pool. The funding burden for all short-term health care coverage is carried 50% by employers, 45% by the insured person and 5% by the government. Children under 18 are covered for free. Those on low incomes receive compensation to help them pay their insurance. Premiums paid by the insured are about €100 per month (about US$127 in August 2010 and €150 or US$196 in 2012), with variation of about 5% between the various competing insurers, and a yearly deductible of €220 (US$288).Mobility on Dutch roads has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year, three quarters of which are done by car. Around half of all trips in the Netherlands are made by car, 25% by bicycle, 20% walking, and 5% by public transport.With a total road network of 139,295 km, which includes 2,758 km of expressways, the Netherlands has one of the densest road networks in the world—much denser than Germany and France, but still not as dense as Belgium.As part of its commitment to environmental sustainability, the Government of the Netherlands initiated a plan to establish over 200 recharging stations for electric vehicles across the country. The rollout will be undertaken by Switzerland-based power and automation company ABB and Dutch startup Fastned, and will aim to provide at least one station within a 50-kilometre radius (30 miles) from every home in the Netherlands. Currently, the Netherlands alone hosts more than a quarter of all recharging stations in the European Union. This share rises to 30% if Brexit is taken into account. Moreover, newly sold cars in the Netherlands have on average the lowest CO2 emissions in the EU.About 13% of all distance is travelled by public transport, the majority of which by train. Like in many other European countries, the Dutch rail network of 3,013 km route is also rather dense. The network is mostly focused on passenger rail services and connects all major towns and cities, with over 400 stations. Trains are frequent, with two trains per hour on lesser lines, two to four trains per hour on average, and up to eight trains an hour on the busiest lines. The Dutch national train network also includes the HSL-Zuid, a high-speed line between the Amsterdam metropolitan area and the Belgian border for trains running from Paris and London to the Netherlands.Cycling is a ubiquitous mode of transport in the Netherlands. Almost as many kilometres are covered by bicycle as by train. The Dutch are estimated to have at least 18 million bicycles, which makes more than one per capita, and twice as many as the circa 9 million motor vehicles on the road. In 2013, the European Cyclists' Federation ranked both the Netherlands and Denmark as the most bike-friendly countries in Europe, but more of the Dutch (36%) than of the Danes (23%) list the bike as their most frequent mode of transport on a typical day. Cycling infrastructure is comprehensive. Busy roads have received some 35,000 km of dedicated cycle tracks, physically segregated from motorised traffic. Busy junctions are often equipped with bicycle-specific traffic lights. There are large bicycle parking facilities, particularly in city centres and at train stations.Until the introduction of trains, ships were the primary mode of transport in the Netherlands. And shipping has remained crucial afterwards. The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe and the largest port in the world outside East-Asia, with the rivers Meuse and Rhine providing excellent access to the hinterland upstream reaching to Basel, Switzerland, and into Germany and France. , Rotterdam was the world's eighth largest container port handling 440.5 million metric tonnes of cargo annually. The port's main activities are petrochemical industries and general cargo handling and transshipment. The harbour functions as an important transit point for bulk materials and between the European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. The Volkeraksluizen between Rotterdam and Antwerp are the biggest sluices for inland navigation in the world in terms of tonnage passing through them. In 2007, the Betuweroute, a new fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, was completed. The Netherlands also hosts Europe's 4th largest port in Amsterdam. The inland shipping fleet of the Netherlands is the largest in Europe. The Netherlands also has the largest fleet of active historical ships in the world. Boats are used for passenger travel as well, such as the Watertaxies in Rotterdam. The ferry network in Amsterdam and the Waterbus network in Rotterdam are part of the public transport system.Schiphol Airport, just southwest of Amsterdam, is the main international airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest airport in Europe in terms of passengers. Schiphol is the main hub for KLM, the nation's flag carrier and the world's oldest airline. In 2016, the Royal Schiphol Group airports handled 70 million passengers. All air traffic is international and Schiphol Airport is connected to over 300 destinations worldwide, more than any other European airport. The airport is a major freight hub as well, processing 1.44 million tonnes of cargo in 2020. Smaller international airports in the country include Eindhoven Airport, Rotterdam The Hague Airport, Maastricht Aachen Airport and Groningen Airport Eelde. Air transport is of vital significance for the Caribbean part of the Netherlands, with all islands having their own airport. This includes the shortest runway in the world on Saba.The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. In the Middle Ages Hieronymus Bosch, Petrus Christus, Lucas Gassel and Pieter Bruegel the Elder were leading Dutch pioneers.During the Dutch Golden Age, spanning much of the 17th century, the Dutch Republic was prosperous and witnessed a flourishing artistic movement. This was the age of the "Dutch Masters", such as Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen, Jacob van Ruisdael, Gerard van Honthorst, Theodoor van Thulden and many others. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century were Vincent van Gogh and the luminists Jan Sluijters, Leo Gestel, and Piet Mondrian. M. C. Escher is a well-known graphic artist. Willem de Kooning was born and trained in Rotterdam, although he is considered to have reached acclaim as an American artist. Literature flourished as well during the Dutch Golden Age, with Joost van den Vondel and P. C. Hooft as the two most famous writers. In the 19th century, Multatuli wrote about the poor treatment of the natives in the Dutch colony, the current Indonesia. Important 20th century authors include Godfried Bomans, Harry Mulisch, Jan Wolkers, Simon Vestdijk, Hella S. Haasse, Cees Nooteboom, Gerard Reve and Willem Frederik Hermans. Anne Frank's "Diary of a Young Girl" was published after she was murdered in the Holocaust and translated from Dutch to all major languages.Various architectural styles can be distinguished in the Netherlands. Over the years, various styles have been built and preserved.The Romanesque architecture was built between the years 950 and 1250. This architectural style is most concentrated in the provinces of Gelderland and Limburg. Limburg, in particular, differs greatly in architectural style from the rest of the Netherlands.The Gothic architecture came to in the Netherlands from about 1230. Gothic buildings often had large windows, pointed arches and were richly decorated.Brabantine Gothic originated with the rise of the Duchy of Brabant and spread throughout the Burgundian provinces.This architectural style is most concentrated in the province of North Brabant, such as St. John's Cathedral in 's-Hertogenbosch, The Church of Our Lady in Breda and the Margraves Palace in Bergen op Zoom.What many know as traditional Dutch architecture is the Dutch Baroque architecture (1525 – 1630) and classicism (1630 – 1700).These style of architecture is especially in evidence in the cities of North Holland, South Holland and Zeeland.Other architectural styles that are common in the Netherlands are Style Louis XIV, Art Nouveau, Rationalism, NeoclassicismExpressionism, De Stijl, Traditionalism and Brutalism.The Netherlands is the country of philosophers Erasmus, Rudolf Agricola and Spinoza. Much of Descartes' major work was done in the Netherlands, where he studied at Leiden University — as did geologist James Hutton, British Prime Minister John Stuart, U.S. President John Quincy Adams, Physics Nobel Prize laureate Hendrik Lorentz and Enrico Fermi. The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) discovered Saturn's moon Titan, argued that light travelled as waves, invented the pendulum clock and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms with a microscope.Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in Huis Ten Bosch, Nagasaki, Japan. A similar Holland Village is being built in Shenyang, China. Windmills, tulips, wooden shoes, cheese, Delftware pottery, and cannabis are among the items associated with the Netherlands by tourists.In the south of the Netherlands there are some festivals that rarely or never occur in the rest of the Netherlands. These celebrations grew out of Catholic traditions, including Carnival, lantern parades during the celebration of Three Kings, Brabantian Day and huge Bloemencorso. Bloemencorsos used to occur in many places in the Netherlands, but in the 21th century, Zundert and Valkenswaard in North Brabant have taken the lead.Dutch society is egalitarian and modern. The Dutch have an aversion to the non-essential. Ostentatious behaviour is to be avoided. The Dutch are proud of their cultural heritage, rich history in art and involvement in international affairs.Dutch manners are open and direct with a no-nonsense attitude—informality combined with adherence to basic behaviour. According to a humorous source on Dutch culture, "Their directness gives many the impression that they are rude and crude—attributes they prefer to call openness." A well known more serious source on Dutch etiquette is "Dealing with the Dutch" by Jacob Vossestein: "Dutch egalitarianism is the idea that people are equal, especially from a moral point of view, and accordingly, causes the somewhat ambiguous stance the Dutch have towards hierarchy and status." As always, manners differ between groups. Asking about basic rules will not be considered impolite. "What may strike you as being blatantly blunt topics and comments are no more embarrassing or unusual to the Dutch than discussing the weather."The Netherlands is one of the most secular countries of Europe, and religion in the Netherlands is generally considered as a personal matter which is not supposed to be propagated in public, although it often remains a discussion subject. For only 17% of the population religion is important and 14% goes to church weekly.The Netherlands has a long history of social tolerance and today is regarded as a liberal country, considering its drug policy and its legalisation of euthanasia. On 1 April 2001, the Netherlands became the first nation to legalise same-sex marriage.As of 2018 the Netherlands had one of the highest rates of carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the European Union, above those of Germany, France and Belgium. In addition, the Dutch waste more food than any other EU citizen, at over three times the EU average Despite this, the Netherlands has nonetheless the reputation of the leader country in environmental and population management. In 2015, Amsterdam and Rotterdam were ranked fourth and fifth, respectively, on the Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index.Sustainability is a concept important for the Dutch. The goal of the Dutch Government is to have a sustainable, reliable and affordable energy system, by 2050, in which emissions have been halved and 40 per cent of electricity is derived from sustainable sources.The government is investing billions of euros in energy efficiency, sustainable energy and reduction. The Kingdom also encourages Dutch companies to build sustainable business/projects/facilities, with financial aids from the state to the companies or individuals who are active in making the country more sustainable.The Netherlands has multiple music traditions. Traditional Dutch music is a genre known as "Levenslied", meaning "Song of life", to an extent comparable to a French Chanson or a German Schlager. These songs typically have a simple melody and rhythm, and a straightforward structure of verses and choruses. Themes can be light, but are often sentimental and include love, death and loneliness. Traditional musical instruments such as the accordion and the barrel organ are a staple of levenslied music, though in recent years many artists also use synthesisers and guitars. Artists in this genre include Jan Smit, Frans Bauer and André Hazes.Contemporary Dutch rock and pop music (Nederpop) originated in the 1960s, heavily influenced by popular music from the United States and Britain. In the 1960s and 1970s the lyrics were mostly in English, and some tracks were instrumental. Bands such as Shocking Blue, Golden Earring, Tee Set, George Baker Selection and Focus enjoyed international success. As of the 1980s, more and more pop musicians started working in the Dutch language, partly inspired by the huge success of the band Doe Maar. Today Dutch rock and pop music thrives in both languages, with some artists recording in both.Current symphonic metal bands Epica, Delain, ReVamp, The Gathering, Asrai, Autumn, Ayreon and Within Temptation as well as jazz and pop singer Caro Emerald are having international success. Also, metal bands like Hail of Bullets, God Dethroned, Izegrim, Asphyx, Textures, Present Danger, Heidevolk and Slechtvalk are popular guests at the biggest metal festivals in Europe. Contemporary local stars include pop singer Anouk, country pop singer Ilse DeLange, South Guelderish and Limburgish dialect singing folk band Rowwen Hèze, rock band BLØF and duo Nick & Simon. Trijntje Oosterhuis, one of the country's most well known and versatile singers, has made multiple albums with famous American composers Vince Mendoza and Burt Bacharach.Early 1990s Dutch and Belgian house music came together in Eurodance project 2 Unlimited. Selling 18 million records, the two singers in the band are the most successful Dutch music artists to this day. Tracks like "Get Ready for This" are still popular themes of U.S. sports events, like the NHL. In the mid 1990s Dutch language rap and hip hop ("Nederhop") also came to fruition and has become popular in the Netherlands and Belgium. Artists with North African, Caribbean or Middle Eastern origins have strongly influenced this genre.Since the 1990s, Dutch electronic dance music (EDM) gained widespread popularity in the world in many forms, from trance, techno and gabber to hardstyle. Some of the world's best known dance music DJs hail from the Netherlands, including Armin van Buuren, Tiësto, Hardwell, Martin Garrix, Dash Berlin, Julian Jordan, Nicky Romero, W&W, Don Diablo and Afrojack; the first four of which have been ranked as best in the world by DJ Mag Top 100 DJs. The Amsterdam Dance Event (ADE) is the world's leading electronic music conference and the biggest club festival for the many electronic subgenres on the planet. These DJs also contribute to the world's mainstream pop music, as they frequently collaborate and produce for high-profile international artists.The Netherlands have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since its first edition in 1956, and have won five times. Their most recent win was in 2019.In classical music, Jan Sweelinck ranks as the Dutch most famous composer, with Louis Andriessen amongst the best known living Dutch classical composers. Ton Koopman is a Dutch conductor, organist and harpsichordist. He is also professor at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague. Notable violinists are Janine Jansen and André Rieu. The latter, together with his Johann Strauss Orchestra, has taken classical and waltz music on worldwide concert tours, the size and revenue of which are otherwise only seen from the world's biggest rock and pop music acts. The most famous Dutch classical composition is "Canto Ostinato" by Simeon ten Holt, a minimalistic composition for multiple instruments. Acclaimed harpist Lavinia Meijer in 2012 released an album with works from Philip Glass that she transcribed for harp, with approval of Glass himself. The Concertgebouw (completed in 1888) in Amsterdam is home to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, considered one of the world's finest orchestras.Some Dutch films – mainly by director Paul Verhoeven – have received international distribution and recognition, such as "Turkish Delight" (""Turks Fruit"", 1973), "Soldier of Orange" (""Soldaat van Oranje"", 1977), "Spetters" (1980) and "The Fourth Man" (""De Vierde Man"", 1983). Verhoeven then went on to direct big Hollywood movies like "RoboCop" (1987), "Total Recall" (1990) and "Basic Instinct" (1992), and returned with Dutch film "Black Book" (""Zwartboek"", 2006).Other well-known Dutch film directors are Jan de Bont ("Speed"), Anton Corbijn ("A Most wanted Man"), Dick Maas ("De Lift"), Fons Rademakers ("The Assault"), and documentary makers Bert Haanstra and Joris Ivens. Film director Theo van Gogh achieved international notoriety in 2004 when he was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri in the streets of Amsterdam after directing the short film "Submission".Internationally, successful directors of photography from the Netherlands are Hoyte van Hoytema ("Interstellar", "Spectre", "Dunkirk") and Theo van de Sande ("Wayne's World" and "Blade"). Van Hoytema went to the National Film School in Łódź (Poland) and Van de Sande went to the Netherlands Film Academy. Internationally successful Dutch actors include Famke Janssen ("X-Men"), Carice van Houten ("Game of Thrones"), Michiel Huisman ("Game of Thrones"), Rutger Hauer ("Blade Runner"), Jeroen Krabbé ("The Living Daylights") and Derek de Lint ("Three Men and a Baby").The Netherlands has a well developed television market, with both multiple commercial and public broadcasters. Imported TV programmes, as well as interviews with responses in a foreign language, are virtually always shown with the original sound and subtitled. Only foreign shows for children are dubbed.TV exports from the Netherlands mostly take the form of specific formats and franchises, most notably through internationally active TV production conglomerate Endemol, founded by Dutch media tycoons John de Mol and Joop van den Ende. Headquartered in Amsterdam, Endemol has around 90 companies in over 30 countries. Endemol and its subsidiaries create and run reality, talent, and game show franchises worldwide, including "Big Brother" and "Deal or No Deal". John de Mol later started his own company Talpa which created show franchises like "The Voice" and "Utopia".Approximately 4.5 million of the 16.8 million people in the Netherlands are registered to one of the 35,000 sports clubs in the country. About two-thirds of the population between 15 and 75 participates in sports weekly. Football is the most popular participant sport in the Netherlands, before field hockey and volleyball as the second and third most popular team sports. The Netherlands national football team is one of the most popular aspects of Dutch sports; especially since the 1970s when one of the greatest footballers of all time, Johan Cruyff, developed Total Football with coach Rinus Michels. Tennis, gymnastics and golf are the three most widely engaged in individual sports.Organisation of sports began at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were established (such as the speed skating federation in 1882), rules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. A Dutch National Olympic Committee was established in 1912. Thus far, the nation has won 266 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 110 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. In international competition, Dutch national teams and athletes are dominant in several fields of sport. The Netherlands women's field hockey team is the most successful team in World Cup history. The Netherlands baseball team have won the European championship 20 times out of 32 events. Dutch K-1 kickboxers have won the K-1 World Grand Prix 15 times out of 19 tournaments. The Netherlands Women's handball team holds the record of the only team in the world that consecutively reached all six semifinals of major international tournaments since 2015, winning silver and bronze at the European Women's Handball Championship and silver, bronze and gold at the World Women's Handball Championship. They finished fourth at the 2016 Summer Olympics.The Dutch speed skaters' performance at the 2014 Winter Olympics, where they won 8 out of 12 events, 23 out of 36 medals, including 4 clean sweeps, is the most dominant performance in a single sport in Olympic history. Motorcycle racing at the TT Circuit Assen has a long history. Assen is the only venue to have held a round of the Motorcycle World Championship every year since its creation in 1949. The circuit was purpose-built for the Dutch TT in 1954, with previous events having been held on public roads.The Dutch have also had success in all three of cyclings Grand Tours with Jan Janssen winning the 1968 Tour de France, more recently with Tom Dumoulin winning the 2017 Giro d'Italia and legendary rider Joop Zoetemelk was the 1985 UCI World Champion, the winner of the 1979 Vuelta a Espana, the 1980 Tour de France and still holds or shares numerous Tour de France records including most Tours finished and most kilometres ridden.Limburger Max Verstappen currently races in Formula One, and was the first Dutchman to win a Grand Prix. The coastal resort of Zandvoort hosted the Dutch Grand Prix from 1958 to 1985, and has been announced to return in 2020. The volleyball national men's team has also been successful, winning the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the gold medal four years later in Atlanta. The biggest success of the women's national team was winning the European Championship in 1995 and the World Grand Prix in 2007.Recently cricket has made a remarkable progress in the Netherlands. Netherlands have participated in 1996, 2003, 2007 and 2011 ODI cricket World Cup. They have also qualified for 2009 and 2014 T20 World Cup. In the 2009 T20 World Cup, Netherlands defeated England, the current World Champions and inventor of the game. Ryan ten Doeschate is the only Dutch player to have played in the IPL on the team Kolkata Knight Riders.Originally, the country's cuisine was shaped by the practices of fishing and farming, including the cultivation of the soil for growing crops and raising domesticated animals. Dutch cuisine is simple and straightforward, and contains many dairy products. Breakfast and lunch are typically bread with toppings, with cereal for breakfast as an alternative. Traditionally, dinner consists of potatoes, a portion of meat, and (seasonal) vegetables. The Dutch diet was relatively high in carbohydrates and fat, reflecting the dietary needs of the labourers whose culture moulded the country. Without many refinements, it is best described as rustic, though many holidays are still celebrated with special foods. In the course of the twentieth century this diet changed and became much more cosmopolitan, with most global cuisines being represented in the major cities.Modern culinary writers distinguish between three general regional forms of Dutch cuisine. The regions in the northeast of the Netherlands, roughly the provinces of Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overijssel and Gelderland north of the great rivers are the least populated areas of the Netherlands. The late (18th century) introduction of large scale agriculture means that the cuisine is generally known for its many kinds of meats. The relative lack of farms allowed for an abundance of game and husbandry, though dishes near the coastal regions of Friesland, Groningen and the parts of Overijssel bordering the IJsselmeer also include a large amount of fish. The various dried sausages, belonging to the metworst-family of Dutch sausages are found throughout this region and are highly prized for their often very strong taste. Also smoked sausages are common, of which ("Gelderse") "rookworst" is the most renowned. The sausage contains a lot of fat and is very juicy. Larger sausages are often eaten alongside "stamppot", "hutspot" or "zuurkool" (sauerkraut); whereas smaller ones are often eaten as a street food. The provinces are also home to hard textured rye bread, pastries and cookies, the latter heavily spiced with ginger or succade or containing small bits of meat. Various kinds of "Kruidkoek" (such as ), "" and "" (small savoury pancakes cooked in a waffle iron) are considered typical. A notable characteristic of "Fries roggebrood" (Frisian rye bread) is its long baking time (up to 20 hours), resulting in a sweet taste and a deep dark colour. In terms of alcoholic beverages, the region is renowned for its many bitters (such as "Beerenburg") and other high-proof liquors rather than beer, which is, apart from "Jenever", typical for the rest of the country. As a coastal region, Friesland is home to low-lying grasslands, and thus has a cheese production in common with the Western cuisine. "Friese Nagelkaas" (Friesian Clove) is a notable example.The provinces of North Holland, South Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht and the Gelderlandic area of Betuwe make up the region in which western Dutch cuisine is found. Because of the abundance of water and flat grasslands that are found here, the area is known for its many dairy products, which include prominent cheeses such as Gouda, Leyden (spiced cheese with cumin), and Edam (traditionally in small spheres) as well as Leerdammer and Beemster, while the adjacent Zaanstreek in North Holland has since the 16th century been known for its mayonnaise, typical whole-grain mustards, and chocolate industry. Zeeland and South Holland produce a lot of butter, which contains a larger amount of milkfat than most other European butter varieties. A by-product of the butter-making process, "karnemelk" (buttermilk), is also considered typical for this region. Seafood such as soused herring, mussels (called "Zeeuwse Mossels", since all Dutch mussels for consumption are cleaned in Zeeland's Oosterschelde), eels, oysters and shrimps are widely available and typical for the region. "", once a local delicacy consisting of small chunks of battered white fish, has become a national fast food, just as . Pastries in this area tend to be quite doughy, and often contain large amounts of sugar; either caramelised, powdered or crystallised. The "oliebol" (in its modern form) and "Zeeuwse bolus" are good examples. Cookies are also produced in great number and tend to contain a lot of butter and sugar, like "stroopwafel", as well as a filling of some kind, mostly almond, like "". The traditional alcoholic beverages of this region are beer (strong pale lager) and "Jenever", a high proof juniper-flavoured spirit, that came to be known in England as gin. A noted exception within the traditional Dutch alcoholic landscape, "Advocaat", a rich and creamy liqueur made from eggs, sugar and brandy, is also native to this region.The Southern Dutch cuisine consists of the cuisines of the Dutch provinces of North Brabant and Limburg and the Flemish Region in Belgium. It is renowned for its many rich pastries, soups, stews and vegetable dishes and is often called Burgundian which is a Dutch idiom invoking the rich Burgundian court which ruled the Low Countries in the Middle Ages, renowned for its splendor and great feasts. It is the only Dutch culinary region that developed an haute cuisine. Pastries are abundant, often with rich fillings of cream, custard or fruits. Cakes, such as the "Vlaai" from Limburg and the "Moorkop" and "Bossche Bol" from Brabant, are typical pastries. Savoury pastries also occur, with the (a roll with a sausage of ground beef, literally translates into sausage bread) being the most popular. The traditional alcoholic beverage of the region is beer. There are many local brands, ranging from "Trappist" to "Kriek". 5 of the 10 "International Trappist Association" recognised breweries in the world, are located in the Southern Dutch cultural area. Beer, like wine in French cuisine, is also used in cooking; often in stews.In early 2014, Oxfam ranked the Netherlands as the country with the most nutritious, plentiful and healthy food, in a comparison of 125 countries.From the exploitations in the Mughal Empire in the 17th century, to the colonisations in the 19th century, Dutch imperial possessions continued to expand, reaching their greatest extent by establishing a hegemony of the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. The Dutch East Indies, which later formed modern-day Indonesia, was one of the most valuable European colonies in the world and the most important one for the Netherlands. Over 350 years of mutual heritage has left a significant cultural mark on the Netherlands.In the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, the Netherlands urbanised considerably, mostly financed by corporate revenue from the Asian trade monopolies. Social status was based on merchants' income, which reduced feudalism and considerably changed the dynamics of Dutch society. When the Dutch royal family was established in 1815, much of its wealth came from Colonial trade.By the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company established their base in parts of Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka). Afterward, they established ports in Dutch occupied Malabar, leading to Dutch settlements and trading posts in India. However, their expansion into India was halted, after their defeat in the Battle of Colachel by the Kingdom of Travancore, during the Travancore-Dutch War. The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to Bengal Subah.Universities such as the Leiden University, founded in the 16th century, have developed into leading knowledge centres for Southeast Asian and Indonesian studies. Leiden University has produced leading academics such as Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, and still has academics who specialise in Indonesian languages and cultures. Leiden University and in particular KITLV are educational and scientific institutions that to this day share both an intellectual and historical interest in Indonesian studies. Other scientific institutions in the Netherlands include the Amsterdam Tropenmuseum, an anthropological museum with massive collections of Indonesian art, culture, ethnography and anthropology.The traditions of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) are maintained by the Regiment Van Heutsz of the modern Royal Netherlands Army. A dedicated "Bronbeek Museum", a former home for retired KNIL soldiers, exists in Arnhem to this day.A specific segment of Dutch literature called Dutch Indies literature still exists and includes established authors, such as Louis Couperus, the writer of "The Hidden Force", taking the colonial era as an important source of inspiration. One of the great masterpieces of Dutch literature is the book "Max Havelaar", written by Multatuli in 1860.The majority of Dutchmen that repatriated to the Netherlands after and during the Indonesian revolution are Indo (Eurasian), native to the islands of the Dutch East Indies. This relatively large Eurasian population had developed over a period of 400 years and were classified by colonial law as belonging to the European legal community. In Dutch they are referred to as "Indische Nederlanders" or as Indo (short for Indo-European).Including their second generation descendants, Indos are currently the largest foreign-born group in the Netherlands. In 2008, the Dutch Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS) registered 387,000 first- and second-generation Indos living in the Netherlands. Although considered fully assimilated into Dutch society, as the main ethnic minority in the Netherlands, these 'repatriants' have played a pivotal role in introducing elements of Indonesian culture into Dutch mainstream culture.Many Indonesian dishes and foodstuffs have become commonplace in the Netherlands. Rijsttafel, a colonial culinary concept, and dishes such as Nasi goreng and satay are very popular in the country. Practically any town of any size in the Netherlands has a "toko" (a Dutch Indonesian Shop) or a Chinese-Indonesian restaurant, and many 'Pasar Malam' (Night market in Malay/Indonesian) fairs are organised throughout the year.
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[
"Piet de Jong",
"Hendrikus Colijn",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Jan de Quay",
"Wim Schermerhorn",
"Jo Cals",
"Joop den Uyl",
"Wim Kok",
"Louis Beel",
"Dirk Jan de Geer",
"Dries van Agt",
"Willem Drees",
"Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck",
"Victor Marijnen",
"Jelle Zijlstra",
"Mark Rutte",
"Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy",
"Barend Biesheuvel"
] |
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Who was the head of Netherlands in Sep 15, 2004?
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September 15, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Jan Peter Balkenende"
]
}
|
L2_Q55_P6_17
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Dries van Agt is the head of the government of Netherlands from Dec, 1977 to Nov, 1982.
Hendrikus Colijn is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1925 to Mar, 1926.
Willem Drees is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1948 to Dec, 1958.
Jo Cals is the head of the government of Netherlands from Apr, 1965 to Nov, 1966.
Joop den Uyl is the head of the government of Netherlands from May, 1973 to Dec, 1977.
Wim Kok is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1994 to Jul, 2002.
Piet de Jong is the head of the government of Netherlands from Apr, 1967 to Jul, 1971.
Victor Marijnen is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1963 to Apr, 1965.
Ruud Lubbers is the head of the government of Netherlands from Nov, 1982 to Aug, 1994.
Louis Beel is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1946 to Aug, 1948.
Jelle Zijlstra is the head of the government of Netherlands from Nov, 1966 to Apr, 1967.
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck is the head of the government of Netherlands from Sep, 1918 to Aug, 1925.
Jan de Quay is the head of the government of Netherlands from May, 1959 to Jul, 1963.
Dirk Jan de Geer is the head of the government of Netherlands from Mar, 1926 to Aug, 1929.
Mark Rutte is the head of the government of Netherlands from Oct, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Jan Peter Balkenende is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Wim Schermerhorn is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jun, 1945 to Jul, 1946.
Barend Biesheuvel is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1971 to May, 1973.
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy is the head of the government of Netherlands from Sep, 1940 to Jun, 1945.
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NetherlandsThe Netherlands ( ), sometimes informally Holland, is a country located in Western Europe with territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In Europe, the Netherlands consists of twelve provinces, bordering Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom. In the Caribbean, it consists of three special municipalities: the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. The country's official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland, and English and Papiamento as secondary official languages in the Caribbean Netherlands. Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognised regional languages (spoken in the east and southeast respectively), while Dutch Sign Language, Sinte Romani and Yiddish are recognised non-territorial languages.The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's most populous city and nominal capital, while The Hague holds the seat of the States General, Cabinet and Supreme Court. The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe, and the busiest in any country outside East Asia and Southeast Asia, behind only China and Singapore. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest in Europe. The country is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts, many of which are centred in The Hague, which is consequently dubbed 'the world's legal capital'."Netherlands" literally means "lower countries" in reference to its low elevation and flat topography, with only about 50% of its land exceeding above sea level, and nearly 26% falling below sea level. Most of the areas below sea level, known as "polders", are the result of land reclamation that began in the 14th century. Colloquially or informally the Netherlands is occasionally referred to by the pars pro toto "Holland". With a population of 17.4 million people, all living within a total area of roughly —of which the land area is —the Netherlands is the 16th most densely populated country in the world and the 2nd most densely populated country in the European Union, with a density of . Nevertheless, it is the world's second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products by value, owing to its fertile soil, mild climate, intensive agriculture and inventiveness.The Netherlands has been a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a unitary structure since 1848. The country has a tradition of pillarisation and a long record of social tolerance, having legalised abortion, prostitution and human euthanasia, along with maintaining a liberal drug policy. The Netherlands abolished the death penalty in Civil Law in 1870, though it was not completely removed until a new constitution was approved in 1983. The Netherlands allowed women's suffrage in 1919, before becoming the world's first country to legalise same-sex marriage in 2001. Its mixed-market advanced economy had the eleventh-highest per capita income globally. The Netherlands ranks among the highest in international indexes of press freedom, economic freedom, human development and quality of life, as well as happiness. In 2020, it ranked eighth on the human development index and fifth on the 2021 World Happiness Index.The Netherlands' turbulent history and shifts of power resulted in exceptionally many and widely varying names in different languages. There is diversity even within languages. In English, the Netherlands is also called Holland or (part of) the Low Countries, whereas the term ""Dutch"" is used as the demonym and adjectival form.The region called the Low Countries (comprising Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) have the same toponymy. Place names with "Neder", "Nieder", "Nedre", "Nether", "Lage(r)" or "Low(er)" (in Germanic languages) and "Bas" or "Inferior" (in Romance languages) are in use in low-lying places all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a deictic relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as "Super(ior)", "Up(per)", "Op(per)", "Ober", "Boven", "High", "Haut" or "Hoch". In the case of the Low Countries / Netherlands the geographical location of the "lower" region has been more or less downstream and near the sea. The geographical location of the upper region, however, changed tremendously over time, depending on the location of the economic and military power governing the Low Countries area. The Romans made a distinction between the Roman provinces of downstream Germania Inferior (nowadays part of Belgium and the Netherlands) and upstream Germania Superior (nowadays part of Germany). The designation 'Low' to refer to the region returns again in the 10th century Duchy of Lower Lorraine, that covered much of the Low Countries. But this time the corresponding "Upper" region is Upper Lorraine, in nowadays Northern France.The Dukes of Burgundy, who ruled from their residence in the Low Countries in the 15th century, used the term "les pays de par deçà" ("the lands over here") for the Low Countries, as opposed to "les pays de par delà" ("the lands over there") for their original homeland: Burgundy in present-day east-central France. Under Habsburg rule, "Les pays de par deçà" developed in "pays d'embas" ("lands down-here"), a deictic expression in relation to other Habsburg possessions like Hungary and Austria. This was translated as "Neder-landen" in contemporary Dutch official documents. From a regional point of view, "Niderlant" was also the area between the Meuse and the lower Rhine in the late Middle Ages. The area known as "Oberland" (High country) was in this deictic context considered to begin approximately at the nearby higher located Cologne.From the mid-sixteenth century on, the "Low Countries" and the "Netherlands" lost their original deictic meaning. They were probably the most commonly used names, besides Flanders, a "pars pro toto" for the Low Countries, especially in Romance language-speaking Europe. The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) divided the Low Countries into an independent northern Dutch Republic (or Latinised "Belgica Foederata", "Federated Netherlands", the precursor state of the Netherlands) and a Spanish controlled Southern Netherlands (Latinised "Belgica Regia", "Royal Netherlands", the precursor state of Belgium). The Low Countries today is a designation that includes the countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, although in most Romance languages, the term "Low Countries" is used as the name for the Netherlands specifically. It is used synonymously with the more neutral and geopolitical term Benelux.The Netherlands is also referred to as Holland in various languages, including English. However, Holland proper is only a region within the country that consists of North and South Holland, two of the nation's twelve provinces. Formerly they were a single province, and earlier the County of Holland, a remnant of the dissolved Frisian Kingdom which also included parts of present-day Utrecht. Following the decline of the Duchy of Brabant and the County of Flanders, Holland became the most economically and politically important county in the Low Countries region. The emphasis on Holland during the formation of the Dutch Republic, the Eighty Years' War, and the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, made Holland serve as a "pars pro toto" for the entire country, which is now considered informal or incorrect. Nonetheless, the name "Holland" is still widely used for the Netherlands national football team, including in the Netherlands, and the Dutch government's international websites for tourism and trade are "holland.com" and "hollandtradeandinvest.com". In 2020, however, the Dutch government announced that it would only communicate and advertise under the name "the Netherlands" in the future.The term Dutch is used as the demonymic and adjectival form of the Netherlands in the English language. The origins of the word go back to Proto-Germanic "*þiudiskaz", Latinised into Theodiscus, meaning "popular" or "of the people"; akin to Old Dutch "Dietsch", Old High German "duitsch", and Old English "þeodisc", all meaning "(of) the common (Germanic) people". At first, the English language used (the contemporary form of) Dutch to refer to any or all speakers of West Germanic languages (e.g. the Dutch, the Frisians, and the Germans). Gradually its meaning shifted to the West Germanic people they had most contact with, because of their geographical proximity and for the rivalry in trade and overseas territories. The derivative of the Proto-Germanic word "*þiudiskaz" in modern Dutch, "Diets", can be found in Dutch literature as a poetic name for the Dutch people or language, but is considered very archaic. Although it had a short resurgence after World War II to avoid the reference to Germany. It is still used in the expression "diets maken" – to put it straight to him/her (as in a threat) or, more neutral, to make it clear, understandable, explain, say in the people's language (cf. the Vulgate (Bible not in Greek or Hebrew, but Latin; the folks' language) in meaning vulgar, though not in a pejorative sense).In Dutch, the names for the Netherlands, the Dutch language and a Dutch citizen are "Nederland", "Nederlands" and "Nederlander", respectively. Colloquially the country is also by the Dutch often referred to as Holland, although to lesser extent outside the two provinces North and South Holland, where it may even be used as a pejorative term, e.g. Hollènder (dialect) in Maastricht.The plural "Nederlanden" is used in many different connotations in the past, but since 1815 it has been used in the official name "Koninkrijk der Nederlanden" ("Kingdom of the Netherlands"). In many other languages the plural stuck, for example "Niederlande" (German), "Pays-Bas" (French) and "Países Bajos" (Spanish). In Indonesian (a former colony) the country is called "Belanda", a name derived from 'Holland'.The prehistory of the area that is now the Netherlands was largely shaped by the sea and the rivers that constantly shifted the low-lying geography. The oldest human (Neanderthal) traces were found in higher soils, near Maastricht, from what is believed to be about 250,000 years ago. At the end of the Ice Age, the nomadic late Upper Paleolithic Hamburg culture (c. 13.000–10.000 BC) hunted reindeer in the area, using spears, but the later Ahrensburg culture (c. 11.200–9500 BC) used bow and arrow. From Mesolithic Maglemosian-like tribes (c. 8000 BC) the oldest canoe in the world was found in Drenthe.Indigenous late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from the Swifterbant culture (c. 5600 BC) were related to the southern Scandinavian Ertebølle culture and were strongly linked to rivers and open water. Between 4800 and 4500 BC, the Swifterbant people started to copy from the neighbouring Linear Pottery culture the practise of animal husbandry, and between 4300 and 4000 BC the practice of agriculture. The Funnelbeaker culture (c. 4300–2800 BC), which is related to the Swifterbant culture, erected the dolmens, large stone grave monuments found in Drenthe. There was a quick and smooth transition from the Funnelbeaker farming culture to the pan-European Corded Ware pastoralist culture (c. 2950 BC). In the southwest, the Seine-Oise-Marne culture — which was related to the Vlaardingen culture (c. 2600 BC), an apparently more primitive culture of hunter-gatherers — survived well into the Neolithic period, until it too was succeeded by the Corded Ware culture.Of the subsequent Bell Beaker culture (2700–2100 BC) several regions of origin have been postulated, notably the Iberian peninsula, the Netherlands and Central Europe. They introduced metalwork in copper, gold and later bronze and opened international trade routes not seen before, reflected in the discoveries of copper artifacts, as the metal is not normally found in Dutch soil. The many finds in Drenthe of rare bronze objects, suggest that it was even a trading centre in the Bronze Age (2000–800 BC). The Bell Beaker culture developed locally into the Barbed-Wire Beaker culture (2100–1800 BC) and later the Elp culture (c. 1800–800 BC), a Middle Bronze Age archaeological culture having earthenware pottery of low quality as a marker. The initial phase of the Elp culture was characterised by tumuli (1800–1200 BC) that were strongly tied to contemporary tumuli in northern Germany and Scandinavia and was apparently related to the Tumulus culture in central Europe. The subsequent phase was that of cremating the dead and placing their ashes in urns which were then buried in fields, following the customs of the Urnfield culture (1200–800 BC). The southern region became dominated by the related Hilversum culture (1800–800 BC), which apparently inherited cultural ties with Britain of the previous Barbed-Wire Beaker culture.From 800 BC onwards, the Iron Age Celtic Hallstatt culture became influential, replacing the Hilversum culture. Iron ore brought a measure of prosperity and was available throughout the country, including bog iron. Smiths travelled from settlement to settlement with bronze and iron, fabricating tools on demand. The King's grave of Oss (700 BC) was found in a burial mound, the largest of its kind in western Europe and containing an iron sword with an inlay of gold and coral.The deteriorating climate in Scandinavia around 850 BC further deteriorated around 650 BC and might have triggered migration of Germanic tribes from the North. By the time this migration was complete, around 250 BC, a few general cultural and linguistic groups had emerged. The North Sea Germanic Ingaevones inhabited the northern part of the Low Countries. They would later develop into the Frisii and the early Saxons. A second grouping, the Weser-Rhine Germanic (or Istvaeones), extended along the middle Rhine and Weser and inhabited the Low Countries south of the great rivers. This group consisted of tribes that would eventually develop into the Salian Franks. Also the Celtic La Tène culture (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest) had expanded over a wide range, including the southern area of the Low Countries. Some scholars have speculated that even a third ethnic identity and language, neither Germanic nor Celtic, survived in the Netherlands until the Roman period, the Iron Age Nordwestblock culture, that eventually was absorbed by the Celts to the south and the Germanic peoples from the east.The first author to describe the coast of Holland and Flanders was the Greek geographer Pytheas, who noted in c. 325 BC that in these regions, "more people died in the struggle against water than in the struggle against men." During the Gallic Wars, the area south and west of the Rhine was conquered by Roman forces under Julius Caesar from 57 BC to 53 BC. Caesar describes two main Celtic tribes living in what is now the southern Netherlands: the Menapii and the Eburones. The Rhine became fixed as Rome's northern frontier around 12 AD. Notable towns would arise along the Limes Germanicus: Nijmegen and Voorburg. In the first part of Gallia Belgica, the area south of the Limes became part of the Roman province of Germania Inferior. The area to the north of the Rhine, inhabited by the Frisii, remained outside Roman rule (but not its presence and control), while the Germanic border tribes of the Batavi and Cananefates served in the Roman cavalry. The Batavi rose against the Romans in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD but were eventually defeated. The Batavi later merged with other tribes into the confederation of the Salian Franks, whose identity emerged at the first half of the third century. Salian Franks appear in Roman texts as both allies and enemies. They were forced by the confederation of the Saxons from the east to move over the Rhine into Roman territory in the fourth century. From their new base in West Flanders and the Southwest Netherlands, they were raiding the English Channel. Roman forces pacified the region, but did not expel the Franks, who continued to be feared at least until the time of Julian the Apostate (358) when Salian Franks were allowed to settle as "foederati" in Texandria. It has been postulated that after deteriorating climate conditions and the Romans' withdrawal, the Frisii disappeared as "laeti" in c. 296, leaving the coastal lands largely unpopulated for the next two centuries. However, recent excavations in Kennemerland show clear indication of a permanent habitation.After Roman government in the area collapsed, the Franks expanded their territories in numerous kingdoms. By the 490s, Clovis I had conquered and united all these territories in the southern Netherlands in one Frankish kingdom, and from there continued his conquests into Gaul. During this expansion, Franks migrating to the south eventually adopted the Vulgar Latin of the local population. A widening cultural divide grew with the Franks remaining in their original homeland in the north (i.e. the southern Netherlands and Flanders), who kept on speaking Old Frankish, which by the ninth century had evolved into Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch. A Dutch-French language boundary hence came into existence.To the north of the Franks, climatic conditions improved, and during the Migration Period Saxons, the closely related Angles, Jutes and Frisii settled the coastal land. Many moved on to England and came to be known as Anglo-Saxons, but those who stayed would be referred to as Frisians and their language as Frisian, named after the land that was once inhabited by Frisii. Frisian was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast, and it is still the language most closely related to English among the living languages of continental Europe. By the seventh century a Frisian Kingdom (650–734) under King Aldegisel and King Redbad emerged with Traiectum (Utrecht) as its centre of power, while Dorestad was a flourishing trading place. Between 600 and around 719 the cities were often fought over between the Frisians and the Franks. In 734, at the Battle of the Boarn, the Frisians were defeated after a series of wars. With the approval of the Franks, the Anglo-Saxon missionary Willibrord converted the Frisian people to Christianity. He established the Archdiocese of Utrecht and became bishop of the Frisians. However, his successor Boniface was murdered by the Frisians in Dokkum, in 754.The Frankish Carolingian empire modelled itself on the Roman Empire and controlled much of Western Europe. However, in 843, it was divided into three parts—East, Middle, and West Francia. Most of present-day Netherlands became part of Middle Francia, which was a weak kingdom and subject of numerous partitions and annexation attempts by its stronger neighbours. It comprised territories from Frisia in the north to the Kingdom of Italy in the south. Around 850, Lothair I of Middle Francia acknowledged the Viking Rorik of Dorestad as ruler of most of Frisia. When the kingdom of Middle Francia was partitioned in 855, the lands north of the Alps passed to Lothair II and subsequently were named Lotharingia. After he died in 869, Lotharingia was partitioned, into Upper and Lower Lotharingia, the latter part comprising the Low Countries that technically became part of East Francia in 870, although it was effectively under the control of Vikings, who raided the largely defenceless Frisian and Frankish towns lying on the Frisian coast and along the rivers. Around 879, another Viking expedition led by Godfrid, Duke of Frisia, raided the Frisian lands. The Viking raids made the sway of French and German lords in the area weak. Resistance to the Vikings, if any, came from local nobles, who gained in stature as a result, and that laid the basis for the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia into semi-independent states. One of these local nobles was Gerolf of Holland, who assumed lordship in Frisia after he helped to assassinate Godfrid, and Viking rule came to an end.The Holy Roman Empire (the successor state of East Francia and then Lotharingia) ruled much of the Low Countries in the 10th and 11th century but was not able to maintain political unity. Powerful local nobles turned their cities, counties and duchies into private kingdoms that felt little sense of obligation to the emperor. Holland, Hainaut, Flanders, Gelre, Brabant, and Utrecht were in a state of almost continual war or in paradoxically formed personal unions. The language and culture of most of the people who lived in the County of Holland were originally Frisian. As Frankish settlement progressed from Flanders and Brabant, the area quickly became Old Low Franconian (or Old Dutch). The rest of Frisia in the north (now Friesland and Groningen) continued to maintain its independence and had its own institutions (collectively called the "Frisian freedom"), which resented the imposition of the feudal system.Around 1000 AD, due to several agricultural developments, the economy started to develop at a fast pace, and the higher productivity allowed workers to farm more land or to become tradesmen. Towns grew around monasteries and castles, and a mercantile middle class began to develop in these urban areas, especially in Flanders and later also Brabant. Wealthy cities started to buy certain privileges for themselves from the sovereign. In practice, this meant that Bruges and Antwerp became quasi-independent republics in their own right and would later develop into some of the most important cities and ports in Europe.Around 1100 AD, farmers from Flanders and Utrecht began draining and cultivating uninhabited swampy land in the western Netherlands, making the emergence of the County of Holland as the centre of power possible. The title of Count of Holland was fought over in the Hook and Cod Wars () between 1350 and 1490. The Cod faction consisted of the more progressive cities, while the Hook faction consisted of the conservative noblemen. These noblemen invited the Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy — who was also Count of Flanders — to conquer Holland.Most of the Imperial and French fiefs in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium were united in a personal union by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1433. The House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs would rule the Low Countries in the period from 1384 to 1581. Before the Burgundian union, the Dutch identified themselves by the town they lived in or their local duchy or county. The Burgundian period is when the road to nationhood began. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests, which then developed rapidly. The fleets of the County of Holland defeated the fleets of the Hanseatic League several times. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became the primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital because Holland could no longer produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former wetlands to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained.Under Habsburg Charles V, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain, all fiefs in the current Netherlands region were united into the Seventeen Provinces, which also included most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and some adjacent land in what is now France and Germany. In 1568, under Phillip II, the Eighty Years' War between the Provinces and their Spanish ruler began. The level of ferocity exhibited by both sides can be gleaned from a Dutch chronicler's report:The Duke of Alba ruthlessly attempted to suppress the Protestant movement in the Netherlands. Netherlanders were "burned, strangled, beheaded, or buried alive" by his "Blood Council" and his Spanish soldiers. Severed heads and decapitated corpses were displayed along streets and roads to terrorize the population into submission. Alba boasted of having executed 18,600, but this figure does not include those who perished by war and famine.The first great siege was Alba's effort to capture Haarlem and thereby cut Holland in half. It dragged on from December 1572 to the next summer, when Haarlemers finally surrendered on 13 July upon the promise that the city would be spared from being sacked. It was a stipulation Don Fadrique was unable to honour, when his soldiers mutinied, angered over pay owed and the miserable conditions they endured during the long, cold months of the campaign. On 4 November 1576, Spanish tercios seized Antwerp and subjected it to the worst pillage in the Netherlands' history. The citizens resisted, but were overcome; seven thousand of them were mowed down; a thousand buildings were torched; men, women, and children were slaughtered in a delirium of blood by soldiers crying, "Santiago! España! A sangre, a carne, a fuego, a sacco!" (Saint James! Spain! To blood, to the flesh, to fire, to sack!)Following the sack of Antwerp, delegates from Catholic Brabant, Protestant Holland and Zeeland agreed, at Ghent, to join Utrecht and William the Silent in driving out all Spanish troops and forming a new government for the Netherlands. Don Juan of Austria, the new Spanish governor, was forced to concede initially, but within months returned to active hostilities. As the fighting restarted, the Dutch began to look for help from the Queen of England, but she initially stood by her commitments to the Spanish in the Treaty of Bristol of 1574. The result was that when the next large-scale battle did occur at Gembloux in 1578, the Spanish forces easily won the day, killing at least 10,000 rebels, with the Spanish suffering few losses. In light of the defeat at Gembloux, the southern states of the Seventeen Provinces (today in northern France and Belgium) distanced themselves from the rebels in the north with the 1579 Union of Arras, which expressed their loyalty to Philip II of Spain. Opposing them, the northern half of the Seventeen Provinces forged the Union of Utrecht (also of 1579) in which they committed to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of the modern Netherlands.Spanish troops sacked Maastricht in 1579, killing over 10,000 civilians and thereby ensuring the rebellion continued. In 1581, the northern provinces adopted the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence in which the provinces officially deposed Philip II as reigning monarch in the northern provinces. Against the rebels Philip could draw on the resources of Spain, Spanish America, Spanish Italy and the Spanish Netherlands. The Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England sympathised with the Dutch struggle against the Spanish and sent an army of 7,600 soldiers to aid the Dutch in their war with the Catholic Spanish. English forces under the Earl of Leicester and then Lord Willoughby faced the Spanish in the Netherlands under the Duke of Parma in a series of largely indecisive actions that tied down significant numbers of Spanish troops and bought time for the Dutch to reorganise their defences. The war continued until 1648, when Spain under King Philip IV finally recognised the independence of the seven north-western provinces in the Peace of Münster. Parts of the southern provinces became "de facto" colonies of the new republican-mercantile empire.After declaring their independence, the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Groningen, Friesland, Utrecht, Overijssel, and Gelderland formed a confederation. All these duchies, lordships and counties were autonomous and had their own government, the States-Provincial. The States General, the confederal government, were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives from each of the seven provinces. The sparsely populated region of Drenthe was part of the republic too, although it was not considered one of the provinces. Moreover, the Republic had come to occupy during the Eighty Years' War a number of so-called Generality Lands in Flanders, Brabant and Limburg. Their population was mainly Roman Catholic, and these areas did not have a governmental structure of their own, and were used as a buffer zone between the Republic and the Spanish-controlled Southern Netherlands.In the Dutch Golden Age, spanning much of the 17th century, the Dutch Empire grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers, alongside Portugal, Spain, France and England. Science, military, and art (especially painting) were among the most acclaimed in the world. By 1650, the Dutch owned 16,000 merchant ships. The Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company established colonies and trading posts all over the world, including ruling the northern parts of Taiwan between 1624–1662 and 1664–1667. The Dutch settlement in North America began with the founding of New Amsterdam on the southern part of Manhattan in 1614. In South Africa, the Dutch settled the Cape Colony in 1652. Dutch colonies in South America were established along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains, among them Colony of Surinam (now Suriname). In Asia, the Dutch established the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and the only western trading post in Japan, Dejima.During the period of Proto-industrialization, the empire received 50% of textiles and 80% of silks import from the India's Mughal Empire, chiefly from its most developed region known as Bengal Subah.Many economic historians regard the Netherlands as the first thoroughly capitalist country in the world. In early modern Europe, it had the wealthiest trading city (Amsterdam) and the first full-time stock exchange. The inventiveness of the traders led to insurance and retirement funds as well as phenomena such as the boom-bust cycle, the world's first asset-inflation bubble, the tulip mania of 1636–1637, and the world's first bear raider, Isaac le Maire, who forced prices down by dumping stock and then buying it back at a discount. In 1672 – known in Dutch history as the Rampjaar (Disaster Year) – the Dutch Republic was at war with France, England and three German Bishoprics simultaneously. At sea, it could successfully prevent the English and French navy from entering the western shores. On land, however, it was almost taken over internally by the advancing French and German armies coming from the east. It managed to turn the tide by inundating parts of Holland but could never recover to its former glory again and went into a state of a general decline in the 18th century, with economic competition from England and long-standing rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the republican "Staatsgezinden" and the supporters of the stadtholder the "Prinsgezinden" as main political factions.With the armed support of revolutionary France, Dutch republicans proclaimed the Batavian Republic, modelled after the French Republic and rendering the Netherlands a unitary state on 19 January 1795. The stadtholder William V of Orange had fled to England. But from 1806 to 1810, the Kingdom of Holland was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom governed by his brother Louis Bonaparte to control the Netherlands more effectively. However, King Louis Bonaparte tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's, and he was forced to abdicate on 1 July 1810. The Emperor sent in an army and the Netherlands became part of the French Empire until the autumn of 1813 when Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Leipzig.William Frederick, son of the last stadtholder, returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and proclaimed himself Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands. Two years later, the Congress of Vienna added the southern Netherlands to the north to create a strong country on the northern border of France. William Frederick raised this United Netherlands to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself as King William I in 1815. In addition, William became hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg in exchange for his German possessions. However, the Southern Netherlands had been culturally separate from the north since 1581, and rebelled. The south gained independence in 1830 as Belgium (recognised by the Northern Netherlands in 1839 as the Kingdom of the Netherlands was created by decree), while the personal union between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when William III died with no surviving male heirs. Ascendancy laws prevented his daughter Queen Wilhelmina from becoming the next Grand Duchess.The Belgian Revolution at home and the Java War in the Dutch East Indies brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. However, the Cultivation System was introduced in 1830; in the Dutch East Indies, 20% of village land had to be devoted to government crops for export. The policy brought the Dutch enormous wealth and made the colony self-sufficient.The Netherlands abolished slavery in its colonies in 1863. Slaves in Suriname would be fully free only in 1873, since the law stipulated that there was to be a mandatory 10-year transition.The Netherlands was able to remain neutral during World War I, in part because the import of goods through the Netherlands proved essential to German survival until the blockade by the British Royal Navy in 1916. That changed in World War II, when Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. The Rotterdam Blitz forced the main element of the Dutch army to surrender four days later. During the occupation, over 100,000 Dutch Jews were rounded up and transported to Nazi extermination camps; only a few of them survived. Dutch workers were conscripted for forced labour in Germany, civilians who resisted were killed in reprisal for attacks on German soldiers, and the countryside was plundered for food. Although there were thousands of Dutch who risked their lives by hiding Jews from the Germans, over 20,000 Dutch fascists joined the Waffen SS, fighting on the Eastern Front. Political collaborators were members of the fascist NSB, the only legal political party in the occupied Netherlands. On 8 December 1941, the Dutch government-in-exile in London declared war on Japan, but could not prevent the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). In 1944–45, the First Canadian Army, which included Canadian, British and Polish troops, was responsible for liberating much of the Netherlands. Soon after VE Day, the Dutch fought a colonial war against the new Republic of Indonesia.In 1954, the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands reformed the political structure of the Netherlands, which was a result of international pressure to carry out decolonisation. The Dutch colonies of Surinam and Curaçao and Dependencies and the European country all became countries within the Kingdom, on a basis of equality. Indonesia had declared its independence in August 1945 (recognised in 1949), and thus was never part of the reformed Kingdom. Suriname followed in 1975. After the war, the Netherlands left behind an era of neutrality and gained closer ties with neighbouring states. The Netherlands was one of the founding members of the Benelux, the NATO, Euratom and the European Coal and Steel Community, which would evolve into the EEC (Common Market) and later the European Union.Government-encouraged emigration efforts to reduce population density prompted some 500,000 Dutch people to leave the country after the war. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural change, such as rapid de-pillarisation characterised by the decay of the old divisions along political and religious lines. Youths, and students in particular, rejected traditional mores and pushed for change in matters such as women's rights, sexuality, disarmament and environmental issues. In 2002 the euro was introduced as fiat money, and in 2010 the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved. Referendums were held on each island to determine their future status. As a result, the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (the BES islands) were to obtain closer ties with the Netherlands. This led to the incorporation of these three islands into the country of the Netherlands as "special municipalities" upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The special municipalities are collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands.According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, the European Netherlands has a total area of , including water bodies; and a land area of . The Caribbean Netherlands has a total area of It lies between latitudes 50° and 54° N, and longitudes 3° and 8° E.The Netherlands is geographically very low relative to sea level and is considered a flat country, with about 26% of its area and 21% of its population located below sea level, and only about 50% of its land exceeding one metre above sea level. The European part of the country is for the most part flat, with the exception of foothills in the far southeast, up to a height of no more than 321 metres, and some low hill ranges in the central parts. Most of the areas below sea level are man-made, caused by peat extraction or achieved through land reclamation. Since the late 16th century, large polder areas are preserved through elaborate drainage systems that include dikes, canals and pumping stations. Nearly 17% of the country's land area is reclaimed from the sea and from lakes.Much of the country was originally formed by the estuaries of three large European rivers: the Rhine ("Rijn"), the Meuse ("Maas") and the Scheldt ("Schelde"), as well as their tributaries. The south-western part of the Netherlands is to this day a river delta of these three rivers, the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta.The European Netherlands is divided into north and south parts by the Rhine, the Waal, its main tributary branch, and the Meuse. In the past, these rivers functioned as a natural barrier between fiefdoms and hence historically created a cultural divide, as is evident in some phonetic traits that are recognisable on either side of what the Dutch call their "Great Rivers" ("de Grote Rivieren"). Another significant branch of the Rhine, the IJssel river, discharges into Lake IJssel, the former Zuiderzee ('southern sea'). Just like the previous, this river forms a linguistic divide: people to the northeast of this river speak Dutch Low Saxon dialects (except for the province of Friesland, which has its own language).The modern Netherlands formed as a result of the interplay of the four main rivers (Rhine, Meuse, Schelde and IJssel) and the influence of the North Sea. The Netherlands is mostly composed of deltaic, coastal and eolian derived sediments during the Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods.Almost the entire west Netherlands is composed of the Rhine-Meuse river estuary, but human intervention greatly modified the natural processes at work. Most of the western Netherlands is below sea level due to the human process of turning standing bodies of water into usable land, a polder.In the east of the Netherlands, remains are found of the last ice age, which ended approximately ten thousand years ago. As the continental ice sheet moved in from the north, it pushed moraine forward. The ice sheet halted as it covered the eastern half of the Netherlands. After the ice age ended, the moraine remained in the form of a long hill-line. The cities of Arnhem and Nijmegen are built upon these hills.Over the centuries, the Dutch coastline has changed considerably as a result of natural disasters and human intervention.On 14 December 1287, St. Lucia's flood affected the Netherlands and Germany, killing more than 50,000 people in one of the most destructive floods in recorded history. The St. Elizabeth flood of 1421 and the mismanagement in its aftermath destroyed a newly reclaimed polder, replacing it with the "Biesbosch" tidal floodplains in the south-centre. The huge North Sea flood of early February 1953 caused the collapse of several dikes in the south-west of the Netherlands; more than 1,800 people drowned in the flood. The Dutch government subsequently instituted a large-scale programme, the "Delta Works", to protect the country against future flooding, which was completed over a period of more than thirty years.The impact of disasters was, to an extent, increased through human activity. Relatively high-lying swampland was drained to be used as farmland. The drainage caused the fertile peat to contract and ground levels to drop, upon which groundwater levels were lowered to compensate for the drop in ground level, causing the underlying peat to contract further. Additionally, until the 19th-century peat was mined, dried, and used for fuel, further exacerbating the problem. Centuries of extensive and poorly controlled peat extraction lowered an already low land surface by several metres. Even in flooded areas, peat extraction continued through turf dredging.Because of the flooding, farming was difficult, which encouraged foreign trade, the result of which was that the Dutch were involved in world affairs since the early 14th/15th century.To guard against floods, a series of defences against the water were contrived. In the first millennium AD, villages and farmhouses were built on man-made hills called "terps". Later, these terps were connected by dikes. In the 12th century, local government agencies called ""waterschappen"" ("water boards") or ""hoogheemraadschappen"" ("high home councils") started to appear, whose job it was to maintain the water level and to protect a region from floods; these agencies continue to exist. As the ground level dropped, the dikes by necessity grew and merged into an integrated system. By the 13th century windmills had come into use to pump water out of areas below sea level. The windmills were later used to drain lakes, creating the famous polders.In 1932 the "Afsluitdijk" ("Closure Dike") was completed, blocking the former "Zuiderzee" (Southern Sea) from the North Sea and thus creating the IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake). It became part of the larger Zuiderzee Works in which four polders totalling were reclaimed from the sea.The Netherlands is one of the countries that may suffer most from climate change. Not only is the rising sea a problem, but erratic weather patterns may cause the rivers to overflow.After the 1953 disaster, the Delta Works was constructed, which is a comprehensive set of civil works throughout the Dutch coast. The project started in 1958 and was largely completed in 1997 with the completion of the Maeslantkering. Since then, new projects have been periodically started to renovate and renew the Delta Works. The main goal of the Delta project was to reduce the risk of flooding in South Holland and Zeeland to once per 10,000 years (compared to once per 4000 years for the rest of the country). This was achieved by raising of outer sea-dikes and of the inner, canal, and river dikes, and by closing off the sea estuaries of the Zeeland province. New risk assessments occasionally show problems requiring additional Delta project dike reinforcements. The Delta project is considered by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the seven wonders of the modern world.It is anticipated that global warming in the 21st century will result in a rise in sea level. The Netherlands is actively preparing for a sea-level rise. A politically neutral Delta Commission has formulated an action plan to cope with a sea-level rise of and a simultaneous land height decline of . The plan encompasses the reinforcement of the existing coastal defences like dikes and dunes with of additional flood protection. Climate change will not only threaten the Netherlands from the seaside but could also alter rainfall patterns and river run-off. To protect the country from river flooding, another programme is already being executed. The Room for the River plan grants more flow space to rivers, protects the major populated areas and allows for periodic flooding of indefensible lands. The few residents who lived in these so-called "overflow areas" have been moved to higher ground, with some of that ground having been raised above anticipated flood levels.The predominant wind direction in the European Netherlands is southwest, which causes a mild maritime climate, with moderately warm summers and cool winters, and typically high humidity. This is especially true close to the Dutch coastline, where the difference in temperature between summer and winter, as well as between day and night is noticeably smaller than it is in the southeast of the country.Ice days—maximum temperature below —usually occur from December until February, with the occasional rare ice day prior to or after that period. Freezing days—minimum temperature below —occur much more often, usually ranging from mid-November to late March, but not rarely measured as early as mid-October and as late as mid-May. If one chooses the height of measurement to be above ground instead of , one may even find such temperatures in the middle of the summer. On average, snow can occur from November to April but sometimes occurs in May or October too.Warm days—maximum temperature above —are usually found in April to October, but in some parts of the country these warm days can also occur in March, or even sometimes in November or February (usually not in , however). Summer days—maximum temperature above —are usually measured in from May until September, tropical days—maximum temperature above —are rare and usually occur only in June to August.Precipitation throughout the year is distributed relatively equally each month. Summer and autumn months tend to gather a little more precipitation than the other months, mainly because of the intensity of the rainfall rather than the frequency of rain days (this is especially the case in summer when lightning is also much more frequent).The number of sunshine hours is affected by the fact that because of the geographical latitude, the length of the days varies between barely eight hours in December and nearly 17 hours in June.The following table are based on mean measurements by the KNMI weather station in De Bilt between 1991 and 2020. The highest recorded temperature was reached on 25 July 2019 in Gilze-Rijen.The Netherlands has 20 national parks and hundreds of other nature reserves, that include lakes, heathland, woods, dunes, and other habitats. Most of these are owned by Staatsbosbeheer, the national department for forestry and nature conservation and Natuurmonumenten (literally 'Natures monuments'), a private organisation that buys, protects and manages nature reserves. The Dutch part of the Wadden Sea in the north, with its tidal flats and wetlands, is rich in biological diversity, and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Nature Site in 2009.The Oosterschelde, formerly the northeast estuary of the river Scheldt was designated a national park in 2002, thereby making it the largest national park in the Netherlands at an area of . It consists primarily of the salt waters of the Oosterschelde but also includes mudflats, meadows, and shoals. Because of the large variety of sea life, including unique regional species, the park is popular with Scuba divers. Other activities include sailing, fishing, cycling, and bird watching.Phytogeographically, the European Netherlands is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the European territory of the Netherlands belongs to the ecoregion of Atlantic mixed forests. In 1871, the last old original natural woods were cut down, and most woods today are planted monocultures of trees like Scots pine and trees that are not native to the Netherlands. These woods were planted on anthropogenic heaths and sand-drifts (overgrazed heaths) (Veluwe). The Netherlands had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 0.6/10, ranking it 169th globally out of 172 countries.While Curaçao, Aruba and Sint Maarten have a constituent country status, the Caribbean Netherlands are three islands designated as special municipalities of the Netherlands. The islands are part of the Lesser Antilles and have land borders with France (Saint Martin) and maritime borders with Anguilla, Curaçao, France (Saint Barthélemy), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sint Maarten, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Venezuela.Within this island group:The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands enjoy a tropical climate with warm weather all year round. The Leeward Antilles are warmer and drier than the Windward islands. In summer, the Windward Islands can be subject to hurricanes.The Netherlands has been a constitutional monarchy since 1815, and due to the efforts of Johan Rudolph Thorbecke became a parliamentary democracy in 1848. The Netherlands is described as a consociational state. Dutch politics and governance are characterised by an effort to achieve broad consensus on important issues, within both the political community and society as a whole. In 2017, "The Economist" ranked the Netherlands as the 11th most democratic country in the world.The monarch is the head of state, at present King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. Constitutionally, the position is equipped with limited powers. By law, the King has the right to be periodically briefed and consulted on government affairs. Depending on the personalities and relationships of the King and the ministers, the monarch might have influence beyond the power granted by the Constitution of the Netherlands.The executive power is formed by the Council of Ministers, the deliberative organ of the Dutch cabinet. The cabinet usually consists of 13 to 16 ministers and a varying number of state secretaries. One to three ministers are ministers without portfolio. The head of government is the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, who often is the leader of the largest party of the coalition. The Prime Minister is a "primus inter pares", with no explicit powers beyond those of the other ministers. Mark Rutte has been Prime Minister since October 2010; the Prime Minister had been the leader of the largest party of the governing coalition continuously since 1973.The cabinet is responsible to the bicameral parliament, the States General, which also has legislative powers. The 150 members of the House of Representatives, the lower house, are elected in direct elections on the basis of party-list proportional representation. These are held every four years, or sooner in case the cabinet falls (for example: when one of the chambers carries a motion of no confidence, the cabinet offers its resignation to the monarch). The States-Provincial are directly elected every four years as well. The members of the provincial assemblies elect the 75 members of the Senate, the upper house, which has the power to reject laws, but not propose or amend them. Both houses send members to the Benelux Parliament, a consultative council.Both trade unions and employers organisations are consulted beforehand in policymaking in the financial, economic and social areas. They meet regularly with the government in the Social-Economic Council. This body advises government and its advice cannot be put aside easily.The Netherlands has a long tradition of social tolerance. In the 18th century, while the Dutch Reformed Church was the state religion, Catholicism, other forms of Protestantism, such as Baptists and Lutherans, as well as Judaism were tolerated but discriminated against.In the late 19th century this Dutch tradition of religious tolerance transformed into a system of pillarisation, in which religious groups coexisted separately and only interacted at the level of government. This tradition of tolerance influences Dutch criminal justice policies on recreational drugs, prostitution, LGBT rights, euthanasia, and abortion, which are among the most liberal in the world.Because of the multi-party system, no single party has held a majority in parliament since the 19th century, as a result, coalition cabinets had to be formed. Since suffrage became universal in 1917, the Dutch political system has been dominated by three families of political parties: the strongest of which were the Christian Democrats, currently represented by the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA); second were the Social Democrats, represented by the Labour Party (PvdA); and third were the Liberals, of which the right-wing People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is the main representative.These parties co-operated in coalition cabinets in which the Christian Democrats had always been a partner: so either a centre-left coalition of the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats was ruling or a centre-right coalition of Christian Democrats and Liberals. In the 1970s, the party system became more volatile: the Christian Democratic parties lost seats, while new parties became successful, such as the radical democrat and progressive liberal Democrats 66 (D66) or the ecologist party GroenLinks (GL).In the 1994 election, the CDA lost its dominant position. A "purple" cabinet was formed by the VVD, D66, and PvdA. In the 2002 elections, this cabinet lost its majority, because of an increased support for the CDA and the rise of the right-wing LPF, a new political party, around Pim Fortuyn, who was assassinated a week before the elections. A short-lived cabinet was formed by CDA, VVD, and LPF, which was led by the CDA Leader Jan Peter Balkenende. After the 2003 elections, in which the LPF lost most of its seats, a cabinet was formed by the CDA, VVD, and D66. The cabinet initiated an ambitious programme of reforming the welfare state, the healthcare system, and immigration policy.In June 2006, the cabinet fell after D66 voted in favour of a motion of no confidence against the Minister of Immigration and Integration, Rita Verdonk, who had instigated an investigation of the asylum procedure of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, a VVD MP. A caretaker cabinet was formed by the CDA and VVD, and general elections were held on 22 November 2006. In these elections, the CDA remained the largest party and the Socialist Party made the largest gains. The formation of a new cabinet took three months, resulting in a coalition of CDA, PvdA, and Christian Union.On 20 February 2010, the cabinet fell when the PvdA refused to prolong the involvement of the Dutch Army in Uruzgan, Afghanistan. Snap elections were held on 9 June 2010, with devastating results for the previously largest party, the CDA, which lost about half of its seats, resulting in 21 seats. The VVD became the largest party with 31 seats, closely followed by the PvdA with 30 seats. The big winner of the 2010 elections was Geert Wilders, whose right wing PVV, the ideological successor to the LPF, more than doubled its number of seats. Negotiation talks for a new government resulted in a minority government, led by VVD (a first) in coalition with CDA, which was sworn in on 14 October 2010. This unprecedented minority government was supported by PVV, but proved ultimately to be unstable, when on 21 April 2012, Wilders, leader of PVV, unexpectedly 'torpedoed seven weeks of austerity talks' on new austerity measures, paving the way for early elections.VVD and PvdA won a majority in the House of Representatives during the 2012 general election. On 5 November 2012 they formed the second Rutte cabinet. After the 2017 general election, VVD, Christian Democratic Appeal, Democrats 66 and ChristenUnie formed the third Rutte cabinet. This cabinet resigned in January 2021, two months before the general election, after a child welfare fraud scandal. In March 2021, centre-right VVD of Prime Minister Mark Rutte was the winner of the elections, securing 35 out of 150 seats. The second biggest party was the centre-left D66 with 24 seats. Geert Wilders' far-right party lost its support. Prime Minister Mark Rutte, in power since 2010, formed his fourth coalition government.The Netherlands is divided into twelve provinces, each under a King's Commissioner ("Commissaris van de Koning"). Informally in Limburg province this position is named Governor ("Gouverneur"). All provinces are divided into municipalities ("gemeenten"), of which there are 355 (2019).The country is also subdivided into 21 water districts, governed by a water board ("waterschap" or "hoogheemraadschap"), each having authority in matters concerning water management. The creation of water boards actually pre-dates that of the nation itself, the first appearing in 1196. The Dutch water boards are among the oldest democratic entities in the world still in existence. Direct elections of the water boards take place every four years.The administrative structure on the three BES islands, collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, is outside the twelve provinces. These islands have the status of "openbare lichamen (public bodies)". In the Netherlands these administrative units are often referred to as "special municipalities".The Netherlands has several Belgian exclaves and within those even several enclaves which are part of the province of North Brabant. Because the Netherlands and Belgium are both in the Benelux, and more recently in the Schengen Area, citizens of respective countries can travel through these enclaves without controls.The history of Dutch foreign policy has been characterised by its neutrality. Since World War II, the Netherlands has become a member of a large number of international organisations, most prominently the UN, NATO and the EU. The Dutch economy is very open and relies strongly on international trade.The foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to Atlantic co-operation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. One of the more controversial international issues surrounding the Netherlands is its liberal policy towards soft drugs.During and after the Dutch Golden Age, the Dutch people built up a commercial and colonial empire. The most important colonies were present-day Suriname and Indonesia. Indonesia became independent after the Indonesian National Revolution in the 1940s following a war of independence, international pressure and several United Nations Security Council resolutions. Suriname became independent in 1975. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. In addition, many people from these countries are living permanently in the Netherlands.The Netherlands has one of the oldest standing armies in Europe; it was first established as such by Maurice of Nassau in the late 1500s. The Dutch army was used throughout the Dutch Empire. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Dutch army was transformed into a conscription army. The army was unsuccessfully deployed during the Belgian Revolution in 1830. After 1830, it was deployed mainly in the Dutch colonies, as the Netherlands remained neutral in European wars (including the First World War), until the Netherlands was invaded in World War II and defeated by the Wehrmacht in May 1940.The Netherlands abandoned its neutrality in 1948 when it signed the Treaty of Brussels, and became a founding member of NATO in 1949. The Dutch military was therefore part of the NATO strength in Cold War Europe, deploying its army to several bases in Germany. More than 3,000 Dutch soldiers were assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division of the United States Army during the Korean War. In 1996 conscription was suspended, and the Dutch army was once again transformed into a professional army. Since the 1990s the Dutch army has been involved in the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War, it held a province in Iraq after the defeat of Saddam Hussein, and it was engaged in Afghanistan.The military is composed of four branches, all of which carry the prefix "Koninklijke" (Royal):The submarine service opened to women on 1 January 2017. The Korps Commandotroepen, the Special Operations Force of the Netherlands Army, is open to women, but because of the extremely high physical demands for initial training, it is almost impossible for a woman to become a commando. The Dutch Ministry of Defence employs more than 70,000 personnel, including over 20,000 civilians and over 50,000 military personnel. In April 2011 the government announced a major reduction in its military because of a cut in government expenditure, including a decrease in the number of tanks, fighter aircraft, naval ships and senior officials.The Netherlands has ratified many international conventions concerning war law. The Netherlands decided not to sign the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.The Netherlands has a developed economy and has been playing a special role in the European economy for many centuries. Since the 16th century, shipping, fishing, agriculture, trade, and banking have been leading sectors of the Dutch economy. The Netherlands has a high level of economic freedom. The Netherlands is one of the top countries in the Global Enabling Trade Report (2nd in 2016), and was ranked the fifth most competitive economy in the world by the Swiss International Institute for Management Development in 2017. In addition, the country was ranked the second most innovative nation in the world in the 2018 Global Innovation Index., the key trading partners of the Netherlands were Germany, Belgium, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, China and Russia. The Netherlands is one of the world's 10 leading exporting countries. Foodstuffs form the largest industrial sector. Other major industries include chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods, trade, services and tourism. Examples of international Dutch companies operating in Netherlands include Randstad, Unilever, Heineken, KLM, financial services (ING, ABN AMRO, Rabobank), chemicals (DSM, AKZO), petroleum refining (Royal Dutch Shell), electronical machinery (Philips, ASML), and satellite navigation (TomTom).The Netherlands has the 17th-largest economy in the world, and ranks 11th in GDP (nominal) per capita. Between 1997 and 2000 annual economic growth (GDP) averaged nearly 4%, well above the European average. Growth slowed considerably from 2001 to 2005 with the global economic slowdown, but accelerated to 4.1% in the third quarter of 2007. In May 2013, inflation was at 2.8% per year. In April 2013, unemployment was at 8.2% (or 6.7% following the ILO definition) of the labour force. In February 2019, this was reduced to 3.4%.In Q3 and Q4 2011, the Dutch economy contracted by 0.4% and 0.7%, respectively, because of European Debt Crisis, while in Q4 the Eurozone economy shrunk by 0.3%. The Netherlands also has a relatively low GINI coefficient of 0.326. Despite ranking 11th in GDP per capita, UNICEF ranked the Netherlands 1st in child well-being in rich countries, both in 2007 and in 2013. On the Index of Economic Freedom Netherlands is the 14th most free market capitalist economy out of 180 surveyed countries.Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX), part of Euronext, is the world's oldest stock exchange and is one of Europe's largest bourses. It is situated near Dam Square in the city's centre. As a founding member of the euro, the Netherlands replaced (for accounting purposes) its former currency, the "gulden" (guilder), on 1 January 1999, along with 15 other adopters of the euro. Actual euro coins and banknotes followed on 1 January 2002. One euro was equivalent to 2.20371 Dutch guilders. In the Caribbean Netherlands, the United States dollar is used instead of the euro.The Dutch location gives it prime access to markets in the UK and Germany, with the Port of Rotterdam being the largest port in Europe. Other important parts of the economy are international trade (Dutch colonialism started with co-operative private enterprises such as the Dutch East India Company), banking and transport. The Netherlands successfully addressed the issue of public finances and stagnating job growth long before its European partners. Amsterdam is the 5th-busiest tourist destination in Europe with more than 4.2 million international visitors. Since the enlargement of the EU large numbers of migrant workers have arrived in the Netherlands from Central and Eastern Europe.The Netherlands continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the five largest investors in the United States. The economy experienced a slowdown in 2005, but in 2006 recovered to the fastest pace in six years on the back of increased exports and strong investment. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007. The Netherlands is the fourth-most competitive economy in the world, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report.Beginning in the 1950s, the Netherlands discovered huge natural gas resources. The sale of natural gas generated enormous revenues for the Netherlands for decades, adding hundreds of billions of euros to the government's budget. However, the unforeseen consequences of the country's huge energy wealth impacted the competitiveness of other sectors of the economy, leading to the theory of Dutch disease.Apart from coal and gas, the country has no mining resources. The last coal mine was closed in 1974. The Groningen gas field, one of the largest natural-gas fields in the world, is situated near Slochteren. The exploitation of this field has resulted in €159 billion in revenue since the mid-1970s. The field is operated by government-owned Gasunie and output is jointly exploited by the government, Royal Dutch Shell, and Exxon Mobil through NAM (Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij). "Gas extraction has resulted in increasingly strong earth tremors, some measuring as much as 3.6 on the Richter magnitude scale. The cost of damage repairs, structural improvements to buildings, and compensation for home value decreases has been estimated at €6.5 billion. Around 35,000 homes are said to be affected." The Netherlands has an estimated 25% of natural gas reserves in the EU. The energy sector accounted for almost 11% of the GDP in 2014. Netherlands' economy, mainly due to the large shares of natural gas reserves, is considered to have "very high" energy intensity rating.The Netherlands is faced with future challenges as the energy supply is forecasted to fall short of the demand by the year 2025 in the gas sector. This is attributed to the depletion of the Netherlands' major gas field, Groningen, and the earthquakes that have hit the Groningen region. In addition, there is ambiguity surrounding the feasibility of producing unconventional gas. The Netherlands relies heavily on natural gas to provide energy. Gas is the main source of heating for households in the Netherlands and represented 35% of the energy mix in 2014. Furthermore, The European Union 2020 package (20% reduction in GHG emissions, 20% renewables in the energy mix and 20% improvement in energy efficiency) enacted in 2009 has influenced the domestic energy politics of Netherlands and pressured non-state actors to give consent to more aggressive energy reforms that would reduce reliance on natural resources as a source of income to the economy. Therefore, a transition towards renewable energy has been a key objective by Netherlands in order to safeguard the energy security of the country from natural resources depletion, mainly gas. Netherlands has set a 14% renewable energy target of the total energy mix by the year 2020. However, the continuation of providing tax breaks to electricity generated by coal and gas, and to the exploration and extraction of gas from fields that are "insufficiently" profitable, renders a successful transition towards renewable energy more difficult to achieve due to inconsistencies in the policy mix. In 2011, it was estimated that the renewable energy sector received 31% (EUR 743MM), while the conventional energy sector received 69% (EUR 1.6B), of the total energy subsidies by the government. Furthermore, the energy market in the Netherlands remains to be dominated by few major corporations Nuon, RWE, E.ON, Eneco, and Delta that have significant influence over the energy policy. Renewable energy share in the energy mix is estimated to reach 12.4% by the year 2020, falling 1.6% short of the 14% target.From a biological resource perspective, the Netherlands has a low endowment: the Netherlands’ biocapacity adds up to only 0.8 global hectares in 2016, 0.2 of which are dedicated to agriculture. The Dutch biocapacity per person is just about half of the 1.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person available worldwide. In contrast, in 2016, the Dutch used on average 4.8 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means the Dutch required nearly six times as much biocapacity as the Netherlands contains. As a result, the Netherlands was running a biocapacity deficit of 4.0 global hectares per person in 2016.The Dutch agricultural sector is highly mechanised, and has a strong focus on international exports. It employs about 4% of the Dutch labour force but produces large surpluses in the food-processing industry and accounts for 21% of the Dutch total export value. The Dutch rank first in the European Union and second worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind only the United States, with agricultural exports earning €80.7 billion in 2014, up from €75.4 billion in 2012. In 2019 agricultural exports were worth €94.5 billion.One-third of the world's exports of chilis, tomatoes, and cucumbers goes through the country. The Netherlands also exports one-fifteenth of the world's apples.Aside from that, a significant portion of Dutch agricultural exports consists of fresh-cut plants, flowers, and flower bulbs, with the Netherlands exporting two-thirds of the world's total.The Netherlands had an estimated population of 17,493,969 as of 30 April 2021. It is the 5th most densely populated country in Europe, and except for the very small city-states like Monaco, Vatican City and San Marino it is the most densely populated country in Europe. And it is the 16th most densely populated country in the world with a density of . It is the 67th most populous country in the world. Between 1900 and 1950, the country's population almost doubled from 5.1 to 10 million. From 1950 to 2000, the population further increased, to 15.9 million, though this represented a lower rate of population growth. The estimated growth rate is 0.44%.The fertility rate in the Netherlands is 1.78 children per woman (2018 estimate), which is high compared with many other European countries, but below the rate of 2.1 children per woman required for natural population replacement, it remains considerably below the high of 5.39 children born per woman in 1879. Netherlands subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 42.7 years. Life expectancy is high in the Netherlands: 84.3 years for newborn girls and 79.7 for boys (2020 estimate). The country has a migration rate of 1.9 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year. The majority of the population of the Netherlands is ethnically Dutch. According to a 2005 estimate, the population was 80.9% Dutch, 2.4% Indonesian, 2.4% German, 2.2% Turkish, 2.0% Surinamese, 1.9% Moroccan, 0.8% Antillean and Aruban, and 7.4% others. Some 150,000 to 200,000 people living in the Netherlands are expatriates, mostly concentrated in and around Amsterdam and The Hague, now constituting almost 10% of the population of these cities.The Dutch are the tallest people in the world, by nationality, with an average height of for adult males and for adult females in 2009. People in the south are on average about shorter than those in the north.According to Eurostat, in 2010 there were 1.8 million foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. Of these, 1.4 million (8.5%) were born outside the EU and 0.43 million (2.6%) were born in another EU Member State. On 21 November 2016, there were 3.8 million residents in the Netherlands with at least one foreign-born parent ("migration background"). Over half the young people in Amsterdam and Rotterdam have a non-western background. Dutch people, or descendants of Dutch people, are also found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Canada, Australia, South Africa and the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau (2006), more than 5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch ancestry. There are close to 3 million Dutch-descended Afrikaners living in South Africa. In 1940, there were 290,000 Europeans and Eurasians in Indonesia, but most have since left the country.The Randstad is the country's largest conurbation located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities: Amsterdam in the province North Holland, Rotterdam and The Hague in the province South Holland, and Utrecht in the province Utrecht. The Randstad has a population of about 8.2 million inhabitants and is the 5th largest metropolitan area in Europe. According to Dutch Central Statistics Bureau, in 2015, 28 per cent of the Dutch population had a spendable income above 45,000 euros (which does not include spending on health care or education).The official language is Dutch, which is spoken by the vast majority of the inhabitants. Besides Dutch, West Frisian is recognised as a second official language in the northern province of Friesland ("Fryslân" in West Frisian). West Frisian has a formal status for government correspondence in that province. In the European part of the kingdom two other regional languages are recognised under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.The first of these recognised regional languages is Low Saxon ("Nedersaksisch" in Dutch). Low Saxon consists of several dialects spoken in the north and east, like Tweants in the region of Twente, and Drents in the province of Drenthe. Secondly, Limburgish is also recognised as a regional language. It consists of Dutch varieties of Meuse-Rhenish Franconian languages and is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg. The dialects most spoken in the Netherlands are the Brabantian-Hollandic dialects.Ripuarian language, which is spoken in Kerkrade and Vaals in the form of, respectively, the Kerkrade dialect and the Vaals dialect are legally treated as Limburgish as well - see Southeast Limburgish dialect.English has a formal status in the special municipalities of Saba and Sint Eustatius. It is widely spoken on these islands. Papiamento has a formal status in the special municipality of Bonaire. Yiddish and the Romani language were recognised in 1996 as non-territorial languages. The Netherlands has a tradition of learning foreign languages, formalised in Dutch education laws. Some 90% of the total population indicate they are able to converse in English, 70% in German, and 29% in French. English is a mandatory course in all secondary schools. In most lower level secondary school educations ("vmbo"), one additional modern foreign language is mandatory during the first two years.In higher level secondary schools (HAVO and VWO), the acquisition of two additional modern foreign language skills is mandatory during the first three years. Only during the last three years in VWO one foreign language is mandatory. Besides English, the standard modern languages are French and German, although schools can replace one of these modern languages with Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Turkish or Arabic. Additionally, schools in Friesland teach and have exams in West Frisian, and schools across the country teach and have exams in Ancient Greek and Latin for secondary school (called Gymnasium or VWO+).The population of the Netherlands was predominantly Christian until the late 20th century, divided into a number of denominations. Although significant religious diversity remains, there has been a decline of religious adherence. The Netherlands is now one of the most secular societies in the world.In 2019, Statistics Netherlands found that 54.1% of the total population declared itself to be non-religious. Groups that represent the non-religious in the Netherlands include Humanistisch Verbond. Roman Catholics comprised 20.1% of the total population, Protestants (14.8%). Muslims comprised 5.0% of the total population and followers of other Christian denominations and other religions (like Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism) comprised the remaining 5.9%. A 2015 survey from another source found that Protestants outnumbered Catholics.The southern provinces of North Brabant and Limburg have historically been strongly Roman Catholic, and some residents consider the Catholic Church as a base for their cultural identity. Protestantism in the Netherlands consists of a number of churches within various traditions. The largest of these is the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN), a United church which is Reformed and Lutheran in orientation. It was formed in 2004 as a merger of the Dutch Reformed Church, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and a smaller Lutheran Church. Several orthodox Reformed and liberal churches did not merge into the PKN. Although in the Netherlands as a whole Christianity has become a minority, the Netherlands contains a Bible Belt from Zeeland to the northern parts of the province Overijssel, in which Protestant (particularly Reformed) beliefs remain strong, and even has majorities in municipal councils.Islam is the second largest religion in the state. In 2012, there were about 825,000 Muslims in the Netherlands (5% of the population). The Muslim population increased from the 1960 as a result of large numbers of migrant workers. This included migrant workers from Turkey and Morocco, as well as migrants from former Dutch colonies, such as Surinam and Indonesia. During the 1990s, Muslim refugees arrived from countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iran, Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan.Another religion practised is Hinduism, with around 215,000 adherents (slightly over 1% of the population). Most of these are Indo-Surinamese. There are also sizable populations of Hindu immigrants from India and Sri Lanka, and some Western adherents of Hinduism-oriented new religious movements such as Hare Krishnas. The Netherlands has an estimated 250,000 Buddhists or people strongly attracted to this religion, mainly ethnic Dutch people. In addition, there are about 45,000 Jews in the Netherlands.The Constitution of the Netherlands guarantees freedom of education, which means that all schools that adhere to general quality criteria receive the same government funding. This includes schools based on religious principles by religious groups (especially Roman Catholic and various Protestant). Three political parties in the Dutch parliament, (CDA, and two small parties, ChristianUnion and SGP) are based upon the Christian belief. Several Christian religious holidays are national holidays (Christmas, Easter, Pentecost and the Ascension of Jesus).Upon the country's independence, Protestants were predominant in most of the country, while Roman Catholics were dominant in the south, especially North Brabant and Limburg. In the late 19th century, secularism, atheism and pillarisation gained adherents. By 1960, Roman Catholics equalled Protestants in number; thereafter, both Christian branches began to decline. Conversely, Islam grew considerably as the result of immigration. Since 2000 there has been raised awareness of religion, mainly due to Muslim extremism.The Dutch royal family has been traditionally associated with Calvinism, specifically the Dutch Reformed Church, which has merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. The Dutch Reformed Church was the only major Protestant church in the Netherlands from the Reformation until the 19th century. Denominational splits in 1834 and in 1886 diversified Dutch Calvinism. In 2013, a Roman Catholic became Queen consort.A survey in December 2014 concluded that for the first time there were more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands, while the remainder of the population was agnostic (31%) or ietsistic (27%). In 2015, a vast majority of the inhabitants of the Netherlands (82%) said they had never or almost never visited a church, and 59% stated that they had never been to a church of any kind. Of all the people questioned, 24% saw themselves as atheist, an increase of 11% compared to the previous study done in 2006. The expected rise of spirituality (ietsism) has come to a halt according to research in 2015. In 2006, 40% of respondents considered themselves spiritual; in 2015 this has dropped to 31%. The number who believed in the existence of a higher power fell from 36% to 28% over the same period.Education in the Netherlands is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16. If a child does not have a "starting qualification" (HAVO, VWO or MBO 2+ degree) they are still forced to attend classes until they achieve such a qualification or reach the age of 18.All children in the Netherlands usually attend elementary school from (on average) ages 4 to 12. It comprises eight grades, the first of which is facultative. Based on an aptitude test, the eighth grade teacher's recommendation and the opinion of the pupil's parents or caretakers, a choice is made for one of the three main streams of secondary education. After completing a particular stream, a pupil may still continue in the penultimate year of the next stream.The VMBO has four grades and is subdivided over several levels. Successfully completing the VMBO results in a low-level vocational degree that grants access to the MBO. The MBO (middle-level applied education) is a form of education that primarily focuses on teaching a practical trade or a vocational degree. With the MBO certification, a student can apply for the HBO. The HAVO has 5 grades and allows for admission to the HBO. The HBO (higher professional education) are universities of professional education (applied sciences) that award professional bachelor's degrees; similar to polytechnic degrees. An HBO degree gives access to the university system. The VWO (comprising atheneum and gymnasium) has 6 grades and prepares for studying at a research university. Universities offer a three-year bachelor's degree, followed by a one or two-year master's degree, which in turn can be followed by a four or five-year doctoral degree programme.Doctoral candidates in the Netherlands are generally non-tenured employees of a university. All Dutch schools and universities are publicly funded and managed with the exception of religious schools that are publicly funded but not managed by the state even though requirements are necessary for the funding to be authorised. Dutch universities have a tuition fee of about 2,000 euros a year for students from the Netherlands and the European Union. The amount is about 10,000 euros for non-EU students.In 2016, the Netherlands maintained its number one position at the top of the annual Euro health consumer index (EHCI), which compares healthcare systems in Europe, scoring 916 of a maximum 1,000 points. The Netherlands has been among the top three countries in each report published since 2005. On 48 indicators such as patient rights and information, accessibility, prevention and outcomes, the Netherlands secured its top position among 37 European countries for six years in a row.The Netherlands was ranked first in a study in 2009 comparing the health care systems of the United States, Australia, Canada, Germany and New Zealand.Ever since a major reform of the health care system in 2006, the Dutch system received more points in the Index each year. According to the HCP (Health Consumer Powerhouse), the Netherlands has 'a chaos system', meaning patients have a great degree of freedom from where to buy their health insurance, to where they get their healthcare service. The difference between the Netherlands and other countries is that the chaos is managed. Healthcare decisions are being made in a dialogue between the patients and healthcare professionals.Health insurance in the Netherlands is mandatory. Healthcare in the Netherlands is covered by two statutory forms of insurance:While Dutch residents are automatically insured by the government for AWBZ, everyone has to take out their own basic healthcare insurance (basisverzekering), except those under 18 who are automatically covered under their parents' premium. If a person decides not to carry out an insurance coverage, the person may be fined. Insurers have to offer a universal package for everyone over the age of 18 years, regardless of age or state of health – it's illegal to refuse an application or impose special conditions. In contrast to many other European systems, the Dutch government is responsible for the accessibility and quality of the healthcare system in the Netherlands, but not in charge of its management.Healthcare in the Netherlands can be divided in several ways: three echelons, in somatic and mental health care and in 'cure' (short term) and 'care' (long term). Home doctors ("huisartsen", comparable to general practitioners) form the largest part of the first echelon. Being referenced by a member of the first echelon is mandatory for access to the second and third echelon. The health care system is in comparison to other Western countries quite effective but not the most cost-effective.Healthcare in the Netherlands is financed by a dual system that came into effect in January 2006. Long-term treatments, especially those that involve semi-permanent hospitalisation, and also disability costs such as wheelchairs, are covered by a state-controlled mandatory insurance. This is laid down in the "Algemene Wet Bijzondere Ziektekosten" ("General Law on Exceptional Healthcare Costs") which first came into effect in 1968. In 2009 this insurance covered 27% of all health care expenses.For all regular (short-term) medical treatment, there is a system of obligatory health insurance, with private health insurance companies. These insurance companies are obliged to provide a package with a defined set of insured treatments. This insurance covers 41% of all health care expenses.Other sources of health care payment are taxes (14%), out of pocket payments (9%), additional optional health insurance packages (4%) and a range of other sources (4%). Affordability is guaranteed through a system of income-related allowances and individual and employer-paid income-related premiums.A key feature of the Dutch system is that premiums may not be related to health status or age. Risk variances between private health insurance companies due to the different risks presented by individual policy holders are compensated through risk equalisation and a common risk pool. The funding burden for all short-term health care coverage is carried 50% by employers, 45% by the insured person and 5% by the government. Children under 18 are covered for free. Those on low incomes receive compensation to help them pay their insurance. Premiums paid by the insured are about €100 per month (about US$127 in August 2010 and €150 or US$196 in 2012), with variation of about 5% between the various competing insurers, and a yearly deductible of €220 (US$288).Mobility on Dutch roads has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year, three quarters of which are done by car. Around half of all trips in the Netherlands are made by car, 25% by bicycle, 20% walking, and 5% by public transport.With a total road network of 139,295 km, which includes 2,758 km of expressways, the Netherlands has one of the densest road networks in the world—much denser than Germany and France, but still not as dense as Belgium.As part of its commitment to environmental sustainability, the Government of the Netherlands initiated a plan to establish over 200 recharging stations for electric vehicles across the country. The rollout will be undertaken by Switzerland-based power and automation company ABB and Dutch startup Fastned, and will aim to provide at least one station within a 50-kilometre radius (30 miles) from every home in the Netherlands. Currently, the Netherlands alone hosts more than a quarter of all recharging stations in the European Union. This share rises to 30% if Brexit is taken into account. Moreover, newly sold cars in the Netherlands have on average the lowest CO2 emissions in the EU.About 13% of all distance is travelled by public transport, the majority of which by train. Like in many other European countries, the Dutch rail network of 3,013 km route is also rather dense. The network is mostly focused on passenger rail services and connects all major towns and cities, with over 400 stations. Trains are frequent, with two trains per hour on lesser lines, two to four trains per hour on average, and up to eight trains an hour on the busiest lines. The Dutch national train network also includes the HSL-Zuid, a high-speed line between the Amsterdam metropolitan area and the Belgian border for trains running from Paris and London to the Netherlands.Cycling is a ubiquitous mode of transport in the Netherlands. Almost as many kilometres are covered by bicycle as by train. The Dutch are estimated to have at least 18 million bicycles, which makes more than one per capita, and twice as many as the circa 9 million motor vehicles on the road. In 2013, the European Cyclists' Federation ranked both the Netherlands and Denmark as the most bike-friendly countries in Europe, but more of the Dutch (36%) than of the Danes (23%) list the bike as their most frequent mode of transport on a typical day. Cycling infrastructure is comprehensive. Busy roads have received some 35,000 km of dedicated cycle tracks, physically segregated from motorised traffic. Busy junctions are often equipped with bicycle-specific traffic lights. There are large bicycle parking facilities, particularly in city centres and at train stations.Until the introduction of trains, ships were the primary mode of transport in the Netherlands. And shipping has remained crucial afterwards. The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe and the largest port in the world outside East-Asia, with the rivers Meuse and Rhine providing excellent access to the hinterland upstream reaching to Basel, Switzerland, and into Germany and France. , Rotterdam was the world's eighth largest container port handling 440.5 million metric tonnes of cargo annually. The port's main activities are petrochemical industries and general cargo handling and transshipment. The harbour functions as an important transit point for bulk materials and between the European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. The Volkeraksluizen between Rotterdam and Antwerp are the biggest sluices for inland navigation in the world in terms of tonnage passing through them. In 2007, the Betuweroute, a new fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, was completed. The Netherlands also hosts Europe's 4th largest port in Amsterdam. The inland shipping fleet of the Netherlands is the largest in Europe. The Netherlands also has the largest fleet of active historical ships in the world. Boats are used for passenger travel as well, such as the Watertaxies in Rotterdam. The ferry network in Amsterdam and the Waterbus network in Rotterdam are part of the public transport system.Schiphol Airport, just southwest of Amsterdam, is the main international airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest airport in Europe in terms of passengers. Schiphol is the main hub for KLM, the nation's flag carrier and the world's oldest airline. In 2016, the Royal Schiphol Group airports handled 70 million passengers. All air traffic is international and Schiphol Airport is connected to over 300 destinations worldwide, more than any other European airport. The airport is a major freight hub as well, processing 1.44 million tonnes of cargo in 2020. Smaller international airports in the country include Eindhoven Airport, Rotterdam The Hague Airport, Maastricht Aachen Airport and Groningen Airport Eelde. Air transport is of vital significance for the Caribbean part of the Netherlands, with all islands having their own airport. This includes the shortest runway in the world on Saba.The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. In the Middle Ages Hieronymus Bosch, Petrus Christus, Lucas Gassel and Pieter Bruegel the Elder were leading Dutch pioneers.During the Dutch Golden Age, spanning much of the 17th century, the Dutch Republic was prosperous and witnessed a flourishing artistic movement. This was the age of the "Dutch Masters", such as Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen, Jacob van Ruisdael, Gerard van Honthorst, Theodoor van Thulden and many others. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century were Vincent van Gogh and the luminists Jan Sluijters, Leo Gestel, and Piet Mondrian. M. C. Escher is a well-known graphic artist. Willem de Kooning was born and trained in Rotterdam, although he is considered to have reached acclaim as an American artist. Literature flourished as well during the Dutch Golden Age, with Joost van den Vondel and P. C. Hooft as the two most famous writers. In the 19th century, Multatuli wrote about the poor treatment of the natives in the Dutch colony, the current Indonesia. Important 20th century authors include Godfried Bomans, Harry Mulisch, Jan Wolkers, Simon Vestdijk, Hella S. Haasse, Cees Nooteboom, Gerard Reve and Willem Frederik Hermans. Anne Frank's "Diary of a Young Girl" was published after she was murdered in the Holocaust and translated from Dutch to all major languages.Various architectural styles can be distinguished in the Netherlands. Over the years, various styles have been built and preserved.The Romanesque architecture was built between the years 950 and 1250. This architectural style is most concentrated in the provinces of Gelderland and Limburg. Limburg, in particular, differs greatly in architectural style from the rest of the Netherlands.The Gothic architecture came to in the Netherlands from about 1230. Gothic buildings often had large windows, pointed arches and were richly decorated.Brabantine Gothic originated with the rise of the Duchy of Brabant and spread throughout the Burgundian provinces.This architectural style is most concentrated in the province of North Brabant, such as St. John's Cathedral in 's-Hertogenbosch, The Church of Our Lady in Breda and the Margraves Palace in Bergen op Zoom.What many know as traditional Dutch architecture is the Dutch Baroque architecture (1525 – 1630) and classicism (1630 – 1700).These style of architecture is especially in evidence in the cities of North Holland, South Holland and Zeeland.Other architectural styles that are common in the Netherlands are Style Louis XIV, Art Nouveau, Rationalism, NeoclassicismExpressionism, De Stijl, Traditionalism and Brutalism.The Netherlands is the country of philosophers Erasmus, Rudolf Agricola and Spinoza. Much of Descartes' major work was done in the Netherlands, where he studied at Leiden University — as did geologist James Hutton, British Prime Minister John Stuart, U.S. President John Quincy Adams, Physics Nobel Prize laureate Hendrik Lorentz and Enrico Fermi. The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) discovered Saturn's moon Titan, argued that light travelled as waves, invented the pendulum clock and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms with a microscope.Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in Huis Ten Bosch, Nagasaki, Japan. A similar Holland Village is being built in Shenyang, China. Windmills, tulips, wooden shoes, cheese, Delftware pottery, and cannabis are among the items associated with the Netherlands by tourists.In the south of the Netherlands there are some festivals that rarely or never occur in the rest of the Netherlands. These celebrations grew out of Catholic traditions, including Carnival, lantern parades during the celebration of Three Kings, Brabantian Day and huge Bloemencorso. Bloemencorsos used to occur in many places in the Netherlands, but in the 21th century, Zundert and Valkenswaard in North Brabant have taken the lead.Dutch society is egalitarian and modern. The Dutch have an aversion to the non-essential. Ostentatious behaviour is to be avoided. The Dutch are proud of their cultural heritage, rich history in art and involvement in international affairs.Dutch manners are open and direct with a no-nonsense attitude—informality combined with adherence to basic behaviour. According to a humorous source on Dutch culture, "Their directness gives many the impression that they are rude and crude—attributes they prefer to call openness." A well known more serious source on Dutch etiquette is "Dealing with the Dutch" by Jacob Vossestein: "Dutch egalitarianism is the idea that people are equal, especially from a moral point of view, and accordingly, causes the somewhat ambiguous stance the Dutch have towards hierarchy and status." As always, manners differ between groups. Asking about basic rules will not be considered impolite. "What may strike you as being blatantly blunt topics and comments are no more embarrassing or unusual to the Dutch than discussing the weather."The Netherlands is one of the most secular countries of Europe, and religion in the Netherlands is generally considered as a personal matter which is not supposed to be propagated in public, although it often remains a discussion subject. For only 17% of the population religion is important and 14% goes to church weekly.The Netherlands has a long history of social tolerance and today is regarded as a liberal country, considering its drug policy and its legalisation of euthanasia. On 1 April 2001, the Netherlands became the first nation to legalise same-sex marriage.As of 2018 the Netherlands had one of the highest rates of carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the European Union, above those of Germany, France and Belgium. In addition, the Dutch waste more food than any other EU citizen, at over three times the EU average Despite this, the Netherlands has nonetheless the reputation of the leader country in environmental and population management. In 2015, Amsterdam and Rotterdam were ranked fourth and fifth, respectively, on the Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index.Sustainability is a concept important for the Dutch. The goal of the Dutch Government is to have a sustainable, reliable and affordable energy system, by 2050, in which emissions have been halved and 40 per cent of electricity is derived from sustainable sources.The government is investing billions of euros in energy efficiency, sustainable energy and reduction. The Kingdom also encourages Dutch companies to build sustainable business/projects/facilities, with financial aids from the state to the companies or individuals who are active in making the country more sustainable.The Netherlands has multiple music traditions. Traditional Dutch music is a genre known as "Levenslied", meaning "Song of life", to an extent comparable to a French Chanson or a German Schlager. These songs typically have a simple melody and rhythm, and a straightforward structure of verses and choruses. Themes can be light, but are often sentimental and include love, death and loneliness. Traditional musical instruments such as the accordion and the barrel organ are a staple of levenslied music, though in recent years many artists also use synthesisers and guitars. Artists in this genre include Jan Smit, Frans Bauer and André Hazes.Contemporary Dutch rock and pop music (Nederpop) originated in the 1960s, heavily influenced by popular music from the United States and Britain. In the 1960s and 1970s the lyrics were mostly in English, and some tracks were instrumental. Bands such as Shocking Blue, Golden Earring, Tee Set, George Baker Selection and Focus enjoyed international success. As of the 1980s, more and more pop musicians started working in the Dutch language, partly inspired by the huge success of the band Doe Maar. Today Dutch rock and pop music thrives in both languages, with some artists recording in both.Current symphonic metal bands Epica, Delain, ReVamp, The Gathering, Asrai, Autumn, Ayreon and Within Temptation as well as jazz and pop singer Caro Emerald are having international success. Also, metal bands like Hail of Bullets, God Dethroned, Izegrim, Asphyx, Textures, Present Danger, Heidevolk and Slechtvalk are popular guests at the biggest metal festivals in Europe. Contemporary local stars include pop singer Anouk, country pop singer Ilse DeLange, South Guelderish and Limburgish dialect singing folk band Rowwen Hèze, rock band BLØF and duo Nick & Simon. Trijntje Oosterhuis, one of the country's most well known and versatile singers, has made multiple albums with famous American composers Vince Mendoza and Burt Bacharach.Early 1990s Dutch and Belgian house music came together in Eurodance project 2 Unlimited. Selling 18 million records, the two singers in the band are the most successful Dutch music artists to this day. Tracks like "Get Ready for This" are still popular themes of U.S. sports events, like the NHL. In the mid 1990s Dutch language rap and hip hop ("Nederhop") also came to fruition and has become popular in the Netherlands and Belgium. Artists with North African, Caribbean or Middle Eastern origins have strongly influenced this genre.Since the 1990s, Dutch electronic dance music (EDM) gained widespread popularity in the world in many forms, from trance, techno and gabber to hardstyle. Some of the world's best known dance music DJs hail from the Netherlands, including Armin van Buuren, Tiësto, Hardwell, Martin Garrix, Dash Berlin, Julian Jordan, Nicky Romero, W&W, Don Diablo and Afrojack; the first four of which have been ranked as best in the world by DJ Mag Top 100 DJs. The Amsterdam Dance Event (ADE) is the world's leading electronic music conference and the biggest club festival for the many electronic subgenres on the planet. These DJs also contribute to the world's mainstream pop music, as they frequently collaborate and produce for high-profile international artists.The Netherlands have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since its first edition in 1956, and have won five times. Their most recent win was in 2019.In classical music, Jan Sweelinck ranks as the Dutch most famous composer, with Louis Andriessen amongst the best known living Dutch classical composers. Ton Koopman is a Dutch conductor, organist and harpsichordist. He is also professor at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague. Notable violinists are Janine Jansen and André Rieu. The latter, together with his Johann Strauss Orchestra, has taken classical and waltz music on worldwide concert tours, the size and revenue of which are otherwise only seen from the world's biggest rock and pop music acts. The most famous Dutch classical composition is "Canto Ostinato" by Simeon ten Holt, a minimalistic composition for multiple instruments. Acclaimed harpist Lavinia Meijer in 2012 released an album with works from Philip Glass that she transcribed for harp, with approval of Glass himself. The Concertgebouw (completed in 1888) in Amsterdam is home to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, considered one of the world's finest orchestras.Some Dutch films – mainly by director Paul Verhoeven – have received international distribution and recognition, such as "Turkish Delight" (""Turks Fruit"", 1973), "Soldier of Orange" (""Soldaat van Oranje"", 1977), "Spetters" (1980) and "The Fourth Man" (""De Vierde Man"", 1983). Verhoeven then went on to direct big Hollywood movies like "RoboCop" (1987), "Total Recall" (1990) and "Basic Instinct" (1992), and returned with Dutch film "Black Book" (""Zwartboek"", 2006).Other well-known Dutch film directors are Jan de Bont ("Speed"), Anton Corbijn ("A Most wanted Man"), Dick Maas ("De Lift"), Fons Rademakers ("The Assault"), and documentary makers Bert Haanstra and Joris Ivens. Film director Theo van Gogh achieved international notoriety in 2004 when he was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri in the streets of Amsterdam after directing the short film "Submission".Internationally, successful directors of photography from the Netherlands are Hoyte van Hoytema ("Interstellar", "Spectre", "Dunkirk") and Theo van de Sande ("Wayne's World" and "Blade"). Van Hoytema went to the National Film School in Łódź (Poland) and Van de Sande went to the Netherlands Film Academy. Internationally successful Dutch actors include Famke Janssen ("X-Men"), Carice van Houten ("Game of Thrones"), Michiel Huisman ("Game of Thrones"), Rutger Hauer ("Blade Runner"), Jeroen Krabbé ("The Living Daylights") and Derek de Lint ("Three Men and a Baby").The Netherlands has a well developed television market, with both multiple commercial and public broadcasters. Imported TV programmes, as well as interviews with responses in a foreign language, are virtually always shown with the original sound and subtitled. Only foreign shows for children are dubbed.TV exports from the Netherlands mostly take the form of specific formats and franchises, most notably through internationally active TV production conglomerate Endemol, founded by Dutch media tycoons John de Mol and Joop van den Ende. Headquartered in Amsterdam, Endemol has around 90 companies in over 30 countries. Endemol and its subsidiaries create and run reality, talent, and game show franchises worldwide, including "Big Brother" and "Deal or No Deal". John de Mol later started his own company Talpa which created show franchises like "The Voice" and "Utopia".Approximately 4.5 million of the 16.8 million people in the Netherlands are registered to one of the 35,000 sports clubs in the country. About two-thirds of the population between 15 and 75 participates in sports weekly. Football is the most popular participant sport in the Netherlands, before field hockey and volleyball as the second and third most popular team sports. The Netherlands national football team is one of the most popular aspects of Dutch sports; especially since the 1970s when one of the greatest footballers of all time, Johan Cruyff, developed Total Football with coach Rinus Michels. Tennis, gymnastics and golf are the three most widely engaged in individual sports.Organisation of sports began at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were established (such as the speed skating federation in 1882), rules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. A Dutch National Olympic Committee was established in 1912. Thus far, the nation has won 266 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 110 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. In international competition, Dutch national teams and athletes are dominant in several fields of sport. The Netherlands women's field hockey team is the most successful team in World Cup history. The Netherlands baseball team have won the European championship 20 times out of 32 events. Dutch K-1 kickboxers have won the K-1 World Grand Prix 15 times out of 19 tournaments. The Netherlands Women's handball team holds the record of the only team in the world that consecutively reached all six semifinals of major international tournaments since 2015, winning silver and bronze at the European Women's Handball Championship and silver, bronze and gold at the World Women's Handball Championship. They finished fourth at the 2016 Summer Olympics.The Dutch speed skaters' performance at the 2014 Winter Olympics, where they won 8 out of 12 events, 23 out of 36 medals, including 4 clean sweeps, is the most dominant performance in a single sport in Olympic history. Motorcycle racing at the TT Circuit Assen has a long history. Assen is the only venue to have held a round of the Motorcycle World Championship every year since its creation in 1949. The circuit was purpose-built for the Dutch TT in 1954, with previous events having been held on public roads.The Dutch have also had success in all three of cyclings Grand Tours with Jan Janssen winning the 1968 Tour de France, more recently with Tom Dumoulin winning the 2017 Giro d'Italia and legendary rider Joop Zoetemelk was the 1985 UCI World Champion, the winner of the 1979 Vuelta a Espana, the 1980 Tour de France and still holds or shares numerous Tour de France records including most Tours finished and most kilometres ridden.Limburger Max Verstappen currently races in Formula One, and was the first Dutchman to win a Grand Prix. The coastal resort of Zandvoort hosted the Dutch Grand Prix from 1958 to 1985, and has been announced to return in 2020. The volleyball national men's team has also been successful, winning the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the gold medal four years later in Atlanta. The biggest success of the women's national team was winning the European Championship in 1995 and the World Grand Prix in 2007.Recently cricket has made a remarkable progress in the Netherlands. Netherlands have participated in 1996, 2003, 2007 and 2011 ODI cricket World Cup. They have also qualified for 2009 and 2014 T20 World Cup. In the 2009 T20 World Cup, Netherlands defeated England, the current World Champions and inventor of the game. Ryan ten Doeschate is the only Dutch player to have played in the IPL on the team Kolkata Knight Riders.Originally, the country's cuisine was shaped by the practices of fishing and farming, including the cultivation of the soil for growing crops and raising domesticated animals. Dutch cuisine is simple and straightforward, and contains many dairy products. Breakfast and lunch are typically bread with toppings, with cereal for breakfast as an alternative. Traditionally, dinner consists of potatoes, a portion of meat, and (seasonal) vegetables. The Dutch diet was relatively high in carbohydrates and fat, reflecting the dietary needs of the labourers whose culture moulded the country. Without many refinements, it is best described as rustic, though many holidays are still celebrated with special foods. In the course of the twentieth century this diet changed and became much more cosmopolitan, with most global cuisines being represented in the major cities.Modern culinary writers distinguish between three general regional forms of Dutch cuisine. The regions in the northeast of the Netherlands, roughly the provinces of Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overijssel and Gelderland north of the great rivers are the least populated areas of the Netherlands. The late (18th century) introduction of large scale agriculture means that the cuisine is generally known for its many kinds of meats. The relative lack of farms allowed for an abundance of game and husbandry, though dishes near the coastal regions of Friesland, Groningen and the parts of Overijssel bordering the IJsselmeer also include a large amount of fish. The various dried sausages, belonging to the metworst-family of Dutch sausages are found throughout this region and are highly prized for their often very strong taste. Also smoked sausages are common, of which ("Gelderse") "rookworst" is the most renowned. The sausage contains a lot of fat and is very juicy. Larger sausages are often eaten alongside "stamppot", "hutspot" or "zuurkool" (sauerkraut); whereas smaller ones are often eaten as a street food. The provinces are also home to hard textured rye bread, pastries and cookies, the latter heavily spiced with ginger or succade or containing small bits of meat. Various kinds of "Kruidkoek" (such as ), "" and "" (small savoury pancakes cooked in a waffle iron) are considered typical. A notable characteristic of "Fries roggebrood" (Frisian rye bread) is its long baking time (up to 20 hours), resulting in a sweet taste and a deep dark colour. In terms of alcoholic beverages, the region is renowned for its many bitters (such as "Beerenburg") and other high-proof liquors rather than beer, which is, apart from "Jenever", typical for the rest of the country. As a coastal region, Friesland is home to low-lying grasslands, and thus has a cheese production in common with the Western cuisine. "Friese Nagelkaas" (Friesian Clove) is a notable example.The provinces of North Holland, South Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht and the Gelderlandic area of Betuwe make up the region in which western Dutch cuisine is found. Because of the abundance of water and flat grasslands that are found here, the area is known for its many dairy products, which include prominent cheeses such as Gouda, Leyden (spiced cheese with cumin), and Edam (traditionally in small spheres) as well as Leerdammer and Beemster, while the adjacent Zaanstreek in North Holland has since the 16th century been known for its mayonnaise, typical whole-grain mustards, and chocolate industry. Zeeland and South Holland produce a lot of butter, which contains a larger amount of milkfat than most other European butter varieties. A by-product of the butter-making process, "karnemelk" (buttermilk), is also considered typical for this region. Seafood such as soused herring, mussels (called "Zeeuwse Mossels", since all Dutch mussels for consumption are cleaned in Zeeland's Oosterschelde), eels, oysters and shrimps are widely available and typical for the region. "", once a local delicacy consisting of small chunks of battered white fish, has become a national fast food, just as . Pastries in this area tend to be quite doughy, and often contain large amounts of sugar; either caramelised, powdered or crystallised. The "oliebol" (in its modern form) and "Zeeuwse bolus" are good examples. Cookies are also produced in great number and tend to contain a lot of butter and sugar, like "stroopwafel", as well as a filling of some kind, mostly almond, like "". The traditional alcoholic beverages of this region are beer (strong pale lager) and "Jenever", a high proof juniper-flavoured spirit, that came to be known in England as gin. A noted exception within the traditional Dutch alcoholic landscape, "Advocaat", a rich and creamy liqueur made from eggs, sugar and brandy, is also native to this region.The Southern Dutch cuisine consists of the cuisines of the Dutch provinces of North Brabant and Limburg and the Flemish Region in Belgium. It is renowned for its many rich pastries, soups, stews and vegetable dishes and is often called Burgundian which is a Dutch idiom invoking the rich Burgundian court which ruled the Low Countries in the Middle Ages, renowned for its splendor and great feasts. It is the only Dutch culinary region that developed an haute cuisine. Pastries are abundant, often with rich fillings of cream, custard or fruits. Cakes, such as the "Vlaai" from Limburg and the "Moorkop" and "Bossche Bol" from Brabant, are typical pastries. Savoury pastries also occur, with the (a roll with a sausage of ground beef, literally translates into sausage bread) being the most popular. The traditional alcoholic beverage of the region is beer. There are many local brands, ranging from "Trappist" to "Kriek". 5 of the 10 "International Trappist Association" recognised breweries in the world, are located in the Southern Dutch cultural area. Beer, like wine in French cuisine, is also used in cooking; often in stews.In early 2014, Oxfam ranked the Netherlands as the country with the most nutritious, plentiful and healthy food, in a comparison of 125 countries.From the exploitations in the Mughal Empire in the 17th century, to the colonisations in the 19th century, Dutch imperial possessions continued to expand, reaching their greatest extent by establishing a hegemony of the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. The Dutch East Indies, which later formed modern-day Indonesia, was one of the most valuable European colonies in the world and the most important one for the Netherlands. Over 350 years of mutual heritage has left a significant cultural mark on the Netherlands.In the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, the Netherlands urbanised considerably, mostly financed by corporate revenue from the Asian trade monopolies. Social status was based on merchants' income, which reduced feudalism and considerably changed the dynamics of Dutch society. When the Dutch royal family was established in 1815, much of its wealth came from Colonial trade.By the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company established their base in parts of Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka). Afterward, they established ports in Dutch occupied Malabar, leading to Dutch settlements and trading posts in India. However, their expansion into India was halted, after their defeat in the Battle of Colachel by the Kingdom of Travancore, during the Travancore-Dutch War. The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to Bengal Subah.Universities such as the Leiden University, founded in the 16th century, have developed into leading knowledge centres for Southeast Asian and Indonesian studies. Leiden University has produced leading academics such as Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, and still has academics who specialise in Indonesian languages and cultures. Leiden University and in particular KITLV are educational and scientific institutions that to this day share both an intellectual and historical interest in Indonesian studies. Other scientific institutions in the Netherlands include the Amsterdam Tropenmuseum, an anthropological museum with massive collections of Indonesian art, culture, ethnography and anthropology.The traditions of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) are maintained by the Regiment Van Heutsz of the modern Royal Netherlands Army. A dedicated "Bronbeek Museum", a former home for retired KNIL soldiers, exists in Arnhem to this day.A specific segment of Dutch literature called Dutch Indies literature still exists and includes established authors, such as Louis Couperus, the writer of "The Hidden Force", taking the colonial era as an important source of inspiration. One of the great masterpieces of Dutch literature is the book "Max Havelaar", written by Multatuli in 1860.The majority of Dutchmen that repatriated to the Netherlands after and during the Indonesian revolution are Indo (Eurasian), native to the islands of the Dutch East Indies. This relatively large Eurasian population had developed over a period of 400 years and were classified by colonial law as belonging to the European legal community. In Dutch they are referred to as "Indische Nederlanders" or as Indo (short for Indo-European).Including their second generation descendants, Indos are currently the largest foreign-born group in the Netherlands. In 2008, the Dutch Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS) registered 387,000 first- and second-generation Indos living in the Netherlands. Although considered fully assimilated into Dutch society, as the main ethnic minority in the Netherlands, these 'repatriants' have played a pivotal role in introducing elements of Indonesian culture into Dutch mainstream culture.Many Indonesian dishes and foodstuffs have become commonplace in the Netherlands. Rijsttafel, a colonial culinary concept, and dishes such as Nasi goreng and satay are very popular in the country. Practically any town of any size in the Netherlands has a "toko" (a Dutch Indonesian Shop) or a Chinese-Indonesian restaurant, and many 'Pasar Malam' (Night market in Malay/Indonesian) fairs are organised throughout the year.
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[
"Piet de Jong",
"Hendrikus Colijn",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Jan de Quay",
"Wim Schermerhorn",
"Jo Cals",
"Joop den Uyl",
"Wim Kok",
"Louis Beel",
"Dirk Jan de Geer",
"Dries van Agt",
"Willem Drees",
"Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck",
"Victor Marijnen",
"Jelle Zijlstra",
"Mark Rutte",
"Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy",
"Barend Biesheuvel"
] |
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Who was the head of Netherlands in 09/15/2004?
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September 15, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Jan Peter Balkenende"
]
}
|
L2_Q55_P6_17
|
Dries van Agt is the head of the government of Netherlands from Dec, 1977 to Nov, 1982.
Hendrikus Colijn is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1925 to Mar, 1926.
Willem Drees is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1948 to Dec, 1958.
Jo Cals is the head of the government of Netherlands from Apr, 1965 to Nov, 1966.
Joop den Uyl is the head of the government of Netherlands from May, 1973 to Dec, 1977.
Wim Kok is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1994 to Jul, 2002.
Piet de Jong is the head of the government of Netherlands from Apr, 1967 to Jul, 1971.
Victor Marijnen is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1963 to Apr, 1965.
Ruud Lubbers is the head of the government of Netherlands from Nov, 1982 to Aug, 1994.
Louis Beel is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1946 to Aug, 1948.
Jelle Zijlstra is the head of the government of Netherlands from Nov, 1966 to Apr, 1967.
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck is the head of the government of Netherlands from Sep, 1918 to Aug, 1925.
Jan de Quay is the head of the government of Netherlands from May, 1959 to Jul, 1963.
Dirk Jan de Geer is the head of the government of Netherlands from Mar, 1926 to Aug, 1929.
Mark Rutte is the head of the government of Netherlands from Oct, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Jan Peter Balkenende is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Wim Schermerhorn is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jun, 1945 to Jul, 1946.
Barend Biesheuvel is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1971 to May, 1973.
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy is the head of the government of Netherlands from Sep, 1940 to Jun, 1945.
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NetherlandsThe Netherlands ( ), sometimes informally Holland, is a country located in Western Europe with territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In Europe, the Netherlands consists of twelve provinces, bordering Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom. In the Caribbean, it consists of three special municipalities: the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. The country's official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland, and English and Papiamento as secondary official languages in the Caribbean Netherlands. Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognised regional languages (spoken in the east and southeast respectively), while Dutch Sign Language, Sinte Romani and Yiddish are recognised non-territorial languages.The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's most populous city and nominal capital, while The Hague holds the seat of the States General, Cabinet and Supreme Court. The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe, and the busiest in any country outside East Asia and Southeast Asia, behind only China and Singapore. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest in Europe. The country is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts, many of which are centred in The Hague, which is consequently dubbed 'the world's legal capital'."Netherlands" literally means "lower countries" in reference to its low elevation and flat topography, with only about 50% of its land exceeding above sea level, and nearly 26% falling below sea level. Most of the areas below sea level, known as "polders", are the result of land reclamation that began in the 14th century. Colloquially or informally the Netherlands is occasionally referred to by the pars pro toto "Holland". With a population of 17.4 million people, all living within a total area of roughly —of which the land area is —the Netherlands is the 16th most densely populated country in the world and the 2nd most densely populated country in the European Union, with a density of . Nevertheless, it is the world's second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products by value, owing to its fertile soil, mild climate, intensive agriculture and inventiveness.The Netherlands has been a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a unitary structure since 1848. The country has a tradition of pillarisation and a long record of social tolerance, having legalised abortion, prostitution and human euthanasia, along with maintaining a liberal drug policy. The Netherlands abolished the death penalty in Civil Law in 1870, though it was not completely removed until a new constitution was approved in 1983. The Netherlands allowed women's suffrage in 1919, before becoming the world's first country to legalise same-sex marriage in 2001. Its mixed-market advanced economy had the eleventh-highest per capita income globally. The Netherlands ranks among the highest in international indexes of press freedom, economic freedom, human development and quality of life, as well as happiness. In 2020, it ranked eighth on the human development index and fifth on the 2021 World Happiness Index.The Netherlands' turbulent history and shifts of power resulted in exceptionally many and widely varying names in different languages. There is diversity even within languages. In English, the Netherlands is also called Holland or (part of) the Low Countries, whereas the term ""Dutch"" is used as the demonym and adjectival form.The region called the Low Countries (comprising Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) have the same toponymy. Place names with "Neder", "Nieder", "Nedre", "Nether", "Lage(r)" or "Low(er)" (in Germanic languages) and "Bas" or "Inferior" (in Romance languages) are in use in low-lying places all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a deictic relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as "Super(ior)", "Up(per)", "Op(per)", "Ober", "Boven", "High", "Haut" or "Hoch". In the case of the Low Countries / Netherlands the geographical location of the "lower" region has been more or less downstream and near the sea. The geographical location of the upper region, however, changed tremendously over time, depending on the location of the economic and military power governing the Low Countries area. The Romans made a distinction between the Roman provinces of downstream Germania Inferior (nowadays part of Belgium and the Netherlands) and upstream Germania Superior (nowadays part of Germany). The designation 'Low' to refer to the region returns again in the 10th century Duchy of Lower Lorraine, that covered much of the Low Countries. But this time the corresponding "Upper" region is Upper Lorraine, in nowadays Northern France.The Dukes of Burgundy, who ruled from their residence in the Low Countries in the 15th century, used the term "les pays de par deçà" ("the lands over here") for the Low Countries, as opposed to "les pays de par delà" ("the lands over there") for their original homeland: Burgundy in present-day east-central France. Under Habsburg rule, "Les pays de par deçà" developed in "pays d'embas" ("lands down-here"), a deictic expression in relation to other Habsburg possessions like Hungary and Austria. This was translated as "Neder-landen" in contemporary Dutch official documents. From a regional point of view, "Niderlant" was also the area between the Meuse and the lower Rhine in the late Middle Ages. The area known as "Oberland" (High country) was in this deictic context considered to begin approximately at the nearby higher located Cologne.From the mid-sixteenth century on, the "Low Countries" and the "Netherlands" lost their original deictic meaning. They were probably the most commonly used names, besides Flanders, a "pars pro toto" for the Low Countries, especially in Romance language-speaking Europe. The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) divided the Low Countries into an independent northern Dutch Republic (or Latinised "Belgica Foederata", "Federated Netherlands", the precursor state of the Netherlands) and a Spanish controlled Southern Netherlands (Latinised "Belgica Regia", "Royal Netherlands", the precursor state of Belgium). The Low Countries today is a designation that includes the countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, although in most Romance languages, the term "Low Countries" is used as the name for the Netherlands specifically. It is used synonymously with the more neutral and geopolitical term Benelux.The Netherlands is also referred to as Holland in various languages, including English. However, Holland proper is only a region within the country that consists of North and South Holland, two of the nation's twelve provinces. Formerly they were a single province, and earlier the County of Holland, a remnant of the dissolved Frisian Kingdom which also included parts of present-day Utrecht. Following the decline of the Duchy of Brabant and the County of Flanders, Holland became the most economically and politically important county in the Low Countries region. The emphasis on Holland during the formation of the Dutch Republic, the Eighty Years' War, and the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, made Holland serve as a "pars pro toto" for the entire country, which is now considered informal or incorrect. Nonetheless, the name "Holland" is still widely used for the Netherlands national football team, including in the Netherlands, and the Dutch government's international websites for tourism and trade are "holland.com" and "hollandtradeandinvest.com". In 2020, however, the Dutch government announced that it would only communicate and advertise under the name "the Netherlands" in the future.The term Dutch is used as the demonymic and adjectival form of the Netherlands in the English language. The origins of the word go back to Proto-Germanic "*þiudiskaz", Latinised into Theodiscus, meaning "popular" or "of the people"; akin to Old Dutch "Dietsch", Old High German "duitsch", and Old English "þeodisc", all meaning "(of) the common (Germanic) people". At first, the English language used (the contemporary form of) Dutch to refer to any or all speakers of West Germanic languages (e.g. the Dutch, the Frisians, and the Germans). Gradually its meaning shifted to the West Germanic people they had most contact with, because of their geographical proximity and for the rivalry in trade and overseas territories. The derivative of the Proto-Germanic word "*þiudiskaz" in modern Dutch, "Diets", can be found in Dutch literature as a poetic name for the Dutch people or language, but is considered very archaic. Although it had a short resurgence after World War II to avoid the reference to Germany. It is still used in the expression "diets maken" – to put it straight to him/her (as in a threat) or, more neutral, to make it clear, understandable, explain, say in the people's language (cf. the Vulgate (Bible not in Greek or Hebrew, but Latin; the folks' language) in meaning vulgar, though not in a pejorative sense).In Dutch, the names for the Netherlands, the Dutch language and a Dutch citizen are "Nederland", "Nederlands" and "Nederlander", respectively. Colloquially the country is also by the Dutch often referred to as Holland, although to lesser extent outside the two provinces North and South Holland, where it may even be used as a pejorative term, e.g. Hollènder (dialect) in Maastricht.The plural "Nederlanden" is used in many different connotations in the past, but since 1815 it has been used in the official name "Koninkrijk der Nederlanden" ("Kingdom of the Netherlands"). In many other languages the plural stuck, for example "Niederlande" (German), "Pays-Bas" (French) and "Países Bajos" (Spanish). In Indonesian (a former colony) the country is called "Belanda", a name derived from 'Holland'.The prehistory of the area that is now the Netherlands was largely shaped by the sea and the rivers that constantly shifted the low-lying geography. The oldest human (Neanderthal) traces were found in higher soils, near Maastricht, from what is believed to be about 250,000 years ago. At the end of the Ice Age, the nomadic late Upper Paleolithic Hamburg culture (c. 13.000–10.000 BC) hunted reindeer in the area, using spears, but the later Ahrensburg culture (c. 11.200–9500 BC) used bow and arrow. From Mesolithic Maglemosian-like tribes (c. 8000 BC) the oldest canoe in the world was found in Drenthe.Indigenous late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from the Swifterbant culture (c. 5600 BC) were related to the southern Scandinavian Ertebølle culture and were strongly linked to rivers and open water. Between 4800 and 4500 BC, the Swifterbant people started to copy from the neighbouring Linear Pottery culture the practise of animal husbandry, and between 4300 and 4000 BC the practice of agriculture. The Funnelbeaker culture (c. 4300–2800 BC), which is related to the Swifterbant culture, erected the dolmens, large stone grave monuments found in Drenthe. There was a quick and smooth transition from the Funnelbeaker farming culture to the pan-European Corded Ware pastoralist culture (c. 2950 BC). In the southwest, the Seine-Oise-Marne culture — which was related to the Vlaardingen culture (c. 2600 BC), an apparently more primitive culture of hunter-gatherers — survived well into the Neolithic period, until it too was succeeded by the Corded Ware culture.Of the subsequent Bell Beaker culture (2700–2100 BC) several regions of origin have been postulated, notably the Iberian peninsula, the Netherlands and Central Europe. They introduced metalwork in copper, gold and later bronze and opened international trade routes not seen before, reflected in the discoveries of copper artifacts, as the metal is not normally found in Dutch soil. The many finds in Drenthe of rare bronze objects, suggest that it was even a trading centre in the Bronze Age (2000–800 BC). The Bell Beaker culture developed locally into the Barbed-Wire Beaker culture (2100–1800 BC) and later the Elp culture (c. 1800–800 BC), a Middle Bronze Age archaeological culture having earthenware pottery of low quality as a marker. The initial phase of the Elp culture was characterised by tumuli (1800–1200 BC) that were strongly tied to contemporary tumuli in northern Germany and Scandinavia and was apparently related to the Tumulus culture in central Europe. The subsequent phase was that of cremating the dead and placing their ashes in urns which were then buried in fields, following the customs of the Urnfield culture (1200–800 BC). The southern region became dominated by the related Hilversum culture (1800–800 BC), which apparently inherited cultural ties with Britain of the previous Barbed-Wire Beaker culture.From 800 BC onwards, the Iron Age Celtic Hallstatt culture became influential, replacing the Hilversum culture. Iron ore brought a measure of prosperity and was available throughout the country, including bog iron. Smiths travelled from settlement to settlement with bronze and iron, fabricating tools on demand. The King's grave of Oss (700 BC) was found in a burial mound, the largest of its kind in western Europe and containing an iron sword with an inlay of gold and coral.The deteriorating climate in Scandinavia around 850 BC further deteriorated around 650 BC and might have triggered migration of Germanic tribes from the North. By the time this migration was complete, around 250 BC, a few general cultural and linguistic groups had emerged. The North Sea Germanic Ingaevones inhabited the northern part of the Low Countries. They would later develop into the Frisii and the early Saxons. A second grouping, the Weser-Rhine Germanic (or Istvaeones), extended along the middle Rhine and Weser and inhabited the Low Countries south of the great rivers. This group consisted of tribes that would eventually develop into the Salian Franks. Also the Celtic La Tène culture (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest) had expanded over a wide range, including the southern area of the Low Countries. Some scholars have speculated that even a third ethnic identity and language, neither Germanic nor Celtic, survived in the Netherlands until the Roman period, the Iron Age Nordwestblock culture, that eventually was absorbed by the Celts to the south and the Germanic peoples from the east.The first author to describe the coast of Holland and Flanders was the Greek geographer Pytheas, who noted in c. 325 BC that in these regions, "more people died in the struggle against water than in the struggle against men." During the Gallic Wars, the area south and west of the Rhine was conquered by Roman forces under Julius Caesar from 57 BC to 53 BC. Caesar describes two main Celtic tribes living in what is now the southern Netherlands: the Menapii and the Eburones. The Rhine became fixed as Rome's northern frontier around 12 AD. Notable towns would arise along the Limes Germanicus: Nijmegen and Voorburg. In the first part of Gallia Belgica, the area south of the Limes became part of the Roman province of Germania Inferior. The area to the north of the Rhine, inhabited by the Frisii, remained outside Roman rule (but not its presence and control), while the Germanic border tribes of the Batavi and Cananefates served in the Roman cavalry. The Batavi rose against the Romans in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD but were eventually defeated. The Batavi later merged with other tribes into the confederation of the Salian Franks, whose identity emerged at the first half of the third century. Salian Franks appear in Roman texts as both allies and enemies. They were forced by the confederation of the Saxons from the east to move over the Rhine into Roman territory in the fourth century. From their new base in West Flanders and the Southwest Netherlands, they were raiding the English Channel. Roman forces pacified the region, but did not expel the Franks, who continued to be feared at least until the time of Julian the Apostate (358) when Salian Franks were allowed to settle as "foederati" in Texandria. It has been postulated that after deteriorating climate conditions and the Romans' withdrawal, the Frisii disappeared as "laeti" in c. 296, leaving the coastal lands largely unpopulated for the next two centuries. However, recent excavations in Kennemerland show clear indication of a permanent habitation.After Roman government in the area collapsed, the Franks expanded their territories in numerous kingdoms. By the 490s, Clovis I had conquered and united all these territories in the southern Netherlands in one Frankish kingdom, and from there continued his conquests into Gaul. During this expansion, Franks migrating to the south eventually adopted the Vulgar Latin of the local population. A widening cultural divide grew with the Franks remaining in their original homeland in the north (i.e. the southern Netherlands and Flanders), who kept on speaking Old Frankish, which by the ninth century had evolved into Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch. A Dutch-French language boundary hence came into existence.To the north of the Franks, climatic conditions improved, and during the Migration Period Saxons, the closely related Angles, Jutes and Frisii settled the coastal land. Many moved on to England and came to be known as Anglo-Saxons, but those who stayed would be referred to as Frisians and their language as Frisian, named after the land that was once inhabited by Frisii. Frisian was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast, and it is still the language most closely related to English among the living languages of continental Europe. By the seventh century a Frisian Kingdom (650–734) under King Aldegisel and King Redbad emerged with Traiectum (Utrecht) as its centre of power, while Dorestad was a flourishing trading place. Between 600 and around 719 the cities were often fought over between the Frisians and the Franks. In 734, at the Battle of the Boarn, the Frisians were defeated after a series of wars. With the approval of the Franks, the Anglo-Saxon missionary Willibrord converted the Frisian people to Christianity. He established the Archdiocese of Utrecht and became bishop of the Frisians. However, his successor Boniface was murdered by the Frisians in Dokkum, in 754.The Frankish Carolingian empire modelled itself on the Roman Empire and controlled much of Western Europe. However, in 843, it was divided into three parts—East, Middle, and West Francia. Most of present-day Netherlands became part of Middle Francia, which was a weak kingdom and subject of numerous partitions and annexation attempts by its stronger neighbours. It comprised territories from Frisia in the north to the Kingdom of Italy in the south. Around 850, Lothair I of Middle Francia acknowledged the Viking Rorik of Dorestad as ruler of most of Frisia. When the kingdom of Middle Francia was partitioned in 855, the lands north of the Alps passed to Lothair II and subsequently were named Lotharingia. After he died in 869, Lotharingia was partitioned, into Upper and Lower Lotharingia, the latter part comprising the Low Countries that technically became part of East Francia in 870, although it was effectively under the control of Vikings, who raided the largely defenceless Frisian and Frankish towns lying on the Frisian coast and along the rivers. Around 879, another Viking expedition led by Godfrid, Duke of Frisia, raided the Frisian lands. The Viking raids made the sway of French and German lords in the area weak. Resistance to the Vikings, if any, came from local nobles, who gained in stature as a result, and that laid the basis for the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia into semi-independent states. One of these local nobles was Gerolf of Holland, who assumed lordship in Frisia after he helped to assassinate Godfrid, and Viking rule came to an end.The Holy Roman Empire (the successor state of East Francia and then Lotharingia) ruled much of the Low Countries in the 10th and 11th century but was not able to maintain political unity. Powerful local nobles turned their cities, counties and duchies into private kingdoms that felt little sense of obligation to the emperor. Holland, Hainaut, Flanders, Gelre, Brabant, and Utrecht were in a state of almost continual war or in paradoxically formed personal unions. The language and culture of most of the people who lived in the County of Holland were originally Frisian. As Frankish settlement progressed from Flanders and Brabant, the area quickly became Old Low Franconian (or Old Dutch). The rest of Frisia in the north (now Friesland and Groningen) continued to maintain its independence and had its own institutions (collectively called the "Frisian freedom"), which resented the imposition of the feudal system.Around 1000 AD, due to several agricultural developments, the economy started to develop at a fast pace, and the higher productivity allowed workers to farm more land or to become tradesmen. Towns grew around monasteries and castles, and a mercantile middle class began to develop in these urban areas, especially in Flanders and later also Brabant. Wealthy cities started to buy certain privileges for themselves from the sovereign. In practice, this meant that Bruges and Antwerp became quasi-independent republics in their own right and would later develop into some of the most important cities and ports in Europe.Around 1100 AD, farmers from Flanders and Utrecht began draining and cultivating uninhabited swampy land in the western Netherlands, making the emergence of the County of Holland as the centre of power possible. The title of Count of Holland was fought over in the Hook and Cod Wars () between 1350 and 1490. The Cod faction consisted of the more progressive cities, while the Hook faction consisted of the conservative noblemen. These noblemen invited the Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy — who was also Count of Flanders — to conquer Holland.Most of the Imperial and French fiefs in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium were united in a personal union by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1433. The House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs would rule the Low Countries in the period from 1384 to 1581. Before the Burgundian union, the Dutch identified themselves by the town they lived in or their local duchy or county. The Burgundian period is when the road to nationhood began. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests, which then developed rapidly. The fleets of the County of Holland defeated the fleets of the Hanseatic League several times. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became the primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital because Holland could no longer produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former wetlands to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained.Under Habsburg Charles V, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain, all fiefs in the current Netherlands region were united into the Seventeen Provinces, which also included most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and some adjacent land in what is now France and Germany. In 1568, under Phillip II, the Eighty Years' War between the Provinces and their Spanish ruler began. The level of ferocity exhibited by both sides can be gleaned from a Dutch chronicler's report:The Duke of Alba ruthlessly attempted to suppress the Protestant movement in the Netherlands. Netherlanders were "burned, strangled, beheaded, or buried alive" by his "Blood Council" and his Spanish soldiers. Severed heads and decapitated corpses were displayed along streets and roads to terrorize the population into submission. Alba boasted of having executed 18,600, but this figure does not include those who perished by war and famine.The first great siege was Alba's effort to capture Haarlem and thereby cut Holland in half. It dragged on from December 1572 to the next summer, when Haarlemers finally surrendered on 13 July upon the promise that the city would be spared from being sacked. It was a stipulation Don Fadrique was unable to honour, when his soldiers mutinied, angered over pay owed and the miserable conditions they endured during the long, cold months of the campaign. On 4 November 1576, Spanish tercios seized Antwerp and subjected it to the worst pillage in the Netherlands' history. The citizens resisted, but were overcome; seven thousand of them were mowed down; a thousand buildings were torched; men, women, and children were slaughtered in a delirium of blood by soldiers crying, "Santiago! España! A sangre, a carne, a fuego, a sacco!" (Saint James! Spain! To blood, to the flesh, to fire, to sack!)Following the sack of Antwerp, delegates from Catholic Brabant, Protestant Holland and Zeeland agreed, at Ghent, to join Utrecht and William the Silent in driving out all Spanish troops and forming a new government for the Netherlands. Don Juan of Austria, the new Spanish governor, was forced to concede initially, but within months returned to active hostilities. As the fighting restarted, the Dutch began to look for help from the Queen of England, but she initially stood by her commitments to the Spanish in the Treaty of Bristol of 1574. The result was that when the next large-scale battle did occur at Gembloux in 1578, the Spanish forces easily won the day, killing at least 10,000 rebels, with the Spanish suffering few losses. In light of the defeat at Gembloux, the southern states of the Seventeen Provinces (today in northern France and Belgium) distanced themselves from the rebels in the north with the 1579 Union of Arras, which expressed their loyalty to Philip II of Spain. Opposing them, the northern half of the Seventeen Provinces forged the Union of Utrecht (also of 1579) in which they committed to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of the modern Netherlands.Spanish troops sacked Maastricht in 1579, killing over 10,000 civilians and thereby ensuring the rebellion continued. In 1581, the northern provinces adopted the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence in which the provinces officially deposed Philip II as reigning monarch in the northern provinces. Against the rebels Philip could draw on the resources of Spain, Spanish America, Spanish Italy and the Spanish Netherlands. The Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England sympathised with the Dutch struggle against the Spanish and sent an army of 7,600 soldiers to aid the Dutch in their war with the Catholic Spanish. English forces under the Earl of Leicester and then Lord Willoughby faced the Spanish in the Netherlands under the Duke of Parma in a series of largely indecisive actions that tied down significant numbers of Spanish troops and bought time for the Dutch to reorganise their defences. The war continued until 1648, when Spain under King Philip IV finally recognised the independence of the seven north-western provinces in the Peace of Münster. Parts of the southern provinces became "de facto" colonies of the new republican-mercantile empire.After declaring their independence, the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Groningen, Friesland, Utrecht, Overijssel, and Gelderland formed a confederation. All these duchies, lordships and counties were autonomous and had their own government, the States-Provincial. The States General, the confederal government, were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives from each of the seven provinces. The sparsely populated region of Drenthe was part of the republic too, although it was not considered one of the provinces. Moreover, the Republic had come to occupy during the Eighty Years' War a number of so-called Generality Lands in Flanders, Brabant and Limburg. Their population was mainly Roman Catholic, and these areas did not have a governmental structure of their own, and were used as a buffer zone between the Republic and the Spanish-controlled Southern Netherlands.In the Dutch Golden Age, spanning much of the 17th century, the Dutch Empire grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers, alongside Portugal, Spain, France and England. Science, military, and art (especially painting) were among the most acclaimed in the world. By 1650, the Dutch owned 16,000 merchant ships. The Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company established colonies and trading posts all over the world, including ruling the northern parts of Taiwan between 1624–1662 and 1664–1667. The Dutch settlement in North America began with the founding of New Amsterdam on the southern part of Manhattan in 1614. In South Africa, the Dutch settled the Cape Colony in 1652. Dutch colonies in South America were established along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains, among them Colony of Surinam (now Suriname). In Asia, the Dutch established the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and the only western trading post in Japan, Dejima.During the period of Proto-industrialization, the empire received 50% of textiles and 80% of silks import from the India's Mughal Empire, chiefly from its most developed region known as Bengal Subah.Many economic historians regard the Netherlands as the first thoroughly capitalist country in the world. In early modern Europe, it had the wealthiest trading city (Amsterdam) and the first full-time stock exchange. The inventiveness of the traders led to insurance and retirement funds as well as phenomena such as the boom-bust cycle, the world's first asset-inflation bubble, the tulip mania of 1636–1637, and the world's first bear raider, Isaac le Maire, who forced prices down by dumping stock and then buying it back at a discount. In 1672 – known in Dutch history as the Rampjaar (Disaster Year) – the Dutch Republic was at war with France, England and three German Bishoprics simultaneously. At sea, it could successfully prevent the English and French navy from entering the western shores. On land, however, it was almost taken over internally by the advancing French and German armies coming from the east. It managed to turn the tide by inundating parts of Holland but could never recover to its former glory again and went into a state of a general decline in the 18th century, with economic competition from England and long-standing rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the republican "Staatsgezinden" and the supporters of the stadtholder the "Prinsgezinden" as main political factions.With the armed support of revolutionary France, Dutch republicans proclaimed the Batavian Republic, modelled after the French Republic and rendering the Netherlands a unitary state on 19 January 1795. The stadtholder William V of Orange had fled to England. But from 1806 to 1810, the Kingdom of Holland was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom governed by his brother Louis Bonaparte to control the Netherlands more effectively. However, King Louis Bonaparte tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's, and he was forced to abdicate on 1 July 1810. The Emperor sent in an army and the Netherlands became part of the French Empire until the autumn of 1813 when Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Leipzig.William Frederick, son of the last stadtholder, returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and proclaimed himself Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands. Two years later, the Congress of Vienna added the southern Netherlands to the north to create a strong country on the northern border of France. William Frederick raised this United Netherlands to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself as King William I in 1815. In addition, William became hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg in exchange for his German possessions. However, the Southern Netherlands had been culturally separate from the north since 1581, and rebelled. The south gained independence in 1830 as Belgium (recognised by the Northern Netherlands in 1839 as the Kingdom of the Netherlands was created by decree), while the personal union between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when William III died with no surviving male heirs. Ascendancy laws prevented his daughter Queen Wilhelmina from becoming the next Grand Duchess.The Belgian Revolution at home and the Java War in the Dutch East Indies brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. However, the Cultivation System was introduced in 1830; in the Dutch East Indies, 20% of village land had to be devoted to government crops for export. The policy brought the Dutch enormous wealth and made the colony self-sufficient.The Netherlands abolished slavery in its colonies in 1863. Slaves in Suriname would be fully free only in 1873, since the law stipulated that there was to be a mandatory 10-year transition.The Netherlands was able to remain neutral during World War I, in part because the import of goods through the Netherlands proved essential to German survival until the blockade by the British Royal Navy in 1916. That changed in World War II, when Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. The Rotterdam Blitz forced the main element of the Dutch army to surrender four days later. During the occupation, over 100,000 Dutch Jews were rounded up and transported to Nazi extermination camps; only a few of them survived. Dutch workers were conscripted for forced labour in Germany, civilians who resisted were killed in reprisal for attacks on German soldiers, and the countryside was plundered for food. Although there were thousands of Dutch who risked their lives by hiding Jews from the Germans, over 20,000 Dutch fascists joined the Waffen SS, fighting on the Eastern Front. Political collaborators were members of the fascist NSB, the only legal political party in the occupied Netherlands. On 8 December 1941, the Dutch government-in-exile in London declared war on Japan, but could not prevent the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). In 1944–45, the First Canadian Army, which included Canadian, British and Polish troops, was responsible for liberating much of the Netherlands. Soon after VE Day, the Dutch fought a colonial war against the new Republic of Indonesia.In 1954, the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands reformed the political structure of the Netherlands, which was a result of international pressure to carry out decolonisation. The Dutch colonies of Surinam and Curaçao and Dependencies and the European country all became countries within the Kingdom, on a basis of equality. Indonesia had declared its independence in August 1945 (recognised in 1949), and thus was never part of the reformed Kingdom. Suriname followed in 1975. After the war, the Netherlands left behind an era of neutrality and gained closer ties with neighbouring states. The Netherlands was one of the founding members of the Benelux, the NATO, Euratom and the European Coal and Steel Community, which would evolve into the EEC (Common Market) and later the European Union.Government-encouraged emigration efforts to reduce population density prompted some 500,000 Dutch people to leave the country after the war. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural change, such as rapid de-pillarisation characterised by the decay of the old divisions along political and religious lines. Youths, and students in particular, rejected traditional mores and pushed for change in matters such as women's rights, sexuality, disarmament and environmental issues. In 2002 the euro was introduced as fiat money, and in 2010 the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved. Referendums were held on each island to determine their future status. As a result, the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (the BES islands) were to obtain closer ties with the Netherlands. This led to the incorporation of these three islands into the country of the Netherlands as "special municipalities" upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The special municipalities are collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands.According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, the European Netherlands has a total area of , including water bodies; and a land area of . The Caribbean Netherlands has a total area of It lies between latitudes 50° and 54° N, and longitudes 3° and 8° E.The Netherlands is geographically very low relative to sea level and is considered a flat country, with about 26% of its area and 21% of its population located below sea level, and only about 50% of its land exceeding one metre above sea level. The European part of the country is for the most part flat, with the exception of foothills in the far southeast, up to a height of no more than 321 metres, and some low hill ranges in the central parts. Most of the areas below sea level are man-made, caused by peat extraction or achieved through land reclamation. Since the late 16th century, large polder areas are preserved through elaborate drainage systems that include dikes, canals and pumping stations. Nearly 17% of the country's land area is reclaimed from the sea and from lakes.Much of the country was originally formed by the estuaries of three large European rivers: the Rhine ("Rijn"), the Meuse ("Maas") and the Scheldt ("Schelde"), as well as their tributaries. The south-western part of the Netherlands is to this day a river delta of these three rivers, the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta.The European Netherlands is divided into north and south parts by the Rhine, the Waal, its main tributary branch, and the Meuse. In the past, these rivers functioned as a natural barrier between fiefdoms and hence historically created a cultural divide, as is evident in some phonetic traits that are recognisable on either side of what the Dutch call their "Great Rivers" ("de Grote Rivieren"). Another significant branch of the Rhine, the IJssel river, discharges into Lake IJssel, the former Zuiderzee ('southern sea'). Just like the previous, this river forms a linguistic divide: people to the northeast of this river speak Dutch Low Saxon dialects (except for the province of Friesland, which has its own language).The modern Netherlands formed as a result of the interplay of the four main rivers (Rhine, Meuse, Schelde and IJssel) and the influence of the North Sea. The Netherlands is mostly composed of deltaic, coastal and eolian derived sediments during the Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods.Almost the entire west Netherlands is composed of the Rhine-Meuse river estuary, but human intervention greatly modified the natural processes at work. Most of the western Netherlands is below sea level due to the human process of turning standing bodies of water into usable land, a polder.In the east of the Netherlands, remains are found of the last ice age, which ended approximately ten thousand years ago. As the continental ice sheet moved in from the north, it pushed moraine forward. The ice sheet halted as it covered the eastern half of the Netherlands. After the ice age ended, the moraine remained in the form of a long hill-line. The cities of Arnhem and Nijmegen are built upon these hills.Over the centuries, the Dutch coastline has changed considerably as a result of natural disasters and human intervention.On 14 December 1287, St. Lucia's flood affected the Netherlands and Germany, killing more than 50,000 people in one of the most destructive floods in recorded history. The St. Elizabeth flood of 1421 and the mismanagement in its aftermath destroyed a newly reclaimed polder, replacing it with the "Biesbosch" tidal floodplains in the south-centre. The huge North Sea flood of early February 1953 caused the collapse of several dikes in the south-west of the Netherlands; more than 1,800 people drowned in the flood. The Dutch government subsequently instituted a large-scale programme, the "Delta Works", to protect the country against future flooding, which was completed over a period of more than thirty years.The impact of disasters was, to an extent, increased through human activity. Relatively high-lying swampland was drained to be used as farmland. The drainage caused the fertile peat to contract and ground levels to drop, upon which groundwater levels were lowered to compensate for the drop in ground level, causing the underlying peat to contract further. Additionally, until the 19th-century peat was mined, dried, and used for fuel, further exacerbating the problem. Centuries of extensive and poorly controlled peat extraction lowered an already low land surface by several metres. Even in flooded areas, peat extraction continued through turf dredging.Because of the flooding, farming was difficult, which encouraged foreign trade, the result of which was that the Dutch were involved in world affairs since the early 14th/15th century.To guard against floods, a series of defences against the water were contrived. In the first millennium AD, villages and farmhouses were built on man-made hills called "terps". Later, these terps were connected by dikes. In the 12th century, local government agencies called ""waterschappen"" ("water boards") or ""hoogheemraadschappen"" ("high home councils") started to appear, whose job it was to maintain the water level and to protect a region from floods; these agencies continue to exist. As the ground level dropped, the dikes by necessity grew and merged into an integrated system. By the 13th century windmills had come into use to pump water out of areas below sea level. The windmills were later used to drain lakes, creating the famous polders.In 1932 the "Afsluitdijk" ("Closure Dike") was completed, blocking the former "Zuiderzee" (Southern Sea) from the North Sea and thus creating the IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake). It became part of the larger Zuiderzee Works in which four polders totalling were reclaimed from the sea.The Netherlands is one of the countries that may suffer most from climate change. Not only is the rising sea a problem, but erratic weather patterns may cause the rivers to overflow.After the 1953 disaster, the Delta Works was constructed, which is a comprehensive set of civil works throughout the Dutch coast. The project started in 1958 and was largely completed in 1997 with the completion of the Maeslantkering. Since then, new projects have been periodically started to renovate and renew the Delta Works. The main goal of the Delta project was to reduce the risk of flooding in South Holland and Zeeland to once per 10,000 years (compared to once per 4000 years for the rest of the country). This was achieved by raising of outer sea-dikes and of the inner, canal, and river dikes, and by closing off the sea estuaries of the Zeeland province. New risk assessments occasionally show problems requiring additional Delta project dike reinforcements. The Delta project is considered by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the seven wonders of the modern world.It is anticipated that global warming in the 21st century will result in a rise in sea level. The Netherlands is actively preparing for a sea-level rise. A politically neutral Delta Commission has formulated an action plan to cope with a sea-level rise of and a simultaneous land height decline of . The plan encompasses the reinforcement of the existing coastal defences like dikes and dunes with of additional flood protection. Climate change will not only threaten the Netherlands from the seaside but could also alter rainfall patterns and river run-off. To protect the country from river flooding, another programme is already being executed. The Room for the River plan grants more flow space to rivers, protects the major populated areas and allows for periodic flooding of indefensible lands. The few residents who lived in these so-called "overflow areas" have been moved to higher ground, with some of that ground having been raised above anticipated flood levels.The predominant wind direction in the European Netherlands is southwest, which causes a mild maritime climate, with moderately warm summers and cool winters, and typically high humidity. This is especially true close to the Dutch coastline, where the difference in temperature between summer and winter, as well as between day and night is noticeably smaller than it is in the southeast of the country.Ice days—maximum temperature below —usually occur from December until February, with the occasional rare ice day prior to or after that period. Freezing days—minimum temperature below —occur much more often, usually ranging from mid-November to late March, but not rarely measured as early as mid-October and as late as mid-May. If one chooses the height of measurement to be above ground instead of , one may even find such temperatures in the middle of the summer. On average, snow can occur from November to April but sometimes occurs in May or October too.Warm days—maximum temperature above —are usually found in April to October, but in some parts of the country these warm days can also occur in March, or even sometimes in November or February (usually not in , however). Summer days—maximum temperature above —are usually measured in from May until September, tropical days—maximum temperature above —are rare and usually occur only in June to August.Precipitation throughout the year is distributed relatively equally each month. Summer and autumn months tend to gather a little more precipitation than the other months, mainly because of the intensity of the rainfall rather than the frequency of rain days (this is especially the case in summer when lightning is also much more frequent).The number of sunshine hours is affected by the fact that because of the geographical latitude, the length of the days varies between barely eight hours in December and nearly 17 hours in June.The following table are based on mean measurements by the KNMI weather station in De Bilt between 1991 and 2020. The highest recorded temperature was reached on 25 July 2019 in Gilze-Rijen.The Netherlands has 20 national parks and hundreds of other nature reserves, that include lakes, heathland, woods, dunes, and other habitats. Most of these are owned by Staatsbosbeheer, the national department for forestry and nature conservation and Natuurmonumenten (literally 'Natures monuments'), a private organisation that buys, protects and manages nature reserves. The Dutch part of the Wadden Sea in the north, with its tidal flats and wetlands, is rich in biological diversity, and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Nature Site in 2009.The Oosterschelde, formerly the northeast estuary of the river Scheldt was designated a national park in 2002, thereby making it the largest national park in the Netherlands at an area of . It consists primarily of the salt waters of the Oosterschelde but also includes mudflats, meadows, and shoals. Because of the large variety of sea life, including unique regional species, the park is popular with Scuba divers. Other activities include sailing, fishing, cycling, and bird watching.Phytogeographically, the European Netherlands is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the European territory of the Netherlands belongs to the ecoregion of Atlantic mixed forests. In 1871, the last old original natural woods were cut down, and most woods today are planted monocultures of trees like Scots pine and trees that are not native to the Netherlands. These woods were planted on anthropogenic heaths and sand-drifts (overgrazed heaths) (Veluwe). The Netherlands had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 0.6/10, ranking it 169th globally out of 172 countries.While Curaçao, Aruba and Sint Maarten have a constituent country status, the Caribbean Netherlands are three islands designated as special municipalities of the Netherlands. The islands are part of the Lesser Antilles and have land borders with France (Saint Martin) and maritime borders with Anguilla, Curaçao, France (Saint Barthélemy), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sint Maarten, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Venezuela.Within this island group:The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands enjoy a tropical climate with warm weather all year round. The Leeward Antilles are warmer and drier than the Windward islands. In summer, the Windward Islands can be subject to hurricanes.The Netherlands has been a constitutional monarchy since 1815, and due to the efforts of Johan Rudolph Thorbecke became a parliamentary democracy in 1848. The Netherlands is described as a consociational state. Dutch politics and governance are characterised by an effort to achieve broad consensus on important issues, within both the political community and society as a whole. In 2017, "The Economist" ranked the Netherlands as the 11th most democratic country in the world.The monarch is the head of state, at present King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. Constitutionally, the position is equipped with limited powers. By law, the King has the right to be periodically briefed and consulted on government affairs. Depending on the personalities and relationships of the King and the ministers, the monarch might have influence beyond the power granted by the Constitution of the Netherlands.The executive power is formed by the Council of Ministers, the deliberative organ of the Dutch cabinet. The cabinet usually consists of 13 to 16 ministers and a varying number of state secretaries. One to three ministers are ministers without portfolio. The head of government is the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, who often is the leader of the largest party of the coalition. The Prime Minister is a "primus inter pares", with no explicit powers beyond those of the other ministers. Mark Rutte has been Prime Minister since October 2010; the Prime Minister had been the leader of the largest party of the governing coalition continuously since 1973.The cabinet is responsible to the bicameral parliament, the States General, which also has legislative powers. The 150 members of the House of Representatives, the lower house, are elected in direct elections on the basis of party-list proportional representation. These are held every four years, or sooner in case the cabinet falls (for example: when one of the chambers carries a motion of no confidence, the cabinet offers its resignation to the monarch). The States-Provincial are directly elected every four years as well. The members of the provincial assemblies elect the 75 members of the Senate, the upper house, which has the power to reject laws, but not propose or amend them. Both houses send members to the Benelux Parliament, a consultative council.Both trade unions and employers organisations are consulted beforehand in policymaking in the financial, economic and social areas. They meet regularly with the government in the Social-Economic Council. This body advises government and its advice cannot be put aside easily.The Netherlands has a long tradition of social tolerance. In the 18th century, while the Dutch Reformed Church was the state religion, Catholicism, other forms of Protestantism, such as Baptists and Lutherans, as well as Judaism were tolerated but discriminated against.In the late 19th century this Dutch tradition of religious tolerance transformed into a system of pillarisation, in which religious groups coexisted separately and only interacted at the level of government. This tradition of tolerance influences Dutch criminal justice policies on recreational drugs, prostitution, LGBT rights, euthanasia, and abortion, which are among the most liberal in the world.Because of the multi-party system, no single party has held a majority in parliament since the 19th century, as a result, coalition cabinets had to be formed. Since suffrage became universal in 1917, the Dutch political system has been dominated by three families of political parties: the strongest of which were the Christian Democrats, currently represented by the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA); second were the Social Democrats, represented by the Labour Party (PvdA); and third were the Liberals, of which the right-wing People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is the main representative.These parties co-operated in coalition cabinets in which the Christian Democrats had always been a partner: so either a centre-left coalition of the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats was ruling or a centre-right coalition of Christian Democrats and Liberals. In the 1970s, the party system became more volatile: the Christian Democratic parties lost seats, while new parties became successful, such as the radical democrat and progressive liberal Democrats 66 (D66) or the ecologist party GroenLinks (GL).In the 1994 election, the CDA lost its dominant position. A "purple" cabinet was formed by the VVD, D66, and PvdA. In the 2002 elections, this cabinet lost its majority, because of an increased support for the CDA and the rise of the right-wing LPF, a new political party, around Pim Fortuyn, who was assassinated a week before the elections. A short-lived cabinet was formed by CDA, VVD, and LPF, which was led by the CDA Leader Jan Peter Balkenende. After the 2003 elections, in which the LPF lost most of its seats, a cabinet was formed by the CDA, VVD, and D66. The cabinet initiated an ambitious programme of reforming the welfare state, the healthcare system, and immigration policy.In June 2006, the cabinet fell after D66 voted in favour of a motion of no confidence against the Minister of Immigration and Integration, Rita Verdonk, who had instigated an investigation of the asylum procedure of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, a VVD MP. A caretaker cabinet was formed by the CDA and VVD, and general elections were held on 22 November 2006. In these elections, the CDA remained the largest party and the Socialist Party made the largest gains. The formation of a new cabinet took three months, resulting in a coalition of CDA, PvdA, and Christian Union.On 20 February 2010, the cabinet fell when the PvdA refused to prolong the involvement of the Dutch Army in Uruzgan, Afghanistan. Snap elections were held on 9 June 2010, with devastating results for the previously largest party, the CDA, which lost about half of its seats, resulting in 21 seats. The VVD became the largest party with 31 seats, closely followed by the PvdA with 30 seats. The big winner of the 2010 elections was Geert Wilders, whose right wing PVV, the ideological successor to the LPF, more than doubled its number of seats. Negotiation talks for a new government resulted in a minority government, led by VVD (a first) in coalition with CDA, which was sworn in on 14 October 2010. This unprecedented minority government was supported by PVV, but proved ultimately to be unstable, when on 21 April 2012, Wilders, leader of PVV, unexpectedly 'torpedoed seven weeks of austerity talks' on new austerity measures, paving the way for early elections.VVD and PvdA won a majority in the House of Representatives during the 2012 general election. On 5 November 2012 they formed the second Rutte cabinet. After the 2017 general election, VVD, Christian Democratic Appeal, Democrats 66 and ChristenUnie formed the third Rutte cabinet. This cabinet resigned in January 2021, two months before the general election, after a child welfare fraud scandal. In March 2021, centre-right VVD of Prime Minister Mark Rutte was the winner of the elections, securing 35 out of 150 seats. The second biggest party was the centre-left D66 with 24 seats. Geert Wilders' far-right party lost its support. Prime Minister Mark Rutte, in power since 2010, formed his fourth coalition government.The Netherlands is divided into twelve provinces, each under a King's Commissioner ("Commissaris van de Koning"). Informally in Limburg province this position is named Governor ("Gouverneur"). All provinces are divided into municipalities ("gemeenten"), of which there are 355 (2019).The country is also subdivided into 21 water districts, governed by a water board ("waterschap" or "hoogheemraadschap"), each having authority in matters concerning water management. The creation of water boards actually pre-dates that of the nation itself, the first appearing in 1196. The Dutch water boards are among the oldest democratic entities in the world still in existence. Direct elections of the water boards take place every four years.The administrative structure on the three BES islands, collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, is outside the twelve provinces. These islands have the status of "openbare lichamen (public bodies)". In the Netherlands these administrative units are often referred to as "special municipalities".The Netherlands has several Belgian exclaves and within those even several enclaves which are part of the province of North Brabant. Because the Netherlands and Belgium are both in the Benelux, and more recently in the Schengen Area, citizens of respective countries can travel through these enclaves without controls.The history of Dutch foreign policy has been characterised by its neutrality. Since World War II, the Netherlands has become a member of a large number of international organisations, most prominently the UN, NATO and the EU. The Dutch economy is very open and relies strongly on international trade.The foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to Atlantic co-operation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. One of the more controversial international issues surrounding the Netherlands is its liberal policy towards soft drugs.During and after the Dutch Golden Age, the Dutch people built up a commercial and colonial empire. The most important colonies were present-day Suriname and Indonesia. Indonesia became independent after the Indonesian National Revolution in the 1940s following a war of independence, international pressure and several United Nations Security Council resolutions. Suriname became independent in 1975. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. In addition, many people from these countries are living permanently in the Netherlands.The Netherlands has one of the oldest standing armies in Europe; it was first established as such by Maurice of Nassau in the late 1500s. The Dutch army was used throughout the Dutch Empire. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Dutch army was transformed into a conscription army. The army was unsuccessfully deployed during the Belgian Revolution in 1830. After 1830, it was deployed mainly in the Dutch colonies, as the Netherlands remained neutral in European wars (including the First World War), until the Netherlands was invaded in World War II and defeated by the Wehrmacht in May 1940.The Netherlands abandoned its neutrality in 1948 when it signed the Treaty of Brussels, and became a founding member of NATO in 1949. The Dutch military was therefore part of the NATO strength in Cold War Europe, deploying its army to several bases in Germany. More than 3,000 Dutch soldiers were assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division of the United States Army during the Korean War. In 1996 conscription was suspended, and the Dutch army was once again transformed into a professional army. Since the 1990s the Dutch army has been involved in the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War, it held a province in Iraq after the defeat of Saddam Hussein, and it was engaged in Afghanistan.The military is composed of four branches, all of which carry the prefix "Koninklijke" (Royal):The submarine service opened to women on 1 January 2017. The Korps Commandotroepen, the Special Operations Force of the Netherlands Army, is open to women, but because of the extremely high physical demands for initial training, it is almost impossible for a woman to become a commando. The Dutch Ministry of Defence employs more than 70,000 personnel, including over 20,000 civilians and over 50,000 military personnel. In April 2011 the government announced a major reduction in its military because of a cut in government expenditure, including a decrease in the number of tanks, fighter aircraft, naval ships and senior officials.The Netherlands has ratified many international conventions concerning war law. The Netherlands decided not to sign the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.The Netherlands has a developed economy and has been playing a special role in the European economy for many centuries. Since the 16th century, shipping, fishing, agriculture, trade, and banking have been leading sectors of the Dutch economy. The Netherlands has a high level of economic freedom. The Netherlands is one of the top countries in the Global Enabling Trade Report (2nd in 2016), and was ranked the fifth most competitive economy in the world by the Swiss International Institute for Management Development in 2017. In addition, the country was ranked the second most innovative nation in the world in the 2018 Global Innovation Index., the key trading partners of the Netherlands were Germany, Belgium, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, China and Russia. The Netherlands is one of the world's 10 leading exporting countries. Foodstuffs form the largest industrial sector. Other major industries include chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods, trade, services and tourism. Examples of international Dutch companies operating in Netherlands include Randstad, Unilever, Heineken, KLM, financial services (ING, ABN AMRO, Rabobank), chemicals (DSM, AKZO), petroleum refining (Royal Dutch Shell), electronical machinery (Philips, ASML), and satellite navigation (TomTom).The Netherlands has the 17th-largest economy in the world, and ranks 11th in GDP (nominal) per capita. Between 1997 and 2000 annual economic growth (GDP) averaged nearly 4%, well above the European average. Growth slowed considerably from 2001 to 2005 with the global economic slowdown, but accelerated to 4.1% in the third quarter of 2007. In May 2013, inflation was at 2.8% per year. In April 2013, unemployment was at 8.2% (or 6.7% following the ILO definition) of the labour force. In February 2019, this was reduced to 3.4%.In Q3 and Q4 2011, the Dutch economy contracted by 0.4% and 0.7%, respectively, because of European Debt Crisis, while in Q4 the Eurozone economy shrunk by 0.3%. The Netherlands also has a relatively low GINI coefficient of 0.326. Despite ranking 11th in GDP per capita, UNICEF ranked the Netherlands 1st in child well-being in rich countries, both in 2007 and in 2013. On the Index of Economic Freedom Netherlands is the 14th most free market capitalist economy out of 180 surveyed countries.Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX), part of Euronext, is the world's oldest stock exchange and is one of Europe's largest bourses. It is situated near Dam Square in the city's centre. As a founding member of the euro, the Netherlands replaced (for accounting purposes) its former currency, the "gulden" (guilder), on 1 January 1999, along with 15 other adopters of the euro. Actual euro coins and banknotes followed on 1 January 2002. One euro was equivalent to 2.20371 Dutch guilders. In the Caribbean Netherlands, the United States dollar is used instead of the euro.The Dutch location gives it prime access to markets in the UK and Germany, with the Port of Rotterdam being the largest port in Europe. Other important parts of the economy are international trade (Dutch colonialism started with co-operative private enterprises such as the Dutch East India Company), banking and transport. The Netherlands successfully addressed the issue of public finances and stagnating job growth long before its European partners. Amsterdam is the 5th-busiest tourist destination in Europe with more than 4.2 million international visitors. Since the enlargement of the EU large numbers of migrant workers have arrived in the Netherlands from Central and Eastern Europe.The Netherlands continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the five largest investors in the United States. The economy experienced a slowdown in 2005, but in 2006 recovered to the fastest pace in six years on the back of increased exports and strong investment. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007. The Netherlands is the fourth-most competitive economy in the world, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report.Beginning in the 1950s, the Netherlands discovered huge natural gas resources. The sale of natural gas generated enormous revenues for the Netherlands for decades, adding hundreds of billions of euros to the government's budget. However, the unforeseen consequences of the country's huge energy wealth impacted the competitiveness of other sectors of the economy, leading to the theory of Dutch disease.Apart from coal and gas, the country has no mining resources. The last coal mine was closed in 1974. The Groningen gas field, one of the largest natural-gas fields in the world, is situated near Slochteren. The exploitation of this field has resulted in €159 billion in revenue since the mid-1970s. The field is operated by government-owned Gasunie and output is jointly exploited by the government, Royal Dutch Shell, and Exxon Mobil through NAM (Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij). "Gas extraction has resulted in increasingly strong earth tremors, some measuring as much as 3.6 on the Richter magnitude scale. The cost of damage repairs, structural improvements to buildings, and compensation for home value decreases has been estimated at €6.5 billion. Around 35,000 homes are said to be affected." The Netherlands has an estimated 25% of natural gas reserves in the EU. The energy sector accounted for almost 11% of the GDP in 2014. Netherlands' economy, mainly due to the large shares of natural gas reserves, is considered to have "very high" energy intensity rating.The Netherlands is faced with future challenges as the energy supply is forecasted to fall short of the demand by the year 2025 in the gas sector. This is attributed to the depletion of the Netherlands' major gas field, Groningen, and the earthquakes that have hit the Groningen region. In addition, there is ambiguity surrounding the feasibility of producing unconventional gas. The Netherlands relies heavily on natural gas to provide energy. Gas is the main source of heating for households in the Netherlands and represented 35% of the energy mix in 2014. Furthermore, The European Union 2020 package (20% reduction in GHG emissions, 20% renewables in the energy mix and 20% improvement in energy efficiency) enacted in 2009 has influenced the domestic energy politics of Netherlands and pressured non-state actors to give consent to more aggressive energy reforms that would reduce reliance on natural resources as a source of income to the economy. Therefore, a transition towards renewable energy has been a key objective by Netherlands in order to safeguard the energy security of the country from natural resources depletion, mainly gas. Netherlands has set a 14% renewable energy target of the total energy mix by the year 2020. However, the continuation of providing tax breaks to electricity generated by coal and gas, and to the exploration and extraction of gas from fields that are "insufficiently" profitable, renders a successful transition towards renewable energy more difficult to achieve due to inconsistencies in the policy mix. In 2011, it was estimated that the renewable energy sector received 31% (EUR 743MM), while the conventional energy sector received 69% (EUR 1.6B), of the total energy subsidies by the government. Furthermore, the energy market in the Netherlands remains to be dominated by few major corporations Nuon, RWE, E.ON, Eneco, and Delta that have significant influence over the energy policy. Renewable energy share in the energy mix is estimated to reach 12.4% by the year 2020, falling 1.6% short of the 14% target.From a biological resource perspective, the Netherlands has a low endowment: the Netherlands’ biocapacity adds up to only 0.8 global hectares in 2016, 0.2 of which are dedicated to agriculture. The Dutch biocapacity per person is just about half of the 1.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person available worldwide. In contrast, in 2016, the Dutch used on average 4.8 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means the Dutch required nearly six times as much biocapacity as the Netherlands contains. As a result, the Netherlands was running a biocapacity deficit of 4.0 global hectares per person in 2016.The Dutch agricultural sector is highly mechanised, and has a strong focus on international exports. It employs about 4% of the Dutch labour force but produces large surpluses in the food-processing industry and accounts for 21% of the Dutch total export value. The Dutch rank first in the European Union and second worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind only the United States, with agricultural exports earning €80.7 billion in 2014, up from €75.4 billion in 2012. In 2019 agricultural exports were worth €94.5 billion.One-third of the world's exports of chilis, tomatoes, and cucumbers goes through the country. The Netherlands also exports one-fifteenth of the world's apples.Aside from that, a significant portion of Dutch agricultural exports consists of fresh-cut plants, flowers, and flower bulbs, with the Netherlands exporting two-thirds of the world's total.The Netherlands had an estimated population of 17,493,969 as of 30 April 2021. It is the 5th most densely populated country in Europe, and except for the very small city-states like Monaco, Vatican City and San Marino it is the most densely populated country in Europe. And it is the 16th most densely populated country in the world with a density of . It is the 67th most populous country in the world. Between 1900 and 1950, the country's population almost doubled from 5.1 to 10 million. From 1950 to 2000, the population further increased, to 15.9 million, though this represented a lower rate of population growth. The estimated growth rate is 0.44%.The fertility rate in the Netherlands is 1.78 children per woman (2018 estimate), which is high compared with many other European countries, but below the rate of 2.1 children per woman required for natural population replacement, it remains considerably below the high of 5.39 children born per woman in 1879. Netherlands subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 42.7 years. Life expectancy is high in the Netherlands: 84.3 years for newborn girls and 79.7 for boys (2020 estimate). The country has a migration rate of 1.9 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year. The majority of the population of the Netherlands is ethnically Dutch. According to a 2005 estimate, the population was 80.9% Dutch, 2.4% Indonesian, 2.4% German, 2.2% Turkish, 2.0% Surinamese, 1.9% Moroccan, 0.8% Antillean and Aruban, and 7.4% others. Some 150,000 to 200,000 people living in the Netherlands are expatriates, mostly concentrated in and around Amsterdam and The Hague, now constituting almost 10% of the population of these cities.The Dutch are the tallest people in the world, by nationality, with an average height of for adult males and for adult females in 2009. People in the south are on average about shorter than those in the north.According to Eurostat, in 2010 there were 1.8 million foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. Of these, 1.4 million (8.5%) were born outside the EU and 0.43 million (2.6%) were born in another EU Member State. On 21 November 2016, there were 3.8 million residents in the Netherlands with at least one foreign-born parent ("migration background"). Over half the young people in Amsterdam and Rotterdam have a non-western background. Dutch people, or descendants of Dutch people, are also found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Canada, Australia, South Africa and the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau (2006), more than 5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch ancestry. There are close to 3 million Dutch-descended Afrikaners living in South Africa. In 1940, there were 290,000 Europeans and Eurasians in Indonesia, but most have since left the country.The Randstad is the country's largest conurbation located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities: Amsterdam in the province North Holland, Rotterdam and The Hague in the province South Holland, and Utrecht in the province Utrecht. The Randstad has a population of about 8.2 million inhabitants and is the 5th largest metropolitan area in Europe. According to Dutch Central Statistics Bureau, in 2015, 28 per cent of the Dutch population had a spendable income above 45,000 euros (which does not include spending on health care or education).The official language is Dutch, which is spoken by the vast majority of the inhabitants. Besides Dutch, West Frisian is recognised as a second official language in the northern province of Friesland ("Fryslân" in West Frisian). West Frisian has a formal status for government correspondence in that province. In the European part of the kingdom two other regional languages are recognised under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.The first of these recognised regional languages is Low Saxon ("Nedersaksisch" in Dutch). Low Saxon consists of several dialects spoken in the north and east, like Tweants in the region of Twente, and Drents in the province of Drenthe. Secondly, Limburgish is also recognised as a regional language. It consists of Dutch varieties of Meuse-Rhenish Franconian languages and is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg. The dialects most spoken in the Netherlands are the Brabantian-Hollandic dialects.Ripuarian language, which is spoken in Kerkrade and Vaals in the form of, respectively, the Kerkrade dialect and the Vaals dialect are legally treated as Limburgish as well - see Southeast Limburgish dialect.English has a formal status in the special municipalities of Saba and Sint Eustatius. It is widely spoken on these islands. Papiamento has a formal status in the special municipality of Bonaire. Yiddish and the Romani language were recognised in 1996 as non-territorial languages. The Netherlands has a tradition of learning foreign languages, formalised in Dutch education laws. Some 90% of the total population indicate they are able to converse in English, 70% in German, and 29% in French. English is a mandatory course in all secondary schools. In most lower level secondary school educations ("vmbo"), one additional modern foreign language is mandatory during the first two years.In higher level secondary schools (HAVO and VWO), the acquisition of two additional modern foreign language skills is mandatory during the first three years. Only during the last three years in VWO one foreign language is mandatory. Besides English, the standard modern languages are French and German, although schools can replace one of these modern languages with Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Turkish or Arabic. Additionally, schools in Friesland teach and have exams in West Frisian, and schools across the country teach and have exams in Ancient Greek and Latin for secondary school (called Gymnasium or VWO+).The population of the Netherlands was predominantly Christian until the late 20th century, divided into a number of denominations. Although significant religious diversity remains, there has been a decline of religious adherence. The Netherlands is now one of the most secular societies in the world.In 2019, Statistics Netherlands found that 54.1% of the total population declared itself to be non-religious. Groups that represent the non-religious in the Netherlands include Humanistisch Verbond. Roman Catholics comprised 20.1% of the total population, Protestants (14.8%). Muslims comprised 5.0% of the total population and followers of other Christian denominations and other religions (like Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism) comprised the remaining 5.9%. A 2015 survey from another source found that Protestants outnumbered Catholics.The southern provinces of North Brabant and Limburg have historically been strongly Roman Catholic, and some residents consider the Catholic Church as a base for their cultural identity. Protestantism in the Netherlands consists of a number of churches within various traditions. The largest of these is the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN), a United church which is Reformed and Lutheran in orientation. It was formed in 2004 as a merger of the Dutch Reformed Church, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and a smaller Lutheran Church. Several orthodox Reformed and liberal churches did not merge into the PKN. Although in the Netherlands as a whole Christianity has become a minority, the Netherlands contains a Bible Belt from Zeeland to the northern parts of the province Overijssel, in which Protestant (particularly Reformed) beliefs remain strong, and even has majorities in municipal councils.Islam is the second largest religion in the state. In 2012, there were about 825,000 Muslims in the Netherlands (5% of the population). The Muslim population increased from the 1960 as a result of large numbers of migrant workers. This included migrant workers from Turkey and Morocco, as well as migrants from former Dutch colonies, such as Surinam and Indonesia. During the 1990s, Muslim refugees arrived from countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iran, Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan.Another religion practised is Hinduism, with around 215,000 adherents (slightly over 1% of the population). Most of these are Indo-Surinamese. There are also sizable populations of Hindu immigrants from India and Sri Lanka, and some Western adherents of Hinduism-oriented new religious movements such as Hare Krishnas. The Netherlands has an estimated 250,000 Buddhists or people strongly attracted to this religion, mainly ethnic Dutch people. In addition, there are about 45,000 Jews in the Netherlands.The Constitution of the Netherlands guarantees freedom of education, which means that all schools that adhere to general quality criteria receive the same government funding. This includes schools based on religious principles by religious groups (especially Roman Catholic and various Protestant). Three political parties in the Dutch parliament, (CDA, and two small parties, ChristianUnion and SGP) are based upon the Christian belief. Several Christian religious holidays are national holidays (Christmas, Easter, Pentecost and the Ascension of Jesus).Upon the country's independence, Protestants were predominant in most of the country, while Roman Catholics were dominant in the south, especially North Brabant and Limburg. In the late 19th century, secularism, atheism and pillarisation gained adherents. By 1960, Roman Catholics equalled Protestants in number; thereafter, both Christian branches began to decline. Conversely, Islam grew considerably as the result of immigration. Since 2000 there has been raised awareness of religion, mainly due to Muslim extremism.The Dutch royal family has been traditionally associated with Calvinism, specifically the Dutch Reformed Church, which has merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. The Dutch Reformed Church was the only major Protestant church in the Netherlands from the Reformation until the 19th century. Denominational splits in 1834 and in 1886 diversified Dutch Calvinism. In 2013, a Roman Catholic became Queen consort.A survey in December 2014 concluded that for the first time there were more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands, while the remainder of the population was agnostic (31%) or ietsistic (27%). In 2015, a vast majority of the inhabitants of the Netherlands (82%) said they had never or almost never visited a church, and 59% stated that they had never been to a church of any kind. Of all the people questioned, 24% saw themselves as atheist, an increase of 11% compared to the previous study done in 2006. The expected rise of spirituality (ietsism) has come to a halt according to research in 2015. In 2006, 40% of respondents considered themselves spiritual; in 2015 this has dropped to 31%. The number who believed in the existence of a higher power fell from 36% to 28% over the same period.Education in the Netherlands is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16. If a child does not have a "starting qualification" (HAVO, VWO or MBO 2+ degree) they are still forced to attend classes until they achieve such a qualification or reach the age of 18.All children in the Netherlands usually attend elementary school from (on average) ages 4 to 12. It comprises eight grades, the first of which is facultative. Based on an aptitude test, the eighth grade teacher's recommendation and the opinion of the pupil's parents or caretakers, a choice is made for one of the three main streams of secondary education. After completing a particular stream, a pupil may still continue in the penultimate year of the next stream.The VMBO has four grades and is subdivided over several levels. Successfully completing the VMBO results in a low-level vocational degree that grants access to the MBO. The MBO (middle-level applied education) is a form of education that primarily focuses on teaching a practical trade or a vocational degree. With the MBO certification, a student can apply for the HBO. The HAVO has 5 grades and allows for admission to the HBO. The HBO (higher professional education) are universities of professional education (applied sciences) that award professional bachelor's degrees; similar to polytechnic degrees. An HBO degree gives access to the university system. The VWO (comprising atheneum and gymnasium) has 6 grades and prepares for studying at a research university. Universities offer a three-year bachelor's degree, followed by a one or two-year master's degree, which in turn can be followed by a four or five-year doctoral degree programme.Doctoral candidates in the Netherlands are generally non-tenured employees of a university. All Dutch schools and universities are publicly funded and managed with the exception of religious schools that are publicly funded but not managed by the state even though requirements are necessary for the funding to be authorised. Dutch universities have a tuition fee of about 2,000 euros a year for students from the Netherlands and the European Union. The amount is about 10,000 euros for non-EU students.In 2016, the Netherlands maintained its number one position at the top of the annual Euro health consumer index (EHCI), which compares healthcare systems in Europe, scoring 916 of a maximum 1,000 points. The Netherlands has been among the top three countries in each report published since 2005. On 48 indicators such as patient rights and information, accessibility, prevention and outcomes, the Netherlands secured its top position among 37 European countries for six years in a row.The Netherlands was ranked first in a study in 2009 comparing the health care systems of the United States, Australia, Canada, Germany and New Zealand.Ever since a major reform of the health care system in 2006, the Dutch system received more points in the Index each year. According to the HCP (Health Consumer Powerhouse), the Netherlands has 'a chaos system', meaning patients have a great degree of freedom from where to buy their health insurance, to where they get their healthcare service. The difference between the Netherlands and other countries is that the chaos is managed. Healthcare decisions are being made in a dialogue between the patients and healthcare professionals.Health insurance in the Netherlands is mandatory. Healthcare in the Netherlands is covered by two statutory forms of insurance:While Dutch residents are automatically insured by the government for AWBZ, everyone has to take out their own basic healthcare insurance (basisverzekering), except those under 18 who are automatically covered under their parents' premium. If a person decides not to carry out an insurance coverage, the person may be fined. Insurers have to offer a universal package for everyone over the age of 18 years, regardless of age or state of health – it's illegal to refuse an application or impose special conditions. In contrast to many other European systems, the Dutch government is responsible for the accessibility and quality of the healthcare system in the Netherlands, but not in charge of its management.Healthcare in the Netherlands can be divided in several ways: three echelons, in somatic and mental health care and in 'cure' (short term) and 'care' (long term). Home doctors ("huisartsen", comparable to general practitioners) form the largest part of the first echelon. Being referenced by a member of the first echelon is mandatory for access to the second and third echelon. The health care system is in comparison to other Western countries quite effective but not the most cost-effective.Healthcare in the Netherlands is financed by a dual system that came into effect in January 2006. Long-term treatments, especially those that involve semi-permanent hospitalisation, and also disability costs such as wheelchairs, are covered by a state-controlled mandatory insurance. This is laid down in the "Algemene Wet Bijzondere Ziektekosten" ("General Law on Exceptional Healthcare Costs") which first came into effect in 1968. In 2009 this insurance covered 27% of all health care expenses.For all regular (short-term) medical treatment, there is a system of obligatory health insurance, with private health insurance companies. These insurance companies are obliged to provide a package with a defined set of insured treatments. This insurance covers 41% of all health care expenses.Other sources of health care payment are taxes (14%), out of pocket payments (9%), additional optional health insurance packages (4%) and a range of other sources (4%). Affordability is guaranteed through a system of income-related allowances and individual and employer-paid income-related premiums.A key feature of the Dutch system is that premiums may not be related to health status or age. Risk variances between private health insurance companies due to the different risks presented by individual policy holders are compensated through risk equalisation and a common risk pool. The funding burden for all short-term health care coverage is carried 50% by employers, 45% by the insured person and 5% by the government. Children under 18 are covered for free. Those on low incomes receive compensation to help them pay their insurance. Premiums paid by the insured are about €100 per month (about US$127 in August 2010 and €150 or US$196 in 2012), with variation of about 5% between the various competing insurers, and a yearly deductible of €220 (US$288).Mobility on Dutch roads has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year, three quarters of which are done by car. Around half of all trips in the Netherlands are made by car, 25% by bicycle, 20% walking, and 5% by public transport.With a total road network of 139,295 km, which includes 2,758 km of expressways, the Netherlands has one of the densest road networks in the world—much denser than Germany and France, but still not as dense as Belgium.As part of its commitment to environmental sustainability, the Government of the Netherlands initiated a plan to establish over 200 recharging stations for electric vehicles across the country. The rollout will be undertaken by Switzerland-based power and automation company ABB and Dutch startup Fastned, and will aim to provide at least one station within a 50-kilometre radius (30 miles) from every home in the Netherlands. Currently, the Netherlands alone hosts more than a quarter of all recharging stations in the European Union. This share rises to 30% if Brexit is taken into account. Moreover, newly sold cars in the Netherlands have on average the lowest CO2 emissions in the EU.About 13% of all distance is travelled by public transport, the majority of which by train. Like in many other European countries, the Dutch rail network of 3,013 km route is also rather dense. The network is mostly focused on passenger rail services and connects all major towns and cities, with over 400 stations. Trains are frequent, with two trains per hour on lesser lines, two to four trains per hour on average, and up to eight trains an hour on the busiest lines. The Dutch national train network also includes the HSL-Zuid, a high-speed line between the Amsterdam metropolitan area and the Belgian border for trains running from Paris and London to the Netherlands.Cycling is a ubiquitous mode of transport in the Netherlands. Almost as many kilometres are covered by bicycle as by train. The Dutch are estimated to have at least 18 million bicycles, which makes more than one per capita, and twice as many as the circa 9 million motor vehicles on the road. In 2013, the European Cyclists' Federation ranked both the Netherlands and Denmark as the most bike-friendly countries in Europe, but more of the Dutch (36%) than of the Danes (23%) list the bike as their most frequent mode of transport on a typical day. Cycling infrastructure is comprehensive. Busy roads have received some 35,000 km of dedicated cycle tracks, physically segregated from motorised traffic. Busy junctions are often equipped with bicycle-specific traffic lights. There are large bicycle parking facilities, particularly in city centres and at train stations.Until the introduction of trains, ships were the primary mode of transport in the Netherlands. And shipping has remained crucial afterwards. The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe and the largest port in the world outside East-Asia, with the rivers Meuse and Rhine providing excellent access to the hinterland upstream reaching to Basel, Switzerland, and into Germany and France. , Rotterdam was the world's eighth largest container port handling 440.5 million metric tonnes of cargo annually. The port's main activities are petrochemical industries and general cargo handling and transshipment. The harbour functions as an important transit point for bulk materials and between the European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. The Volkeraksluizen between Rotterdam and Antwerp are the biggest sluices for inland navigation in the world in terms of tonnage passing through them. In 2007, the Betuweroute, a new fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, was completed. The Netherlands also hosts Europe's 4th largest port in Amsterdam. The inland shipping fleet of the Netherlands is the largest in Europe. The Netherlands also has the largest fleet of active historical ships in the world. Boats are used for passenger travel as well, such as the Watertaxies in Rotterdam. The ferry network in Amsterdam and the Waterbus network in Rotterdam are part of the public transport system.Schiphol Airport, just southwest of Amsterdam, is the main international airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest airport in Europe in terms of passengers. Schiphol is the main hub for KLM, the nation's flag carrier and the world's oldest airline. In 2016, the Royal Schiphol Group airports handled 70 million passengers. All air traffic is international and Schiphol Airport is connected to over 300 destinations worldwide, more than any other European airport. The airport is a major freight hub as well, processing 1.44 million tonnes of cargo in 2020. Smaller international airports in the country include Eindhoven Airport, Rotterdam The Hague Airport, Maastricht Aachen Airport and Groningen Airport Eelde. Air transport is of vital significance for the Caribbean part of the Netherlands, with all islands having their own airport. This includes the shortest runway in the world on Saba.The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. In the Middle Ages Hieronymus Bosch, Petrus Christus, Lucas Gassel and Pieter Bruegel the Elder were leading Dutch pioneers.During the Dutch Golden Age, spanning much of the 17th century, the Dutch Republic was prosperous and witnessed a flourishing artistic movement. This was the age of the "Dutch Masters", such as Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen, Jacob van Ruisdael, Gerard van Honthorst, Theodoor van Thulden and many others. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century were Vincent van Gogh and the luminists Jan Sluijters, Leo Gestel, and Piet Mondrian. M. C. Escher is a well-known graphic artist. Willem de Kooning was born and trained in Rotterdam, although he is considered to have reached acclaim as an American artist. Literature flourished as well during the Dutch Golden Age, with Joost van den Vondel and P. C. Hooft as the two most famous writers. In the 19th century, Multatuli wrote about the poor treatment of the natives in the Dutch colony, the current Indonesia. Important 20th century authors include Godfried Bomans, Harry Mulisch, Jan Wolkers, Simon Vestdijk, Hella S. Haasse, Cees Nooteboom, Gerard Reve and Willem Frederik Hermans. Anne Frank's "Diary of a Young Girl" was published after she was murdered in the Holocaust and translated from Dutch to all major languages.Various architectural styles can be distinguished in the Netherlands. Over the years, various styles have been built and preserved.The Romanesque architecture was built between the years 950 and 1250. This architectural style is most concentrated in the provinces of Gelderland and Limburg. Limburg, in particular, differs greatly in architectural style from the rest of the Netherlands.The Gothic architecture came to in the Netherlands from about 1230. Gothic buildings often had large windows, pointed arches and were richly decorated.Brabantine Gothic originated with the rise of the Duchy of Brabant and spread throughout the Burgundian provinces.This architectural style is most concentrated in the province of North Brabant, such as St. John's Cathedral in 's-Hertogenbosch, The Church of Our Lady in Breda and the Margraves Palace in Bergen op Zoom.What many know as traditional Dutch architecture is the Dutch Baroque architecture (1525 – 1630) and classicism (1630 – 1700).These style of architecture is especially in evidence in the cities of North Holland, South Holland and Zeeland.Other architectural styles that are common in the Netherlands are Style Louis XIV, Art Nouveau, Rationalism, NeoclassicismExpressionism, De Stijl, Traditionalism and Brutalism.The Netherlands is the country of philosophers Erasmus, Rudolf Agricola and Spinoza. Much of Descartes' major work was done in the Netherlands, where he studied at Leiden University — as did geologist James Hutton, British Prime Minister John Stuart, U.S. President John Quincy Adams, Physics Nobel Prize laureate Hendrik Lorentz and Enrico Fermi. The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) discovered Saturn's moon Titan, argued that light travelled as waves, invented the pendulum clock and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms with a microscope.Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in Huis Ten Bosch, Nagasaki, Japan. A similar Holland Village is being built in Shenyang, China. Windmills, tulips, wooden shoes, cheese, Delftware pottery, and cannabis are among the items associated with the Netherlands by tourists.In the south of the Netherlands there are some festivals that rarely or never occur in the rest of the Netherlands. These celebrations grew out of Catholic traditions, including Carnival, lantern parades during the celebration of Three Kings, Brabantian Day and huge Bloemencorso. Bloemencorsos used to occur in many places in the Netherlands, but in the 21th century, Zundert and Valkenswaard in North Brabant have taken the lead.Dutch society is egalitarian and modern. The Dutch have an aversion to the non-essential. Ostentatious behaviour is to be avoided. The Dutch are proud of their cultural heritage, rich history in art and involvement in international affairs.Dutch manners are open and direct with a no-nonsense attitude—informality combined with adherence to basic behaviour. According to a humorous source on Dutch culture, "Their directness gives many the impression that they are rude and crude—attributes they prefer to call openness." A well known more serious source on Dutch etiquette is "Dealing with the Dutch" by Jacob Vossestein: "Dutch egalitarianism is the idea that people are equal, especially from a moral point of view, and accordingly, causes the somewhat ambiguous stance the Dutch have towards hierarchy and status." As always, manners differ between groups. Asking about basic rules will not be considered impolite. "What may strike you as being blatantly blunt topics and comments are no more embarrassing or unusual to the Dutch than discussing the weather."The Netherlands is one of the most secular countries of Europe, and religion in the Netherlands is generally considered as a personal matter which is not supposed to be propagated in public, although it often remains a discussion subject. For only 17% of the population religion is important and 14% goes to church weekly.The Netherlands has a long history of social tolerance and today is regarded as a liberal country, considering its drug policy and its legalisation of euthanasia. On 1 April 2001, the Netherlands became the first nation to legalise same-sex marriage.As of 2018 the Netherlands had one of the highest rates of carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the European Union, above those of Germany, France and Belgium. In addition, the Dutch waste more food than any other EU citizen, at over three times the EU average Despite this, the Netherlands has nonetheless the reputation of the leader country in environmental and population management. In 2015, Amsterdam and Rotterdam were ranked fourth and fifth, respectively, on the Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index.Sustainability is a concept important for the Dutch. The goal of the Dutch Government is to have a sustainable, reliable and affordable energy system, by 2050, in which emissions have been halved and 40 per cent of electricity is derived from sustainable sources.The government is investing billions of euros in energy efficiency, sustainable energy and reduction. The Kingdom also encourages Dutch companies to build sustainable business/projects/facilities, with financial aids from the state to the companies or individuals who are active in making the country more sustainable.The Netherlands has multiple music traditions. Traditional Dutch music is a genre known as "Levenslied", meaning "Song of life", to an extent comparable to a French Chanson or a German Schlager. These songs typically have a simple melody and rhythm, and a straightforward structure of verses and choruses. Themes can be light, but are often sentimental and include love, death and loneliness. Traditional musical instruments such as the accordion and the barrel organ are a staple of levenslied music, though in recent years many artists also use synthesisers and guitars. Artists in this genre include Jan Smit, Frans Bauer and André Hazes.Contemporary Dutch rock and pop music (Nederpop) originated in the 1960s, heavily influenced by popular music from the United States and Britain. In the 1960s and 1970s the lyrics were mostly in English, and some tracks were instrumental. Bands such as Shocking Blue, Golden Earring, Tee Set, George Baker Selection and Focus enjoyed international success. As of the 1980s, more and more pop musicians started working in the Dutch language, partly inspired by the huge success of the band Doe Maar. Today Dutch rock and pop music thrives in both languages, with some artists recording in both.Current symphonic metal bands Epica, Delain, ReVamp, The Gathering, Asrai, Autumn, Ayreon and Within Temptation as well as jazz and pop singer Caro Emerald are having international success. Also, metal bands like Hail of Bullets, God Dethroned, Izegrim, Asphyx, Textures, Present Danger, Heidevolk and Slechtvalk are popular guests at the biggest metal festivals in Europe. Contemporary local stars include pop singer Anouk, country pop singer Ilse DeLange, South Guelderish and Limburgish dialect singing folk band Rowwen Hèze, rock band BLØF and duo Nick & Simon. Trijntje Oosterhuis, one of the country's most well known and versatile singers, has made multiple albums with famous American composers Vince Mendoza and Burt Bacharach.Early 1990s Dutch and Belgian house music came together in Eurodance project 2 Unlimited. Selling 18 million records, the two singers in the band are the most successful Dutch music artists to this day. Tracks like "Get Ready for This" are still popular themes of U.S. sports events, like the NHL. In the mid 1990s Dutch language rap and hip hop ("Nederhop") also came to fruition and has become popular in the Netherlands and Belgium. Artists with North African, Caribbean or Middle Eastern origins have strongly influenced this genre.Since the 1990s, Dutch electronic dance music (EDM) gained widespread popularity in the world in many forms, from trance, techno and gabber to hardstyle. Some of the world's best known dance music DJs hail from the Netherlands, including Armin van Buuren, Tiësto, Hardwell, Martin Garrix, Dash Berlin, Julian Jordan, Nicky Romero, W&W, Don Diablo and Afrojack; the first four of which have been ranked as best in the world by DJ Mag Top 100 DJs. The Amsterdam Dance Event (ADE) is the world's leading electronic music conference and the biggest club festival for the many electronic subgenres on the planet. These DJs also contribute to the world's mainstream pop music, as they frequently collaborate and produce for high-profile international artists.The Netherlands have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since its first edition in 1956, and have won five times. Their most recent win was in 2019.In classical music, Jan Sweelinck ranks as the Dutch most famous composer, with Louis Andriessen amongst the best known living Dutch classical composers. Ton Koopman is a Dutch conductor, organist and harpsichordist. He is also professor at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague. Notable violinists are Janine Jansen and André Rieu. The latter, together with his Johann Strauss Orchestra, has taken classical and waltz music on worldwide concert tours, the size and revenue of which are otherwise only seen from the world's biggest rock and pop music acts. The most famous Dutch classical composition is "Canto Ostinato" by Simeon ten Holt, a minimalistic composition for multiple instruments. Acclaimed harpist Lavinia Meijer in 2012 released an album with works from Philip Glass that she transcribed for harp, with approval of Glass himself. The Concertgebouw (completed in 1888) in Amsterdam is home to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, considered one of the world's finest orchestras.Some Dutch films – mainly by director Paul Verhoeven – have received international distribution and recognition, such as "Turkish Delight" (""Turks Fruit"", 1973), "Soldier of Orange" (""Soldaat van Oranje"", 1977), "Spetters" (1980) and "The Fourth Man" (""De Vierde Man"", 1983). Verhoeven then went on to direct big Hollywood movies like "RoboCop" (1987), "Total Recall" (1990) and "Basic Instinct" (1992), and returned with Dutch film "Black Book" (""Zwartboek"", 2006).Other well-known Dutch film directors are Jan de Bont ("Speed"), Anton Corbijn ("A Most wanted Man"), Dick Maas ("De Lift"), Fons Rademakers ("The Assault"), and documentary makers Bert Haanstra and Joris Ivens. Film director Theo van Gogh achieved international notoriety in 2004 when he was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri in the streets of Amsterdam after directing the short film "Submission".Internationally, successful directors of photography from the Netherlands are Hoyte van Hoytema ("Interstellar", "Spectre", "Dunkirk") and Theo van de Sande ("Wayne's World" and "Blade"). Van Hoytema went to the National Film School in Łódź (Poland) and Van de Sande went to the Netherlands Film Academy. Internationally successful Dutch actors include Famke Janssen ("X-Men"), Carice van Houten ("Game of Thrones"), Michiel Huisman ("Game of Thrones"), Rutger Hauer ("Blade Runner"), Jeroen Krabbé ("The Living Daylights") and Derek de Lint ("Three Men and a Baby").The Netherlands has a well developed television market, with both multiple commercial and public broadcasters. Imported TV programmes, as well as interviews with responses in a foreign language, are virtually always shown with the original sound and subtitled. Only foreign shows for children are dubbed.TV exports from the Netherlands mostly take the form of specific formats and franchises, most notably through internationally active TV production conglomerate Endemol, founded by Dutch media tycoons John de Mol and Joop van den Ende. Headquartered in Amsterdam, Endemol has around 90 companies in over 30 countries. Endemol and its subsidiaries create and run reality, talent, and game show franchises worldwide, including "Big Brother" and "Deal or No Deal". John de Mol later started his own company Talpa which created show franchises like "The Voice" and "Utopia".Approximately 4.5 million of the 16.8 million people in the Netherlands are registered to one of the 35,000 sports clubs in the country. About two-thirds of the population between 15 and 75 participates in sports weekly. Football is the most popular participant sport in the Netherlands, before field hockey and volleyball as the second and third most popular team sports. The Netherlands national football team is one of the most popular aspects of Dutch sports; especially since the 1970s when one of the greatest footballers of all time, Johan Cruyff, developed Total Football with coach Rinus Michels. Tennis, gymnastics and golf are the three most widely engaged in individual sports.Organisation of sports began at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were established (such as the speed skating federation in 1882), rules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. A Dutch National Olympic Committee was established in 1912. Thus far, the nation has won 266 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 110 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. In international competition, Dutch national teams and athletes are dominant in several fields of sport. The Netherlands women's field hockey team is the most successful team in World Cup history. The Netherlands baseball team have won the European championship 20 times out of 32 events. Dutch K-1 kickboxers have won the K-1 World Grand Prix 15 times out of 19 tournaments. The Netherlands Women's handball team holds the record of the only team in the world that consecutively reached all six semifinals of major international tournaments since 2015, winning silver and bronze at the European Women's Handball Championship and silver, bronze and gold at the World Women's Handball Championship. They finished fourth at the 2016 Summer Olympics.The Dutch speed skaters' performance at the 2014 Winter Olympics, where they won 8 out of 12 events, 23 out of 36 medals, including 4 clean sweeps, is the most dominant performance in a single sport in Olympic history. Motorcycle racing at the TT Circuit Assen has a long history. Assen is the only venue to have held a round of the Motorcycle World Championship every year since its creation in 1949. The circuit was purpose-built for the Dutch TT in 1954, with previous events having been held on public roads.The Dutch have also had success in all three of cyclings Grand Tours with Jan Janssen winning the 1968 Tour de France, more recently with Tom Dumoulin winning the 2017 Giro d'Italia and legendary rider Joop Zoetemelk was the 1985 UCI World Champion, the winner of the 1979 Vuelta a Espana, the 1980 Tour de France and still holds or shares numerous Tour de France records including most Tours finished and most kilometres ridden.Limburger Max Verstappen currently races in Formula One, and was the first Dutchman to win a Grand Prix. The coastal resort of Zandvoort hosted the Dutch Grand Prix from 1958 to 1985, and has been announced to return in 2020. The volleyball national men's team has also been successful, winning the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the gold medal four years later in Atlanta. The biggest success of the women's national team was winning the European Championship in 1995 and the World Grand Prix in 2007.Recently cricket has made a remarkable progress in the Netherlands. Netherlands have participated in 1996, 2003, 2007 and 2011 ODI cricket World Cup. They have also qualified for 2009 and 2014 T20 World Cup. In the 2009 T20 World Cup, Netherlands defeated England, the current World Champions and inventor of the game. Ryan ten Doeschate is the only Dutch player to have played in the IPL on the team Kolkata Knight Riders.Originally, the country's cuisine was shaped by the practices of fishing and farming, including the cultivation of the soil for growing crops and raising domesticated animals. Dutch cuisine is simple and straightforward, and contains many dairy products. Breakfast and lunch are typically bread with toppings, with cereal for breakfast as an alternative. Traditionally, dinner consists of potatoes, a portion of meat, and (seasonal) vegetables. The Dutch diet was relatively high in carbohydrates and fat, reflecting the dietary needs of the labourers whose culture moulded the country. Without many refinements, it is best described as rustic, though many holidays are still celebrated with special foods. In the course of the twentieth century this diet changed and became much more cosmopolitan, with most global cuisines being represented in the major cities.Modern culinary writers distinguish between three general regional forms of Dutch cuisine. The regions in the northeast of the Netherlands, roughly the provinces of Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overijssel and Gelderland north of the great rivers are the least populated areas of the Netherlands. The late (18th century) introduction of large scale agriculture means that the cuisine is generally known for its many kinds of meats. The relative lack of farms allowed for an abundance of game and husbandry, though dishes near the coastal regions of Friesland, Groningen and the parts of Overijssel bordering the IJsselmeer also include a large amount of fish. The various dried sausages, belonging to the metworst-family of Dutch sausages are found throughout this region and are highly prized for their often very strong taste. Also smoked sausages are common, of which ("Gelderse") "rookworst" is the most renowned. The sausage contains a lot of fat and is very juicy. Larger sausages are often eaten alongside "stamppot", "hutspot" or "zuurkool" (sauerkraut); whereas smaller ones are often eaten as a street food. The provinces are also home to hard textured rye bread, pastries and cookies, the latter heavily spiced with ginger or succade or containing small bits of meat. Various kinds of "Kruidkoek" (such as ), "" and "" (small savoury pancakes cooked in a waffle iron) are considered typical. A notable characteristic of "Fries roggebrood" (Frisian rye bread) is its long baking time (up to 20 hours), resulting in a sweet taste and a deep dark colour. In terms of alcoholic beverages, the region is renowned for its many bitters (such as "Beerenburg") and other high-proof liquors rather than beer, which is, apart from "Jenever", typical for the rest of the country. As a coastal region, Friesland is home to low-lying grasslands, and thus has a cheese production in common with the Western cuisine. "Friese Nagelkaas" (Friesian Clove) is a notable example.The provinces of North Holland, South Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht and the Gelderlandic area of Betuwe make up the region in which western Dutch cuisine is found. Because of the abundance of water and flat grasslands that are found here, the area is known for its many dairy products, which include prominent cheeses such as Gouda, Leyden (spiced cheese with cumin), and Edam (traditionally in small spheres) as well as Leerdammer and Beemster, while the adjacent Zaanstreek in North Holland has since the 16th century been known for its mayonnaise, typical whole-grain mustards, and chocolate industry. Zeeland and South Holland produce a lot of butter, which contains a larger amount of milkfat than most other European butter varieties. A by-product of the butter-making process, "karnemelk" (buttermilk), is also considered typical for this region. Seafood such as soused herring, mussels (called "Zeeuwse Mossels", since all Dutch mussels for consumption are cleaned in Zeeland's Oosterschelde), eels, oysters and shrimps are widely available and typical for the region. "", once a local delicacy consisting of small chunks of battered white fish, has become a national fast food, just as . Pastries in this area tend to be quite doughy, and often contain large amounts of sugar; either caramelised, powdered or crystallised. The "oliebol" (in its modern form) and "Zeeuwse bolus" are good examples. Cookies are also produced in great number and tend to contain a lot of butter and sugar, like "stroopwafel", as well as a filling of some kind, mostly almond, like "". The traditional alcoholic beverages of this region are beer (strong pale lager) and "Jenever", a high proof juniper-flavoured spirit, that came to be known in England as gin. A noted exception within the traditional Dutch alcoholic landscape, "Advocaat", a rich and creamy liqueur made from eggs, sugar and brandy, is also native to this region.The Southern Dutch cuisine consists of the cuisines of the Dutch provinces of North Brabant and Limburg and the Flemish Region in Belgium. It is renowned for its many rich pastries, soups, stews and vegetable dishes and is often called Burgundian which is a Dutch idiom invoking the rich Burgundian court which ruled the Low Countries in the Middle Ages, renowned for its splendor and great feasts. It is the only Dutch culinary region that developed an haute cuisine. Pastries are abundant, often with rich fillings of cream, custard or fruits. Cakes, such as the "Vlaai" from Limburg and the "Moorkop" and "Bossche Bol" from Brabant, are typical pastries. Savoury pastries also occur, with the (a roll with a sausage of ground beef, literally translates into sausage bread) being the most popular. The traditional alcoholic beverage of the region is beer. There are many local brands, ranging from "Trappist" to "Kriek". 5 of the 10 "International Trappist Association" recognised breweries in the world, are located in the Southern Dutch cultural area. Beer, like wine in French cuisine, is also used in cooking; often in stews.In early 2014, Oxfam ranked the Netherlands as the country with the most nutritious, plentiful and healthy food, in a comparison of 125 countries.From the exploitations in the Mughal Empire in the 17th century, to the colonisations in the 19th century, Dutch imperial possessions continued to expand, reaching their greatest extent by establishing a hegemony of the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. The Dutch East Indies, which later formed modern-day Indonesia, was one of the most valuable European colonies in the world and the most important one for the Netherlands. Over 350 years of mutual heritage has left a significant cultural mark on the Netherlands.In the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, the Netherlands urbanised considerably, mostly financed by corporate revenue from the Asian trade monopolies. Social status was based on merchants' income, which reduced feudalism and considerably changed the dynamics of Dutch society. When the Dutch royal family was established in 1815, much of its wealth came from Colonial trade.By the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company established their base in parts of Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka). Afterward, they established ports in Dutch occupied Malabar, leading to Dutch settlements and trading posts in India. However, their expansion into India was halted, after their defeat in the Battle of Colachel by the Kingdom of Travancore, during the Travancore-Dutch War. The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to Bengal Subah.Universities such as the Leiden University, founded in the 16th century, have developed into leading knowledge centres for Southeast Asian and Indonesian studies. Leiden University has produced leading academics such as Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, and still has academics who specialise in Indonesian languages and cultures. Leiden University and in particular KITLV are educational and scientific institutions that to this day share both an intellectual and historical interest in Indonesian studies. Other scientific institutions in the Netherlands include the Amsterdam Tropenmuseum, an anthropological museum with massive collections of Indonesian art, culture, ethnography and anthropology.The traditions of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) are maintained by the Regiment Van Heutsz of the modern Royal Netherlands Army. A dedicated "Bronbeek Museum", a former home for retired KNIL soldiers, exists in Arnhem to this day.A specific segment of Dutch literature called Dutch Indies literature still exists and includes established authors, such as Louis Couperus, the writer of "The Hidden Force", taking the colonial era as an important source of inspiration. One of the great masterpieces of Dutch literature is the book "Max Havelaar", written by Multatuli in 1860.The majority of Dutchmen that repatriated to the Netherlands after and during the Indonesian revolution are Indo (Eurasian), native to the islands of the Dutch East Indies. This relatively large Eurasian population had developed over a period of 400 years and were classified by colonial law as belonging to the European legal community. In Dutch they are referred to as "Indische Nederlanders" or as Indo (short for Indo-European).Including their second generation descendants, Indos are currently the largest foreign-born group in the Netherlands. In 2008, the Dutch Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS) registered 387,000 first- and second-generation Indos living in the Netherlands. Although considered fully assimilated into Dutch society, as the main ethnic minority in the Netherlands, these 'repatriants' have played a pivotal role in introducing elements of Indonesian culture into Dutch mainstream culture.Many Indonesian dishes and foodstuffs have become commonplace in the Netherlands. Rijsttafel, a colonial culinary concept, and dishes such as Nasi goreng and satay are very popular in the country. Practically any town of any size in the Netherlands has a "toko" (a Dutch Indonesian Shop) or a Chinese-Indonesian restaurant, and many 'Pasar Malam' (Night market in Malay/Indonesian) fairs are organised throughout the year.
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[
"Piet de Jong",
"Hendrikus Colijn",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Jan de Quay",
"Wim Schermerhorn",
"Jo Cals",
"Joop den Uyl",
"Wim Kok",
"Louis Beel",
"Dirk Jan de Geer",
"Dries van Agt",
"Willem Drees",
"Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck",
"Victor Marijnen",
"Jelle Zijlstra",
"Mark Rutte",
"Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy",
"Barend Biesheuvel"
] |
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Who was the head of Netherlands in 15-Sep-200415-September-2004?
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September 15, 2004
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{
"text": [
"Jan Peter Balkenende"
]
}
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L2_Q55_P6_17
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Dries van Agt is the head of the government of Netherlands from Dec, 1977 to Nov, 1982.
Hendrikus Colijn is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1925 to Mar, 1926.
Willem Drees is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1948 to Dec, 1958.
Jo Cals is the head of the government of Netherlands from Apr, 1965 to Nov, 1966.
Joop den Uyl is the head of the government of Netherlands from May, 1973 to Dec, 1977.
Wim Kok is the head of the government of Netherlands from Aug, 1994 to Jul, 2002.
Piet de Jong is the head of the government of Netherlands from Apr, 1967 to Jul, 1971.
Victor Marijnen is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1963 to Apr, 1965.
Ruud Lubbers is the head of the government of Netherlands from Nov, 1982 to Aug, 1994.
Louis Beel is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1946 to Aug, 1948.
Jelle Zijlstra is the head of the government of Netherlands from Nov, 1966 to Apr, 1967.
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck is the head of the government of Netherlands from Sep, 1918 to Aug, 1925.
Jan de Quay is the head of the government of Netherlands from May, 1959 to Jul, 1963.
Dirk Jan de Geer is the head of the government of Netherlands from Mar, 1926 to Aug, 1929.
Mark Rutte is the head of the government of Netherlands from Oct, 2010 to Dec, 2022.
Jan Peter Balkenende is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 2002 to Oct, 2010.
Wim Schermerhorn is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jun, 1945 to Jul, 1946.
Barend Biesheuvel is the head of the government of Netherlands from Jul, 1971 to May, 1973.
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy is the head of the government of Netherlands from Sep, 1940 to Jun, 1945.
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NetherlandsThe Netherlands ( ), sometimes informally Holland, is a country located in Western Europe with territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In Europe, the Netherlands consists of twelve provinces, bordering Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom. In the Caribbean, it consists of three special municipalities: the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. The country's official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland, and English and Papiamento as secondary official languages in the Caribbean Netherlands. Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognised regional languages (spoken in the east and southeast respectively), while Dutch Sign Language, Sinte Romani and Yiddish are recognised non-territorial languages.The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country's most populous city and nominal capital, while The Hague holds the seat of the States General, Cabinet and Supreme Court. The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe, and the busiest in any country outside East Asia and Southeast Asia, behind only China and Singapore. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest in Europe. The country is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts, many of which are centred in The Hague, which is consequently dubbed 'the world's legal capital'."Netherlands" literally means "lower countries" in reference to its low elevation and flat topography, with only about 50% of its land exceeding above sea level, and nearly 26% falling below sea level. Most of the areas below sea level, known as "polders", are the result of land reclamation that began in the 14th century. Colloquially or informally the Netherlands is occasionally referred to by the pars pro toto "Holland". With a population of 17.4 million people, all living within a total area of roughly —of which the land area is —the Netherlands is the 16th most densely populated country in the world and the 2nd most densely populated country in the European Union, with a density of . Nevertheless, it is the world's second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products by value, owing to its fertile soil, mild climate, intensive agriculture and inventiveness.The Netherlands has been a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a unitary structure since 1848. The country has a tradition of pillarisation and a long record of social tolerance, having legalised abortion, prostitution and human euthanasia, along with maintaining a liberal drug policy. The Netherlands abolished the death penalty in Civil Law in 1870, though it was not completely removed until a new constitution was approved in 1983. The Netherlands allowed women's suffrage in 1919, before becoming the world's first country to legalise same-sex marriage in 2001. Its mixed-market advanced economy had the eleventh-highest per capita income globally. The Netherlands ranks among the highest in international indexes of press freedom, economic freedom, human development and quality of life, as well as happiness. In 2020, it ranked eighth on the human development index and fifth on the 2021 World Happiness Index.The Netherlands' turbulent history and shifts of power resulted in exceptionally many and widely varying names in different languages. There is diversity even within languages. In English, the Netherlands is also called Holland or (part of) the Low Countries, whereas the term ""Dutch"" is used as the demonym and adjectival form.The region called the Low Countries (comprising Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) have the same toponymy. Place names with "Neder", "Nieder", "Nedre", "Nether", "Lage(r)" or "Low(er)" (in Germanic languages) and "Bas" or "Inferior" (in Romance languages) are in use in low-lying places all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a deictic relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as "Super(ior)", "Up(per)", "Op(per)", "Ober", "Boven", "High", "Haut" or "Hoch". In the case of the Low Countries / Netherlands the geographical location of the "lower" region has been more or less downstream and near the sea. The geographical location of the upper region, however, changed tremendously over time, depending on the location of the economic and military power governing the Low Countries area. The Romans made a distinction between the Roman provinces of downstream Germania Inferior (nowadays part of Belgium and the Netherlands) and upstream Germania Superior (nowadays part of Germany). The designation 'Low' to refer to the region returns again in the 10th century Duchy of Lower Lorraine, that covered much of the Low Countries. But this time the corresponding "Upper" region is Upper Lorraine, in nowadays Northern France.The Dukes of Burgundy, who ruled from their residence in the Low Countries in the 15th century, used the term "les pays de par deçà" ("the lands over here") for the Low Countries, as opposed to "les pays de par delà" ("the lands over there") for their original homeland: Burgundy in present-day east-central France. Under Habsburg rule, "Les pays de par deçà" developed in "pays d'embas" ("lands down-here"), a deictic expression in relation to other Habsburg possessions like Hungary and Austria. This was translated as "Neder-landen" in contemporary Dutch official documents. From a regional point of view, "Niderlant" was also the area between the Meuse and the lower Rhine in the late Middle Ages. The area known as "Oberland" (High country) was in this deictic context considered to begin approximately at the nearby higher located Cologne.From the mid-sixteenth century on, the "Low Countries" and the "Netherlands" lost their original deictic meaning. They were probably the most commonly used names, besides Flanders, a "pars pro toto" for the Low Countries, especially in Romance language-speaking Europe. The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) divided the Low Countries into an independent northern Dutch Republic (or Latinised "Belgica Foederata", "Federated Netherlands", the precursor state of the Netherlands) and a Spanish controlled Southern Netherlands (Latinised "Belgica Regia", "Royal Netherlands", the precursor state of Belgium). The Low Countries today is a designation that includes the countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, although in most Romance languages, the term "Low Countries" is used as the name for the Netherlands specifically. It is used synonymously with the more neutral and geopolitical term Benelux.The Netherlands is also referred to as Holland in various languages, including English. However, Holland proper is only a region within the country that consists of North and South Holland, two of the nation's twelve provinces. Formerly they were a single province, and earlier the County of Holland, a remnant of the dissolved Frisian Kingdom which also included parts of present-day Utrecht. Following the decline of the Duchy of Brabant and the County of Flanders, Holland became the most economically and politically important county in the Low Countries region. The emphasis on Holland during the formation of the Dutch Republic, the Eighty Years' War, and the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, made Holland serve as a "pars pro toto" for the entire country, which is now considered informal or incorrect. Nonetheless, the name "Holland" is still widely used for the Netherlands national football team, including in the Netherlands, and the Dutch government's international websites for tourism and trade are "holland.com" and "hollandtradeandinvest.com". In 2020, however, the Dutch government announced that it would only communicate and advertise under the name "the Netherlands" in the future.The term Dutch is used as the demonymic and adjectival form of the Netherlands in the English language. The origins of the word go back to Proto-Germanic "*þiudiskaz", Latinised into Theodiscus, meaning "popular" or "of the people"; akin to Old Dutch "Dietsch", Old High German "duitsch", and Old English "þeodisc", all meaning "(of) the common (Germanic) people". At first, the English language used (the contemporary form of) Dutch to refer to any or all speakers of West Germanic languages (e.g. the Dutch, the Frisians, and the Germans). Gradually its meaning shifted to the West Germanic people they had most contact with, because of their geographical proximity and for the rivalry in trade and overseas territories. The derivative of the Proto-Germanic word "*þiudiskaz" in modern Dutch, "Diets", can be found in Dutch literature as a poetic name for the Dutch people or language, but is considered very archaic. Although it had a short resurgence after World War II to avoid the reference to Germany. It is still used in the expression "diets maken" – to put it straight to him/her (as in a threat) or, more neutral, to make it clear, understandable, explain, say in the people's language (cf. the Vulgate (Bible not in Greek or Hebrew, but Latin; the folks' language) in meaning vulgar, though not in a pejorative sense).In Dutch, the names for the Netherlands, the Dutch language and a Dutch citizen are "Nederland", "Nederlands" and "Nederlander", respectively. Colloquially the country is also by the Dutch often referred to as Holland, although to lesser extent outside the two provinces North and South Holland, where it may even be used as a pejorative term, e.g. Hollènder (dialect) in Maastricht.The plural "Nederlanden" is used in many different connotations in the past, but since 1815 it has been used in the official name "Koninkrijk der Nederlanden" ("Kingdom of the Netherlands"). In many other languages the plural stuck, for example "Niederlande" (German), "Pays-Bas" (French) and "Países Bajos" (Spanish). In Indonesian (a former colony) the country is called "Belanda", a name derived from 'Holland'.The prehistory of the area that is now the Netherlands was largely shaped by the sea and the rivers that constantly shifted the low-lying geography. The oldest human (Neanderthal) traces were found in higher soils, near Maastricht, from what is believed to be about 250,000 years ago. At the end of the Ice Age, the nomadic late Upper Paleolithic Hamburg culture (c. 13.000–10.000 BC) hunted reindeer in the area, using spears, but the later Ahrensburg culture (c. 11.200–9500 BC) used bow and arrow. From Mesolithic Maglemosian-like tribes (c. 8000 BC) the oldest canoe in the world was found in Drenthe.Indigenous late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from the Swifterbant culture (c. 5600 BC) were related to the southern Scandinavian Ertebølle culture and were strongly linked to rivers and open water. Between 4800 and 4500 BC, the Swifterbant people started to copy from the neighbouring Linear Pottery culture the practise of animal husbandry, and between 4300 and 4000 BC the practice of agriculture. The Funnelbeaker culture (c. 4300–2800 BC), which is related to the Swifterbant culture, erected the dolmens, large stone grave monuments found in Drenthe. There was a quick and smooth transition from the Funnelbeaker farming culture to the pan-European Corded Ware pastoralist culture (c. 2950 BC). In the southwest, the Seine-Oise-Marne culture — which was related to the Vlaardingen culture (c. 2600 BC), an apparently more primitive culture of hunter-gatherers — survived well into the Neolithic period, until it too was succeeded by the Corded Ware culture.Of the subsequent Bell Beaker culture (2700–2100 BC) several regions of origin have been postulated, notably the Iberian peninsula, the Netherlands and Central Europe. They introduced metalwork in copper, gold and later bronze and opened international trade routes not seen before, reflected in the discoveries of copper artifacts, as the metal is not normally found in Dutch soil. The many finds in Drenthe of rare bronze objects, suggest that it was even a trading centre in the Bronze Age (2000–800 BC). The Bell Beaker culture developed locally into the Barbed-Wire Beaker culture (2100–1800 BC) and later the Elp culture (c. 1800–800 BC), a Middle Bronze Age archaeological culture having earthenware pottery of low quality as a marker. The initial phase of the Elp culture was characterised by tumuli (1800–1200 BC) that were strongly tied to contemporary tumuli in northern Germany and Scandinavia and was apparently related to the Tumulus culture in central Europe. The subsequent phase was that of cremating the dead and placing their ashes in urns which were then buried in fields, following the customs of the Urnfield culture (1200–800 BC). The southern region became dominated by the related Hilversum culture (1800–800 BC), which apparently inherited cultural ties with Britain of the previous Barbed-Wire Beaker culture.From 800 BC onwards, the Iron Age Celtic Hallstatt culture became influential, replacing the Hilversum culture. Iron ore brought a measure of prosperity and was available throughout the country, including bog iron. Smiths travelled from settlement to settlement with bronze and iron, fabricating tools on demand. The King's grave of Oss (700 BC) was found in a burial mound, the largest of its kind in western Europe and containing an iron sword with an inlay of gold and coral.The deteriorating climate in Scandinavia around 850 BC further deteriorated around 650 BC and might have triggered migration of Germanic tribes from the North. By the time this migration was complete, around 250 BC, a few general cultural and linguistic groups had emerged. The North Sea Germanic Ingaevones inhabited the northern part of the Low Countries. They would later develop into the Frisii and the early Saxons. A second grouping, the Weser-Rhine Germanic (or Istvaeones), extended along the middle Rhine and Weser and inhabited the Low Countries south of the great rivers. This group consisted of tribes that would eventually develop into the Salian Franks. Also the Celtic La Tène culture (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest) had expanded over a wide range, including the southern area of the Low Countries. Some scholars have speculated that even a third ethnic identity and language, neither Germanic nor Celtic, survived in the Netherlands until the Roman period, the Iron Age Nordwestblock culture, that eventually was absorbed by the Celts to the south and the Germanic peoples from the east.The first author to describe the coast of Holland and Flanders was the Greek geographer Pytheas, who noted in c. 325 BC that in these regions, "more people died in the struggle against water than in the struggle against men." During the Gallic Wars, the area south and west of the Rhine was conquered by Roman forces under Julius Caesar from 57 BC to 53 BC. Caesar describes two main Celtic tribes living in what is now the southern Netherlands: the Menapii and the Eburones. The Rhine became fixed as Rome's northern frontier around 12 AD. Notable towns would arise along the Limes Germanicus: Nijmegen and Voorburg. In the first part of Gallia Belgica, the area south of the Limes became part of the Roman province of Germania Inferior. The area to the north of the Rhine, inhabited by the Frisii, remained outside Roman rule (but not its presence and control), while the Germanic border tribes of the Batavi and Cananefates served in the Roman cavalry. The Batavi rose against the Romans in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD but were eventually defeated. The Batavi later merged with other tribes into the confederation of the Salian Franks, whose identity emerged at the first half of the third century. Salian Franks appear in Roman texts as both allies and enemies. They were forced by the confederation of the Saxons from the east to move over the Rhine into Roman territory in the fourth century. From their new base in West Flanders and the Southwest Netherlands, they were raiding the English Channel. Roman forces pacified the region, but did not expel the Franks, who continued to be feared at least until the time of Julian the Apostate (358) when Salian Franks were allowed to settle as "foederati" in Texandria. It has been postulated that after deteriorating climate conditions and the Romans' withdrawal, the Frisii disappeared as "laeti" in c. 296, leaving the coastal lands largely unpopulated for the next two centuries. However, recent excavations in Kennemerland show clear indication of a permanent habitation.After Roman government in the area collapsed, the Franks expanded their territories in numerous kingdoms. By the 490s, Clovis I had conquered and united all these territories in the southern Netherlands in one Frankish kingdom, and from there continued his conquests into Gaul. During this expansion, Franks migrating to the south eventually adopted the Vulgar Latin of the local population. A widening cultural divide grew with the Franks remaining in their original homeland in the north (i.e. the southern Netherlands and Flanders), who kept on speaking Old Frankish, which by the ninth century had evolved into Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch. A Dutch-French language boundary hence came into existence.To the north of the Franks, climatic conditions improved, and during the Migration Period Saxons, the closely related Angles, Jutes and Frisii settled the coastal land. Many moved on to England and came to be known as Anglo-Saxons, but those who stayed would be referred to as Frisians and their language as Frisian, named after the land that was once inhabited by Frisii. Frisian was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast, and it is still the language most closely related to English among the living languages of continental Europe. By the seventh century a Frisian Kingdom (650–734) under King Aldegisel and King Redbad emerged with Traiectum (Utrecht) as its centre of power, while Dorestad was a flourishing trading place. Between 600 and around 719 the cities were often fought over between the Frisians and the Franks. In 734, at the Battle of the Boarn, the Frisians were defeated after a series of wars. With the approval of the Franks, the Anglo-Saxon missionary Willibrord converted the Frisian people to Christianity. He established the Archdiocese of Utrecht and became bishop of the Frisians. However, his successor Boniface was murdered by the Frisians in Dokkum, in 754.The Frankish Carolingian empire modelled itself on the Roman Empire and controlled much of Western Europe. However, in 843, it was divided into three parts—East, Middle, and West Francia. Most of present-day Netherlands became part of Middle Francia, which was a weak kingdom and subject of numerous partitions and annexation attempts by its stronger neighbours. It comprised territories from Frisia in the north to the Kingdom of Italy in the south. Around 850, Lothair I of Middle Francia acknowledged the Viking Rorik of Dorestad as ruler of most of Frisia. When the kingdom of Middle Francia was partitioned in 855, the lands north of the Alps passed to Lothair II and subsequently were named Lotharingia. After he died in 869, Lotharingia was partitioned, into Upper and Lower Lotharingia, the latter part comprising the Low Countries that technically became part of East Francia in 870, although it was effectively under the control of Vikings, who raided the largely defenceless Frisian and Frankish towns lying on the Frisian coast and along the rivers. Around 879, another Viking expedition led by Godfrid, Duke of Frisia, raided the Frisian lands. The Viking raids made the sway of French and German lords in the area weak. Resistance to the Vikings, if any, came from local nobles, who gained in stature as a result, and that laid the basis for the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia into semi-independent states. One of these local nobles was Gerolf of Holland, who assumed lordship in Frisia after he helped to assassinate Godfrid, and Viking rule came to an end.The Holy Roman Empire (the successor state of East Francia and then Lotharingia) ruled much of the Low Countries in the 10th and 11th century but was not able to maintain political unity. Powerful local nobles turned their cities, counties and duchies into private kingdoms that felt little sense of obligation to the emperor. Holland, Hainaut, Flanders, Gelre, Brabant, and Utrecht were in a state of almost continual war or in paradoxically formed personal unions. The language and culture of most of the people who lived in the County of Holland were originally Frisian. As Frankish settlement progressed from Flanders and Brabant, the area quickly became Old Low Franconian (or Old Dutch). The rest of Frisia in the north (now Friesland and Groningen) continued to maintain its independence and had its own institutions (collectively called the "Frisian freedom"), which resented the imposition of the feudal system.Around 1000 AD, due to several agricultural developments, the economy started to develop at a fast pace, and the higher productivity allowed workers to farm more land or to become tradesmen. Towns grew around monasteries and castles, and a mercantile middle class began to develop in these urban areas, especially in Flanders and later also Brabant. Wealthy cities started to buy certain privileges for themselves from the sovereign. In practice, this meant that Bruges and Antwerp became quasi-independent republics in their own right and would later develop into some of the most important cities and ports in Europe.Around 1100 AD, farmers from Flanders and Utrecht began draining and cultivating uninhabited swampy land in the western Netherlands, making the emergence of the County of Holland as the centre of power possible. The title of Count of Holland was fought over in the Hook and Cod Wars () between 1350 and 1490. The Cod faction consisted of the more progressive cities, while the Hook faction consisted of the conservative noblemen. These noblemen invited the Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy — who was also Count of Flanders — to conquer Holland.Most of the Imperial and French fiefs in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium were united in a personal union by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1433. The House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs would rule the Low Countries in the period from 1384 to 1581. Before the Burgundian union, the Dutch identified themselves by the town they lived in or their local duchy or county. The Burgundian period is when the road to nationhood began. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests, which then developed rapidly. The fleets of the County of Holland defeated the fleets of the Hanseatic League several times. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became the primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital because Holland could no longer produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former wetlands to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained.Under Habsburg Charles V, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain, all fiefs in the current Netherlands region were united into the Seventeen Provinces, which also included most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and some adjacent land in what is now France and Germany. In 1568, under Phillip II, the Eighty Years' War between the Provinces and their Spanish ruler began. The level of ferocity exhibited by both sides can be gleaned from a Dutch chronicler's report:The Duke of Alba ruthlessly attempted to suppress the Protestant movement in the Netherlands. Netherlanders were "burned, strangled, beheaded, or buried alive" by his "Blood Council" and his Spanish soldiers. Severed heads and decapitated corpses were displayed along streets and roads to terrorize the population into submission. Alba boasted of having executed 18,600, but this figure does not include those who perished by war and famine.The first great siege was Alba's effort to capture Haarlem and thereby cut Holland in half. It dragged on from December 1572 to the next summer, when Haarlemers finally surrendered on 13 July upon the promise that the city would be spared from being sacked. It was a stipulation Don Fadrique was unable to honour, when his soldiers mutinied, angered over pay owed and the miserable conditions they endured during the long, cold months of the campaign. On 4 November 1576, Spanish tercios seized Antwerp and subjected it to the worst pillage in the Netherlands' history. The citizens resisted, but were overcome; seven thousand of them were mowed down; a thousand buildings were torched; men, women, and children were slaughtered in a delirium of blood by soldiers crying, "Santiago! España! A sangre, a carne, a fuego, a sacco!" (Saint James! Spain! To blood, to the flesh, to fire, to sack!)Following the sack of Antwerp, delegates from Catholic Brabant, Protestant Holland and Zeeland agreed, at Ghent, to join Utrecht and William the Silent in driving out all Spanish troops and forming a new government for the Netherlands. Don Juan of Austria, the new Spanish governor, was forced to concede initially, but within months returned to active hostilities. As the fighting restarted, the Dutch began to look for help from the Queen of England, but she initially stood by her commitments to the Spanish in the Treaty of Bristol of 1574. The result was that when the next large-scale battle did occur at Gembloux in 1578, the Spanish forces easily won the day, killing at least 10,000 rebels, with the Spanish suffering few losses. In light of the defeat at Gembloux, the southern states of the Seventeen Provinces (today in northern France and Belgium) distanced themselves from the rebels in the north with the 1579 Union of Arras, which expressed their loyalty to Philip II of Spain. Opposing them, the northern half of the Seventeen Provinces forged the Union of Utrecht (also of 1579) in which they committed to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of the modern Netherlands.Spanish troops sacked Maastricht in 1579, killing over 10,000 civilians and thereby ensuring the rebellion continued. In 1581, the northern provinces adopted the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence in which the provinces officially deposed Philip II as reigning monarch in the northern provinces. Against the rebels Philip could draw on the resources of Spain, Spanish America, Spanish Italy and the Spanish Netherlands. The Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England sympathised with the Dutch struggle against the Spanish and sent an army of 7,600 soldiers to aid the Dutch in their war with the Catholic Spanish. English forces under the Earl of Leicester and then Lord Willoughby faced the Spanish in the Netherlands under the Duke of Parma in a series of largely indecisive actions that tied down significant numbers of Spanish troops and bought time for the Dutch to reorganise their defences. The war continued until 1648, when Spain under King Philip IV finally recognised the independence of the seven north-western provinces in the Peace of Münster. Parts of the southern provinces became "de facto" colonies of the new republican-mercantile empire.After declaring their independence, the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Groningen, Friesland, Utrecht, Overijssel, and Gelderland formed a confederation. All these duchies, lordships and counties were autonomous and had their own government, the States-Provincial. The States General, the confederal government, were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives from each of the seven provinces. The sparsely populated region of Drenthe was part of the republic too, although it was not considered one of the provinces. Moreover, the Republic had come to occupy during the Eighty Years' War a number of so-called Generality Lands in Flanders, Brabant and Limburg. Their population was mainly Roman Catholic, and these areas did not have a governmental structure of their own, and were used as a buffer zone between the Republic and the Spanish-controlled Southern Netherlands.In the Dutch Golden Age, spanning much of the 17th century, the Dutch Empire grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers, alongside Portugal, Spain, France and England. Science, military, and art (especially painting) were among the most acclaimed in the world. By 1650, the Dutch owned 16,000 merchant ships. The Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company established colonies and trading posts all over the world, including ruling the northern parts of Taiwan between 1624–1662 and 1664–1667. The Dutch settlement in North America began with the founding of New Amsterdam on the southern part of Manhattan in 1614. In South Africa, the Dutch settled the Cape Colony in 1652. Dutch colonies in South America were established along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains, among them Colony of Surinam (now Suriname). In Asia, the Dutch established the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and the only western trading post in Japan, Dejima.During the period of Proto-industrialization, the empire received 50% of textiles and 80% of silks import from the India's Mughal Empire, chiefly from its most developed region known as Bengal Subah.Many economic historians regard the Netherlands as the first thoroughly capitalist country in the world. In early modern Europe, it had the wealthiest trading city (Amsterdam) and the first full-time stock exchange. The inventiveness of the traders led to insurance and retirement funds as well as phenomena such as the boom-bust cycle, the world's first asset-inflation bubble, the tulip mania of 1636–1637, and the world's first bear raider, Isaac le Maire, who forced prices down by dumping stock and then buying it back at a discount. In 1672 – known in Dutch history as the Rampjaar (Disaster Year) – the Dutch Republic was at war with France, England and three German Bishoprics simultaneously. At sea, it could successfully prevent the English and French navy from entering the western shores. On land, however, it was almost taken over internally by the advancing French and German armies coming from the east. It managed to turn the tide by inundating parts of Holland but could never recover to its former glory again and went into a state of a general decline in the 18th century, with economic competition from England and long-standing rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the republican "Staatsgezinden" and the supporters of the stadtholder the "Prinsgezinden" as main political factions.With the armed support of revolutionary France, Dutch republicans proclaimed the Batavian Republic, modelled after the French Republic and rendering the Netherlands a unitary state on 19 January 1795. The stadtholder William V of Orange had fled to England. But from 1806 to 1810, the Kingdom of Holland was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom governed by his brother Louis Bonaparte to control the Netherlands more effectively. However, King Louis Bonaparte tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's, and he was forced to abdicate on 1 July 1810. The Emperor sent in an army and the Netherlands became part of the French Empire until the autumn of 1813 when Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Leipzig.William Frederick, son of the last stadtholder, returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and proclaimed himself Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands. Two years later, the Congress of Vienna added the southern Netherlands to the north to create a strong country on the northern border of France. William Frederick raised this United Netherlands to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself as King William I in 1815. In addition, William became hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg in exchange for his German possessions. However, the Southern Netherlands had been culturally separate from the north since 1581, and rebelled. The south gained independence in 1830 as Belgium (recognised by the Northern Netherlands in 1839 as the Kingdom of the Netherlands was created by decree), while the personal union between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when William III died with no surviving male heirs. Ascendancy laws prevented his daughter Queen Wilhelmina from becoming the next Grand Duchess.The Belgian Revolution at home and the Java War in the Dutch East Indies brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. However, the Cultivation System was introduced in 1830; in the Dutch East Indies, 20% of village land had to be devoted to government crops for export. The policy brought the Dutch enormous wealth and made the colony self-sufficient.The Netherlands abolished slavery in its colonies in 1863. Slaves in Suriname would be fully free only in 1873, since the law stipulated that there was to be a mandatory 10-year transition.The Netherlands was able to remain neutral during World War I, in part because the import of goods through the Netherlands proved essential to German survival until the blockade by the British Royal Navy in 1916. That changed in World War II, when Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. The Rotterdam Blitz forced the main element of the Dutch army to surrender four days later. During the occupation, over 100,000 Dutch Jews were rounded up and transported to Nazi extermination camps; only a few of them survived. Dutch workers were conscripted for forced labour in Germany, civilians who resisted were killed in reprisal for attacks on German soldiers, and the countryside was plundered for food. Although there were thousands of Dutch who risked their lives by hiding Jews from the Germans, over 20,000 Dutch fascists joined the Waffen SS, fighting on the Eastern Front. Political collaborators were members of the fascist NSB, the only legal political party in the occupied Netherlands. On 8 December 1941, the Dutch government-in-exile in London declared war on Japan, but could not prevent the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). In 1944–45, the First Canadian Army, which included Canadian, British and Polish troops, was responsible for liberating much of the Netherlands. Soon after VE Day, the Dutch fought a colonial war against the new Republic of Indonesia.In 1954, the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands reformed the political structure of the Netherlands, which was a result of international pressure to carry out decolonisation. The Dutch colonies of Surinam and Curaçao and Dependencies and the European country all became countries within the Kingdom, on a basis of equality. Indonesia had declared its independence in August 1945 (recognised in 1949), and thus was never part of the reformed Kingdom. Suriname followed in 1975. After the war, the Netherlands left behind an era of neutrality and gained closer ties with neighbouring states. The Netherlands was one of the founding members of the Benelux, the NATO, Euratom and the European Coal and Steel Community, which would evolve into the EEC (Common Market) and later the European Union.Government-encouraged emigration efforts to reduce population density prompted some 500,000 Dutch people to leave the country after the war. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural change, such as rapid de-pillarisation characterised by the decay of the old divisions along political and religious lines. Youths, and students in particular, rejected traditional mores and pushed for change in matters such as women's rights, sexuality, disarmament and environmental issues. In 2002 the euro was introduced as fiat money, and in 2010 the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved. Referendums were held on each island to determine their future status. As a result, the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (the BES islands) were to obtain closer ties with the Netherlands. This led to the incorporation of these three islands into the country of the Netherlands as "special municipalities" upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The special municipalities are collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands.According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, the European Netherlands has a total area of , including water bodies; and a land area of . The Caribbean Netherlands has a total area of It lies between latitudes 50° and 54° N, and longitudes 3° and 8° E.The Netherlands is geographically very low relative to sea level and is considered a flat country, with about 26% of its area and 21% of its population located below sea level, and only about 50% of its land exceeding one metre above sea level. The European part of the country is for the most part flat, with the exception of foothills in the far southeast, up to a height of no more than 321 metres, and some low hill ranges in the central parts. Most of the areas below sea level are man-made, caused by peat extraction or achieved through land reclamation. Since the late 16th century, large polder areas are preserved through elaborate drainage systems that include dikes, canals and pumping stations. Nearly 17% of the country's land area is reclaimed from the sea and from lakes.Much of the country was originally formed by the estuaries of three large European rivers: the Rhine ("Rijn"), the Meuse ("Maas") and the Scheldt ("Schelde"), as well as their tributaries. The south-western part of the Netherlands is to this day a river delta of these three rivers, the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta.The European Netherlands is divided into north and south parts by the Rhine, the Waal, its main tributary branch, and the Meuse. In the past, these rivers functioned as a natural barrier between fiefdoms and hence historically created a cultural divide, as is evident in some phonetic traits that are recognisable on either side of what the Dutch call their "Great Rivers" ("de Grote Rivieren"). Another significant branch of the Rhine, the IJssel river, discharges into Lake IJssel, the former Zuiderzee ('southern sea'). Just like the previous, this river forms a linguistic divide: people to the northeast of this river speak Dutch Low Saxon dialects (except for the province of Friesland, which has its own language).The modern Netherlands formed as a result of the interplay of the four main rivers (Rhine, Meuse, Schelde and IJssel) and the influence of the North Sea. The Netherlands is mostly composed of deltaic, coastal and eolian derived sediments during the Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods.Almost the entire west Netherlands is composed of the Rhine-Meuse river estuary, but human intervention greatly modified the natural processes at work. Most of the western Netherlands is below sea level due to the human process of turning standing bodies of water into usable land, a polder.In the east of the Netherlands, remains are found of the last ice age, which ended approximately ten thousand years ago. As the continental ice sheet moved in from the north, it pushed moraine forward. The ice sheet halted as it covered the eastern half of the Netherlands. After the ice age ended, the moraine remained in the form of a long hill-line. The cities of Arnhem and Nijmegen are built upon these hills.Over the centuries, the Dutch coastline has changed considerably as a result of natural disasters and human intervention.On 14 December 1287, St. Lucia's flood affected the Netherlands and Germany, killing more than 50,000 people in one of the most destructive floods in recorded history. The St. Elizabeth flood of 1421 and the mismanagement in its aftermath destroyed a newly reclaimed polder, replacing it with the "Biesbosch" tidal floodplains in the south-centre. The huge North Sea flood of early February 1953 caused the collapse of several dikes in the south-west of the Netherlands; more than 1,800 people drowned in the flood. The Dutch government subsequently instituted a large-scale programme, the "Delta Works", to protect the country against future flooding, which was completed over a period of more than thirty years.The impact of disasters was, to an extent, increased through human activity. Relatively high-lying swampland was drained to be used as farmland. The drainage caused the fertile peat to contract and ground levels to drop, upon which groundwater levels were lowered to compensate for the drop in ground level, causing the underlying peat to contract further. Additionally, until the 19th-century peat was mined, dried, and used for fuel, further exacerbating the problem. Centuries of extensive and poorly controlled peat extraction lowered an already low land surface by several metres. Even in flooded areas, peat extraction continued through turf dredging.Because of the flooding, farming was difficult, which encouraged foreign trade, the result of which was that the Dutch were involved in world affairs since the early 14th/15th century.To guard against floods, a series of defences against the water were contrived. In the first millennium AD, villages and farmhouses were built on man-made hills called "terps". Later, these terps were connected by dikes. In the 12th century, local government agencies called ""waterschappen"" ("water boards") or ""hoogheemraadschappen"" ("high home councils") started to appear, whose job it was to maintain the water level and to protect a region from floods; these agencies continue to exist. As the ground level dropped, the dikes by necessity grew and merged into an integrated system. By the 13th century windmills had come into use to pump water out of areas below sea level. The windmills were later used to drain lakes, creating the famous polders.In 1932 the "Afsluitdijk" ("Closure Dike") was completed, blocking the former "Zuiderzee" (Southern Sea) from the North Sea and thus creating the IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake). It became part of the larger Zuiderzee Works in which four polders totalling were reclaimed from the sea.The Netherlands is one of the countries that may suffer most from climate change. Not only is the rising sea a problem, but erratic weather patterns may cause the rivers to overflow.After the 1953 disaster, the Delta Works was constructed, which is a comprehensive set of civil works throughout the Dutch coast. The project started in 1958 and was largely completed in 1997 with the completion of the Maeslantkering. Since then, new projects have been periodically started to renovate and renew the Delta Works. The main goal of the Delta project was to reduce the risk of flooding in South Holland and Zeeland to once per 10,000 years (compared to once per 4000 years for the rest of the country). This was achieved by raising of outer sea-dikes and of the inner, canal, and river dikes, and by closing off the sea estuaries of the Zeeland province. New risk assessments occasionally show problems requiring additional Delta project dike reinforcements. The Delta project is considered by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the seven wonders of the modern world.It is anticipated that global warming in the 21st century will result in a rise in sea level. The Netherlands is actively preparing for a sea-level rise. A politically neutral Delta Commission has formulated an action plan to cope with a sea-level rise of and a simultaneous land height decline of . The plan encompasses the reinforcement of the existing coastal defences like dikes and dunes with of additional flood protection. Climate change will not only threaten the Netherlands from the seaside but could also alter rainfall patterns and river run-off. To protect the country from river flooding, another programme is already being executed. The Room for the River plan grants more flow space to rivers, protects the major populated areas and allows for periodic flooding of indefensible lands. The few residents who lived in these so-called "overflow areas" have been moved to higher ground, with some of that ground having been raised above anticipated flood levels.The predominant wind direction in the European Netherlands is southwest, which causes a mild maritime climate, with moderately warm summers and cool winters, and typically high humidity. This is especially true close to the Dutch coastline, where the difference in temperature between summer and winter, as well as between day and night is noticeably smaller than it is in the southeast of the country.Ice days—maximum temperature below —usually occur from December until February, with the occasional rare ice day prior to or after that period. Freezing days—minimum temperature below —occur much more often, usually ranging from mid-November to late March, but not rarely measured as early as mid-October and as late as mid-May. If one chooses the height of measurement to be above ground instead of , one may even find such temperatures in the middle of the summer. On average, snow can occur from November to April but sometimes occurs in May or October too.Warm days—maximum temperature above —are usually found in April to October, but in some parts of the country these warm days can also occur in March, or even sometimes in November or February (usually not in , however). Summer days—maximum temperature above —are usually measured in from May until September, tropical days—maximum temperature above —are rare and usually occur only in June to August.Precipitation throughout the year is distributed relatively equally each month. Summer and autumn months tend to gather a little more precipitation than the other months, mainly because of the intensity of the rainfall rather than the frequency of rain days (this is especially the case in summer when lightning is also much more frequent).The number of sunshine hours is affected by the fact that because of the geographical latitude, the length of the days varies between barely eight hours in December and nearly 17 hours in June.The following table are based on mean measurements by the KNMI weather station in De Bilt between 1991 and 2020. The highest recorded temperature was reached on 25 July 2019 in Gilze-Rijen.The Netherlands has 20 national parks and hundreds of other nature reserves, that include lakes, heathland, woods, dunes, and other habitats. Most of these are owned by Staatsbosbeheer, the national department for forestry and nature conservation and Natuurmonumenten (literally 'Natures monuments'), a private organisation that buys, protects and manages nature reserves. The Dutch part of the Wadden Sea in the north, with its tidal flats and wetlands, is rich in biological diversity, and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Nature Site in 2009.The Oosterschelde, formerly the northeast estuary of the river Scheldt was designated a national park in 2002, thereby making it the largest national park in the Netherlands at an area of . It consists primarily of the salt waters of the Oosterschelde but also includes mudflats, meadows, and shoals. Because of the large variety of sea life, including unique regional species, the park is popular with Scuba divers. Other activities include sailing, fishing, cycling, and bird watching.Phytogeographically, the European Netherlands is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the European territory of the Netherlands belongs to the ecoregion of Atlantic mixed forests. In 1871, the last old original natural woods were cut down, and most woods today are planted monocultures of trees like Scots pine and trees that are not native to the Netherlands. These woods were planted on anthropogenic heaths and sand-drifts (overgrazed heaths) (Veluwe). The Netherlands had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 0.6/10, ranking it 169th globally out of 172 countries.While Curaçao, Aruba and Sint Maarten have a constituent country status, the Caribbean Netherlands are three islands designated as special municipalities of the Netherlands. The islands are part of the Lesser Antilles and have land borders with France (Saint Martin) and maritime borders with Anguilla, Curaçao, France (Saint Barthélemy), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sint Maarten, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Venezuela.Within this island group:The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands enjoy a tropical climate with warm weather all year round. The Leeward Antilles are warmer and drier than the Windward islands. In summer, the Windward Islands can be subject to hurricanes.The Netherlands has been a constitutional monarchy since 1815, and due to the efforts of Johan Rudolph Thorbecke became a parliamentary democracy in 1848. The Netherlands is described as a consociational state. Dutch politics and governance are characterised by an effort to achieve broad consensus on important issues, within both the political community and society as a whole. In 2017, "The Economist" ranked the Netherlands as the 11th most democratic country in the world.The monarch is the head of state, at present King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. Constitutionally, the position is equipped with limited powers. By law, the King has the right to be periodically briefed and consulted on government affairs. Depending on the personalities and relationships of the King and the ministers, the monarch might have influence beyond the power granted by the Constitution of the Netherlands.The executive power is formed by the Council of Ministers, the deliberative organ of the Dutch cabinet. The cabinet usually consists of 13 to 16 ministers and a varying number of state secretaries. One to three ministers are ministers without portfolio. The head of government is the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, who often is the leader of the largest party of the coalition. The Prime Minister is a "primus inter pares", with no explicit powers beyond those of the other ministers. Mark Rutte has been Prime Minister since October 2010; the Prime Minister had been the leader of the largest party of the governing coalition continuously since 1973.The cabinet is responsible to the bicameral parliament, the States General, which also has legislative powers. The 150 members of the House of Representatives, the lower house, are elected in direct elections on the basis of party-list proportional representation. These are held every four years, or sooner in case the cabinet falls (for example: when one of the chambers carries a motion of no confidence, the cabinet offers its resignation to the monarch). The States-Provincial are directly elected every four years as well. The members of the provincial assemblies elect the 75 members of the Senate, the upper house, which has the power to reject laws, but not propose or amend them. Both houses send members to the Benelux Parliament, a consultative council.Both trade unions and employers organisations are consulted beforehand in policymaking in the financial, economic and social areas. They meet regularly with the government in the Social-Economic Council. This body advises government and its advice cannot be put aside easily.The Netherlands has a long tradition of social tolerance. In the 18th century, while the Dutch Reformed Church was the state religion, Catholicism, other forms of Protestantism, such as Baptists and Lutherans, as well as Judaism were tolerated but discriminated against.In the late 19th century this Dutch tradition of religious tolerance transformed into a system of pillarisation, in which religious groups coexisted separately and only interacted at the level of government. This tradition of tolerance influences Dutch criminal justice policies on recreational drugs, prostitution, LGBT rights, euthanasia, and abortion, which are among the most liberal in the world.Because of the multi-party system, no single party has held a majority in parliament since the 19th century, as a result, coalition cabinets had to be formed. Since suffrage became universal in 1917, the Dutch political system has been dominated by three families of political parties: the strongest of which were the Christian Democrats, currently represented by the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA); second were the Social Democrats, represented by the Labour Party (PvdA); and third were the Liberals, of which the right-wing People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is the main representative.These parties co-operated in coalition cabinets in which the Christian Democrats had always been a partner: so either a centre-left coalition of the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats was ruling or a centre-right coalition of Christian Democrats and Liberals. In the 1970s, the party system became more volatile: the Christian Democratic parties lost seats, while new parties became successful, such as the radical democrat and progressive liberal Democrats 66 (D66) or the ecologist party GroenLinks (GL).In the 1994 election, the CDA lost its dominant position. A "purple" cabinet was formed by the VVD, D66, and PvdA. In the 2002 elections, this cabinet lost its majority, because of an increased support for the CDA and the rise of the right-wing LPF, a new political party, around Pim Fortuyn, who was assassinated a week before the elections. A short-lived cabinet was formed by CDA, VVD, and LPF, which was led by the CDA Leader Jan Peter Balkenende. After the 2003 elections, in which the LPF lost most of its seats, a cabinet was formed by the CDA, VVD, and D66. The cabinet initiated an ambitious programme of reforming the welfare state, the healthcare system, and immigration policy.In June 2006, the cabinet fell after D66 voted in favour of a motion of no confidence against the Minister of Immigration and Integration, Rita Verdonk, who had instigated an investigation of the asylum procedure of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, a VVD MP. A caretaker cabinet was formed by the CDA and VVD, and general elections were held on 22 November 2006. In these elections, the CDA remained the largest party and the Socialist Party made the largest gains. The formation of a new cabinet took three months, resulting in a coalition of CDA, PvdA, and Christian Union.On 20 February 2010, the cabinet fell when the PvdA refused to prolong the involvement of the Dutch Army in Uruzgan, Afghanistan. Snap elections were held on 9 June 2010, with devastating results for the previously largest party, the CDA, which lost about half of its seats, resulting in 21 seats. The VVD became the largest party with 31 seats, closely followed by the PvdA with 30 seats. The big winner of the 2010 elections was Geert Wilders, whose right wing PVV, the ideological successor to the LPF, more than doubled its number of seats. Negotiation talks for a new government resulted in a minority government, led by VVD (a first) in coalition with CDA, which was sworn in on 14 October 2010. This unprecedented minority government was supported by PVV, but proved ultimately to be unstable, when on 21 April 2012, Wilders, leader of PVV, unexpectedly 'torpedoed seven weeks of austerity talks' on new austerity measures, paving the way for early elections.VVD and PvdA won a majority in the House of Representatives during the 2012 general election. On 5 November 2012 they formed the second Rutte cabinet. After the 2017 general election, VVD, Christian Democratic Appeal, Democrats 66 and ChristenUnie formed the third Rutte cabinet. This cabinet resigned in January 2021, two months before the general election, after a child welfare fraud scandal. In March 2021, centre-right VVD of Prime Minister Mark Rutte was the winner of the elections, securing 35 out of 150 seats. The second biggest party was the centre-left D66 with 24 seats. Geert Wilders' far-right party lost its support. Prime Minister Mark Rutte, in power since 2010, formed his fourth coalition government.The Netherlands is divided into twelve provinces, each under a King's Commissioner ("Commissaris van de Koning"). Informally in Limburg province this position is named Governor ("Gouverneur"). All provinces are divided into municipalities ("gemeenten"), of which there are 355 (2019).The country is also subdivided into 21 water districts, governed by a water board ("waterschap" or "hoogheemraadschap"), each having authority in matters concerning water management. The creation of water boards actually pre-dates that of the nation itself, the first appearing in 1196. The Dutch water boards are among the oldest democratic entities in the world still in existence. Direct elections of the water boards take place every four years.The administrative structure on the three BES islands, collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, is outside the twelve provinces. These islands have the status of "openbare lichamen (public bodies)". In the Netherlands these administrative units are often referred to as "special municipalities".The Netherlands has several Belgian exclaves and within those even several enclaves which are part of the province of North Brabant. Because the Netherlands and Belgium are both in the Benelux, and more recently in the Schengen Area, citizens of respective countries can travel through these enclaves without controls.The history of Dutch foreign policy has been characterised by its neutrality. Since World War II, the Netherlands has become a member of a large number of international organisations, most prominently the UN, NATO and the EU. The Dutch economy is very open and relies strongly on international trade.The foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to Atlantic co-operation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. One of the more controversial international issues surrounding the Netherlands is its liberal policy towards soft drugs.During and after the Dutch Golden Age, the Dutch people built up a commercial and colonial empire. The most important colonies were present-day Suriname and Indonesia. Indonesia became independent after the Indonesian National Revolution in the 1940s following a war of independence, international pressure and several United Nations Security Council resolutions. Suriname became independent in 1975. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. In addition, many people from these countries are living permanently in the Netherlands.The Netherlands has one of the oldest standing armies in Europe; it was first established as such by Maurice of Nassau in the late 1500s. The Dutch army was used throughout the Dutch Empire. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Dutch army was transformed into a conscription army. The army was unsuccessfully deployed during the Belgian Revolution in 1830. After 1830, it was deployed mainly in the Dutch colonies, as the Netherlands remained neutral in European wars (including the First World War), until the Netherlands was invaded in World War II and defeated by the Wehrmacht in May 1940.The Netherlands abandoned its neutrality in 1948 when it signed the Treaty of Brussels, and became a founding member of NATO in 1949. The Dutch military was therefore part of the NATO strength in Cold War Europe, deploying its army to several bases in Germany. More than 3,000 Dutch soldiers were assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division of the United States Army during the Korean War. In 1996 conscription was suspended, and the Dutch army was once again transformed into a professional army. Since the 1990s the Dutch army has been involved in the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War, it held a province in Iraq after the defeat of Saddam Hussein, and it was engaged in Afghanistan.The military is composed of four branches, all of which carry the prefix "Koninklijke" (Royal):The submarine service opened to women on 1 January 2017. The Korps Commandotroepen, the Special Operations Force of the Netherlands Army, is open to women, but because of the extremely high physical demands for initial training, it is almost impossible for a woman to become a commando. The Dutch Ministry of Defence employs more than 70,000 personnel, including over 20,000 civilians and over 50,000 military personnel. In April 2011 the government announced a major reduction in its military because of a cut in government expenditure, including a decrease in the number of tanks, fighter aircraft, naval ships and senior officials.The Netherlands has ratified many international conventions concerning war law. The Netherlands decided not to sign the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.The Netherlands has a developed economy and has been playing a special role in the European economy for many centuries. Since the 16th century, shipping, fishing, agriculture, trade, and banking have been leading sectors of the Dutch economy. The Netherlands has a high level of economic freedom. The Netherlands is one of the top countries in the Global Enabling Trade Report (2nd in 2016), and was ranked the fifth most competitive economy in the world by the Swiss International Institute for Management Development in 2017. In addition, the country was ranked the second most innovative nation in the world in the 2018 Global Innovation Index., the key trading partners of the Netherlands were Germany, Belgium, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, China and Russia. The Netherlands is one of the world's 10 leading exporting countries. Foodstuffs form the largest industrial sector. Other major industries include chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods, trade, services and tourism. Examples of international Dutch companies operating in Netherlands include Randstad, Unilever, Heineken, KLM, financial services (ING, ABN AMRO, Rabobank), chemicals (DSM, AKZO), petroleum refining (Royal Dutch Shell), electronical machinery (Philips, ASML), and satellite navigation (TomTom).The Netherlands has the 17th-largest economy in the world, and ranks 11th in GDP (nominal) per capita. Between 1997 and 2000 annual economic growth (GDP) averaged nearly 4%, well above the European average. Growth slowed considerably from 2001 to 2005 with the global economic slowdown, but accelerated to 4.1% in the third quarter of 2007. In May 2013, inflation was at 2.8% per year. In April 2013, unemployment was at 8.2% (or 6.7% following the ILO definition) of the labour force. In February 2019, this was reduced to 3.4%.In Q3 and Q4 2011, the Dutch economy contracted by 0.4% and 0.7%, respectively, because of European Debt Crisis, while in Q4 the Eurozone economy shrunk by 0.3%. The Netherlands also has a relatively low GINI coefficient of 0.326. Despite ranking 11th in GDP per capita, UNICEF ranked the Netherlands 1st in child well-being in rich countries, both in 2007 and in 2013. On the Index of Economic Freedom Netherlands is the 14th most free market capitalist economy out of 180 surveyed countries.Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX), part of Euronext, is the world's oldest stock exchange and is one of Europe's largest bourses. It is situated near Dam Square in the city's centre. As a founding member of the euro, the Netherlands replaced (for accounting purposes) its former currency, the "gulden" (guilder), on 1 January 1999, along with 15 other adopters of the euro. Actual euro coins and banknotes followed on 1 January 2002. One euro was equivalent to 2.20371 Dutch guilders. In the Caribbean Netherlands, the United States dollar is used instead of the euro.The Dutch location gives it prime access to markets in the UK and Germany, with the Port of Rotterdam being the largest port in Europe. Other important parts of the economy are international trade (Dutch colonialism started with co-operative private enterprises such as the Dutch East India Company), banking and transport. The Netherlands successfully addressed the issue of public finances and stagnating job growth long before its European partners. Amsterdam is the 5th-busiest tourist destination in Europe with more than 4.2 million international visitors. Since the enlargement of the EU large numbers of migrant workers have arrived in the Netherlands from Central and Eastern Europe.The Netherlands continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the five largest investors in the United States. The economy experienced a slowdown in 2005, but in 2006 recovered to the fastest pace in six years on the back of increased exports and strong investment. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007. The Netherlands is the fourth-most competitive economy in the world, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report.Beginning in the 1950s, the Netherlands discovered huge natural gas resources. The sale of natural gas generated enormous revenues for the Netherlands for decades, adding hundreds of billions of euros to the government's budget. However, the unforeseen consequences of the country's huge energy wealth impacted the competitiveness of other sectors of the economy, leading to the theory of Dutch disease.Apart from coal and gas, the country has no mining resources. The last coal mine was closed in 1974. The Groningen gas field, one of the largest natural-gas fields in the world, is situated near Slochteren. The exploitation of this field has resulted in €159 billion in revenue since the mid-1970s. The field is operated by government-owned Gasunie and output is jointly exploited by the government, Royal Dutch Shell, and Exxon Mobil through NAM (Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij). "Gas extraction has resulted in increasingly strong earth tremors, some measuring as much as 3.6 on the Richter magnitude scale. The cost of damage repairs, structural improvements to buildings, and compensation for home value decreases has been estimated at €6.5 billion. Around 35,000 homes are said to be affected." The Netherlands has an estimated 25% of natural gas reserves in the EU. The energy sector accounted for almost 11% of the GDP in 2014. Netherlands' economy, mainly due to the large shares of natural gas reserves, is considered to have "very high" energy intensity rating.The Netherlands is faced with future challenges as the energy supply is forecasted to fall short of the demand by the year 2025 in the gas sector. This is attributed to the depletion of the Netherlands' major gas field, Groningen, and the earthquakes that have hit the Groningen region. In addition, there is ambiguity surrounding the feasibility of producing unconventional gas. The Netherlands relies heavily on natural gas to provide energy. Gas is the main source of heating for households in the Netherlands and represented 35% of the energy mix in 2014. Furthermore, The European Union 2020 package (20% reduction in GHG emissions, 20% renewables in the energy mix and 20% improvement in energy efficiency) enacted in 2009 has influenced the domestic energy politics of Netherlands and pressured non-state actors to give consent to more aggressive energy reforms that would reduce reliance on natural resources as a source of income to the economy. Therefore, a transition towards renewable energy has been a key objective by Netherlands in order to safeguard the energy security of the country from natural resources depletion, mainly gas. Netherlands has set a 14% renewable energy target of the total energy mix by the year 2020. However, the continuation of providing tax breaks to electricity generated by coal and gas, and to the exploration and extraction of gas from fields that are "insufficiently" profitable, renders a successful transition towards renewable energy more difficult to achieve due to inconsistencies in the policy mix. In 2011, it was estimated that the renewable energy sector received 31% (EUR 743MM), while the conventional energy sector received 69% (EUR 1.6B), of the total energy subsidies by the government. Furthermore, the energy market in the Netherlands remains to be dominated by few major corporations Nuon, RWE, E.ON, Eneco, and Delta that have significant influence over the energy policy. Renewable energy share in the energy mix is estimated to reach 12.4% by the year 2020, falling 1.6% short of the 14% target.From a biological resource perspective, the Netherlands has a low endowment: the Netherlands’ biocapacity adds up to only 0.8 global hectares in 2016, 0.2 of which are dedicated to agriculture. The Dutch biocapacity per person is just about half of the 1.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person available worldwide. In contrast, in 2016, the Dutch used on average 4.8 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means the Dutch required nearly six times as much biocapacity as the Netherlands contains. As a result, the Netherlands was running a biocapacity deficit of 4.0 global hectares per person in 2016.The Dutch agricultural sector is highly mechanised, and has a strong focus on international exports. It employs about 4% of the Dutch labour force but produces large surpluses in the food-processing industry and accounts for 21% of the Dutch total export value. The Dutch rank first in the European Union and second worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind only the United States, with agricultural exports earning €80.7 billion in 2014, up from €75.4 billion in 2012. In 2019 agricultural exports were worth €94.5 billion.One-third of the world's exports of chilis, tomatoes, and cucumbers goes through the country. The Netherlands also exports one-fifteenth of the world's apples.Aside from that, a significant portion of Dutch agricultural exports consists of fresh-cut plants, flowers, and flower bulbs, with the Netherlands exporting two-thirds of the world's total.The Netherlands had an estimated population of 17,493,969 as of 30 April 2021. It is the 5th most densely populated country in Europe, and except for the very small city-states like Monaco, Vatican City and San Marino it is the most densely populated country in Europe. And it is the 16th most densely populated country in the world with a density of . It is the 67th most populous country in the world. Between 1900 and 1950, the country's population almost doubled from 5.1 to 10 million. From 1950 to 2000, the population further increased, to 15.9 million, though this represented a lower rate of population growth. The estimated growth rate is 0.44%.The fertility rate in the Netherlands is 1.78 children per woman (2018 estimate), which is high compared with many other European countries, but below the rate of 2.1 children per woman required for natural population replacement, it remains considerably below the high of 5.39 children born per woman in 1879. Netherlands subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 42.7 years. Life expectancy is high in the Netherlands: 84.3 years for newborn girls and 79.7 for boys (2020 estimate). The country has a migration rate of 1.9 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year. The majority of the population of the Netherlands is ethnically Dutch. According to a 2005 estimate, the population was 80.9% Dutch, 2.4% Indonesian, 2.4% German, 2.2% Turkish, 2.0% Surinamese, 1.9% Moroccan, 0.8% Antillean and Aruban, and 7.4% others. Some 150,000 to 200,000 people living in the Netherlands are expatriates, mostly concentrated in and around Amsterdam and The Hague, now constituting almost 10% of the population of these cities.The Dutch are the tallest people in the world, by nationality, with an average height of for adult males and for adult females in 2009. People in the south are on average about shorter than those in the north.According to Eurostat, in 2010 there were 1.8 million foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. Of these, 1.4 million (8.5%) were born outside the EU and 0.43 million (2.6%) were born in another EU Member State. On 21 November 2016, there were 3.8 million residents in the Netherlands with at least one foreign-born parent ("migration background"). Over half the young people in Amsterdam and Rotterdam have a non-western background. Dutch people, or descendants of Dutch people, are also found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Canada, Australia, South Africa and the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau (2006), more than 5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch ancestry. There are close to 3 million Dutch-descended Afrikaners living in South Africa. In 1940, there were 290,000 Europeans and Eurasians in Indonesia, but most have since left the country.The Randstad is the country's largest conurbation located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities: Amsterdam in the province North Holland, Rotterdam and The Hague in the province South Holland, and Utrecht in the province Utrecht. The Randstad has a population of about 8.2 million inhabitants and is the 5th largest metropolitan area in Europe. According to Dutch Central Statistics Bureau, in 2015, 28 per cent of the Dutch population had a spendable income above 45,000 euros (which does not include spending on health care or education).The official language is Dutch, which is spoken by the vast majority of the inhabitants. Besides Dutch, West Frisian is recognised as a second official language in the northern province of Friesland ("Fryslân" in West Frisian). West Frisian has a formal status for government correspondence in that province. In the European part of the kingdom two other regional languages are recognised under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.The first of these recognised regional languages is Low Saxon ("Nedersaksisch" in Dutch). Low Saxon consists of several dialects spoken in the north and east, like Tweants in the region of Twente, and Drents in the province of Drenthe. Secondly, Limburgish is also recognised as a regional language. It consists of Dutch varieties of Meuse-Rhenish Franconian languages and is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg. The dialects most spoken in the Netherlands are the Brabantian-Hollandic dialects.Ripuarian language, which is spoken in Kerkrade and Vaals in the form of, respectively, the Kerkrade dialect and the Vaals dialect are legally treated as Limburgish as well - see Southeast Limburgish dialect.English has a formal status in the special municipalities of Saba and Sint Eustatius. It is widely spoken on these islands. Papiamento has a formal status in the special municipality of Bonaire. Yiddish and the Romani language were recognised in 1996 as non-territorial languages. The Netherlands has a tradition of learning foreign languages, formalised in Dutch education laws. Some 90% of the total population indicate they are able to converse in English, 70% in German, and 29% in French. English is a mandatory course in all secondary schools. In most lower level secondary school educations ("vmbo"), one additional modern foreign language is mandatory during the first two years.In higher level secondary schools (HAVO and VWO), the acquisition of two additional modern foreign language skills is mandatory during the first three years. Only during the last three years in VWO one foreign language is mandatory. Besides English, the standard modern languages are French and German, although schools can replace one of these modern languages with Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Turkish or Arabic. Additionally, schools in Friesland teach and have exams in West Frisian, and schools across the country teach and have exams in Ancient Greek and Latin for secondary school (called Gymnasium or VWO+).The population of the Netherlands was predominantly Christian until the late 20th century, divided into a number of denominations. Although significant religious diversity remains, there has been a decline of religious adherence. The Netherlands is now one of the most secular societies in the world.In 2019, Statistics Netherlands found that 54.1% of the total population declared itself to be non-religious. Groups that represent the non-religious in the Netherlands include Humanistisch Verbond. Roman Catholics comprised 20.1% of the total population, Protestants (14.8%). Muslims comprised 5.0% of the total population and followers of other Christian denominations and other religions (like Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism) comprised the remaining 5.9%. A 2015 survey from another source found that Protestants outnumbered Catholics.The southern provinces of North Brabant and Limburg have historically been strongly Roman Catholic, and some residents consider the Catholic Church as a base for their cultural identity. Protestantism in the Netherlands consists of a number of churches within various traditions. The largest of these is the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN), a United church which is Reformed and Lutheran in orientation. It was formed in 2004 as a merger of the Dutch Reformed Church, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and a smaller Lutheran Church. Several orthodox Reformed and liberal churches did not merge into the PKN. Although in the Netherlands as a whole Christianity has become a minority, the Netherlands contains a Bible Belt from Zeeland to the northern parts of the province Overijssel, in which Protestant (particularly Reformed) beliefs remain strong, and even has majorities in municipal councils.Islam is the second largest religion in the state. In 2012, there were about 825,000 Muslims in the Netherlands (5% of the population). The Muslim population increased from the 1960 as a result of large numbers of migrant workers. This included migrant workers from Turkey and Morocco, as well as migrants from former Dutch colonies, such as Surinam and Indonesia. During the 1990s, Muslim refugees arrived from countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iran, Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan.Another religion practised is Hinduism, with around 215,000 adherents (slightly over 1% of the population). Most of these are Indo-Surinamese. There are also sizable populations of Hindu immigrants from India and Sri Lanka, and some Western adherents of Hinduism-oriented new religious movements such as Hare Krishnas. The Netherlands has an estimated 250,000 Buddhists or people strongly attracted to this religion, mainly ethnic Dutch people. In addition, there are about 45,000 Jews in the Netherlands.The Constitution of the Netherlands guarantees freedom of education, which means that all schools that adhere to general quality criteria receive the same government funding. This includes schools based on religious principles by religious groups (especially Roman Catholic and various Protestant). Three political parties in the Dutch parliament, (CDA, and two small parties, ChristianUnion and SGP) are based upon the Christian belief. Several Christian religious holidays are national holidays (Christmas, Easter, Pentecost and the Ascension of Jesus).Upon the country's independence, Protestants were predominant in most of the country, while Roman Catholics were dominant in the south, especially North Brabant and Limburg. In the late 19th century, secularism, atheism and pillarisation gained adherents. By 1960, Roman Catholics equalled Protestants in number; thereafter, both Christian branches began to decline. Conversely, Islam grew considerably as the result of immigration. Since 2000 there has been raised awareness of religion, mainly due to Muslim extremism.The Dutch royal family has been traditionally associated with Calvinism, specifically the Dutch Reformed Church, which has merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. The Dutch Reformed Church was the only major Protestant church in the Netherlands from the Reformation until the 19th century. Denominational splits in 1834 and in 1886 diversified Dutch Calvinism. In 2013, a Roman Catholic became Queen consort.A survey in December 2014 concluded that for the first time there were more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands, while the remainder of the population was agnostic (31%) or ietsistic (27%). In 2015, a vast majority of the inhabitants of the Netherlands (82%) said they had never or almost never visited a church, and 59% stated that they had never been to a church of any kind. Of all the people questioned, 24% saw themselves as atheist, an increase of 11% compared to the previous study done in 2006. The expected rise of spirituality (ietsism) has come to a halt according to research in 2015. In 2006, 40% of respondents considered themselves spiritual; in 2015 this has dropped to 31%. The number who believed in the existence of a higher power fell from 36% to 28% over the same period.Education in the Netherlands is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16. If a child does not have a "starting qualification" (HAVO, VWO or MBO 2+ degree) they are still forced to attend classes until they achieve such a qualification or reach the age of 18.All children in the Netherlands usually attend elementary school from (on average) ages 4 to 12. It comprises eight grades, the first of which is facultative. Based on an aptitude test, the eighth grade teacher's recommendation and the opinion of the pupil's parents or caretakers, a choice is made for one of the three main streams of secondary education. After completing a particular stream, a pupil may still continue in the penultimate year of the next stream.The VMBO has four grades and is subdivided over several levels. Successfully completing the VMBO results in a low-level vocational degree that grants access to the MBO. The MBO (middle-level applied education) is a form of education that primarily focuses on teaching a practical trade or a vocational degree. With the MBO certification, a student can apply for the HBO. The HAVO has 5 grades and allows for admission to the HBO. The HBO (higher professional education) are universities of professional education (applied sciences) that award professional bachelor's degrees; similar to polytechnic degrees. An HBO degree gives access to the university system. The VWO (comprising atheneum and gymnasium) has 6 grades and prepares for studying at a research university. Universities offer a three-year bachelor's degree, followed by a one or two-year master's degree, which in turn can be followed by a four or five-year doctoral degree programme.Doctoral candidates in the Netherlands are generally non-tenured employees of a university. All Dutch schools and universities are publicly funded and managed with the exception of religious schools that are publicly funded but not managed by the state even though requirements are necessary for the funding to be authorised. Dutch universities have a tuition fee of about 2,000 euros a year for students from the Netherlands and the European Union. The amount is about 10,000 euros for non-EU students.In 2016, the Netherlands maintained its number one position at the top of the annual Euro health consumer index (EHCI), which compares healthcare systems in Europe, scoring 916 of a maximum 1,000 points. The Netherlands has been among the top three countries in each report published since 2005. On 48 indicators such as patient rights and information, accessibility, prevention and outcomes, the Netherlands secured its top position among 37 European countries for six years in a row.The Netherlands was ranked first in a study in 2009 comparing the health care systems of the United States, Australia, Canada, Germany and New Zealand.Ever since a major reform of the health care system in 2006, the Dutch system received more points in the Index each year. According to the HCP (Health Consumer Powerhouse), the Netherlands has 'a chaos system', meaning patients have a great degree of freedom from where to buy their health insurance, to where they get their healthcare service. The difference between the Netherlands and other countries is that the chaos is managed. Healthcare decisions are being made in a dialogue between the patients and healthcare professionals.Health insurance in the Netherlands is mandatory. Healthcare in the Netherlands is covered by two statutory forms of insurance:While Dutch residents are automatically insured by the government for AWBZ, everyone has to take out their own basic healthcare insurance (basisverzekering), except those under 18 who are automatically covered under their parents' premium. If a person decides not to carry out an insurance coverage, the person may be fined. Insurers have to offer a universal package for everyone over the age of 18 years, regardless of age or state of health – it's illegal to refuse an application or impose special conditions. In contrast to many other European systems, the Dutch government is responsible for the accessibility and quality of the healthcare system in the Netherlands, but not in charge of its management.Healthcare in the Netherlands can be divided in several ways: three echelons, in somatic and mental health care and in 'cure' (short term) and 'care' (long term). Home doctors ("huisartsen", comparable to general practitioners) form the largest part of the first echelon. Being referenced by a member of the first echelon is mandatory for access to the second and third echelon. The health care system is in comparison to other Western countries quite effective but not the most cost-effective.Healthcare in the Netherlands is financed by a dual system that came into effect in January 2006. Long-term treatments, especially those that involve semi-permanent hospitalisation, and also disability costs such as wheelchairs, are covered by a state-controlled mandatory insurance. This is laid down in the "Algemene Wet Bijzondere Ziektekosten" ("General Law on Exceptional Healthcare Costs") which first came into effect in 1968. In 2009 this insurance covered 27% of all health care expenses.For all regular (short-term) medical treatment, there is a system of obligatory health insurance, with private health insurance companies. These insurance companies are obliged to provide a package with a defined set of insured treatments. This insurance covers 41% of all health care expenses.Other sources of health care payment are taxes (14%), out of pocket payments (9%), additional optional health insurance packages (4%) and a range of other sources (4%). Affordability is guaranteed through a system of income-related allowances and individual and employer-paid income-related premiums.A key feature of the Dutch system is that premiums may not be related to health status or age. Risk variances between private health insurance companies due to the different risks presented by individual policy holders are compensated through risk equalisation and a common risk pool. The funding burden for all short-term health care coverage is carried 50% by employers, 45% by the insured person and 5% by the government. Children under 18 are covered for free. Those on low incomes receive compensation to help them pay their insurance. Premiums paid by the insured are about €100 per month (about US$127 in August 2010 and €150 or US$196 in 2012), with variation of about 5% between the various competing insurers, and a yearly deductible of €220 (US$288).Mobility on Dutch roads has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year, three quarters of which are done by car. Around half of all trips in the Netherlands are made by car, 25% by bicycle, 20% walking, and 5% by public transport.With a total road network of 139,295 km, which includes 2,758 km of expressways, the Netherlands has one of the densest road networks in the world—much denser than Germany and France, but still not as dense as Belgium.As part of its commitment to environmental sustainability, the Government of the Netherlands initiated a plan to establish over 200 recharging stations for electric vehicles across the country. The rollout will be undertaken by Switzerland-based power and automation company ABB and Dutch startup Fastned, and will aim to provide at least one station within a 50-kilometre radius (30 miles) from every home in the Netherlands. Currently, the Netherlands alone hosts more than a quarter of all recharging stations in the European Union. This share rises to 30% if Brexit is taken into account. Moreover, newly sold cars in the Netherlands have on average the lowest CO2 emissions in the EU.About 13% of all distance is travelled by public transport, the majority of which by train. Like in many other European countries, the Dutch rail network of 3,013 km route is also rather dense. The network is mostly focused on passenger rail services and connects all major towns and cities, with over 400 stations. Trains are frequent, with two trains per hour on lesser lines, two to four trains per hour on average, and up to eight trains an hour on the busiest lines. The Dutch national train network also includes the HSL-Zuid, a high-speed line between the Amsterdam metropolitan area and the Belgian border for trains running from Paris and London to the Netherlands.Cycling is a ubiquitous mode of transport in the Netherlands. Almost as many kilometres are covered by bicycle as by train. The Dutch are estimated to have at least 18 million bicycles, which makes more than one per capita, and twice as many as the circa 9 million motor vehicles on the road. In 2013, the European Cyclists' Federation ranked both the Netherlands and Denmark as the most bike-friendly countries in Europe, but more of the Dutch (36%) than of the Danes (23%) list the bike as their most frequent mode of transport on a typical day. Cycling infrastructure is comprehensive. Busy roads have received some 35,000 km of dedicated cycle tracks, physically segregated from motorised traffic. Busy junctions are often equipped with bicycle-specific traffic lights. There are large bicycle parking facilities, particularly in city centres and at train stations.Until the introduction of trains, ships were the primary mode of transport in the Netherlands. And shipping has remained crucial afterwards. The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe and the largest port in the world outside East-Asia, with the rivers Meuse and Rhine providing excellent access to the hinterland upstream reaching to Basel, Switzerland, and into Germany and France. , Rotterdam was the world's eighth largest container port handling 440.5 million metric tonnes of cargo annually. The port's main activities are petrochemical industries and general cargo handling and transshipment. The harbour functions as an important transit point for bulk materials and between the European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. The Volkeraksluizen between Rotterdam and Antwerp are the biggest sluices for inland navigation in the world in terms of tonnage passing through them. In 2007, the Betuweroute, a new fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, was completed. The Netherlands also hosts Europe's 4th largest port in Amsterdam. The inland shipping fleet of the Netherlands is the largest in Europe. The Netherlands also has the largest fleet of active historical ships in the world. Boats are used for passenger travel as well, such as the Watertaxies in Rotterdam. The ferry network in Amsterdam and the Waterbus network in Rotterdam are part of the public transport system.Schiphol Airport, just southwest of Amsterdam, is the main international airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest airport in Europe in terms of passengers. Schiphol is the main hub for KLM, the nation's flag carrier and the world's oldest airline. In 2016, the Royal Schiphol Group airports handled 70 million passengers. All air traffic is international and Schiphol Airport is connected to over 300 destinations worldwide, more than any other European airport. The airport is a major freight hub as well, processing 1.44 million tonnes of cargo in 2020. Smaller international airports in the country include Eindhoven Airport, Rotterdam The Hague Airport, Maastricht Aachen Airport and Groningen Airport Eelde. Air transport is of vital significance for the Caribbean part of the Netherlands, with all islands having their own airport. This includes the shortest runway in the world on Saba.The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. In the Middle Ages Hieronymus Bosch, Petrus Christus, Lucas Gassel and Pieter Bruegel the Elder were leading Dutch pioneers.During the Dutch Golden Age, spanning much of the 17th century, the Dutch Republic was prosperous and witnessed a flourishing artistic movement. This was the age of the "Dutch Masters", such as Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen, Jacob van Ruisdael, Gerard van Honthorst, Theodoor van Thulden and many others. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century were Vincent van Gogh and the luminists Jan Sluijters, Leo Gestel, and Piet Mondrian. M. C. Escher is a well-known graphic artist. Willem de Kooning was born and trained in Rotterdam, although he is considered to have reached acclaim as an American artist. Literature flourished as well during the Dutch Golden Age, with Joost van den Vondel and P. C. Hooft as the two most famous writers. In the 19th century, Multatuli wrote about the poor treatment of the natives in the Dutch colony, the current Indonesia. Important 20th century authors include Godfried Bomans, Harry Mulisch, Jan Wolkers, Simon Vestdijk, Hella S. Haasse, Cees Nooteboom, Gerard Reve and Willem Frederik Hermans. Anne Frank's "Diary of a Young Girl" was published after she was murdered in the Holocaust and translated from Dutch to all major languages.Various architectural styles can be distinguished in the Netherlands. Over the years, various styles have been built and preserved.The Romanesque architecture was built between the years 950 and 1250. This architectural style is most concentrated in the provinces of Gelderland and Limburg. Limburg, in particular, differs greatly in architectural style from the rest of the Netherlands.The Gothic architecture came to in the Netherlands from about 1230. Gothic buildings often had large windows, pointed arches and were richly decorated.Brabantine Gothic originated with the rise of the Duchy of Brabant and spread throughout the Burgundian provinces.This architectural style is most concentrated in the province of North Brabant, such as St. John's Cathedral in 's-Hertogenbosch, The Church of Our Lady in Breda and the Margraves Palace in Bergen op Zoom.What many know as traditional Dutch architecture is the Dutch Baroque architecture (1525 – 1630) and classicism (1630 – 1700).These style of architecture is especially in evidence in the cities of North Holland, South Holland and Zeeland.Other architectural styles that are common in the Netherlands are Style Louis XIV, Art Nouveau, Rationalism, NeoclassicismExpressionism, De Stijl, Traditionalism and Brutalism.The Netherlands is the country of philosophers Erasmus, Rudolf Agricola and Spinoza. Much of Descartes' major work was done in the Netherlands, where he studied at Leiden University — as did geologist James Hutton, British Prime Minister John Stuart, U.S. President John Quincy Adams, Physics Nobel Prize laureate Hendrik Lorentz and Enrico Fermi. The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) discovered Saturn's moon Titan, argued that light travelled as waves, invented the pendulum clock and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms with a microscope.Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in Huis Ten Bosch, Nagasaki, Japan. A similar Holland Village is being built in Shenyang, China. Windmills, tulips, wooden shoes, cheese, Delftware pottery, and cannabis are among the items associated with the Netherlands by tourists.In the south of the Netherlands there are some festivals that rarely or never occur in the rest of the Netherlands. These celebrations grew out of Catholic traditions, including Carnival, lantern parades during the celebration of Three Kings, Brabantian Day and huge Bloemencorso. Bloemencorsos used to occur in many places in the Netherlands, but in the 21th century, Zundert and Valkenswaard in North Brabant have taken the lead.Dutch society is egalitarian and modern. The Dutch have an aversion to the non-essential. Ostentatious behaviour is to be avoided. The Dutch are proud of their cultural heritage, rich history in art and involvement in international affairs.Dutch manners are open and direct with a no-nonsense attitude—informality combined with adherence to basic behaviour. According to a humorous source on Dutch culture, "Their directness gives many the impression that they are rude and crude—attributes they prefer to call openness." A well known more serious source on Dutch etiquette is "Dealing with the Dutch" by Jacob Vossestein: "Dutch egalitarianism is the idea that people are equal, especially from a moral point of view, and accordingly, causes the somewhat ambiguous stance the Dutch have towards hierarchy and status." As always, manners differ between groups. Asking about basic rules will not be considered impolite. "What may strike you as being blatantly blunt topics and comments are no more embarrassing or unusual to the Dutch than discussing the weather."The Netherlands is one of the most secular countries of Europe, and religion in the Netherlands is generally considered as a personal matter which is not supposed to be propagated in public, although it often remains a discussion subject. For only 17% of the population religion is important and 14% goes to church weekly.The Netherlands has a long history of social tolerance and today is regarded as a liberal country, considering its drug policy and its legalisation of euthanasia. On 1 April 2001, the Netherlands became the first nation to legalise same-sex marriage.As of 2018 the Netherlands had one of the highest rates of carbon dioxide emissions per capita in the European Union, above those of Germany, France and Belgium. In addition, the Dutch waste more food than any other EU citizen, at over three times the EU average Despite this, the Netherlands has nonetheless the reputation of the leader country in environmental and population management. In 2015, Amsterdam and Rotterdam were ranked fourth and fifth, respectively, on the Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index.Sustainability is a concept important for the Dutch. The goal of the Dutch Government is to have a sustainable, reliable and affordable energy system, by 2050, in which emissions have been halved and 40 per cent of electricity is derived from sustainable sources.The government is investing billions of euros in energy efficiency, sustainable energy and reduction. The Kingdom also encourages Dutch companies to build sustainable business/projects/facilities, with financial aids from the state to the companies or individuals who are active in making the country more sustainable.The Netherlands has multiple music traditions. Traditional Dutch music is a genre known as "Levenslied", meaning "Song of life", to an extent comparable to a French Chanson or a German Schlager. These songs typically have a simple melody and rhythm, and a straightforward structure of verses and choruses. Themes can be light, but are often sentimental and include love, death and loneliness. Traditional musical instruments such as the accordion and the barrel organ are a staple of levenslied music, though in recent years many artists also use synthesisers and guitars. Artists in this genre include Jan Smit, Frans Bauer and André Hazes.Contemporary Dutch rock and pop music (Nederpop) originated in the 1960s, heavily influenced by popular music from the United States and Britain. In the 1960s and 1970s the lyrics were mostly in English, and some tracks were instrumental. Bands such as Shocking Blue, Golden Earring, Tee Set, George Baker Selection and Focus enjoyed international success. As of the 1980s, more and more pop musicians started working in the Dutch language, partly inspired by the huge success of the band Doe Maar. Today Dutch rock and pop music thrives in both languages, with some artists recording in both.Current symphonic metal bands Epica, Delain, ReVamp, The Gathering, Asrai, Autumn, Ayreon and Within Temptation as well as jazz and pop singer Caro Emerald are having international success. Also, metal bands like Hail of Bullets, God Dethroned, Izegrim, Asphyx, Textures, Present Danger, Heidevolk and Slechtvalk are popular guests at the biggest metal festivals in Europe. Contemporary local stars include pop singer Anouk, country pop singer Ilse DeLange, South Guelderish and Limburgish dialect singing folk band Rowwen Hèze, rock band BLØF and duo Nick & Simon. Trijntje Oosterhuis, one of the country's most well known and versatile singers, has made multiple albums with famous American composers Vince Mendoza and Burt Bacharach.Early 1990s Dutch and Belgian house music came together in Eurodance project 2 Unlimited. Selling 18 million records, the two singers in the band are the most successful Dutch music artists to this day. Tracks like "Get Ready for This" are still popular themes of U.S. sports events, like the NHL. In the mid 1990s Dutch language rap and hip hop ("Nederhop") also came to fruition and has become popular in the Netherlands and Belgium. Artists with North African, Caribbean or Middle Eastern origins have strongly influenced this genre.Since the 1990s, Dutch electronic dance music (EDM) gained widespread popularity in the world in many forms, from trance, techno and gabber to hardstyle. Some of the world's best known dance music DJs hail from the Netherlands, including Armin van Buuren, Tiësto, Hardwell, Martin Garrix, Dash Berlin, Julian Jordan, Nicky Romero, W&W, Don Diablo and Afrojack; the first four of which have been ranked as best in the world by DJ Mag Top 100 DJs. The Amsterdam Dance Event (ADE) is the world's leading electronic music conference and the biggest club festival for the many electronic subgenres on the planet. These DJs also contribute to the world's mainstream pop music, as they frequently collaborate and produce for high-profile international artists.The Netherlands have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since its first edition in 1956, and have won five times. Their most recent win was in 2019.In classical music, Jan Sweelinck ranks as the Dutch most famous composer, with Louis Andriessen amongst the best known living Dutch classical composers. Ton Koopman is a Dutch conductor, organist and harpsichordist. He is also professor at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague. Notable violinists are Janine Jansen and André Rieu. The latter, together with his Johann Strauss Orchestra, has taken classical and waltz music on worldwide concert tours, the size and revenue of which are otherwise only seen from the world's biggest rock and pop music acts. The most famous Dutch classical composition is "Canto Ostinato" by Simeon ten Holt, a minimalistic composition for multiple instruments. Acclaimed harpist Lavinia Meijer in 2012 released an album with works from Philip Glass that she transcribed for harp, with approval of Glass himself. The Concertgebouw (completed in 1888) in Amsterdam is home to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, considered one of the world's finest orchestras.Some Dutch films – mainly by director Paul Verhoeven – have received international distribution and recognition, such as "Turkish Delight" (""Turks Fruit"", 1973), "Soldier of Orange" (""Soldaat van Oranje"", 1977), "Spetters" (1980) and "The Fourth Man" (""De Vierde Man"", 1983). Verhoeven then went on to direct big Hollywood movies like "RoboCop" (1987), "Total Recall" (1990) and "Basic Instinct" (1992), and returned with Dutch film "Black Book" (""Zwartboek"", 2006).Other well-known Dutch film directors are Jan de Bont ("Speed"), Anton Corbijn ("A Most wanted Man"), Dick Maas ("De Lift"), Fons Rademakers ("The Assault"), and documentary makers Bert Haanstra and Joris Ivens. Film director Theo van Gogh achieved international notoriety in 2004 when he was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri in the streets of Amsterdam after directing the short film "Submission".Internationally, successful directors of photography from the Netherlands are Hoyte van Hoytema ("Interstellar", "Spectre", "Dunkirk") and Theo van de Sande ("Wayne's World" and "Blade"). Van Hoytema went to the National Film School in Łódź (Poland) and Van de Sande went to the Netherlands Film Academy. Internationally successful Dutch actors include Famke Janssen ("X-Men"), Carice van Houten ("Game of Thrones"), Michiel Huisman ("Game of Thrones"), Rutger Hauer ("Blade Runner"), Jeroen Krabbé ("The Living Daylights") and Derek de Lint ("Three Men and a Baby").The Netherlands has a well developed television market, with both multiple commercial and public broadcasters. Imported TV programmes, as well as interviews with responses in a foreign language, are virtually always shown with the original sound and subtitled. Only foreign shows for children are dubbed.TV exports from the Netherlands mostly take the form of specific formats and franchises, most notably through internationally active TV production conglomerate Endemol, founded by Dutch media tycoons John de Mol and Joop van den Ende. Headquartered in Amsterdam, Endemol has around 90 companies in over 30 countries. Endemol and its subsidiaries create and run reality, talent, and game show franchises worldwide, including "Big Brother" and "Deal or No Deal". John de Mol later started his own company Talpa which created show franchises like "The Voice" and "Utopia".Approximately 4.5 million of the 16.8 million people in the Netherlands are registered to one of the 35,000 sports clubs in the country. About two-thirds of the population between 15 and 75 participates in sports weekly. Football is the most popular participant sport in the Netherlands, before field hockey and volleyball as the second and third most popular team sports. The Netherlands national football team is one of the most popular aspects of Dutch sports; especially since the 1970s when one of the greatest footballers of all time, Johan Cruyff, developed Total Football with coach Rinus Michels. Tennis, gymnastics and golf are the three most widely engaged in individual sports.Organisation of sports began at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were established (such as the speed skating federation in 1882), rules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. A Dutch National Olympic Committee was established in 1912. Thus far, the nation has won 266 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 110 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. In international competition, Dutch national teams and athletes are dominant in several fields of sport. The Netherlands women's field hockey team is the most successful team in World Cup history. The Netherlands baseball team have won the European championship 20 times out of 32 events. Dutch K-1 kickboxers have won the K-1 World Grand Prix 15 times out of 19 tournaments. The Netherlands Women's handball team holds the record of the only team in the world that consecutively reached all six semifinals of major international tournaments since 2015, winning silver and bronze at the European Women's Handball Championship and silver, bronze and gold at the World Women's Handball Championship. They finished fourth at the 2016 Summer Olympics.The Dutch speed skaters' performance at the 2014 Winter Olympics, where they won 8 out of 12 events, 23 out of 36 medals, including 4 clean sweeps, is the most dominant performance in a single sport in Olympic history. Motorcycle racing at the TT Circuit Assen has a long history. Assen is the only venue to have held a round of the Motorcycle World Championship every year since its creation in 1949. The circuit was purpose-built for the Dutch TT in 1954, with previous events having been held on public roads.The Dutch have also had success in all three of cyclings Grand Tours with Jan Janssen winning the 1968 Tour de France, more recently with Tom Dumoulin winning the 2017 Giro d'Italia and legendary rider Joop Zoetemelk was the 1985 UCI World Champion, the winner of the 1979 Vuelta a Espana, the 1980 Tour de France and still holds or shares numerous Tour de France records including most Tours finished and most kilometres ridden.Limburger Max Verstappen currently races in Formula One, and was the first Dutchman to win a Grand Prix. The coastal resort of Zandvoort hosted the Dutch Grand Prix from 1958 to 1985, and has been announced to return in 2020. The volleyball national men's team has also been successful, winning the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the gold medal four years later in Atlanta. The biggest success of the women's national team was winning the European Championship in 1995 and the World Grand Prix in 2007.Recently cricket has made a remarkable progress in the Netherlands. Netherlands have participated in 1996, 2003, 2007 and 2011 ODI cricket World Cup. They have also qualified for 2009 and 2014 T20 World Cup. In the 2009 T20 World Cup, Netherlands defeated England, the current World Champions and inventor of the game. Ryan ten Doeschate is the only Dutch player to have played in the IPL on the team Kolkata Knight Riders.Originally, the country's cuisine was shaped by the practices of fishing and farming, including the cultivation of the soil for growing crops and raising domesticated animals. Dutch cuisine is simple and straightforward, and contains many dairy products. Breakfast and lunch are typically bread with toppings, with cereal for breakfast as an alternative. Traditionally, dinner consists of potatoes, a portion of meat, and (seasonal) vegetables. The Dutch diet was relatively high in carbohydrates and fat, reflecting the dietary needs of the labourers whose culture moulded the country. Without many refinements, it is best described as rustic, though many holidays are still celebrated with special foods. In the course of the twentieth century this diet changed and became much more cosmopolitan, with most global cuisines being represented in the major cities.Modern culinary writers distinguish between three general regional forms of Dutch cuisine. The regions in the northeast of the Netherlands, roughly the provinces of Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overijssel and Gelderland north of the great rivers are the least populated areas of the Netherlands. The late (18th century) introduction of large scale agriculture means that the cuisine is generally known for its many kinds of meats. The relative lack of farms allowed for an abundance of game and husbandry, though dishes near the coastal regions of Friesland, Groningen and the parts of Overijssel bordering the IJsselmeer also include a large amount of fish. The various dried sausages, belonging to the metworst-family of Dutch sausages are found throughout this region and are highly prized for their often very strong taste. Also smoked sausages are common, of which ("Gelderse") "rookworst" is the most renowned. The sausage contains a lot of fat and is very juicy. Larger sausages are often eaten alongside "stamppot", "hutspot" or "zuurkool" (sauerkraut); whereas smaller ones are often eaten as a street food. The provinces are also home to hard textured rye bread, pastries and cookies, the latter heavily spiced with ginger or succade or containing small bits of meat. Various kinds of "Kruidkoek" (such as ), "" and "" (small savoury pancakes cooked in a waffle iron) are considered typical. A notable characteristic of "Fries roggebrood" (Frisian rye bread) is its long baking time (up to 20 hours), resulting in a sweet taste and a deep dark colour. In terms of alcoholic beverages, the region is renowned for its many bitters (such as "Beerenburg") and other high-proof liquors rather than beer, which is, apart from "Jenever", typical for the rest of the country. As a coastal region, Friesland is home to low-lying grasslands, and thus has a cheese production in common with the Western cuisine. "Friese Nagelkaas" (Friesian Clove) is a notable example.The provinces of North Holland, South Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht and the Gelderlandic area of Betuwe make up the region in which western Dutch cuisine is found. Because of the abundance of water and flat grasslands that are found here, the area is known for its many dairy products, which include prominent cheeses such as Gouda, Leyden (spiced cheese with cumin), and Edam (traditionally in small spheres) as well as Leerdammer and Beemster, while the adjacent Zaanstreek in North Holland has since the 16th century been known for its mayonnaise, typical whole-grain mustards, and chocolate industry. Zeeland and South Holland produce a lot of butter, which contains a larger amount of milkfat than most other European butter varieties. A by-product of the butter-making process, "karnemelk" (buttermilk), is also considered typical for this region. Seafood such as soused herring, mussels (called "Zeeuwse Mossels", since all Dutch mussels for consumption are cleaned in Zeeland's Oosterschelde), eels, oysters and shrimps are widely available and typical for the region. "", once a local delicacy consisting of small chunks of battered white fish, has become a national fast food, just as . Pastries in this area tend to be quite doughy, and often contain large amounts of sugar; either caramelised, powdered or crystallised. The "oliebol" (in its modern form) and "Zeeuwse bolus" are good examples. Cookies are also produced in great number and tend to contain a lot of butter and sugar, like "stroopwafel", as well as a filling of some kind, mostly almond, like "". The traditional alcoholic beverages of this region are beer (strong pale lager) and "Jenever", a high proof juniper-flavoured spirit, that came to be known in England as gin. A noted exception within the traditional Dutch alcoholic landscape, "Advocaat", a rich and creamy liqueur made from eggs, sugar and brandy, is also native to this region.The Southern Dutch cuisine consists of the cuisines of the Dutch provinces of North Brabant and Limburg and the Flemish Region in Belgium. It is renowned for its many rich pastries, soups, stews and vegetable dishes and is often called Burgundian which is a Dutch idiom invoking the rich Burgundian court which ruled the Low Countries in the Middle Ages, renowned for its splendor and great feasts. It is the only Dutch culinary region that developed an haute cuisine. Pastries are abundant, often with rich fillings of cream, custard or fruits. Cakes, such as the "Vlaai" from Limburg and the "Moorkop" and "Bossche Bol" from Brabant, are typical pastries. Savoury pastries also occur, with the (a roll with a sausage of ground beef, literally translates into sausage bread) being the most popular. The traditional alcoholic beverage of the region is beer. There are many local brands, ranging from "Trappist" to "Kriek". 5 of the 10 "International Trappist Association" recognised breweries in the world, are located in the Southern Dutch cultural area. Beer, like wine in French cuisine, is also used in cooking; often in stews.In early 2014, Oxfam ranked the Netherlands as the country with the most nutritious, plentiful and healthy food, in a comparison of 125 countries.From the exploitations in the Mughal Empire in the 17th century, to the colonisations in the 19th century, Dutch imperial possessions continued to expand, reaching their greatest extent by establishing a hegemony of the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. The Dutch East Indies, which later formed modern-day Indonesia, was one of the most valuable European colonies in the world and the most important one for the Netherlands. Over 350 years of mutual heritage has left a significant cultural mark on the Netherlands.In the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, the Netherlands urbanised considerably, mostly financed by corporate revenue from the Asian trade monopolies. Social status was based on merchants' income, which reduced feudalism and considerably changed the dynamics of Dutch society. When the Dutch royal family was established in 1815, much of its wealth came from Colonial trade.By the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company established their base in parts of Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka). Afterward, they established ports in Dutch occupied Malabar, leading to Dutch settlements and trading posts in India. However, their expansion into India was halted, after their defeat in the Battle of Colachel by the Kingdom of Travancore, during the Travancore-Dutch War. The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to Bengal Subah.Universities such as the Leiden University, founded in the 16th century, have developed into leading knowledge centres for Southeast Asian and Indonesian studies. Leiden University has produced leading academics such as Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, and still has academics who specialise in Indonesian languages and cultures. Leiden University and in particular KITLV are educational and scientific institutions that to this day share both an intellectual and historical interest in Indonesian studies. Other scientific institutions in the Netherlands include the Amsterdam Tropenmuseum, an anthropological museum with massive collections of Indonesian art, culture, ethnography and anthropology.The traditions of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) are maintained by the Regiment Van Heutsz of the modern Royal Netherlands Army. A dedicated "Bronbeek Museum", a former home for retired KNIL soldiers, exists in Arnhem to this day.A specific segment of Dutch literature called Dutch Indies literature still exists and includes established authors, such as Louis Couperus, the writer of "The Hidden Force", taking the colonial era as an important source of inspiration. One of the great masterpieces of Dutch literature is the book "Max Havelaar", written by Multatuli in 1860.The majority of Dutchmen that repatriated to the Netherlands after and during the Indonesian revolution are Indo (Eurasian), native to the islands of the Dutch East Indies. This relatively large Eurasian population had developed over a period of 400 years and were classified by colonial law as belonging to the European legal community. In Dutch they are referred to as "Indische Nederlanders" or as Indo (short for Indo-European).Including their second generation descendants, Indos are currently the largest foreign-born group in the Netherlands. In 2008, the Dutch Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS) registered 387,000 first- and second-generation Indos living in the Netherlands. Although considered fully assimilated into Dutch society, as the main ethnic minority in the Netherlands, these 'repatriants' have played a pivotal role in introducing elements of Indonesian culture into Dutch mainstream culture.Many Indonesian dishes and foodstuffs have become commonplace in the Netherlands. Rijsttafel, a colonial culinary concept, and dishes such as Nasi goreng and satay are very popular in the country. Practically any town of any size in the Netherlands has a "toko" (a Dutch Indonesian Shop) or a Chinese-Indonesian restaurant, and many 'Pasar Malam' (Night market in Malay/Indonesian) fairs are organised throughout the year.
|
[
"Piet de Jong",
"Hendrikus Colijn",
"Ruud Lubbers",
"Jan de Quay",
"Wim Schermerhorn",
"Jo Cals",
"Joop den Uyl",
"Wim Kok",
"Louis Beel",
"Dirk Jan de Geer",
"Dries van Agt",
"Willem Drees",
"Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck",
"Victor Marijnen",
"Jelle Zijlstra",
"Mark Rutte",
"Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy",
"Barend Biesheuvel"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in Jul, 1866?
|
July 21, 1866
|
{
"text": [
"Gustave Courbet"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_0
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Louisine Havemeyer",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer",
"Jules Bordet"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in 1866-07-21?
|
July 21, 1866
|
{
"text": [
"Gustave Courbet"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_0
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Louisine Havemeyer",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer",
"Jules Bordet"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in 21/07/1866?
|
July 21, 1866
|
{
"text": [
"Gustave Courbet"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_0
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Louisine Havemeyer",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer",
"Jules Bordet"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in Jul 21, 1866?
|
July 21, 1866
|
{
"text": [
"Gustave Courbet"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_0
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Louisine Havemeyer",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer",
"Jules Bordet"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in 07/21/1866?
|
July 21, 1866
|
{
"text": [
"Gustave Courbet"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_0
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Louisine Havemeyer",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer",
"Jules Bordet"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Woman with a Parrot in 21-Jul-186621-July-1866?
|
July 21, 1866
|
{
"text": [
"Gustave Courbet"
]
}
|
L2_Q8030760_P127_0
|
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Henry Osborne Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Dec, 1907.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Gustave Courbet from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1870.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Louisine Havemeyer from Apr, 1898 to Jan, 1929.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Jules Bordet from Jan, 1870 to Apr, 1898.
Woman with a Parrot is owned by Metropolitan Museum of Art from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1929.
|
Woman with a ParrotLa Femme au perroquet ("Woman with a Parrot") is an oil painting on canvas by French artist Gustave Courbet. It was the first nude by the artist to be accepted by the Paris Salon in 1866 after a previous entry in 1864 was rejected as indecent. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city.The painting shows a woman reclining on her back, with a pet parrot alighting on an outstretched hand. While painted in a style to gain Academy acceptance in its pose and smooth flesh tones, the model's discarded clothes and disheveled hair were controversial, although less so than "Le Sommeil", painted the same year. Joanna Hiffernan likely posed for both paintings, as she did for others by Courbet.The work is on view in the Metropolitan Museum's Gallery 811
|
[
"Metropolitan Museum of Art",
"Louisine Havemeyer",
"Henry Osborne Havemeyer",
"Jules Bordet"
] |
|
Which employer did Jaroslav Pelikan work for in Jan, 1962?
|
January 01, 1962
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago",
"Yale University"
]
}
|
L2_Q457939_P108_3
|
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Valparaiso University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1949.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1962.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Concordia Seminary from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Yale University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
|
Jaroslav PelikanJaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois, and his paternal grandfather a bishop of the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, then known as the Slovak Lutheran Church in America.According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old, as he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.In 1946 when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and a PhD at the University of Chicago.Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume "The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine" (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public (notably, "Mary Through the Centuries", "Jesus Through the Centuries" and "Whose Bible Is It?").His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, "The Vindication of Tradition" included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in "U.S. News & World Report". He said:He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by "Field & Stream" magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:Semper siccandae sunt: potioPulvis, et pelliculatio.Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was editor of the religion section of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and in 1980 he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book "The Vindication of Tradition".Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book "Christianity and Classical Culture".President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award ($500,000) to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: ""Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen"" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there." Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in "The New York Times" when the pope died in 2005:It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.
|
[
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary",
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary"
] |
|
Which employer did Jaroslav Pelikan work for in 1962-01-01?
|
January 01, 1962
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago",
"Yale University"
]
}
|
L2_Q457939_P108_3
|
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Valparaiso University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1949.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1962.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Concordia Seminary from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Yale University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
|
Jaroslav PelikanJaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois, and his paternal grandfather a bishop of the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, then known as the Slovak Lutheran Church in America.According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old, as he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.In 1946 when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and a PhD at the University of Chicago.Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume "The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine" (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public (notably, "Mary Through the Centuries", "Jesus Through the Centuries" and "Whose Bible Is It?").His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, "The Vindication of Tradition" included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in "U.S. News & World Report". He said:He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by "Field & Stream" magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:Semper siccandae sunt: potioPulvis, et pelliculatio.Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was editor of the religion section of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and in 1980 he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book "The Vindication of Tradition".Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book "Christianity and Classical Culture".President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award ($500,000) to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: ""Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen"" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there." Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in "The New York Times" when the pope died in 2005:It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.
|
[
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary",
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary"
] |
|
Which employer did Jaroslav Pelikan work for in 01/01/1962?
|
January 01, 1962
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago",
"Yale University"
]
}
|
L2_Q457939_P108_3
|
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Valparaiso University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1949.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1962.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Concordia Seminary from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Yale University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
|
Jaroslav PelikanJaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois, and his paternal grandfather a bishop of the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, then known as the Slovak Lutheran Church in America.According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old, as he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.In 1946 when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and a PhD at the University of Chicago.Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume "The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine" (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public (notably, "Mary Through the Centuries", "Jesus Through the Centuries" and "Whose Bible Is It?").His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, "The Vindication of Tradition" included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in "U.S. News & World Report". He said:He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by "Field & Stream" magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:Semper siccandae sunt: potioPulvis, et pelliculatio.Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was editor of the religion section of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and in 1980 he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book "The Vindication of Tradition".Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book "Christianity and Classical Culture".President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award ($500,000) to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: ""Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen"" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there." Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in "The New York Times" when the pope died in 2005:It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.
|
[
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary",
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary"
] |
|
Which employer did Jaroslav Pelikan work for in Jan 01, 1962?
|
January 01, 1962
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago",
"Yale University"
]
}
|
L2_Q457939_P108_3
|
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Valparaiso University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1949.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1962.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Concordia Seminary from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Yale University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
|
Jaroslav PelikanJaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois, and his paternal grandfather a bishop of the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, then known as the Slovak Lutheran Church in America.According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old, as he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.In 1946 when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and a PhD at the University of Chicago.Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume "The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine" (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public (notably, "Mary Through the Centuries", "Jesus Through the Centuries" and "Whose Bible Is It?").His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, "The Vindication of Tradition" included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in "U.S. News & World Report". He said:He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by "Field & Stream" magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:Semper siccandae sunt: potioPulvis, et pelliculatio.Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was editor of the religion section of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and in 1980 he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book "The Vindication of Tradition".Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book "Christianity and Classical Culture".President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award ($500,000) to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: ""Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen"" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there." Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in "The New York Times" when the pope died in 2005:It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.
|
[
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary",
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary"
] |
|
Which employer did Jaroslav Pelikan work for in 01/01/1962?
|
January 01, 1962
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago",
"Yale University"
]
}
|
L2_Q457939_P108_3
|
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Valparaiso University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1949.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1962.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Concordia Seminary from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Yale University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
|
Jaroslav PelikanJaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois, and his paternal grandfather a bishop of the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, then known as the Slovak Lutheran Church in America.According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old, as he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.In 1946 when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and a PhD at the University of Chicago.Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume "The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine" (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public (notably, "Mary Through the Centuries", "Jesus Through the Centuries" and "Whose Bible Is It?").His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, "The Vindication of Tradition" included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in "U.S. News & World Report". He said:He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by "Field & Stream" magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:Semper siccandae sunt: potioPulvis, et pelliculatio.Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was editor of the religion section of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and in 1980 he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book "The Vindication of Tradition".Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book "Christianity and Classical Culture".President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award ($500,000) to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: ""Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen"" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there." Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in "The New York Times" when the pope died in 2005:It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.
|
[
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary",
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary"
] |
|
Which employer did Jaroslav Pelikan work for in 01-Jan-196201-January-1962?
|
January 01, 1962
|
{
"text": [
"University of Chicago",
"Yale University"
]
}
|
L2_Q457939_P108_3
|
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Valparaiso University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1949.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1962.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Concordia Seminary from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Yale University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
|
Jaroslav PelikanJaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois, and his paternal grandfather a bishop of the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, then known as the Slovak Lutheran Church in America.According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old, as he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.In 1946 when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and a PhD at the University of Chicago.Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume "The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine" (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public (notably, "Mary Through the Centuries", "Jesus Through the Centuries" and "Whose Bible Is It?").His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, "The Vindication of Tradition" included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in "U.S. News & World Report". He said:He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by "Field & Stream" magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:Semper siccandae sunt: potioPulvis, et pelliculatio.Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was editor of the religion section of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and in 1980 he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book "The Vindication of Tradition".Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book "Christianity and Classical Culture".President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award ($500,000) to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: ""Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen"" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there." Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in "The New York Times" when the pope died in 2005:It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.
|
[
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary",
"Valparaiso University",
"Concordia Seminary"
] |
|
Who was the head of Quezon City in Aug, 2004?
|
August 01, 2004
|
{
"text": [
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr."
]
}
|
L2_Q1475_P6_4
|
Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
|
Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:
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[
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] |
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Who was the head of Quezon City in 2004-08-01?
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August 01, 2004
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{
"text": [
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr."
]
}
|
L2_Q1475_P6_4
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Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
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Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:
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[
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] |
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Who was the head of Quezon City in 01/08/2004?
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August 01, 2004
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{
"text": [
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr."
]
}
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L2_Q1475_P6_4
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Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
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Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:
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[
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] |
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Who was the head of Quezon City in Aug 01, 2004?
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August 01, 2004
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{
"text": [
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr."
]
}
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L2_Q1475_P6_4
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Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
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Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:
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[
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] |
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Who was the head of Quezon City in 08/01/2004?
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August 01, 2004
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{
"text": [
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr."
]
}
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L2_Q1475_P6_4
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Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
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Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:
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[
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] |
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Who was the head of Quezon City in 01-Aug-200401-August-2004?
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August 01, 2004
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{
"text": [
"Feliciano Belmonte, Jr."
]
}
|
L2_Q1475_P6_4
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Ismael A. Mathay, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 1992 to Jun, 2001.
Norberto S. Amoranto is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jan, 1954 to Mar, 1976.
Herbert Bautista is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2010 to Jun, 2019.
Joy Belmonte is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Adelina Santos Rodriguez is the head of the government of Quezon City from Mar, 1976 to Apr, 1986.
Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Jun, 2001 to Jun, 2010.
Brigido Simon, Jr. is the head of the government of Quezon City from Apr, 1986 to Jun, 1992.
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Quezon CityQuezon City (, ; ), also known as the City of Quezon and abbreviated as Q.C. (Kyusi), is the most populous city in the Philippines. With over 3 million people, the city is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, Philippine entertainment industry, government edifices and its sprawling metropolitan area. It has a diverse and robust economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields.Quezon City is a planned city. It lies on the hills on the northeast of Manila and covers an area of , making it the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. The city is the home to several executive branches, mostly situated at the National Government Center on or around the Quezon Memorial Circle, and the Lower House of the Philippine Congress, located at the National Government Center II in Batasan Hills. Most of the northeastern part of the city lies at the Sierra Madre mountain range, with elevations reaching more than 300 meters.It was founded on October 12, 1939, and was named after its founder, Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines. It was intended to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in 1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government.Up until 1951, the Mayor of Quezon City is appointed by the President of the Philippines. First set of locally elected individuals were elected the same year through Republic Act No. 537. The city's Six Congressional Districts represents the city in the Lower House of the Congress of the Philippines.Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the small individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches, and Balintawak. On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan, led by its "Supremo" Andrés Bonifacio, launched the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire at the house of Melchora Aquino in Pugad Lawin (now known as Balintawak).In the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his earlier trip in Mexico City, Mexico influenced his vision.In 1938, President Quezon created the People's Homesite Corporation and purchased from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family; this piece of land became known then as "Barrio Obrero" ("Workers' Village"). The National Assembly of the Philippines passed "Commonwealth Act 502", known as the Charter of Quezon City, originally proposed as "Balintawak City; Assemblymen Narciso Ramos and Ramon Mitra Sr. successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12, 1939, thus establishing Quezon City.When Quezon City was created in 1939, the following barrios or sitios: Balingasa, Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol, and Tatalon from Caloocan; Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from San Juan; Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesus de la Peña and Krus na Ligas from Marikina; Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from Pasig and some barrios from Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city. Instead of opposing them, the six towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief that it would benefit the country's new capital. However, in 1941, the area within Wack Wack Golf and Country Club was reverted to Mandaluyong, and Barangka and Jesus de la Peña to Marikina. In addition, the land of Camp Crame was originally part of San Juan. On January 1, 1942, President Quezon issued an executive order from the tunnel of Corregidor designating Jorge Vargas Mayor of Greater Manila, a new political entity comprising, aside from Manila proper, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Parañaque. Greater Manila would later be expanded to include Las Piñas, Malabon, and Navotas.Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 during World War II. In October of that year, the Japanese authorities organized the City of Greater Manila into twelve districts, two of which were formed by dividing Quezon City: Balintawak which consisted of San Francisco del Monte, Galas, and La Loma; and Diliman which consisted of Diliman proper, Cubao, and the University District. In 1945, combined Filipino and American troops under the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army, and Philippine Constabulary, with help from recognized guerrilla units, liberated and recaptured Quezon City in a few months, expelling Imperial Japanese forces. Heavy fighting occurred near Novaliches, which at that time was in Caloocan, and New Manila which was a strongpoint. Smaller actions were fought at Barrio Talipapa and the University District. Toward the end of the Battle of Manila, Pres. Sergio Osmeña dissolved the Greater Manila Complex, which included the Japanese-created districts of Balintawak and Diliman which had been formed from the prewar Quezon City.After the war, "Republic Act No. 333", which redefined the Caloocan–Quezon City boundary, was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on July 17, 1948, declaring Quezon City to be the national capital, and specifying the city's area to be . The barrios of Baesa, Bagbag, Banlat, Kabuyao, Novaliches Proper, Pasong Putik, Pasong Tamo, Pugad Lawin, San Bartolome, and Talipapa, which belonged to Novaliches and had a combined area of about 8,100 hectares, were taken from Caloocan and ceded to Quezon City. This caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16, 1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by "Republic Act No. 537", changing the city's boundaries to an area of . Exactly six years after on June 16, 1956, more revisions to the city's land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as . According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia on their study earthquake impact and risk assessment on the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area, the total area of Quezon City stood at .On October 1, 1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, which took place at the Araneta Coliseum. It was renamed as the "Philippine Coliseum" for the event.On November 7, 1975, the promulgation of "Presidential Decree No. 824" of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila. Quezon City became one of Metro Manila's 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, "Presidential Decree No. 940" transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24, 1976. On March 31, 1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22, 1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (between Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo) became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos.On February 23, 1998, "Republic Act. No. 8535" was signed by President Fidel Ramos. The Act provided for the creation of the City of Novaliches comprising the 15 northernmost barangays of Quezon City. However, in the succeeding plebiscite on October 23, 1999, an overwhelming majority of Quezon City residents rejected the secession of Novaliches.Quezon City is the first local government in the Philippines with a computerized real estate assessment and payment system. The city government developed a database system in 2015 that contains around 400,000 property units with capability to record payments.The city lies on the Guadalupe Plateau, a relatively high plateau at the northeast of the metropolis situated between the lowlands of Manila to the southwest and the Marikina River Valley to the east. The southern portion is drained by the narrow San Juan River and its tributaries to Pasig River, while running in the northern portions of the city is the equally-narrow Tullahan River. The West Valley Fault traverses the eastern border of the city.Quezon City is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. To the south lie San Juan and Mandaluyong, while Marikina and Pasig border the city to the southeast. To the north across Marilao River lies San Jose del Monte in the province of Bulacan, while to the east lie Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.The city can be divided into a number of areas. The southern portion of the city is divided into a number of districts including Diliman, Commonwealth, the Project areas, Cubao, Kamias, Kamuning, New Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Santa Mesa Heights. The northern half of the city is often called Novaliches and contains the areas of Fairview and Lagro. Most of these areas have no defined boundaries and are primarily residential in nature.Quezon City features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with prominent dry season from December to April, in which in turn, divided into cool and warm dry seasons, and a prolonged wet season from May to November that brings heavy rains in some areas.In 1938, President Manuel L. Quezon made a decision to push for a new capital city. Manila was getting crowded, and his military advisors reportedly told him that Manila, being by the bay, was an easy target for bombing by naval guns in case of attack. The new city will be located at least away from Manila Bay, which is beyond the reach of naval guns. Quezon contacted William E. Parsons, an American architect and planner, who had been the consulting architect for the islands early in the American colonial period. Parsons came over in the summer of 1939 and helped select the Diliman (Tuason) estate as the site for the new city. Unfortunately, he died later that year, leaving his partner Harry Frost to take over. Frost collaborated with Juan Arellano, engineer A.D. Williams, and landscape architect and planner Louis Croft to craft a grand master plan for the new capital. The plan was approved by the Philippine authorities in 1941.The core of the new city was to be a Central Park, about the size of New York's Central Park, and defined by the North, South (Timog), East and West Avenues. On one corner of the proposed Diliman Quadrangle was delineated a elliptical site. This was the planned location of a large Capitol Building to house the Philippine Legislature and ancillary structures for the offices of representatives. On either side of the giant ellipse were supposed to have been the new Malacañang Palace on North Avenue (site of the present-day Veterans Memorial Hospital), and the Supreme Court Complex along East Avenue (now the site of East Avenue Medical Center). The three branches of government were to be finally and efficiently located in close proximity to each other.According to the 2015 Census, the population of the city was , making it by far the most populous city in the Philippines. This figure is higher by more than 1.1 million from Manila, the country's second-most populous city.The increase in the population of the city has been dramatic considering that it was only founded/consolidated (and sparsely populated) in 1939. Quezon City became the biggest city in terms of population in the Philippines in 1990 when it finally surpassed the number of inhabitants of the densely populated City of Manila. Quezon City's population continued to increase and went on to become the first Philippine city (and as of 2017 the only city) to reach 2 million people (in the late 1990s). The population is projected to reach 3 million people between the 2015 and 2020 census years and 4 million people between the 2025 and 2030 census years.The trend is also seen in the significant increase in the percentage share of Quezon City to the total population of what is now called Metro Manila. Its share comes from a low of less than 10% in the 1950s to 21.0% in 1980 and then to 22.8% in 2015.Quezon City is exceptionally large that if it is considered as a province, its population will be larger than 72 provinces and rank seventh largest in the country based on the 2015 Census.Quezon City is predominantly Roman Catholic with roughly 90% affiliation in the population; Novaliches Diocese had a 90% Roman Catholic adherence while the Diocese of Cubao had a Roman Catholic adherence of more than 88% (Catholic Diocese Hierarchy, 2003). In 2002, Quezon City was made an episcopal see for two new Catholic dioceses: "Cubao" and "Novaliches", as the very populous Archdiocese of Manila was carved up and five new dioceses created.A number of religious orders have set up convents and seminaries in the city. Various Protestant faiths have seen a significant increase in membership over recent decades and are well represented in Quezon City. While the Islamic faith has its largest concentrations in the south of the Philippines, there is a significant population in Quezon City. The Salam compound in Barangay Culiat houses one of the area's landmark mosques. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) the second-largest Christian denomination in the country, also has a large number of adherents with their large central temple in the city.Alternative incarnations of Christianity are promoting their version of faith in the Philippines. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has the Manila Philippines Temple and the Missionary Training Center located at Temple Drive Greenmeadows Subdivision of the city. A branch of Jesus Is Lord Church which known as JIL, a Christian megachurch. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Also known as the "Aglipayan Church") has three parishes located in the city, the Parish of the Crucified Lord in Apolonio Samson, Parish of the Holy Cross in Escale, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Parish of the Resurrection in Balingasa. The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name of Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy is located at Novaliches (Central Office), EDSA–Cubao, Muñoz, and Fairview. The biggest concentration of the Jesus Miracle Crusade of Evangelist Wilde E. Almeda is also located in the city. The Philippine Branch office of the Jehovah's Witnesses is located along Roosevelt Avenue. The seat of the Presiding Bishop, the Cathedral of Sts. Mary and John of the Episcopal Church, the national offices of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the National Council of Churches in the Philippines as well as a number of Protestant seminaries are located in the city. The headquarters of the UCKG HelpCenter (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is located at the former Quezon Theater building. The headquarters of Bread of Life Ministries International is a Christian megachurch located in its own ministry center on Mother Ignacia Ave. in scout area. New Life NorthMetro, A satellite church of ANLCC (Alabang Newlife Christian Center) is located in Cinema 6, 4th level of Trinoma Mall. The Church So Blessed, also a Christian church, is located in Commonwealth Avenue. People of Grace Fellowship is another Christian church located in Kamuning Road, corner Judge Jimenez. Members Church of God International (Ang Dating Daan) are also established in the city. Nichiren Buddhists are also established in the city, with many thousands of adherents attending worship services at Soka Gakkai International (SGI) Philippines headquarters at Quezon Memorial Circle.Quezon City is a hub for business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, entertainment, new media, traditional media, telecommunications, advertising, legal services, accountancy, healthcare, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. Quezon City was the Most Competitive City in the country from 2015-2019 assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. It earned the Hall of Fame Award in 2020 for its consecutive top performance.Quezon City is home to the Philippines' major broadcasting networks. Television companies such as ABS-CBN, RPN, GMA Network, INC TV, UNTV, Net 25, PTV, and IBC all have their headquarters within the city limits. TV5 also had its headquarters in Quezon City since 1992, but it moved out to Mandaluyong in 2013. Its transmitter in Novaliches is still being used and operated by the network.Quezon City bills itself as the ICT capital of the Philippines. The city has 33 ICT parks according to PEZA, which includes the Eastwood City Cyberpark in Libis, the first and largest IT Park in the country.Quezon City is the home to notable sporting and recreational venues such as the Amoranto Sports Complex, Quezon City Sports Club and the Smart Araneta Coliseum.The city is the home of the Philippine Basketball Association.The Quezon City Capitals, the city's professional men's basketball team, plays at the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League.Quezon City will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.Like other cities in the Philippines, Quezon City is governed by a mayor and vice mayor elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The vice mayor heads the legislative council consisting of 24 members. These councilors represent the six legislative districts of the city. The council is in charge of formulating and enacting the city.Quezon City, being a part of the Metro Manila region, has its mayor in the Metro Manila Council headed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). This council formulates development plans that seek to solve the problems and improve the conditions in the metropolis.President Manuel L. Quezon acted as mayor from October 12 to November 4, 1939, pending the resignation from another position of his intended appointee, Tomas B. Morato. Since a president can, under Philippine law, hold multiple portfolios inferior to his office, Quezon took the position of mayor in a concurrent capacity. However, it is erroneous to view him as the first mayor, as a president holding a concurrent position is not listed in the roster of incumbents for those offices.Quezon City is made up of 142 barangays (the smallest local government units) which handle governance in a much smaller area. These barangays are grouped into the aforementioned legislative districts. Each district, in turn, is represented in the House of Representatives.Peace and order, which includes traffic management of the city is administered by the Quezon City Department of Public Order and Safety, whose offices are found inside the Quezon City Hall Complex, is headed by retired QCPD District Director – Police Chief Superintendent Elmo San Diego.Emergency management for the city is administered by the Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council headed by Mayor Herbert Bautista and Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office headed by its administrator; Dr. Noel Lansang. The QCDRRMO will move out of the DPOS Building once construction of the QCDRRMO Building, near Gate 7 of the City Hall Complex, is completed 4th Quarter of 2014.The National Headquarters of the Philippine National Police is located inside Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City and National Headquarters of the Bureau of Fire Protection is located in Agham road, Quezon City. Supporting the PNP in administration, rehabilitation and protection of prisoners within the city is the Quezon City Jail and is run by Officers and Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The BJMP National Headquarters is located along Mindanao Avenue in Project 8.The Quezon City Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office is responsible for law enforcement in the city. Police structure within Quezon City is centralized and its command center found inside Camp Karingal, Sikatuna Village, Quezon City. The QCPD Police sectors are divided to twelve stations.The Quezon City Fire District is a division of the Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region which provides fire and emergency services to the city. Similarly, there are nineteen fire sub-stations strategically located within the city. District Headquarters are located inside the Quezon City Hall Complex.The Armed Forces of the Philippines' General Headquarters is in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The AFP Joint Task Force NCR is also housed inside Camp Aguinaldo. Several reserve units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which include the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 201st Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve), 202nd Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command and the 11th Air Force Group (Reserve) of the Air Force Reserve Command are also found in Quezon City and may render assistance to this local government unit during emergencies. The 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), specifically the 1st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command provide technical assistance to these maneuver units. Collectively, these units function similar to that of the US National Guard.The Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary, 106th Coast Guard Auxiliary Squadron, provides water search and rescue capabilities to disaster response agencies of Quezon City. It is headquartered at Barangay Quirino 2-C.Quezon City is divided into six legislative districts, in turn subdivided in a total of 142 barangays. Each district is represented by six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir.The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of , it is also part of the Angat–Ipo–La Mesa water system which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila.Cubao, south of Diliman is an important commercial area. At its heart is the Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) and Aurora Boulevard (R-6). It is a 35-hectare commercial estate owned and developed by the Araneta family. Department stores and retail centers can also be found here, such as Gateway Mall, Plaza Fair, Rustan's, Shopwise Supercenter, SM Cubao, Ali Mall, and Farmers Plaza. At the center is the Smart Araneta Coliseum, often called the Big Dome. Many musical concerts, ice shows, circus shows, religious crusades, wrestling, cockfighting, and basketball games are held in this 25,000-capacity coliseum. In the outskirts of Araneta City is the Cubao Expo, an artists' colony and site of weekend flea markets. It is also a home to call centers like APAC, Telus, and Stellar. Stellar (Stellar Philippines Inc.) recently moved out of its Cubao site and moved to Eastwood City in 2010. It is surrounded by condominiums, BPO Offices, schools, transport terminals and residential and commercial properties.Cubao is also the home of Cubao Cathedral the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao. SM Hypermarket is located just outside the Araneta City, along EDSA. Nightclubs also abound within the Cubao area, catering to a full range of tastes. There are residential areas ranging from the middle class to the upper class.North from Araneta City along EDSA (C-4) are numerous bus terminals, which serves buses to most places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao. It is also an intersection point for two of city's commuter train lines (Lines 2 and 3).Named after the Tagalog word for the medicinal fern species "Stenochlaena palustris", Diliman, located at the center of southern Quezon City, is where many government offices, including City Hall, are located. Diliman is home to several educational institutions such as the University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Polytechnic University at Santo Cristo, Diliman Preparatory School, New Era University, FEU–FERN College, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City, School of the Holy Spirit, Philippine Science High School Main Campus, Quezon City Science High School, the regional science high school in NCR, St. Mary's College of Quezon City, Quezon City High School, Don Alejandro Roces Science and Technology High School among others.At the center of Diliman lies the Quezon Memorial Circle, where the late President Manuel L. Quezon is interred. Around the monument is the two-kilometer Quezon Memorial Circle, also known as the Elliptical Road (R-7/C-5). Nearby residential areas include Barangay West Triangle, Philam Homes, Bagong Pag-asa, South Triangle, Pinyahan, and Central.The surrounding areas of Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and Tomas Morato Avenue in Diliman are a popular entertainment area. Located along these two avenues are numerous fine-dining restaurants and bars. Discothèques, karaoke joints and comedy bars provide patrons with all-night long recreation. It is home to many gay bars such as Chicos, Adonis, and Gigolo, which are popular for their lively night-time entertainment.South Triangle (the area bounded by Quezon Avenue (R-7), Timog Avenue (South Avenue) and EDSA) is the location of main studios of ABS-CBN (including the radio stations DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and MOR 101.9) and GMA Network (including the radio stations Super Radyo DZBB 594 and Barangay LS 97.1). Most Filipino entertainment shows and movies are produced here, and it is also home to many Filipino celebrities; as a result it is often dubbed the "Filipino Hollywood". The studios and transmitter of RPN/CNN Philippines are located along Panay Avenue, in Barangay South Triangle.Several of the streets in the surrounding area were named in honor of the 22 Boy Scouts who died in a plane crash "en route" to joining the 11th World Scout Jamboree. A memorial stands in the center of a rotunda at the intersection of Timog and Tomas Morato Avenues, which accounts for the Timog area being called the 'Scout Area'. Near the scouting memorial is the location of the former Ozone disco, site of the worst fire in Philippine history.The Quezon City Hall, one of the tallest city halls in the country, is located along the Circle. Surrounding the city hall are spacious parks and open areas. The head offices of some national government agencies are located in Diliman. Near the Circle are many important health centers and institutions. Along East Avenue stand the Philippine Heart Center, the East Avenue Medical Center (EAMC), the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Mental Health Association. Connecting with East Avenue is Victoriano Luna Avenue where the Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center is located. Along North Avenue is the Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) and the Philippine Medical Association. The Philippine Children's Medical Center and Lung Center of the Philippines are located along Quezon Avenue (R-7).Diliman is also home to the headquarters of most of the country's national television networks, most notably ABS-CBN, the first and largest television network in the country. The headquarters of GMA Network, which is also one of the largest television networks in the country, is also located in Diliman. PTV, RPN, IBC, and PBS also hold headquarters in Diliman.Most of the rest of the area is residential. Some villages in this portion of Diliman are Teachers Village, U.P. Village, and Sikatuna Village. Those closer to the University of the Philippines campus such as Teachers Village and U.P. Village remain mostly residential although there are two major secondary schools in the area namely Claret School of Quezon City and Holy Family School of Quezon City, and many have converted spare rooms into boarding facilities for out-of-town students attending schools in the area: UP, Ateneo, and Miriam College. The eastern edge of the Diliman area is roughly bound by Katipunan Avenue which passes in front of Ateneo and Miriam and runs behind the U.P. Diliman campus.The headquarters of the country's current power grid operator National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) and owner National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), operator and owner of transmission grid before the turnover of operations and ownership to TransCo in 2003, are also located in this district.The Galas-Santol District of Quezon City is located in its southwest border with the City of Manila. Located in the Galas area is the elementary school named after Manuel L. Quezon's wife, Aurora A. Quezon. Carlos L. Albert High School is named after a former vice mayor of the city. The SM City Santa Mesa is located in the Galas-Santol District. It is the second of SM Supermall and the seventh SM branch developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings owned by Henry Sy Sr.. It has a land area of 3 hectares and has a gross floor area of an approximate 133,327 square meters. The mall opened to the public on September 28, 1990, and was the second SM Supermall to open after the largest SM Supermall in the Philippines at the time, SM City North EDSA.One of the vast areas in the Galas-Santol area is the Quezon Institute compound which was originally the site of Q.I. Hospital for tuberculosis-stricken patients. The hospital was established under the auspices of the Philippines Tuberculosis Society. , a large portion of the compound have ceased to form part of the hospital which remained operational up until now facing E. Rodriguez Avenue between Banawe and G. Araneta Avenue with under the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 from Buendia in Makati to Balintawak in Quezon City (for Section 3 is From Aurora Boulevard to Quezon Avenue).The main road traversing the area is Santol Road which stretch from the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard near Stop and Shop and V. Mapa in Manila up to the back gate of the Q.I. Compound in Bayani Street. Bayani Street often serve as alternate route during traffic along G. Araneta which allows motorist either to traverse Santol Road to exit at Ramon Magsaysay or going straight to exit either going to Balic-Balic, Manila or going to E. Rodriguez or Quezon Avenue and Santa Mesa Heights area near Mabuhay (previously Welcome) Rotonda or even going to Skyway Stage 3 which will extend from Buendia in Makati or SLEx/Skyway Stage 1 up to Balintawak in Quezon City or NLEx in Caloocan but will enter to Aurora Boulevard Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to Quezon Avenue Exit Ramp (Northbound) or If going to E. Rodriguez or Aurora Boulevard will enter to Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp, via Kaliraya Toll Barrier and then going to E. Rodriguez Exit Ramp and straight to G. Araneta (Southbound) in the Section 3 of Skyway Stage 3.Among the notable other landmarks in the area are the United Doctors Medical Center Hospital and College in Mabuhay Rotonda, the Our Lady of the Sacred School in Plaridel cor. Both G. Araneta with under the Skyway Stage 3 (As of Section 3) within (for the Entry Ramps such as Aurora Boulevard (Northbound) and Quezon Avenue (Southbound) and for the Exit Ramps such as Quezon Avenue (Northbound) and E. Rodriguez (Southbound)) and Banawe streets boast of the widest selection of stores for automotive related needs in Quezon City, as both areas are mere tricycle ride away from Galas-Santol area. The Galas Market serve as the main public market in the area. Jeepneys along Santol Road allows one to reach Quiapo via Stop and Shop and Mendiola in Manila.La Loma is located on the southwest area of Quezon City. It is composed of five barangays along the vicinity of its main streets, N.S. Amoranto Avenue (Retiro) and A. Bonifacio Avenue. The district is famed as the birthplace of many popular Filipino culinary figures and establishments, especially devoted to the lechon. The nearby La Loma Cemetery is named after the district.New Manila is located on west central portion of the city. The largely residential district takes its name from Quezon City's neighbor to the southwest, the City of Manila. The district was a former part of neighboring City of San Juan. The area was first settled after the Second World War by affluent families who wished to escape the stress of living in the capital. As a result, many of the houses here stand on lots measuring 500 square meters and above.Among its notable residents are the Hemady-Ysmael Family, the original landowner of New Manila; Dona Narcisa de Leon, the Matriarch of LVN Studios had a Residence on 25. Broadway Avenue, Also Iglesia ni Cristo Central Office, is once Hosted at New Manila in 42. Broadway Avenue. It is also known as the Birthplace of Bro. Felix Manalo's 5th Child which became his Successor, Bro. Erano Manalo.The main thoroughfares are Aurora Boulevard, Gilmore Avenue, and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue. Aurora Boulevard begins at the Quezon City – Manila border and reaches New Manila upon crossing EDSA. Gilmore crosses Ortigas Avenue, giving it access to Mandaluyong, Pasig, and San Juan, Metro Manila. Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue diverges from Aurora Boulevard a few meters from EDSA.Aurora Boulevard is the site of Broadway Centrum, where the first GMA Network entertainment shows and noontime show "Eat Bulaga!" were shot; Broadway Centrum was also given to TV5 for its TV shows until it is moved out in the site to TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong. St. Paul University of Quezon City stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Gilmore Avenue, across a row of shops specializing in computer equipment, and a branch of SYKES Asia. Kalayaan College, meanwhile, stands at the corner of Aurora Boulevard and Mangga Road.Trinity University of Asia, St. Joseph's College of Quezon City, the Christ the King Mission Seminary, and St. Luke's Medical Center are all located along Eulogio Rodriguez Avenue, as are the Quezon Institute and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office. Informatics Santa Mesa, an international computer school that offers higher education programs and short courses is also located along Aurora Boulevard near Araneta Avenue. The main office of "BusinessWorld", Southeast Asia's first business daily, is along Balete Drive Extension.Also located near New Manila is Quezon City's "Funeral Home Row", Araneta Avenue. This is attributed to the unusually high concentration of funeral homes in the area. Curiously, also located along Araneta Avenue is Sanctuarium, a multi-storey columbarium and funeral home. Balete Drive, between Aurora Boulevard and Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Avenue, is also the setting for many urban legends. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao is located along Lantana Street, near Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. Avenue. The offices and studios of MOWELFUND are located a few blocks from the cathedral.New Manila is also the site of the official residence and workplace of the Vice President of the Philippines, Quezon City Reception House.Novaliches was named after the Marquis of Novaliches, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, born in Granada, the general who protected Queen Isabella II of Spain from her uncle Don Carlos who tried to usurp the Spanish crown (1833-1839), and supporter of her son, King Alfonso, upon the monarchy's restoration. He was made the first Marquis of Novaliches / "", a title bestowed with "Grandeza de España" (Grandee of Spain – first class rank among the nobility), in the 1840s. The name Novaliches came from a small district (also known as "pedanía") of Jérica, Spain where general Pavía won a string of successful victories against the Carlist faction. He was also governor general of Catalonia. The title is perpetually attached to the minor title of Viscount of Rabosal / "Vizconde de Rabosal" after Sendero de Rabosal, an arid mountainous trail long used by military squadrons into Jérica and Castellón, in Valencia Region. When Don Manuel lost at the Battle of the Bridge of Alcolea, which was decisive to open the way to Madrid, Queen Isabella was forced to flee to France. A few more years later, he avenged his Queen, overthrew the government of Baldomero Espartero, helped install the Queen's son, King Alfonso XII, and regained every single honor taken from him.By marriage, he was the count-consort and second husband of the first Countess of Santa Isabel, María del Carmen Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques y Giráldez, devoted nursemaid and babysitter / "aya" to Queen Isabella's daughters the Princess Isabel, Princess Paz, Princess Pilar and Princess Eulalia. She was by blood a cousin of María Cristina Fernández de Córdoba y Álvarez de las Asturias-Bohorques, the first to hold title to the Marquess of Griñón / "Marquesado de Griñón", now held by the half-Filipina , sister of the Spanish-Filipino singer Enrique Iglesias and daughter of Isabel Preysler-Pérez de Tagle y Arrastia-Reinares of Lubao, Pampanga – descendant of Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, 2nd Marquis of Altamira also known as the father of Tequila, banker-financier to the "Viceroy of Mexico" as his daughter, the third "Marquesa" and her own husband moved to the Philippines to serve in the Spanish Cortes in the 1810s. Thus, general Pavía is a great grand-uncle eight times removed to the now reigning Spanish Filipina marchioness of Griñón. Meanwhile, her distant cousin, Santiago Matossian y Falcó now holds "Capitán General" Pavía's wife's title as Count of Santa Isabel, since 2013.By the early 1850s, Don Manuel reluctantly accepted the post of Governor General of the Philippines. He ruthlessly crushed the rebellion started by José Cuesta of Cavite, a Spanish mestizo – like Andres Bonifacio y de Castro of Trozo de Magdalena, Tondo, Manila – who rounded "carabineros" and natives to fight the Spanish military government subservient to friar influence so unpopular that even many half-Spaniards began to wage arms."Calle Marqués de Novaliches", named in his honor, once existed in San Miguel, Manila. However, during the 1950s, it was renamed as Nicanor Padilla Street.Novaliches is Quezon City's northernmost district and is primarily residential straddled by the La Mesa Watershed Reservation, at its northeastern flank. The La Mesa Dam supplies much of northern Metro Manila's water supply. Adjacent to the watershed is the La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park, Metro Manila's only forest. This is the former location of President Elpidio Quirino's simple retirement house and where he tended his little "tumana" or vegetable garden, being an Ilocano. Quirino was very fond of the morning fog amidst the trees of Novaliches, as well as hunting wild boars that used to roam the La Mesa Dam and Reservoir. It is also the site where the president died of a heart attack. Located in the park are convention centers, picnic areas, swimming pools, an orchidarium, and a large lagoon for boating activities. It was the site of the rowing and dragon boat events for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games.Novaliches today is a center of commerce, owing to five large indoor malls: SM City Fairview, Fairview Terraces, Robinsons Novaliches, SM City Novaliches, and Novaliches Plaza Mall.Novaliches is the home of several educational institutions, notably St. John of Beverley, STI College Novaliches, both near SM City Novaliches, Maligaya Elementary School and Maligaya High School in Maligaya Park Subdivision, just near SM City Fairview, the Metro Manila College (MMC), formerly known as Novaliches Academy (NA), Quezon City Polytechnic University at San Bartolome (The university's Main Campus), Bestlink College of the Philippines and Colegio de Santa Teresa de Avila in Kaligayahan, Integrated Innovation and Hospitality Colleges, Inc. and Santo Niño de Novaliches School at Novaliches Proper, Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, National College of Business and Arts, Our Lady of Fatima University, School of Saint Anthony (formerly known as St. Anthony Learning Center) in Lagro, Mater Carmeli School, Good Shepherd Cathedral School in Fairview, The Lord of Grace Christian School in East Fairview, Divine Grace School in Maligaya Park Subdivision.Novaliches Cathedral (Cathedral Shrine and Parish of the Good Shepherd), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novaliches, and famed for its soaring stained glass windows and sloped modernist roofline. The structure is made of block cement and precast cement tubes, and is somewhat reminiscent of the modernist Church of the Gesu within Ateneo de Manila University, though unlike the latter the Novaliches Cathedral is more aligned with brutalist architecture design concepts.Barangay Novaliches Proper, locally referred to as Bayan by residents of today and "Poblacion" during the American Commonwealth period before World War 2, has always been the economic powerhouse of the area and the gateway to Caloocan and further more to Valenzuela. It was a stop over point by revolutionaries for supplies in what was then a sparsely inhabited and densely forested Caloocan. Today, it is a commercial hub of little alleys and small businesses dominated by the La Merced Church. Villa Verde and Jordan Plains subdivisions are both located within walking distance to the church property.Barangay Santa Monica (transl: "Barrio of Saint Monique") is mostly residential with smaller cuts of land. The back portion of Geneva Gardens subdivision of the Neopolitan estate is the boundary marker between Barangay Santa Monica and Barangay North Fairview. It is shaped by the Tullahan river at its lower elevation where excess water from the La Mesa dam course through. During the monsoon season, this area becomes prone to flooding.Barangay Kaligayahan (transl: "Barrio of Happiness") is home to one of two subdivisions named after General Timoteo S Cruz / TS Cruzville (the other one is in nearby General Luis / Novaliches Bayan Proper) plus Hobart Subdivision, Puregold and Zabarte Subdivision. Robinson's Mall Novaliches and Bloomfields Subdivision are also located here, where the expansive mango orchard of Don Roberto Villanueva (associated with Manila Tribune) and his wife the journalist and novelist Corazon Grau Villanueva used to be, and where, in their simple vacation house topped of thatched nipa leaves, the infamous Fernando Amorsolo painting of "Princess Urduja" used to hang. Unknown to locals, the unassuming Villanueva couple housed in their bahay kubo style home priceless Chinese antiques and Filipino paintings, now part of the legendary "Roberto Villanueva Collection". Across the Villanueva property and separated by Maligaya Drive was what then the Manila Broadcasting Company estate owned by the senior members of the Elizalde family (junior relatives of the Ynchausti, Valentin Teus, and Yrisarry families who owned Ynchausti y Compañía, YCO Paints and Tanduay Distillers) of Hagonoy and San Miguel, Manila, and whose matriarch was Doña Isabel González y Ferrer, viuda de Ynchausti, "Marquesa de Viademonte", another titled Spanish royal. The property fronting Maligaya Park Subdivision was bordered with very tall "Phoenix dactylifera", commonly known as date or "date palm" trees found in the Middle East. The seeds were brought by the family while travelling from Spain to the Philippines via the Suez Canal aboard one of the many passenger ships owned by "La Compañía Marítima de Filipinas". None of these trees survive today. The property is now the Fairview Terraces Ayala.Barangay Pasong Putik (transl: "Barrio of Mud Clay for Pottery") is on the other side of Quirino Highway across from Barangay Kaligayahan. Teresa Heights Subdivision, New Haven Village and Rolling Halls Subdivision, together with the Brittany (and its clubhouse crowned with French mansard roofs) portion and the business park section of the Neopolitan estate, as well as SM Fairview, are all located here.Barangay Lagro and Greater Lagro is where the old Jacinto Steel Corporation factory used to stand, now the Redwood Terraces condominium complex of D.M. Consunji and the SMDC Trees Residences. Villa Vienna, a part of Neopolitan estate, is located here. A portion of North Fairview Park subdivision falls within Barangay Greater Lagro as well. Due to lack of funding to train priests and in order to support livelihood programs for the poor, the Jesuit priests ex appropriated much of their land, selling to developers who named it Sacred Heart Subdivision. The Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus also operates a priesthood school, the historic yet severely simple Sacred Heart Novitiate / "Noviciado del Sagrado Corazón" (built before World War 2) within Barangay Greater Lagro. There are gigantic "balete" trees on this property much like the same balete trees in the Don Luis Maria Araneta property in "Barrio Tungkung Mangga", San Jose del Monte, Bulacan, past the Las Colinas Verdes luxury development, remnants of the virgin forest that once covered the entire Novaliches / Tala estate area. The trees are so large that they drown out the noise of vehicles from Quirino Highway just outside. Also, the simple burial grounds of Jesuit priests and headmasters of the Ateneo de Manila University, together with bones retrieved from the Church of San Ignacio ruins of Intramuros bombardments, are found here. Near the entrance of this sacred parcel, past the gargantuan trees, is an epitaph made of piedra china (ballast for the Spanish ships) dedicated to Pedro de Brito, a captain and "regidor" of Spanish Manila, who made a fortune from the Manila galleon trade. Brito and his wife Ana de Herrera donated the "Hacienda de San Pedro Macati" and the land where the San Pedro Macati Church stands on the encomienda's highest hill, "Buenavista", to the Jesuits. This church was previously administered by the Society of Jesus whose member, the friar Juan Delgado, SJ brought from Acapulco the "Nuestra Señora Virgen de la Rosa" (the icon has a secret receptacle in it which held a strand of the Virgin Mary's hair) in 1718. (This is the same property that the Roxas side of the Zobel de Ayala family inherited and which Joseph McMicking e Ynchausti, married to Mercedes, master-planned to be the Makati skyline we know today). The Ilonggo patriot Col. Joe McMicking, curiously, was directly related to the Elizaldes who owned the date-palm tree lined property which is now where the Ayala Fairview Terraces mall stands, now part of his wife's family's corporation.Barangay North Fairview is considered part of Novaliches. It is straddled by the end terminus of Regalado Highway and Commonwealth Avenue, and bordered by Mindanao Avenue. The Casa Milan (with its grand neoclassical clubhouse), Sitio Seville, portions of Villa Vienna, and the entirety of Geneva Garden subdivisions of the Neopolitan estate are located here. Many actors and actresses own residential lots or currently reside within these developments. Mindanao Avenue is a favorite among stuntmen and film directors to stage movie scenes.Novaliches used to be the home of TV5, one of the country's largest television networks, which moved to Reliance, Mandaluyong in 2013. The transmitter located inside near San Bertolome, Novaliches facility, however, is still used.The transmitter of SMNI are located in KJC Compound near Barangay Sauyo.In 1999, a plebiscite was held among the voters of Quezon City to determine the cityhood of Novaliches. The proposed creation of "Novaliches City" would have resulted in the secession of 15 barangays from Quezon City. At the plebiscite's end, votes that were against the separation heavily outnumbered those that were in favor.Novaliches is also home to the oldest church of the Diocese of Novaliches and the town itself, the Parish and Shrine of Our Lady of Mercy or the "Nuestra Señora de la Merced". The parish was founded on September 24, 1856, by Padre Andres Martin, O.S.A.Nearby the Church of La Virgen de la Merced is a huge tree where Andres Bonifacio and Tandang Sora held meetings to fight in the revolution against Spain. It is located in the grounds of Metro Manila College in Barangay Kaligayahan.Novaliches is also the location of one of Manila's largest cemeteries, Holy Cross Memorial Park in Barangay Bagbag. Also, it is the gateway to two other larger cemeteries, albeit located in Caloocan, Serenity Gardens Memorial Park in Barangay Deparo and Forest Memorial Park inside Banker's Village in the farthest end of Barrio Bagumbong, directly within the border of North Caloocan and Meycauayan, Bulacan separated only by a tributary of the Marilao river.While Novaliches is now known as the largest political district in Quezon City, it is still known by its historical boundaries. This means that part of North Caloocan up to the banks of the Marilao River bordering Bulacan to the north, parts of the historic Polo section of Valenzuela to the West, and parts of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan to the upper reaches of Tungkung Mangga and the old Tala Leprosarium in the northeast and east, are still referred to as within the old enclave of the Novaliches many residents consider to this day. It must be noted that when Quezon City was established in 1948 on paper, Novaliches was already in the maps as early as 1864, having been organized by the Spanish as early as 1855, from the haciendas of Tala, Malinta, Piedad, and Maysilo.Founded as a pueblo by Saint Pedro Bautista in 1590, San Francisco del Monte may be considered Quezon City's oldest district. The original land area of the old town of San Francisco del Monte was approximately and covered parts of what is currently known as Project 7 and 8 and Timog Avenue. It was later absorbed by Quezon City. It featured a hilly topography with lush vegetation and mineral springs, in the midst of which the old Santuario de San Pedro Bautista was built as a retreat and monastery for Franciscan friars.Currently, it is composed of Barangays San Antonio, Paraiso, Paltok, Mariblo, Masambong, Manresa, Damayan and Del Monte. San Francisco del Monte is also referred to as "S.F.D.M.". The district is bisected by its two major thoroughfares, Roosevelt Avenue and Del Monte Avenue. It is bounded by West Avenue on the east, Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue on the north, Quezon Avenue on the south, and Araneta Avenue on the west.The studios and transmitter of IBC are located along Roosevelt Avenue, in San Francisco del Monte.Today, it is a heavily populated district with a mix of residential, industrial, and commercial areas. The most prominent educational institutions located in the area are Siena College of Quezon City, Angelicum College, and PMI Colleges, while Fisher Mall is the largest commercial establishment.Santa Mesa Heights is said to be where many middle-class and upper-middle-class families reside. Most of the areas in Santa Mesa Heights are residential. It is also home to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes and The National Shrine of Our Lady of La Naval (Santo Domingo Church). Angelicum College, Lourdes School of Quezon City, and St. Theresa's College of Quezon City are three prestigious private Catholic schools to be found here. Philippine Rehabilitation Institute and Capitol Medical Center Colleges are also located here. This is also a location of Philippine Orthopedic Center located along Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street. And also the headquarters of Mareco Broadcasting Network (Crossover 105.1) located along Tirad Pass street. The main thoroughfares of this area are Banawe, D. Tuazon, Mayon, N.S. Amoranto (formerly called Retiro), Del Monte, Sgt. Rivera, Andres Bonifacio Avenue with under the Skyway Stage 3 (Section 4 is from Quezon Avenue to Balintawak) and also with Del Monte Avenue Toll Barrier, If will be going to Skyway Stage 3 use From Quezon Avenue Entry Ramp to enter the Skyway in Northbound Lane.The housing Project areas are among the first residential subdivisions in the city developed by presidents Quezon, Quirino, and Magsaysay. These areas are as follows:Quezon City, along with Manila, is the regarded as the center for education within the Philippines. There are two state universities within the city limits: the University of the Philippines Diliman and the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. The city-run Quezon City University has established three campuses around the city. The Quezon City Science Interactive Center is regarded as the first of its kind science interactive center in the Philippines.Quezon City hosts prestigious Catholic educational institutions such as the Ateneo de Manila University, Immaculate Heart of Mary College, St. Paul University Quezon City, Saint Pedro Poveda College, Siena College of Quezon City and the UST Angelicum College. It is also the home to other sectarian colleges and universities such as the Evanglical Grace Christian College, Episcopalian-run Trinity University of Asia, and the Iglesia ni Cristo founded New Era University.The presence of medical schools has made Quezon City a center of healthcare and medical education. These include Our Lady of Fátima University, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's College of Medicine, Capitol Medical Center Colleges, De Los Santos - STI College, and the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center. Notable private, non-sectarian universities in the city include the AMA Computer University, Central Colleges of the Philippines, Far Eastern University – FERN College, Kalayaan College, National College of Business and Arts, the Technological Institute of the Philippines.Quezon City has 97 public elementary schools and 46 public high schools, making it the city with the largest number of public high schools in the country. The Quezon City Science High School was designated as the Regional Science High School for the National Capital Region since 1998. All public schools are managed by the Quezon City Schools Division Office. The city is the home of the Philippine Science High School, the top science school in the Philippines.Transportation in the city are purely-land based. As of 2006, the MMDA Traffic Operation Center revealed that private transport dominates with 82.49% of the total volume while public transport such as buses, jeepneys and taxis comprised 13.72%, followed by industrial/commercial vehicles (such as trucks and vans) at 3.79%. Skyway is the only elevated expressway passing through Quezon City, serving as a tolled connector between the North and South Luzon Expressways.Quezon City is served by LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, and the MRT Line 3. In the future, the city will be served by MRT Line 7 and the Metro Manila Subway. The North Triangle Common Station, which will link Lines 1, 3 and the Subway, is currently under-construction at the intersection of EDSA and North Avenue.Water services is provided by Maynilad Water Services for the west and northern part of the city and Manila Water for the southeastern part. The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is situated at the northernmost part of the city, covering an area of more than . It also contains the La Mesa Watershed and Ecopark. Electric services are provided by Meralco, the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila.Quezon City's sister cities are:
|
[
"Herbert Bautista",
"Joy Belmonte",
"Norberto S. Amoranto",
"Brigido Simon, Jr.",
"Adelina Santos Rodriguez",
"Ismael A. Mathay, Jr."
] |
|
Which team did Fernando Martín Carreras play for in May, 2007?
|
May 25, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa"
]
}
|
L2_Q581360_P54_3
|
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Pego CF from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Paterna CF from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CF La Nucía from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Alcoyano from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Eldense from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Benidorm CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for FC Cartagena from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Ontinyent CF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
|
Fernando Martín (footballer)Fernando Martín Carreras (born 27 August 1981 in Valencia) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Paterna CF as a central defender.
|
[
"Benidorm CF",
"CD Alcoyano",
"FC Cartagena",
"Paterna CF",
"Ontinyent CF",
"Pego CF",
"CF La Nucía",
"CD Eldense"
] |
|
Which team did Fernando Martín Carreras play for in 2007-05-25?
|
May 25, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa"
]
}
|
L2_Q581360_P54_3
|
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Pego CF from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Paterna CF from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CF La Nucía from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Alcoyano from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Eldense from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Benidorm CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for FC Cartagena from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Ontinyent CF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
|
Fernando Martín (footballer)Fernando Martín Carreras (born 27 August 1981 in Valencia) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Paterna CF as a central defender.
|
[
"Benidorm CF",
"CD Alcoyano",
"FC Cartagena",
"Paterna CF",
"Ontinyent CF",
"Pego CF",
"CF La Nucía",
"CD Eldense"
] |
|
Which team did Fernando Martín Carreras play for in 25/05/2007?
|
May 25, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa"
]
}
|
L2_Q581360_P54_3
|
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Pego CF from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Paterna CF from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CF La Nucía from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Alcoyano from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Eldense from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Benidorm CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for FC Cartagena from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Ontinyent CF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
|
Fernando Martín (footballer)Fernando Martín Carreras (born 27 August 1981 in Valencia) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Paterna CF as a central defender.
|
[
"Benidorm CF",
"CD Alcoyano",
"FC Cartagena",
"Paterna CF",
"Ontinyent CF",
"Pego CF",
"CF La Nucía",
"CD Eldense"
] |
|
Which team did Fernando Martín Carreras play for in May 25, 2007?
|
May 25, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa"
]
}
|
L2_Q581360_P54_3
|
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Pego CF from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Paterna CF from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CF La Nucía from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Alcoyano from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Eldense from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Benidorm CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for FC Cartagena from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Ontinyent CF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
|
Fernando Martín (footballer)Fernando Martín Carreras (born 27 August 1981 in Valencia) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Paterna CF as a central defender.
|
[
"Benidorm CF",
"CD Alcoyano",
"FC Cartagena",
"Paterna CF",
"Ontinyent CF",
"Pego CF",
"CF La Nucía",
"CD Eldense"
] |
|
Which team did Fernando Martín Carreras play for in 05/25/2007?
|
May 25, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa"
]
}
|
L2_Q581360_P54_3
|
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Pego CF from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Paterna CF from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CF La Nucía from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Alcoyano from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Eldense from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Benidorm CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for FC Cartagena from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Ontinyent CF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
|
Fernando Martín (footballer)Fernando Martín Carreras (born 27 August 1981 in Valencia) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Paterna CF as a central defender.
|
[
"Benidorm CF",
"CD Alcoyano",
"FC Cartagena",
"Paterna CF",
"Ontinyent CF",
"Pego CF",
"CF La Nucía",
"CD Eldense"
] |
|
Which team did Fernando Martín Carreras play for in 25-May-200725-May-2007?
|
May 25, 2007
|
{
"text": [
"Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa"
]
}
|
L2_Q581360_P54_3
|
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Pego CF from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Paterna CF from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CF La Nucía from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Alcoyano from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2012.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for CD Eldense from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Benidorm CF from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for FC Cartagena from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Ontinyent CF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Fernando Martín Carreras plays for Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
|
Fernando Martín (footballer)Fernando Martín Carreras (born 27 August 1981 in Valencia) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Paterna CF as a central defender.
|
[
"Benidorm CF",
"CD Alcoyano",
"FC Cartagena",
"Paterna CF",
"Ontinyent CF",
"Pego CF",
"CF La Nucía",
"CD Eldense"
] |
|
Which position did Odd Klingenberg hold in Jun, 1923?
|
June 16, 1923
|
{
"text": [
"County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag",
"member of the Parliament of Norway",
"Social Minister"
]
}
|
L2_Q44018_P39_4
|
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of mayor of Trondheim from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1916.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1940.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1906.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1924.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of Social Minister from Mar, 1923 to Jul, 1924.
|
Odd Sverressøn KlingenbergOdd Sverressøn Klingenberg (8 June 1871 – 3 November 1944) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Conservative Party. He served as the Minister of Social Affairs 1920-1921, 1923 and 1923-1924 in addition to mayor of Trondheim 1911-1916.He was born in Trondhjem as a son of attorney Sverre Olafssøn Klingenberg (1844–1913) and Hilda Johannesdatter Klingenberg (1843–1912). He was a brother of Sverre, Olav and Kaare Sverressøn Klingenberg and a grandson and grandnephew of engineer Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg.
|
[
"mayor of Trondheim",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Odd Klingenberg hold in 1923-06-16?
|
June 16, 1923
|
{
"text": [
"County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag",
"member of the Parliament of Norway",
"Social Minister"
]
}
|
L2_Q44018_P39_4
|
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of mayor of Trondheim from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1916.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1940.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1906.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1924.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of Social Minister from Mar, 1923 to Jul, 1924.
|
Odd Sverressøn KlingenbergOdd Sverressøn Klingenberg (8 June 1871 – 3 November 1944) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Conservative Party. He served as the Minister of Social Affairs 1920-1921, 1923 and 1923-1924 in addition to mayor of Trondheim 1911-1916.He was born in Trondhjem as a son of attorney Sverre Olafssøn Klingenberg (1844–1913) and Hilda Johannesdatter Klingenberg (1843–1912). He was a brother of Sverre, Olav and Kaare Sverressøn Klingenberg and a grandson and grandnephew of engineer Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg.
|
[
"mayor of Trondheim",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Odd Klingenberg hold in 16/06/1923?
|
June 16, 1923
|
{
"text": [
"County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag",
"member of the Parliament of Norway",
"Social Minister"
]
}
|
L2_Q44018_P39_4
|
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of mayor of Trondheim from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1916.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1940.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1906.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1924.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of Social Minister from Mar, 1923 to Jul, 1924.
|
Odd Sverressøn KlingenbergOdd Sverressøn Klingenberg (8 June 1871 – 3 November 1944) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Conservative Party. He served as the Minister of Social Affairs 1920-1921, 1923 and 1923-1924 in addition to mayor of Trondheim 1911-1916.He was born in Trondhjem as a son of attorney Sverre Olafssøn Klingenberg (1844–1913) and Hilda Johannesdatter Klingenberg (1843–1912). He was a brother of Sverre, Olav and Kaare Sverressøn Klingenberg and a grandson and grandnephew of engineer Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg.
|
[
"mayor of Trondheim",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Odd Klingenberg hold in Jun 16, 1923?
|
June 16, 1923
|
{
"text": [
"County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag",
"member of the Parliament of Norway",
"Social Minister"
]
}
|
L2_Q44018_P39_4
|
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of mayor of Trondheim from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1916.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1940.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1906.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1924.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of Social Minister from Mar, 1923 to Jul, 1924.
|
Odd Sverressøn KlingenbergOdd Sverressøn Klingenberg (8 June 1871 – 3 November 1944) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Conservative Party. He served as the Minister of Social Affairs 1920-1921, 1923 and 1923-1924 in addition to mayor of Trondheim 1911-1916.He was born in Trondhjem as a son of attorney Sverre Olafssøn Klingenberg (1844–1913) and Hilda Johannesdatter Klingenberg (1843–1912). He was a brother of Sverre, Olav and Kaare Sverressøn Klingenberg and a grandson and grandnephew of engineer Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg.
|
[
"mayor of Trondheim",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Odd Klingenberg hold in 06/16/1923?
|
June 16, 1923
|
{
"text": [
"County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag",
"member of the Parliament of Norway",
"Social Minister"
]
}
|
L2_Q44018_P39_4
|
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of mayor of Trondheim from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1916.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1940.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1906.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1924.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of Social Minister from Mar, 1923 to Jul, 1924.
|
Odd Sverressøn KlingenbergOdd Sverressøn Klingenberg (8 June 1871 – 3 November 1944) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Conservative Party. He served as the Minister of Social Affairs 1920-1921, 1923 and 1923-1924 in addition to mayor of Trondheim 1911-1916.He was born in Trondhjem as a son of attorney Sverre Olafssøn Klingenberg (1844–1913) and Hilda Johannesdatter Klingenberg (1843–1912). He was a brother of Sverre, Olav and Kaare Sverressøn Klingenberg and a grandson and grandnephew of engineer Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg.
|
[
"mayor of Trondheim",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which position did Odd Klingenberg hold in 16-Jun-192316-June-1923?
|
June 16, 1923
|
{
"text": [
"County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag",
"member of the Parliament of Norway",
"Social Minister"
]
}
|
L2_Q44018_P39_4
|
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of mayor of Trondheim from Jan, 1911 to Jan, 1916.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of County Governor of Sør-Trøndelag from Jan, 1921 to Jan, 1940.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1903 to Jan, 1906.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1924.
Odd Klingenberg holds the position of Social Minister from Mar, 1923 to Jul, 1924.
|
Odd Sverressøn KlingenbergOdd Sverressøn Klingenberg (8 June 1871 – 3 November 1944) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Conservative Party. He served as the Minister of Social Affairs 1920-1921, 1923 and 1923-1924 in addition to mayor of Trondheim 1911-1916.He was born in Trondhjem as a son of attorney Sverre Olafssøn Klingenberg (1844–1913) and Hilda Johannesdatter Klingenberg (1843–1912). He was a brother of Sverre, Olav and Kaare Sverressøn Klingenberg and a grandson and grandnephew of engineer Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg.
|
[
"mayor of Trondheim",
"deputy member of the Parliament of Norway"
] |
|
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in Jan, 2014?
|
January 01, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Acqui U.S. 1911",
"Nuorese Calcio",
"U.S. Pergolettese 1932"
]
}
|
L2_Q2447035_P54_12
|
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
|
Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.
|
[
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in 2014-01-01?
|
January 01, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Acqui U.S. 1911",
"Nuorese Calcio",
"U.S. Pergolettese 1932"
]
}
|
L2_Q2447035_P54_12
|
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
|
Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.
|
[
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in 01/01/2014?
|
January 01, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Acqui U.S. 1911",
"Nuorese Calcio",
"U.S. Pergolettese 1932"
]
}
|
L2_Q2447035_P54_12
|
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
|
Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.
|
[
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in Jan 01, 2014?
|
January 01, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Acqui U.S. 1911",
"Nuorese Calcio",
"U.S. Pergolettese 1932"
]
}
|
L2_Q2447035_P54_12
|
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
|
Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.
|
[
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in 01/01/2014?
|
January 01, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Acqui U.S. 1911",
"Nuorese Calcio",
"U.S. Pergolettese 1932"
]
}
|
L2_Q2447035_P54_12
|
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
|
Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.
|
[
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Jedaias Capucho Neves play for in 01-Jan-201401-January-2014?
|
January 01, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Acqui U.S. 1911",
"Nuorese Calcio",
"U.S. Pergolettese 1932"
]
}
|
L2_Q2447035_P54_12
|
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Novara Calcio from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Vicenza Calcio from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for F.C. Crotone from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for União São João E.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Nuorese Calcio from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2002.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for S.S.D. Casarano Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Cagliari Calcio from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2010.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Calcio Catania from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Palermo FC from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2004.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for U.S. Pergolettese 1932 from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Unione Sportiva Lecce from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2013.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Potenza Calcio from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2015.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for Acqui U.S. 1911 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Jedaias Capucho Neves plays for A.C. Rimini 1912 from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
|
Jeda (footballer)Jedaias Capucho Neves (born 15 April 1979), better known as Jeda, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker, and currently head coach of Italian amateur club Vimercatese Oreno.Born in Santarém, Pará, Jeda started his career at União São João. He then signed by Vicenza. He made his Serie A debut against Reggina on 23 December 2000. He then found using a fake passport in order to register as an EU player, he was banned for the first half of 2001–02 season.He followed the club relegated in summer 2001. He made 3 appearances before moved to A.C. Siena on loan. he then played regularly for Vicenza, but transferred to Palermo in January 2004. He won the Serie B Champions in summer 2004, but transferred to Piacenza of Serie B after became surplus of Palermo Serie A campaign. In January 2005, he moved, this time on loan to league rival Catania.In summer 2005, he joined F.C. Crotone, where he scored 15 goals. In summer 2006, he was signed by Rimini, where he scored 13 goals in 19 games in 2007–08 season.In January 2008, he joined Serie A club Cagliari, who was then struggling to keep from relegation. He eventually helped Cagliari recover and maintain their stay at Serie A.Signing on deadline day in the summer of 2010 from Cagliari, he moved to newly promoted Serie A team Lecce. He scored two goals in the decisive match against Bari on 15 May 2011 which allowed his team to avoid relegation with a game to spare.After a number of experiences in the minor leagues of Italian football, he retired in 2018 following a season with Eccellenza amateurs Vimercatese Oreno.After his retirement, he accepted an offer from Vimercatese Oreno to stay at the club on head coaching duty.
|
[
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"A.C. Rimini 1912",
"Robur Siena",
"Palermo FC",
"Calcio Catania",
"Potenza Calcio",
"S.S.D. Casarano Calcio",
"Unione Sportiva Lecce",
"Cagliari Calcio",
"F.C. Crotone",
"União São João E.C.",
"Novara Calcio",
"Vicenza Calcio",
"Piacenza Calcio"
] |
|
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Jul, 1989?
|
July 02, 1989
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913"
]
}
|
L2_Q3701942_P54_0
|
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.
|
[
"Robur Siena",
"S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924",
"Italy national under-21 football team",
"Calcio Foggia 1920",
"Genoa CFC",
"Torino F.C.",
"S.S.D. Lucchese 1905",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"Delfino Pescara 1936"
] |
|
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in 1989-07-02?
|
July 02, 1989
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913"
]
}
|
L2_Q3701942_P54_0
|
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.
|
[
"Robur Siena",
"S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924",
"Italy national under-21 football team",
"Calcio Foggia 1920",
"Genoa CFC",
"Torino F.C.",
"S.S.D. Lucchese 1905",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"Delfino Pescara 1936"
] |
|
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in 02/07/1989?
|
July 02, 1989
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913"
]
}
|
L2_Q3701942_P54_0
|
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.
|
[
"Robur Siena",
"S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924",
"Italy national under-21 football team",
"Calcio Foggia 1920",
"Genoa CFC",
"Torino F.C.",
"S.S.D. Lucchese 1905",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"Delfino Pescara 1936"
] |
|
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in Jul 02, 1989?
|
July 02, 1989
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913"
]
}
|
L2_Q3701942_P54_0
|
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.
|
[
"Robur Siena",
"S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924",
"Italy national under-21 football team",
"Calcio Foggia 1920",
"Genoa CFC",
"Torino F.C.",
"S.S.D. Lucchese 1905",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"Delfino Pescara 1936"
] |
|
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in 07/02/1989?
|
July 02, 1989
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913"
]
}
|
L2_Q3701942_P54_0
|
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.
|
[
"Robur Siena",
"S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924",
"Italy national under-21 football team",
"Calcio Foggia 1920",
"Genoa CFC",
"Torino F.C.",
"S.S.D. Lucchese 1905",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"Delfino Pescara 1936"
] |
|
Which team did Daniele Delli Carri play for in 02-Jul-198902-July-1989?
|
July 02, 1989
|
{
"text": [
"A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913"
]
}
|
L2_Q3701942_P54_0
|
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Genoa CFC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1996.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Robur Siena from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for A.S. Bisceglie Calcio 1913 from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1990.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Italy national under-21 football team from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2007.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Torino F.C. from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2003.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924 from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Piacenza Calcio from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 2000.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for Calcio Foggia 1920 from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Daniele Delli Carri plays for ACF Fiorentina from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
|
Daniele Delli CarriDaniele Delli Carri (born 18 September 1971) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a defender.His son Filippo Delli Carri is now a professional footballer.
|
[
"Robur Siena",
"S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924",
"Italy national under-21 football team",
"Calcio Foggia 1920",
"Genoa CFC",
"Torino F.C.",
"S.S.D. Lucchese 1905",
"ACF Fiorentina",
"Piacenza Calcio",
"Delfino Pescara 1936"
] |
|
Which position did John Corrie hold in Oct, 1983?
|
October 29, 1983
|
{
"text": [
"Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6227186_P39_3
|
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
John Corrie holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1983 to Oct, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
|
John CorrieJohn Alexander Corrie (born 29 July 1935) is a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician and chief of Clan Corrie. He describes himself in "Who's Who" as a "consultant on African affairs and financial adviser to developing countries".Corrie was educated at Kirkcudbright Academy, George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Lincoln Agricultural College, New Zealand. He is a farmer, and was the Nuffield Scholar in agriculture 1972/1973.He was Chairman of the Young Unionists 1963–64.Corrie contested North Lanarkshire in 1964 and Central Ayrshire in 1966. He was Member of Parliament for Bute and Northern Ayrshire from February 1974 to 1983, and for Cunninghame North from 1983 until the 1987 general election, when he lost his seat to the Labour Party candidate Brian Wilson. Although he stood in 1992 for Argyll and Bute, he was defeated and did not return to the Commons.Corrie was also a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for three periods. He was an MEP twice in the period when it was indirectly elected, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1977 to 1979. He was later elected the MEP for Worcestershire and South Warwickshire and from 1994 to 1999, and then for the multi-seat West Midlands constituency from the 1999 election until the 2004 election. He was Co-President of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific Joint Parliamentary Assembly from 1999 to 2002, and is now Honorary Life President. Mr. Corrie now also sits as member of the AWEPA Governing Council.
|
[
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did John Corrie hold in 1983-10-29?
|
October 29, 1983
|
{
"text": [
"Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6227186_P39_3
|
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
John Corrie holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1983 to Oct, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
|
John CorrieJohn Alexander Corrie (born 29 July 1935) is a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician and chief of Clan Corrie. He describes himself in "Who's Who" as a "consultant on African affairs and financial adviser to developing countries".Corrie was educated at Kirkcudbright Academy, George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Lincoln Agricultural College, New Zealand. He is a farmer, and was the Nuffield Scholar in agriculture 1972/1973.He was Chairman of the Young Unionists 1963–64.Corrie contested North Lanarkshire in 1964 and Central Ayrshire in 1966. He was Member of Parliament for Bute and Northern Ayrshire from February 1974 to 1983, and for Cunninghame North from 1983 until the 1987 general election, when he lost his seat to the Labour Party candidate Brian Wilson. Although he stood in 1992 for Argyll and Bute, he was defeated and did not return to the Commons.Corrie was also a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for three periods. He was an MEP twice in the period when it was indirectly elected, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1977 to 1979. He was later elected the MEP for Worcestershire and South Warwickshire and from 1994 to 1999, and then for the multi-seat West Midlands constituency from the 1999 election until the 2004 election. He was Co-President of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific Joint Parliamentary Assembly from 1999 to 2002, and is now Honorary Life President. Mr. Corrie now also sits as member of the AWEPA Governing Council.
|
[
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did John Corrie hold in 29/10/1983?
|
October 29, 1983
|
{
"text": [
"Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6227186_P39_3
|
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
John Corrie holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1983 to Oct, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
|
John CorrieJohn Alexander Corrie (born 29 July 1935) is a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician and chief of Clan Corrie. He describes himself in "Who's Who" as a "consultant on African affairs and financial adviser to developing countries".Corrie was educated at Kirkcudbright Academy, George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Lincoln Agricultural College, New Zealand. He is a farmer, and was the Nuffield Scholar in agriculture 1972/1973.He was Chairman of the Young Unionists 1963–64.Corrie contested North Lanarkshire in 1964 and Central Ayrshire in 1966. He was Member of Parliament for Bute and Northern Ayrshire from February 1974 to 1983, and for Cunninghame North from 1983 until the 1987 general election, when he lost his seat to the Labour Party candidate Brian Wilson. Although he stood in 1992 for Argyll and Bute, he was defeated and did not return to the Commons.Corrie was also a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for three periods. He was an MEP twice in the period when it was indirectly elected, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1977 to 1979. He was later elected the MEP for Worcestershire and South Warwickshire and from 1994 to 1999, and then for the multi-seat West Midlands constituency from the 1999 election until the 2004 election. He was Co-President of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific Joint Parliamentary Assembly from 1999 to 2002, and is now Honorary Life President. Mr. Corrie now also sits as member of the AWEPA Governing Council.
|
[
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did John Corrie hold in Oct 29, 1983?
|
October 29, 1983
|
{
"text": [
"Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6227186_P39_3
|
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
John Corrie holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1983 to Oct, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
|
John CorrieJohn Alexander Corrie (born 29 July 1935) is a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician and chief of Clan Corrie. He describes himself in "Who's Who" as a "consultant on African affairs and financial adviser to developing countries".Corrie was educated at Kirkcudbright Academy, George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Lincoln Agricultural College, New Zealand. He is a farmer, and was the Nuffield Scholar in agriculture 1972/1973.He was Chairman of the Young Unionists 1963–64.Corrie contested North Lanarkshire in 1964 and Central Ayrshire in 1966. He was Member of Parliament for Bute and Northern Ayrshire from February 1974 to 1983, and for Cunninghame North from 1983 until the 1987 general election, when he lost his seat to the Labour Party candidate Brian Wilson. Although he stood in 1992 for Argyll and Bute, he was defeated and did not return to the Commons.Corrie was also a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for three periods. He was an MEP twice in the period when it was indirectly elected, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1977 to 1979. He was later elected the MEP for Worcestershire and South Warwickshire and from 1994 to 1999, and then for the multi-seat West Midlands constituency from the 1999 election until the 2004 election. He was Co-President of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific Joint Parliamentary Assembly from 1999 to 2002, and is now Honorary Life President. Mr. Corrie now also sits as member of the AWEPA Governing Council.
|
[
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did John Corrie hold in 10/29/1983?
|
October 29, 1983
|
{
"text": [
"Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6227186_P39_3
|
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
John Corrie holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1983 to Oct, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
|
John CorrieJohn Alexander Corrie (born 29 July 1935) is a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician and chief of Clan Corrie. He describes himself in "Who's Who" as a "consultant on African affairs and financial adviser to developing countries".Corrie was educated at Kirkcudbright Academy, George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Lincoln Agricultural College, New Zealand. He is a farmer, and was the Nuffield Scholar in agriculture 1972/1973.He was Chairman of the Young Unionists 1963–64.Corrie contested North Lanarkshire in 1964 and Central Ayrshire in 1966. He was Member of Parliament for Bute and Northern Ayrshire from February 1974 to 1983, and for Cunninghame North from 1983 until the 1987 general election, when he lost his seat to the Labour Party candidate Brian Wilson. Although he stood in 1992 for Argyll and Bute, he was defeated and did not return to the Commons.Corrie was also a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for three periods. He was an MEP twice in the period when it was indirectly elected, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1977 to 1979. He was later elected the MEP for Worcestershire and South Warwickshire and from 1994 to 1999, and then for the multi-seat West Midlands constituency from the 1999 election until the 2004 election. He was Co-President of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific Joint Parliamentary Assembly from 1999 to 2002, and is now Honorary Life President. Mr. Corrie now also sits as member of the AWEPA Governing Council.
|
[
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Which position did John Corrie hold in 29-Oct-198329-October-1983?
|
October 29, 1983
|
{
"text": [
"Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q6227186_P39_3
|
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
John Corrie holds the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul, 1994 to Jul, 1999.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep, 1983 to Oct, 1987.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
John Corrie holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
|
John CorrieJohn Alexander Corrie (born 29 July 1935) is a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician and chief of Clan Corrie. He describes himself in "Who's Who" as a "consultant on African affairs and financial adviser to developing countries".Corrie was educated at Kirkcudbright Academy, George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Lincoln Agricultural College, New Zealand. He is a farmer, and was the Nuffield Scholar in agriculture 1972/1973.He was Chairman of the Young Unionists 1963–64.Corrie contested North Lanarkshire in 1964 and Central Ayrshire in 1966. He was Member of Parliament for Bute and Northern Ayrshire from February 1974 to 1983, and for Cunninghame North from 1983 until the 1987 general election, when he lost his seat to the Labour Party candidate Brian Wilson. Although he stood in 1992 for Argyll and Bute, he was defeated and did not return to the Commons.Corrie was also a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for three periods. He was an MEP twice in the period when it was indirectly elected, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1977 to 1979. He was later elected the MEP for Worcestershire and South Warwickshire and from 1994 to 1999, and then for the multi-seat West Midlands constituency from the 1999 election until the 2004 election. He was Co-President of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific Joint Parliamentary Assembly from 1999 to 2002, and is now Honorary Life President. Mr. Corrie now also sits as member of the AWEPA Governing Council.
|
[
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"member of the European Parliament"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in May, 1798?
|
May 08, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_9
|
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in 1798-05-08?
|
May 08, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_9
|
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in 08/05/1798?
|
May 08, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_9
|
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in May 08, 1798?
|
May 08, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_9
|
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in 05/08/1798?
|
May 08, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_9
|
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
|
[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
|
Who was the owner of Venus and Mars in 08-May-179808-May-1798?
|
May 08, 1798
|
{
"text": [
"Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater",
"George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland",
"Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle"
]
}
|
L2_Q9372005_P127_9
|
Venus and Mars is owned by François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from Mar, 1619 to Feb, 1637.
Venus and Mars is owned by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France from Jan, 1721 to Dec, 1723.
Venus and Mars is owned by Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from Jan, 1785 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor from Jan, 1612 to Mar, 1619.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne from Jan, 1866 to May, 1903.
Venus and Mars is owned by Édouard de Walckiers from Jan, 1792 to Jan, 1792.
Venus and Mars is owned by Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater from Jan, 1798 to Dec, 1798.
Venus and Mars is owned by Ferdinand III from Feb, 1637 to Jan, 1648.
Venus and Mars is owned by Christina I of Sweden from Jan, 1648 to Jan, 1648.
|
Venus and Mars (Veronese)Venus and Mars is an Italian Renaissance painting by Paolo Veronese.The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: "The Allegory of Virtue and Performance" and "Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power". It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in the Ovid's "Metamorphoses".The act of meeting the two lovers takes place in idyllic, peaceful scenery. On the left stands a naked goddess, with her left hand embracing the arrival of Mars, sitting in front of her in armor. The right hand of Venus rests on the breast from which the milk flows out, emphasizing its femininity. On the right side there is a war horse of god of war, tamed by one of the lovers. Its silhouette is based on antique horse monuments. The underlined musculature of the animal expresses his strength, and his inclined head and calm eyes soften his image. The two putti shown are the key to the interpretation of the work. The first taming horse symbolizes the subduction of the love desires of the god of Mars, the control over passions. The second putto, which tied the ribbon around Venus' legs, symbolizes the union of lovers into eternal love and harmony in a time without wars. Milk from the breast of Venus symbolizes the wealth of peace, which is the food for humanity.The artist signed on a stone disc: "PAVLUS VERONENSIS F".Veronese kept the balance of composition. Each character has its own space, unmade by accidental elements. To get this picture the painter repeatedly repainted his work. X-ray study described by Alan Burroughs in his book "Art Criticism from a Laboratory" showed that the arrangement of Venus's body was different and was probably covered with drapery pulling downwards. The innocent cherub was not in the original version [2]. It is not clear why Veronese made these changes. Celebrity Venus had a completely different tone, more prudish, and lack of amora would give the scene a more mundane erotic meaning of meeting two lovers. The small changes made by the painter gave the work a new dimension of spirituality and innocence [3]In 1621, a catalog was made of the works in the collection of Rudolf II in Prague Castle. Over the centuries, the painting had many owners and circulated throughout Europe. It was in the possession of Ferdinand III of Habsburg, and after the Swedes' invasion of Prague in 1648, it entered the collection of Queen Christina of Sweden and was taken with her in her Roman exile. It then went to the Odescalchici family, later to the famous Orleans Collection in Paris. In 1792, it went to the Edouard de Walckiers collection in Brussels but returned to Paris in 1798, and then went to London. After several English owners, in 1910 it was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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[
"Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Ferdinand III",
"Édouard de Walckiers",
"Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne",
"Christina I of Sweden",
"Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor",
"Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans",
"François Louis Jean-Joseph de Laborde de Méréville",
"Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France"
] |
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Who was the head of Aigues-Mortes in May, 2014?
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May 22, 2014
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{
"text": [
"Pierre Mauméjean"
]
}
|
L2_Q193809_P6_5
|
Alexandre Molinier is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1959.
Sodol Colombini is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1989.
Cédric Bonato is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
René Jeannot is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 2008.
Éric Hubidos is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1953.
Pierre Mauméjean is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Apr, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
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Aigues-MortesAigues-Mortes (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitanie region of southern France. The medieval city walls surrounding the city are well preserved. Situated on the junction of the Canal du Rhône à Sète and the Chenal Maritime to Grau du Roy, the town is a transit center for canal craft and Dutch barges.The name "Aigues-Mortes" was attested in 1248 in the Latinized form "", which means "dead water", or "stagnant water". The name comes from the marshes and ponds that surround the village (which has never had potable water). The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Aigues-Mortais" or "Aigues-Mortaises".The Occitan ' is equivalent to toponymic types in the Morteau Oil dialect cf. Morteau (Doubs): "mortua Aqua" (1105, VTF521) and Morteaue (Haute-Marne): "mortua Aqua" (1163, VTF521). in French means "pond of the King". In Occitan, ' means "pond with extension".The Roman general Gaius Marius is said to have founded Aigues-Mortes around 102 BC, but there is no documentary evidence to support this.A Roman by the name of "Peccius" cultivated the first salt marsh and gave his name to the Marsh of Peccais. Salt mining started from the Neolithic period and was continued in the Hellenistic period, but the ancient uses of saline have not resulted in any major archaeological discovery. It is likely that any remains were destroyed by modern saline facilities.In 791, Charlemagne erected the amid the swamps for the safety of fishermen and salt workers. Some argue that the signaling and transmission of news was not foreign to the building of this tower which was designed to give warning in case of arrival of a fleet, as for the at Nîmes.The purpose of this tower was part of the war plan and spiritual plan which Charlemagne granted at the Benedictine abbey, dedicated to "Opus Dei" (work of God) and whose incessant chanting, day and night, was to designate the convent as "Psalmody" or "Psalmodi". This monastery still existed in 812, as confirmed by an act of endowment made by the Badila from Nîmes at the abbey.At that time, the people lived in reed huts and made their living from fishing, hunting, and salt production from several small salt marshes along the sea shore. The region was then under the rule of the monks from the Abbey of Psalmody.In 1240, Louis IX, who wanted to get rid of the dependency on the Italian maritime republics for transporting troops to the Crusades, focused on the strategic position of his kingdom. At that time, Marseille belonged to his brother Charles of Anjou, King of Naples, Agde to the Count of Toulouse, and Montpellier to the King of Aragon. Louis IX wanted direct access to the Mediterranean Sea. He obtained the town and the surrounding lands by exchange of properties with the monks of the abbey. Residents were exempt from the salt tax which was previously levied so that they could now take the salt unconstrained.He built a road between the marshes and built the to serve as a watchtower and protect access to the city. Louis IX then built the on the site of the old Matafère Tower, to house the garrison. In 1272, his son and successor, Philip III the Bold, ordered the continuation of the construction of walls to completely encircle the small town. The work would not be completed for another 30 years.This was the city from which Louis IX twice departed for the Seventh Crusade in 1248 and for the Eighth Crusade in 1270, where he died of dysentery at Tunis.The year 1270 has been established, mistakenly for many historians, as the last step of a process initiated at the end of the 11th century. The judgment is hasty because the transfer of crusaders or mercenaries from the harbour of Aigues-Mortes continued after this year. The order given in 1275 to Sir Guillaume de Roussillon by Philip III the Bold and Pope Gregory X after the Council of Lyons in 1274 to reinforce Saint-Jean d'Acre in the East shows that maritime activity continued for a ninth crusade which never took place.There is a popular belief that the sea reached Aigues-Mortes in 1270. In fact, as confirmed by studies of the engineer Charles Leon Dombre, the whole of Aigues-Mortes, including the port itself, was in the Marette pond, the "Canal-Viel" and "Grau Louis", the Canal Viel being the access channel to the sea. The Grau-Louis was approximately at the modern location of La Grande-Motte.At the beginning of the 14th century, Philip the Fair used the fortified site to incarcerate the Templars. Between 8 and 11 November 1307, forty-five of them were put to the question, found guilty, and held prisoner in the "Tower of Constance".Aigues-Mortes still retained its privileges granted by the kings. Curiously it was a great Protestant in the person of Jean d'Harambure "the One-Eyed", light horse commander of King Henry IV and former governor of Vendôme who would be appointed governor of "Aigues-Mortes" and the Carbonnière Tower on 4 September 1607. To do this, he took an oath before the Constable of France Henri de Montmorency, Governor of Languedoc, who was a Catholic and supported the rival "Adrien de Chanmont", the Lord of Berichère. The conflict continued until 1612, and Harambure, supported by the pastors of Lower Languedoc and the inhabitants, finished it by a personal appeal to the Queen. He eventually resigned on 27 February 1615 in favour of his son Jean d'Harambure, but King Louis XIII restored him for six years. On 27 July 1616 he resigned again in favour of Gaspard III de Coligny, but not without obtaining a token of appreciation for the judges and consuls of the city.At the beginning of the 15th century, important works were being undertaken to facilitate access to "Aigues-Mortes" from the sea. The old "Grau-Louis", dug for the Crusades, was replaced by the "Grau-de-la-Croisette" and a port was dug at the base of the Tower of Constance. It lost its importance from 1481 when Provence and Marseille were attached to the kingdom of France. Only the exploitation of the Peccais salt marshes encouraged François I, in 1532, to connect the salt industry of "Aigues-Mortes" to the sea. This channel, said Grau-Henry, silted up in turn. The opening, in 1752, of the Grau-du-Roi solved the problem for a while. A final solution was found in 1806 by connecting the Aigues-Mortes river port through the Canal du Rhône à Sète.From 1575 to 1622, Aigues-Mortes was one of the eight safe havens granted to the Protestants. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused severe repression of Protestantism, which was marked in Languedoc and the Cévennes in the early 18th century by the Camisard War. Like other towers in the town, from 1686 onwards, the Constance Tower was used as a prison for the Huguenots who refused to convert to Roman Catholicism. In 1703, Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards, managed to escape with sixteen companions.During the French Revolution, the city was called "Port-Pelletier". At that time the port had almost disappeared due to silting, induced by the intensification of labour in the watershed at the same time as the clearing of woods and forests following the abolition of privileges. The decline of forest cover led to soil erosion and consequently a greater quantity of alluvial deposits in the ports of the region. Thus, in 1804 the prefect "Mr. de Barante père" wrote in a report that: "The coasts of this department are more prone to silting ... The ports of Maguelonne and Aigues Mortes and the old port of Cette no longer exist except in history" he alerted: "An inordinate desire to collect and multiply these forest clearings since 1790 ... Greed has devoured in a few years the resource of the future, the mountains, opened to the plough, show that soon naked and barren rock, each groove becoming a ravine; the topsoil, driven by storms, has been brought into the rivers, and thence into the lower parts, where it serves every day to find the lowest parts and the darkest swamps."In the summer of 1893, the "Compagnie des Salins du Midi" launched a recruiting campaign for workers for the threshing and the lifting of salt. Hiring was reduced due to the economic crisis that hit Europe, so the prospect of finding a seasonal job was attractive in this year and there were a greater number of workers looking for work. These were divided into three categories nicknamed:Because of the recruitment operated by Compagnie des Salins du Midi, the "chefs de colle" were forced to compose teams including both French and Italians. In the early morning of 16 August 1893 a fight broke out between the two communities that quickly turned into a struggle of honour. Despite the intervention of the justice of the peace and the police, the situation rapidly degenerated. Some tramps met in "Aigues-Mortes" and, saying that Italians had killed some "Aiguemortais", swelled the ranks of the population and of people who had not managed to find employment. A group of Italians was then attacked and tried to take refuge in a bakery that rioters wanted to burn. The prefect called for troops at 4am, but they did not arrive on the scene until 18 hours after the drama.Early in the morning, the situation escalated and the rioters moved to the Peccais saltfields where there were the largest number of Italians. Police Captain Cabley, trying to provide protection, promised the rioters to hunt the Italians and escort them to the Aigues-Mortes Police Station. It was during the journey that the Italians attacked by the rioters were massacred by a crowd that the police were unable to contain. There were seven dead and fifty wounded, some of whom had lifelong consequences. This was the largest massacre of immigrants in the modern history of France and also one of the biggest scandals in its judicial history because no condemnation was ever pronounced.The case became a diplomatic issue and the "transalpine" (Italian) foreign press took up the cause of the Italians. There were Anti-French riots in Italy. A diplomatic solution was found and the parties were compensated while the nationalist mayor "Marius Terras" was forced to resign.A theatrical play by Serge Valletti called "Dirty August" is based on the tragic events.Aigues-Mortes is located in the some northwest of Marseille. By road, Aigues-Mortes is about southwest of Nîmes, and east of Montpellier in a direct line. Access to the commune is by route D979 coming south from Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze to Aigues-Mortes town. Route D979 continues southwest through the commune to Le Grau-du-Roi. Route D62 also starts from Aigues-Mortes heading southwest parallel to D979 before turning eastwards and forming part of the southern border of the commune. Route D62A continues to Plan d'Eau du Vidourie.The commune is composed of a portion of the wet plains and lakes of the Petite Camargue. It is separated from the Gulf of Lions (and, thus, the Mediterranean) by the town of Le Grau-du-Roi, however Aigues-Mortes is connected to the sea through the Canal du Rhône à Sète. There is only one other hamlet in the commune called Mas de Jarras Listel on the western border.The Canal du Rhône à Sète enters the commune from the northwest and the northeast in two branches from the main canal to the north and the branches intersect in the town of Aigues-Mortes before exiting as a single canal alongside route D979 and feeding into the Mediterranean Sea at Le Grau-du-Roi.A rail branch line from Nîmes passes through Aigues-Mortes from north-east to south-west, with a station in the town of Aigues-Mortes, to its terminus on the coast at Le-Grau-du-Roi. This line also transports sea salt.The communes of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze and Le Grau-du-Roi are adjacent to the town of Aigues-Mortes. Its inhabitants are called ' or '; in Occitan they are "".Aigues-Mortes is one of 79 member communes of the ' of South Gard and is also one of 34 communes in the "Pays Vidourle-Camargue". Aigues-Mortes is one of the four communes of the ' of "" in the South of Gard.The medieval heritage from the 13th and 14th centuries of the commune and its proximity to the sea attract many tourists and residents of France.The city of Aigues-Mortes is a crossroads of canals:The Line Nîmes to Le Grau-du-Roi serves the towns and villages of Costières and the coastline, with a terminus at Le Grau-du-Roi. It is also used for the transport of salt produced by the saltworks of the Salins Group (see link below).The development of seaside tourism since the 1960s was marked by the construction of new resorts (La Grande-Motte) and the extension of existing facilities from Le Grau du Roi to Port-Camargue. To facilitate access to tourists, a coastal road network has been augmented and connected to the A9 motorway. "Aigues-Mortes" benefits in these ways:The bus 106 also connects Montpellier and Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.The municipal council consists of 29 members including the mayor, 8 deputies, and 20 municipal councilors.Since the last municipal elections, its composition is as follows:List of Successive Mayors of Aigues-MortesThe town is the capital of the canton of the same name whose general councillor is Leopold Rosso, deputy mayor of Le Grau-du-Roi and president of the Community of Communes Terre de Camargue (UMP). The canton is part of the arrondissement of Nîmes and the second electoral district of Gard where the member is Gilbert Collard (FN ).The distribution of the population of the municipality by age group is as follows:The female population is over-represented compared to men. The rate of (52.4%) is substantially the same as the national rate (51.8%).Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aigues-Mortes and Gard Department in 2007"Fougasse" was one of the first pastries which could rise. It can be sweet (sometimes called "tarte au sucre" or sugar tart) or salty (with or without gratillons).Traditionally, making sweet fougasse in "Aigues-Mortes" was reserved for the Christmas period, as part of the Thirteen desserts. Based on a brioche dough, sugar, butter, and orange blossom, it was made by the baker with ingredients provided by the client. Now Aigues-Mortes fougasse sells all year."Lou Drapé" is an imaginary horse mentioned in local folklore, which was supposed to walk at night around the ramparts of the city and take 50 to 100 children on his back, and disappear to "nowhere".Aigues-Mortes has a very large number of sites registered as historical monuments and historical objects.The Tower of Constance was built in 1242 by Saint-Louis on the former site of the Matafère Tower which was built by Charlemagne around 790AD to house the king's garrison. The construction was completed in 1254.It is 22 metres in diameter with a height of either 33 or 40 metres depending on the source. The thickness of the walls at the base is 6 metres.On the ground floor, there is a guardroom protected by a portcullis. In the middle of the room, there is a circular opening leading to the cellar which served as a pantry, storage of ammunition as well as for dungeons. These areas were called the "culs de basse fosse", an old way of saying underground dungeons in French.On the first floor, there is the knight's hall. Structurally it is similar to the guardroom. It was in this room that the Protestants were imprisoned during the 18th century, most notably Marie Durand, who engraved the word "résister" (English: resist) into the edge of the well which can be seen to this day. She was imprisoned at the age of 15, and was freed 38 years later, along with political prisoners such as Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards.Between these two rooms, a narrow, covered way was built within the walls to keep watch on the room below.After the knight's hall, there is an entrance to the terrace which offers a wide panoramic view of the region, making it an ideal position for surveillance. Sometimes, the prisoners were allowed to go on the terrace to get some fresh air.The ramparts stretch for a distance of 1650 metres.Spectacular in their height and their state of preservation even though they were not restored in the 19th century, as was Carcassonne for example, they remain in a well preserved state. Along with the "Tower of Constance", they are a testimony to Western European military architecture in the marshlands during the 13th and 14th centuries.Located in the commune of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze, the Carbonnière Tower was first referred to in an old text from 1346 specifying the function of the structure. It said, "this fortress is the key to the kingdom in this region." Surrounded by salt marshes, the fortress was the only passageway into "Aigues-Mortes". It was guarded by a garrison made up of a châtelain and several guards. From the terrace, which could support up to four cannons, there is a panoramic view of Petite Camargue.The Church of Notre-Dame-des-Sablons is a Gothic-style church and was probably built before the ramparts in the mid-13th century during the time of Saint-Louis. In 1537 it served as a Collegiate church but was later vandalized by Protestants in 1575. After the reconstruction of the bell tower in 1634 it later served as a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution, a barracks, grain merchant, and a salt warehouse. It was re-established as a place of worship in 1804 and the building was restored in the neo classical-baroque style. Between 1964 and 1967 all of the 19th century decor was removed, notably the coffered ceilings, resulting in the much more basic and medieval style church we see today. Since 1991, the stained-glass windows by Claude Viallat, a contemporary artist belonging to the "Supports/Surfaces" art movement, add extraordinary light and colour to the building. With the exception of a few statues, the rest of the 18th and 19th century furniture disappeared during this period. The façade is crowned by a simple bell-gable housing 3 bells. The largest of the three is 1.07 metres in diameter. It was dated to 1740, cast by master smelter Jean Poutingon, and has been designated a historical monument of France. The church also houses a statue of Saint-Louis.The Chapel of the Gray Penitents is located to the east of the "Place de la Viguerie". It is the property of the Brotherhood of Grey Penitents established in 1400. The facade is in the style of Louis XIV. The entrance door is from the 17th century and is decorated with a wooden statue. The altarpiece was carved in 1687 by "Sabatier".Inside, an altarpiece represents the passion of Christ. It was built of gray stucco plaster in 1687 by the sculptor "Sabatier" from Montpellier. This altar, on which are the arms of the brotherhood, occupies the back of the choir.The Chapel of the White Penitents is located at the corner of the "Rue de la République" and "Rue Louis Blanc". It belongs to the Brotherhood of the White Penitents which was created in 1622.Above the choir, on the roof, there is a copy of the Retable of Jerusalem where Christ celebrated the Passover and Holy Thursday with his apostles. Around the high altar, a painting on canvas traces the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. It is attributed to Xavier Sigalon a painter born in Uzès in 1778 . On each side of the choir stand two statues: on the left Saint Felix for the redemption of captives, on the right James, son of Alphaeus, first Bishop of Jerusalem.This is the touristic heart of the city. In the centre, opposite the main entrance of the "Porte de la Gardette", stands the statue of Saint-Louis, the work of James Pradier in 1849.The Plan des Theatres are arenas for the Camargue bullfights. They were listed in 1993 on the inventory of the list of Historic Monuments (MH) for their ethnological and cultural interest. They can accommodate more than 600 people.
|
[
"Sodol Colombini",
"Alexandre Molinier",
"René Jeannot",
"Cédric Bonato",
"Éric Hubidos"
] |
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Who was the head of Aigues-Mortes in 2014-05-22?
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May 22, 2014
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{
"text": [
"Pierre Mauméjean"
]
}
|
L2_Q193809_P6_5
|
Alexandre Molinier is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1959.
Sodol Colombini is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1989.
Cédric Bonato is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
René Jeannot is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 2008.
Éric Hubidos is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1953.
Pierre Mauméjean is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Apr, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
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Aigues-MortesAigues-Mortes (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitanie region of southern France. The medieval city walls surrounding the city are well preserved. Situated on the junction of the Canal du Rhône à Sète and the Chenal Maritime to Grau du Roy, the town is a transit center for canal craft and Dutch barges.The name "Aigues-Mortes" was attested in 1248 in the Latinized form "", which means "dead water", or "stagnant water". The name comes from the marshes and ponds that surround the village (which has never had potable water). The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Aigues-Mortais" or "Aigues-Mortaises".The Occitan ' is equivalent to toponymic types in the Morteau Oil dialect cf. Morteau (Doubs): "mortua Aqua" (1105, VTF521) and Morteaue (Haute-Marne): "mortua Aqua" (1163, VTF521). in French means "pond of the King". In Occitan, ' means "pond with extension".The Roman general Gaius Marius is said to have founded Aigues-Mortes around 102 BC, but there is no documentary evidence to support this.A Roman by the name of "Peccius" cultivated the first salt marsh and gave his name to the Marsh of Peccais. Salt mining started from the Neolithic period and was continued in the Hellenistic period, but the ancient uses of saline have not resulted in any major archaeological discovery. It is likely that any remains were destroyed by modern saline facilities.In 791, Charlemagne erected the amid the swamps for the safety of fishermen and salt workers. Some argue that the signaling and transmission of news was not foreign to the building of this tower which was designed to give warning in case of arrival of a fleet, as for the at Nîmes.The purpose of this tower was part of the war plan and spiritual plan which Charlemagne granted at the Benedictine abbey, dedicated to "Opus Dei" (work of God) and whose incessant chanting, day and night, was to designate the convent as "Psalmody" or "Psalmodi". This monastery still existed in 812, as confirmed by an act of endowment made by the Badila from Nîmes at the abbey.At that time, the people lived in reed huts and made their living from fishing, hunting, and salt production from several small salt marshes along the sea shore. The region was then under the rule of the monks from the Abbey of Psalmody.In 1240, Louis IX, who wanted to get rid of the dependency on the Italian maritime republics for transporting troops to the Crusades, focused on the strategic position of his kingdom. At that time, Marseille belonged to his brother Charles of Anjou, King of Naples, Agde to the Count of Toulouse, and Montpellier to the King of Aragon. Louis IX wanted direct access to the Mediterranean Sea. He obtained the town and the surrounding lands by exchange of properties with the monks of the abbey. Residents were exempt from the salt tax which was previously levied so that they could now take the salt unconstrained.He built a road between the marshes and built the to serve as a watchtower and protect access to the city. Louis IX then built the on the site of the old Matafère Tower, to house the garrison. In 1272, his son and successor, Philip III the Bold, ordered the continuation of the construction of walls to completely encircle the small town. The work would not be completed for another 30 years.This was the city from which Louis IX twice departed for the Seventh Crusade in 1248 and for the Eighth Crusade in 1270, where he died of dysentery at Tunis.The year 1270 has been established, mistakenly for many historians, as the last step of a process initiated at the end of the 11th century. The judgment is hasty because the transfer of crusaders or mercenaries from the harbour of Aigues-Mortes continued after this year. The order given in 1275 to Sir Guillaume de Roussillon by Philip III the Bold and Pope Gregory X after the Council of Lyons in 1274 to reinforce Saint-Jean d'Acre in the East shows that maritime activity continued for a ninth crusade which never took place.There is a popular belief that the sea reached Aigues-Mortes in 1270. In fact, as confirmed by studies of the engineer Charles Leon Dombre, the whole of Aigues-Mortes, including the port itself, was in the Marette pond, the "Canal-Viel" and "Grau Louis", the Canal Viel being the access channel to the sea. The Grau-Louis was approximately at the modern location of La Grande-Motte.At the beginning of the 14th century, Philip the Fair used the fortified site to incarcerate the Templars. Between 8 and 11 November 1307, forty-five of them were put to the question, found guilty, and held prisoner in the "Tower of Constance".Aigues-Mortes still retained its privileges granted by the kings. Curiously it was a great Protestant in the person of Jean d'Harambure "the One-Eyed", light horse commander of King Henry IV and former governor of Vendôme who would be appointed governor of "Aigues-Mortes" and the Carbonnière Tower on 4 September 1607. To do this, he took an oath before the Constable of France Henri de Montmorency, Governor of Languedoc, who was a Catholic and supported the rival "Adrien de Chanmont", the Lord of Berichère. The conflict continued until 1612, and Harambure, supported by the pastors of Lower Languedoc and the inhabitants, finished it by a personal appeal to the Queen. He eventually resigned on 27 February 1615 in favour of his son Jean d'Harambure, but King Louis XIII restored him for six years. On 27 July 1616 he resigned again in favour of Gaspard III de Coligny, but not without obtaining a token of appreciation for the judges and consuls of the city.At the beginning of the 15th century, important works were being undertaken to facilitate access to "Aigues-Mortes" from the sea. The old "Grau-Louis", dug for the Crusades, was replaced by the "Grau-de-la-Croisette" and a port was dug at the base of the Tower of Constance. It lost its importance from 1481 when Provence and Marseille were attached to the kingdom of France. Only the exploitation of the Peccais salt marshes encouraged François I, in 1532, to connect the salt industry of "Aigues-Mortes" to the sea. This channel, said Grau-Henry, silted up in turn. The opening, in 1752, of the Grau-du-Roi solved the problem for a while. A final solution was found in 1806 by connecting the Aigues-Mortes river port through the Canal du Rhône à Sète.From 1575 to 1622, Aigues-Mortes was one of the eight safe havens granted to the Protestants. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused severe repression of Protestantism, which was marked in Languedoc and the Cévennes in the early 18th century by the Camisard War. Like other towers in the town, from 1686 onwards, the Constance Tower was used as a prison for the Huguenots who refused to convert to Roman Catholicism. In 1703, Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards, managed to escape with sixteen companions.During the French Revolution, the city was called "Port-Pelletier". At that time the port had almost disappeared due to silting, induced by the intensification of labour in the watershed at the same time as the clearing of woods and forests following the abolition of privileges. The decline of forest cover led to soil erosion and consequently a greater quantity of alluvial deposits in the ports of the region. Thus, in 1804 the prefect "Mr. de Barante père" wrote in a report that: "The coasts of this department are more prone to silting ... The ports of Maguelonne and Aigues Mortes and the old port of Cette no longer exist except in history" he alerted: "An inordinate desire to collect and multiply these forest clearings since 1790 ... Greed has devoured in a few years the resource of the future, the mountains, opened to the plough, show that soon naked and barren rock, each groove becoming a ravine; the topsoil, driven by storms, has been brought into the rivers, and thence into the lower parts, where it serves every day to find the lowest parts and the darkest swamps."In the summer of 1893, the "Compagnie des Salins du Midi" launched a recruiting campaign for workers for the threshing and the lifting of salt. Hiring was reduced due to the economic crisis that hit Europe, so the prospect of finding a seasonal job was attractive in this year and there were a greater number of workers looking for work. These were divided into three categories nicknamed:Because of the recruitment operated by Compagnie des Salins du Midi, the "chefs de colle" were forced to compose teams including both French and Italians. In the early morning of 16 August 1893 a fight broke out between the two communities that quickly turned into a struggle of honour. Despite the intervention of the justice of the peace and the police, the situation rapidly degenerated. Some tramps met in "Aigues-Mortes" and, saying that Italians had killed some "Aiguemortais", swelled the ranks of the population and of people who had not managed to find employment. A group of Italians was then attacked and tried to take refuge in a bakery that rioters wanted to burn. The prefect called for troops at 4am, but they did not arrive on the scene until 18 hours after the drama.Early in the morning, the situation escalated and the rioters moved to the Peccais saltfields where there were the largest number of Italians. Police Captain Cabley, trying to provide protection, promised the rioters to hunt the Italians and escort them to the Aigues-Mortes Police Station. It was during the journey that the Italians attacked by the rioters were massacred by a crowd that the police were unable to contain. There were seven dead and fifty wounded, some of whom had lifelong consequences. This was the largest massacre of immigrants in the modern history of France and also one of the biggest scandals in its judicial history because no condemnation was ever pronounced.The case became a diplomatic issue and the "transalpine" (Italian) foreign press took up the cause of the Italians. There were Anti-French riots in Italy. A diplomatic solution was found and the parties were compensated while the nationalist mayor "Marius Terras" was forced to resign.A theatrical play by Serge Valletti called "Dirty August" is based on the tragic events.Aigues-Mortes is located in the some northwest of Marseille. By road, Aigues-Mortes is about southwest of Nîmes, and east of Montpellier in a direct line. Access to the commune is by route D979 coming south from Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze to Aigues-Mortes town. Route D979 continues southwest through the commune to Le Grau-du-Roi. Route D62 also starts from Aigues-Mortes heading southwest parallel to D979 before turning eastwards and forming part of the southern border of the commune. Route D62A continues to Plan d'Eau du Vidourie.The commune is composed of a portion of the wet plains and lakes of the Petite Camargue. It is separated from the Gulf of Lions (and, thus, the Mediterranean) by the town of Le Grau-du-Roi, however Aigues-Mortes is connected to the sea through the Canal du Rhône à Sète. There is only one other hamlet in the commune called Mas de Jarras Listel on the western border.The Canal du Rhône à Sète enters the commune from the northwest and the northeast in two branches from the main canal to the north and the branches intersect in the town of Aigues-Mortes before exiting as a single canal alongside route D979 and feeding into the Mediterranean Sea at Le Grau-du-Roi.A rail branch line from Nîmes passes through Aigues-Mortes from north-east to south-west, with a station in the town of Aigues-Mortes, to its terminus on the coast at Le-Grau-du-Roi. This line also transports sea salt.The communes of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze and Le Grau-du-Roi are adjacent to the town of Aigues-Mortes. Its inhabitants are called ' or '; in Occitan they are "".Aigues-Mortes is one of 79 member communes of the ' of South Gard and is also one of 34 communes in the "Pays Vidourle-Camargue". Aigues-Mortes is one of the four communes of the ' of "" in the South of Gard.The medieval heritage from the 13th and 14th centuries of the commune and its proximity to the sea attract many tourists and residents of France.The city of Aigues-Mortes is a crossroads of canals:The Line Nîmes to Le Grau-du-Roi serves the towns and villages of Costières and the coastline, with a terminus at Le Grau-du-Roi. It is also used for the transport of salt produced by the saltworks of the Salins Group (see link below).The development of seaside tourism since the 1960s was marked by the construction of new resorts (La Grande-Motte) and the extension of existing facilities from Le Grau du Roi to Port-Camargue. To facilitate access to tourists, a coastal road network has been augmented and connected to the A9 motorway. "Aigues-Mortes" benefits in these ways:The bus 106 also connects Montpellier and Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.The municipal council consists of 29 members including the mayor, 8 deputies, and 20 municipal councilors.Since the last municipal elections, its composition is as follows:List of Successive Mayors of Aigues-MortesThe town is the capital of the canton of the same name whose general councillor is Leopold Rosso, deputy mayor of Le Grau-du-Roi and president of the Community of Communes Terre de Camargue (UMP). The canton is part of the arrondissement of Nîmes and the second electoral district of Gard where the member is Gilbert Collard (FN ).The distribution of the population of the municipality by age group is as follows:The female population is over-represented compared to men. The rate of (52.4%) is substantially the same as the national rate (51.8%).Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aigues-Mortes and Gard Department in 2007"Fougasse" was one of the first pastries which could rise. It can be sweet (sometimes called "tarte au sucre" or sugar tart) or salty (with or without gratillons).Traditionally, making sweet fougasse in "Aigues-Mortes" was reserved for the Christmas period, as part of the Thirteen desserts. Based on a brioche dough, sugar, butter, and orange blossom, it was made by the baker with ingredients provided by the client. Now Aigues-Mortes fougasse sells all year."Lou Drapé" is an imaginary horse mentioned in local folklore, which was supposed to walk at night around the ramparts of the city and take 50 to 100 children on his back, and disappear to "nowhere".Aigues-Mortes has a very large number of sites registered as historical monuments and historical objects.The Tower of Constance was built in 1242 by Saint-Louis on the former site of the Matafère Tower which was built by Charlemagne around 790AD to house the king's garrison. The construction was completed in 1254.It is 22 metres in diameter with a height of either 33 or 40 metres depending on the source. The thickness of the walls at the base is 6 metres.On the ground floor, there is a guardroom protected by a portcullis. In the middle of the room, there is a circular opening leading to the cellar which served as a pantry, storage of ammunition as well as for dungeons. These areas were called the "culs de basse fosse", an old way of saying underground dungeons in French.On the first floor, there is the knight's hall. Structurally it is similar to the guardroom. It was in this room that the Protestants were imprisoned during the 18th century, most notably Marie Durand, who engraved the word "résister" (English: resist) into the edge of the well which can be seen to this day. She was imprisoned at the age of 15, and was freed 38 years later, along with political prisoners such as Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards.Between these two rooms, a narrow, covered way was built within the walls to keep watch on the room below.After the knight's hall, there is an entrance to the terrace which offers a wide panoramic view of the region, making it an ideal position for surveillance. Sometimes, the prisoners were allowed to go on the terrace to get some fresh air.The ramparts stretch for a distance of 1650 metres.Spectacular in their height and their state of preservation even though they were not restored in the 19th century, as was Carcassonne for example, they remain in a well preserved state. Along with the "Tower of Constance", they are a testimony to Western European military architecture in the marshlands during the 13th and 14th centuries.Located in the commune of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze, the Carbonnière Tower was first referred to in an old text from 1346 specifying the function of the structure. It said, "this fortress is the key to the kingdom in this region." Surrounded by salt marshes, the fortress was the only passageway into "Aigues-Mortes". It was guarded by a garrison made up of a châtelain and several guards. From the terrace, which could support up to four cannons, there is a panoramic view of Petite Camargue.The Church of Notre-Dame-des-Sablons is a Gothic-style church and was probably built before the ramparts in the mid-13th century during the time of Saint-Louis. In 1537 it served as a Collegiate church but was later vandalized by Protestants in 1575. After the reconstruction of the bell tower in 1634 it later served as a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution, a barracks, grain merchant, and a salt warehouse. It was re-established as a place of worship in 1804 and the building was restored in the neo classical-baroque style. Between 1964 and 1967 all of the 19th century decor was removed, notably the coffered ceilings, resulting in the much more basic and medieval style church we see today. Since 1991, the stained-glass windows by Claude Viallat, a contemporary artist belonging to the "Supports/Surfaces" art movement, add extraordinary light and colour to the building. With the exception of a few statues, the rest of the 18th and 19th century furniture disappeared during this period. The façade is crowned by a simple bell-gable housing 3 bells. The largest of the three is 1.07 metres in diameter. It was dated to 1740, cast by master smelter Jean Poutingon, and has been designated a historical monument of France. The church also houses a statue of Saint-Louis.The Chapel of the Gray Penitents is located to the east of the "Place de la Viguerie". It is the property of the Brotherhood of Grey Penitents established in 1400. The facade is in the style of Louis XIV. The entrance door is from the 17th century and is decorated with a wooden statue. The altarpiece was carved in 1687 by "Sabatier".Inside, an altarpiece represents the passion of Christ. It was built of gray stucco plaster in 1687 by the sculptor "Sabatier" from Montpellier. This altar, on which are the arms of the brotherhood, occupies the back of the choir.The Chapel of the White Penitents is located at the corner of the "Rue de la République" and "Rue Louis Blanc". It belongs to the Brotherhood of the White Penitents which was created in 1622.Above the choir, on the roof, there is a copy of the Retable of Jerusalem where Christ celebrated the Passover and Holy Thursday with his apostles. Around the high altar, a painting on canvas traces the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. It is attributed to Xavier Sigalon a painter born in Uzès in 1778 . On each side of the choir stand two statues: on the left Saint Felix for the redemption of captives, on the right James, son of Alphaeus, first Bishop of Jerusalem.This is the touristic heart of the city. In the centre, opposite the main entrance of the "Porte de la Gardette", stands the statue of Saint-Louis, the work of James Pradier in 1849.The Plan des Theatres are arenas for the Camargue bullfights. They were listed in 1993 on the inventory of the list of Historic Monuments (MH) for their ethnological and cultural interest. They can accommodate more than 600 people.
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[
"Sodol Colombini",
"Alexandre Molinier",
"René Jeannot",
"Cédric Bonato",
"Éric Hubidos"
] |
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Who was the head of Aigues-Mortes in 22/05/2014?
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May 22, 2014
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{
"text": [
"Pierre Mauméjean"
]
}
|
L2_Q193809_P6_5
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Alexandre Molinier is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1959.
Sodol Colombini is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1989.
Cédric Bonato is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
René Jeannot is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 2008.
Éric Hubidos is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1953.
Pierre Mauméjean is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Apr, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
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Aigues-MortesAigues-Mortes (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitanie region of southern France. The medieval city walls surrounding the city are well preserved. Situated on the junction of the Canal du Rhône à Sète and the Chenal Maritime to Grau du Roy, the town is a transit center for canal craft and Dutch barges.The name "Aigues-Mortes" was attested in 1248 in the Latinized form "", which means "dead water", or "stagnant water". The name comes from the marshes and ponds that surround the village (which has never had potable water). The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Aigues-Mortais" or "Aigues-Mortaises".The Occitan ' is equivalent to toponymic types in the Morteau Oil dialect cf. Morteau (Doubs): "mortua Aqua" (1105, VTF521) and Morteaue (Haute-Marne): "mortua Aqua" (1163, VTF521). in French means "pond of the King". In Occitan, ' means "pond with extension".The Roman general Gaius Marius is said to have founded Aigues-Mortes around 102 BC, but there is no documentary evidence to support this.A Roman by the name of "Peccius" cultivated the first salt marsh and gave his name to the Marsh of Peccais. Salt mining started from the Neolithic period and was continued in the Hellenistic period, but the ancient uses of saline have not resulted in any major archaeological discovery. It is likely that any remains were destroyed by modern saline facilities.In 791, Charlemagne erected the amid the swamps for the safety of fishermen and salt workers. Some argue that the signaling and transmission of news was not foreign to the building of this tower which was designed to give warning in case of arrival of a fleet, as for the at Nîmes.The purpose of this tower was part of the war plan and spiritual plan which Charlemagne granted at the Benedictine abbey, dedicated to "Opus Dei" (work of God) and whose incessant chanting, day and night, was to designate the convent as "Psalmody" or "Psalmodi". This monastery still existed in 812, as confirmed by an act of endowment made by the Badila from Nîmes at the abbey.At that time, the people lived in reed huts and made their living from fishing, hunting, and salt production from several small salt marshes along the sea shore. The region was then under the rule of the monks from the Abbey of Psalmody.In 1240, Louis IX, who wanted to get rid of the dependency on the Italian maritime republics for transporting troops to the Crusades, focused on the strategic position of his kingdom. At that time, Marseille belonged to his brother Charles of Anjou, King of Naples, Agde to the Count of Toulouse, and Montpellier to the King of Aragon. Louis IX wanted direct access to the Mediterranean Sea. He obtained the town and the surrounding lands by exchange of properties with the monks of the abbey. Residents were exempt from the salt tax which was previously levied so that they could now take the salt unconstrained.He built a road between the marshes and built the to serve as a watchtower and protect access to the city. Louis IX then built the on the site of the old Matafère Tower, to house the garrison. In 1272, his son and successor, Philip III the Bold, ordered the continuation of the construction of walls to completely encircle the small town. The work would not be completed for another 30 years.This was the city from which Louis IX twice departed for the Seventh Crusade in 1248 and for the Eighth Crusade in 1270, where he died of dysentery at Tunis.The year 1270 has been established, mistakenly for many historians, as the last step of a process initiated at the end of the 11th century. The judgment is hasty because the transfer of crusaders or mercenaries from the harbour of Aigues-Mortes continued after this year. The order given in 1275 to Sir Guillaume de Roussillon by Philip III the Bold and Pope Gregory X after the Council of Lyons in 1274 to reinforce Saint-Jean d'Acre in the East shows that maritime activity continued for a ninth crusade which never took place.There is a popular belief that the sea reached Aigues-Mortes in 1270. In fact, as confirmed by studies of the engineer Charles Leon Dombre, the whole of Aigues-Mortes, including the port itself, was in the Marette pond, the "Canal-Viel" and "Grau Louis", the Canal Viel being the access channel to the sea. The Grau-Louis was approximately at the modern location of La Grande-Motte.At the beginning of the 14th century, Philip the Fair used the fortified site to incarcerate the Templars. Between 8 and 11 November 1307, forty-five of them were put to the question, found guilty, and held prisoner in the "Tower of Constance".Aigues-Mortes still retained its privileges granted by the kings. Curiously it was a great Protestant in the person of Jean d'Harambure "the One-Eyed", light horse commander of King Henry IV and former governor of Vendôme who would be appointed governor of "Aigues-Mortes" and the Carbonnière Tower on 4 September 1607. To do this, he took an oath before the Constable of France Henri de Montmorency, Governor of Languedoc, who was a Catholic and supported the rival "Adrien de Chanmont", the Lord of Berichère. The conflict continued until 1612, and Harambure, supported by the pastors of Lower Languedoc and the inhabitants, finished it by a personal appeal to the Queen. He eventually resigned on 27 February 1615 in favour of his son Jean d'Harambure, but King Louis XIII restored him for six years. On 27 July 1616 he resigned again in favour of Gaspard III de Coligny, but not without obtaining a token of appreciation for the judges and consuls of the city.At the beginning of the 15th century, important works were being undertaken to facilitate access to "Aigues-Mortes" from the sea. The old "Grau-Louis", dug for the Crusades, was replaced by the "Grau-de-la-Croisette" and a port was dug at the base of the Tower of Constance. It lost its importance from 1481 when Provence and Marseille were attached to the kingdom of France. Only the exploitation of the Peccais salt marshes encouraged François I, in 1532, to connect the salt industry of "Aigues-Mortes" to the sea. This channel, said Grau-Henry, silted up in turn. The opening, in 1752, of the Grau-du-Roi solved the problem for a while. A final solution was found in 1806 by connecting the Aigues-Mortes river port through the Canal du Rhône à Sète.From 1575 to 1622, Aigues-Mortes was one of the eight safe havens granted to the Protestants. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused severe repression of Protestantism, which was marked in Languedoc and the Cévennes in the early 18th century by the Camisard War. Like other towers in the town, from 1686 onwards, the Constance Tower was used as a prison for the Huguenots who refused to convert to Roman Catholicism. In 1703, Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards, managed to escape with sixteen companions.During the French Revolution, the city was called "Port-Pelletier". At that time the port had almost disappeared due to silting, induced by the intensification of labour in the watershed at the same time as the clearing of woods and forests following the abolition of privileges. The decline of forest cover led to soil erosion and consequently a greater quantity of alluvial deposits in the ports of the region. Thus, in 1804 the prefect "Mr. de Barante père" wrote in a report that: "The coasts of this department are more prone to silting ... The ports of Maguelonne and Aigues Mortes and the old port of Cette no longer exist except in history" he alerted: "An inordinate desire to collect and multiply these forest clearings since 1790 ... Greed has devoured in a few years the resource of the future, the mountains, opened to the plough, show that soon naked and barren rock, each groove becoming a ravine; the topsoil, driven by storms, has been brought into the rivers, and thence into the lower parts, where it serves every day to find the lowest parts and the darkest swamps."In the summer of 1893, the "Compagnie des Salins du Midi" launched a recruiting campaign for workers for the threshing and the lifting of salt. Hiring was reduced due to the economic crisis that hit Europe, so the prospect of finding a seasonal job was attractive in this year and there were a greater number of workers looking for work. These were divided into three categories nicknamed:Because of the recruitment operated by Compagnie des Salins du Midi, the "chefs de colle" were forced to compose teams including both French and Italians. In the early morning of 16 August 1893 a fight broke out between the two communities that quickly turned into a struggle of honour. Despite the intervention of the justice of the peace and the police, the situation rapidly degenerated. Some tramps met in "Aigues-Mortes" and, saying that Italians had killed some "Aiguemortais", swelled the ranks of the population and of people who had not managed to find employment. A group of Italians was then attacked and tried to take refuge in a bakery that rioters wanted to burn. The prefect called for troops at 4am, but they did not arrive on the scene until 18 hours after the drama.Early in the morning, the situation escalated and the rioters moved to the Peccais saltfields where there were the largest number of Italians. Police Captain Cabley, trying to provide protection, promised the rioters to hunt the Italians and escort them to the Aigues-Mortes Police Station. It was during the journey that the Italians attacked by the rioters were massacred by a crowd that the police were unable to contain. There were seven dead and fifty wounded, some of whom had lifelong consequences. This was the largest massacre of immigrants in the modern history of France and also one of the biggest scandals in its judicial history because no condemnation was ever pronounced.The case became a diplomatic issue and the "transalpine" (Italian) foreign press took up the cause of the Italians. There were Anti-French riots in Italy. A diplomatic solution was found and the parties were compensated while the nationalist mayor "Marius Terras" was forced to resign.A theatrical play by Serge Valletti called "Dirty August" is based on the tragic events.Aigues-Mortes is located in the some northwest of Marseille. By road, Aigues-Mortes is about southwest of Nîmes, and east of Montpellier in a direct line. Access to the commune is by route D979 coming south from Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze to Aigues-Mortes town. Route D979 continues southwest through the commune to Le Grau-du-Roi. Route D62 also starts from Aigues-Mortes heading southwest parallel to D979 before turning eastwards and forming part of the southern border of the commune. Route D62A continues to Plan d'Eau du Vidourie.The commune is composed of a portion of the wet plains and lakes of the Petite Camargue. It is separated from the Gulf of Lions (and, thus, the Mediterranean) by the town of Le Grau-du-Roi, however Aigues-Mortes is connected to the sea through the Canal du Rhône à Sète. There is only one other hamlet in the commune called Mas de Jarras Listel on the western border.The Canal du Rhône à Sète enters the commune from the northwest and the northeast in two branches from the main canal to the north and the branches intersect in the town of Aigues-Mortes before exiting as a single canal alongside route D979 and feeding into the Mediterranean Sea at Le Grau-du-Roi.A rail branch line from Nîmes passes through Aigues-Mortes from north-east to south-west, with a station in the town of Aigues-Mortes, to its terminus on the coast at Le-Grau-du-Roi. This line also transports sea salt.The communes of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze and Le Grau-du-Roi are adjacent to the town of Aigues-Mortes. Its inhabitants are called ' or '; in Occitan they are "".Aigues-Mortes is one of 79 member communes of the ' of South Gard and is also one of 34 communes in the "Pays Vidourle-Camargue". Aigues-Mortes is one of the four communes of the ' of "" in the South of Gard.The medieval heritage from the 13th and 14th centuries of the commune and its proximity to the sea attract many tourists and residents of France.The city of Aigues-Mortes is a crossroads of canals:The Line Nîmes to Le Grau-du-Roi serves the towns and villages of Costières and the coastline, with a terminus at Le Grau-du-Roi. It is also used for the transport of salt produced by the saltworks of the Salins Group (see link below).The development of seaside tourism since the 1960s was marked by the construction of new resorts (La Grande-Motte) and the extension of existing facilities from Le Grau du Roi to Port-Camargue. To facilitate access to tourists, a coastal road network has been augmented and connected to the A9 motorway. "Aigues-Mortes" benefits in these ways:The bus 106 also connects Montpellier and Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.The municipal council consists of 29 members including the mayor, 8 deputies, and 20 municipal councilors.Since the last municipal elections, its composition is as follows:List of Successive Mayors of Aigues-MortesThe town is the capital of the canton of the same name whose general councillor is Leopold Rosso, deputy mayor of Le Grau-du-Roi and president of the Community of Communes Terre de Camargue (UMP). The canton is part of the arrondissement of Nîmes and the second electoral district of Gard where the member is Gilbert Collard (FN ).The distribution of the population of the municipality by age group is as follows:The female population is over-represented compared to men. The rate of (52.4%) is substantially the same as the national rate (51.8%).Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aigues-Mortes and Gard Department in 2007"Fougasse" was one of the first pastries which could rise. It can be sweet (sometimes called "tarte au sucre" or sugar tart) or salty (with or without gratillons).Traditionally, making sweet fougasse in "Aigues-Mortes" was reserved for the Christmas period, as part of the Thirteen desserts. Based on a brioche dough, sugar, butter, and orange blossom, it was made by the baker with ingredients provided by the client. Now Aigues-Mortes fougasse sells all year."Lou Drapé" is an imaginary horse mentioned in local folklore, which was supposed to walk at night around the ramparts of the city and take 50 to 100 children on his back, and disappear to "nowhere".Aigues-Mortes has a very large number of sites registered as historical monuments and historical objects.The Tower of Constance was built in 1242 by Saint-Louis on the former site of the Matafère Tower which was built by Charlemagne around 790AD to house the king's garrison. The construction was completed in 1254.It is 22 metres in diameter with a height of either 33 or 40 metres depending on the source. The thickness of the walls at the base is 6 metres.On the ground floor, there is a guardroom protected by a portcullis. In the middle of the room, there is a circular opening leading to the cellar which served as a pantry, storage of ammunition as well as for dungeons. These areas were called the "culs de basse fosse", an old way of saying underground dungeons in French.On the first floor, there is the knight's hall. Structurally it is similar to the guardroom. It was in this room that the Protestants were imprisoned during the 18th century, most notably Marie Durand, who engraved the word "résister" (English: resist) into the edge of the well which can be seen to this day. She was imprisoned at the age of 15, and was freed 38 years later, along with political prisoners such as Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards.Between these two rooms, a narrow, covered way was built within the walls to keep watch on the room below.After the knight's hall, there is an entrance to the terrace which offers a wide panoramic view of the region, making it an ideal position for surveillance. Sometimes, the prisoners were allowed to go on the terrace to get some fresh air.The ramparts stretch for a distance of 1650 metres.Spectacular in their height and their state of preservation even though they were not restored in the 19th century, as was Carcassonne for example, they remain in a well preserved state. Along with the "Tower of Constance", they are a testimony to Western European military architecture in the marshlands during the 13th and 14th centuries.Located in the commune of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze, the Carbonnière Tower was first referred to in an old text from 1346 specifying the function of the structure. It said, "this fortress is the key to the kingdom in this region." Surrounded by salt marshes, the fortress was the only passageway into "Aigues-Mortes". It was guarded by a garrison made up of a châtelain and several guards. From the terrace, which could support up to four cannons, there is a panoramic view of Petite Camargue.The Church of Notre-Dame-des-Sablons is a Gothic-style church and was probably built before the ramparts in the mid-13th century during the time of Saint-Louis. In 1537 it served as a Collegiate church but was later vandalized by Protestants in 1575. After the reconstruction of the bell tower in 1634 it later served as a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution, a barracks, grain merchant, and a salt warehouse. It was re-established as a place of worship in 1804 and the building was restored in the neo classical-baroque style. Between 1964 and 1967 all of the 19th century decor was removed, notably the coffered ceilings, resulting in the much more basic and medieval style church we see today. Since 1991, the stained-glass windows by Claude Viallat, a contemporary artist belonging to the "Supports/Surfaces" art movement, add extraordinary light and colour to the building. With the exception of a few statues, the rest of the 18th and 19th century furniture disappeared during this period. The façade is crowned by a simple bell-gable housing 3 bells. The largest of the three is 1.07 metres in diameter. It was dated to 1740, cast by master smelter Jean Poutingon, and has been designated a historical monument of France. The church also houses a statue of Saint-Louis.The Chapel of the Gray Penitents is located to the east of the "Place de la Viguerie". It is the property of the Brotherhood of Grey Penitents established in 1400. The facade is in the style of Louis XIV. The entrance door is from the 17th century and is decorated with a wooden statue. The altarpiece was carved in 1687 by "Sabatier".Inside, an altarpiece represents the passion of Christ. It was built of gray stucco plaster in 1687 by the sculptor "Sabatier" from Montpellier. This altar, on which are the arms of the brotherhood, occupies the back of the choir.The Chapel of the White Penitents is located at the corner of the "Rue de la République" and "Rue Louis Blanc". It belongs to the Brotherhood of the White Penitents which was created in 1622.Above the choir, on the roof, there is a copy of the Retable of Jerusalem where Christ celebrated the Passover and Holy Thursday with his apostles. Around the high altar, a painting on canvas traces the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. It is attributed to Xavier Sigalon a painter born in Uzès in 1778 . On each side of the choir stand two statues: on the left Saint Felix for the redemption of captives, on the right James, son of Alphaeus, first Bishop of Jerusalem.This is the touristic heart of the city. In the centre, opposite the main entrance of the "Porte de la Gardette", stands the statue of Saint-Louis, the work of James Pradier in 1849.The Plan des Theatres are arenas for the Camargue bullfights. They were listed in 1993 on the inventory of the list of Historic Monuments (MH) for their ethnological and cultural interest. They can accommodate more than 600 people.
|
[
"Sodol Colombini",
"Alexandre Molinier",
"René Jeannot",
"Cédric Bonato",
"Éric Hubidos"
] |
|
Who was the head of Aigues-Mortes in May 22, 2014?
|
May 22, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Pierre Mauméjean"
]
}
|
L2_Q193809_P6_5
|
Alexandre Molinier is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1959.
Sodol Colombini is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1989.
Cédric Bonato is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
René Jeannot is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 2008.
Éric Hubidos is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1953.
Pierre Mauméjean is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Apr, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Aigues-MortesAigues-Mortes (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitanie region of southern France. The medieval city walls surrounding the city are well preserved. Situated on the junction of the Canal du Rhône à Sète and the Chenal Maritime to Grau du Roy, the town is a transit center for canal craft and Dutch barges.The name "Aigues-Mortes" was attested in 1248 in the Latinized form "", which means "dead water", or "stagnant water". The name comes from the marshes and ponds that surround the village (which has never had potable water). The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Aigues-Mortais" or "Aigues-Mortaises".The Occitan ' is equivalent to toponymic types in the Morteau Oil dialect cf. Morteau (Doubs): "mortua Aqua" (1105, VTF521) and Morteaue (Haute-Marne): "mortua Aqua" (1163, VTF521). in French means "pond of the King". In Occitan, ' means "pond with extension".The Roman general Gaius Marius is said to have founded Aigues-Mortes around 102 BC, but there is no documentary evidence to support this.A Roman by the name of "Peccius" cultivated the first salt marsh and gave his name to the Marsh of Peccais. Salt mining started from the Neolithic period and was continued in the Hellenistic period, but the ancient uses of saline have not resulted in any major archaeological discovery. It is likely that any remains were destroyed by modern saline facilities.In 791, Charlemagne erected the amid the swamps for the safety of fishermen and salt workers. Some argue that the signaling and transmission of news was not foreign to the building of this tower which was designed to give warning in case of arrival of a fleet, as for the at Nîmes.The purpose of this tower was part of the war plan and spiritual plan which Charlemagne granted at the Benedictine abbey, dedicated to "Opus Dei" (work of God) and whose incessant chanting, day and night, was to designate the convent as "Psalmody" or "Psalmodi". This monastery still existed in 812, as confirmed by an act of endowment made by the Badila from Nîmes at the abbey.At that time, the people lived in reed huts and made their living from fishing, hunting, and salt production from several small salt marshes along the sea shore. The region was then under the rule of the monks from the Abbey of Psalmody.In 1240, Louis IX, who wanted to get rid of the dependency on the Italian maritime republics for transporting troops to the Crusades, focused on the strategic position of his kingdom. At that time, Marseille belonged to his brother Charles of Anjou, King of Naples, Agde to the Count of Toulouse, and Montpellier to the King of Aragon. Louis IX wanted direct access to the Mediterranean Sea. He obtained the town and the surrounding lands by exchange of properties with the monks of the abbey. Residents were exempt from the salt tax which was previously levied so that they could now take the salt unconstrained.He built a road between the marshes and built the to serve as a watchtower and protect access to the city. Louis IX then built the on the site of the old Matafère Tower, to house the garrison. In 1272, his son and successor, Philip III the Bold, ordered the continuation of the construction of walls to completely encircle the small town. The work would not be completed for another 30 years.This was the city from which Louis IX twice departed for the Seventh Crusade in 1248 and for the Eighth Crusade in 1270, where he died of dysentery at Tunis.The year 1270 has been established, mistakenly for many historians, as the last step of a process initiated at the end of the 11th century. The judgment is hasty because the transfer of crusaders or mercenaries from the harbour of Aigues-Mortes continued after this year. The order given in 1275 to Sir Guillaume de Roussillon by Philip III the Bold and Pope Gregory X after the Council of Lyons in 1274 to reinforce Saint-Jean d'Acre in the East shows that maritime activity continued for a ninth crusade which never took place.There is a popular belief that the sea reached Aigues-Mortes in 1270. In fact, as confirmed by studies of the engineer Charles Leon Dombre, the whole of Aigues-Mortes, including the port itself, was in the Marette pond, the "Canal-Viel" and "Grau Louis", the Canal Viel being the access channel to the sea. The Grau-Louis was approximately at the modern location of La Grande-Motte.At the beginning of the 14th century, Philip the Fair used the fortified site to incarcerate the Templars. Between 8 and 11 November 1307, forty-five of them were put to the question, found guilty, and held prisoner in the "Tower of Constance".Aigues-Mortes still retained its privileges granted by the kings. Curiously it was a great Protestant in the person of Jean d'Harambure "the One-Eyed", light horse commander of King Henry IV and former governor of Vendôme who would be appointed governor of "Aigues-Mortes" and the Carbonnière Tower on 4 September 1607. To do this, he took an oath before the Constable of France Henri de Montmorency, Governor of Languedoc, who was a Catholic and supported the rival "Adrien de Chanmont", the Lord of Berichère. The conflict continued until 1612, and Harambure, supported by the pastors of Lower Languedoc and the inhabitants, finished it by a personal appeal to the Queen. He eventually resigned on 27 February 1615 in favour of his son Jean d'Harambure, but King Louis XIII restored him for six years. On 27 July 1616 he resigned again in favour of Gaspard III de Coligny, but not without obtaining a token of appreciation for the judges and consuls of the city.At the beginning of the 15th century, important works were being undertaken to facilitate access to "Aigues-Mortes" from the sea. The old "Grau-Louis", dug for the Crusades, was replaced by the "Grau-de-la-Croisette" and a port was dug at the base of the Tower of Constance. It lost its importance from 1481 when Provence and Marseille were attached to the kingdom of France. Only the exploitation of the Peccais salt marshes encouraged François I, in 1532, to connect the salt industry of "Aigues-Mortes" to the sea. This channel, said Grau-Henry, silted up in turn. The opening, in 1752, of the Grau-du-Roi solved the problem for a while. A final solution was found in 1806 by connecting the Aigues-Mortes river port through the Canal du Rhône à Sète.From 1575 to 1622, Aigues-Mortes was one of the eight safe havens granted to the Protestants. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused severe repression of Protestantism, which was marked in Languedoc and the Cévennes in the early 18th century by the Camisard War. Like other towers in the town, from 1686 onwards, the Constance Tower was used as a prison for the Huguenots who refused to convert to Roman Catholicism. In 1703, Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards, managed to escape with sixteen companions.During the French Revolution, the city was called "Port-Pelletier". At that time the port had almost disappeared due to silting, induced by the intensification of labour in the watershed at the same time as the clearing of woods and forests following the abolition of privileges. The decline of forest cover led to soil erosion and consequently a greater quantity of alluvial deposits in the ports of the region. Thus, in 1804 the prefect "Mr. de Barante père" wrote in a report that: "The coasts of this department are more prone to silting ... The ports of Maguelonne and Aigues Mortes and the old port of Cette no longer exist except in history" he alerted: "An inordinate desire to collect and multiply these forest clearings since 1790 ... Greed has devoured in a few years the resource of the future, the mountains, opened to the plough, show that soon naked and barren rock, each groove becoming a ravine; the topsoil, driven by storms, has been brought into the rivers, and thence into the lower parts, where it serves every day to find the lowest parts and the darkest swamps."In the summer of 1893, the "Compagnie des Salins du Midi" launched a recruiting campaign for workers for the threshing and the lifting of salt. Hiring was reduced due to the economic crisis that hit Europe, so the prospect of finding a seasonal job was attractive in this year and there were a greater number of workers looking for work. These were divided into three categories nicknamed:Because of the recruitment operated by Compagnie des Salins du Midi, the "chefs de colle" were forced to compose teams including both French and Italians. In the early morning of 16 August 1893 a fight broke out between the two communities that quickly turned into a struggle of honour. Despite the intervention of the justice of the peace and the police, the situation rapidly degenerated. Some tramps met in "Aigues-Mortes" and, saying that Italians had killed some "Aiguemortais", swelled the ranks of the population and of people who had not managed to find employment. A group of Italians was then attacked and tried to take refuge in a bakery that rioters wanted to burn. The prefect called for troops at 4am, but they did not arrive on the scene until 18 hours after the drama.Early in the morning, the situation escalated and the rioters moved to the Peccais saltfields where there were the largest number of Italians. Police Captain Cabley, trying to provide protection, promised the rioters to hunt the Italians and escort them to the Aigues-Mortes Police Station. It was during the journey that the Italians attacked by the rioters were massacred by a crowd that the police were unable to contain. There were seven dead and fifty wounded, some of whom had lifelong consequences. This was the largest massacre of immigrants in the modern history of France and also one of the biggest scandals in its judicial history because no condemnation was ever pronounced.The case became a diplomatic issue and the "transalpine" (Italian) foreign press took up the cause of the Italians. There were Anti-French riots in Italy. A diplomatic solution was found and the parties were compensated while the nationalist mayor "Marius Terras" was forced to resign.A theatrical play by Serge Valletti called "Dirty August" is based on the tragic events.Aigues-Mortes is located in the some northwest of Marseille. By road, Aigues-Mortes is about southwest of Nîmes, and east of Montpellier in a direct line. Access to the commune is by route D979 coming south from Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze to Aigues-Mortes town. Route D979 continues southwest through the commune to Le Grau-du-Roi. Route D62 also starts from Aigues-Mortes heading southwest parallel to D979 before turning eastwards and forming part of the southern border of the commune. Route D62A continues to Plan d'Eau du Vidourie.The commune is composed of a portion of the wet plains and lakes of the Petite Camargue. It is separated from the Gulf of Lions (and, thus, the Mediterranean) by the town of Le Grau-du-Roi, however Aigues-Mortes is connected to the sea through the Canal du Rhône à Sète. There is only one other hamlet in the commune called Mas de Jarras Listel on the western border.The Canal du Rhône à Sète enters the commune from the northwest and the northeast in two branches from the main canal to the north and the branches intersect in the town of Aigues-Mortes before exiting as a single canal alongside route D979 and feeding into the Mediterranean Sea at Le Grau-du-Roi.A rail branch line from Nîmes passes through Aigues-Mortes from north-east to south-west, with a station in the town of Aigues-Mortes, to its terminus on the coast at Le-Grau-du-Roi. This line also transports sea salt.The communes of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze and Le Grau-du-Roi are adjacent to the town of Aigues-Mortes. Its inhabitants are called ' or '; in Occitan they are "".Aigues-Mortes is one of 79 member communes of the ' of South Gard and is also one of 34 communes in the "Pays Vidourle-Camargue". Aigues-Mortes is one of the four communes of the ' of "" in the South of Gard.The medieval heritage from the 13th and 14th centuries of the commune and its proximity to the sea attract many tourists and residents of France.The city of Aigues-Mortes is a crossroads of canals:The Line Nîmes to Le Grau-du-Roi serves the towns and villages of Costières and the coastline, with a terminus at Le Grau-du-Roi. It is also used for the transport of salt produced by the saltworks of the Salins Group (see link below).The development of seaside tourism since the 1960s was marked by the construction of new resorts (La Grande-Motte) and the extension of existing facilities from Le Grau du Roi to Port-Camargue. To facilitate access to tourists, a coastal road network has been augmented and connected to the A9 motorway. "Aigues-Mortes" benefits in these ways:The bus 106 also connects Montpellier and Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.The municipal council consists of 29 members including the mayor, 8 deputies, and 20 municipal councilors.Since the last municipal elections, its composition is as follows:List of Successive Mayors of Aigues-MortesThe town is the capital of the canton of the same name whose general councillor is Leopold Rosso, deputy mayor of Le Grau-du-Roi and president of the Community of Communes Terre de Camargue (UMP). The canton is part of the arrondissement of Nîmes and the second electoral district of Gard where the member is Gilbert Collard (FN ).The distribution of the population of the municipality by age group is as follows:The female population is over-represented compared to men. The rate of (52.4%) is substantially the same as the national rate (51.8%).Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aigues-Mortes and Gard Department in 2007"Fougasse" was one of the first pastries which could rise. It can be sweet (sometimes called "tarte au sucre" or sugar tart) or salty (with or without gratillons).Traditionally, making sweet fougasse in "Aigues-Mortes" was reserved for the Christmas period, as part of the Thirteen desserts. Based on a brioche dough, sugar, butter, and orange blossom, it was made by the baker with ingredients provided by the client. Now Aigues-Mortes fougasse sells all year."Lou Drapé" is an imaginary horse mentioned in local folklore, which was supposed to walk at night around the ramparts of the city and take 50 to 100 children on his back, and disappear to "nowhere".Aigues-Mortes has a very large number of sites registered as historical monuments and historical objects.The Tower of Constance was built in 1242 by Saint-Louis on the former site of the Matafère Tower which was built by Charlemagne around 790AD to house the king's garrison. The construction was completed in 1254.It is 22 metres in diameter with a height of either 33 or 40 metres depending on the source. The thickness of the walls at the base is 6 metres.On the ground floor, there is a guardroom protected by a portcullis. In the middle of the room, there is a circular opening leading to the cellar which served as a pantry, storage of ammunition as well as for dungeons. These areas were called the "culs de basse fosse", an old way of saying underground dungeons in French.On the first floor, there is the knight's hall. Structurally it is similar to the guardroom. It was in this room that the Protestants were imprisoned during the 18th century, most notably Marie Durand, who engraved the word "résister" (English: resist) into the edge of the well which can be seen to this day. She was imprisoned at the age of 15, and was freed 38 years later, along with political prisoners such as Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards.Between these two rooms, a narrow, covered way was built within the walls to keep watch on the room below.After the knight's hall, there is an entrance to the terrace which offers a wide panoramic view of the region, making it an ideal position for surveillance. Sometimes, the prisoners were allowed to go on the terrace to get some fresh air.The ramparts stretch for a distance of 1650 metres.Spectacular in their height and their state of preservation even though they were not restored in the 19th century, as was Carcassonne for example, they remain in a well preserved state. Along with the "Tower of Constance", they are a testimony to Western European military architecture in the marshlands during the 13th and 14th centuries.Located in the commune of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze, the Carbonnière Tower was first referred to in an old text from 1346 specifying the function of the structure. It said, "this fortress is the key to the kingdom in this region." Surrounded by salt marshes, the fortress was the only passageway into "Aigues-Mortes". It was guarded by a garrison made up of a châtelain and several guards. From the terrace, which could support up to four cannons, there is a panoramic view of Petite Camargue.The Church of Notre-Dame-des-Sablons is a Gothic-style church and was probably built before the ramparts in the mid-13th century during the time of Saint-Louis. In 1537 it served as a Collegiate church but was later vandalized by Protestants in 1575. After the reconstruction of the bell tower in 1634 it later served as a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution, a barracks, grain merchant, and a salt warehouse. It was re-established as a place of worship in 1804 and the building was restored in the neo classical-baroque style. Between 1964 and 1967 all of the 19th century decor was removed, notably the coffered ceilings, resulting in the much more basic and medieval style church we see today. Since 1991, the stained-glass windows by Claude Viallat, a contemporary artist belonging to the "Supports/Surfaces" art movement, add extraordinary light and colour to the building. With the exception of a few statues, the rest of the 18th and 19th century furniture disappeared during this period. The façade is crowned by a simple bell-gable housing 3 bells. The largest of the three is 1.07 metres in diameter. It was dated to 1740, cast by master smelter Jean Poutingon, and has been designated a historical monument of France. The church also houses a statue of Saint-Louis.The Chapel of the Gray Penitents is located to the east of the "Place de la Viguerie". It is the property of the Brotherhood of Grey Penitents established in 1400. The facade is in the style of Louis XIV. The entrance door is from the 17th century and is decorated with a wooden statue. The altarpiece was carved in 1687 by "Sabatier".Inside, an altarpiece represents the passion of Christ. It was built of gray stucco plaster in 1687 by the sculptor "Sabatier" from Montpellier. This altar, on which are the arms of the brotherhood, occupies the back of the choir.The Chapel of the White Penitents is located at the corner of the "Rue de la République" and "Rue Louis Blanc". It belongs to the Brotherhood of the White Penitents which was created in 1622.Above the choir, on the roof, there is a copy of the Retable of Jerusalem where Christ celebrated the Passover and Holy Thursday with his apostles. Around the high altar, a painting on canvas traces the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. It is attributed to Xavier Sigalon a painter born in Uzès in 1778 . On each side of the choir stand two statues: on the left Saint Felix for the redemption of captives, on the right James, son of Alphaeus, first Bishop of Jerusalem.This is the touristic heart of the city. In the centre, opposite the main entrance of the "Porte de la Gardette", stands the statue of Saint-Louis, the work of James Pradier in 1849.The Plan des Theatres are arenas for the Camargue bullfights. They were listed in 1993 on the inventory of the list of Historic Monuments (MH) for their ethnological and cultural interest. They can accommodate more than 600 people.
|
[
"Sodol Colombini",
"Alexandre Molinier",
"René Jeannot",
"Cédric Bonato",
"Éric Hubidos"
] |
|
Who was the head of Aigues-Mortes in 05/22/2014?
|
May 22, 2014
|
{
"text": [
"Pierre Mauméjean"
]
}
|
L2_Q193809_P6_5
|
Alexandre Molinier is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1959.
Sodol Colombini is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1989.
Cédric Bonato is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
René Jeannot is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 2008.
Éric Hubidos is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1953.
Pierre Mauméjean is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Apr, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
|
Aigues-MortesAigues-Mortes (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitanie region of southern France. The medieval city walls surrounding the city are well preserved. Situated on the junction of the Canal du Rhône à Sète and the Chenal Maritime to Grau du Roy, the town is a transit center for canal craft and Dutch barges.The name "Aigues-Mortes" was attested in 1248 in the Latinized form "", which means "dead water", or "stagnant water". The name comes from the marshes and ponds that surround the village (which has never had potable water). The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Aigues-Mortais" or "Aigues-Mortaises".The Occitan ' is equivalent to toponymic types in the Morteau Oil dialect cf. Morteau (Doubs): "mortua Aqua" (1105, VTF521) and Morteaue (Haute-Marne): "mortua Aqua" (1163, VTF521). in French means "pond of the King". In Occitan, ' means "pond with extension".The Roman general Gaius Marius is said to have founded Aigues-Mortes around 102 BC, but there is no documentary evidence to support this.A Roman by the name of "Peccius" cultivated the first salt marsh and gave his name to the Marsh of Peccais. Salt mining started from the Neolithic period and was continued in the Hellenistic period, but the ancient uses of saline have not resulted in any major archaeological discovery. It is likely that any remains were destroyed by modern saline facilities.In 791, Charlemagne erected the amid the swamps for the safety of fishermen and salt workers. Some argue that the signaling and transmission of news was not foreign to the building of this tower which was designed to give warning in case of arrival of a fleet, as for the at Nîmes.The purpose of this tower was part of the war plan and spiritual plan which Charlemagne granted at the Benedictine abbey, dedicated to "Opus Dei" (work of God) and whose incessant chanting, day and night, was to designate the convent as "Psalmody" or "Psalmodi". This monastery still existed in 812, as confirmed by an act of endowment made by the Badila from Nîmes at the abbey.At that time, the people lived in reed huts and made their living from fishing, hunting, and salt production from several small salt marshes along the sea shore. The region was then under the rule of the monks from the Abbey of Psalmody.In 1240, Louis IX, who wanted to get rid of the dependency on the Italian maritime republics for transporting troops to the Crusades, focused on the strategic position of his kingdom. At that time, Marseille belonged to his brother Charles of Anjou, King of Naples, Agde to the Count of Toulouse, and Montpellier to the King of Aragon. Louis IX wanted direct access to the Mediterranean Sea. He obtained the town and the surrounding lands by exchange of properties with the monks of the abbey. Residents were exempt from the salt tax which was previously levied so that they could now take the salt unconstrained.He built a road between the marshes and built the to serve as a watchtower and protect access to the city. Louis IX then built the on the site of the old Matafère Tower, to house the garrison. In 1272, his son and successor, Philip III the Bold, ordered the continuation of the construction of walls to completely encircle the small town. The work would not be completed for another 30 years.This was the city from which Louis IX twice departed for the Seventh Crusade in 1248 and for the Eighth Crusade in 1270, where he died of dysentery at Tunis.The year 1270 has been established, mistakenly for many historians, as the last step of a process initiated at the end of the 11th century. The judgment is hasty because the transfer of crusaders or mercenaries from the harbour of Aigues-Mortes continued after this year. The order given in 1275 to Sir Guillaume de Roussillon by Philip III the Bold and Pope Gregory X after the Council of Lyons in 1274 to reinforce Saint-Jean d'Acre in the East shows that maritime activity continued for a ninth crusade which never took place.There is a popular belief that the sea reached Aigues-Mortes in 1270. In fact, as confirmed by studies of the engineer Charles Leon Dombre, the whole of Aigues-Mortes, including the port itself, was in the Marette pond, the "Canal-Viel" and "Grau Louis", the Canal Viel being the access channel to the sea. The Grau-Louis was approximately at the modern location of La Grande-Motte.At the beginning of the 14th century, Philip the Fair used the fortified site to incarcerate the Templars. Between 8 and 11 November 1307, forty-five of them were put to the question, found guilty, and held prisoner in the "Tower of Constance".Aigues-Mortes still retained its privileges granted by the kings. Curiously it was a great Protestant in the person of Jean d'Harambure "the One-Eyed", light horse commander of King Henry IV and former governor of Vendôme who would be appointed governor of "Aigues-Mortes" and the Carbonnière Tower on 4 September 1607. To do this, he took an oath before the Constable of France Henri de Montmorency, Governor of Languedoc, who was a Catholic and supported the rival "Adrien de Chanmont", the Lord of Berichère. The conflict continued until 1612, and Harambure, supported by the pastors of Lower Languedoc and the inhabitants, finished it by a personal appeal to the Queen. He eventually resigned on 27 February 1615 in favour of his son Jean d'Harambure, but King Louis XIII restored him for six years. On 27 July 1616 he resigned again in favour of Gaspard III de Coligny, but not without obtaining a token of appreciation for the judges and consuls of the city.At the beginning of the 15th century, important works were being undertaken to facilitate access to "Aigues-Mortes" from the sea. The old "Grau-Louis", dug for the Crusades, was replaced by the "Grau-de-la-Croisette" and a port was dug at the base of the Tower of Constance. It lost its importance from 1481 when Provence and Marseille were attached to the kingdom of France. Only the exploitation of the Peccais salt marshes encouraged François I, in 1532, to connect the salt industry of "Aigues-Mortes" to the sea. This channel, said Grau-Henry, silted up in turn. The opening, in 1752, of the Grau-du-Roi solved the problem for a while. A final solution was found in 1806 by connecting the Aigues-Mortes river port through the Canal du Rhône à Sète.From 1575 to 1622, Aigues-Mortes was one of the eight safe havens granted to the Protestants. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused severe repression of Protestantism, which was marked in Languedoc and the Cévennes in the early 18th century by the Camisard War. Like other towers in the town, from 1686 onwards, the Constance Tower was used as a prison for the Huguenots who refused to convert to Roman Catholicism. In 1703, Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards, managed to escape with sixteen companions.During the French Revolution, the city was called "Port-Pelletier". At that time the port had almost disappeared due to silting, induced by the intensification of labour in the watershed at the same time as the clearing of woods and forests following the abolition of privileges. The decline of forest cover led to soil erosion and consequently a greater quantity of alluvial deposits in the ports of the region. Thus, in 1804 the prefect "Mr. de Barante père" wrote in a report that: "The coasts of this department are more prone to silting ... The ports of Maguelonne and Aigues Mortes and the old port of Cette no longer exist except in history" he alerted: "An inordinate desire to collect and multiply these forest clearings since 1790 ... Greed has devoured in a few years the resource of the future, the mountains, opened to the plough, show that soon naked and barren rock, each groove becoming a ravine; the topsoil, driven by storms, has been brought into the rivers, and thence into the lower parts, where it serves every day to find the lowest parts and the darkest swamps."In the summer of 1893, the "Compagnie des Salins du Midi" launched a recruiting campaign for workers for the threshing and the lifting of salt. Hiring was reduced due to the economic crisis that hit Europe, so the prospect of finding a seasonal job was attractive in this year and there were a greater number of workers looking for work. These were divided into three categories nicknamed:Because of the recruitment operated by Compagnie des Salins du Midi, the "chefs de colle" were forced to compose teams including both French and Italians. In the early morning of 16 August 1893 a fight broke out between the two communities that quickly turned into a struggle of honour. Despite the intervention of the justice of the peace and the police, the situation rapidly degenerated. Some tramps met in "Aigues-Mortes" and, saying that Italians had killed some "Aiguemortais", swelled the ranks of the population and of people who had not managed to find employment. A group of Italians was then attacked and tried to take refuge in a bakery that rioters wanted to burn. The prefect called for troops at 4am, but they did not arrive on the scene until 18 hours after the drama.Early in the morning, the situation escalated and the rioters moved to the Peccais saltfields where there were the largest number of Italians. Police Captain Cabley, trying to provide protection, promised the rioters to hunt the Italians and escort them to the Aigues-Mortes Police Station. It was during the journey that the Italians attacked by the rioters were massacred by a crowd that the police were unable to contain. There were seven dead and fifty wounded, some of whom had lifelong consequences. This was the largest massacre of immigrants in the modern history of France and also one of the biggest scandals in its judicial history because no condemnation was ever pronounced.The case became a diplomatic issue and the "transalpine" (Italian) foreign press took up the cause of the Italians. There were Anti-French riots in Italy. A diplomatic solution was found and the parties were compensated while the nationalist mayor "Marius Terras" was forced to resign.A theatrical play by Serge Valletti called "Dirty August" is based on the tragic events.Aigues-Mortes is located in the some northwest of Marseille. By road, Aigues-Mortes is about southwest of Nîmes, and east of Montpellier in a direct line. Access to the commune is by route D979 coming south from Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze to Aigues-Mortes town. Route D979 continues southwest through the commune to Le Grau-du-Roi. Route D62 also starts from Aigues-Mortes heading southwest parallel to D979 before turning eastwards and forming part of the southern border of the commune. Route D62A continues to Plan d'Eau du Vidourie.The commune is composed of a portion of the wet plains and lakes of the Petite Camargue. It is separated from the Gulf of Lions (and, thus, the Mediterranean) by the town of Le Grau-du-Roi, however Aigues-Mortes is connected to the sea through the Canal du Rhône à Sète. There is only one other hamlet in the commune called Mas de Jarras Listel on the western border.The Canal du Rhône à Sète enters the commune from the northwest and the northeast in two branches from the main canal to the north and the branches intersect in the town of Aigues-Mortes before exiting as a single canal alongside route D979 and feeding into the Mediterranean Sea at Le Grau-du-Roi.A rail branch line from Nîmes passes through Aigues-Mortes from north-east to south-west, with a station in the town of Aigues-Mortes, to its terminus on the coast at Le-Grau-du-Roi. This line also transports sea salt.The communes of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze and Le Grau-du-Roi are adjacent to the town of Aigues-Mortes. Its inhabitants are called ' or '; in Occitan they are "".Aigues-Mortes is one of 79 member communes of the ' of South Gard and is also one of 34 communes in the "Pays Vidourle-Camargue". Aigues-Mortes is one of the four communes of the ' of "" in the South of Gard.The medieval heritage from the 13th and 14th centuries of the commune and its proximity to the sea attract many tourists and residents of France.The city of Aigues-Mortes is a crossroads of canals:The Line Nîmes to Le Grau-du-Roi serves the towns and villages of Costières and the coastline, with a terminus at Le Grau-du-Roi. It is also used for the transport of salt produced by the saltworks of the Salins Group (see link below).The development of seaside tourism since the 1960s was marked by the construction of new resorts (La Grande-Motte) and the extension of existing facilities from Le Grau du Roi to Port-Camargue. To facilitate access to tourists, a coastal road network has been augmented and connected to the A9 motorway. "Aigues-Mortes" benefits in these ways:The bus 106 also connects Montpellier and Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.The municipal council consists of 29 members including the mayor, 8 deputies, and 20 municipal councilors.Since the last municipal elections, its composition is as follows:List of Successive Mayors of Aigues-MortesThe town is the capital of the canton of the same name whose general councillor is Leopold Rosso, deputy mayor of Le Grau-du-Roi and president of the Community of Communes Terre de Camargue (UMP). The canton is part of the arrondissement of Nîmes and the second electoral district of Gard where the member is Gilbert Collard (FN ).The distribution of the population of the municipality by age group is as follows:The female population is over-represented compared to men. The rate of (52.4%) is substantially the same as the national rate (51.8%).Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aigues-Mortes and Gard Department in 2007"Fougasse" was one of the first pastries which could rise. It can be sweet (sometimes called "tarte au sucre" or sugar tart) or salty (with or without gratillons).Traditionally, making sweet fougasse in "Aigues-Mortes" was reserved for the Christmas period, as part of the Thirteen desserts. Based on a brioche dough, sugar, butter, and orange blossom, it was made by the baker with ingredients provided by the client. Now Aigues-Mortes fougasse sells all year."Lou Drapé" is an imaginary horse mentioned in local folklore, which was supposed to walk at night around the ramparts of the city and take 50 to 100 children on his back, and disappear to "nowhere".Aigues-Mortes has a very large number of sites registered as historical monuments and historical objects.The Tower of Constance was built in 1242 by Saint-Louis on the former site of the Matafère Tower which was built by Charlemagne around 790AD to house the king's garrison. The construction was completed in 1254.It is 22 metres in diameter with a height of either 33 or 40 metres depending on the source. The thickness of the walls at the base is 6 metres.On the ground floor, there is a guardroom protected by a portcullis. In the middle of the room, there is a circular opening leading to the cellar which served as a pantry, storage of ammunition as well as for dungeons. These areas were called the "culs de basse fosse", an old way of saying underground dungeons in French.On the first floor, there is the knight's hall. Structurally it is similar to the guardroom. It was in this room that the Protestants were imprisoned during the 18th century, most notably Marie Durand, who engraved the word "résister" (English: resist) into the edge of the well which can be seen to this day. She was imprisoned at the age of 15, and was freed 38 years later, along with political prisoners such as Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards.Between these two rooms, a narrow, covered way was built within the walls to keep watch on the room below.After the knight's hall, there is an entrance to the terrace which offers a wide panoramic view of the region, making it an ideal position for surveillance. Sometimes, the prisoners were allowed to go on the terrace to get some fresh air.The ramparts stretch for a distance of 1650 metres.Spectacular in their height and their state of preservation even though they were not restored in the 19th century, as was Carcassonne for example, they remain in a well preserved state. Along with the "Tower of Constance", they are a testimony to Western European military architecture in the marshlands during the 13th and 14th centuries.Located in the commune of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze, the Carbonnière Tower was first referred to in an old text from 1346 specifying the function of the structure. It said, "this fortress is the key to the kingdom in this region." Surrounded by salt marshes, the fortress was the only passageway into "Aigues-Mortes". It was guarded by a garrison made up of a châtelain and several guards. From the terrace, which could support up to four cannons, there is a panoramic view of Petite Camargue.The Church of Notre-Dame-des-Sablons is a Gothic-style church and was probably built before the ramparts in the mid-13th century during the time of Saint-Louis. In 1537 it served as a Collegiate church but was later vandalized by Protestants in 1575. After the reconstruction of the bell tower in 1634 it later served as a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution, a barracks, grain merchant, and a salt warehouse. It was re-established as a place of worship in 1804 and the building was restored in the neo classical-baroque style. Between 1964 and 1967 all of the 19th century decor was removed, notably the coffered ceilings, resulting in the much more basic and medieval style church we see today. Since 1991, the stained-glass windows by Claude Viallat, a contemporary artist belonging to the "Supports/Surfaces" art movement, add extraordinary light and colour to the building. With the exception of a few statues, the rest of the 18th and 19th century furniture disappeared during this period. The façade is crowned by a simple bell-gable housing 3 bells. The largest of the three is 1.07 metres in diameter. It was dated to 1740, cast by master smelter Jean Poutingon, and has been designated a historical monument of France. The church also houses a statue of Saint-Louis.The Chapel of the Gray Penitents is located to the east of the "Place de la Viguerie". It is the property of the Brotherhood of Grey Penitents established in 1400. The facade is in the style of Louis XIV. The entrance door is from the 17th century and is decorated with a wooden statue. The altarpiece was carved in 1687 by "Sabatier".Inside, an altarpiece represents the passion of Christ. It was built of gray stucco plaster in 1687 by the sculptor "Sabatier" from Montpellier. This altar, on which are the arms of the brotherhood, occupies the back of the choir.The Chapel of the White Penitents is located at the corner of the "Rue de la République" and "Rue Louis Blanc". It belongs to the Brotherhood of the White Penitents which was created in 1622.Above the choir, on the roof, there is a copy of the Retable of Jerusalem where Christ celebrated the Passover and Holy Thursday with his apostles. Around the high altar, a painting on canvas traces the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. It is attributed to Xavier Sigalon a painter born in Uzès in 1778 . On each side of the choir stand two statues: on the left Saint Felix for the redemption of captives, on the right James, son of Alphaeus, first Bishop of Jerusalem.This is the touristic heart of the city. In the centre, opposite the main entrance of the "Porte de la Gardette", stands the statue of Saint-Louis, the work of James Pradier in 1849.The Plan des Theatres are arenas for the Camargue bullfights. They were listed in 1993 on the inventory of the list of Historic Monuments (MH) for their ethnological and cultural interest. They can accommodate more than 600 people.
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[
"Sodol Colombini",
"Alexandre Molinier",
"René Jeannot",
"Cédric Bonato",
"Éric Hubidos"
] |
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Who was the head of Aigues-Mortes in 22-May-201422-May-2014?
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May 22, 2014
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{
"text": [
"Pierre Mauméjean"
]
}
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L2_Q193809_P6_5
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Alexandre Molinier is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1959.
Sodol Colombini is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1989.
Cédric Bonato is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 2008 to Apr, 2014.
René Jeannot is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 2008.
Éric Hubidos is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1953.
Pierre Mauméjean is the head of the government of Aigues-Mortes from Apr, 2014 to Dec, 2022.
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Aigues-MortesAigues-Mortes (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitanie region of southern France. The medieval city walls surrounding the city are well preserved. Situated on the junction of the Canal du Rhône à Sète and the Chenal Maritime to Grau du Roy, the town is a transit center for canal craft and Dutch barges.The name "Aigues-Mortes" was attested in 1248 in the Latinized form "", which means "dead water", or "stagnant water". The name comes from the marshes and ponds that surround the village (which has never had potable water). The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Aigues-Mortais" or "Aigues-Mortaises".The Occitan ' is equivalent to toponymic types in the Morteau Oil dialect cf. Morteau (Doubs): "mortua Aqua" (1105, VTF521) and Morteaue (Haute-Marne): "mortua Aqua" (1163, VTF521). in French means "pond of the King". In Occitan, ' means "pond with extension".The Roman general Gaius Marius is said to have founded Aigues-Mortes around 102 BC, but there is no documentary evidence to support this.A Roman by the name of "Peccius" cultivated the first salt marsh and gave his name to the Marsh of Peccais. Salt mining started from the Neolithic period and was continued in the Hellenistic period, but the ancient uses of saline have not resulted in any major archaeological discovery. It is likely that any remains were destroyed by modern saline facilities.In 791, Charlemagne erected the amid the swamps for the safety of fishermen and salt workers. Some argue that the signaling and transmission of news was not foreign to the building of this tower which was designed to give warning in case of arrival of a fleet, as for the at Nîmes.The purpose of this tower was part of the war plan and spiritual plan which Charlemagne granted at the Benedictine abbey, dedicated to "Opus Dei" (work of God) and whose incessant chanting, day and night, was to designate the convent as "Psalmody" or "Psalmodi". This monastery still existed in 812, as confirmed by an act of endowment made by the Badila from Nîmes at the abbey.At that time, the people lived in reed huts and made their living from fishing, hunting, and salt production from several small salt marshes along the sea shore. The region was then under the rule of the monks from the Abbey of Psalmody.In 1240, Louis IX, who wanted to get rid of the dependency on the Italian maritime republics for transporting troops to the Crusades, focused on the strategic position of his kingdom. At that time, Marseille belonged to his brother Charles of Anjou, King of Naples, Agde to the Count of Toulouse, and Montpellier to the King of Aragon. Louis IX wanted direct access to the Mediterranean Sea. He obtained the town and the surrounding lands by exchange of properties with the monks of the abbey. Residents were exempt from the salt tax which was previously levied so that they could now take the salt unconstrained.He built a road between the marshes and built the to serve as a watchtower and protect access to the city. Louis IX then built the on the site of the old Matafère Tower, to house the garrison. In 1272, his son and successor, Philip III the Bold, ordered the continuation of the construction of walls to completely encircle the small town. The work would not be completed for another 30 years.This was the city from which Louis IX twice departed for the Seventh Crusade in 1248 and for the Eighth Crusade in 1270, where he died of dysentery at Tunis.The year 1270 has been established, mistakenly for many historians, as the last step of a process initiated at the end of the 11th century. The judgment is hasty because the transfer of crusaders or mercenaries from the harbour of Aigues-Mortes continued after this year. The order given in 1275 to Sir Guillaume de Roussillon by Philip III the Bold and Pope Gregory X after the Council of Lyons in 1274 to reinforce Saint-Jean d'Acre in the East shows that maritime activity continued for a ninth crusade which never took place.There is a popular belief that the sea reached Aigues-Mortes in 1270. In fact, as confirmed by studies of the engineer Charles Leon Dombre, the whole of Aigues-Mortes, including the port itself, was in the Marette pond, the "Canal-Viel" and "Grau Louis", the Canal Viel being the access channel to the sea. The Grau-Louis was approximately at the modern location of La Grande-Motte.At the beginning of the 14th century, Philip the Fair used the fortified site to incarcerate the Templars. Between 8 and 11 November 1307, forty-five of them were put to the question, found guilty, and held prisoner in the "Tower of Constance".Aigues-Mortes still retained its privileges granted by the kings. Curiously it was a great Protestant in the person of Jean d'Harambure "the One-Eyed", light horse commander of King Henry IV and former governor of Vendôme who would be appointed governor of "Aigues-Mortes" and the Carbonnière Tower on 4 September 1607. To do this, he took an oath before the Constable of France Henri de Montmorency, Governor of Languedoc, who was a Catholic and supported the rival "Adrien de Chanmont", the Lord of Berichère. The conflict continued until 1612, and Harambure, supported by the pastors of Lower Languedoc and the inhabitants, finished it by a personal appeal to the Queen. He eventually resigned on 27 February 1615 in favour of his son Jean d'Harambure, but King Louis XIII restored him for six years. On 27 July 1616 he resigned again in favour of Gaspard III de Coligny, but not without obtaining a token of appreciation for the judges and consuls of the city.At the beginning of the 15th century, important works were being undertaken to facilitate access to "Aigues-Mortes" from the sea. The old "Grau-Louis", dug for the Crusades, was replaced by the "Grau-de-la-Croisette" and a port was dug at the base of the Tower of Constance. It lost its importance from 1481 when Provence and Marseille were attached to the kingdom of France. Only the exploitation of the Peccais salt marshes encouraged François I, in 1532, to connect the salt industry of "Aigues-Mortes" to the sea. This channel, said Grau-Henry, silted up in turn. The opening, in 1752, of the Grau-du-Roi solved the problem for a while. A final solution was found in 1806 by connecting the Aigues-Mortes river port through the Canal du Rhône à Sète.From 1575 to 1622, Aigues-Mortes was one of the eight safe havens granted to the Protestants. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused severe repression of Protestantism, which was marked in Languedoc and the Cévennes in the early 18th century by the Camisard War. Like other towers in the town, from 1686 onwards, the Constance Tower was used as a prison for the Huguenots who refused to convert to Roman Catholicism. In 1703, Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards, managed to escape with sixteen companions.During the French Revolution, the city was called "Port-Pelletier". At that time the port had almost disappeared due to silting, induced by the intensification of labour in the watershed at the same time as the clearing of woods and forests following the abolition of privileges. The decline of forest cover led to soil erosion and consequently a greater quantity of alluvial deposits in the ports of the region. Thus, in 1804 the prefect "Mr. de Barante père" wrote in a report that: "The coasts of this department are more prone to silting ... The ports of Maguelonne and Aigues Mortes and the old port of Cette no longer exist except in history" he alerted: "An inordinate desire to collect and multiply these forest clearings since 1790 ... Greed has devoured in a few years the resource of the future, the mountains, opened to the plough, show that soon naked and barren rock, each groove becoming a ravine; the topsoil, driven by storms, has been brought into the rivers, and thence into the lower parts, where it serves every day to find the lowest parts and the darkest swamps."In the summer of 1893, the "Compagnie des Salins du Midi" launched a recruiting campaign for workers for the threshing and the lifting of salt. Hiring was reduced due to the economic crisis that hit Europe, so the prospect of finding a seasonal job was attractive in this year and there were a greater number of workers looking for work. These were divided into three categories nicknamed:Because of the recruitment operated by Compagnie des Salins du Midi, the "chefs de colle" were forced to compose teams including both French and Italians. In the early morning of 16 August 1893 a fight broke out between the two communities that quickly turned into a struggle of honour. Despite the intervention of the justice of the peace and the police, the situation rapidly degenerated. Some tramps met in "Aigues-Mortes" and, saying that Italians had killed some "Aiguemortais", swelled the ranks of the population and of people who had not managed to find employment. A group of Italians was then attacked and tried to take refuge in a bakery that rioters wanted to burn. The prefect called for troops at 4am, but they did not arrive on the scene until 18 hours after the drama.Early in the morning, the situation escalated and the rioters moved to the Peccais saltfields where there were the largest number of Italians. Police Captain Cabley, trying to provide protection, promised the rioters to hunt the Italians and escort them to the Aigues-Mortes Police Station. It was during the journey that the Italians attacked by the rioters were massacred by a crowd that the police were unable to contain. There were seven dead and fifty wounded, some of whom had lifelong consequences. This was the largest massacre of immigrants in the modern history of France and also one of the biggest scandals in its judicial history because no condemnation was ever pronounced.The case became a diplomatic issue and the "transalpine" (Italian) foreign press took up the cause of the Italians. There were Anti-French riots in Italy. A diplomatic solution was found and the parties were compensated while the nationalist mayor "Marius Terras" was forced to resign.A theatrical play by Serge Valletti called "Dirty August" is based on the tragic events.Aigues-Mortes is located in the some northwest of Marseille. By road, Aigues-Mortes is about southwest of Nîmes, and east of Montpellier in a direct line. Access to the commune is by route D979 coming south from Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze to Aigues-Mortes town. Route D979 continues southwest through the commune to Le Grau-du-Roi. Route D62 also starts from Aigues-Mortes heading southwest parallel to D979 before turning eastwards and forming part of the southern border of the commune. Route D62A continues to Plan d'Eau du Vidourie.The commune is composed of a portion of the wet plains and lakes of the Petite Camargue. It is separated from the Gulf of Lions (and, thus, the Mediterranean) by the town of Le Grau-du-Roi, however Aigues-Mortes is connected to the sea through the Canal du Rhône à Sète. There is only one other hamlet in the commune called Mas de Jarras Listel on the western border.The Canal du Rhône à Sète enters the commune from the northwest and the northeast in two branches from the main canal to the north and the branches intersect in the town of Aigues-Mortes before exiting as a single canal alongside route D979 and feeding into the Mediterranean Sea at Le Grau-du-Roi.A rail branch line from Nîmes passes through Aigues-Mortes from north-east to south-west, with a station in the town of Aigues-Mortes, to its terminus on the coast at Le-Grau-du-Roi. This line also transports sea salt.The communes of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze and Le Grau-du-Roi are adjacent to the town of Aigues-Mortes. Its inhabitants are called ' or '; in Occitan they are "".Aigues-Mortes is one of 79 member communes of the ' of South Gard and is also one of 34 communes in the "Pays Vidourle-Camargue". Aigues-Mortes is one of the four communes of the ' of "" in the South of Gard.The medieval heritage from the 13th and 14th centuries of the commune and its proximity to the sea attract many tourists and residents of France.The city of Aigues-Mortes is a crossroads of canals:The Line Nîmes to Le Grau-du-Roi serves the towns and villages of Costières and the coastline, with a terminus at Le Grau-du-Roi. It is also used for the transport of salt produced by the saltworks of the Salins Group (see link below).The development of seaside tourism since the 1960s was marked by the construction of new resorts (La Grande-Motte) and the extension of existing facilities from Le Grau du Roi to Port-Camargue. To facilitate access to tourists, a coastal road network has been augmented and connected to the A9 motorway. "Aigues-Mortes" benefits in these ways:The bus 106 also connects Montpellier and Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.The municipal council consists of 29 members including the mayor, 8 deputies, and 20 municipal councilors.Since the last municipal elections, its composition is as follows:List of Successive Mayors of Aigues-MortesThe town is the capital of the canton of the same name whose general councillor is Leopold Rosso, deputy mayor of Le Grau-du-Roi and president of the Community of Communes Terre de Camargue (UMP). The canton is part of the arrondissement of Nîmes and the second electoral district of Gard where the member is Gilbert Collard (FN ).The distribution of the population of the municipality by age group is as follows:The female population is over-represented compared to men. The rate of (52.4%) is substantially the same as the national rate (51.8%).Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aigues-Mortes and Gard Department in 2007"Fougasse" was one of the first pastries which could rise. It can be sweet (sometimes called "tarte au sucre" or sugar tart) or salty (with or without gratillons).Traditionally, making sweet fougasse in "Aigues-Mortes" was reserved for the Christmas period, as part of the Thirteen desserts. Based on a brioche dough, sugar, butter, and orange blossom, it was made by the baker with ingredients provided by the client. Now Aigues-Mortes fougasse sells all year."Lou Drapé" is an imaginary horse mentioned in local folklore, which was supposed to walk at night around the ramparts of the city and take 50 to 100 children on his back, and disappear to "nowhere".Aigues-Mortes has a very large number of sites registered as historical monuments and historical objects.The Tower of Constance was built in 1242 by Saint-Louis on the former site of the Matafère Tower which was built by Charlemagne around 790AD to house the king's garrison. The construction was completed in 1254.It is 22 metres in diameter with a height of either 33 or 40 metres depending on the source. The thickness of the walls at the base is 6 metres.On the ground floor, there is a guardroom protected by a portcullis. In the middle of the room, there is a circular opening leading to the cellar which served as a pantry, storage of ammunition as well as for dungeons. These areas were called the "culs de basse fosse", an old way of saying underground dungeons in French.On the first floor, there is the knight's hall. Structurally it is similar to the guardroom. It was in this room that the Protestants were imprisoned during the 18th century, most notably Marie Durand, who engraved the word "résister" (English: resist) into the edge of the well which can be seen to this day. She was imprisoned at the age of 15, and was freed 38 years later, along with political prisoners such as Abraham Mazel, leader of the Camisards.Between these two rooms, a narrow, covered way was built within the walls to keep watch on the room below.After the knight's hall, there is an entrance to the terrace which offers a wide panoramic view of the region, making it an ideal position for surveillance. Sometimes, the prisoners were allowed to go on the terrace to get some fresh air.The ramparts stretch for a distance of 1650 metres.Spectacular in their height and their state of preservation even though they were not restored in the 19th century, as was Carcassonne for example, they remain in a well preserved state. Along with the "Tower of Constance", they are a testimony to Western European military architecture in the marshlands during the 13th and 14th centuries.Located in the commune of Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze, the Carbonnière Tower was first referred to in an old text from 1346 specifying the function of the structure. It said, "this fortress is the key to the kingdom in this region." Surrounded by salt marshes, the fortress was the only passageway into "Aigues-Mortes". It was guarded by a garrison made up of a châtelain and several guards. From the terrace, which could support up to four cannons, there is a panoramic view of Petite Camargue.The Church of Notre-Dame-des-Sablons is a Gothic-style church and was probably built before the ramparts in the mid-13th century during the time of Saint-Louis. In 1537 it served as a Collegiate church but was later vandalized by Protestants in 1575. After the reconstruction of the bell tower in 1634 it later served as a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution, a barracks, grain merchant, and a salt warehouse. It was re-established as a place of worship in 1804 and the building was restored in the neo classical-baroque style. Between 1964 and 1967 all of the 19th century decor was removed, notably the coffered ceilings, resulting in the much more basic and medieval style church we see today. Since 1991, the stained-glass windows by Claude Viallat, a contemporary artist belonging to the "Supports/Surfaces" art movement, add extraordinary light and colour to the building. With the exception of a few statues, the rest of the 18th and 19th century furniture disappeared during this period. The façade is crowned by a simple bell-gable housing 3 bells. The largest of the three is 1.07 metres in diameter. It was dated to 1740, cast by master smelter Jean Poutingon, and has been designated a historical monument of France. The church also houses a statue of Saint-Louis.The Chapel of the Gray Penitents is located to the east of the "Place de la Viguerie". It is the property of the Brotherhood of Grey Penitents established in 1400. The facade is in the style of Louis XIV. The entrance door is from the 17th century and is decorated with a wooden statue. The altarpiece was carved in 1687 by "Sabatier".Inside, an altarpiece represents the passion of Christ. It was built of gray stucco plaster in 1687 by the sculptor "Sabatier" from Montpellier. This altar, on which are the arms of the brotherhood, occupies the back of the choir.The Chapel of the White Penitents is located at the corner of the "Rue de la République" and "Rue Louis Blanc". It belongs to the Brotherhood of the White Penitents which was created in 1622.Above the choir, on the roof, there is a copy of the Retable of Jerusalem where Christ celebrated the Passover and Holy Thursday with his apostles. Around the high altar, a painting on canvas traces the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. It is attributed to Xavier Sigalon a painter born in Uzès in 1778 . On each side of the choir stand two statues: on the left Saint Felix for the redemption of captives, on the right James, son of Alphaeus, first Bishop of Jerusalem.This is the touristic heart of the city. In the centre, opposite the main entrance of the "Porte de la Gardette", stands the statue of Saint-Louis, the work of James Pradier in 1849.The Plan des Theatres are arenas for the Camargue bullfights. They were listed in 1993 on the inventory of the list of Historic Monuments (MH) for their ethnological and cultural interest. They can accommodate more than 600 people.
|
[
"Sodol Colombini",
"Alexandre Molinier",
"René Jeannot",
"Cédric Bonato",
"Éric Hubidos"
] |
|
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in Mar, 2018?
|
March 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Alfonso Alonso Aranegui"
]
}
|
L2_Q3325912_P488_5
|
Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996.
José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
|
[
"Jaime Mayor Oreja",
"María San Gil",
"Antonio Basagoiti Pastor",
"José Eugenio Azpiroz",
"Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo",
"Arantza Quiroga"
] |
|
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in 2018-03-19?
|
March 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Alfonso Alonso Aranegui"
]
}
|
L2_Q3325912_P488_5
|
Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996.
José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
|
[
"Jaime Mayor Oreja",
"María San Gil",
"Antonio Basagoiti Pastor",
"José Eugenio Azpiroz",
"Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo",
"Arantza Quiroga"
] |
|
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in 19/03/2018?
|
March 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Alfonso Alonso Aranegui"
]
}
|
L2_Q3325912_P488_5
|
Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996.
José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
|
[
"Jaime Mayor Oreja",
"María San Gil",
"Antonio Basagoiti Pastor",
"José Eugenio Azpiroz",
"Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo",
"Arantza Quiroga"
] |
|
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in Mar 19, 2018?
|
March 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Alfonso Alonso Aranegui"
]
}
|
L2_Q3325912_P488_5
|
Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996.
José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
|
[
"Jaime Mayor Oreja",
"María San Gil",
"Antonio Basagoiti Pastor",
"José Eugenio Azpiroz",
"Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo",
"Arantza Quiroga"
] |
|
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in 03/19/2018?
|
March 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Alfonso Alonso Aranegui"
]
}
|
L2_Q3325912_P488_5
|
Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996.
José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
|
[
"Jaime Mayor Oreja",
"María San Gil",
"Antonio Basagoiti Pastor",
"José Eugenio Azpiroz",
"Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo",
"Arantza Quiroga"
] |
|
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in 19-Mar-201819-March-2018?
|
March 19, 2018
|
{
"text": [
"Alfonso Alonso Aranegui"
]
}
|
L2_Q3325912_P488_5
|
Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020.
Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996.
José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
|
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
|
[
"Jaime Mayor Oreja",
"María San Gil",
"Antonio Basagoiti Pastor",
"José Eugenio Azpiroz",
"Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo",
"Arantza Quiroga"
] |
|
Which employer did Franz Baader work for in Dec, 1994?
|
December 15, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"RWTH Aachen University"
]
}
|
L2_Q92729_P108_2
|
Franz Baader works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989.
Franz Baader works for RWTH Aachen University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2002.
Franz Baader works for German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1993.
Franz Baader works for TU Dresden from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
|
Franz BaaderFranz Baader (15 June 1959, Spalt) is a German computer scientist at Dresden University of Technology .He received his PhD in Computer Science in 1989 from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, where he was a teaching and research assistant for 4 years. In 1989, he went to the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) as a senior researcher and project leader.In 1993 he became associate professor for computer science at RWTH Aachen, and in 2002 full professor for computer science at TU Dresden.
|
[
"TU Dresden",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence"
] |
|
Which employer did Franz Baader work for in 1994-12-15?
|
December 15, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"RWTH Aachen University"
]
}
|
L2_Q92729_P108_2
|
Franz Baader works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989.
Franz Baader works for RWTH Aachen University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2002.
Franz Baader works for German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1993.
Franz Baader works for TU Dresden from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
|
Franz BaaderFranz Baader (15 June 1959, Spalt) is a German computer scientist at Dresden University of Technology .He received his PhD in Computer Science in 1989 from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, where he was a teaching and research assistant for 4 years. In 1989, he went to the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) as a senior researcher and project leader.In 1993 he became associate professor for computer science at RWTH Aachen, and in 2002 full professor for computer science at TU Dresden.
|
[
"TU Dresden",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence"
] |
|
Which employer did Franz Baader work for in 15/12/1994?
|
December 15, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"RWTH Aachen University"
]
}
|
L2_Q92729_P108_2
|
Franz Baader works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989.
Franz Baader works for RWTH Aachen University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2002.
Franz Baader works for German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1993.
Franz Baader works for TU Dresden from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
|
Franz BaaderFranz Baader (15 June 1959, Spalt) is a German computer scientist at Dresden University of Technology .He received his PhD in Computer Science in 1989 from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, where he was a teaching and research assistant for 4 years. In 1989, he went to the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) as a senior researcher and project leader.In 1993 he became associate professor for computer science at RWTH Aachen, and in 2002 full professor for computer science at TU Dresden.
|
[
"TU Dresden",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence"
] |
|
Which employer did Franz Baader work for in Dec 15, 1994?
|
December 15, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"RWTH Aachen University"
]
}
|
L2_Q92729_P108_2
|
Franz Baader works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989.
Franz Baader works for RWTH Aachen University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2002.
Franz Baader works for German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1993.
Franz Baader works for TU Dresden from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
|
Franz BaaderFranz Baader (15 June 1959, Spalt) is a German computer scientist at Dresden University of Technology .He received his PhD in Computer Science in 1989 from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, where he was a teaching and research assistant for 4 years. In 1989, he went to the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) as a senior researcher and project leader.In 1993 he became associate professor for computer science at RWTH Aachen, and in 2002 full professor for computer science at TU Dresden.
|
[
"TU Dresden",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence"
] |
|
Which employer did Franz Baader work for in 12/15/1994?
|
December 15, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"RWTH Aachen University"
]
}
|
L2_Q92729_P108_2
|
Franz Baader works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989.
Franz Baader works for RWTH Aachen University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2002.
Franz Baader works for German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1993.
Franz Baader works for TU Dresden from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
|
Franz BaaderFranz Baader (15 June 1959, Spalt) is a German computer scientist at Dresden University of Technology .He received his PhD in Computer Science in 1989 from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, where he was a teaching and research assistant for 4 years. In 1989, he went to the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) as a senior researcher and project leader.In 1993 he became associate professor for computer science at RWTH Aachen, and in 2002 full professor for computer science at TU Dresden.
|
[
"TU Dresden",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence"
] |
|
Which employer did Franz Baader work for in 15-Dec-199415-December-1994?
|
December 15, 1994
|
{
"text": [
"RWTH Aachen University"
]
}
|
L2_Q92729_P108_2
|
Franz Baader works for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1989.
Franz Baader works for RWTH Aachen University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2002.
Franz Baader works for German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1993.
Franz Baader works for TU Dresden from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022.
|
Franz BaaderFranz Baader (15 June 1959, Spalt) is a German computer scientist at Dresden University of Technology .He received his PhD in Computer Science in 1989 from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, where he was a teaching and research assistant for 4 years. In 1989, he went to the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) as a senior researcher and project leader.In 1993 he became associate professor for computer science at RWTH Aachen, and in 2002 full professor for computer science at TU Dresden.
|
[
"TU Dresden",
"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence"
] |
|
Which team did Jackie O'Driscoll play for in Jan, 1938?
|
January 21, 1938
|
{
"text": [
"Cork City F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6116569_P54_0
|
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Republic of Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1949.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Llanelli A.F.C. from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1952.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork City F.C. from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1939.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Shelbourne F.C. from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork United F.C. from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1947.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1952.
|
Jackie O'DriscollJohn Francis O'Driscoll (20 September 1921 in Cork, Ireland – 11 March 1988 in Swansea, Wales), commonly referred to as Jackie O'Driscoll, is a former Irish footballer who played as a winger for several teams in the League of Ireland. He also played for Swansea Town. O'Driscoll was a dual international and played for both Ireland teams - the FAI XI and the IFA XI.When O'Driscoll began his international career in 1948 there were, in effect, two Ireland teams, chosen by two rival associations. Both associations, the Northern Ireland-based IFA and the Ireland-based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and selected players from the whole island. As a result, several notable Irish players from this era, including O'Driscoll, played for both teams.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll made 3 appearances for the IFA XI . On 9 October 1948 he made his international debut for the IFA XI in a 6-2 defeat against England. On 17 November 1948 he made his second appearance for the IFA XI in a 3-2 defeat against Scotland. He made his last appearance for the IFA XI against Wales on 9 March 1949 in a 2-0 defeat.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll also made 3 appearances for the FAI XI. He won his first cap on 5 December 1948 in a 1-0 defeat in a friendly Switzerland at Dalymount Park. He also played for the FAI XI on 24 April 1949 in another friendly at Dalymount against Belgium. This time the FAI XI lost 2-0. He won his final FAI XI cap on 2 June 1949 a in 3-1 away defeat against Sweden, a qualifier for the 1950 FIFA World Cup.WaterfordCork UnitedSwansea TownLlanelli
|
[
"Llanelli A.F.C.",
"Cork United F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Shelbourne F.C.",
"Republic of Ireland national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Jackie O'Driscoll play for in 1938-01-21?
|
January 21, 1938
|
{
"text": [
"Cork City F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6116569_P54_0
|
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Republic of Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1949.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Llanelli A.F.C. from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1952.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork City F.C. from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1939.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Shelbourne F.C. from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork United F.C. from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1947.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1952.
|
Jackie O'DriscollJohn Francis O'Driscoll (20 September 1921 in Cork, Ireland – 11 March 1988 in Swansea, Wales), commonly referred to as Jackie O'Driscoll, is a former Irish footballer who played as a winger for several teams in the League of Ireland. He also played for Swansea Town. O'Driscoll was a dual international and played for both Ireland teams - the FAI XI and the IFA XI.When O'Driscoll began his international career in 1948 there were, in effect, two Ireland teams, chosen by two rival associations. Both associations, the Northern Ireland-based IFA and the Ireland-based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and selected players from the whole island. As a result, several notable Irish players from this era, including O'Driscoll, played for both teams.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll made 3 appearances for the IFA XI . On 9 October 1948 he made his international debut for the IFA XI in a 6-2 defeat against England. On 17 November 1948 he made his second appearance for the IFA XI in a 3-2 defeat against Scotland. He made his last appearance for the IFA XI against Wales on 9 March 1949 in a 2-0 defeat.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll also made 3 appearances for the FAI XI. He won his first cap on 5 December 1948 in a 1-0 defeat in a friendly Switzerland at Dalymount Park. He also played for the FAI XI on 24 April 1949 in another friendly at Dalymount against Belgium. This time the FAI XI lost 2-0. He won his final FAI XI cap on 2 June 1949 a in 3-1 away defeat against Sweden, a qualifier for the 1950 FIFA World Cup.WaterfordCork UnitedSwansea TownLlanelli
|
[
"Llanelli A.F.C.",
"Cork United F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Shelbourne F.C.",
"Republic of Ireland national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Jackie O'Driscoll play for in 21/01/1938?
|
January 21, 1938
|
{
"text": [
"Cork City F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6116569_P54_0
|
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Republic of Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1949.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Llanelli A.F.C. from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1952.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork City F.C. from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1939.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Shelbourne F.C. from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork United F.C. from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1947.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1952.
|
Jackie O'DriscollJohn Francis O'Driscoll (20 September 1921 in Cork, Ireland – 11 March 1988 in Swansea, Wales), commonly referred to as Jackie O'Driscoll, is a former Irish footballer who played as a winger for several teams in the League of Ireland. He also played for Swansea Town. O'Driscoll was a dual international and played for both Ireland teams - the FAI XI and the IFA XI.When O'Driscoll began his international career in 1948 there were, in effect, two Ireland teams, chosen by two rival associations. Both associations, the Northern Ireland-based IFA and the Ireland-based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and selected players from the whole island. As a result, several notable Irish players from this era, including O'Driscoll, played for both teams.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll made 3 appearances for the IFA XI . On 9 October 1948 he made his international debut for the IFA XI in a 6-2 defeat against England. On 17 November 1948 he made his second appearance for the IFA XI in a 3-2 defeat against Scotland. He made his last appearance for the IFA XI against Wales on 9 March 1949 in a 2-0 defeat.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll also made 3 appearances for the FAI XI. He won his first cap on 5 December 1948 in a 1-0 defeat in a friendly Switzerland at Dalymount Park. He also played for the FAI XI on 24 April 1949 in another friendly at Dalymount against Belgium. This time the FAI XI lost 2-0. He won his final FAI XI cap on 2 June 1949 a in 3-1 away defeat against Sweden, a qualifier for the 1950 FIFA World Cup.WaterfordCork UnitedSwansea TownLlanelli
|
[
"Llanelli A.F.C.",
"Cork United F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Shelbourne F.C.",
"Republic of Ireland national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Jackie O'Driscoll play for in Jan 21, 1938?
|
January 21, 1938
|
{
"text": [
"Cork City F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6116569_P54_0
|
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Republic of Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1949.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Llanelli A.F.C. from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1952.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork City F.C. from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1939.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Shelbourne F.C. from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork United F.C. from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1947.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1952.
|
Jackie O'DriscollJohn Francis O'Driscoll (20 September 1921 in Cork, Ireland – 11 March 1988 in Swansea, Wales), commonly referred to as Jackie O'Driscoll, is a former Irish footballer who played as a winger for several teams in the League of Ireland. He also played for Swansea Town. O'Driscoll was a dual international and played for both Ireland teams - the FAI XI and the IFA XI.When O'Driscoll began his international career in 1948 there were, in effect, two Ireland teams, chosen by two rival associations. Both associations, the Northern Ireland-based IFA and the Ireland-based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and selected players from the whole island. As a result, several notable Irish players from this era, including O'Driscoll, played for both teams.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll made 3 appearances for the IFA XI . On 9 October 1948 he made his international debut for the IFA XI in a 6-2 defeat against England. On 17 November 1948 he made his second appearance for the IFA XI in a 3-2 defeat against Scotland. He made his last appearance for the IFA XI against Wales on 9 March 1949 in a 2-0 defeat.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll also made 3 appearances for the FAI XI. He won his first cap on 5 December 1948 in a 1-0 defeat in a friendly Switzerland at Dalymount Park. He also played for the FAI XI on 24 April 1949 in another friendly at Dalymount against Belgium. This time the FAI XI lost 2-0. He won his final FAI XI cap on 2 June 1949 a in 3-1 away defeat against Sweden, a qualifier for the 1950 FIFA World Cup.WaterfordCork UnitedSwansea TownLlanelli
|
[
"Llanelli A.F.C.",
"Cork United F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Shelbourne F.C.",
"Republic of Ireland national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Jackie O'Driscoll play for in 01/21/1938?
|
January 21, 1938
|
{
"text": [
"Cork City F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6116569_P54_0
|
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Republic of Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1949.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Llanelli A.F.C. from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1952.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork City F.C. from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1939.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Shelbourne F.C. from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork United F.C. from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1947.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1952.
|
Jackie O'DriscollJohn Francis O'Driscoll (20 September 1921 in Cork, Ireland – 11 March 1988 in Swansea, Wales), commonly referred to as Jackie O'Driscoll, is a former Irish footballer who played as a winger for several teams in the League of Ireland. He also played for Swansea Town. O'Driscoll was a dual international and played for both Ireland teams - the FAI XI and the IFA XI.When O'Driscoll began his international career in 1948 there were, in effect, two Ireland teams, chosen by two rival associations. Both associations, the Northern Ireland-based IFA and the Ireland-based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and selected players from the whole island. As a result, several notable Irish players from this era, including O'Driscoll, played for both teams.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll made 3 appearances for the IFA XI . On 9 October 1948 he made his international debut for the IFA XI in a 6-2 defeat against England. On 17 November 1948 he made his second appearance for the IFA XI in a 3-2 defeat against Scotland. He made his last appearance for the IFA XI against Wales on 9 March 1949 in a 2-0 defeat.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll also made 3 appearances for the FAI XI. He won his first cap on 5 December 1948 in a 1-0 defeat in a friendly Switzerland at Dalymount Park. He also played for the FAI XI on 24 April 1949 in another friendly at Dalymount against Belgium. This time the FAI XI lost 2-0. He won his final FAI XI cap on 2 June 1949 a in 3-1 away defeat against Sweden, a qualifier for the 1950 FIFA World Cup.WaterfordCork UnitedSwansea TownLlanelli
|
[
"Llanelli A.F.C.",
"Cork United F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Shelbourne F.C.",
"Republic of Ireland national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Jackie O'Driscoll play for in 21-Jan-193821-January-1938?
|
January 21, 1938
|
{
"text": [
"Cork City F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6116569_P54_0
|
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Republic of Ireland national association football team from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1949.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Llanelli A.F.C. from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1952.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork City F.C. from Jan, 1938 to Jan, 1939.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Shelbourne F.C. from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1943.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Cork United F.C. from Jan, 1943 to Jan, 1947.
Jackie O'Driscoll plays for Swansea City A.F.C. from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1952.
|
Jackie O'DriscollJohn Francis O'Driscoll (20 September 1921 in Cork, Ireland – 11 March 1988 in Swansea, Wales), commonly referred to as Jackie O'Driscoll, is a former Irish footballer who played as a winger for several teams in the League of Ireland. He also played for Swansea Town. O'Driscoll was a dual international and played for both Ireland teams - the FAI XI and the IFA XI.When O'Driscoll began his international career in 1948 there were, in effect, two Ireland teams, chosen by two rival associations. Both associations, the Northern Ireland-based IFA and the Ireland-based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and selected players from the whole island. As a result, several notable Irish players from this era, including O'Driscoll, played for both teams.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll made 3 appearances for the IFA XI . On 9 October 1948 he made his international debut for the IFA XI in a 6-2 defeat against England. On 17 November 1948 he made his second appearance for the IFA XI in a 3-2 defeat against Scotland. He made his last appearance for the IFA XI against Wales on 9 March 1949 in a 2-0 defeat.Between 1948 and 1949 O'Driscoll also made 3 appearances for the FAI XI. He won his first cap on 5 December 1948 in a 1-0 defeat in a friendly Switzerland at Dalymount Park. He also played for the FAI XI on 24 April 1949 in another friendly at Dalymount against Belgium. This time the FAI XI lost 2-0. He won his final FAI XI cap on 2 June 1949 a in 3-1 away defeat against Sweden, a qualifier for the 1950 FIFA World Cup.WaterfordCork UnitedSwansea TownLlanelli
|
[
"Llanelli A.F.C.",
"Cork United F.C.",
"Swansea City A.F.C.",
"Shelbourne F.C.",
"Republic of Ireland national association football team"
] |
|
Which team did Steve Winn play for in Feb, 1982?
|
February 26, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7614336_P54_2
|
Steve Winn plays for Heidelberg United FC from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.
Steve Winn plays for Torquay United F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1982.
Steve Winn plays for Guisborough Town F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
|
Steve Winn (footballer)Stephen Winn (born 16 September 1959) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a forward for Rotherham United, Torquay United and Hartlepool United. He was on the books of Scunthorpe United without playing for their first team, appeared in non-league football for South Bank and Guisborough Town, and played football in Australia for Marconi, Heidelberg United and Inter Monaro.
|
[
"Heidelberg United FC",
"Guisborough Town F.C.",
"Torquay United F.C.",
"Rotherham United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Steve Winn play for in 1982-02-26?
|
February 26, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7614336_P54_2
|
Steve Winn plays for Heidelberg United FC from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.
Steve Winn plays for Torquay United F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1982.
Steve Winn plays for Guisborough Town F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
|
Steve Winn (footballer)Stephen Winn (born 16 September 1959) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a forward for Rotherham United, Torquay United and Hartlepool United. He was on the books of Scunthorpe United without playing for their first team, appeared in non-league football for South Bank and Guisborough Town, and played football in Australia for Marconi, Heidelberg United and Inter Monaro.
|
[
"Heidelberg United FC",
"Guisborough Town F.C.",
"Torquay United F.C.",
"Rotherham United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Steve Winn play for in 26/02/1982?
|
February 26, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7614336_P54_2
|
Steve Winn plays for Heidelberg United FC from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.
Steve Winn plays for Torquay United F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1982.
Steve Winn plays for Guisborough Town F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
|
Steve Winn (footballer)Stephen Winn (born 16 September 1959) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a forward for Rotherham United, Torquay United and Hartlepool United. He was on the books of Scunthorpe United without playing for their first team, appeared in non-league football for South Bank and Guisborough Town, and played football in Australia for Marconi, Heidelberg United and Inter Monaro.
|
[
"Heidelberg United FC",
"Guisborough Town F.C.",
"Torquay United F.C.",
"Rotherham United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Steve Winn play for in Feb 26, 1982?
|
February 26, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7614336_P54_2
|
Steve Winn plays for Heidelberg United FC from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.
Steve Winn plays for Torquay United F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1982.
Steve Winn plays for Guisborough Town F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
|
Steve Winn (footballer)Stephen Winn (born 16 September 1959) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a forward for Rotherham United, Torquay United and Hartlepool United. He was on the books of Scunthorpe United without playing for their first team, appeared in non-league football for South Bank and Guisborough Town, and played football in Australia for Marconi, Heidelberg United and Inter Monaro.
|
[
"Heidelberg United FC",
"Guisborough Town F.C.",
"Torquay United F.C.",
"Rotherham United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Steve Winn play for in 02/26/1982?
|
February 26, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7614336_P54_2
|
Steve Winn plays for Heidelberg United FC from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.
Steve Winn plays for Torquay United F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1982.
Steve Winn plays for Guisborough Town F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
|
Steve Winn (footballer)Stephen Winn (born 16 September 1959) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a forward for Rotherham United, Torquay United and Hartlepool United. He was on the books of Scunthorpe United without playing for their first team, appeared in non-league football for South Bank and Guisborough Town, and played football in Australia for Marconi, Heidelberg United and Inter Monaro.
|
[
"Heidelberg United FC",
"Guisborough Town F.C.",
"Torquay United F.C.",
"Rotherham United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Steve Winn play for in 26-Feb-198226-February-1982?
|
February 26, 1982
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7614336_P54_2
|
Steve Winn plays for Heidelberg United FC from Jan, 1984 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1981.
Steve Winn plays for Torquay United F.C. from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1982.
Steve Winn plays for Guisborough Town F.C. from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1984.
Steve Winn plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
|
Steve Winn (footballer)Stephen Winn (born 16 September 1959) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a forward for Rotherham United, Torquay United and Hartlepool United. He was on the books of Scunthorpe United without playing for their first team, appeared in non-league football for South Bank and Guisborough Town, and played football in Australia for Marconi, Heidelberg United and Inter Monaro.
|
[
"Heidelberg United FC",
"Guisborough Town F.C.",
"Torquay United F.C.",
"Rotherham United F.C."
] |
|
Which position did Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam hold in Sep, 1830?
|
September 17, 1830
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5083446_P39_6
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president from Jan, 1843 to Jan, 1846.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1857.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1853 to Jan, 1855.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Nov, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl FitzwilliamCharles William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Ireland, and 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Great Britain, (4 May 1786 – 4 October 1857) was a British nobleman and politician. He was President three times of the Royal Statistical Society in 1838–1840, 1847–1849, and 1853–1855; and President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in its inaugural year (1831–2).He was born the only son of William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam and his first wife, Lady Charlotte Ponsonby. He was a pupil at Eton College from 1796 to 1802.Before inheriting the Earldom on 8 February 1833 on the death of his father, he was known by the courtesy title of Viscount Milton. Under that name he was the Whig Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire between 1831 and 1832.The family seat was Wentworth Woodhouse, reputedly the largest private house in England.He married the Hon. Mary Dundas (30 May 1787 – 1 November 1830) on 8 July 1806; she was his cousin and the daughter of Thomas Dundas, 1st Baron Dundas and Lady Charlotte Fitzwilliam, the 4th Earl's sister. They had thirteen children:
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam hold in 1830-09-17?
|
September 17, 1830
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5083446_P39_6
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president from Jan, 1843 to Jan, 1846.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1857.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1853 to Jan, 1855.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Nov, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl FitzwilliamCharles William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Ireland, and 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Great Britain, (4 May 1786 – 4 October 1857) was a British nobleman and politician. He was President three times of the Royal Statistical Society in 1838–1840, 1847–1849, and 1853–1855; and President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in its inaugural year (1831–2).He was born the only son of William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam and his first wife, Lady Charlotte Ponsonby. He was a pupil at Eton College from 1796 to 1802.Before inheriting the Earldom on 8 February 1833 on the death of his father, he was known by the courtesy title of Viscount Milton. Under that name he was the Whig Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire between 1831 and 1832.The family seat was Wentworth Woodhouse, reputedly the largest private house in England.He married the Hon. Mary Dundas (30 May 1787 – 1 November 1830) on 8 July 1806; she was his cousin and the daughter of Thomas Dundas, 1st Baron Dundas and Lady Charlotte Fitzwilliam, the 4th Earl's sister. They had thirteen children:
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam hold in 17/09/1830?
|
September 17, 1830
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5083446_P39_6
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president from Jan, 1843 to Jan, 1846.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1857.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1853 to Jan, 1855.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Nov, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl FitzwilliamCharles William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Ireland, and 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Great Britain, (4 May 1786 – 4 October 1857) was a British nobleman and politician. He was President three times of the Royal Statistical Society in 1838–1840, 1847–1849, and 1853–1855; and President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in its inaugural year (1831–2).He was born the only son of William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam and his first wife, Lady Charlotte Ponsonby. He was a pupil at Eton College from 1796 to 1802.Before inheriting the Earldom on 8 February 1833 on the death of his father, he was known by the courtesy title of Viscount Milton. Under that name he was the Whig Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire between 1831 and 1832.The family seat was Wentworth Woodhouse, reputedly the largest private house in England.He married the Hon. Mary Dundas (30 May 1787 – 1 November 1830) on 8 July 1806; she was his cousin and the daughter of Thomas Dundas, 1st Baron Dundas and Lady Charlotte Fitzwilliam, the 4th Earl's sister. They had thirteen children:
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam hold in Sep 17, 1830?
|
September 17, 1830
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5083446_P39_6
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president from Jan, 1843 to Jan, 1846.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1857.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1853 to Jan, 1855.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Nov, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl FitzwilliamCharles William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Ireland, and 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Great Britain, (4 May 1786 – 4 October 1857) was a British nobleman and politician. He was President three times of the Royal Statistical Society in 1838–1840, 1847–1849, and 1853–1855; and President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in its inaugural year (1831–2).He was born the only son of William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam and his first wife, Lady Charlotte Ponsonby. He was a pupil at Eton College from 1796 to 1802.Before inheriting the Earldom on 8 February 1833 on the death of his father, he was known by the courtesy title of Viscount Milton. Under that name he was the Whig Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire between 1831 and 1832.The family seat was Wentworth Woodhouse, reputedly the largest private house in England.He married the Hon. Mary Dundas (30 May 1787 – 1 November 1830) on 8 July 1806; she was his cousin and the daughter of Thomas Dundas, 1st Baron Dundas and Lady Charlotte Fitzwilliam, the 4th Earl's sister. They had thirteen children:
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam hold in 09/17/1830?
|
September 17, 1830
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5083446_P39_6
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president from Jan, 1843 to Jan, 1846.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1857.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1853 to Jan, 1855.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Nov, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl FitzwilliamCharles William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Ireland, and 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Great Britain, (4 May 1786 – 4 October 1857) was a British nobleman and politician. He was President three times of the Royal Statistical Society in 1838–1840, 1847–1849, and 1853–1855; and President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in its inaugural year (1831–2).He was born the only son of William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam and his first wife, Lady Charlotte Ponsonby. He was a pupil at Eton College from 1796 to 1802.Before inheriting the Earldom on 8 February 1833 on the death of his father, he was known by the courtesy title of Viscount Milton. Under that name he was the Whig Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire between 1831 and 1832.The family seat was Wentworth Woodhouse, reputedly the largest private house in England.He married the Hon. Mary Dundas (30 May 1787 – 1 November 1830) on 8 July 1806; she was his cousin and the daughter of Thomas Dundas, 1st Baron Dundas and Lady Charlotte Fitzwilliam, the 4th Earl's sister. They had thirteen children:
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam hold in 17-Sep-183017-September-1830?
|
September 17, 1830
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q5083446_P39_6
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president from Jan, 1843 to Jan, 1846.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to May, 1831.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Feb, 1833 to Oct, 1857.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1806 to Apr, 1807.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Feb, 1833.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1807 to Sep, 1812.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1812 to Jun, 1818.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of president of the Royal Statistical Society from Jan, 1853 to Jan, 1855.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Nov, 1830.
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1818 to Feb, 1820.
|
Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl FitzwilliamCharles William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Ireland, and 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of Great Britain, (4 May 1786 – 4 October 1857) was a British nobleman and politician. He was President three times of the Royal Statistical Society in 1838–1840, 1847–1849, and 1853–1855; and President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in its inaugural year (1831–2).He was born the only son of William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam and his first wife, Lady Charlotte Ponsonby. He was a pupil at Eton College from 1796 to 1802.Before inheriting the Earldom on 8 February 1833 on the death of his father, he was known by the courtesy title of Viscount Milton. Under that name he was the Whig Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire between 1831 and 1832.The family seat was Wentworth Woodhouse, reputedly the largest private house in England.He married the Hon. Mary Dundas (30 May 1787 – 1 November 1830) on 8 July 1806; she was his cousin and the daughter of Thomas Dundas, 1st Baron Dundas and Lady Charlotte Fitzwilliam, the 4th Earl's sister. They had thirteen children:
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president of the Royal Statistical Society",
"Member of the House of Lords",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"president"
] |
|
Which employer did Abraham Adrian Albert work for in Jul, 1929?
|
July 31, 1929
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q323442_P108_1
|
Abraham Adrian Albert works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1971.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Columbia University from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Princeton University from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1929.
|
Abraham Adrian AlbertAbraham Adrian Albert (November 9, 1905 – June 6, 1972) was an American mathematician. In 1939, he received the American Mathematical Society's Cole Prize in Algebra for his work on Riemann matrices. He is best known for his work on the Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem on finite-dimensional division algebras over number fields and as the developer of Albert algebras, which are also known as exceptional Jordan algebras.A first generation American, he was born in Chicago and most associated with that city. He received his Bachelor of Science in 1926, Masters in 1927, and PhD in 1928, at the age of 22. All degrees were obtained from the University of Chicago. He married around the same time as his graduation. He spent his postdoctoral year at Princeton University and then from 1929 to 1931 he was an instructor at Columbia University. During this period he worked on Abelian varieties and their endomorphism algebras. He returned to Princeton for the opening year of the Institute for Advanced Study in 1933-34 and spent another year in Princeton in 1961-62 as the first Director of the Communications Research Division of IDA (the Institute for Defense Analyses).From 1931 to 1972, he served on the mathematics faculty at the University of Chicago, where he became chair of the Mathematics Department in 1958 and Dean of the Physical Sciences Division in 1961.As a research mathematician, he is primarily known for his work as one of the principal developers of the theory of linear associative algebras and as a pioneer in the development of linear non-associative algebras, although all of this grew out of his work on endomorphism algebras of Abelian varieties.As an applied mathematician, he also did work for the military during World War II and thereafter. One of his most notable achievements was his groundbreaking work on cryptography. He prepared a manuscript, "Some Mathematical Aspects of Cryptography," for his invited address at a meeting of the American Mathematical Society in November 1941. The theory that developed from this work can be seen in digital communications technologies.After WWII, he became a forceful advocate favoring government support for research in mathematics on a par with other physical sciences. He served on policy-making bodies at the Office of Naval Research, the United States National Research Council, and the National Science Foundation that funneled research grants into mathematics, giving many young mathematicians career opportunities previously unavailable. Due to his success in helping to give mathematical research a sound financial footing, he earned a reputation as a "statesman for mathematics." Albert was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968.
|
[
"University of Chicago",
"Princeton University"
] |
|
Which employer did Abraham Adrian Albert work for in 1929-07-31?
|
July 31, 1929
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q323442_P108_1
|
Abraham Adrian Albert works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1971.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Columbia University from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Princeton University from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1929.
|
Abraham Adrian AlbertAbraham Adrian Albert (November 9, 1905 – June 6, 1972) was an American mathematician. In 1939, he received the American Mathematical Society's Cole Prize in Algebra for his work on Riemann matrices. He is best known for his work on the Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem on finite-dimensional division algebras over number fields and as the developer of Albert algebras, which are also known as exceptional Jordan algebras.A first generation American, he was born in Chicago and most associated with that city. He received his Bachelor of Science in 1926, Masters in 1927, and PhD in 1928, at the age of 22. All degrees were obtained from the University of Chicago. He married around the same time as his graduation. He spent his postdoctoral year at Princeton University and then from 1929 to 1931 he was an instructor at Columbia University. During this period he worked on Abelian varieties and their endomorphism algebras. He returned to Princeton for the opening year of the Institute for Advanced Study in 1933-34 and spent another year in Princeton in 1961-62 as the first Director of the Communications Research Division of IDA (the Institute for Defense Analyses).From 1931 to 1972, he served on the mathematics faculty at the University of Chicago, where he became chair of the Mathematics Department in 1958 and Dean of the Physical Sciences Division in 1961.As a research mathematician, he is primarily known for his work as one of the principal developers of the theory of linear associative algebras and as a pioneer in the development of linear non-associative algebras, although all of this grew out of his work on endomorphism algebras of Abelian varieties.As an applied mathematician, he also did work for the military during World War II and thereafter. One of his most notable achievements was his groundbreaking work on cryptography. He prepared a manuscript, "Some Mathematical Aspects of Cryptography," for his invited address at a meeting of the American Mathematical Society in November 1941. The theory that developed from this work can be seen in digital communications technologies.After WWII, he became a forceful advocate favoring government support for research in mathematics on a par with other physical sciences. He served on policy-making bodies at the Office of Naval Research, the United States National Research Council, and the National Science Foundation that funneled research grants into mathematics, giving many young mathematicians career opportunities previously unavailable. Due to his success in helping to give mathematical research a sound financial footing, he earned a reputation as a "statesman for mathematics." Albert was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968.
|
[
"University of Chicago",
"Princeton University"
] |
|
Which employer did Abraham Adrian Albert work for in 31/07/1929?
|
July 31, 1929
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q323442_P108_1
|
Abraham Adrian Albert works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1971.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Columbia University from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Princeton University from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1929.
|
Abraham Adrian AlbertAbraham Adrian Albert (November 9, 1905 – June 6, 1972) was an American mathematician. In 1939, he received the American Mathematical Society's Cole Prize in Algebra for his work on Riemann matrices. He is best known for his work on the Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem on finite-dimensional division algebras over number fields and as the developer of Albert algebras, which are also known as exceptional Jordan algebras.A first generation American, he was born in Chicago and most associated with that city. He received his Bachelor of Science in 1926, Masters in 1927, and PhD in 1928, at the age of 22. All degrees were obtained from the University of Chicago. He married around the same time as his graduation. He spent his postdoctoral year at Princeton University and then from 1929 to 1931 he was an instructor at Columbia University. During this period he worked on Abelian varieties and their endomorphism algebras. He returned to Princeton for the opening year of the Institute for Advanced Study in 1933-34 and spent another year in Princeton in 1961-62 as the first Director of the Communications Research Division of IDA (the Institute for Defense Analyses).From 1931 to 1972, he served on the mathematics faculty at the University of Chicago, where he became chair of the Mathematics Department in 1958 and Dean of the Physical Sciences Division in 1961.As a research mathematician, he is primarily known for his work as one of the principal developers of the theory of linear associative algebras and as a pioneer in the development of linear non-associative algebras, although all of this grew out of his work on endomorphism algebras of Abelian varieties.As an applied mathematician, he also did work for the military during World War II and thereafter. One of his most notable achievements was his groundbreaking work on cryptography. He prepared a manuscript, "Some Mathematical Aspects of Cryptography," for his invited address at a meeting of the American Mathematical Society in November 1941. The theory that developed from this work can be seen in digital communications technologies.After WWII, he became a forceful advocate favoring government support for research in mathematics on a par with other physical sciences. He served on policy-making bodies at the Office of Naval Research, the United States National Research Council, and the National Science Foundation that funneled research grants into mathematics, giving many young mathematicians career opportunities previously unavailable. Due to his success in helping to give mathematical research a sound financial footing, he earned a reputation as a "statesman for mathematics." Albert was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968.
|
[
"University of Chicago",
"Princeton University"
] |
|
Which employer did Abraham Adrian Albert work for in Jul 31, 1929?
|
July 31, 1929
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q323442_P108_1
|
Abraham Adrian Albert works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1971.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Columbia University from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Princeton University from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1929.
|
Abraham Adrian AlbertAbraham Adrian Albert (November 9, 1905 – June 6, 1972) was an American mathematician. In 1939, he received the American Mathematical Society's Cole Prize in Algebra for his work on Riemann matrices. He is best known for his work on the Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem on finite-dimensional division algebras over number fields and as the developer of Albert algebras, which are also known as exceptional Jordan algebras.A first generation American, he was born in Chicago and most associated with that city. He received his Bachelor of Science in 1926, Masters in 1927, and PhD in 1928, at the age of 22. All degrees were obtained from the University of Chicago. He married around the same time as his graduation. He spent his postdoctoral year at Princeton University and then from 1929 to 1931 he was an instructor at Columbia University. During this period he worked on Abelian varieties and their endomorphism algebras. He returned to Princeton for the opening year of the Institute for Advanced Study in 1933-34 and spent another year in Princeton in 1961-62 as the first Director of the Communications Research Division of IDA (the Institute for Defense Analyses).From 1931 to 1972, he served on the mathematics faculty at the University of Chicago, where he became chair of the Mathematics Department in 1958 and Dean of the Physical Sciences Division in 1961.As a research mathematician, he is primarily known for his work as one of the principal developers of the theory of linear associative algebras and as a pioneer in the development of linear non-associative algebras, although all of this grew out of his work on endomorphism algebras of Abelian varieties.As an applied mathematician, he also did work for the military during World War II and thereafter. One of his most notable achievements was his groundbreaking work on cryptography. He prepared a manuscript, "Some Mathematical Aspects of Cryptography," for his invited address at a meeting of the American Mathematical Society in November 1941. The theory that developed from this work can be seen in digital communications technologies.After WWII, he became a forceful advocate favoring government support for research in mathematics on a par with other physical sciences. He served on policy-making bodies at the Office of Naval Research, the United States National Research Council, and the National Science Foundation that funneled research grants into mathematics, giving many young mathematicians career opportunities previously unavailable. Due to his success in helping to give mathematical research a sound financial footing, he earned a reputation as a "statesman for mathematics." Albert was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968.
|
[
"University of Chicago",
"Princeton University"
] |
|
Which employer did Abraham Adrian Albert work for in 07/31/1929?
|
July 31, 1929
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q323442_P108_1
|
Abraham Adrian Albert works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1971.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Columbia University from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Princeton University from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1929.
|
Abraham Adrian AlbertAbraham Adrian Albert (November 9, 1905 – June 6, 1972) was an American mathematician. In 1939, he received the American Mathematical Society's Cole Prize in Algebra for his work on Riemann matrices. He is best known for his work on the Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem on finite-dimensional division algebras over number fields and as the developer of Albert algebras, which are also known as exceptional Jordan algebras.A first generation American, he was born in Chicago and most associated with that city. He received his Bachelor of Science in 1926, Masters in 1927, and PhD in 1928, at the age of 22. All degrees were obtained from the University of Chicago. He married around the same time as his graduation. He spent his postdoctoral year at Princeton University and then from 1929 to 1931 he was an instructor at Columbia University. During this period he worked on Abelian varieties and their endomorphism algebras. He returned to Princeton for the opening year of the Institute for Advanced Study in 1933-34 and spent another year in Princeton in 1961-62 as the first Director of the Communications Research Division of IDA (the Institute for Defense Analyses).From 1931 to 1972, he served on the mathematics faculty at the University of Chicago, where he became chair of the Mathematics Department in 1958 and Dean of the Physical Sciences Division in 1961.As a research mathematician, he is primarily known for his work as one of the principal developers of the theory of linear associative algebras and as a pioneer in the development of linear non-associative algebras, although all of this grew out of his work on endomorphism algebras of Abelian varieties.As an applied mathematician, he also did work for the military during World War II and thereafter. One of his most notable achievements was his groundbreaking work on cryptography. He prepared a manuscript, "Some Mathematical Aspects of Cryptography," for his invited address at a meeting of the American Mathematical Society in November 1941. The theory that developed from this work can be seen in digital communications technologies.After WWII, he became a forceful advocate favoring government support for research in mathematics on a par with other physical sciences. He served on policy-making bodies at the Office of Naval Research, the United States National Research Council, and the National Science Foundation that funneled research grants into mathematics, giving many young mathematicians career opportunities previously unavailable. Due to his success in helping to give mathematical research a sound financial footing, he earned a reputation as a "statesman for mathematics." Albert was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968.
|
[
"University of Chicago",
"Princeton University"
] |
|
Which employer did Abraham Adrian Albert work for in 31-Jul-192931-July-1929?
|
July 31, 1929
|
{
"text": [
"Columbia University"
]
}
|
L2_Q323442_P108_1
|
Abraham Adrian Albert works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1971.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Columbia University from Jan, 1929 to Jan, 1931.
Abraham Adrian Albert works for Princeton University from Jan, 1928 to Jan, 1929.
|
Abraham Adrian AlbertAbraham Adrian Albert (November 9, 1905 – June 6, 1972) was an American mathematician. In 1939, he received the American Mathematical Society's Cole Prize in Algebra for his work on Riemann matrices. He is best known for his work on the Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem on finite-dimensional division algebras over number fields and as the developer of Albert algebras, which are also known as exceptional Jordan algebras.A first generation American, he was born in Chicago and most associated with that city. He received his Bachelor of Science in 1926, Masters in 1927, and PhD in 1928, at the age of 22. All degrees were obtained from the University of Chicago. He married around the same time as his graduation. He spent his postdoctoral year at Princeton University and then from 1929 to 1931 he was an instructor at Columbia University. During this period he worked on Abelian varieties and their endomorphism algebras. He returned to Princeton for the opening year of the Institute for Advanced Study in 1933-34 and spent another year in Princeton in 1961-62 as the first Director of the Communications Research Division of IDA (the Institute for Defense Analyses).From 1931 to 1972, he served on the mathematics faculty at the University of Chicago, where he became chair of the Mathematics Department in 1958 and Dean of the Physical Sciences Division in 1961.As a research mathematician, he is primarily known for his work as one of the principal developers of the theory of linear associative algebras and as a pioneer in the development of linear non-associative algebras, although all of this grew out of his work on endomorphism algebras of Abelian varieties.As an applied mathematician, he also did work for the military during World War II and thereafter. One of his most notable achievements was his groundbreaking work on cryptography. He prepared a manuscript, "Some Mathematical Aspects of Cryptography," for his invited address at a meeting of the American Mathematical Society in November 1941. The theory that developed from this work can be seen in digital communications technologies.After WWII, he became a forceful advocate favoring government support for research in mathematics on a par with other physical sciences. He served on policy-making bodies at the Office of Naval Research, the United States National Research Council, and the National Science Foundation that funneled research grants into mathematics, giving many young mathematicians career opportunities previously unavailable. Due to his success in helping to give mathematical research a sound financial footing, he earned a reputation as a "statesman for mathematics." Albert was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968.
|
[
"University of Chicago",
"Princeton University"
] |
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