tokens
list | idx
int64 0
880k
| text
stringlengths 155
866
| cluster
int64 0
3k
|
|---|---|---|---|
[
"board",
"feet",
"(",
"10",
"m3",
")",
"on",
"average",
".",
"according",
"to",
"steven",
"e",
".",
"owl",
"##ett",
",",
"environmental",
"lawyer",
"and",
"author",
",",
"ship",
"##bu",
"##ilde",
"##rs",
"considered",
"pine",
"from",
"pine",
"creek",
"the",
"\"",
"best",
"timber",
"in",
"the",
"world",
"for",
"making",
"fine",
"ship",
"mast",
"##s",
"\"",
",",
"so",
"it",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"lumber",
"to",
"be",
"harvested",
"on",
"a",
"large",
"scale",
".",
"the",
"original",
"title",
"to",
"the",
"land",
"that",
"became",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"was",
"sold",
"to",
"the",
"wilhelm",
"wilkins",
"company",
"in",
"1792",
".",
"pine",
"creek",
"was",
"declared",
"a",
"public",
"highway",
"by",
"the",
"pennsylvania",
"general",
"assembly",
"on",
"march",
"16",
",",
"1798",
",",
"and",
"raft",
"##s",
"of",
"spa",
"##rs",
"were",
"floated",
"down",
"the",
"creek",
"to",
"the",
"susquehanna",
"river",
",",
"then",
"to",
"the",
"chesapeake",
"bay",
"and",
"the",
"ship",
"##bu",
"##ilde",
"##rs",
"at"
] | 879,600 |
board feet ( 10 m3 ) on average. according to steven e. owlett, environmental lawyer and author, shipbuilders considered pine from pine creek the " best timber in the world for making fine ship masts ", so it was the first lumber to be harvested on a large scale. the original title to the land that became colton point state park was sold to the wilhelm wilkins company in 1792. pine creek was declared a public highway by the pennsylvania general assembly on march 16, 1798, and rafts of spars were floated down the creek to the susquehanna river, then to the chesapeake bay and the shipbuilders at
| 1,996 |
[
"baltimore",
".",
"the",
"lumber",
"##men",
"would",
"then",
"walk",
"home",
",",
"following",
"the",
"old",
"pine",
"creek",
"path",
"at",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"their",
"journey",
".",
"as",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
"progressed",
",",
"fewer",
"pines",
"were",
"left",
"and",
"more",
"hem",
"##lock",
"##s",
"and",
"hardwood",
"##s",
"were",
"cut",
"and",
"processed",
"locally",
".",
"by",
"1810",
"there",
"were",
"11",
"sawmill",
"##s",
"in",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"watershed",
",",
"and",
"by",
"1840",
"there",
"were",
"145",
",",
"despite",
"a",
"flood",
"in",
"1832",
"which",
"wiped",
"out",
"nearly",
"all",
"the",
"mills",
"along",
"the",
"creek",
".",
"selective",
"harvesting",
"of",
"pines",
"was",
"replaced",
"by",
"clear",
"##cut",
"##ting",
"of",
"all",
"lumber",
"in",
"a",
"tract",
".",
"the",
"first",
"lumber",
"##ing",
"activity",
"close",
"to",
"what",
"is",
"now",
"colton",
"point",
"was",
"in",
"1838",
"when",
"william",
"dodge",
"and",
"partners",
"built",
"a",
"settlement",
"at",
"big",
"meadows",
"and",
"formed"
] | 879,601 |
baltimore. the lumbermen would then walk home, following the old pine creek path at the end of their journey. as the 19th century progressed, fewer pines were left and more hemlocks and hardwoods were cut and processed locally. by 1810 there were 11 sawmills in the pine creek watershed, and by 1840 there were 145, despite a flood in 1832 which wiped out nearly all the mills along the creek. selective harvesting of pines was replaced by clearcutting of all lumber in a tract. the first lumbering activity close to what is now colton point was in 1838 when william dodge and partners built a settlement at big meadows and formed
| 1,996 |
[
"the",
"pennsylvania",
"joint",
"land",
"and",
"lumber",
"company",
".",
"dodge",
"'",
"s",
"company",
"purchased",
"thousands",
"of",
"acres",
"of",
"land",
"in",
"the",
"area",
",",
"including",
"what",
"is",
"now",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
".",
"in",
"1865",
"the",
"last",
"pine",
"spa",
"##r",
"raft",
"floated",
"down",
"the",
"creek",
",",
"and",
"on",
"march",
"28",
",",
"1871",
"the",
"general",
"assembly",
"passed",
"a",
"law",
"which",
"allowed",
"construction",
"of",
"splash",
"dams",
"and",
"allowed",
"creeks",
"to",
"be",
"cleared",
"to",
"allow",
"loose",
"logs",
"to",
"float",
"better",
".",
"the",
"earliest",
"spring",
"log",
"drives",
"floated",
"up",
"to",
"20",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"board",
"feet",
"(",
"50",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"m3",
")",
"of",
"logs",
"in",
"pine",
"creek",
"at",
"one",
"time",
".",
"these",
"logs",
"floated",
"to",
"the",
"west",
"branch",
"susquehanna",
"river",
"and",
"to",
"sawmill",
"##s",
"near",
"the",
"susquehanna"
] | 879,602 |
the pennsylvania joint land and lumber company. dodge's company purchased thousands of acres of land in the area, including what is now colton point state park. in 1865 the last pine spar raft floated down the creek, and on march 28, 1871 the general assembly passed a law which allowed construction of splash dams and allowed creeks to be cleared to allow loose logs to float better. the earliest spring log drives floated up to 20 @, @ 000 @, @ 000 board feet ( 50 @, @ 000 m3 ) of logs in pine creek at one time. these logs floated to the west branch susquehanna river and to sawmills near the susquehanna
| 30 |
[
"boom",
"at",
"williams",
"##port",
".",
"log",
"drives",
"could",
"be",
"dangerous",
":",
"just",
"north",
"of",
"the",
"park",
"is",
"bar",
"##bour",
"rock",
",",
"named",
"for",
"samuel",
"bar",
"##bour",
",",
"who",
"lost",
"his",
"life",
"on",
"pine",
"creek",
"there",
"after",
"breaking",
"up",
"a",
"log",
"jam",
".",
"hem",
"##lock",
"wood",
"was",
"not",
"widely",
"used",
"until",
"the",
"advent",
"of",
"wire",
"nails",
",",
"but",
"the",
"bark",
"was",
"used",
"to",
"tan",
"leather",
".",
"after",
"1870",
"the",
"largest",
"tanner",
"##ies",
"in",
"the",
"world",
"were",
"in",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"watershed",
",",
"and",
"required",
"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"pounds",
"(",
"900",
"kg",
")",
"of",
"bark",
"to",
"produce",
"150",
"pounds",
"(",
"70",
"kg",
")",
"of",
"quality",
"sole",
"leather",
".",
"in",
"1879",
"henry",
"colton",
",",
"who",
"worked",
"for",
"the",
"williams",
"##port",
"lumber",
"company",
",",
"supervised",
"the",
"cutting",
"of",
"white",
"pine"
] | 879,603 |
boom at williamsport. log drives could be dangerous : just north of the park is barbour rock, named for samuel barbour, who lost his life on pine creek there after breaking up a log jam. hemlock wood was not widely used until the advent of wire nails, but the bark was used to tan leather. after 1870 the largest tanneries in the world were in the pine creek watershed, and required 2 @, @ 000 pounds ( 900 kg ) of bark to produce 150 pounds ( 70 kg ) of quality sole leather. in 1879 henry colton, who worked for the williamsport lumber company, supervised the cutting of white pine
| 1,532 |
[
"on",
"the",
"land",
"owned",
"by",
"silas",
"billings",
";",
"this",
"land",
"would",
"later",
"become",
"the",
"park",
".",
"colton",
"gave",
"his",
"name",
"to",
"the",
"colton",
"point",
"overlook",
"on",
"the",
"west",
"rim",
"of",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
".",
"dead",
"##man",
"hollow",
"road",
"in",
"the",
"park",
"is",
"named",
"for",
"a",
"trap",
"##per",
"whose",
"deco",
"##mp",
"##osed",
"body",
"was",
"found",
"in",
"his",
"own",
"bear",
"trap",
"there",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"20th",
"century",
".",
"four",
"##mi",
"##le",
"run",
"flows",
"through",
"the",
"park",
":",
"its",
"o",
"'",
"connor",
"branch",
"is",
"named",
"for",
"the",
"dead",
"trap",
"##per",
"'",
"s",
"brothers",
",",
"who",
"were",
"log",
"##gers",
"in",
"the",
"area",
".",
"in",
"1883",
"the",
"jersey",
"shore",
",",
"pine",
"creek",
"and",
"buffalo",
"railway",
"opened",
",",
"following",
"the",
"creek",
"through",
"the",
"gorge",
".",
"the",
"new",
"railroad",
"used",
"the",
"relatively",
"level",
"route"
] | 879,604 |
on the land owned by silas billings ; this land would later become the park. colton gave his name to the colton point overlook on the west rim of the pine creek gorge. deadman hollow road in the park is named for a trapper whose decomposed body was found in his own bear trap there in the early 20th century. fourmile run flows through the park : its o'connor branch is named for the dead trapper's brothers, who were loggers in the area. in 1883 the jersey shore, pine creek and buffalo railway opened, following the creek through the gorge. the new railroad used the relatively level route
| 1,996 |
[
"along",
"pine",
"creek",
"to",
"link",
"the",
"new",
"york",
"central",
"railroad",
"(",
"nyc",
")",
"to",
"the",
"north",
"with",
"the",
"clear",
"##field",
"coal",
"##field",
"to",
"the",
"southwest",
",",
"and",
"with",
"nyc",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"allied",
"lines",
"in",
"williams",
"##port",
"to",
"the",
"southeast",
".",
"by",
"1896",
"the",
"rail",
"line",
"'",
"s",
"daily",
"traffic",
"included",
"three",
"passenger",
"trains",
"and",
"7",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"short",
"tons",
"(",
"6",
"@",
",",
"@",
"400",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"t",
")",
"of",
"freight",
".",
"in",
"the",
"surrounding",
"forests",
",",
"log",
"drives",
"gave",
"way",
"to",
"logging",
"railroads",
",",
"which",
"transported",
"lumber",
"to",
"local",
"sawmill",
"##s",
".",
"there",
"were",
"13",
"companies",
"operating",
"logging",
"railroads",
"along",
"pine",
"creek",
"and",
"its",
"tributaries",
"between",
"1886",
"and",
"1921",
",",
"while",
"the",
"last",
"log",
"drive",
"in",
"the",
"pine"
] | 879,605 |
along pine creek to link the new york central railroad ( nyc ) to the north with the clearfield coalfield to the southwest, and with nyc @ - @ allied lines in williamsport to the southeast. by 1896 the rail line's daily traffic included three passenger trains and 7 @, @ 000 @, @ 000 short tons ( 6 @, @ 400 @, @ 000 t ) of freight. in the surrounding forests, log drives gave way to logging railroads, which transported lumber to local sawmills. there were 13 companies operating logging railroads along pine creek and its tributaries between 1886 and 1921, while the last log drive in the pine
| 1,996 |
[
"creek",
"watershed",
"started",
"on",
"little",
"pine",
"creek",
"in",
"1905",
".",
"by",
"1900",
"the",
"lee",
"##ton",
"##ia",
"logging",
"railroad",
"was",
"extended",
"to",
"the",
"headwaters",
"of",
"four",
"##mi",
"##le",
"run",
",",
"which",
"has",
"several",
"high",
"waterfalls",
"that",
"prevented",
"logs",
"from",
"being",
"floated",
"down",
"it",
".",
"in",
"1903",
"the",
"line",
"reached",
"colton",
"point",
"and",
"bear",
"run",
",",
"which",
"is",
"the",
"northern",
"border",
"of",
"the",
"park",
"today",
".",
"lumber",
"on",
"four",
"##mi",
"##le",
"run",
"that",
"had",
"been",
"previously",
"inaccessible",
"was",
"harvested",
"and",
"transported",
"by",
"train",
",",
"initially",
"to",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"'",
"s",
"mill",
"at",
"tia",
"##da",
"##ghton",
".",
"when",
"that",
"mill",
"burned",
"in",
"1905",
",",
"the",
"lumber",
"went",
"to",
"the",
"lee",
"##ton",
"##ia",
"mill",
"on",
"cedar",
"run",
"in",
"elk",
"township",
".",
"the",
"old",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"growth",
"forests",
"were",
"clear",
"##cut",
"by"
] | 879,606 |
creek watershed started on little pine creek in 1905. by 1900 the leetonia logging railroad was extended to the headwaters of fourmile run, which has several high waterfalls that prevented logs from being floated down it. in 1903 the line reached colton point and bear run, which is the northern border of the park today. lumber on fourmile run that had been previously inaccessible was harvested and transported by train, initially to leonard harrison's mill at tiadaghton. when that mill burned in 1905, the lumber went to the leetonia mill on cedar run in elk township. the old @ - @ growth forests were clearcut by
| 1,996 |
[
"the",
"early",
"20th",
"century",
"and",
"the",
"gorge",
"was",
"stripped",
"bare",
".",
"nothing",
"was",
"left",
"except",
"the",
"dried",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"out",
"tree",
"tops",
",",
"which",
"became",
"a",
"fire",
"hazard",
".",
"as",
"a",
"result",
",",
"much",
"of",
"the",
"land",
"burned",
"and",
"was",
"left",
"barren",
".",
"on",
"may",
"6",
",",
"1903",
",",
"the",
"wells",
"##boro",
"newspaper",
"had",
"the",
"headline",
"\"",
"wild",
"lands",
"afl",
"##ame",
"\"",
"and",
"reported",
"landslide",
"##s",
"through",
"the",
"gorge",
".",
"the",
"soil",
"was",
"depleted",
"of",
"nutrients",
",",
"fires",
"baked",
"the",
"ground",
"hard",
",",
"and",
"jungle",
"##s",
"of",
"blue",
"##berries",
",",
"black",
"##berries",
",",
"and",
"mountain",
"laurel",
"covered",
"the",
"clear",
"##cut",
"land",
",",
"which",
"became",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"\"",
"pennsylvania",
"desert",
"\"",
".",
"floods",
"swept",
"the",
"area",
"periodically",
"and",
"much",
"of",
"the",
"wildlife",
"was",
"wiped",
"out",
".",
"="
] | 879,607 |
the early 20th century and the gorge was stripped bare. nothing was left except the dried @ - @ out tree tops, which became a fire hazard. as a result, much of the land burned and was left barren. on may 6, 1903, the wellsboro newspaper had the headline " wild lands aflame " and reported landslides through the gorge. the soil was depleted of nutrients, fires baked the ground hard, and jungles of blueberries, blackberries, and mountain laurel covered the clearcut land, which became known as the " pennsylvania desert ". floods swept the area periodically and much of the wildlife was wiped out. =
| 1,607 |
[
"=",
"=",
"conservation",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"george",
"washington",
"sears",
",",
"an",
"early",
"conservation",
"##ist",
"who",
"wrote",
"under",
"the",
"pen",
"name",
"\"",
"ness",
"##mu",
"##k",
"\"",
",",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"to",
"critic",
"##ize",
"the",
"pennsylvania",
"lumber",
"industry",
"and",
"its",
"destruction",
"of",
"forests",
"and",
"creeks",
".",
"in",
"his",
"1884",
"book",
"wood",
"##craft",
"he",
"wrote",
"of",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"watershed",
"where",
"a",
"huge",
"tanner",
"##y",
".",
".",
".",
"poison",
"##s",
"and",
"black",
"##ens",
"the",
"stream",
"with",
"chemicals",
",",
"bark",
"and",
"o",
"##oz",
"##e",
".",
".",
".",
".",
"the",
"once",
"fine",
"covers",
"and",
"thick",
"##ets",
"are",
"converted",
"into",
"fields",
"thick",
"##ly",
"dotted",
"with",
"blackened",
"stump",
"##s",
".",
"and",
",",
"to",
"crown",
"the",
"des",
"##ola",
"##tion",
",",
"heavy",
"laden",
"trains",
"of",
"'",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"and",
"jersey",
"shore",
"r",
".",
"r"
] | 879,608 |
= = conservation = = = george washington sears, an early conservationist who wrote under the pen name " nessmuk ", was one of the first to criticize the pennsylvania lumber industry and its destruction of forests and creeks. in his 1884 book woodcraft he wrote of the pine creek watershed where a huge tannery... poisons and blackens the stream with chemicals, bark and ooze.... the once fine covers and thickets are converted into fields thickly dotted with blackened stumps. and, to crown the desolation, heavy laden trains of'the pine creek and jersey shore r. r
| 1,996 |
[
".",
"'",
"go",
"thunder",
"##ing",
"[",
"by",
"]",
"almost",
"hourly",
".",
".",
".",
"of",
"course",
",",
"this",
"is",
"progress",
";",
"but",
",",
"whether",
"backward",
"or",
"forward",
",",
"had",
"better",
"be",
"decided",
"sixty",
"years",
"hence",
".",
"ness",
"##mu",
"##k",
"'",
"s",
"words",
"went",
"mostly",
"un",
"##hee",
"##ded",
"in",
"his",
"lifetime",
"and",
"did",
"not",
"prevent",
"the",
"clear",
"##cut",
"##ting",
"of",
"almost",
"all",
"the",
"virgin",
"forests",
"in",
"pennsylvania",
".",
"sears",
"lived",
"in",
"wells",
"##boro",
"from",
"1844",
"until",
"his",
"death",
"in",
"1890",
",",
"and",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"to",
"describe",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
".",
"he",
"also",
"described",
"a",
"trip",
"to",
"what",
"became",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"park",
"and",
"the",
"view",
"west",
"across",
"the",
"gorge",
"to",
"what",
"became",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
":",
"after",
"a",
"6",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"mile",
"(",
"10",
"km",
")"
] | 879,609 |
.'go thundering [ by ] almost hourly... of course, this is progress ; but, whether backward or forward, had better be decided sixty years hence. nessmuk's words went mostly unheeded in his lifetime and did not prevent the clearcutting of almost all the virgin forests in pennsylvania. sears lived in wellsboro from 1844 until his death in 1890, and was the first to describe the pine creek gorge. he also described a trip to what became leonard harrison state park and the view west across the gorge to what became colton point state park : after a 6 @ - @ mile ( 10 km )
| 1,996 |
[
"bug",
"##gy",
"ride",
",",
"he",
"had",
"to",
"hike",
"7",
"miles",
"(",
"11",
"km",
")",
"through",
"tangle",
"##s",
"of",
"fallen",
"trees",
"and",
"branches",
",",
"down",
"ravine",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"over",
"banks",
"for",
"five",
"hours",
".",
"at",
"last",
"he",
"reached",
"\"",
"the",
"point",
"\"",
",",
"which",
"he",
"wrote",
"was",
"\"",
"the",
"ju",
"##tting",
"terminus",
"of",
"a",
"high",
"ridge",
"which",
"not",
"only",
"commands",
"a",
"capital",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"opposite",
"mountain",
",",
"but",
"also",
"of",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"valley",
",",
"up",
"and",
"down",
"for",
"miles",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"land",
"on",
"which",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"sits",
"was",
"sold",
"to",
"the",
"commonwealth",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"19th",
"century",
"for",
"$",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"50",
"per",
"acre",
"(",
"$",
"6",
"@",
".",
"@",
"25",
"per",
"ha",
")",
"by",
"the",
"pennsylvania",
"joint",
"land",
"and",
"lumber"
] | 879,610 |
buggy ride, he had to hike 7 miles ( 11 km ) through tangles of fallen trees and branches, down ravines, and over banks for five hours. at last he reached " the point ", which he wrote was " the jutting terminus of a high ridge which not only commands a capital view of the opposite mountain, but also of the pine creek valley, up and down for miles ". the land on which colton point state park sits was sold to the commonwealth in the late 19th century for $ 2 @. @ 50 per acre ( $ 6 @. @ 25 per ha ) by the pennsylvania joint land and lumber
| 1,996 |
[
"company",
",",
"which",
"had",
"no",
"further",
"use",
"for",
"it",
".",
"elsewhere",
"in",
"the",
"gorge",
"the",
"state",
"bought",
"land",
"abandoned",
"by",
"lumber",
"companies",
",",
"sometimes",
"for",
"less",
"than",
"$",
"2",
"per",
"acre",
"(",
"$",
"5",
"per",
"ha",
")",
".",
"these",
"purchases",
"became",
"the",
"ti",
"##oga",
"state",
"forest",
",",
"which",
"was",
"officially",
"established",
"in",
"1925",
".",
"as",
"of",
"2015",
"the",
"state",
"forest",
"encompasses",
"165",
"@",
",",
"@",
"05",
"##2",
"acres",
"(",
"66",
"@",
",",
"@",
"79",
"##4",
"ha",
")",
",",
"mostly",
"in",
"ti",
"##oga",
"county",
",",
"and",
"surrounds",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"to",
"the",
"north",
",",
"west",
",",
"and",
"south",
".",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"park",
"is",
"on",
"the",
"eastern",
"border",
"of",
"colton",
"point",
".",
"in",
"1922",
",",
"wells",
"##boro",
"lumber",
"baron",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"donated",
"his",
"picnic",
"grounds",
"on",
"the",
"eastern"
] | 879,611 |
company, which had no further use for it. elsewhere in the gorge the state bought land abandoned by lumber companies, sometimes for less than $ 2 per acre ( $ 5 per ha ). these purchases became the tioga state forest, which was officially established in 1925. as of 2015 the state forest encompasses 165 @, @ 052 acres ( 66 @, @ 794 ha ), mostly in tioga county, and surrounds colton point state park to the north, west, and south. leonard harrison state park is on the eastern border of colton point. in 1922, wellsboro lumber baron leonard harrison donated his picnic grounds on the eastern
| 847 |
[
"rim",
"of",
"the",
"gorge",
"to",
"the",
"commonwealth",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
",",
"which",
"named",
"it",
"\"",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"forest",
"park",
"\"",
".",
"harrison",
"also",
"built",
"two",
"cabins",
",",
"named",
"\"",
"wet",
"##um",
"##ka",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"os",
"##oco",
"##sy",
"\"",
",",
"on",
"the",
"west",
"side",
"of",
"pine",
"creek",
",",
"just",
"north",
"of",
"the",
"mouth",
"of",
"four",
"##mi",
"##le",
"run",
".",
"sometime",
"after",
"1903",
",",
"former",
"pennsylvania",
"governor",
"william",
"a",
".",
"stone",
"built",
"a",
"cabin",
"named",
"\"",
"heart",
"'",
"s",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ease",
"\"",
"just",
"south",
"of",
"the",
"mouth",
"of",
"four",
"##mi",
"##le",
"run",
".",
"in",
"1966",
"these",
"cabins",
"were",
"still",
"standing",
"and",
"were",
"three",
"of",
"\"",
"only",
"four",
"man",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"made",
"structures",
"inside",
"the",
"canyon",
"proper",
"\"",
",",
"but",
"by",
"1993",
"only",
"stone",
"'",
"s",
"cabin"
] | 879,612 |
rim of the gorge to the commonwealth of pennsylvania, which named it " leonard harrison state forest park ". harrison also built two cabins, named " wetumka " and " osocosy ", on the west side of pine creek, just north of the mouth of fourmile run. sometime after 1903, former pennsylvania governor william a. stone built a cabin named " heart's @ - @ ease " just south of the mouth of fourmile run. in 1966 these cabins were still standing and were three of " only four man @ - @ made structures inside the canyon proper ", but by 1993 only stone's cabin
| 30 |
[
"and",
"one",
"of",
"harrison",
"'",
"s",
"cabins",
"remained",
".",
"as",
"of",
"2004",
",",
"these",
"properties",
"were",
"still",
"owned",
"by",
"the",
"stone",
"family",
",",
"and",
"are",
"part",
"of",
"a",
"small",
"parcel",
"of",
"private",
"land",
"within",
"the",
"park",
".",
"the",
"civilian",
"conservation",
"corps",
"(",
"cc",
"##c",
")",
"started",
"work",
"on",
"the",
"park",
"in",
"june",
"1935",
",",
"and",
"it",
"opened",
"as",
"\"",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"forest",
"park",
"\"",
"in",
"1936",
".",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
",",
"founded",
"by",
"united",
"states",
"president",
"franklin",
"d",
".",
"roosevelt",
"during",
"the",
"great",
"depression",
",",
"created",
"jobs",
"for",
"unemployed",
"young",
"men",
"from",
"throughout",
"the",
"united",
"states",
".",
"much",
"of",
"the",
"work",
"of",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
"at",
"colton",
"point",
"is",
"still",
"visible",
"as",
"of",
"2015",
",",
"and",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"many",
"examples",
"of",
"the",
"work",
"of",
"the",
"cc"
] | 879,613 |
and one of harrison's cabins remained. as of 2004, these properties were still owned by the stone family, and are part of a small parcel of private land within the park. the civilian conservation corps ( ccc ) started work on the park in june 1935, and it opened as " colton point state forest park " in 1936. the ccc, founded by united states president franklin d. roosevelt during the great depression, created jobs for unemployed young men from throughout the united states. much of the work of the ccc at colton point is still visible as of 2015, and is one of many examples of the work of the cc
| 84 |
[
"##c",
"throughout",
"north",
"##cent",
"##ral",
"pennsylvania",
".",
"in",
"1936",
",",
"the",
"year",
"the",
"park",
"opened",
",",
"larry",
"wood",
"##in",
"of",
"wells",
"##boro",
"and",
"other",
"ti",
"##oga",
"county",
"business",
"owners",
"began",
"a",
"tourism",
"campaign",
"to",
"promote",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
"grand",
"canyon",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
"\"",
".",
"greyhound",
"bus",
"lines",
"featured",
"a",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"canyon",
"from",
"a",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"lookout",
"on",
"the",
"back",
"cover",
"of",
"its",
"atlantic",
"coast",
"timetable",
".",
"the",
"bus",
"line",
"'",
"s",
"chicago",
"to",
"new",
"york",
"city",
"tour",
"had",
"an",
"overnight",
"stay",
"in",
"wells",
"##boro",
"and",
"a",
"morning",
"visit",
"to",
"the",
"canyon",
"for",
"$",
"3",
".",
"more",
"than",
"300",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"tourists",
"visited",
"the",
"canyon",
"by",
"the",
"autumn",
"of",
"1936",
",",
"and",
"15",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"visited",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"over"
] | 879,614 |
##c throughout northcentral pennsylvania. in 1936, the year the park opened, larry woodin of wellsboro and other tioga county business owners began a tourism campaign to promote the pine creek gorge as " the grand canyon of pennsylvania ". greyhound bus lines featured a view of the canyon from a leonard harrison lookout on the back cover of its atlantic coast timetable. the bus line's chicago to new york city tour had an overnight stay in wellsboro and a morning visit to the canyon for $ 3. more than 300 @, @ 000 tourists visited the canyon by the autumn of 1936, and 15 @, @ 000 visited leonard harrison over
| 574 |
[
"memorial",
"day",
"weekend",
"in",
"1937",
".",
"that",
"year",
"more",
"visitors",
"came",
"to",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"than",
"to",
"yellowstone",
"national",
"park",
".",
"in",
"response",
"to",
"the",
"heavy",
"use",
"of",
"the",
"local",
"roads",
",",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
"widened",
"the",
"highways",
"in",
"the",
"area",
",",
"and",
"guides",
"from",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
"gave",
"tours",
"of",
"the",
"canyon",
".",
"colton",
"point",
"originally",
"opened",
"with",
"only",
"\"",
"limited",
"facilities",
"\"",
",",
"but",
"the",
"success",
"of",
"the",
"tourism",
"campaign",
"led",
"to",
"the",
"park",
"'",
"s",
"expansion",
"by",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
".",
"new",
"facilities",
"were",
"added",
"in",
"1938",
",",
"and",
"included",
"buildings",
"such",
"as",
"picnic",
"pavilion",
"##s",
",",
"la",
"##tri",
"##nes",
",",
"and",
"a",
"concession",
"stand",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"\"",
"stone",
"cook",
"stove",
"##s",
",",
"tables",
",",
"and",
"developed",
"trails",
"and",
"overlook",
"##s",
"."
] | 879,615 |
memorial day weekend in 1937. that year more visitors came to the pine creek gorge than to yellowstone national park. in response to the heavy use of the local roads, the ccc widened the highways in the area, and guides from the ccc gave tours of the canyon. colton point originally opened with only " limited facilities ", but the success of the tourism campaign led to the park's expansion by the ccc. new facilities were added in 1938, and included buildings such as picnic pavilions, latrines, and a concession stand, as well as " stone cook stoves, tables, and developed trails and overlooks.
| 891 |
[
".",
".",
"an",
"amazing",
"amount",
"of",
"work",
"in",
"one",
"year",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
"also",
"built",
"the",
"road",
"to",
"the",
"park",
"and",
"planted",
"stands",
"of",
"la",
"##rch",
",",
"spruce",
"and",
"white",
"pine",
"for",
"ref",
"##orestation",
".",
"on",
"february",
"12",
",",
"1987",
",",
"the",
"entire",
"36",
"##8",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"acre",
"(",
"149",
"ha",
")",
"park",
"was",
"listed",
"in",
"the",
"national",
"register",
"of",
"historic",
"places",
"(",
"nrhp",
")",
",",
"including",
"\"",
"eight",
"buildings",
"and",
"nine",
"structures",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"park",
"has",
"five",
"cc",
"##c",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"built",
"picnic",
"shelters",
":",
"pavilion",
"##s",
"1",
",",
"3",
",",
"and",
"4",
"are",
"made",
"of",
"stone",
"and",
"timber",
"with",
"stone",
"fireplace",
"##s",
",",
"while",
"pavilion",
"##s",
"2",
"and",
"5",
"each",
"has",
"log",
"columns",
"that",
"support",
"a",
"pyramid",
"##al",
"roof",
".",
"the"
] | 879,616 |
.. an amazing amount of work in one year ". the ccc also built the road to the park and planted stands of larch, spruce and white pine for reforestation. on february 12, 1987, the entire 368 @ - @ acre ( 149 ha ) park was listed in the national register of historic places ( nrhp ), including " eight buildings and nine structures ". the park has five ccc @ - @ built picnic shelters : pavilions 1, 3, and 4 are made of stone and timber with stone fireplaces, while pavilions 2 and 5 each has log columns that support a pyramidal roof. the
| 883 |
[
"cc",
"##c",
"also",
"built",
"six",
"rustic",
"la",
"##tri",
"##nes",
"with",
"clap",
"##board",
"siding",
"and",
"gable",
"roofs",
",",
"and",
"an",
"underground",
"reservoir",
"that",
"is",
"covered",
"with",
"a",
"low",
"hip",
"##ped",
"roof",
".",
"additional",
"structures",
"constructed",
"by",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
"include",
"three",
"overlook",
"##s",
"and",
"a",
"rectangular",
"gable",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"roofed",
"maintenance",
"building",
"with",
"wan",
"##e",
"edge",
"siding",
"and",
"exposed",
"raft",
"##ers",
"made",
"of",
"logs",
".",
"the",
"structures",
"built",
"by",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
"are",
"noteworthy",
"in",
"that",
"they",
"ex",
"##em",
"##plify",
"the",
"rustic",
"style",
"of",
"construction",
"that",
"was",
"prevalent",
"at",
"national",
"and",
"state",
"parks",
"built",
"during",
"the",
"great",
"depression",
".",
"workers",
"used",
"locally",
"found",
",",
"natural",
"materials",
"in",
"construction",
"that",
"blended",
"with",
"the",
"natural",
"surroundings",
".",
"not",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
"'",
"s",
"work",
"has",
"survived",
".",
"a"
] | 879,617 |
ccc also built six rustic latrines with clapboard siding and gable roofs, and an underground reservoir that is covered with a low hipped roof. additional structures constructed by the ccc include three overlooks and a rectangular gable @ - @ roofed maintenance building with wane edge siding and exposed rafters made of logs. the structures built by the ccc are noteworthy in that they exemplify the rustic style of construction that was prevalent at national and state parks built during the great depression. workers used locally found, natural materials in construction that blended with the natural surroundings. not all of the ccc's work has survived. a
| 810 |
[
"concession",
"stand",
"was",
"built",
"by",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
"and",
"sold",
"food",
"and",
"so",
"##uven",
"##irs",
"from",
"the",
"late",
"1930s",
"to",
"at",
"least",
"1953",
",",
"but",
"was",
"not",
"listed",
"on",
"the",
"1986",
"nrhp",
"nomination",
"form",
".",
"the",
"cc",
"##c",
"also",
"built",
"a",
"brick",
"and",
"stone",
"inc",
"##iner",
"##ator",
",",
"but",
"it",
"is",
"in",
"ruins",
"now",
".",
"the",
"pennsylvania",
"geographic",
"board",
"dropped",
"the",
"word",
"\"",
"forest",
"\"",
"and",
"officially",
"named",
"it",
"\"",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"\"",
"on",
"november",
"11",
",",
"1954",
".",
"the",
"first",
"major",
"change",
"in",
"the",
"park",
"was",
"in",
"1970",
",",
"when",
"a",
"camping",
"area",
"was",
"established",
".",
"that",
"same",
"decade",
"saw",
"the",
"completion",
"of",
"a",
"new",
"water",
"system",
"in",
"1973",
",",
"and",
"a",
"holding",
"tank",
"dump",
"station",
"was",
"added",
"to",
"the",
"camping",
"area",
"in",
"1977",
"."
] | 879,618 |
concession stand was built by the ccc and sold food and souvenirs from the late 1930s to at least 1953, but was not listed on the 1986 nrhp nomination form. the ccc also built a brick and stone incinerator, but it is in ruins now. the pennsylvania geographic board dropped the word " forest " and officially named it " colton point state park " on november 11, 1954. the first major change in the park was in 1970, when a camping area was established. that same decade saw the completion of a new water system in 1973, and a holding tank dump station was added to the camping area in 1977.
| 812 |
[
"a",
"park",
"office",
"was",
"built",
"in",
"1983",
",",
"but",
"as",
"of",
"2009",
"the",
"park",
"headquarters",
"are",
"in",
"the",
"adjoining",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"park",
"and",
"the",
"colton",
"point",
"office",
"does",
"not",
"appear",
"on",
"the",
"official",
"park",
"map",
".",
"pine",
"creek",
"was",
"named",
"a",
"state",
"scenic",
"river",
"on",
"december",
"4",
",",
"1992",
",",
"which",
"ensured",
"further",
"protection",
"of",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"in",
"its",
"natural",
"state",
".",
"in",
"1997",
"the",
"park",
"'",
"s",
"important",
"bird",
"area",
"(",
"ib",
"##a",
")",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"73",
"ib",
"##as",
"established",
"in",
"pennsylvania",
".",
"in",
"2000",
"the",
"park",
"became",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"hills",
"creek",
"state",
"park",
"complex",
",",
"an",
"administrative",
"grouping",
"of",
"eight",
"state",
"parks",
"in",
"potter",
"and",
"ti",
"##oga",
"counties",
".",
"as",
"of",
"2004",
",",
"the",
"park",
"does",
"not",
"have",
"telephone",
"or"
] | 879,619 |
a park office was built in 1983, but as of 2009 the park headquarters are in the adjoining leonard harrison state park and the colton point office does not appear on the official park map. pine creek was named a state scenic river on december 4, 1992, which ensured further protection of pine creek gorge in its natural state. in 1997 the park's important bird area ( iba ) was one of the first 73 ibas established in pennsylvania. in 2000 the park became part of the hills creek state park complex, an administrative grouping of eight state parks in potter and tioga counties. as of 2004, the park does not have telephone or
| 1,996 |
[
"electrical",
"lines",
",",
"although",
"it",
"uses",
"solar",
"cells",
"for",
"limited",
"electricity",
"needs",
".",
"the",
"second",
"half",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
"also",
"saw",
"significant",
"changes",
"to",
"the",
"rail",
"line",
"through",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
".",
"regular",
"passenger",
"service",
"on",
"the",
"canyon",
"line",
"ended",
"after",
"the",
"second",
"world",
"war",
",",
"and",
"in",
"1960",
"the",
"second",
"set",
"of",
"train",
"tracks",
"was",
"removed",
".",
"con",
"##rail",
"abandoned",
"the",
"section",
"of",
"the",
"railroad",
"that",
"passed",
"through",
"the",
"gorge",
"on",
"september",
"21",
",",
"1988",
".",
"the",
"right",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"of",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"way",
"eventually",
"became",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"rail",
"trail",
",",
"which",
"follows",
"the",
"path",
"of",
"the",
"former",
"pine",
"creek",
"path",
".",
"the",
"first",
"section",
"of",
"the",
"rail",
"trail",
"opened",
"in",
"1996",
"and",
"included",
"the",
"1",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"mile",
"(",
"1"
] | 879,620 |
electrical lines, although it uses solar cells for limited electricity needs. the second half of the 20th century also saw significant changes to the rail line through the pine creek gorge. regular passenger service on the canyon line ended after the second world war, and in 1960 the second set of train tracks was removed. conrail abandoned the section of the railroad that passed through the gorge on september 21, 1988. the right @ - @ of @ - @ way eventually became the pine creek rail trail, which follows the path of the former pine creek path. the first section of the rail trail opened in 1996 and included the 1 @ - @ mile ( 1
| 1,996 |
[
"@",
".",
"@",
"6",
"km",
")",
"section",
"in",
"the",
"park",
":",
"as",
"of",
"2015",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"rail",
"trail",
"is",
"62",
"miles",
"(",
"100",
"km",
")",
"long",
".",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"continued",
"to",
"attract",
"national",
"attention",
"in",
"the",
"post",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"war",
"era",
".",
"the",
"new",
"york",
"times",
"featured",
"the",
"park",
"and",
"its",
"\"",
"breath",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"taking",
"views",
"of",
"the",
"gorge",
"\"",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"its",
"trails",
"and",
"location",
"in",
"the",
"wild",
"##s",
"of",
"the",
"state",
"forest",
"in",
"a",
"1950",
"article",
",",
"and",
"in",
"1966",
"praised",
"the",
"white",
"##water",
"boating",
"on",
"pine",
"creek",
"and",
"the",
"park",
"'",
"s",
"\"",
"outstanding",
"look",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"out",
"points",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
",",
"including",
"colton",
"point",
"and",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"parks",
"and",
"a",
"12"
] | 879,621 |
@. @ 6 km ) section in the park : as of 2015 the pine creek rail trail is 62 miles ( 100 km ) long. colton point state park continued to attract national attention in the post @ - @ war era. the new york times featured the park and its " breath @ - @ taking views of the gorge " as well as its trails and location in the wilds of the state forest in a 1950 article, and in 1966 praised the whitewater boating on pine creek and the park's " outstanding look @ - @ out points ". the pine creek gorge, including colton point and leonard harrison state parks and a 12
| 1,996 |
[
"@",
"-",
"@",
"mile",
"(",
"19",
"km",
")",
"section",
"of",
"ti",
"##oga",
"state",
"forest",
",",
"was",
"named",
"a",
"national",
"natural",
"landmark",
"(",
"n",
"##nl",
")",
"in",
"april",
"1968",
".",
"a",
"1973",
"new",
"york",
"times",
"article",
"on",
"white",
"##water",
"canoe",
"##ing",
"noted",
"the",
"damage",
"along",
"pine",
"creek",
"done",
"by",
"hurricane",
"agnes",
"the",
"year",
"before",
".",
"another",
"times",
"story",
"in",
"2002",
"noted",
"the",
"park",
"for",
"its",
"beauty",
"and",
"wildlife",
",",
"and",
"cited",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"starting",
"point",
"for",
"hiking",
"the",
"west",
"rim",
"trail",
".",
"in",
"the",
"new",
"millennium",
",",
"the",
"two",
"state",
"parks",
"on",
"either",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"are",
"frequently",
"treated",
"as",
"one",
".",
"a",
"2002",
"new",
"york",
"times",
"article",
"called",
"colton",
"point",
"and",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"parks",
"\"",
"two",
"state",
"parks",
",",
"divided",
"by",
"a",
"canyon"
] | 879,622 |
@ - @ mile ( 19 km ) section of tioga state forest, was named a national natural landmark ( nnl ) in april 1968. a 1973 new york times article on whitewater canoeing noted the damage along pine creek done by hurricane agnes the year before. another times story in 2002 noted the park for its beauty and wildlife, and cited it as a starting point for hiking the west rim trail. in the new millennium, the two state parks on either side of the pine creek gorge are frequently treated as one. a 2002 new york times article called colton point and leonard harrison state parks " two state parks, divided by a canyon
| 1,996 |
[
"\"",
"and",
"noted",
"their",
"\"",
"overlook",
"##s",
"offer",
"the",
"most",
"spectacular",
"views",
"\"",
".",
"colton",
"point",
"and",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"were",
"each",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"list",
"of",
"state",
"parks",
"chosen",
"by",
"the",
"dc",
"##nr",
"pennsylvania",
"bureau",
"of",
"parks",
"for",
"its",
"\"",
"25",
"must",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"see",
"pennsylvania",
"state",
"parks",
"\"",
"list",
".",
"the",
"dc",
"##nr",
"describes",
"how",
"they",
"\"",
"offer",
"spectacular",
"vista",
"##s",
"and",
"a",
"fabulous",
"view",
"of",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
",",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"pennsylvania",
"'",
"s",
"grand",
"canyon",
"\"",
".",
"it",
"goes",
"on",
"to",
"praise",
"their",
"inclusion",
"in",
"a",
"national",
"natural",
"landmark",
"and",
"state",
"park",
"natural",
"area",
",",
"hiking",
"and",
"trails",
",",
"and",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"rail",
"trail",
"and",
"bi",
"##cy",
"##cl",
"##ing",
".",
"=",
"=",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"=",
"=",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"lies"
] | 879,623 |
" and noted their " overlooks offer the most spectacular views ". colton point and leonard harrison were each included in the list of state parks chosen by the dcnr pennsylvania bureau of parks for its " 25 must @ - @ see pennsylvania state parks " list. the dcnr describes how they " offer spectacular vistas and a fabulous view of pine creek gorge, also known as pennsylvania's grand canyon ". it goes on to praise their inclusion in a national natural landmark and state park natural area, hiking and trails, and the pine creek rail trail and bicycling. = = pine creek gorge = = colton point state park lies
| 1,996 |
[
"on",
"the",
"west",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
",",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"grand",
"canyon",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
".",
"a",
"sister",
"park",
",",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"park",
",",
"is",
"on",
"the",
"east",
"side",
",",
"and",
"the",
"two",
"parks",
"combined",
"form",
"essentially",
"one",
"large",
"park",
"that",
"includes",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"gorge",
"and",
"creek",
"and",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"plateau",
"di",
"##sse",
"##cted",
"by",
"the",
"gorge",
".",
"pine",
"creek",
"has",
"carved",
"the",
"gorge",
"nearly",
"47",
"miles",
"(",
"76",
"km",
")",
"through",
"the",
"di",
"##sse",
"##cted",
"allegheny",
"plateau",
"in",
"north",
"##cent",
"##ral",
"pennsylvania",
".",
"the",
"canyon",
"begins",
"in",
"southwestern",
"ti",
"##oga",
"county",
",",
"just",
"south",
"of",
"the",
"village",
"of",
"anson",
"##ia",
",",
"and",
"continues",
"south",
"to",
"near",
"the",
"village",
"of",
"water",
"##ville",
"in",
"l",
"##y",
"##coming",
"county",
".",
"the",
"depth",
"of",
"the"
] | 879,624 |
on the west side of the pine creek gorge, also known as the grand canyon of pennsylvania. a sister park, leonard harrison state park, is on the east side, and the two parks combined form essentially one large park that includes parts of the gorge and creek and parts of the plateau dissected by the gorge. pine creek has carved the gorge nearly 47 miles ( 76 km ) through the dissected allegheny plateau in northcentral pennsylvania. the canyon begins in southwestern tioga county, just south of the village of ansonia, and continues south to near the village of waterville in lycoming county. the depth of the
| 1,996 |
[
"gorge",
"in",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"is",
"about",
"800",
"feet",
"(",
"240",
"m",
")",
"and",
"it",
"measures",
"nearly",
"4",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"feet",
"(",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"200",
"m",
")",
"across",
".",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"national",
"natural",
"landmark",
"includes",
"colton",
"point",
"and",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"parks",
"and",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"ti",
"##oga",
"state",
"forest",
"along",
"12",
"miles",
"(",
"19",
"km",
")",
"of",
"pine",
"creek",
"between",
"anson",
"##ia",
"and",
"blackwell",
".",
"this",
"federal",
"program",
"does",
"not",
"provide",
"any",
"extra",
"protection",
"beyond",
"that",
"offered",
"by",
"the",
"land",
"owner",
".",
"the",
"national",
"park",
"service",
"'",
"s",
"designation",
"of",
"the",
"gorge",
"as",
"a",
"national",
"natural",
"landmark",
"notes",
"that",
"it",
"\"",
"contains",
"super",
"##lative",
"scenery",
",",
"geological",
"and",
"ecological",
"value",
",",
"and",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"finest",
"examples",
"of",
"a"
] | 879,625 |
gorge in colton point state park is about 800 feet ( 240 m ) and it measures nearly 4 @, @ 000 feet ( 1 @, @ 200 m ) across. the pine creek gorge national natural landmark includes colton point and leonard harrison state parks and parts of the tioga state forest along 12 miles ( 19 km ) of pine creek between ansonia and blackwell. this federal program does not provide any extra protection beyond that offered by the land owner. the national park service's designation of the gorge as a national natural landmark notes that it " contains superlative scenery, geological and ecological value, and is one of the finest examples of a
| 1,996 |
[
"deep",
"gorge",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"united",
"states",
".",
"\"",
"the",
"gorge",
"is",
"also",
"protected",
"by",
"the",
"state",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
"as",
"the",
"12",
"@",
",",
"@",
"163",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"acre",
"(",
"4",
"@",
",",
"@",
"92",
"##2",
"ha",
")",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"natural",
"area",
",",
"which",
"is",
"the",
"second",
"largest",
"state",
"natural",
"area",
"in",
"pennsylvania",
".",
"within",
"this",
"area",
",",
"69",
"##9",
"acres",
"(",
"283",
"ha",
")",
"of",
"colton",
"point",
"and",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"parks",
"are",
"designated",
"a",
"state",
"park",
"natural",
"area",
".",
"the",
"state",
"natural",
"area",
"runs",
"along",
"pine",
"creek",
"from",
"darling",
"run",
"in",
"the",
"north",
"(",
"just",
"below",
"anson",
"##ia",
")",
"to",
"jerry",
"run",
"in",
"the",
"south",
"(",
"just",
"above",
"blackwell",
")",
".",
"it",
"is",
"approximately",
"12",
"miles",
"(",
"19",
"km",
")",
"long",
"and",
"2",
"miles"
] | 879,626 |
deep gorge in the eastern united states. " the gorge is also protected by the state of pennsylvania as the 12 @, @ 163 @ - @ acre ( 4 @, @ 922 ha ) pine creek gorge natural area, which is the second largest state natural area in pennsylvania. within this area, 699 acres ( 283 ha ) of colton point and leonard harrison state parks are designated a state park natural area. the state natural area runs along pine creek from darling run in the north ( just below ansonia ) to jerry run in the south ( just above blackwell ). it is approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) long and 2 miles
| 1,996 |
[
"(",
"3",
"km",
")",
"wide",
",",
"with",
"state",
"forest",
"roads",
"providing",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"western",
"border",
"and",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"eastern",
"border",
".",
"within",
"the",
"park",
",",
"pine",
"creek",
"and",
"the",
"walls",
"of",
"the",
"gorge",
"\"",
"visible",
"from",
"the",
"opposite",
"shoreline",
"\"",
"are",
"also",
"protected",
"by",
"the",
"state",
"as",
"a",
"pennsylvania",
"scenic",
"river",
".",
"in",
"1968",
"pine",
"creek",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"only",
"27",
"rivers",
"originally",
"designated",
"as",
"eligible",
"to",
"be",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"national",
"wild",
"and",
"scenic",
"rivers",
"system",
",",
"and",
"one",
"of",
"only",
"eight",
"specifically",
"mentioned",
"in",
"the",
"law",
"establishing",
"the",
"program",
".",
"before",
"pine",
"creek",
"could",
"be",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"federal",
"program",
",",
"the",
"state",
"enacted",
"its",
"state",
"scenic",
"rivers",
"act",
",",
"then",
"asked",
"that",
"pine",
"creek",
"be",
"withdrawn",
"from",
"the",
"national",
"designation",
".",
"there",
"was"
] | 879,627 |
( 3 km ) wide, with state forest roads providing all of the western border and part of the eastern border. within the park, pine creek and the walls of the gorge " visible from the opposite shoreline " are also protected by the state as a pennsylvania scenic river. in 1968 pine creek was one of only 27 rivers originally designated as eligible to be included in the national wild and scenic rivers system, and one of only eight specifically mentioned in the law establishing the program. before pine creek could be included in the federal program, the state enacted its state scenic rivers act, then asked that pine creek be withdrawn from the national designation. there was
| 1,996 |
[
"much",
"local",
"opposition",
"to",
"its",
"inclusion",
",",
"based",
"at",
"least",
"partly",
"on",
"mistaken",
"fears",
"that",
"protection",
"would",
"involve",
"seizure",
"of",
"private",
"property",
"and",
"restricted",
"access",
".",
"eventually",
"this",
"opposition",
"was",
"overcome",
",",
"but",
"pennsylvania",
"did",
"not",
"officially",
"include",
"it",
"as",
"one",
"of",
"its",
"own",
"state",
"scenic",
"and",
"wild",
"rivers",
"until",
"november",
"25",
",",
"1992",
".",
"the",
"state",
"treated",
"pine",
"creek",
"as",
"a",
"state",
"scenic",
"river",
"between",
"1968",
"and",
"1992",
".",
"it",
"protected",
"the",
"creek",
"from",
"dam",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"building",
"and",
"water",
"withdrawal",
"##s",
"for",
"power",
"plants",
",",
"and",
"added",
"public",
"access",
"points",
"to",
"reduce",
"tres",
"##pass",
"##ing",
"on",
"private",
"property",
"by",
"visitors",
"to",
"the",
"creek",
".",
"=",
"=",
"geology",
"and",
"climate",
"=",
"=",
"although",
"the",
"rock",
"formations",
"exposed",
"in",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"and",
"the",
"pine",
"creek"
] | 879,628 |
much local opposition to its inclusion, based at least partly on mistaken fears that protection would involve seizure of private property and restricted access. eventually this opposition was overcome, but pennsylvania did not officially include it as one of its own state scenic and wild rivers until november 25, 1992. the state treated pine creek as a state scenic river between 1968 and 1992. it protected the creek from dam @ - @ building and water withdrawals for power plants, and added public access points to reduce trespassing on private property by visitors to the creek. = = geology and climate = = although the rock formations exposed in colton point state park and the pine creek
| 1,996 |
[
"gorge",
"are",
"at",
"least",
"300",
"million",
"years",
"old",
",",
"the",
"gorge",
"itself",
"formed",
"about",
"20",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"years",
"ago",
",",
"in",
"the",
"last",
"ice",
"age",
".",
"pine",
"creek",
"had",
"flowed",
"northeast",
"##erly",
"until",
"then",
",",
"but",
"was",
"dam",
"##med",
"by",
"rocks",
",",
"soil",
",",
"ice",
",",
"and",
"other",
"debris",
"deposited",
"by",
"the",
"rec",
"##eding",
"laurent",
"##ide",
"continental",
"glacier",
".",
"the",
"dam",
"##med",
"creek",
"formed",
"a",
"lake",
"near",
"what",
"would",
"later",
"be",
"the",
"village",
"of",
"anson",
"##ia",
",",
"and",
"the",
"lake",
"'",
"s",
"glacial",
"melt",
"##water",
"over",
"##flow",
"##ed",
"the",
"debris",
"dam",
",",
"rev",
"##ers",
"##ing",
"the",
"flow",
"of",
"pine",
"creek",
".",
"the",
"creek",
"flooded",
"to",
"the",
"south",
"and",
"quickly",
"carved",
"a",
"deep",
"channel",
"on",
"its",
"way",
"to",
"the",
"west",
"branch",
"susquehanna",
"river",
".",
"the",
"park",
"is"
] | 879,629 |
gorge are at least 300 million years old, the gorge itself formed about 20 @, @ 000 years ago, in the last ice age. pine creek had flowed northeasterly until then, but was dammed by rocks, soil, ice, and other debris deposited by the receding laurentide continental glacier. the dammed creek formed a lake near what would later be the village of ansonia, and the lake's glacial meltwater overflowed the debris dam, reversing the flow of pine creek. the creek flooded to the south and quickly carved a deep channel on its way to the west branch susquehanna river. the park is
| 1,996 |
[
"at",
"an",
"elevation",
"of",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"63",
"##7",
"feet",
"(",
"49",
"##9",
"m",
")",
"on",
"the",
"allegheny",
"plateau",
",",
"which",
"formed",
"in",
"the",
"all",
"##eg",
"##hen",
"##ian",
"oro",
"##geny",
"some",
"300",
"million",
"years",
"ago",
",",
"when",
"go",
"##nd",
"##wana",
"(",
"specifically",
"what",
"became",
"africa",
")",
"and",
"what",
"became",
"north",
"america",
"collided",
",",
"forming",
"pang",
"##aea",
".",
"although",
"the",
"gorge",
"and",
"its",
"surroundings",
"seem",
"to",
"be",
"mountainous",
",",
"the",
"area",
"is",
"a",
"di",
"##sse",
"##cted",
"plateau",
".",
"years",
"of",
"erosion",
"have",
"cut",
"away",
"the",
"soft",
"rocks",
",",
"forming",
"the",
"valleys",
",",
"and",
"left",
"the",
"hardest",
"of",
"the",
"ancient",
"rocks",
"relatively",
"untouched",
"on",
"the",
"top",
"of",
"sharp",
"ridges",
",",
"giving",
"them",
"the",
"appearance",
"of",
"\"",
"mountains",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"land",
"on",
"which",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"sits",
"was"
] | 879,630 |
at an elevation of 1 @, @ 637 feet ( 499 m ) on the allegheny plateau, which formed in the alleghenian orogeny some 300 million years ago, when gondwana ( specifically what became africa ) and what became north america collided, forming pangaea. although the gorge and its surroundings seem to be mountainous, the area is a dissected plateau. years of erosion have cut away the soft rocks, forming the valleys, and left the hardest of the ancient rocks relatively untouched on the top of sharp ridges, giving them the appearance of " mountains ". the land on which colton point state park sits was
| 1,476 |
[
"once",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"coastline",
"of",
"a",
"shallow",
"sea",
"that",
"covered",
"a",
"great",
"portion",
"of",
"what",
"is",
"now",
"north",
"america",
".",
"the",
"high",
"mountains",
"to",
"the",
"east",
"of",
"the",
"sea",
"gradually",
"eroded",
",",
"causing",
"a",
"build",
"##up",
"of",
"sediment",
"made",
"up",
"primarily",
"of",
"clay",
",",
"sand",
"and",
"gravel",
".",
"tremendous",
"pressure",
"on",
"the",
"sediment",
"caused",
"the",
"formation",
"of",
"the",
"rocks",
"that",
"are",
"found",
"today",
"in",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"drainage",
"basin",
":",
"sandstone",
",",
"shale",
",",
"conglomerate",
"##s",
",",
"limestone",
",",
"and",
"coal",
".",
"five",
"major",
"rock",
"formations",
"present",
"in",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"are",
"from",
"the",
"devon",
"##ian",
"and",
"carbon",
"##iferous",
"periods",
".",
"the",
"youngest",
"of",
"these",
",",
"which",
"forms",
"the",
"highest",
"points",
"in",
"the",
"park",
"and",
"along",
"the",
"gorge",
",",
"is",
"the",
"early",
"pennsylvania",
"##n",
"pot",
"##ts"
] | 879,631 |
once part of the coastline of a shallow sea that covered a great portion of what is now north america. the high mountains to the east of the sea gradually eroded, causing a buildup of sediment made up primarily of clay, sand and gravel. tremendous pressure on the sediment caused the formation of the rocks that are found today in the pine creek drainage basin : sandstone, shale, conglomerates, limestone, and coal. five major rock formations present in colton point state park are from the devonian and carboniferous periods. the youngest of these, which forms the highest points in the park and along the gorge, is the early pennsylvanian potts
| 1,475 |
[
"##ville",
"formation",
",",
"a",
"gray",
"conglomerate",
"that",
"may",
"contain",
"sandstone",
",",
"si",
"##lts",
"##tone",
",",
"and",
"shale",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"ant",
"##hra",
"##cite",
"coal",
".",
"low",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sulfur",
"coal",
"was",
"once",
"mined",
"at",
"three",
"locations",
"within",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"watershed",
".",
"below",
"this",
"is",
"the",
"late",
"mississippi",
"##an",
"ma",
"##uch",
"chunk",
"formation",
",",
"which",
"is",
"formed",
"with",
"gray",
"##ish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"red",
"shale",
",",
"si",
"##lts",
"##tone",
",",
"sandstone",
",",
"and",
"conglomerate",
".",
"mills",
"##tones",
"were",
"once",
"carved",
"from",
"the",
"exposed",
"sections",
"of",
"this",
"conglomerate",
".",
"together",
"the",
"pot",
"##ts",
"##ville",
"and",
"ma",
"##uch",
"chunk",
"formations",
"are",
"some",
"300",
"feet",
"(",
"91",
"m",
")",
"thick",
".",
"next",
"below",
"these",
"is",
"the",
"late",
"devon",
"##ian",
"and",
"early",
"mississippi",
"##an",
"hunt",
"##ley",
"mountain",
"formation",
",",
"which"
] | 879,632 |
##ville formation, a gray conglomerate that may contain sandstone, siltstone, and shale, as well as anthracite coal. low @ - @ sulfur coal was once mined at three locations within the pine creek watershed. below this is the late mississippian mauch chunk formation, which is formed with grayish @ - @ red shale, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate. millstones were once carved from the exposed sections of this conglomerate. together the pottsville and mauch chunk formations are some 300 feet ( 91 m ) thick. next below these is the late devonian and early mississippian huntley mountain formation, which
| 1,475 |
[
"is",
"made",
"of",
"relatively",
"soft",
"gray",
"##ish",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"red",
"shale",
"and",
"olive",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"gray",
"sandstone",
".",
"this",
"is",
"relatively",
"hard",
"rock",
"and",
"forms",
"many",
"of",
"the",
"ridges",
".",
"below",
"this",
"is",
"the",
"red",
"shale",
"and",
"si",
"##lts",
"##tone",
"of",
"the",
"cats",
"##kill",
"formation",
",",
"about",
"760",
"feet",
"(",
"230",
"m",
")",
"thick",
"and",
"some",
"375",
"million",
"years",
"old",
".",
"this",
"layer",
"is",
"relatively",
"soft",
"and",
"easily",
"eroded",
",",
"which",
"helped",
"to",
"form",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
".",
"cliffs",
"formed",
"by",
"the",
"hunt",
"##ley",
"mountain",
"and",
"cats",
"##kill",
"formations",
"are",
"visible",
"north",
"of",
"the",
"park",
"at",
"bar",
"##bour",
"rock",
".",
"the",
"lowest",
"and",
"oldest",
"layer",
"is",
"the",
"lock",
"haven",
"formation",
",",
"which",
"is",
"gray",
"to",
"green",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"brown",
"si",
"##lts",
"##tone",
"and",
"shale"
] | 879,633 |
is made of relatively soft grayish @ - @ red shale and olive @ - @ gray sandstone. this is relatively hard rock and forms many of the ridges. below this is the red shale and siltstone of the catskill formation, about 760 feet ( 230 m ) thick and some 375 million years old. this layer is relatively soft and easily eroded, which helped to form the pine creek gorge. cliffs formed by the huntley mountain and catskill formations are visible north of the park at barbour rock. the lowest and oldest layer is the lock haven formation, which is gray to green @ - @ brown siltstone and shale
| 1,475 |
[
"over",
"400",
"million",
"years",
"old",
".",
"it",
"forms",
"the",
"base",
"of",
"the",
"gorge",
",",
"contains",
"marine",
"fossils",
",",
"and",
"is",
"up",
"to",
"600",
"feet",
"(",
"180",
"m",
")",
"thick",
".",
"the",
"allegheny",
"plateau",
"has",
"a",
"continental",
"climate",
",",
"with",
"occasional",
"severe",
"low",
"temperatures",
"in",
"winter",
"and",
"average",
"daily",
"temperature",
"ranges",
"of",
"20",
"°",
"f",
"(",
"11",
"°",
"c",
")",
"in",
"winter",
"and",
"26",
"°",
"f",
"(",
"14",
"°",
"c",
")",
"in",
"summer",
".",
"the",
"mean",
"annual",
"precipitation",
"for",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"watershed",
"is",
"36",
"to",
"42",
"inches",
"(",
"91",
"##4",
"to",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"07",
"##0",
"mm",
")",
".",
"the",
"highest",
"recorded",
"temperature",
"at",
"the",
"park",
"was",
"104",
"°",
"f",
"(",
"40",
"°",
"c",
")",
"in",
"1936",
",",
"and",
"the",
"record",
"low",
"was",
"−",
"30",
"°",
"f"
] | 879,634 |
over 400 million years old. it forms the base of the gorge, contains marine fossils, and is up to 600 feet ( 180 m ) thick. the allegheny plateau has a continental climate, with occasional severe low temperatures in winter and average daily temperature ranges of 20 ° f ( 11 ° c ) in winter and 26 ° f ( 14 ° c ) in summer. the mean annual precipitation for the pine creek watershed is 36 to 42 inches ( 914 to 1 @, @ 070 mm ). the highest recorded temperature at the park was 104 ° f ( 40 ° c ) in 1936, and the record low was − 30 ° f
| 1,484 |
[
"(",
"−",
"34",
"°",
"c",
")",
"in",
"1934",
".",
"descriptions",
"from",
"early",
"explorers",
"and",
"settlers",
"give",
"some",
"idea",
"of",
"what",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"was",
"like",
"before",
"it",
"was",
"clear",
"##cut",
".",
"the",
"forest",
"was",
"up",
"to",
"85",
"percent",
"hem",
"##lock",
"and",
"white",
"pine",
";",
"hardwood",
"##s",
"made",
"up",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"forest",
".",
"the",
"area",
"was",
"inhabited",
"by",
"a",
"large",
"number",
"of",
"animal",
"species",
",",
"many",
"of",
"which",
"have",
"vanished",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
".",
"a",
"herd",
"of",
"12",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"american",
"bison",
"migrated",
"along",
"the",
"west",
"branch",
"susquehanna",
"river",
"in",
"1773",
".",
"pine",
"creek",
"was",
"home",
"to",
"large",
"predators",
"such",
"as",
"wolves",
",",
"lynx",
",",
"wolverine",
"##s",
",",
"panthers",
",",
"fisher",
"##s",
",",
"bob",
"##cats",
"and",
"foxes",
";",
"all",
"are"
] | 879,635 |
( − 34 ° c ) in 1934. descriptions from early explorers and settlers give some idea of what the pine creek gorge was like before it was clearcut. the forest was up to 85 percent hemlock and white pine ; hardwoods made up the rest of the forest. the area was inhabited by a large number of animal species, many of which have vanished by the end of the 20th century. a herd of 12 @, @ 000 american bison migrated along the west branch susquehanna river in 1773. pine creek was home to large predators such as wolves, lynx, wolverines, panthers, fishers, bobcats and foxes ; all are
| 1,996 |
[
"locally",
"extinct",
"except",
"for",
"the",
"last",
"three",
"as",
"of",
"2007",
".",
"the",
"area",
"had",
"herds",
"of",
"elk",
"and",
"deer",
",",
"and",
"large",
"numbers",
"of",
"black",
"bears",
",",
"river",
"otter",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"beaver",
"##s",
".",
"in",
"1794",
",",
"two",
"of",
"the",
"earliest",
"white",
"explorers",
"to",
"travel",
"up",
"pine",
"creek",
"found",
"so",
"many",
"rattle",
"##s",
"##na",
"##kes",
"on",
"its",
"banks",
"that",
"they",
"had",
"to",
"sleep",
"in",
"their",
"canoe",
".",
"further",
"upstream",
",",
"insects",
"forced",
"them",
"to",
"do",
"the",
"same",
".",
"the",
"virgin",
"forests",
"cooled",
"the",
"land",
"and",
"streams",
".",
"the",
"creeks",
"and",
"runs",
"flowed",
"more",
"evenly",
"year",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"round",
",",
"since",
"centuries",
"of",
"accumulated",
"organic",
"matter",
"in",
"the",
"forest",
"soil",
"caused",
"slow",
"per",
"##cola",
"##tion",
"of",
"rainfall",
"into",
"them",
".",
"pine",
"creek",
"was",
"home",
"to",
"large",
"numbers"
] | 879,636 |
locally extinct except for the last three as of 2007. the area had herds of elk and deer, and large numbers of black bears, river otters, and beavers. in 1794, two of the earliest white explorers to travel up pine creek found so many rattlesnakes on its banks that they had to sleep in their canoe. further upstream, insects forced them to do the same. the virgin forests cooled the land and streams. the creeks and runs flowed more evenly year @ - @ round, since centuries of accumulated organic matter in the forest soil caused slow percolation of rainfall into them. pine creek was home to large numbers
| 1,478 |
[
"of",
"fish",
",",
"including",
"trout",
",",
"but",
"dams",
"downstream",
"on",
"the",
"susquehanna",
"river",
"have",
"eliminated",
"the",
"sha",
"##d",
",",
"salmon",
",",
"and",
"eels",
"once",
"found",
"here",
"by",
"blocking",
"their",
"migration",
"##s",
".",
"habitat",
"for",
"land",
"animals",
"was",
"destroyed",
"by",
"the",
"clear",
"##cut",
"##ting",
"of",
"forests",
",",
"but",
"there",
"was",
"also",
"a",
"great",
"deal",
"of",
"hunting",
",",
"with",
"bo",
"##unt",
"##ies",
"paid",
"for",
"large",
"predators",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"state",
"natural",
"area",
"and",
"wildlife",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"while",
"colton",
"point",
"and",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"parks",
"and",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"surrounding",
"ti",
"##oga",
"state",
"forest",
"are",
"now",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"national",
"natural",
"landmark",
",",
"it",
"is",
"their",
"status",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"a",
"pennsylvania",
"state",
"natural",
"area",
"that",
"provides",
"the",
"strongest",
"protection",
"for",
"them",
".",
"within",
"this",
"natural",
"area",
","
] | 879,637 |
of fish, including trout, but dams downstream on the susquehanna river have eliminated the shad, salmon, and eels once found here by blocking their migrations. habitat for land animals was destroyed by the clearcutting of forests, but there was also a great deal of hunting, with bounties paid for large predators. = = = state natural area and wildlife = = = while colton point and leonard harrison state parks and parts of the surrounding tioga state forest are now the pine creek gorge national natural landmark, it is their status as part of a pennsylvania state natural area that provides the strongest protection for them. within this natural area,
| 1,443 |
[
"logging",
",",
"mining",
",",
"and",
"drilling",
"for",
"oil",
"and",
"gas",
"are",
"prohibited",
".",
"furthermore",
",",
"only",
"foot",
"trail",
"access",
"is",
"allowed",
".",
"in",
"1988",
"the",
"pennsylvania",
"department",
"of",
"environmental",
"resources",
",",
"precursor",
"to",
"the",
"dc",
"##nr",
",",
"described",
"it",
"as",
"about",
"95",
"%",
"state",
"owned",
",",
"un",
"##ro",
"##ade",
"##d",
",",
"and",
"designated",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"natural",
"area",
".",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"place",
"of",
"unique",
"geologic",
"history",
"and",
"contains",
"some",
"rare",
"plant",
"communities",
",",
"an",
"old",
"growth",
"hem",
"##lock",
"stand",
",",
".",
".",
".",
"active",
"bald",
"eagle",
"nest",
"[",
"s",
"]",
".",
".",
".",
"and",
"is",
"a",
"major",
"site",
"of",
"river",
"otter",
"rein",
"##tro",
"##duction",
".",
"departmental",
"policy",
"is",
"protection",
"of",
"the",
"natural",
"values",
"of",
"the",
"canyon",
"from",
"development",
"and",
"over",
"##use",
",",
"and",
"restoration",
"of",
"the"
] | 879,638 |
logging, mining, and drilling for oil and gas are prohibited. furthermore, only foot trail access is allowed. in 1988 the pennsylvania department of environmental resources, precursor to the dcnr, described it as about 95 % state owned, unroaded, and designated the pine creek gorge natural area. it is a place of unique geologic history and contains some rare plant communities, an old growth hemlock stand,... active bald eagle nest [ s ]... and is a major site of river otter reintroduction. departmental policy is protection of the natural values of the canyon from development and overuse, and restoration of the
| 1,634 |
[
"area",
"to",
"as",
"near",
"a",
"natural",
"condition",
"as",
"possible",
".",
"the",
"gorge",
"has",
"over",
"225",
"species",
"of",
"wild",
"##flower",
"##s",
",",
"plants",
"and",
"trees",
",",
"with",
"scattered",
"stands",
"of",
"old",
"growth",
"forest",
"on",
"some",
"of",
"its",
"steep",
"##est",
"walls",
".",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"gorge",
"is",
"covered",
"with",
"thriving",
"second",
"growth",
"forest",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"over",
"one",
"hundred",
"years",
"old",
".",
"since",
"clear",
"##cut",
"##ting",
",",
"nearly",
"90",
"percent",
"of",
"the",
"forest",
"land",
"has",
"burnt",
"at",
"least",
"once",
".",
"typical",
"south",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"facing",
"slopes",
"here",
"have",
"mountain",
"laurel",
"below",
"oak",
"and",
"hickory",
"trees",
",",
"while",
"north",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"facing",
"slopes",
"tend",
"to",
"have",
"ferns",
"below",
"hem",
"##lock",
"##s",
"and",
"hardwood",
"##s",
".",
"large",
"chestnut",
"##s",
"and",
"black",
"cherry",
"can",
"also",
"be",
"found",
".",
"the",
"grand"
] | 879,639 |
area to as near a natural condition as possible. the gorge has over 225 species of wildflowers, plants and trees, with scattered stands of old growth forest on some of its steepest walls. the rest of the gorge is covered with thriving second growth forest that can be over one hundred years old. since clearcutting, nearly 90 percent of the forest land has burnt at least once. typical south @ - @ facing slopes here have mountain laurel below oak and hickory trees, while north @ - @ facing slopes tend to have ferns below hemlocks and hardwoods. large chestnuts and black cherry can also be found. the grand
| 1,477 |
[
"canyon",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
"is",
"known",
"for",
"its",
"fall",
"foliage",
",",
"and",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"is",
"a",
"popular",
"place",
"to",
"observe",
"the",
"colors",
",",
"with",
"the",
"first",
"three",
"weeks",
"of",
"october",
"as",
"the",
"best",
"time",
"to",
"see",
"the",
"leaves",
"in",
"their",
"full",
"color",
".",
"red",
"leaves",
"are",
"found",
"on",
"red",
"maple",
",",
"black",
"cherry",
",",
"and",
"red",
"oak",
",",
"while",
"orange",
"and",
"yellow",
"leaves",
"are",
"on",
"black",
"walnut",
",",
"sugar",
"maple",
",",
"tu",
"##lip",
"pop",
"##lar",
",",
"chestnut",
"oak",
",",
"aspen",
"and",
"birch",
",",
"and",
"brown",
"leaves",
"are",
"from",
"beech",
",",
"white",
"oak",
",",
"and",
"eastern",
"black",
"oak",
"trees",
".",
"despite",
"the",
"logging",
",",
"there",
"are",
"some",
"old",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"growth",
"hardwood",
"##s",
"and",
"hem",
"##lock",
"##s",
"on",
"four",
"##mi",
"##le",
"run",
".",
"plants",
"of",
"\"",
"special"
] | 879,640 |
canyon of pennsylvania is known for its fall foliage, and colton point state park is a popular place to observe the colors, with the first three weeks of october as the best time to see the leaves in their full color. red leaves are found on red maple, black cherry, and red oak, while orange and yellow leaves are on black walnut, sugar maple, tulip poplar, chestnut oak, aspen and birch, and brown leaves are from beech, white oak, and eastern black oak trees. despite the logging, there are some old @ - @ growth hardwoods and hemlocks on fourmile run. plants of " special
| 1,608 |
[
"concern",
"\"",
"in",
"pennsylvania",
"that",
"are",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"gorge",
"include",
"jacob",
"'",
"s",
"ladder",
",",
"wild",
"pea",
",",
"and",
"hem",
"##lock",
"par",
"##sley",
".",
"there",
"are",
"over",
"40",
"species",
"of",
"mammals",
"in",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
".",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"'",
"s",
"extensive",
"forest",
"cover",
"makes",
"it",
"a",
"habitat",
"for",
"\"",
"big",
"woods",
"\"",
"wildlife",
",",
"including",
"white",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"tailed",
"deer",
",",
"black",
"bear",
",",
"wild",
"turkey",
",",
"red",
"and",
"gray",
"squirrels",
".",
"less",
"common",
"creatures",
"include",
"bob",
"##cats",
",",
"coyote",
",",
"fisher",
"##s",
",",
"river",
"otter",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"timber",
"rattle",
"##s",
"##na",
"##kes",
".",
"there",
"are",
"over",
"26",
"species",
"of",
"fish",
"in",
"pine",
"creek",
",",
"including",
"trout",
",",
"sucker",
"##s",
",",
"fall",
"##fish",
",",
"and",
"rock",
"bass",
".",
"other",
"aquatic",
"species",
"include"
] | 879,641 |
concern " in pennsylvania that are found in the gorge include jacob's ladder, wild pea, and hemlock parsley. there are over 40 species of mammals in the pine creek gorge. colton point state park's extensive forest cover makes it a habitat for " big woods " wildlife, including white @ - @ tailed deer, black bear, wild turkey, red and gray squirrels. less common creatures include bobcats, coyote, fishers, river otters, and timber rattlesnakes. there are over 26 species of fish in pine creek, including trout, suckers, fallfish, and rock bass. other aquatic species include
| 1,996 |
[
"cr",
"##ay",
"##fish",
"and",
"frogs",
".",
"several",
"species",
"have",
"been",
"reintroduced",
"to",
"the",
"gorge",
".",
"white",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"tailed",
"deer",
"were",
"imported",
"from",
"michigan",
"and",
"released",
"throughout",
"pennsylvania",
"to",
"rees",
"##ta",
"##bl",
"##ish",
"what",
"had",
"once",
"been",
"a",
"thriving",
"population",
".",
"the",
"current",
"population",
"of",
"deer",
"in",
"pennsylvania",
"are",
"descended",
"from",
"the",
"original",
"stock",
"introduced",
"since",
"1906",
",",
"after",
"the",
"lumber",
"##men",
"had",
"moved",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"area",
".",
"the",
"deer",
"population",
"has",
"grown",
"so",
"much",
"that",
"today",
"they",
"exceed",
"their",
"carrying",
"capacity",
"in",
"many",
"areas",
".",
"river",
"otter",
"##s",
"were",
"successfully",
"reintroduced",
"in",
"1983",
"and",
"now",
"breed",
"in",
"the",
"gorge",
".",
"despite",
"the",
"otter",
"##s",
"'",
"diet",
"of",
"5",
"percent",
"trout",
",",
"some",
"angle",
"##rs",
"fear",
"the",
"animals",
"would",
"de",
"##ple",
"##te",
"the",
"game",
"fish",
"in"
] | 879,642 |
crayfish and frogs. several species have been reintroduced to the gorge. white @ - @ tailed deer were imported from michigan and released throughout pennsylvania to reestablish what had once been a thriving population. the current population of deer in pennsylvania are descended from the original stock introduced since 1906, after the lumbermen had moved out of the area. the deer population has grown so much that today they exceed their carrying capacity in many areas. river otters were successfully reintroduced in 1983 and now breed in the gorge. despite the otters'diet of 5 percent trout, some anglers fear the animals would deplete the game fish in
| 1,443 |
[
"the",
"gorge",
".",
"fisher",
"##s",
",",
"medium",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sized",
"weasel",
"##s",
",",
"were",
"reintroduced",
"to",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"an",
"effort",
"to",
"establish",
"a",
"healthy",
"population",
"of",
"fisher",
"##s",
"in",
"pennsylvania",
".",
"prior",
"to",
"the",
"lumber",
"era",
",",
"fisher",
"##s",
"were",
"numerous",
"throughout",
"the",
"forests",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
".",
"they",
"are",
"generalized",
"predators",
"and",
"will",
"hunt",
"any",
"smaller",
"creatures",
"in",
"their",
"territory",
",",
"including",
"por",
"##cup",
"##ines",
".",
"elk",
"have",
"been",
"reintroduced",
"west",
"of",
"the",
"gorge",
"in",
"clinton",
"county",
"and",
"occasionally",
"wander",
"near",
"the",
"west",
"rim",
"of",
"the",
"canyon",
".",
"coyotes",
"have",
"come",
"back",
"on",
"their",
"own",
".",
"invasive",
"insect",
"species",
"in",
"the",
"gorge",
"include",
"gypsy",
"moth",
"larvae",
",",
"which",
"eat",
"all",
"the",
"leaves",
"off",
"trees",
",",
"especially",
"oaks",
",",
"and",
"hem",
"##lock",
"wool",
"##ly"
] | 879,643 |
the gorge. fishers, medium @ - @ sized weasels, were reintroduced to pine creek gorge as part of an effort to establish a healthy population of fishers in pennsylvania. prior to the lumber era, fishers were numerous throughout the forests of pennsylvania. they are generalized predators and will hunt any smaller creatures in their territory, including porcupines. elk have been reintroduced west of the gorge in clinton county and occasionally wander near the west rim of the canyon. coyotes have come back on their own. invasive insect species in the gorge include gypsy moth larvae, which eat all the leaves off trees, especially oaks, and hemlock woolly
| 1,558 |
[
"ad",
"##el",
"##gi",
"##ds",
",",
"which",
"weaken",
"and",
"kill",
"hem",
"##lock",
"##s",
".",
"invasive",
"plant",
"species",
"include",
"purple",
"loose",
"##st",
"##ri",
"##fe",
"and",
"japanese",
"knot",
"##weed",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"important",
"bird",
"area",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"is",
"part",
"of",
"important",
"bird",
"area",
"#",
"28",
",",
"which",
"encompasses",
"31",
"@",
",",
"@",
"79",
"##0",
"acres",
"(",
"12",
"@",
",",
"@",
"86",
"##0",
"ha",
")",
"of",
"both",
"publicly",
"and",
"private",
"held",
"land",
".",
"state",
"managed",
"acre",
"##age",
"accounts",
"for",
"68",
"percent",
"of",
"the",
"total",
"area",
"and",
"includes",
"colton",
"point",
"and",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"parks",
"and",
"the",
"surrounding",
"ti",
"##oga",
"state",
"forest",
"lands",
".",
"the",
"pennsylvania",
"au",
"##du",
"##bon",
"society",
"has",
"designated",
"all",
"36",
"##8",
"acres",
"(",
"149",
"ha",
")",
"of",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"as",
"part"
] | 879,644 |
adelgids, which weaken and kill hemlocks. invasive plant species include purple loosestrife and japanese knotweed. = = = important bird area = = = colton point state park is part of important bird area # 28, which encompasses 31 @, @ 790 acres ( 12 @, @ 860 ha ) of both publicly and private held land. state managed acreage accounts for 68 percent of the total area and includes colton point and leonard harrison state parks and the surrounding tioga state forest lands. the pennsylvania audubon society has designated all 368 acres ( 149 ha ) of colton point state park as part
| 1,615 |
[
"of",
"the",
"ib",
"##a",
",",
"which",
"is",
"an",
"area",
"designated",
"as",
"a",
"globally",
"important",
"habitat",
"for",
"the",
"conservation",
"of",
"bird",
"populations",
".",
"or",
"##ni",
"##th",
"##ologists",
"and",
"bird",
"watch",
"##ers",
"have",
"recorded",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"128",
"species",
"of",
"birds",
"in",
"the",
"ib",
"##a",
".",
"several",
"factors",
"contribute",
"to",
"the",
"high",
"total",
"of",
"bird",
"species",
"observed",
":",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"large",
"area",
"of",
"forest",
"in",
"the",
"ib",
"##a",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"great",
"habitat",
"diversity",
",",
"with",
"343",
"acres",
"(",
"139",
"ha",
")",
"of",
"open",
"water",
"that",
"is",
"used",
"by",
"many",
"of",
"the",
"birds",
",",
"especially",
"bald",
"eagles",
".",
"the",
"location",
"of",
"the",
"ib",
"##a",
"along",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"also",
"contributes",
"to",
"the",
"diverse",
"bird",
"populations",
".",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"bald",
"eagles",
",",
"which",
"live",
"in",
"the",
"ib"
] | 879,645 |
of the iba, which is an area designated as a globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations. ornithologists and bird watchers have recorded a total of 128 species of birds in the iba. several factors contribute to the high total of bird species observed : there is a large area of forest in the iba, as well as great habitat diversity, with 343 acres ( 139 ha ) of open water that is used by many of the birds, especially bald eagles. the location of the iba along the pine creek gorge also contributes to the diverse bird populations. in addition to bald eagles, which live in the ib
| 1,726 |
[
"##a",
"year",
"round",
"and",
"have",
"successfully",
"established",
"a",
"breeding",
"population",
"there",
",",
"the",
"ib",
"##a",
"is",
"home",
"to",
"belt",
"##ed",
"king",
"##fish",
"##ers",
",",
"scarlet",
"tan",
"##ager",
"##s",
",",
"black",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"throat",
"##ed",
"blue",
"war",
"##bler",
"##s",
",",
"common",
"mer",
"##gan",
"##ser",
"##s",
",",
"blue",
"and",
"green",
"heron",
"##s",
",",
"hermit",
"thru",
"##sh",
"##es",
",",
"and",
"wood",
"ducks",
".",
"large",
"numbers",
"of",
"os",
"##pre",
"##ys",
"use",
"the",
"gorge",
"during",
"spring",
"and",
"fall",
"migration",
"periods",
".",
"the",
"woodlands",
"are",
"inhabited",
"by",
"wild",
"turkey",
"##s",
"and",
"pennsylvania",
"'",
"s",
"state",
"bird",
"the",
"ru",
"##ffed",
"gr",
"##ouse",
".",
"sw",
"##ains",
"##on",
"'",
"s",
"thru",
"##sh",
"breeds",
"in",
"the",
"ib",
"##a",
"and",
"the",
"northern",
"ha",
"##rrier",
"breeds",
"and",
"over",
"##win",
"##ters",
"in",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
".",
"a",
"variety",
"of",
"war"
] | 879,646 |
##a year round and have successfully established a breeding population there, the iba is home to belted kingfishers, scarlet tanagers, black @ - @ throated blue warblers, common mergansers, blue and green herons, hermit thrushes, and wood ducks. large numbers of ospreys use the gorge during spring and fall migration periods. the woodlands are inhabited by wild turkeys and pennsylvania's state bird the ruffed grouse. swainson's thrush breeds in the iba and the northern harrier breeds and overwinters in pine creek gorge. a variety of war
| 1,734 |
[
"##bler",
"##s",
"is",
"found",
"in",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
".",
"the",
"pennsylvania",
"au",
"##du",
"##bon",
"society",
"states",
"that",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"is",
"\"",
"especially",
"rich",
"in",
"war",
"##bler",
"species",
",",
"including",
"pine",
",",
"black",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"throat",
"##ed",
"blue",
",",
"black",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"throat",
"##ed",
"green",
",",
"blackburn",
"##ian",
",",
"and",
"black",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"and",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"white",
".",
"\"",
"many",
"of",
"these",
"smaller",
"birds",
"are",
"more",
"often",
"heard",
"than",
"seen",
"as",
"they",
"keep",
"away",
"from",
"the",
"trails",
"and",
"overlook",
"##s",
".",
"=",
"=",
"recreation",
"=",
"=",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"has",
"some",
"challenging",
"hike",
"##s",
"in",
"and",
"around",
"the",
"grand",
"canyon",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
",",
"with",
"4",
"@",
".",
"@",
"0",
"miles",
"(",
"6",
"@",
".",
"@",
"4",
"km",
")",
"of",
"trails",
"that",
"feature"
] | 879,647 |
##blers is found in colton point state park. the pennsylvania audubon society states that pine creek gorge is " especially rich in warbler species, including pine, black @ - @ throated blue, black @ - @ throated green, blackburnian, and black @ - @ and @ - @ white. " many of these smaller birds are more often heard than seen as they keep away from the trails and overlooks. = = recreation = = colton point state park has some challenging hikes in and around the grand canyon of pennsylvania, with 4 @. @ 0 miles ( 6 @. @ 4 km ) of trails that feature
| 1,730 |
[
"very",
"rugged",
"terrain",
",",
"pass",
"close",
"to",
"steep",
"cliffs",
",",
"and",
"can",
"be",
"very",
"slick",
"in",
"some",
"areas",
".",
"governor",
"robert",
"p",
".",
"casey",
"took",
"a",
"hiking",
"tour",
"of",
"the",
"park",
"in",
"july",
"1990",
",",
"and",
"in",
"2003",
"the",
"dc",
"##nr",
"reported",
"that",
"18",
"@",
",",
"@",
"239",
"people",
"used",
"the",
"trails",
"in",
"the",
"park",
".",
"rim",
"trail",
"is",
"a",
"relatively",
"flat",
"1",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"mile",
"(",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"6",
"km",
")",
"loop",
"trail",
",",
"which",
"follows",
"the",
"perimeter",
"of",
"colton",
"point",
"and",
"links",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"canyon",
"viewing",
"areas",
".",
"turkey",
"path",
"is",
"a",
"difficult",
"trail",
",",
"3",
"miles",
"(",
"5",
"km",
")",
"long",
"(",
"down",
"and",
"back",
"within",
"the",
"park",
")",
",",
"that",
"follows",
"four",
"mile",
"run",
"down",
"the",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"canyon"
] | 879,648 |
very rugged terrain, pass close to steep cliffs, and can be very slick in some areas. governor robert p. casey took a hiking tour of the park in july 1990, and in 2003 the dcnr reported that 18 @, @ 239 people used the trails in the park. rim trail is a relatively flat 1 @ - @ mile ( 1 @. @ 6 km ) loop trail, which follows the perimeter of colton point and links all of the canyon viewing areas. turkey path is a difficult trail, 3 miles ( 5 km ) long ( down and back within the park ), that follows four mile run down the side of the canyon
| 1,983 |
[
",",
"descending",
"over",
"800",
"feet",
"(",
"240",
"m",
")",
"to",
"pine",
"creek",
"and",
"the",
"rail",
"trail",
"at",
"the",
"bottom",
"of",
"the",
"gorge",
".",
"it",
"was",
"originally",
"a",
"mule",
"drag",
"used",
"to",
"haul",
"timber",
"to",
"the",
"creek",
".",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"70",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"foot",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"tall",
"(",
"21",
"m",
")",
"cas",
"##ca",
"##ding",
"waterfall",
"about",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"miles",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"80",
"km",
")",
"down",
"the",
"trail",
".",
"the",
"park",
"website",
"class",
"##ifies",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"down",
"and",
"back",
"trail",
"\"",
"since",
"there",
"is",
"no",
"bridge",
"across",
"pine",
"creek",
".",
"the",
"turkey",
"path",
"continues",
"in",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"park",
",",
"going",
"from",
"a",
"point",
"on",
"pine",
"creek",
"just",
"downstream",
"of",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"trail",
"in",
"colton",
"point",
"up"
] | 879,649 |
, descending over 800 feet ( 240 m ) to pine creek and the rail trail at the bottom of the gorge. it was originally a mule drag used to haul timber to the creek. there is a 70 @ - @ foot @ - @ tall ( 21 m ) cascading waterfall about 0 @. @ 5 miles ( 0 @. @ 80 km ) down the trail. the park website classifies it as a " down and back trail " since there is no bridge across pine creek. the turkey path continues in leonard harrison state park, going from a point on pine creek just downstream of the end of the trail in colton point up
| 1,996 |
[
"to",
"the",
"leo",
"##an",
"##rd",
"harrison",
"overlook",
"on",
"the",
"east",
"rim",
"of",
"the",
"gorge",
".",
"according",
"to",
"owl",
"##ett",
",",
"the",
"creek",
"can",
"be",
"ford",
"##ed",
"with",
"care",
"when",
"the",
"water",
"is",
"low",
",",
"and",
"the",
"turkey",
"path",
"connects",
"the",
"two",
"parks",
".",
"pine",
"creek",
"rail",
"trail",
"is",
"a",
"62",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"mile",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"long",
"(",
"100",
"km",
")",
"rail",
"trail",
"from",
"wells",
"##boro",
"junction",
",",
"just",
"north",
"of",
"wells",
"##boro",
",",
"south",
"through",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"to",
"jersey",
"shore",
":",
"1",
"mile",
"(",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"6",
"km",
")",
"of",
"this",
"trail",
"is",
"in",
"colton",
"point",
"and",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"state",
"parks",
".",
"a",
"2001",
"article",
"in",
"usa",
"today",
"said",
"the",
"scenic",
"beauty",
"of",
"the",
"grand",
"canyon",
"of",
"pennsylvania",
"made",
"the",
"trail",
"one"
] | 879,650 |
to the leoanrd harrison overlook on the east rim of the gorge. according to owlett, the creek can be forded with care when the water is low, and the turkey path connects the two parks. pine creek rail trail is a 62 @ - @ mile @ - @ long ( 100 km ) rail trail from wellsboro junction, just north of wellsboro, south through the pine creek gorge to jersey shore : 1 mile ( 1 @. @ 6 km ) of this trail is in colton point and leonard harrison state parks. a 2001 article in usa today said the scenic beauty of the grand canyon of pennsylvania made the trail one
| 1,996 |
[
"of",
"\"",
"10",
"great",
"places",
"to",
"take",
"a",
"bike",
"tour",
"\"",
"in",
"the",
"world",
".",
"west",
"rim",
"trail",
"is",
"a",
"30",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"mile",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"long",
"(",
"49",
"@",
".",
"@",
"1",
"km",
")",
"hiking",
"trail",
"that",
"runs",
"along",
"the",
"west",
"rim",
"of",
"the",
"pine",
"creek",
"gorge",
"from",
"near",
"the",
"village",
"of",
"anson",
"##ia",
"in",
"the",
"north",
"to",
"rattle",
"##s",
"##na",
"##ke",
"rock",
"near",
"the",
"village",
"of",
"blackwell",
"in",
"the",
"south",
".",
"it",
"is",
"mostly",
"on",
"ti",
"##oga",
"state",
"forest",
"land",
",",
"but",
"passes",
"through",
"the",
"extreme",
"north",
"of",
"the",
"park",
"and",
"then",
"forms",
"the",
"western",
"border",
"of",
"the",
"park",
"in",
"the",
"south",
".",
"when",
"the",
"west",
"rim",
"trail",
"opened",
"in",
"1982",
",",
"it",
"was",
"21",
"miles",
"(",
"34",
"km",
")"
] | 879,651 |
of " 10 great places to take a bike tour " in the world. west rim trail is a 30 @. @ 5 @ - @ mile @ - @ long ( 49 @. @ 1 km ) hiking trail that runs along the west rim of the pine creek gorge from near the village of ansonia in the north to rattlesnake rock near the village of blackwell in the south. it is mostly on tioga state forest land, but passes through the extreme north of the park and then forms the western border of the park in the south. when the west rim trail opened in 1982, it was 21 miles ( 34 km )
| 1,983 |
[
"long",
"and",
"ended",
"just",
"south",
"of",
"the",
"park",
",",
"but",
"it",
"was",
"extended",
"9",
"miles",
"(",
"14",
"km",
")",
"north",
"in",
"1985",
",",
"passing",
"through",
"colton",
"point",
".",
"it",
"was",
"chosen",
"by",
"outside",
"magazine",
"as",
"its",
"\"",
"best",
"hike",
"in",
"pennsylvania",
"\"",
"in",
"april",
"1996",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"camping",
"and",
"picnic",
"##s",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"camping",
"is",
"a",
"popular",
"past",
"##ime",
"at",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
";",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"98",
"##9",
"persons",
"have",
"used",
"the",
"camping",
"facilities",
"in",
"2003",
".",
"with",
"no",
"modern",
"amenities",
"like",
"flush",
"toilets",
"or",
"showers",
",",
"the",
"camps",
"##ites",
"take",
"on",
"a",
"rustic",
"nature",
".",
"there",
"are",
"out",
"##houses",
",",
"fire",
"rings",
",",
"a",
"sanitary",
"dump",
"station",
"and",
"picnic",
"tables",
"at",
"the",
"campground",
".",
"an",
"organized",
"group",
"tent",
"##ing",
"area",
","
] | 879,652 |
long and ended just south of the park, but it was extended 9 miles ( 14 km ) north in 1985, passing through colton point. it was chosen by outside magazine as its " best hike in pennsylvania " in april 1996. = = = camping and picnics = = = camping is a popular pastime at colton point state park ; 1 @, @ 989 persons have used the camping facilities in 2003. with no modern amenities like flush toilets or showers, the campsites take on a rustic nature. there are outhouses, fire rings, a sanitary dump station and picnic tables at the campground. an organized group tenting area,
| 159 |
[
"intended",
"for",
"organized",
"youth",
"or",
"adult",
"groups",
",",
"can",
"accommodate",
"up",
"to",
"90",
"camp",
"##ers",
".",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"490",
"camp",
"##ers",
"used",
"the",
"area",
"in",
"2003",
".",
"the",
"park",
"also",
"has",
"approximately",
"100",
"picnic",
"tables",
"and",
"five",
"cc",
"##c",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"built",
"picnic",
"shelters",
"which",
"can",
"be",
"reserved",
".",
"these",
"facilities",
"were",
"used",
"by",
"15",
"@",
",",
"@",
"37",
"##9",
"picnic",
"##kers",
"in",
"2003",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"hunting",
",",
"fishing",
",",
"and",
"white",
"##water",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"hunting",
"is",
"permitted",
"in",
"100",
"acres",
"(",
"40",
"ha",
")",
"of",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
",",
"and",
"is",
"regulated",
"by",
"the",
"pennsylvania",
"game",
"commission",
".",
"the",
"common",
"game",
"species",
"are",
"ru",
"##ffed",
"gr",
"##ouse",
",",
"eastern",
"gray",
"squirrels",
",",
"wild",
"turkey",
",",
"white",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"tailed"
] | 879,653 |
intended for organized youth or adult groups, can accommodate up to 90 campers. 1 @, @ 490 campers used the area in 2003. the park also has approximately 100 picnic tables and five ccc @ - @ built picnic shelters which can be reserved. these facilities were used by 15 @, @ 379 picnickers in 2003. = = = hunting, fishing, and whitewater = = = hunting is permitted in 100 acres ( 40 ha ) of colton point state park, and is regulated by the pennsylvania game commission. the common game species are ruffed grouse, eastern gray squirrels, wild turkey, white @ - @ tailed
| 30 |
[
"deer",
",",
"and",
"black",
"bears",
".",
"the",
"hunting",
"of",
"ground",
"##hog",
"##s",
"is",
"prohibited",
".",
"more",
"acres",
"of",
"forested",
"woodlands",
"are",
"available",
"for",
"hunting",
"on",
"the",
"grounds",
"of",
"the",
"adjacent",
"ti",
"##oga",
"state",
"forest",
".",
"fishing",
"is",
"permitted",
"at",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
".",
"angle",
"##rs",
"must",
"descend",
"the",
"turkey",
"path",
"to",
"reach",
"pine",
"creek",
".",
"the",
"species",
"of",
"fish",
"found",
"in",
"pine",
"creek",
"are",
"trout",
",",
"small",
"##mouth",
"bass",
",",
"and",
"some",
"pan",
"##fish",
".",
"there",
"are",
"several",
"small",
"trout",
"streams",
"that",
"are",
"accessible",
"from",
"within",
"the",
"park",
".",
"historically",
",",
"the",
"stretch",
"of",
"pine",
"creek",
"in",
"the",
"park",
"has",
"been",
"fished",
"by",
"notable",
"angle",
"##rs",
",",
"including",
"president",
"theodore",
"roosevelt",
"and",
"pennsylvania",
"governor",
"william",
"a",
".",
"stone",
".",
"edward",
"ge",
"##rt",
"##ler",
"writes",
"in",
"keystone",
"canoe"
] | 879,654 |
deer, and black bears. the hunting of groundhogs is prohibited. more acres of forested woodlands are available for hunting on the grounds of the adjacent tioga state forest. fishing is permitted at colton point state park. anglers must descend the turkey path to reach pine creek. the species of fish found in pine creek are trout, smallmouth bass, and some panfish. there are several small trout streams that are accessible from within the park. historically, the stretch of pine creek in the park has been fished by notable anglers, including president theodore roosevelt and pennsylvania governor william a. stone. edward gertler writes in keystone canoe
| 1,996 |
[
"##ing",
"that",
"pine",
"creek",
"\"",
"is",
"possibly",
"pennsylvania",
"'",
"s",
"most",
"famous",
"canoe",
"stream",
"\"",
"and",
"attributes",
"this",
"partly",
"to",
"the",
"thousands",
"who",
"decide",
"to",
"boat",
"on",
"it",
"after",
"they",
"\"",
"peer",
"into",
"pine",
"creek",
"'",
"s",
"spectacular",
"abyss",
"from",
"the",
"overlook",
"##s",
"of",
"leonard",
"harrison",
"and",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"parks",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"park",
"contains",
"1",
"mile",
"(",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"6",
"km",
")",
"of",
"pine",
"creek",
",",
"which",
"is",
"classified",
"as",
"class",
"1",
"to",
"class",
"2",
"white",
"##water",
".",
"boat",
"##ers",
"do",
"not",
"normally",
"start",
"or",
"end",
"their",
"run",
"in",
"the",
"park",
":",
"it",
"is",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"16",
"@",
".",
"@",
"8",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"mile",
"(",
"27",
"@",
".",
"@",
"0",
"km",
")",
"trip",
"from",
"anson",
"##ia",
"(",
"marsh",
"creek",
")",
"south",
"to"
] | 879,655 |
##ing that pine creek " is possibly pennsylvania's most famous canoe stream " and attributes this partly to the thousands who decide to boat on it after they " peer into pine creek's spectacular abyss from the overlooks of leonard harrison and colton point state parks ". the park contains 1 mile ( 1 @. @ 6 km ) of pine creek, which is classified as class 1 to class 2 whitewater. boaters don't normally start or end their run in the park : it is part of the 16 @. @ 8 @ - @ mile ( 27 @. @ 0 km ) trip from ansonia ( marsh creek ) south to
| 1,996 |
[
"blackwell",
"(",
"ba",
"##bb",
"creek",
")",
".",
"=",
"=",
"nearby",
"state",
"parks",
"=",
"=",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
"is",
"in",
"ship",
"##pen",
"township",
",",
"and",
"is",
"5",
"miles",
"(",
"8",
"km",
")",
"south",
"of",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"route",
"6",
"and",
"the",
"village",
"of",
"anson",
"##ia",
"on",
"colton",
"road",
".",
"the",
"following",
"state",
"parks",
"are",
"within",
"30",
"miles",
"(",
"50",
"km",
")",
"of",
"colton",
"point",
"state",
"park",
":",
"=",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"=",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"is",
"a",
"song",
"by",
"british",
"girl",
"group",
"girls",
"aloud",
"from",
"their",
"fourth",
"studio",
"album",
",",
"tangled",
"up",
"(",
"2007",
")",
".",
"the",
"song",
"was",
"written",
"by",
"miranda",
"cooper",
",",
"with",
"inspiration",
"from",
"an",
"article",
"about",
"the",
"advance",
"of",
"women",
"in",
"business",
",",
"and",
"brian",
"higgins",
",",
"tim",
"powell",
",",
"lisa"
] | 879,656 |
blackwell ( babb creek ). = = nearby state parks = = colton point state park is in shippen township, and is 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of u. s. route 6 and the village of ansonia on colton road. the following state parks are within 30 miles ( 50 km ) of colton point state park : = call the shots = " call the shots " is a song by british girl group girls aloud from their fourth studio album, tangled up ( 2007 ). the song was written by miranda cooper, with inspiration from an article about the advance of women in business, and brian higgins, tim powell, lisa
| 2,418 |
[
"cow",
"##ling",
",",
"and",
"gi",
"##selle",
"somerville",
"also",
"received",
"songwriting",
"credits",
".",
"poly",
"##dor",
"records",
"originally",
"intended",
"to",
"release",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"single",
"for",
"the",
"sound",
"of",
"girls",
"aloud",
":",
"the",
"greatest",
"hits",
"(",
"2006",
")",
";",
"however",
",",
"\"",
"something",
"kinda",
"o",
"##oo",
"##oh",
"\"",
"was",
"selected",
"instead",
".",
"in",
"september",
"2007",
",",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"leaked",
"online",
",",
"and",
"on",
"26",
"november",
"of",
"the",
"same",
"year",
",",
"it",
"was",
"released",
"as",
"the",
"second",
"single",
"from",
"tangled",
"up",
"through",
"fascination",
"records",
",",
"a",
"week",
"after",
"the",
"album",
"'",
"s",
"release",
".",
"produced",
"by",
"x",
"##eno",
"##mania",
",",
"the",
"dance",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pop",
"and",
"pop",
"rock",
"song",
"showcases",
"a",
"more",
"mature",
"side",
"from",
"girls",
"aloud",
",",
"and",
"received",
"positive",
"reviews",
"from",
"music",
"critics",
",",
"with"
] | 879,657 |
cowling, and giselle somerville also received songwriting credits. polydor records originally intended to release it as a single for the sound of girls aloud : the greatest hits ( 2006 ) ; however, " something kinda ooooh " was selected instead. in september 2007, " call the shots " leaked online, and on 26 november of the same year, it was released as the second single from tangled up through fascination records, a week after the album's release. produced by xenomania, the dance @ - @ pop and pop rock song showcases a more mature side from girls aloud, and received positive reviews from music critics, with
| 2,125 |
[
"one",
"dee",
"##ming",
"it",
"as",
"the",
"\"",
"greatest",
"pop",
"song",
"of",
"the",
"21st",
"century",
"\"",
".",
"in",
"2008",
",",
"the",
"song",
"won",
"the",
"award",
"for",
"the",
"pop",
"##just",
"##ice",
"£",
"20",
"music",
"prize",
",",
"an",
"annual",
"prize",
"awarded",
"by",
"a",
"panel",
"of",
"judges",
"organised",
"by",
"music",
"website",
"pop",
"##just",
"##ice",
"to",
"the",
"singer",
"(",
"s",
")",
"of",
"the",
"best",
"british",
"pop",
"single",
"of",
"the",
"past",
"year",
".",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"proved",
"to",
"be",
"commercially",
"successful",
"upon",
"its",
"release",
",",
"charting",
"at",
"number",
"three",
"on",
"the",
"uk",
"singles",
"chart",
",",
"continuing",
"the",
"band",
"'",
"s",
"string",
"of",
"hits",
"by",
"becoming",
"their",
"sixteenth",
"consecutive",
"single",
"to",
"chart",
"within",
"the",
"top",
"ten",
",",
"and",
"being",
"later",
"certified",
"silver",
"by",
"the",
"british",
"ph",
"##ono",
"##graphic",
"industry",
".",
"the",
"song",
"also"
] | 879,658 |
one deeming it as the " greatest pop song of the 21st century ". in 2008, the song won the award for the popjustice £ 20 music prize, an annual prize awarded by a panel of judges organised by music website popjustice to the singer ( s ) of the best british pop single of the past year. " call the shots " proved to be commercially successful upon its release, charting at number three on the uk singles chart, continuing the band's string of hits by becoming their sixteenth consecutive single to chart within the top ten, and being later certified silver by the british phonographic industry. the song also
| 2,982 |
[
"peaked",
"at",
"number",
"nine",
"on",
"the",
"irish",
"singles",
"chart",
".",
"the",
"accompanying",
"music",
"video",
"was",
"directed",
"by",
"sean",
"de",
"spare",
"##ngo",
",",
"and",
"features",
"the",
"girls",
"in",
"purple",
"dresses",
"performing",
"on",
"malibu",
"beach",
"at",
"night",
"with",
"flames",
"and",
"white",
"fabric",
"surrounding",
"them",
".",
"each",
"member",
"of",
"the",
"band",
"is",
"also",
"shown",
"other",
"locations",
",",
"following",
"several",
"story",
"lines",
".",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"was",
"promoted",
"through",
"numerous",
"live",
"appearances",
",",
"including",
"a",
"high",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"profile",
"performance",
"on",
"the",
"x",
"factor",
",",
"and",
"has",
"since",
"been",
"performed",
"on",
"three",
"of",
"girls",
"aloud",
"'",
"s",
"subsequent",
"concert",
"tours",
".",
"several",
"artists",
"and",
"bands",
"including",
"cold",
"##play",
"and",
"mark",
"morris",
"##s",
"have",
"covered",
"the",
"song",
".",
"=",
"=",
"background",
"and",
"release",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"first",
"part",
"of",
"\""
] | 879,659 |
peaked at number nine on the irish singles chart. the accompanying music video was directed by sean de sparengo, and features the girls in purple dresses performing on malibu beach at night with flames and white fabric surrounding them. each member of the band is also shown other locations, following several story lines. " call the shots " was promoted through numerous live appearances, including a high @ - @ profile performance on the x factor, and has since been performed on three of girls aloud's subsequent concert tours. several artists and bands including coldplay and mark morriss have covered the song. = = background and release = = the first part of "
| 2,771 |
[
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"to",
"be",
"composed",
"was",
"the",
"instrumentation",
",",
"which",
"was",
"done",
"by",
"x",
"##eno",
"##mania",
"in",
"2005",
".",
"the",
"lyrics",
"of",
"the",
"song",
"were",
"written",
"in",
"2006",
",",
"when",
"songwriter",
"miranda",
"cooper",
"was",
"\"",
"inspired",
"by",
"an",
"article",
"she",
"read",
"on",
"something",
"called",
"(",
"coincidentally",
")",
"the",
"miranda",
"complex",
",",
"named",
"after",
"the",
"ambitious",
"lawyer",
"in",
"sex",
"and",
"the",
"city",
",",
"about",
"how",
"women",
"are",
"earning",
"more",
"than",
"men",
"and",
"pushing",
"ahead",
".",
"\"",
"poly",
"##dor",
"records",
"originally",
"intended",
"to",
"release",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"single",
"for",
"the",
"sound",
"of",
"girls",
"aloud",
":",
"the",
"greatest",
"hits",
"(",
"2006",
")",
"the",
"same",
"year",
",",
"but",
"was",
"deemed",
"\"",
"too",
"down",
"##beat",
",",
"when",
"a",
"greatest",
"hits",
"single",
"needs",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"celebration",
".",
"\"",
"nicola",
"roberts",
","
] | 879,660 |
call the shots " to be composed was the instrumentation, which was done by xenomania in 2005. the lyrics of the song were written in 2006, when songwriter miranda cooper was " inspired by an article she read on something called ( coincidentally ) the miranda complex, named after the ambitious lawyer in sex and the city, about how women are earning more than men and pushing ahead. " polydor records originally intended to release it as a single for the sound of girls aloud : the greatest hits ( 2006 ) the same year, but was deemed " too downbeat, when a greatest hits single needs to be a celebration. " nicola roberts,
| 2,874 |
[
"cheryl",
"cole",
",",
"sarah",
"harding",
"and",
"kimberley",
"walsh",
"recorded",
"vocals",
"for",
"the",
"song",
"in",
"london",
",",
"england",
",",
"while",
"nad",
"##ine",
"co",
"##yle",
"recorded",
"her",
"vocals",
"in",
"los",
"angeles",
".",
"cole",
"deemed",
"the",
"song",
"her",
"favourite",
"from",
"tangled",
"up",
",",
"adding",
"that",
"it",
"gave",
"her",
"\"",
"goose",
"##bu",
"##mps",
"\"",
".",
"an",
"early",
"version",
"of",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"leaked",
"online",
"in",
"september",
"2007",
".",
"on",
"16",
"november",
"2007",
",",
"tangled",
"up",
"was",
"released",
",",
"with",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"being",
"released",
"for",
"digital",
"download",
"on",
"26",
"november",
"2007",
",",
"through",
"poly",
"##dor",
"records",
",",
"while",
"it",
"was",
"also",
"made",
"available",
"on",
"two",
"different",
"cd",
"single",
"formats",
"the",
"same",
"day",
".",
"the",
"first",
"disc",
"included",
"a",
"live",
"cover",
"version",
"of",
"amy",
"wine",
"##house",
"'",
"s",
"2007"
] | 879,661 |
cheryl cole, sarah harding and kimberley walsh recorded vocals for the song in london, england, while nadine coyle recorded her vocals in los angeles. cole deemed the song her favourite from tangled up, adding that it gave her " goosebumps ". an early version of " call the shots " leaked online in september 2007. on 16 november 2007, tangled up was released, with " call the shots " being released for digital download on 26 november 2007, through polydor records, while it was also made available on two different cd single formats the same day. the first disc included a live cover version of amy winehouse's 2007
| 2,889 |
[
"single",
"\"",
"rehab",
"\"",
",",
"as",
"performed",
"on",
"the",
"bbc",
"radio",
"1",
"programme",
"jo",
"while",
"##y",
"'",
"s",
"live",
"lounge",
".",
"the",
"second",
"cd",
"format",
"featured",
"an",
"original",
"composition",
"entitled",
"\"",
"blow",
"your",
"cover",
"\"",
",",
"co",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"written",
"by",
"girls",
"aloud",
"with",
"x",
"##eno",
"##mania",
".",
"the",
"tony",
"lame",
"##nza",
"remix",
"of",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"was",
"being",
"included",
"on",
"the",
"cd",
"single",
"also",
"at",
"first",
",",
"however",
",",
"the",
"x",
"##eno",
"##mania",
"club",
"mix",
"was",
"selected",
"instead",
".",
"the",
"tony",
"lame",
"##nza",
"remix",
"was",
"then",
"included",
"on",
"the",
"singles",
"box",
"set",
",",
"released",
"in",
"2009",
".",
"=",
"=",
"composition",
"=",
"=",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"is",
"a",
"dance",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pop",
"and",
"pop",
"rock",
"track",
"written",
"in",
"the",
"key",
"of",
"d"
] | 879,662 |
single " rehab ", as performed on the bbc radio 1 programme jo whiley's live lounge. the second cd format featured an original composition entitled " blow your cover ", co @ - @ written by girls aloud with xenomania. the tony lamenza remix of " call the shots " was being included on the cd single also at first, however, the xenomania club mix was selected instead. the tony lamenza remix was then included on the singles box set, released in 2009. = = composition = = " call the shots " is a dance @ - @ pop and pop rock track written in the key of d
| 2,896 |
[
"major",
"and",
"with",
"a",
"moderate",
"tempo",
"of",
"126",
"beats",
"per",
"minute",
".",
"unlike",
"previous",
"singles",
"released",
"by",
"the",
"band",
",",
"the",
"song",
"follows",
"the",
"verse",
"–",
"chorus",
"form",
".",
"the",
"lyrics",
"are",
"concerned",
"with",
"the",
"ending",
"of",
"a",
"relationship",
",",
"and",
"opens",
"with",
"a",
"repetitive",
"melody",
"followed",
"by",
"co",
"##yle",
"singing",
",",
"\"",
"static",
"tone",
"on",
"the",
"phone",
",",
"i",
"'",
"ll",
"be",
"breaking",
"again",
"/",
"must",
"be",
"something",
"better",
"babe",
"\"",
".",
"as",
"the",
"chorus",
"begins",
",",
"the",
"five",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"group",
"trade",
"lines",
"and",
"sing",
",",
"\"",
"just",
"'",
"cause",
"you",
"'",
"re",
"raising",
"the",
"bet",
"and",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"now",
"on",
"me",
"/",
"it",
"really",
"doesn",
"'",
"t",
"fa",
"##ze",
"me",
"how",
"you",
"spend",
"your",
"time",
"\"",
",",
"with",
"alexis",
"pet",
"##rid",
"##is",
"of"
] | 879,663 |
major and with a moderate tempo of 126 beats per minute. unlike previous singles released by the band, the song follows the verse – chorus form. the lyrics are concerned with the ending of a relationship, and opens with a repetitive melody followed by coyle singing, " static tone on the phone, i'll be breaking again / must be something better babe ". as the chorus begins, the five members of the group trade lines and sing, " just'cause you're raising the bet and call the shots now on me / it really doesn't faze me how you spend your time ", with alexis petridis of
| 2,878 |
[
"the",
"guardian",
"stating",
"that",
"\"",
"only",
"ant",
"##ero",
"##grade",
"amnesia",
"could",
"wipe",
"[",
"this",
"part",
"]",
"from",
"your",
"brain",
"\"",
".",
"during",
"the",
"middle",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"eight",
",",
"roberts",
"sings",
"lyrics",
"that",
"were",
"the",
"inspiration",
"for",
"girls",
"aloud",
"'",
"s",
"autobiography",
"dreams",
"that",
"glitter",
"–",
"our",
"story",
",",
"released",
"in",
"2008",
":",
"\"",
"i",
"'",
"ve",
"seen",
"life",
"burn",
"bright",
",",
"seen",
"it",
"shi",
"##mmer",
"/",
"then",
"fade",
"like",
"star",
"##light",
"to",
"a",
"g",
"##lim",
"##mer",
",",
"oh",
"no",
"/",
"i",
"'",
"ve",
"seen",
"life",
"flow",
"by",
"like",
"a",
"river",
"/",
"so",
"full",
"of",
"twilight",
",",
"dreams",
"that",
"glitter",
"\"",
".",
"alex",
"fletcher",
"of",
"digital",
"spy",
"said",
"that",
"the",
"instrumentation",
"of",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"was",
"based",
"on",
"1990s",
"dance",
"productions",
",",
"and",
"added",
"that",
"it"
] | 879,664 |
the guardian stating that " only anterograde amnesia could wipe [ this part ] from your brain ". during the middle @ - @ eight, roberts sings lyrics that were the inspiration for girls aloud's autobiography dreams that glitter – our story, released in 2008 : " i've seen life burn bright, seen it shimmer / then fade like starlight to a glimmer, oh no / i've seen life flow by like a river / so full of twilight, dreams that glitter ". alex fletcher of digital spy said that the instrumentation of " call the shots " was based on 1990s dance productions, and added that it
| 2,871 |
[
"incorporated",
"\"",
"o",
"##oh",
"##s",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"ah",
"ah",
"ah",
"##s",
"\"",
"that",
"\"",
"rev",
"##er",
"##ber",
"##ate",
"around",
"an",
"infectious",
"chorus",
",",
"\"",
"while",
"john",
"lucas",
"of",
"allmusic",
"wrote",
"that",
"the",
"song",
"showcased",
"a",
"more",
"mature",
"side",
"from",
"girls",
"aloud",
".",
"=",
"=",
"reception",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"critical",
"response",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"received",
"positive",
"reviews",
"from",
"music",
"critics",
".",
"alex",
"fletcher",
"of",
"digital",
"spy",
"rated",
"the",
"song",
"four",
"out",
"of",
"five",
"stars",
",",
"writing",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"\"",
"more",
"taste",
"##ful",
"\"",
"than",
"few",
"of",
"girls",
"aloud",
"'",
"s",
"previous",
"releases",
".",
"daily",
"star",
"journalist",
"kim",
"dawson",
"said",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"band",
"'",
"s",
"best",
"singles",
",",
"while",
"another",
"reviewer",
"for",
"the",
"same"
] | 879,665 |
incorporated " oohs " and " ah ah ahs " that " reverberate around an infectious chorus, " while john lucas of allmusic wrote that the song showcased a more mature side from girls aloud. = = reception = = = = = critical response = = = " call the shots " received positive reviews from music critics. alex fletcher of digital spy rated the song four out of five stars, writing that it is " more tasteful " than few of girls aloud's previous releases. daily star journalist kim dawson said " call the shots " is one of the band's best singles, while another reviewer for the same
| 2,369 |
[
"newspaper",
"deemed",
"the",
"song",
"\"",
"class",
"##y",
"electronic",
"euro",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pop",
"with",
"real",
"edge",
".",
"\"",
"jennie",
"mc",
"##nu",
"##lty",
"of",
"marie",
"claire",
"said",
"that",
"the",
"song",
"\"",
"has",
"a",
"wonderful",
"##ly",
"ambient",
"feel",
",",
"echoing",
"an",
"art",
"##y",
"electro",
"band",
"\"",
",",
"while",
"alexis",
"pet",
"##rid",
"##is",
"of",
"the",
"guardian",
"wrote",
"that",
"tangled",
"up",
"\"",
"begins",
"disappointing",
"##ly",
"\"",
"with",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"as",
"the",
"opening",
"track",
"because",
"the",
"song",
"'",
"s",
"structure",
"is",
"\"",
"a",
"bit",
"commonplace",
"\"",
"compared",
"to",
"girls",
"aloud",
"'",
"s",
"previous",
"singles",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"biology",
"\"",
"(",
"2005",
")",
".",
"on",
"the",
"countdown",
"of",
"the",
"top",
"singles",
"of",
"2007",
",",
"digital",
"spy",
"placed",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"at",
"number",
"17",
",",
"commenting",
"that",
"the",
"band",
"had"
] | 879,666 |
newspaper deemed the song " classy electronic euro @ - @ pop with real edge. " jennie mcnulty of marie claire said that the song " has a wonderfully ambient feel, echoing an arty electro band ", while alexis petridis of the guardian wrote that tangled up " begins disappointingly " with " call the shots " as the opening track because the song's structure is " a bit commonplace " compared to girls aloud's previous singles such as " biology " ( 2005 ). on the countdown of the top singles of 2007, digital spy placed " call the shots " at number 17, commenting that the band had
| 2,360 |
[
"not",
"lost",
"\"",
"their",
"kn",
"##ack",
"for",
"making",
"supreme",
"##ly",
"catch",
"##y",
"pop",
"hits",
".",
"\"",
"in",
"2008",
",",
"the",
"song",
"won",
"the",
"pop",
"##just",
"##ice",
"£",
"20",
"music",
"prize",
"–",
"girls",
"aloud",
"'",
"s",
"fourth",
"win",
".",
"pop",
"##just",
"##ice",
"writer",
"peter",
"robinson",
"deemed",
"it",
"as",
"the",
"\"",
"greatest",
"pop",
"song",
"of",
"the",
"21st",
"century",
".",
"\"",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"chart",
"performance",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"following",
"the",
"availability",
"of",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"release",
"of",
"tangled",
"up",
",",
"the",
"song",
"entered",
"the",
"uk",
"singles",
"chart",
"at",
"number",
"nine",
".",
"the",
"following",
"week",
",",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"rose",
"six",
"places",
"to",
"peak",
"at",
"number",
"three",
".",
"it",
"managed",
"to",
"stay",
"at",
"number",
"three",
"the",
"following",
"week",
",",
"but",
"slipped",
"to",
"number",
"five"
] | 879,667 |
not lost " their knack for making supremely catchy pop hits. " in 2008, the song won the popjustice £ 20 music prize – girls aloud's fourth win. popjustice writer peter robinson deemed it as the " greatest pop song of the 21st century. " = = = chart performance = = = following the availability of " call the shots " due to the release of tangled up, the song entered the uk singles chart at number nine. the following week, " call the shots " rose six places to peak at number three. it managed to stay at number three the following week, but slipped to number five
| 2,125 |
[
"in",
"its",
"fourth",
"week",
".",
"through",
"the",
"christmas",
"week",
"chart",
",",
"the",
"single",
"managed",
"to",
"stay",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"ten",
",",
"returning",
"to",
"its",
"debut",
"position",
"of",
"number",
"nine",
".",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"was",
"certified",
"silver",
"by",
"the",
"british",
"ph",
"##ono",
"##graphic",
"industry",
".",
"on",
"the",
"chart",
"issue",
"of",
"22",
"november",
"2007",
",",
"the",
"song",
"debuted",
"at",
"number",
"44",
"in",
"ireland",
",",
"reaching",
"a",
"new",
"peak",
"at",
"number",
"9",
"the",
"following",
"week",
".",
"it",
"attained",
"the",
"same",
"peak",
"on",
"the",
"european",
"hot",
"100",
"singles",
"chart",
".",
"the",
"accompanying",
"music",
"video",
"for",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"was",
"directed",
"by",
"sean",
"de",
"spare",
"##ngo",
",",
"and",
"filmed",
"in",
"october",
"2007",
"in",
"malibu",
",",
"california",
",",
"while",
"girls",
"aloud",
"were",
"filming",
"the",
"passions",
"of",
"girls",
"aloud",
".",
"the"
] | 879,668 |
in its fourth week. through the christmas week chart, the single managed to stay in the top ten, returning to its debut position of number nine. " call the shots " was certified silver by the british phonographic industry. on the chart issue of 22 november 2007, the song debuted at number 44 in ireland, reaching a new peak at number 9 the following week. it attained the same peak on the european hot 100 singles chart. the accompanying music video for " call the shots " was directed by sean de sparengo, and filmed in october 2007 in malibu, california, while girls aloud were filming the passions of girls aloud. the
| 2,998 |
[
"video",
"features",
"the",
"girls",
"in",
"purple",
"dresses",
"performing",
"on",
"malibu",
"beach",
"at",
"night",
"with",
"flames",
"and",
"white",
"fabric",
"surrounding",
"them",
".",
"the",
"girls",
"are",
"also",
"shown",
"in",
"different",
"locations",
"with",
"individual",
"story",
"lines",
".",
"cole",
"is",
"simply",
"seen",
"looking",
"out",
"of",
"a",
"sunny",
"window",
".",
"walsh",
"is",
"sat",
"in",
"front",
"of",
"a",
"mirror",
",",
"putting",
"on",
"make",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"up",
";",
"her",
"fictional",
"boyfriend",
"comes",
"to",
"get",
"her",
"and",
"they",
"hug",
",",
"though",
"she",
"appears",
"to",
"be",
"sad",
".",
"co",
"##yle",
"is",
"seated",
"on",
"a",
"couch",
",",
"flipping",
"through",
"photographs",
"featuring",
"her",
"and",
"a",
"man",
".",
"she",
"takes",
"a",
"lighter",
"to",
"the",
"photos",
"and",
"sets",
"them",
"ali",
"##ght",
".",
"roberts",
"is",
"lying",
"down",
"by",
"a",
"swimming",
"pool",
",",
"running",
"her",
"fingers",
"through",
"the",
"water",
".",
"a",
"young"
] | 879,669 |
video features the girls in purple dresses performing on malibu beach at night with flames and white fabric surrounding them. the girls are also shown in different locations with individual story lines. cole is simply seen looking out of a sunny window. walsh is sat in front of a mirror, putting on make @ - @ up ; her fictional boyfriend comes to get her and they hug, though she appears to be sad. coyle is seated on a couch, flipping through photographs featuring her and a man. she takes a lighter to the photos and sets them alight. roberts is lying down by a swimming pool, running her fingers through the water. a young
| 2,409 |
[
"man",
"walks",
"up",
"to",
"her",
"with",
"a",
"bouquet",
"of",
"flowers",
"and",
"toss",
"##es",
"them",
"into",
"the",
"water",
".",
"harding",
"watches",
"her",
"boyfriend",
"in",
"the",
"shower",
"and",
"goes",
"through",
"his",
"phone",
".",
"the",
"video",
"premiered",
"on",
"17",
"october",
"2007",
".",
"=",
"=",
"live",
"performances",
"and",
"covers",
"=",
"=",
"girls",
"aloud",
"first",
"performed",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"at",
"a",
"charity",
"ball",
"in",
"aid",
"of",
"children",
"'",
"s",
"charity",
"unicef",
"on",
"10",
"november",
"2007",
".",
"the",
"band",
"also",
"performed",
"the",
"song",
"on",
"the",
"x",
"factor",
"on",
"17",
"november",
"2007",
",",
"on",
"the",
"paul",
"o",
"'",
"grady",
"show",
"on",
"21",
"november",
"2007",
",",
"on",
"this",
"morning",
"on",
"27",
"november",
"2007",
",",
"and",
"on",
"top",
"of",
"the",
"pops",
"on",
"25",
"december",
"2007",
".",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"was",
"performed",
"on",
"2008"
] | 879,670 |
man walks up to her with a bouquet of flowers and tosses them into the water. harding watches her boyfriend in the shower and goes through his phone. the video premiered on 17 october 2007. = = live performances and covers = = girls aloud first performed " call the shots " at a charity ball in aid of children's charity unicef on 10 november 2007. the band also performed the song on the x factor on 17 november 2007, on the paul o'grady show on 21 november 2007, on this morning on 27 november 2007, and on top of the pops on 25 december 2007. " call the shots " was performed on 2008
| 2,409 |
[
"'",
"s",
"tangled",
"up",
"tour",
",",
"and",
",",
"later",
"that",
"year",
",",
"at",
"the",
"girls",
"aloud",
"party",
"tv",
"special",
"held",
"by",
"itv",
"##1",
",",
"and",
"at",
"the",
"v",
"festival",
".",
"for",
"2009",
"'",
"s",
"out",
"of",
"control",
"tour",
",",
"the",
"band",
"began",
"the",
"performance",
"on",
"a",
"smaller",
",",
"specially",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"constructed",
"stage",
"in",
"the",
"centre",
"of",
"the",
"arena",
",",
"and",
"flew",
"back",
"to",
"the",
"main",
"stage",
"before",
"it",
"ended",
".",
"the",
"same",
"year",
",",
"bloc",
"party",
"covered",
"the",
"song",
"for",
"bbc",
"radio",
"1",
"'",
"s",
"live",
"lounge",
".",
"in",
"2013",
",",
"the",
"song",
"was",
"performed",
"during",
"the",
"second",
"act",
"of",
"the",
"ten",
":",
"the",
"hits",
"tour",
".",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
"was",
"also",
"covered",
"by",
"several",
"artists",
"and",
"bands",
"such",
"as",
"cold",
"##play",
",",
"david"
] | 879,671 |
' s tangled up tour, and, later that year, at the girls aloud party tv special held by itv1, and at the v festival. for 2009's out of control tour, the band began the performance on a smaller, specially @ - @ constructed stage in the centre of the arena, and flew back to the main stage before it ended. the same year, bloc party covered the song for bbc radio 1's live lounge. in 2013, the song was performed during the second act of the ten : the hits tour. " call the shots " was also covered by several artists and bands such as coldplay, david
| 2,337 |
[
"jordan",
",",
"f",
"##y",
"##fe",
"danger",
"##field",
",",
"malcolm",
"middleton",
",",
"and",
"mark",
"morris",
"##s",
".",
"=",
"=",
"formats",
"and",
"track",
"listings",
"=",
"=",
"these",
"are",
"the",
"formats",
"and",
"track",
"listings",
"of",
"major",
"single",
"releases",
"of",
"\"",
"call",
"the",
"shots",
"\"",
".",
"=",
"=",
"credits",
"and",
"personnel",
"=",
"=",
"guitar",
"–",
"nick",
"cole",
"##r",
",",
"owen",
"parker",
"keyboard",
"–",
"miranda",
"cooper",
",",
"brian",
"higgins",
",",
"matt",
"gray",
",",
"tim",
"powell",
",",
"toby",
"scott",
"mastering",
"–",
"dick",
"bee",
"##tham",
"for",
"360",
"mastering",
"mixing",
"–",
"jeremy",
"wheat",
"##ley",
"production",
"–",
"brian",
"higgins",
",",
"x",
"##eno",
"##mania",
"programming",
"–",
"miranda",
"cooper",
",",
"brian",
"higgins",
",",
"matt",
"gray",
",",
"tim",
"powell",
",",
"toby",
"scott",
"songwriting",
"–",
"miranda",
"cooper",
",",
"brian",
"higgins",
",",
"tim",
"powell",
",",
"lisa",
"cow",
"##ling",
",",
"gi",
"##selle",
"somerville"
] | 879,672 |
jordan, fyfe dangerfield, malcolm middleton, and mark morriss. = = formats and track listings = = these are the formats and track listings of major single releases of " call the shots ". = = credits and personnel = = guitar – nick coler, owen parker keyboard – miranda cooper, brian higgins, matt gray, tim powell, toby scott mastering – dick beetham for 360 mastering mixing – jeremy wheatley production – brian higgins, xenomania programming – miranda cooper, brian higgins, matt gray, tim powell, toby scott songwriting – miranda cooper, brian higgins, tim powell, lisa cowling, giselle somerville
| 2,074 |
[
"vocals",
"–",
"girls",
"aloud",
"published",
"by",
"warner",
"/",
"cha",
"##ppel",
"##l",
"music",
"and",
"x",
"##eno",
"##mania",
"music",
"credits",
"adapted",
"from",
"the",
"liner",
"notes",
"of",
"tangled",
"up",
".",
"=",
"=",
"charts",
"and",
"certification",
"##s",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"release",
"history",
"=",
"=",
"ar",
"##pad",
"(",
"hungarian",
"pronunciation",
":",
"[",
"ˈ",
"##a",
"##ː",
"##rp",
"##a",
"##ː",
"##d",
"]",
";",
"c",
".",
"84",
"##5",
"–",
"c",
".",
"90",
"##7",
")",
"was",
"the",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"confederation",
"of",
"the",
"hungarian",
"tribes",
"at",
"the",
"turn",
"of",
"the",
"9th",
"and",
"10th",
"centuries",
".",
"he",
"may",
"have",
"been",
"either",
"the",
"sacred",
"ruler",
"or",
"ken",
"##de",
"of",
"the",
"hungarians",
",",
"or",
"their",
"military",
"leader",
"or",
"g",
"##yu",
"##la",
",",
"although",
"most",
"details",
"of",
"his",
"life",
"are",
"debated",
"by",
"historians",
",",
"because",
"different",
"sources",
"contain",
"contradictory",
"information"
] | 879,673 |
vocals – girls aloud published by warner / chappell music and xenomania music credits adapted from the liner notes of tangled up. = = charts and certifications = = = = release history = = arpad ( hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈaːrpaːd ] ; c. 845 – c. 907 ) was the head of the confederation of the hungarian tribes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. he may have been either the sacred ruler or kende of the hungarians, or their military leader or gyula, although most details of his life are debated by historians, because different sources contain contradictory information
| 2,879 |
[
".",
"despite",
"this",
",",
"many",
"hungarians",
"refer",
"to",
"him",
"as",
"the",
"\"",
"founder",
"of",
"our",
"country",
"\"",
",",
"and",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"pre",
"##emi",
"##nent",
"role",
"in",
"the",
"hungarian",
"conquest",
"of",
"the",
"carpathian",
"basin",
"has",
"been",
"emphasized",
"by",
"some",
"later",
"chronicles",
".",
"the",
"dynasty",
"descending",
"from",
"ar",
"##pad",
"ruled",
"the",
"kingdom",
"of",
"hungary",
"until",
"130",
"##1",
".",
"=",
"=",
"biography",
"=",
"=",
"ar",
"##pad",
"was",
"the",
"son",
"of",
"al",
"##mos",
"who",
"is",
"mentioned",
"as",
"the",
"first",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"confederation",
"of",
"the",
"hungarian",
"tribes",
"by",
"all",
"hungarian",
"chronicles",
".",
"his",
"mother",
"'",
"s",
"name",
"and",
"family",
"are",
"unknown",
".",
"according",
"to",
"historian",
"g",
"##yu",
"##la",
"kris",
"##to",
",",
"ar",
"##pad",
"was",
"born",
"around",
"84",
"##5",
".",
"his",
"name",
"derived",
"from",
"the",
"hungarian",
"word",
"for",
"barley",
"(",
"ar"
] | 879,674 |
. despite this, many hungarians refer to him as the " founder of our country ", and arpad's preeminent role in the hungarian conquest of the carpathian basin has been emphasized by some later chronicles. the dynasty descending from arpad ruled the kingdom of hungary until 1301. = = biography = = arpad was the son of almos who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the hungarian tribes by all hungarian chronicles. his mother's name and family are unknown. according to historian gyula kristo, arpad was born around 845. his name derived from the hungarian word for barley ( ar
| 942 |
[
"##pa",
")",
".",
"the",
"byzantine",
"emperor",
"constantine",
"por",
"##phy",
"##rogen",
"##it",
"##us",
"(",
"r",
".",
"91",
"##3",
"–",
"95",
"##9",
")",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"hungarians",
"\"",
"had",
"never",
"at",
"any",
"time",
"had",
"any",
"other",
"prince",
"\"",
"before",
"ar",
"##pad",
",",
"which",
"is",
"in",
"sharp",
"contrast",
"to",
"the",
"hungarian",
"chronicles",
"'",
"report",
"of",
"the",
"position",
"of",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"father",
".",
"in",
"por",
"##phy",
"##rogen",
"##it",
"##us",
"'",
"s",
"narration",
",",
"the",
"k",
"##ha",
"##zar",
"k",
"##ha",
"##gan",
"initiated",
"the",
"central",
"##ization",
"of",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"the",
"hungarian",
"tribes",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"strengthen",
"his",
"own",
"su",
"##zer",
"##aint",
"##y",
"over",
"them",
".",
"the",
"k",
"##ha",
"##gan",
"initially",
"wanted",
"to",
"appoint",
"a",
"chieftain",
"named",
"lev",
"##ed",
"##i",
"to",
"lead",
"the",
"hungarians",
".",
"however",
",",
"lev",
"##ed",
"##i",
"did",
"not"
] | 879,675 |
##pa ). the byzantine emperor constantine porphyrogenitus ( r. 913 – 959 ) states that the hungarians " had never at any time had any other prince " before arpad, which is in sharp contrast to the hungarian chronicles'report of the position of arpad's father. in porphyrogenitus's narration, the khazar khagan initiated the centralization of the command of the hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them. the khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named levedi to lead the hungarians. however, levedi did not
| 982 |
[
"accept",
"this",
"offer",
"and",
"suggested",
"that",
"either",
"al",
"##mos",
"or",
"ar",
"##pad",
"should",
"be",
"promoted",
"instead",
"of",
"him",
".",
"the",
"k",
"##ha",
"##gan",
"approached",
"the",
"hungarians",
"with",
"this",
"new",
"proposal",
".",
"they",
"preferred",
"ar",
"##pad",
"to",
"his",
"father",
",",
"because",
"he",
"was",
"\"",
"greatly",
"admired",
"for",
"wisdom",
"and",
"counsel",
"and",
"val",
"##our",
",",
"and",
"capable",
"of",
"this",
"rule",
"\"",
".",
"thereafter",
",",
"ar",
"##pad",
"was",
"made",
"\"",
"prince",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"custom",
".",
".",
".",
"of",
"the",
"cha",
"##zar",
"##s",
",",
"by",
"lifting",
"him",
"upon",
"a",
"shield",
".",
"\"",
"constantine",
"por",
"##phy",
"##rogen",
"##it",
"##us",
"refers",
"to",
"ar",
"##pad",
"as",
"\"",
"great",
"prince",
"of",
"hungary",
"\"",
"(",
"greek",
":",
"μ",
"##ε",
"##γ",
"##α",
"##ς",
"τ",
"##ου",
"##ρ",
"##χ",
"##ια",
"##ς",
"α",
"##ρ",
"##χ",
"##ω",
"##υ",
")",
".",
"the"
] | 879,676 |
accept this offer and suggested that either almos or arpad should be promoted instead of him. the khagan approached the hungarians with this new proposal. they preferred arpad to his father, because he was " greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule ". thereafter, arpad was made " prince according to the custom... of the chazars, by lifting him upon a shield. " constantine porphyrogenitus refers to arpad as " great prince of hungary " ( greek : μεγας τουρχιας αρχωυ ). the
| 957 |
[
"reliability",
"of",
"the",
"byzantine",
"emperor",
"'",
"s",
"report",
"of",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"election",
"is",
"debated",
"by",
"modern",
"historians",
":",
"for",
"instance",
",",
"victor",
"spine",
"##i",
"states",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"\"",
"rather",
"vague",
"and",
"scarcely",
"credible",
"\"",
",",
"but",
"and",
"##ras",
"ron",
"##a",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ta",
"##s",
"writes",
"that",
"its",
"core",
"is",
"reliable",
".",
"the",
"latter",
"historian",
"adds",
"that",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"election",
"was",
"promoted",
"by",
"al",
"##mos",
"who",
"forced",
"lev",
"##ed",
"##i",
"ken",
"##de",
"to",
"reno",
"##unce",
".",
"accordingly",
",",
"in",
"ron",
"##a",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ta",
"##s",
"'",
"s",
"view",
",",
"ar",
"##pad",
"succeeded",
"lev",
"##ed",
"##i",
"as",
"sacred",
"ruler",
"or",
"ken",
"##de",
",",
"which",
"enabled",
"his",
"father",
"to",
"preserve",
"his",
"own",
"position",
"of",
"the",
"actual",
"leader",
"of",
"the",
"hungarians",
"or",
"g",
"##yu",
"##la"
] | 879,677 |
reliability of the byzantine emperor's report of arpad's election is debated by modern historians : for instance, victor spinei states that it is " rather vague and scarcely credible ", but andras rona @ - @ tas writes that its core is reliable. the latter historian adds that arpad's election was promoted by almos who forced levedi kende to renounce. accordingly, in rona @ - @ tas's view, arpad succeeded levedi as sacred ruler or kende, which enabled his father to preserve his own position of the actual leader of the hungarians or gyula
| 982 |
[
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"towards",
"the",
"hungarian",
"conquest",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"earliest",
"reliable",
"source",
"of",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"life",
"is",
"an",
"early",
"10th",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"century",
"document",
",",
"the",
"continuation",
"of",
"the",
"chronicle",
"by",
"george",
"the",
"monk",
".",
"it",
"na",
"##rra",
"##tes",
"that",
"the",
"byzantine",
"emperor",
"leo",
"vi",
"the",
"wise",
"(",
"r",
".",
"88",
"##6",
"–",
"91",
"##2",
")",
"sent",
"his",
"envoy",
"nice",
"##tas",
"sc",
"##ler",
"##us",
"to",
"the",
"hungarians",
"in",
"89",
"##4",
"or",
"89",
"##5",
"\"",
"to",
"give",
"presents",
"\"",
"and",
"inc",
"##ite",
"them",
"against",
"the",
"bulgarian",
"empire",
".",
"sc",
"##ler",
"##us",
"met",
"with",
"their",
"two",
"leaders",
",",
"ar",
"##pad",
"and",
"ku",
"##rs",
"##zan",
",",
"at",
"the",
"lower",
"danube",
".",
"sc",
"##ler",
"##us",
"'",
"s",
"mission",
"succeeded",
":",
"a",
"hungarian",
"army",
"soon",
"crossed",
"the"
] | 879,678 |
. = = = towards the hungarian conquest = = = the earliest reliable source of arpad's life is an early 10th @ - @ century document, the continuation of the chronicle by george the monk. it narrates that the byzantine emperor leo vi the wise ( r. 886 – 912 ) sent his envoy nicetas sclerus to the hungarians in 894 or 895 " to give presents " and incite them against the bulgarian empire. sclerus met with their two leaders, arpad and kurszan, at the lower danube. sclerus's mission succeeded : a hungarian army soon crossed the
| 979 |
[
"danube",
"on",
"byzantine",
"ships",
"against",
"bulgaria",
".",
"an",
"inter",
"##pol",
"##ation",
"in",
"por",
"##phy",
"##rogen",
"##it",
"##us",
"'",
"s",
"text",
"suggests",
"that",
"the",
"invading",
"hungarians",
"were",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"son",
",",
"liu",
"##nti",
"##ka",
".",
"the",
"positions",
"held",
"by",
"ar",
"##pad",
"and",
"ku",
"##rs",
"##zan",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"their",
"negotiations",
"with",
"sc",
"##ler",
"##us",
"are",
"debated",
"by",
"historians",
".",
"spine",
"##i",
"wrote",
"that",
"ar",
"##pad",
"was",
"the",
"g",
"##yu",
"##la",
",",
"and",
"ku",
"##rs",
"##zan",
"was",
"the",
"ken",
"##de",
".",
"in",
"contrast",
",",
"kris",
"##to",
"said",
"that",
"ku",
"##rs",
"##zan",
"was",
"the",
"g",
"##yu",
"##la",
"and",
"ar",
"##pad",
"represented",
"his",
"father",
",",
"al",
"##mos",
"ken",
"##de",
".",
"at",
"that",
"time",
",",
"the",
"bulgarian",
"##s",
"had",
"disregard",
"##ed",
"the",
"peace",
"treaty",
"and",
"were"
] | 879,679 |
danube on byzantine ships against bulgaria. an interpolation in porphyrogenitus's text suggests that the invading hungarians were under the command of arpad's son, liuntika. the positions held by arpad and kurszan at the time of their negotiations with sclerus are debated by historians. spinei wrote that arpad was the gyula, and kurszan was the kende. in contrast, kristo said that kurszan was the gyula and arpad represented his father, almos kende. at that time, the bulgarians had disregarded the peace treaty and were
| 909 |
[
"raiding",
"through",
"the",
"th",
"##rac",
"##ian",
"countryside",
".",
"justice",
"pursued",
"them",
"for",
"breaking",
"their",
"oath",
"to",
"christ",
"our",
"god",
",",
"the",
"emperor",
"of",
"all",
",",
"and",
"they",
"quickly",
"met",
"up",
"with",
"their",
"punishment",
".",
"while",
"our",
"forces",
"were",
"engaged",
"against",
"the",
"sara",
"##cens",
",",
"divine",
"providence",
"led",
"the",
"[",
"hungarians",
"]",
",",
"in",
"place",
"of",
"the",
"romans",
",",
"to",
"campaign",
"against",
"the",
"bulgarian",
"##s",
".",
"our",
"majesty",
"'",
"s",
"fleet",
"of",
"ships",
"supported",
"them",
"and",
"fe",
"##rrie",
"##d",
"them",
"across",
"the",
"danube",
".",
"[",
"providence",
"]",
"sent",
"them",
"out",
"against",
"the",
"army",
"of",
"the",
"bulgarian",
"##s",
"that",
"had",
"so",
"wicked",
"##ly",
"taken",
"up",
"arms",
"against",
"christians",
"and",
",",
"as",
"though",
"they",
"were",
"public",
"execution",
"##ers",
",",
"they",
"decisive",
"##ly",
"defeated",
"them",
"in",
"three",
"engagements",
",",
"so",
"that",
"the"
] | 879,680 |
raiding through the thracian countryside. justice pursued them for breaking their oath to christ our god, the emperor of all, and they quickly met up with their punishment. while our forces were engaged against the saracens, divine providence led the [ hungarians ], in place of the romans, to campaign against the bulgarians. our majesty's fleet of ships supported them and ferried them across the danube. [ providence ] sent them out against the army of the bulgarians that had so wickedly taken up arms against christians and, as though they were public executioners, they decisively defeated them in three engagements, so that the
| 968 |
[
"christian",
"romans",
"might",
"not",
"willingly",
"stain",
"themselves",
"with",
"the",
"blood",
"of",
"the",
"christian",
"bulgarian",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"hungarian",
"army",
"defeated",
"the",
"bulgarian",
"##s",
",",
"but",
"the",
"latter",
"hired",
"the",
"pe",
"##chen",
"##eg",
"##s",
"against",
"them",
".",
"the",
"bulgarian",
"##s",
"and",
"pe",
"##chen",
"##eg",
"##s",
"simultaneously",
"invaded",
"the",
"hungarians",
"'",
"territories",
"in",
"the",
"western",
"regions",
"of",
"the",
"pont",
"##ic",
"steppe",
"##s",
"in",
"89",
"##5",
"or",
"89",
"##6",
".",
"the",
"destruction",
"of",
"their",
"dwelling",
"places",
"by",
"the",
"pe",
"##chen",
"##eg",
"##s",
"forced",
"the",
"hungarians",
"to",
"leave",
"for",
"a",
"new",
"homeland",
"across",
"the",
"carpathian",
"mountains",
"towards",
"the",
"pan",
"##non",
"##ian",
"plain",
".",
"the",
"illuminated",
"chronicle",
"says",
"that",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"father",
"al",
"##mos",
"\"",
"could",
"not",
"enter",
"pan",
"##non",
"##ia",
",",
"for",
"he",
"was",
"killed",
"in",
"er",
"##del",
"##w",
"\""
] | 879,681 |
christian romans might not willingly stain themselves with the blood of the christian bulgarians. the hungarian army defeated the bulgarians, but the latter hired the pechenegs against them. the bulgarians and pechenegs simultaneously invaded the hungarians'territories in the western regions of the pontic steppes in 895 or 896. the destruction of their dwelling places by the pechenegs forced the hungarians to leave for a new homeland across the carpathian mountains towards the pannonian plain. the illuminated chronicle says that arpad's father almos " could not enter pannonia, for he was killed in erdelw "
| 911 |
[
"or",
"transylvania",
".",
"eng",
"##el",
",",
"kris",
"##to",
"and",
"mo",
"##ln",
"##ar",
",",
"who",
"accept",
"the",
"reliability",
"of",
"this",
"report",
",",
"wrote",
"that",
"al",
"##mos",
"'",
"s",
"death",
"was",
"a",
"ritual",
"murder",
",",
"similar",
"to",
"the",
"sacrifice",
"of",
"the",
"k",
"##ha",
"##zar",
"k",
"##ha",
"##gan",
"##s",
"in",
"case",
"of",
"a",
"disaster",
"affecting",
"their",
"people",
".",
"in",
"contrast",
"with",
"them",
",",
"ron",
"##a",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ta",
"##s",
"states",
"that",
"even",
"if",
"the",
"report",
"on",
"al",
"##mos",
"'",
"s",
"murder",
"\"",
"reflects",
"true",
"event",
",",
"the",
"only",
"possible",
"explanation",
"would",
"be",
"that",
"ar",
"##pad",
"or",
"someone",
"in",
"his",
"entourage",
"\"",
"killed",
"the",
"aged",
"prince",
".",
"spine",
"##i",
"rejects",
"the",
"illuminated",
"chronicle",
"'",
"s",
"report",
"on",
"al",
"##mos",
"'",
"s",
"murder",
"in",
"transylvania",
",",
"because",
"the",
"last",
"mention",
"of",
"al"
] | 879,682 |
or transylvania. engel, kristo and molnar, who accept the reliability of this report, wrote that almos's death was a ritual murder, similar to the sacrifice of the khazar khagans in case of a disaster affecting their people. in contrast with them, rona @ - @ tas states that even if the report on almos's murder " reflects true event, the only possible explanation would be that arpad or someone in his entourage " killed the aged prince. spinei rejects the illuminated chronicle's report on almos's murder in transylvania, because the last mention of al
| 911 |
[
"##mos",
"in",
"the",
"contrasting",
"narration",
"of",
"the",
"ge",
"##sta",
"hung",
"##aro",
"##rum",
"is",
"connected",
"to",
"a",
"siege",
"of",
"un",
"##g",
"##var",
"(",
"u",
"##zh",
"##hor",
"##od",
",",
"ukraine",
")",
"by",
"the",
"hungarians",
".",
"the",
"latter",
"chronicle",
"says",
"that",
"al",
"##mos",
"appointed",
"ar",
"##pad",
"\"",
"as",
"leader",
"and",
"master",
"\"",
"of",
"the",
"hungarians",
"on",
"this",
"occasion",
".",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"name",
"\"",
"is",
"completely",
"unknown",
"\"",
"to",
"all",
"sources",
"written",
"in",
"east",
"fran",
"##cia",
",",
"which",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"main",
"powers",
"of",
"the",
"carpathian",
"basin",
"at",
"the",
"turn",
"of",
"the",
"9th",
"and",
"10th",
"centuries",
".",
"these",
"sources",
",",
"including",
"the",
"anna",
"##les",
"alam",
"##ann",
"##ici",
"and",
"the",
"anna",
"##les",
"e",
"##is",
"##ni",
"##dle",
"##nse",
"##s",
",",
"only",
"mention",
"an",
"other",
"hungarian",
"leader",
",",
"ku",
"##rs",
"##zan",
"."
] | 879,683 |
##mos in the contrasting narration of the gesta hungarorum is connected to a siege of ungvar ( uzhhorod, ukraine ) by the hungarians. the latter chronicle says that almos appointed arpad " as leader and master " of the hungarians on this occasion. arpad's name " is completely unknown " to all sources written in east francia, which was one of the main powers of the carpathian basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. these sources, including the annales alamannici and the annales eisnidlenses, only mention an other hungarian leader, kurszan.
| 942 |
[
"according",
"to",
"kris",
"##to",
"and",
"other",
"historians",
",",
"these",
"sources",
"suggest",
"that",
"ku",
"##rs",
"##zan",
"must",
"have",
"been",
"the",
"g",
"##yu",
"##la",
"commanding",
"the",
"hungarian",
"forces",
",",
"while",
"ar",
"##pad",
"succeeded",
"his",
"murdered",
"father",
"as",
"the",
"sacred",
"ken",
"##de",
".",
"proposing",
"a",
"contrasting",
"theory",
",",
"the",
"romanian",
"historian",
"curt",
"##a",
"wrote",
"that",
"ku",
"##rs",
"##zan",
"was",
"the",
"ken",
"##de",
"and",
"ar",
"##pad",
"g",
"##yu",
"##la",
"only",
"succeeded",
"him",
"when",
"ku",
"##rs",
"##zan",
"was",
"murdered",
"by",
"bavarian",
"##s",
"in",
"90",
"##2",
"or",
"90",
"##4",
".",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"nearly",
"con",
"##tem",
"##por",
"##aneous",
"sources",
",",
"hungarian",
"chronicles",
"written",
"centuries",
"after",
"the",
"events",
"—",
"for",
"instance",
",",
"the",
"ge",
"##sta",
"hung",
"##aro",
"##rum",
"and",
"the",
"illuminated",
"chronicle",
"—",
"emphasize",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"eminent",
"role",
"in"
] | 879,684 |
according to kristo and other historians, these sources suggest that kurszan must have been the gyula commanding the hungarian forces, while arpad succeeded his murdered father as the sacred kende. proposing a contrasting theory, the romanian historian curta wrote that kurszan was the kende and arpad gyula only succeeded him when kurszan was murdered by bavarians in 902 or 904. in contrast to nearly contemporaneous sources, hungarian chronicles written centuries after the events — for instance, the gesta hungarorum and the illuminated chronicle — emphasize arpad's pre @ - @ eminent role in
| 942 |
[
"the",
"conquest",
"of",
"the",
"carpathian",
"basin",
".",
"the",
"ge",
"##sta",
"hung",
"##aro",
"##rum",
"also",
"highlights",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"military",
"skills",
"and",
"his",
"generosity",
".",
"this",
"chronicle",
"also",
"emphasizes",
"that",
"te",
"##ten",
"##y",
",",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"heads",
"of",
"the",
"seven",
"hungarian",
"tribes",
",",
"acquired",
"\"",
"the",
"land",
"of",
"transylvania",
"for",
"himself",
"and",
"his",
"poster",
"##ity",
"\"",
"only",
"after",
"ar",
"##pad",
"had",
"authorized",
"him",
"to",
"conquer",
"it",
".",
"having",
"crossed",
"the",
"danube",
",",
"they",
"en",
"##camp",
"##ed",
"beside",
"the",
"danube",
"as",
"far",
"as",
"bud",
"##af",
"##el",
"##he",
"##vi",
"##z",
".",
"hearing",
"this",
",",
"all",
"the",
"romans",
"living",
"throughout",
"the",
"land",
"of",
"pan",
"##non",
"##ia",
",",
"saved",
"their",
"lives",
"by",
"flight",
".",
"next",
"day",
",",
"prince",
"ar",
"##pad",
"and",
"all",
"his",
"leading",
"men",
"with",
"all",
"the",
"warriors",
"of",
"hungary"
] | 879,685 |
the conquest of the carpathian basin. the gesta hungarorum also highlights arpad's military skills and his generosity. this chronicle also emphasizes that teteny, one of the heads of the seven hungarian tribes, acquired " the land of transylvania for himself and his posterity " only after arpad had authorized him to conquer it. having crossed the danube, they encamped beside the danube as far as budafelheviz. hearing this, all the romans living throughout the land of pannonia, saved their lives by flight. next day, prince arpad and all his leading men with all the warriors of hungary
| 942 |
[
"entered",
"the",
"city",
"of",
"king",
"at",
"##tila",
"and",
"they",
"saw",
"all",
"the",
"royal",
"palaces",
",",
"some",
"ruined",
"to",
"the",
"foundations",
",",
"others",
"not",
",",
"and",
"they",
"admired",
"beyond",
"measure",
"the",
"stone",
"buildings",
"and",
"were",
"happier",
"than",
"can",
"be",
"told",
"that",
"they",
"had",
"deserved",
"to",
"take",
"without",
"fighting",
"the",
"city",
"of",
"king",
"at",
"##tila",
",",
"of",
"whose",
"line",
"prince",
"ar",
"##pad",
"descended",
".",
"they",
"feast",
"##ed",
"every",
"day",
"with",
"great",
"joy",
"in",
"the",
"palace",
"of",
"king",
"at",
"##tila",
",",
"sitting",
"alongside",
"one",
"another",
",",
"and",
"all",
"the",
"melodies",
"and",
"sweet",
"sounds",
"of",
"z",
"##ith",
"##ers",
"and",
"pipes",
"along",
"with",
"all",
"the",
"songs",
"of",
"min",
"##strel",
"##s",
"were",
"presented",
"to",
"them",
".",
".",
".",
"prince",
"ar",
"##pad",
"gave",
"great",
"lands",
"and",
"properties",
"to",
"the",
"guests",
"staying",
"with",
"them",
",",
"and"
] | 879,686 |
entered the city of king attila and they saw all the royal palaces, some ruined to the foundations, others not, and they admired beyond measure the stone buildings and were happier than can be told that they had deserved to take without fighting the city of king attila, of whose line prince arpad descended. they feasted every day with great joy in the palace of king attila, sitting alongside one another, and all the melodies and sweet sounds of zithers and pipes along with all the songs of minstrels were presented to them... prince arpad gave great lands and properties to the guests staying with them, and
| 957 |
[
",",
"when",
"they",
"heard",
"this",
",",
"many",
"guests",
"th",
"##rong",
"##ed",
"to",
"him",
"and",
"gladly",
"stayed",
"with",
"him",
".",
"the",
"ge",
"##sta",
"hung",
"##aro",
"##rum",
"says",
"that",
"ar",
"##pad",
"took",
"\"",
"an",
"oath",
"of",
"the",
"leading",
"men",
"and",
"warriors",
"of",
"hungary",
",",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"had",
"his",
"son",
",",
"prince",
"z",
"##olt",
"##an",
"elevated",
"\"",
"to",
"prince",
"in",
"his",
"life",
".",
"however",
",",
"the",
"reliability",
"of",
"this",
"report",
"and",
"the",
"list",
"of",
"the",
"grand",
"princes",
"in",
"the",
"ge",
"##sta",
"hung",
"##aro",
"##rum",
"is",
"dubious",
".",
"for",
"instance",
",",
"it",
"ignores",
"fa",
"##js",
"##z",
",",
"who",
"ruled",
"when",
"constantine",
"vii",
"por",
"##phy",
"##rogen",
"##it",
"##us",
"was",
"completing",
"his",
"de",
"ad",
"##mini",
"##stra",
"##ndo",
"imp",
"##eri",
"##o",
"around",
"950",
".",
"the",
"date",
"of",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"death",
"is",
"debated"
] | 879,687 |
, when they heard this, many guests thronged to him and gladly stayed with him. the gesta hungarorum says that arpad took " an oath of the leading men and warriors of hungary, " and " had his son, prince zoltan elevated " to prince in his life. however, the reliability of this report and the list of the grand princes in the gesta hungarorum is dubious. for instance, it ignores fajsz, who ruled when constantine vii porphyrogenitus was completing his de administrando imperio around 950. the date of arpad's death is debated
| 957 |
[
".",
"the",
"ge",
"##sta",
"hung",
"##aro",
"##rum",
"states",
"that",
"he",
"died",
"in",
"90",
"##7",
".",
"however",
",",
"kris",
"##to",
"wrote",
"that",
"he",
"actually",
"died",
"in",
"900",
"or",
"later",
"because",
"the",
"ge",
"##sta",
"says",
"90",
"##3",
"is",
"the",
"starting",
"date",
"of",
"the",
"hungarian",
"\"",
"land",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"taking",
"\"",
"instead",
"of",
"its",
"actual",
"date",
"around",
"89",
"##5",
".",
"if",
"the",
"ge",
"##sta",
"'",
"s",
"report",
"on",
"his",
"funeral",
"is",
"reliable",
",",
"ar",
"##pad",
"was",
"buried",
"\"",
"at",
"the",
"head",
"of",
"a",
"small",
"river",
"that",
"flows",
"through",
"a",
"stone",
"cu",
"##lver",
"##t",
"to",
"the",
"city",
"of",
"king",
"at",
"##tila",
"\"",
"where",
"a",
"village",
",",
"fe",
"##her",
"##eg",
"##y",
"##ha",
"##za",
",",
"developed",
"near",
"bud",
"##a",
"a",
"century",
"later",
".",
"the",
"hungarians",
"arrived",
"in",
"their",
"new",
"homeland",
"within",
"the",
"carpathian"
] | 879,688 |
. the gesta hungarorum states that he died in 907. however, kristo wrote that he actually died in 900 or later because the gesta says 903 is the starting date of the hungarian " land @ - @ taking " instead of its actual date around 895. if the gesta's report on his funeral is reliable, arpad was buried " at the head of a small river that flows through a stone culvert to the city of king attila " where a village, feheregyhaza, developed near buda a century later. the hungarians arrived in their new homeland within the carpathian
| 72 |
[
"##s",
"under",
"ar",
"##pad",
".",
"ar",
"##pad",
"is",
"the",
"principal",
"actor",
"in",
"the",
"ge",
"##sta",
"hung",
"##aro",
"##rum",
",",
"which",
"attributes",
"\"",
"almost",
"all",
"memorable",
"events",
"\"",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"hungarian",
"land",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"taking",
"\"",
"to",
"him",
".",
"furthermore",
",",
"until",
"the",
"extinction",
"of",
"the",
"male",
"line",
"of",
"his",
"dynasty",
"in",
"130",
"##1",
",",
"hungary",
"was",
"ruled",
"by",
"\"",
"a",
"single",
"line",
"of",
"princes",
"\"",
",",
"all",
"descending",
"from",
"ar",
"##pad",
".",
"ar",
"##pad",
"is",
"still",
"famed",
"among",
"the",
"hungarians",
"as",
"hon",
"##ala",
"##pit",
"##o",
"or",
"the",
"\"",
"founder",
"of",
"our",
"country",
"\"",
".",
"por",
"##phy",
"##rogen",
"##it",
"##us",
"says",
"ar",
"##pad",
"\"",
"had",
"four",
"sons",
":",
"first",
",",
"tar",
"##kat",
"##zo",
"##us",
";",
"second",
",",
"ie",
"##le",
"##ch",
";",
"third",
",",
"io",
"##uto",
"##tz",
"##as"
] | 879,689 |
##s under arpad. arpad is the principal actor in the gesta hungarorum, which attributes " almost all memorable events " of the " hungarian land @ - @ taking " to him. furthermore, until the extinction of the male line of his dynasty in 1301, hungary was ruled by " a single line of princes ", all descending from arpad. arpad is still famed among the hungarians as honalapito or the " founder of our country ". porphyrogenitus says arpad " had four sons : first, tarkatzous ; second, ielech ; third, ioutotzas
| 899 |
[
";",
"fourth",
",",
"za",
"##lta",
"##s",
"\"",
".",
"however",
",",
"he",
"also",
"refers",
"to",
"one",
"\"",
"liu",
"##nti",
"##kas",
",",
"son",
"of",
"\"",
"ar",
"##pad",
";",
"kris",
"##to",
"wrote",
"that",
"liu",
"##nti",
"##kas",
"(",
"liu",
"##nti",
"##ka",
")",
"was",
"an",
"alternative",
"name",
"of",
"tar",
"##kat",
"##zo",
"##us",
"(",
"tar",
"##hos",
")",
".",
"the",
"name",
"and",
"family",
"of",
"the",
"mother",
"of",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"sons",
"are",
"unknown",
".",
"the",
"following",
"is",
"a",
"family",
"tree",
"presenting",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"ancestors",
"and",
"his",
"descendants",
"to",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"10th",
"century",
":",
"*",
"liu",
"##nti",
"##ka",
"and",
"tar",
"##kat",
"##zu",
"##s",
"are",
"supposed",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"identical",
".",
"*",
"*",
"the",
"father",
"of",
"ta",
"##s",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"ar",
"##pad",
"'",
"s",
"four",
"or",
"five",
"sons",
",",
"but",
"his"
] | 879,690 |
; fourth, zaltas ". however, he also refers to one " liuntikas, son of " arpad ; kristo wrote that liuntikas ( liuntika ) was an alternative name of tarkatzous ( tarhos ). the name and family of the mother of arpad's sons are unknown. the following is a family tree presenting arpad's ancestors and his descendants to the end of the 10th century : * liuntika and tarkatzus are supposed to have been identical. * * the father of tas was one of arpad's four or five sons, but his
| 152 |
[
"name",
"is",
"unknown",
".",
"*",
"*",
"*",
"all",
"later",
"grand",
"princes",
"and",
"kings",
"of",
"hungary",
"descended",
"from",
"tak",
"##son",
"##y",
".",
"=",
"james",
"b",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"=",
"james",
"barton",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"(",
"august",
"11",
",",
"1794",
"–",
"january",
"1",
",",
"1869",
")",
"was",
"an",
"american",
"portrait",
"##ist",
"and",
"engraver",
",",
"and",
"from",
"1844",
"until",
"his",
"death",
"the",
"fourth",
"chief",
"engraver",
"of",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"mint",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"is",
"best",
"known",
"for",
"designing",
"the",
"indian",
"head",
"cent",
",",
"which",
"entered",
"commerce",
"in",
"1859",
",",
"and",
"for",
"the",
"designs",
"of",
"the",
"shield",
"nickel",
",",
"flying",
"eagle",
"cent",
"and",
"other",
"coins",
"of",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"19th",
"century",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"was",
"born",
"in",
"delaware",
"county",
",",
"pennsylvania",
"in",
"1794",
".",
"he",
"ran",
"away"
] | 879,691 |
name is unknown. * * * all later grand princes and kings of hungary descended from taksony. = james b. longacre = james barton longacre ( august 11, 1794 – january 1, 1869 ) was an american portraitist and engraver, and from 1844 until his death the fourth chief engraver of the united states mint. longacre is best known for designing the indian head cent, which entered commerce in 1859, and for the designs of the shield nickel, flying eagle cent and other coins of the mid @ - @ 19th century. longacre was born in delaware county, pennsylvania in 1794. he ran away
| 877 |
[
"to",
"philadelphia",
"at",
"age",
"12",
",",
"becoming",
"an",
"apprentice",
"in",
"a",
"bookstore",
".",
"his",
"artistic",
"talent",
"developed",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"released",
"to",
"apprentice",
"in",
"an",
"engraving",
"firm",
".",
"he",
"struck",
"out",
"on",
"his",
"own",
"in",
"1819",
",",
"making",
"a",
"name",
"providing",
"illustrations",
"for",
"popular",
"biographical",
"books",
".",
"he",
"portrayed",
"the",
"leading",
"men",
"of",
"his",
"day",
";",
"support",
"from",
"some",
"of",
"them",
",",
"such",
"as",
"south",
"carolina",
"senator",
"john",
"c",
".",
"calhoun",
",",
"led",
"to",
"his",
"appointment",
"as",
"chief",
"engraver",
"after",
"the",
"death",
"of",
"christian",
"go",
"##bre",
"##cht",
"in",
"1844",
".",
"in",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"years",
"as",
"a",
"chief",
"engraver",
",",
"the",
"philadelphia",
"mint",
"was",
"dominated",
"by",
"mint",
"director",
"robert",
"m",
".",
"patterson",
"and",
"chief",
"coin",
"##er",
"franklin",
"pea",
"##le",
".",
"conflict",
"between",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re"
] | 879,692 |
to philadelphia at age 12, becoming an apprentice in a bookstore. his artistic talent developed and he was released to apprentice in an engraving firm. he struck out on his own in 1819, making a name providing illustrations for popular biographical books. he portrayed the leading men of his day ; support from some of them, such as south carolina senator john c. calhoun, led to his appointment as chief engraver after the death of christian gobrecht in 1844. in longacre's first years as a chief engraver, the philadelphia mint was dominated by mint director robert m. patterson and chief coiner franklin peale. conflict between longacre
| 877 |
[
"and",
"the",
"two",
"men",
"developed",
"after",
"congress",
"ordered",
"a",
"new",
"gold",
"dollar",
"and",
"double",
"eagle",
",",
"with",
"both",
"to",
"be",
"designed",
"by",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
".",
"pea",
"##le",
"and",
"patterson",
"nearly",
"had",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"fired",
",",
"but",
"the",
"chief",
"engraver",
"was",
"able",
"to",
"convince",
"treasury",
"secretary",
"william",
"m",
".",
"meredith",
"that",
"he",
"should",
"be",
"retained",
".",
"both",
"patterson",
"and",
"pea",
"##le",
"left",
"the",
"mint",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"1850s",
",",
"ending",
"the",
"conflict",
".",
"in",
"1856",
",",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"designed",
"the",
"flying",
"eagle",
"cent",
".",
"when",
"that",
"design",
"proved",
"difficult",
"to",
"strike",
",",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"was",
"responsible",
"for",
"the",
"replacement",
",",
"the",
"indian",
"head",
"cent",
",",
"issued",
"beginning",
"in",
"1859",
".",
"other",
"coins",
"designed",
"by",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"include",
"the",
"silver",
"and",
"nickel",
"three",
"@",
"-"
] | 879,693 |
and the two men developed after congress ordered a new gold dollar and double eagle, with both to be designed by longacre. peale and patterson nearly had longacre fired, but the chief engraver was able to convince treasury secretary william m. meredith that he should be retained. both patterson and peale left the mint in the early 1850s, ending the conflict. in 1856, longacre designed the flying eagle cent. when that design proved difficult to strike, longacre was responsible for the replacement, the indian head cent, issued beginning in 1859. other coins designed by longacre include the silver and nickel three @ -
| 877 |
[
"@",
"cent",
"pieces",
",",
"the",
"shield",
"nickel",
",",
"and",
"the",
"two",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cent",
"piece",
".",
"in",
"1866",
"–",
"1867",
",",
"he",
"redesigned",
"the",
"coins",
"of",
"chile",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"died",
"suddenly",
"on",
"new",
"year",
"'",
"s",
"day",
"1869",
";",
"he",
"was",
"succeeded",
"by",
"william",
"barber",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"'",
"s",
"coins",
"are",
"generally",
"well",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"regarded",
"today",
",",
"although",
"they",
"have",
"been",
"criticized",
"for",
"lack",
"of",
"artistic",
"advancement",
".",
"=",
"=",
"early",
"life",
";",
"private",
"sector",
"career",
"=",
"=",
"james",
"barton",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"was",
"born",
"on",
"a",
"farm",
"in",
"delaware",
"county",
",",
"pennsylvania",
"on",
"august",
"11",
",",
"1794",
".",
"his",
"mother",
"sarah",
"(",
"barton",
")",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"died",
"early",
"in",
"his",
"life",
";",
"his",
"father",
",",
"peter",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re"
] | 879,694 |
@ cent pieces, the shield nickel, and the two @ - @ cent piece. in 1866 – 1867, he redesigned the coins of chile. longacre died suddenly on new year's day 1869 ; he was succeeded by william barber. longacre's coins are generally well @ - @ regarded today, although they have been criticized for lack of artistic advancement. = = early life ; private sector career = = james barton longacre was born on a farm in delaware county, pennsylvania on august 11, 1794. his mother sarah ( barton ) longacre died early in his life ; his father, peter longacre
| 875 |
[
",",
"was",
"the",
"descend",
"##ent",
"of",
"early",
"swedish",
"settlers",
"of",
"north",
"america",
".",
"when",
"peter",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"remarried",
",",
"his",
"son",
"found",
"the",
"home",
"life",
"into",
"##ler",
"##able",
",",
"and",
"james",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"left",
"home",
"at",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"12",
",",
"seeking",
"work",
"in",
"the",
"nearby",
"city",
"of",
"philadelphia",
".",
"he",
"apprentice",
"##d",
"himself",
"at",
"a",
"bookstore",
";",
"the",
"owner",
",",
"john",
"e",
".",
"watson",
",",
"took",
"the",
"boy",
"into",
"his",
"family",
".",
"over",
"the",
"following",
"years",
",",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"worked",
"in",
"the",
"bookstore",
",",
"but",
"watson",
"realized",
"that",
"the",
"boy",
"'",
"s",
"skill",
"was",
"in",
"portrait",
"##ure",
".",
"watson",
"granted",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"a",
"release",
"from",
"his",
"apprenticeship",
"in",
"1813",
"so",
"that",
"he",
"could",
"follow",
"an",
"artistic",
"muse",
",",
"but",
"the",
"two",
"remained",
"close"
] | 879,695 |
, was the descendent of early swedish settlers of north america. when peter longacre remarried, his son found the home life intolerable, and james longacre left home at the age of 12, seeking work in the nearby city of philadelphia. he apprenticed himself at a bookstore ; the owner, john e. watson, took the boy into his family. over the following years, longacre worked in the bookstore, but watson realized that the boy's skill was in portraiture. watson granted longacre a release from his apprenticeship in 1813 so that he could follow an artistic muse, but the two remained close
| 158 |
[
",",
"and",
"watson",
"would",
"often",
"sell",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"'",
"s",
"works",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"became",
"apprentice",
"##d",
"to",
"george",
"murray",
",",
"principal",
"in",
"the",
"engraving",
"firm",
"murray",
",",
"draper",
",",
"fair",
"##man",
"&",
"co",
".",
"at",
"47",
"sans",
"##om",
"street",
"in",
"philadelphia",
".",
"this",
"business",
"derived",
"from",
"the",
"firm",
"established",
"by",
"the",
"philadelphia",
"mint",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"chief",
"engraver",
",",
"robert",
"sc",
"##ot",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"remained",
"at",
"the",
"murray",
"firm",
"until",
"1819",
";",
"his",
"major",
"work",
"there",
"was",
"portraits",
"of",
"george",
"washington",
",",
"thomas",
"jefferson",
",",
"and",
"john",
"hancock",
"which",
"were",
"placed",
"on",
"a",
"fa",
"##cs",
"##imi",
"##le",
"of",
"the",
"declaration",
"of",
"independence",
"by",
"publisher",
"john",
"bin",
"##ns",
";",
"the",
"work",
"cost",
"bin",
"##ns",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"$",
"9",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"("
] | 879,696 |
, and watson would often sell longacre's works. longacre became apprenticed to george murray, principal in the engraving firm murray, draper, fairman & co. at 47 sansom street in philadelphia. this business derived from the firm established by the philadelphia mint's first chief engraver, robert scot. longacre remained at the murray firm until 1819 ; his major work there was portraits of george washington, thomas jefferson, and john hancock which were placed on a facsimile of the declaration of independence by publisher john binns ; the work cost binns a total of $ 9 @, @ 000 (
| 812 |
[
"equal",
"to",
"$",
"139",
"@",
",",
"@",
"128",
"today",
")",
".",
"also",
"employed",
"at",
"the",
"murray",
"firm",
"from",
"1816",
"was",
"the",
"man",
"who",
"would",
"be",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"'",
"s",
"predecessor",
"as",
"chief",
"engraver",
",",
"christian",
"go",
"##bre",
"##cht",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"'",
"s",
"work",
"at",
"the",
"company",
"gave",
"him",
"a",
"good",
"reputation",
"as",
"an",
"engraver",
"skilled",
"in",
"rendering",
"other",
"artists",
"'",
"paintings",
"as",
"a",
"printed",
"engraving",
",",
"and",
"in",
"1819",
",",
"he",
"set",
"up",
"his",
"own",
"business",
"at",
"230",
"pine",
"street",
"in",
"philadelphia",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"important",
"commission",
"were",
"plates",
"for",
"s",
".",
"f",
".",
"bradford",
"'",
"s",
"encyclopedia",
"in",
"1820",
";",
"an",
"engraving",
"of",
"general",
"andrew",
"jackson",
"by",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"based",
"on",
"a",
"portrait",
"by",
"thomas",
"sul",
"##ly",
"achieved",
"wide"
] | 879,697 |
equal to $ 139 @, @ 128 today ). also employed at the murray firm from 1816 was the man who would be longacre's predecessor as chief engraver, christian gobrecht. longacre's work at the company gave him a good reputation as an engraver skilled in rendering other artists'paintings as a printed engraving, and in 1819, he set up his own business at 230 pine street in philadelphia. longacre's first important commission were plates for s. f. bradford's encyclopedia in 1820 ; an engraving of general andrew jackson by longacre based on a portrait by thomas sully achieved wide
| 369 |
[
"sales",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"then",
"agreed",
"to",
"eng",
"##rave",
"illustrations",
"for",
"joseph",
"and",
"john",
"sanders",
"##on",
"'",
"s",
"biographies",
"of",
"the",
"sign",
"##ers",
"of",
"the",
"declaration",
"of",
"independence",
",",
"published",
"in",
"nine",
"volumes",
"between",
"1820",
"and",
"1827",
".",
"although",
"the",
"venture",
"was",
"marked",
"by",
"criticism",
"of",
"the",
"writing",
",",
"sales",
"were",
"good",
"enough",
"that",
"the",
"project",
"was",
"completed",
".",
"nu",
"##mism",
"##atic",
"writer",
"richard",
"snow",
"suggests",
"that",
"the",
"books",
"sold",
"on",
"the",
"strength",
"of",
"the",
"quality",
"of",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"'",
"s",
"illustrations",
".",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"also",
"completed",
"a",
"series",
"of",
"studies",
"of",
"actors",
"in",
"their",
"roles",
"in",
"1826",
"for",
"the",
"american",
"theatre",
".",
"with",
"lessons",
"learned",
"from",
"the",
"sanders",
"##on",
"series",
",",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
"proposed",
"to",
"issue",
"his",
"own",
"set",
"of",
"biographies",
"illustrated",
"with"
] | 879,698 |
sales. longacre then agreed to engrave illustrations for joseph and john sanderson's biographies of the signers of the declaration of independence, published in nine volumes between 1820 and 1827. although the venture was marked by criticism of the writing, sales were good enough that the project was completed. numismatic writer richard snow suggests that the books sold on the strength of the quality of longacre's illustrations. longacre also completed a series of studies of actors in their roles in 1826 for the american theatre. with lessons learned from the sanderson series, longacre proposed to issue his own set of biographies illustrated with
| 2,038 |
[
"plates",
"of",
"the",
"subjects",
".",
"he",
"was",
"on",
"the",
"point",
"of",
"launching",
"this",
"project",
",",
"having",
"invested",
"$",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"of",
"his",
"own",
"money",
"(",
"equal",
"to",
"$",
"23",
"@",
",",
"@",
"70",
"##3",
"today",
")",
"in",
"preparation",
",",
"when",
"he",
"learned",
"that",
"james",
"herring",
"of",
"new",
"york",
"city",
"was",
"planning",
"a",
"similar",
"series",
".",
"in",
"october",
"1831",
",",
"he",
"wrote",
"to",
"herring",
",",
"and",
"the",
"two",
"men",
"agreed",
"to",
"work",
"together",
"on",
"the",
"american",
"portrait",
"gallery",
"(",
"later",
"called",
"the",
"national",
"portrait",
"gallery",
"of",
"distinguished",
"americans",
")",
",",
"published",
"in",
"four",
"volumes",
"between",
"1834",
"and",
"1839",
".",
"herring",
"was",
"an",
"artist",
",",
"but",
"much",
"of",
"the",
"work",
"of",
"illustrating",
"fell",
"to",
"long",
"##ac",
"##re",
",",
"who",
"travelled",
"widely",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"to",
"sketch"
] | 879,699 |
plates of the subjects. he was on the point of launching this project, having invested $ 1 @, @ 000 of his own money ( equal to $ 23 @, @ 703 today ) in preparation, when he learned that james herring of new york city was planning a similar series. in october 1831, he wrote to herring, and the two men agreed to work together on the american portrait gallery ( later called the national portrait gallery of distinguished americans ), published in four volumes between 1834 and 1839. herring was an artist, but much of the work of illustrating fell to longacre, who travelled widely in the united states to sketch
| 369 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.