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] | 878,700 |
surviving monks were capable of singing the full offices ; one was ceolfrith and the other a young boy, who according to the anonymous writer had been taught by ceolfrith. the two managed to do the entire service of the liturgy until others could be trained. the young boy was almost certainly bede, who would have been about 14. when bede was about 17 years old, adomnan, the abbot of iona abbey, visited monkwearmouth and jarrow. bede would probably have met the abbot during this visit, and it may be that adomnan sparked bede's interest in the easter dating controversy.
| 996 |
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] | 878,701 |
in about 692, in bede's nineteenth year, bede was ordained a deacon by his diocesan bishop, john, who was bishop of hexham. the canonical age for the ordination of a deacon was 25 ; bede's early ordination may mean that his abilities were considered exceptional, but it is also possible that the minimum age requirement was often disregarded. there might have been minor orders ranking below a deacon ; but there is no record of whether bede held any of these offices. in bede's thirtieth year ( about 702 ), he became a priest, with the ordination again performed
| 1,002 |
[
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] | 878,702 |
by bishop john. in about 701 bede wrote his first works, the de arte metrica and de schematibus et tropis ; both were intended for use in the classroom. he continued to write for the rest of his life, eventually completing over 60 books, most of which have survived. not all his output can be easily dated, and bede may have worked on some texts over a period of many years. his last @ - @ surviving work is a letter to ecgbert of york, a former student, written in 734. a 6th @ - @ century greek and latin manuscript of acts that is
| 1,002 |
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] | 878,703 |
believed to have been used by bede survives and is now in the bodleian library at oxford university ; it is known as the codex laudianus. bede may also have worked on one of the latin bibles that were copied at jarrow, one of which is now held by the laurentian library in florence. bede was a teacher as well as a writer ; he enjoyed music, and was said to be accomplished as a singer and as a reciter of poetry in the vernacular. it is possible that he suffered a speech impediment, but this depends on a phrase in the introduction to his verse life of
| 2,643 |
[
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] | 878,704 |
saint cuthbert. translations of this phrase differ, and it is uncertain whether bede intended to say that he was cured of a speech problem, or merely that he was inspired by the saint's works. in 708, some monks at hexham accused bede of having committed heresy in his work de temporibus. the standard theological view of world history at the time was known as the six ages of the world ; in his book, bede calculated the age of the world for himself, rather than accepting the authority of isidore of seville, and came to the conclusion that christ had been born 3 @, @ 95
| 952 |
[
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","
] | 878,705 |
##2 years after the creation of the world, rather than the figure of over 5 @, @ 000 years that was commonly accepted by theologians. the accusation occurred in front of the bishop of hexham, wilfrid, who was present at a feast when some drunken monks made the accusation. wilfrid did not respond to the accusation, but a monk present relayed the episode to bede, who replied within a few days to the monk, writing a letter setting forth his defence and asking that the letter also be read to wilfrid. bede had another brush with wilfrid, for the historian himself says that he met wilfrid,
| 1,003 |
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] | 878,706 |
sometime between 706 and 709, and discussed æthelthryth, the abbess of ely. wilfrid had been present at the exhumation of her body in 695, and bede questioned the bishop about the exact circumstances of the body and asked for more details of her life, as wilfrid had been her advisor. in 733, bede travelled to york to visit ecgbert, who was then bishop of york. the see of york was elevated to an archbishopric in 735, and it is likely that bede and ecgbert discussed the proposal for the elevation during his visit. bede hoped
| 1,003 |
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] | 878,707 |
to visit ecgbert again in 734, but was too ill to make the journey. bede also travelled to the monastery of lindisfarne, and at some point visited the otherwise @ - @ unknown monastery of a monk named wicthed, a visit that is mentioned in a letter to that monk. because of his widespread correspondence with others throughout the british isles, and due to the fact that many of the letters imply that bede had met his correspondents, it is likely that bede travelled to some other places, although nothing further about timing or locations can be guessed. it seems certain that he did not visit rome
| 952 |
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] | 878,708 |
, however, as he would have mentioned it in the autobiographical chapter of his historia ecclesiastica. nothhelm, a correspondent of bede's who assisted him by finding documents for him in rome, is known to have visited bede, though the date cannot be determined beyond the fact that it was after nothhelm's visit to rome. except for a few visits to other monasteries, his life was spent in a round of prayer, observance of the monastic discipline and study of the sacred scriptures. he was considered the most learned man of his time, and wrote excellent biblical and historical books. bed
| 925 |
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"to"
] | 878,709 |
##e died on thursday, 26 may 735 ( ascension day ) on the floor of his cell, singing glory be to the father and to the son and to the holy spirit and was buried at jarrow. cuthbert, a disciple of bede's, wrote a letter to a cuthwin ( of whom nothing else is known ), describing bede's last days and his death. according to cuthbert, bede fell ill, " with frequent attacks of breathlessness but almost without pain ", before easter. on the tuesday, two days before bede died, his breathing became worse and his feet swelled. he continued to
| 414 |
[
"di",
"##cta",
"##te",
"to",
"a",
"scribe",
",",
"however",
",",
"and",
"despite",
"spending",
"the",
"night",
"awake",
"in",
"prayer",
"he",
"dictated",
"again",
"the",
"following",
"day",
".",
"at",
"three",
"o",
"'",
"clock",
",",
"according",
"to",
"cuthbert",
",",
"he",
"asked",
"for",
"a",
"box",
"of",
"his",
"to",
"be",
"brought",
",",
"and",
"distributed",
"among",
"the",
"priests",
"of",
"the",
"monastery",
"\"",
"a",
"few",
"treasures",
"\"",
"of",
"his",
":",
"\"",
"some",
"pepper",
",",
"and",
"napkin",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"some",
"incense",
"\"",
".",
"that",
"night",
"he",
"dictated",
"a",
"final",
"sentence",
"to",
"the",
"scribe",
",",
"a",
"boy",
"named",
"wil",
"##ber",
"##ht",
",",
"and",
"died",
"soon",
"afterwards",
".",
"cuthbert",
"'",
"s",
"letter",
"also",
"relates",
"a",
"five",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"line",
"poem",
"in",
"the",
"vernacular",
"that",
"bed",
"##e",
"composed",
"on",
"his",
"death",
"##bed",
",",
"known",
"as",
"\"",
"bed",
"##e",
"'"
] | 878,710 |
dictate to a scribe, however, and despite spending the night awake in prayer he dictated again the following day. at three o'clock, according to cuthbert, he asked for a box of his to be brought, and distributed among the priests of the monastery " a few treasures " of his : " some pepper, and napkins, and some incense ". that night he dictated a final sentence to the scribe, a boy named wilberht, and died soon afterwards. cuthbert's letter also relates a five @ - @ line poem in the vernacular that bede composed on his deathbed, known as " bede '
| 2,640 |
[
"s",
"death",
"song",
"\"",
".",
"it",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"widely",
"copied",
"old",
"english",
"poem",
",",
"and",
"appears",
"in",
"45",
"manuscripts",
",",
"but",
"its",
"at",
"##tri",
"##bution",
"to",
"bed",
"##e",
"is",
"not",
"certain",
"—",
"not",
"all",
"manuscripts",
"name",
"bed",
"##e",
"as",
"the",
"author",
",",
"and",
"the",
"ones",
"that",
"do",
"are",
"of",
"later",
"origin",
"than",
"those",
"that",
"do",
"not",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"remains",
"may",
"have",
"been",
"transferred",
"to",
"durham",
"cathedral",
"in",
"the",
"11th",
"century",
";",
"his",
"tomb",
"there",
"was",
"looted",
"in",
"154",
"##1",
",",
"but",
"the",
"contents",
"were",
"probably",
"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"interred",
"in",
"the",
"galilee",
"chapel",
"at",
"the",
"cathedral",
".",
"one",
"further",
"odd",
"##ity",
"in",
"his",
"writings",
"is",
"that",
"in",
"one",
"of",
"his",
"works",
",",
"the",
"commentary",
"on",
"the",
"seven",
"catholic",
"ep",
"##istles"
] | 878,711 |
s death song ". it is the most @ - @ widely copied old english poem, and appears in 45 manuscripts, but its attribution to bede is not certain — not all manuscripts name bede as the author, and the ones that do are of later origin than those that don't. bede's remains may have been transferred to durham cathedral in the 11th century ; his tomb there was looted in 1541, but the contents were probably re @ - @ interred in the galilee chapel at the cathedral. one further oddity in his writings is that in one of his works, the commentary on the seven catholic epistles
| 997 |
[
",",
"he",
"writes",
"in",
"a",
"manner",
"that",
"gives",
"the",
"impression",
"he",
"was",
"married",
".",
"the",
"section",
"in",
"question",
"is",
"the",
"only",
"one",
"in",
"that",
"work",
"that",
"is",
"written",
"in",
"first",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"person",
"view",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"says",
":",
"\"",
"prayers",
"are",
"hind",
"##ered",
"by",
"the",
"con",
"##ju",
"##gal",
"duty",
"because",
"as",
"often",
"as",
"i",
"perform",
"what",
"is",
"due",
"to",
"my",
"wife",
"i",
"am",
"not",
"able",
"to",
"pray",
".",
"\"",
"another",
"passage",
",",
"in",
"the",
"commentary",
"on",
"luke",
",",
"also",
"mentions",
"a",
"wife",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"person",
":",
"\"",
"formerly",
"i",
"possessed",
"a",
"wife",
"in",
"the",
"lust",
"##ful",
"passion",
"of",
"desire",
"and",
"now",
"i",
"possess",
"her",
"in",
"honourable",
"san",
"##ct",
"##ification",
"and",
"true",
"love",
"of",
"christ",
".",
"\"",
"the",
"historian",
"benedict",
"##a",
"ward",
"argues",
"that",
"these",
"passages"
] | 878,712 |
, he writes in a manner that gives the impression he was married. the section in question is the only one in that work that is written in first @ - @ person view. bede says : " prayers are hindered by the conjugal duty because as often as i perform what is due to my wife i am not able to pray. " another passage, in the commentary on luke, also mentions a wife in the first person : " formerly i possessed a wife in the lustful passion of desire and now i possess her in honourable sanctification and true love of christ. " the historian benedicta ward argues that these passages
| 2,284 |
[
"are",
"bed",
"##e",
"employing",
"a",
"rhetoric",
"##al",
"device",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"wrote",
"scientific",
",",
"historical",
"and",
"theological",
"works",
",",
"reflecting",
"the",
"range",
"of",
"his",
"writings",
"from",
"music",
"and",
"metric",
"##s",
"to",
"ex",
"##ege",
"##tical",
"scripture",
"commentaries",
".",
"he",
"knew",
"pat",
"##rist",
"##ic",
"literature",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"pl",
"##iny",
"the",
"elder",
",",
"virgil",
",",
"luc",
"##ret",
"##ius",
",",
"o",
"##vid",
",",
"horace",
"and",
"other",
"classical",
"writers",
".",
"he",
"knew",
"some",
"greek",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"script",
"##ural",
"commentaries",
"employed",
"the",
"all",
"##egorical",
"method",
"of",
"interpretation",
"and",
"his",
"history",
"includes",
"accounts",
"of",
"miracles",
",",
"which",
"to",
"modern",
"historians",
"has",
"seemed",
"at",
"odds",
"with",
"his",
"critical",
"approach",
"to",
"the",
"materials",
"in",
"his",
"history",
".",
"modern",
"studies",
"have",
"shown",
"the",
"important",
"role",
"such",
"concepts",
"played",
"in",
"the",
"world",
"@",
"-"
] | 878,713 |
are bede employing a rhetorical device. bede wrote scientific, historical and theological works, reflecting the range of his writings from music and metrics to exegetical scripture commentaries. he knew patristic literature, as well as pliny the elder, virgil, lucretius, ovid, horace and other classical writers. he knew some greek. bede's scriptural commentaries employed the allegorical method of interpretation and his history includes accounts of miracles, which to modern historians has seemed at odds with his critical approach to the materials in his history. modern studies have shown the important role such concepts played in the world @ -
| 2,647 |
[
"@",
"view",
"of",
"early",
"medieval",
"scholars",
".",
"he",
"dedicated",
"his",
"work",
"on",
"the",
"apocalypse",
"and",
"the",
"de",
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"ratio",
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"to",
"the",
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"of",
"ceo",
"##lf",
"##rid",
"as",
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"h",
"##wa",
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"##bert",
".",
"although",
"bed",
"##e",
"is",
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"as",
"a",
"historian",
"now",
",",
"in",
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"time",
"his",
"works",
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",",
"chronology",
",",
"and",
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"studies",
"were",
"as",
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"and",
"ha",
"##gio",
"##graphic",
"##al",
"works",
".",
"the",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"historical",
"works",
"contributed",
"greatly",
"to",
"the",
"carol",
"##ing",
"##ian",
"renaissance",
".",
"he",
"has",
"been",
"credited",
"with",
"writing",
"a",
"pen",
"##ite",
"##ntial",
",",
"though",
"his",
"authorship",
"of",
"this",
"work",
"is",
"still",
"very",
"much",
"disputed",
".",
"=",
"=",
"historia",
"ec",
"##cles",
"##ias",
"##tica",
"gen",
"##tis",
"anglo",
"##rum",
"=",
"=",
"bed",
"##e",
"'"
] | 878,714 |
@ view of early medieval scholars. he dedicated his work on the apocalypse and the de temporum ratione to the successor of ceolfrid as abbot, hwaetbert. although bede is mainly studied as a historian now, in his time his works on grammar, chronology, and biblical studies were as important as his historical and hagiographical works. the non @ - @ historical works contributed greatly to the carolingian renaissance. he has been credited with writing a penitential, though his authorship of this work is still very much disputed. = = historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum = = bede '
| 930 |
[
"s",
"best",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"known",
"work",
"is",
"the",
"historia",
"ec",
"##cles",
"##ias",
"##tica",
"gen",
"##tis",
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"##rum",
",",
"or",
"an",
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"history",
"of",
"the",
"english",
"people",
",",
"completed",
"in",
"about",
"73",
"##1",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"was",
"aided",
"in",
"writing",
"this",
"book",
"by",
"al",
"##bin",
"##us",
",",
"abbot",
"of",
"st",
"augustine",
"'",
"s",
"abbey",
",",
"canterbury",
".",
"the",
"first",
"of",
"the",
"five",
"books",
"begins",
"with",
"some",
"geographical",
"background",
",",
"and",
"then",
"sketches",
"the",
"history",
"of",
"england",
",",
"beginning",
"with",
"caesar",
"'",
"s",
"invasion",
"in",
"55",
"bc",
".",
"a",
"brief",
"account",
"of",
"christianity",
"in",
"roman",
"britain",
",",
"including",
"the",
"martyr",
"##dom",
"of",
"st",
"alba",
"##n",
",",
"is",
"followed",
"by",
"the",
"story",
"of",
"augustine",
"'",
"s",
"mission",
"to",
"england",
"in",
"59",
"##7",
",",
"which",
"brought",
"christianity",
"to",
"the",
"anglo",
"@"
] | 878,715 |
s best @ - @ known work is the historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum, or an ecclesiastical history of the english people, completed in about 731. bede was aided in writing this book by albinus, abbot of st augustine's abbey, canterbury. the first of the five books begins with some geographical background, and then sketches the history of england, beginning with caesar's invasion in 55 bc. a brief account of christianity in roman britain, including the martyrdom of st alban, is followed by the story of augustine's mission to england in 597, which brought christianity to the anglo @
| 1,024 |
[
"-",
"@",
"saxons",
".",
"the",
"second",
"book",
"begins",
"with",
"the",
"death",
"of",
"gregory",
"the",
"great",
"in",
"60",
"##4",
",",
"and",
"follows",
"the",
"further",
"progress",
"of",
"christianity",
"in",
"kent",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"attempts",
"to",
"evan",
"##gel",
"##ise",
"north",
"##umb",
"##ria",
".",
"these",
"ended",
"in",
"disaster",
"when",
"pen",
"##da",
",",
"the",
"pagan",
"king",
"of",
"mer",
"##cia",
",",
"killed",
"the",
"newly",
"christian",
"edwin",
"of",
"north",
"##umb",
"##ria",
"at",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"hatfield",
"chase",
"in",
"about",
"63",
"##2",
".",
"the",
"set",
"##back",
"was",
"temporary",
",",
"and",
"the",
"third",
"book",
"recounts",
"the",
"growth",
"of",
"christianity",
"in",
"north",
"##umb",
"##ria",
"under",
"kings",
"oswald",
"of",
"north",
"##umb",
"##ria",
"and",
"os",
"##wy",
".",
"the",
"climax",
"of",
"the",
"third",
"book",
"is",
"the",
"account",
"of",
"the",
"council",
"of",
"w",
"##hit",
"##by",
",",
"traditionally",
"seen",
"as",
"a",
"major",
"turning"
] | 878,716 |
- @ saxons. the second book begins with the death of gregory the great in 604, and follows the further progress of christianity in kent and the first attempts to evangelise northumbria. these ended in disaster when penda, the pagan king of mercia, killed the newly christian edwin of northumbria at the battle of hatfield chase in about 632. the setback was temporary, and the third book recounts the growth of christianity in northumbria under kings oswald of northumbria and oswy. the climax of the third book is the account of the council of whitby, traditionally seen as a major turning
| 952 |
[
"point",
"in",
"english",
"history",
".",
"the",
"fourth",
"book",
"begins",
"with",
"the",
"consecration",
"of",
"theodore",
"as",
"archbishop",
"of",
"canterbury",
",",
"and",
"recounts",
"wil",
"##frid",
"'",
"s",
"efforts",
"to",
"bring",
"christianity",
"to",
"the",
"kingdom",
"of",
"sussex",
".",
"the",
"fifth",
"book",
"brings",
"the",
"story",
"up",
"to",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"day",
",",
"and",
"includes",
"an",
"account",
"of",
"missionary",
"work",
"in",
"fr",
"##isi",
"##a",
",",
"and",
"of",
"the",
"conflict",
"with",
"the",
"british",
"church",
"over",
"the",
"correct",
"dating",
"of",
"easter",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"wrote",
"a",
"preface",
"for",
"the",
"work",
",",
"in",
"which",
"he",
"de",
"##dicate",
"##s",
"it",
"to",
"ceo",
"##l",
"##wu",
"##lf",
",",
"king",
"of",
"north",
"##umb",
"##ria",
".",
"the",
"preface",
"mentions",
"that",
"ceo",
"##l",
"##wu",
"##lf",
"received",
"an",
"earlier",
"draft",
"of",
"the",
"book",
";",
"presumably",
"ceo",
"##l",
"##wu",
"##lf",
"knew",
"enough",
"latin"
] | 878,717 |
point in english history. the fourth book begins with the consecration of theodore as archbishop of canterbury, and recounts wilfrid's efforts to bring christianity to the kingdom of sussex. the fifth book brings the story up to bede's day, and includes an account of missionary work in frisia, and of the conflict with the british church over the correct dating of easter. bede wrote a preface for the work, in which he dedicates it to ceolwulf, king of northumbria. the preface mentions that ceolwulf received an earlier draft of the book ; presumably ceolwulf knew enough latin
| 994 |
[
"to",
"understand",
"it",
",",
"and",
"he",
"may",
"even",
"have",
"been",
"able",
"to",
"read",
"it",
".",
"the",
"preface",
"makes",
"it",
"clear",
"that",
"ceo",
"##l",
"##wu",
"##lf",
"had",
"requested",
"the",
"earlier",
"copy",
",",
"and",
"bed",
"##e",
"had",
"asked",
"for",
"ceo",
"##l",
"##wu",
"##lf",
"'",
"s",
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";",
"this",
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"with",
"the",
"king",
"indicates",
"that",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"monastery",
"had",
"excellent",
"connections",
"among",
"the",
"north",
"##umb",
"##rian",
"nobility",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"stylistic",
"models",
"included",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"same",
"authors",
"from",
"whom",
"he",
"drew",
"the",
"material",
"for",
"the",
"earlier",
"parts",
"of",
"his",
"history",
".",
"his",
"introduction",
"im",
"##itate",
"##s",
"the",
"work",
"of",
"oro",
"##sius",
",",
"and",
"his",
"title",
"is",
"an",
"echo",
"of",
"eu",
"##se",
"##bius",
"'",
"s",
"historia",
"ec",
"##cles",
"##ias",
"##tica",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"also",
"followed",
"eu",
"##se"
] | 878,718 |
to understand it, and he may even have been able to read it. the preface makes it clear that ceolwulf had requested the earlier copy, and bede had asked for ceolwulf's approval ; this correspondence with the king indicates that bede's monastery had excellent connections among the northumbrian nobility. bede's stylistic models included some of the same authors from whom he drew the material for the earlier parts of his history. his introduction imitates the work of orosius, and his title is an echo of eusebius's historia ecclesiastica. bede also followed euse
| 2,189 |
[
"##bius",
"in",
"taking",
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"where",
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"used",
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",",
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"##e",
"quoted",
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",",
"as",
"eu",
"##se",
"##bius",
"had",
"done",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"also",
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"to",
"have",
"taken",
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"directly",
"from",
"his",
"correspondent",
"##s",
"at",
"times",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"he",
"almost",
"always",
"uses",
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"terms",
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"aus",
"##tral",
"##es",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"o",
"##cci",
"##dent",
"##ales",
"\"",
"for",
"the",
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"west",
"saxons",
"respectively",
",",
"but",
"in",
"a",
"passage",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"book",
"he",
"uses",
"\""
] | 878,719 |
##bius in taking the acts of the apostles as the model for the overall work : where eusebius used the acts as the theme for his description of the development of the church, bede made it the model for his history of the anglo @ - @ saxon church. bede quoted his sources at length in his narrative, as eusebius had done. bede also appears to have taken quotes directly from his correspondents at times. for example, he almost always uses the terms " australes " and " occidentales " for the south and west saxons respectively, but in a passage in the first book he uses "
| 2,206 |
[
"meridian",
"##i",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"o",
"##cci",
"##du",
"##i",
"\"",
"instead",
",",
"as",
"perhaps",
"his",
"informant",
"had",
"done",
".",
"at",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"work",
",",
"bed",
"##e",
"added",
"a",
"brief",
"autobiographical",
"note",
";",
"this",
"was",
"an",
"idea",
"taken",
"from",
"gregory",
"of",
"tours",
"'",
"earlier",
"history",
"of",
"the",
"franks",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"work",
"as",
"a",
"ha",
"##gio",
"##grapher",
",",
"and",
"his",
"detailed",
"attention",
"to",
"dating",
",",
"were",
"both",
"useful",
"preparations",
"for",
"the",
"task",
"of",
"writing",
"the",
"historia",
"ec",
"##cles",
"##ias",
"##tica",
".",
"his",
"interest",
"in",
"com",
"##put",
"##us",
",",
"the",
"science",
"of",
"calculating",
"the",
"date",
"of",
"easter",
",",
"was",
"also",
"useful",
"in",
"the",
"account",
"he",
"gives",
"of",
"the",
"controversy",
"between",
"the",
"british",
"and",
"anglo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"saxon",
"church",
"over",
"the",
"correct",
"method",
"of",
"obtaining",
"the"
] | 878,720 |
meridiani " and " occidui " instead, as perhaps his informant had done. at the end of the work, bede added a brief autobiographical note ; this was an idea taken from gregory of tours'earlier history of the franks. bede's work as a hagiographer, and his detailed attention to dating, were both useful preparations for the task of writing the historia ecclesiastica. his interest in computus, the science of calculating the date of easter, was also useful in the account he gives of the controversy between the british and anglo @ - @ saxon church over the correct method of obtaining the
| 951 |
[
"easter",
"date",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"is",
"described",
"by",
"michael",
"lap",
"##idge",
"as",
"\"",
"without",
"question",
"the",
"most",
"accomplished",
"latin",
"##ist",
"produced",
"in",
"these",
"islands",
"in",
"the",
"anglo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"saxon",
"period",
"\"",
".",
"his",
"latin",
"has",
"been",
"praised",
"for",
"its",
"clarity",
",",
"but",
"his",
"style",
"in",
"the",
"historia",
"ec",
"##cles",
"##ias",
"##tica",
"is",
"not",
"simple",
".",
"he",
"knew",
"rhetoric",
",",
"and",
"often",
"used",
"figures",
"of",
"speech",
"and",
"rhetoric",
"##al",
"forms",
"which",
"cannot",
"easily",
"be",
"reproduced",
"in",
"translation",
",",
"depending",
"as",
"they",
"often",
"do",
"on",
"the",
"con",
"##not",
"##ations",
"of",
"the",
"latin",
"words",
".",
"however",
",",
"unlike",
"contemporaries",
"such",
"as",
"al",
"##dh",
"##el",
"##m",
",",
"whose",
"latin",
"is",
"full",
"of",
"difficulties",
",",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"own",
"text",
"is",
"easy",
"to",
"read",
".",
"in",
"the",
"words",
"of",
"charles"
] | 878,721 |
easter date. bede is described by michael lapidge as " without question the most accomplished latinist produced in these islands in the anglo @ - @ saxon period ". his latin has been praised for its clarity, but his style in the historia ecclesiastica is not simple. he knew rhetoric, and often used figures of speech and rhetorical forms which cannot easily be reproduced in translation, depending as they often do on the connotations of the latin words. however, unlike contemporaries such as aldhelm, whose latin is full of difficulties, bede's own text is easy to read. in the words of charles
| 2,693 |
[
"plum",
"##mer",
",",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"best",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"known",
"editors",
"of",
"the",
"historia",
"ec",
"##cles",
"##ias",
"##tica",
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"bed",
"##e",
"'",
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"\"",
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"and",
"limp",
"##id",
".",
".",
".",
"it",
"is",
"very",
"seldom",
"that",
"we",
"have",
"to",
"pause",
"to",
"think",
"of",
"the",
"meaning",
"of",
"a",
"sentence",
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".",
".",
"al",
"##cu",
"##in",
"right",
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"##e",
"for",
"his",
"un",
"##pre",
"##ten",
"##ding",
"style",
".",
"\"",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"primary",
"intention",
"in",
"writing",
"the",
"historia",
"ec",
"##cles",
"##ias",
"##tica",
"was",
"to",
"show",
"the",
"growth",
"of",
"the",
"united",
"church",
"throughout",
"england",
".",
"the",
"native",
"brit",
"##ons",
",",
"whose",
"christian",
"church",
"survived",
"the",
"departure",
"of",
"the",
"romans",
",",
"earn",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"ir",
"##e",
"for",
"refusing",
"to",
"help",
"convert",
"the",
"saxons",
";",
"by"
] | 878,722 |
plummer, one of the best @ - @ known editors of the historia ecclesiastica, bede's latin is " clear and limpid... it is very seldom that we have to pause to think of the meaning of a sentence... alcuin rightly praises bede for his unpretending style. " bede's primary intention in writing the historia ecclesiastica was to show the growth of the united church throughout england. the native britons, whose christian church survived the departure of the romans, earn bede's ire for refusing to help convert the saxons ; by
| 952 |
[
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"historia",
"the",
"english",
",",
"and",
"their",
"church",
",",
"are",
"dominant",
"over",
"the",
"brit",
"##ons",
".",
"this",
"goal",
",",
"of",
"showing",
"the",
"movement",
"towards",
"unity",
",",
"explains",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"an",
"##imo",
"##sity",
"towards",
"the",
"british",
"method",
"of",
"calculating",
"easter",
":",
"much",
"of",
"the",
"historia",
"is",
"devoted",
"to",
"a",
"history",
"of",
"the",
"dispute",
",",
"including",
"the",
"final",
"resolution",
"at",
"the",
"synod",
"of",
"w",
"##hit",
"##by",
"in",
"66",
"##4",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"is",
"also",
"concerned",
"to",
"show",
"the",
"unity",
"of",
"the",
"english",
",",
"despite",
"the",
"di",
"##spar",
"##ate",
"kingdoms",
"that",
"still",
"existed",
"when",
"he",
"was",
"writing",
".",
"he",
"also",
"wants",
"to",
"ins",
"##truct",
"the",
"reader",
"by",
"spiritual",
"example",
",",
"and",
"to",
"entertain",
",",
"and",
"to",
"the",
"latter",
"end",
"he",
"adds",
"stories",
"about",
"many",
"of",
"the"
] | 878,723 |
the end of the historia the english, and their church, are dominant over the britons. this goal, of showing the movement towards unity, explains bede's animosity towards the british method of calculating easter : much of the historia is devoted to a history of the dispute, including the final resolution at the synod of whitby in 664. bede is also concerned to show the unity of the english, despite the disparate kingdoms that still existed when he was writing. he also wants to instruct the reader by spiritual example, and to entertain, and to the latter end he adds stories about many of the
| 2,678 |
[
"places",
"and",
"people",
"about",
"which",
"he",
"wrote",
".",
"n",
".",
"j",
".",
"high",
"##am",
"argues",
"that",
"bed",
"##e",
"designed",
"his",
"work",
"to",
"promote",
"his",
"reform",
"agenda",
"to",
"ceo",
"##l",
"##wu",
"##lf",
",",
"the",
"north",
"##umb",
"##rian",
"king",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"painted",
"a",
"highly",
"optimistic",
"picture",
"of",
"the",
"current",
"situation",
"in",
"the",
"church",
",",
"as",
"opposed",
"to",
"the",
"more",
"pe",
"##ssi",
"##mist",
"##ic",
"picture",
"found",
"in",
"his",
"private",
"letters",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"extensive",
"use",
"of",
"miracles",
"can",
"prove",
"difficult",
"for",
"readers",
"who",
"consider",
"him",
"a",
"more",
"or",
"less",
"reliable",
"historian",
",",
"but",
"do",
"not",
"accept",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"miracles",
".",
"yet",
"both",
"reflect",
"an",
"ins",
"##ep",
"##arable",
"integrity",
"and",
"regard",
"for",
"accuracy",
"and",
"truth",
",",
"expressed",
"in",
"terms",
"both",
"of",
"historical",
"events",
"and",
"of",
"a",
"tradition",
"of"
] | 878,724 |
places and people about which he wrote. n. j. higham argues that bede designed his work to promote his reform agenda to ceolwulf, the northumbrian king. bede painted a highly optimistic picture of the current situation in the church, as opposed to the more pessimistic picture found in his private letters. bede's extensive use of miracles can prove difficult for readers who consider him a more or less reliable historian, but don't accept the possibility of miracles. yet both reflect an inseparable integrity and regard for accuracy and truth, expressed in terms both of historical events and of a tradition of
| 2,272 |
[
"christian",
"faith",
"that",
"continues",
"to",
"the",
"present",
"day",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
",",
"like",
"gregory",
"the",
"great",
"whom",
"bed",
"##e",
"quotes",
"on",
"the",
"subject",
"in",
"the",
"historia",
",",
"felt",
"that",
"faith",
"brought",
"about",
"by",
"miracles",
"was",
"a",
"stepping",
"stone",
"to",
"a",
"higher",
",",
"true",
"##r",
"faith",
",",
"and",
"that",
"as",
"a",
"result",
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"had",
"their",
"place",
"in",
"a",
"work",
"designed",
"to",
"ins",
"##truct",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"om",
"##iss",
"##ions",
"and",
"bias",
"##es",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"bed",
"##e",
"is",
"somewhat",
"re",
"##tic",
"##ent",
"about",
"the",
"career",
"of",
"wil",
"##frid",
",",
"a",
"contemporary",
"and",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"prominent",
"cleric",
"##s",
"of",
"his",
"day",
".",
"this",
"may",
"be",
"because",
"wil",
"##frid",
"'",
"s",
"op",
"##ulent",
"lifestyle",
"was",
"un",
"##con",
"##gen",
"##ial",
"to",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"monastic",
"mind",
";",
"it"
] | 878,725 |
christian faith that continues to the present day. bede, like gregory the great whom bede quotes on the subject in the historia, felt that faith brought about by miracles was a stepping stone to a higher, truer faith, and that as a result miracles had their place in a work designed to instruct. = = = omissions and biases = = = bede is somewhat reticent about the career of wilfrid, a contemporary and one of the most prominent clerics of his day. this may be because wilfrid's opulent lifestyle was uncongenial to bede's monastic mind ; it
| 2,290 |
[
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"##vis",
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",",
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"not",
"fit",
"with",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
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"the",
"progression",
"to",
"a",
"unified",
"and",
"harmon",
"##ious",
"church",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"account",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"migration",
"##s",
"of",
"the",
"angles",
"and",
"saxons",
"to",
"england",
"om",
"##its",
"any",
"mention",
"of",
"a",
"movement",
"of",
"those",
"peoples",
"across",
"the",
"channel",
"from",
"britain",
"to",
"brittany",
"described",
"by",
"pro",
"##co",
"##pi",
"##us",
",",
"who",
"was",
"writing",
"in",
"the",
"sixth",
"century",
".",
"frank",
"ste",
"##nton",
"describes",
"this",
"om",
"##iss",
"##ion",
"as",
"\"",
"a",
"scholar",
"'",
"s",
"dislike",
"of",
"the",
"indefinite",
"\"",
";",
"traditional",
"material",
"that",
"could",
"not",
"be",
"dated",
"or",
"used",
"for",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"did",
"##actic"
] | 878,726 |
may also be that the events of wilfrid's life, divisive and controversial as they were, simply did not fit with bede's theme of the progression to a unified and harmonious church. bede's account of the early migrations of the angles and saxons to england omits any mention of a movement of those peoples across the channel from britain to brittany described by procopius, who was writing in the sixth century. frank stenton describes this omission as " a scholar's dislike of the indefinite " ; traditional material that could not be dated or used for bede's didactic
| 2,206 |
[
"purposes",
"had",
"no",
"interest",
"for",
"him",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"was",
"a",
"north",
"##umb",
"##rian",
",",
"and",
"this",
"tinged",
"his",
"work",
"with",
"a",
"local",
"bias",
".",
"the",
"sources",
"he",
"had",
"access",
"to",
"gave",
"him",
"less",
"information",
"about",
"the",
"west",
"of",
"england",
"than",
"for",
"other",
"areas",
".",
"he",
"says",
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"little",
"about",
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"achievements",
"of",
"mer",
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"and",
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",",
"om",
"##itt",
"##ing",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"any",
"mention",
"of",
"bon",
"##iface",
",",
"a",
"west",
"saxon",
"missionary",
"to",
"the",
"continent",
"of",
"some",
"reno",
"##wn",
"and",
"of",
"whom",
"bed",
"##e",
"had",
"almost",
"certainly",
"heard",
",",
"though",
"bed",
"##e",
"does",
"discuss",
"north",
"##umb",
"##rian",
"missionaries",
"to",
"the",
"continent",
".",
"he",
"also",
"is",
"par",
"##si",
"##mon",
"##ious",
"in",
"his",
"praise",
"for",
"al",
"##dh",
"##el",
"##m",
",",
"a",
"west",
"saxon",
"who",
"had",
"done",
"much"
] | 878,727 |
purposes had no interest for him. bede was a northumbrian, and this tinged his work with a local bias. the sources he had access to gave him less information about the west of england than for other areas. he says relatively little about the achievements of mercia and wessex, omitting, for example, any mention of boniface, a west saxon missionary to the continent of some renown and of whom bede had almost certainly heard, though bede does discuss northumbrian missionaries to the continent. he also is parsimonious in his praise for aldhelm, a west saxon who had done much
| 952 |
[
"to",
"convert",
"the",
"native",
"brit",
"##ons",
"to",
"the",
"roman",
"form",
"of",
"christianity",
".",
"he",
"lists",
"seven",
"kings",
"of",
"the",
"anglo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
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"whom",
"he",
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",",
"or",
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",",
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",",
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"listed",
",",
"and",
"none",
"from",
"mer",
"##cia",
",",
"though",
"elsewhere",
"he",
"acknowledges",
"the",
"secular",
"power",
"several",
"of",
"the",
"mer",
"##cian",
"##s",
"held",
".",
"historian",
"robin",
"fleming",
"states",
"that",
"he",
"was",
"so",
"hostile",
"to",
"mer",
"##cia",
"because",
"north",
"##umb",
"##ria",
"had",
"been",
"diminished",
"by",
"mer",
"##cian",
"power",
"that",
"he",
"consulted",
"no",
"mer",
"##cian",
"informant",
"##s",
"and",
"included",
"no",
"stories",
"about",
"its",
"saints",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"relates",
"the",
"story",
"of",
"augustine",
"'",
"s",
"mission",
"from",
"rome",
",",
"and",
"tells",
"how"
] | 878,728 |
to convert the native britons to the roman form of christianity. he lists seven kings of the anglo @ - @ saxons whom he regards as having held imperium, or overlordship ; only one king of wessex, ceawlin, is listed, and none from mercia, though elsewhere he acknowledges the secular power several of the mercians held. historian robin fleming states that he was so hostile to mercia because northumbria had been diminished by mercian power that he consulted no mercian informants and included no stories about its saints. bede relates the story of augustine's mission from rome, and tells how
| 1,024 |
[
"the",
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"refused",
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"anglo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
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".",
"this",
",",
"combined",
"with",
"gil",
"##das",
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"s",
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"time",
"of",
"the",
"anglo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"saxon",
"invasions",
",",
"led",
"bed",
"##e",
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"a",
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".",
"however",
",",
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"##e",
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",",
"the",
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",",
"which",
",",
"in",
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"words",
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"barbara",
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"##e",
",",
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"towards",
"the",
"anglo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"saxons",
"from",
"the",
"british",
"clergy",
".",
"\"",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"bed",
"##e",
"wrote",
"the",
"historia",
"ec"
] | 878,729 |
the british clergy refused to assist augustine in the conversion of the anglo @ - @ saxons. this, combined with gildas's negative assessment of the british church at the time of the anglo @ - @ saxon invasions, led bede to a very critical view of the native church. however, bede ignores the fact that at the time of augustine's mission, the history between the two was one of warfare and conquest, which, in the words of barbara yorke, would have naturally " curbed any missionary impulses towards the anglo @ - @ saxons from the british clergy. " at the time bede wrote the historia ec
| 950 |
[
"##cles",
"##ias",
"##tica",
",",
"there",
"were",
"two",
"common",
"ways",
"of",
"referring",
"to",
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".",
"one",
"was",
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"##iction",
"##s",
",",
"which",
"were",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"year",
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"312",
"ad",
".",
"there",
"were",
"three",
"different",
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"ind",
"##iction",
",",
"each",
"starting",
"on",
"a",
"different",
"day",
"of",
"the",
"year",
".",
"the",
"other",
"approach",
"was",
"to",
"use",
"reg",
"##nal",
"years",
"—",
"the",
"reigning",
"roman",
"emperor",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"or",
"the",
"ruler",
"of",
"whichever",
"kingdom",
"was",
"under",
"discussion",
".",
"this",
"meant",
"that",
"in",
"discussing",
"conflicts",
"between",
"kingdoms",
",",
"the",
"date",
"would",
"have",
"to",
"be",
"given",
"in",
"the",
"reg",
"##nal",
"years",
"of",
"all",
"the",
"kings",
"involved",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"used",
"both",
"these",
"approaches",
"on",
"occasion",
",",
"but",
"adopted",
"a",
"third",
"method",
"as",
"his",
"main",
"approach"
] | 878,730 |
##clesiastica, there were two common ways of referring to dates. one was to use indictions, which were 15 @ - @ year cycles, counting from 312 ad. there were three different varieties of indiction, each starting on a different day of the year. the other approach was to use regnal years — the reigning roman emperor, for example, or the ruler of whichever kingdom was under discussion. this meant that in discussing conflicts between kingdoms, the date would have to be given in the regnal years of all the kings involved. bede used both these approaches on occasion, but adopted a third method as his main approach
| 1,017 |
[
"to",
"dating",
":",
"the",
"ann",
"##o",
"dom",
"##ini",
"method",
"invented",
"by",
"dion",
"##ys",
"##ius",
"ex",
"##ig",
"##u",
"##us",
".",
"although",
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"##e",
"did",
"not",
"in",
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"this",
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",",
"his",
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"and",
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"##gation",
"of",
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"in",
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"##rum",
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"##ne",
",",
"his",
"work",
"on",
"chronology",
",",
"is",
"the",
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"reason",
"why",
"it",
"is",
"now",
"so",
"widely",
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".",
"the",
"historia",
"ec",
"##cles",
"##ias",
"##tica",
"was",
"copied",
"often",
"in",
"the",
"middle",
"ages",
",",
"and",
"about",
"160",
"manuscripts",
"containing",
"it",
"survive",
".",
"about",
"half",
"of",
"those",
"are",
"located",
"on",
"the",
"european",
"continent",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"on",
"the",
"british",
"isles",
".",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"8th",
"-",
"and",
"9th",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"century",
"texts",
"of",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"historia",
"come",
"from",
"the",
"northern",
"parts"
] | 878,731 |
to dating : the anno domini method invented by dionysius exiguus. although bede did not invent this method, his adoption of it, and his promulgation of it in de temporum ratione, his work on chronology, is the main reason why it is now so widely used. the historia ecclesiastica was copied often in the middle ages, and about 160 manuscripts containing it survive. about half of those are located on the european continent, rather than on the british isles. most of the 8th - and 9th @ - @ century texts of bede's historia come from the northern parts
| 952 |
[
"of",
"the",
"carol",
"##ing",
"##ian",
"empire",
".",
"this",
"total",
"does",
"not",
"include",
"manuscripts",
"with",
"only",
"a",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"work",
",",
"of",
"which",
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"100",
"or",
"so",
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".",
"it",
"was",
"printed",
"for",
"the",
"first",
"time",
"between",
"147",
"##4",
"and",
"148",
"##2",
",",
"probably",
"at",
"strasbourg",
",",
"france",
".",
"modern",
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"have",
"studied",
"the",
"historia",
"extensively",
",",
"and",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"editions",
"have",
"been",
"produced",
".",
"for",
"many",
"years",
",",
"early",
"anglo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"saxon",
"history",
"was",
"essentially",
"a",
"re",
"##tell",
"##ing",
"of",
"the",
"historia",
",",
"but",
"recent",
"scholarship",
"has",
"focused",
"as",
"much",
"on",
"what",
"bed",
"##e",
"did",
"not",
"write",
"as",
"what",
"he",
"did",
".",
"the",
"belief",
"that",
"the",
"historia",
"was",
"the",
"cu",
"##lm",
"##ination",
"of",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"works",
",",
"the",
"aim",
"of",
"all",
"his"
] | 878,732 |
of the carolingian empire. this total does not include manuscripts with only a part of the work, of which another 100 or so survive. it was printed for the first time between 1474 and 1482, probably at strasbourg, france. modern historians have studied the historia extensively, and a number of editions have been produced. for many years, early anglo @ - @ saxon history was essentially a retelling of the historia, but recent scholarship has focused as much on what bede did not write as what he did. the belief that the historia was the culmination of bede's works, the aim of all his
| 951 |
[
"scholarship",
",",
"a",
"belief",
"common",
"among",
"historians",
"in",
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"past",
",",
"is",
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"longer",
"accepted",
"by",
"most",
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".",
"modern",
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"and",
"editors",
"of",
"bed",
"##e",
"have",
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"lavish",
"in",
"their",
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"of",
"his",
"achievement",
"in",
"the",
"historia",
"ec",
"##cles",
"##ias",
"##tica",
".",
"ste",
"##nton",
"regarded",
"it",
"as",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"small",
"class",
"of",
"books",
"which",
"trans",
"##cend",
"all",
"but",
"the",
"most",
"fundamental",
"conditions",
"of",
"time",
"and",
"place",
"\"",
",",
"and",
"regarded",
"its",
"quality",
"as",
"dependent",
"on",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"\"",
"astonishing",
"power",
"of",
"co",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"or",
"##dina",
"##ting",
"the",
"fragments",
"of",
"information",
"which",
"came",
"to",
"him",
"through",
"tradition",
",",
"the",
"relation",
"of",
"friends",
",",
"or",
"documentary",
"evidence",
".",
".",
".",
"in",
"an",
"age",
"where",
"little",
"was",
"attempted",
"beyond",
"the",
"registration",
"of",
"fact",
","
] | 878,733 |
scholarship, a belief common among historians in the past, is no longer accepted by most scholars. modern historians and editors of bede have been lavish in their praise of his achievement in the historia ecclesiastica. stenton regarded it as one of the " small class of books which transcend all but the most fundamental conditions of time and place ", and regarded its quality as dependent on bede's " astonishing power of co @ - @ ordinating the fragments of information which came to him through tradition, the relation of friends, or documentary evidence... in an age where little was attempted beyond the registration of fact,
| 2,670 |
[
"he",
"had",
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"the",
"conception",
"of",
"history",
".",
"\"",
"patrick",
"worm",
"##ald",
"described",
"him",
"as",
"\"",
"the",
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"and",
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"'",
"s",
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"\"",
".",
"the",
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"##ias",
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"has",
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"##e",
"a",
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",",
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"were",
"different",
"from",
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"of",
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"modern",
"writer",
"of",
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".",
"his",
"focus",
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"history",
"of",
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"of",
"the",
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"church",
",",
"and",
"on",
"here",
"##sies",
"and",
"the",
"efforts",
"made",
"to",
"root",
"them",
"out",
",",
"led",
"him",
"to",
"exclude",
"the",
"secular",
"history",
"of",
"kings",
"and",
"kingdoms",
"except",
"where",
"a",
"moral",
"lesson",
"could",
"be",
"drawn",
"or",
"where",
"they",
"illuminated",
"events",
"in",
"the",
"church",
".",
"besides",
"the",
"anglo",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"saxon",
"chronicle",
",",
"the",
"medieval",
"writers",
"william",
"of",
"mal",
"##mes",
"##bury",
",",
"henry"
] | 878,734 |
he had reached the conception of history. " patrick wormald described him as " the first and greatest of england's historians ". the historia ecclesiastica has given bede a high reputation, but his concerns were different from those of a modern writer of history. his focus on the history of the organisation of the english church, and on heresies and the efforts made to root them out, led him to exclude the secular history of kings and kingdoms except where a moral lesson could be drawn or where they illuminated events in the church. besides the anglo @ - @ saxon chronicle, the medieval writers william of malmesbury, henry
| 2,276 |
[
"of",
"hunting",
"##don",
",",
"and",
"geoffrey",
"of",
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"works",
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"and",
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"##s",
".",
"early",
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"writers",
",",
"such",
"as",
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"##dor",
"##e",
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"##rg",
"##il",
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",",
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"##an",
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"of",
"canterbury",
",",
"also",
"ut",
"##ilised",
"the",
"historia",
",",
"and",
"his",
"works",
"were",
"used",
"by",
"both",
"protestant",
"and",
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"sides",
"in",
"the",
"wars",
"of",
"religion",
".",
"some",
"historians",
"have",
"questioned",
"the",
"reliability",
"of",
"some",
"of",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"accounts",
".",
"one",
"historian",
",",
"charlotte",
"be",
"##hr",
",",
"thinks",
"that",
"the",
"historia",
"'",
"s",
"account",
"of",
"the",
"arrival",
"of",
"the",
"germanic",
"invaders",
"in",
"kent",
"should",
"not",
"be",
"considered",
"to",
"relate",
"what",
"actually",
"happened",
",",
"but",
"rather",
"relates",
"myths",
"that",
"were",
"current",
"in",
"kent",
"during",
"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"time",
".",
"it"
] | 878,735 |
of huntingdon, and geoffrey of monmouth used his works as sources and inspirations. early modern writers, such as polydore vergil and matthew parker, the elizabethan archbishop of canterbury, also utilised the historia, and his works were used by both protestant and catholic sides in the wars of religion. some historians have questioned the reliability of some of bede's accounts. one historian, charlotte behr, thinks that the historia's account of the arrival of the germanic invaders in kent should not be considered to relate what actually happened, but rather relates myths that were current in kent during bede's time. it
| 994 |
[
"is",
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"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
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",",
"because",
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",",
"in",
"72",
"##5",
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"##e",
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"greater",
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"chronic",
"##a",
"mai",
"##ora",
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",",
"which",
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"as",
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"work",
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"for",
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"the",
"chronicle",
",",
"like",
"his",
"ecclesiastical",
"history",
",",
"relied",
"upon",
"gil",
"##das",
",",
"upon",
"a",
"version",
"of",
"the",
"li",
"##ber",
"pontifical",
"##is",
"current",
"at",
"least",
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"papacy",
"of",
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"ser",
"##gi",
"##us",
"i",
"(",
"68",
"##7",
"–",
"70",
"##1",
")",
",",
"and",
"other",
"sources",
"."
] | 878,736 |
is likely that bede's work, because it was so widely copied, discouraged others from writing histories and may even have led to the disappearance of manuscripts containing older historical works. = = other historical works = = as chapter 66 of his on the reckoning of time, in 725 bede wrote the greater chronicle ( chronica maiora ), which sometimes circulated as a separate work. for recent events the chronicle, like his ecclesiastical history, relied upon gildas, upon a version of the liber pontificalis current at least to the papacy of pope sergius i ( 687 – 701 ), and other sources.
| 952 |
[
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"##se",
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"ch",
"##ron",
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"in",
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",",
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",",
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"ann",
"##o",
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".",
"his",
"other",
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"of",
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"abbot",
"##s",
"of",
"wear",
"##mouth",
"and",
"jar",
"##row",
",",
"as",
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"and",
"prose",
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"of",
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"cuthbert",
"of",
"lin",
"##dis",
"##far",
"##ne",
",",
"an",
"adaptation",
"of",
"paul",
"##inus",
"of",
"no",
"##la",
"'",
"s",
"life",
"of",
"st",
"felix",
",",
"and",
"a",
"translation",
"of",
"the",
"greek",
"passion",
"of",
"st",
"ana",
"##sta",
"##sius",
".",
"he",
"also",
"created",
"a",
"listing",
"of",
"saints",
",",
"the",
"martyr",
"##ology",
".",
"=",
"=",
"theological",
"works",
"=",
"=",
"in",
"his",
"own",
"time",
","
] | 878,737 |
for earlier events he drew on eusebius's chronikoi kanones. the dating of events in the chronicle is inconsistent with his other works, using the era of creation, the anno mundi. his other historical works included lives of the abbots of wearmouth and jarrow, as well as verse and prose lives of saint cuthbert of lindisfarne, an adaptation of paulinus of nola's life of st felix, and a translation of the greek passion of st anastasius. he also created a listing of saints, the martyrology. = = theological works = = in his own time,
| 2,643 |
[
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",",
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",",
"and",
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"most",
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",",
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".",
"it",
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"for",
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"##rum",
",",
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".",
"bed",
"##e",
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",",
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"##dic",
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"(",
"such",
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"rec",
"##al",
"##cula",
"##ting",
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"—",
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"which",
"he",
"was",
"ce",
"##ns",
"##ured",
"before",
"surviving",
"the",
"heresy",
"accusations",
"and"
] | 878,738 |
bede was as well known for his biblical commentaries and exegetical, as well as other theological works. the majority of his writings were of this type, and covered the old testament and the new testament. most survived the middle ages, but a few were lost. it was for his theological writings that he earned the title of doctor anglorum, and why he was made a saint. bede synthesised and transmitted the learning from his predecessors, as well as made careful, judicious innovation in knowledge ( such as recalculating the age of the earth — for which he was censured before surviving the heresy accusations and
| 371 |
[
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"s",
"vu",
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"##te",
",",
"which",
"itself",
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"text",
".",
"he",
"also",
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"both",
"the",
"latin",
"and",
"the",
"greek",
"fathers",
"of",
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"church",
".",
"in",
"the",
"monastic",
"library",
"at",
"jar",
"##row",
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"##rys",
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"##om",
",",
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"##ido",
"##re",
"of",
"seville",
","
] | 878,739 |
eventually having his views championed by archbishop ussher in the sixteenth century — see below ) that had theological implications. in order to do this, he learned greek, and attempted to learn hebrew. he spent time reading and rereading both the old and the new testaments. he mentions that he studied from a text of jerome's vulgate, which itself was from the hebrew text. he also studied both the latin and the greek fathers of the church. in the monastic library at jarrow were a number of books by theologians, including works by basil, cassian, john chrysostom, isidore of seville,
| 2,692 |
[
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] | 878,740 |
origen, gregory of nazianzus, augustine of hippo, jerome, pope gregory i, ambrose of milan, cassiodorus, and cyprian. he used these, in conjunction with the biblical texts themselves, to write his commentaries and other theological works. he had a latin translation by evagrius of athanasius's life of antony, and a copy of sulpicius severus'life of st. martin. he also used lesser known writers, such as fulgentius, julian of eclanum, tyconius, and prosper of aquitaine. bede was the first to
| 2,643 |
[
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] | 878,741 |
refer to jerome, augustine, pope gregory and ambrose as the four latin fathers of the church. it is clear from bede's own comments that he felt his job was to explain to his students and readers the theology and thoughts of the church fathers. bede also wrote homilies, works written to explain theology used in worship services. bede wrote homilies not only on the major christian seasons such as advent, lent, or easter, but on other subjects such as anniversaries of significant events. both types of bede's theological works circulated widely in the middle ages. a number of his biblical commentaries were
| 952 |
[
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"sources",
"to",
"others",
"of"
] | 878,742 |
incorporated into the glossa ordinaria, an 11th @ - @ century collection of biblical commentaries. some of bede's homilies were collected by paul the deacon, and they were used in that form in the monastic office. saint boniface used bede's homilies in his missionary efforts on the continent. bede sometimes included in his theological books an acknowledgement of the predecessors on whose works he drew. in two cases he left instructions that his marginal notes, which gave the details of his sources, should be preserved by the copyist, and he may have originally added marginal comments about his sources to others of
| 952 |
[
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"the",
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".",
"another",
"difficulty"
] | 878,743 |
his works. where he does not specify, it is still possible to identify books to which he must have had access by quotations that he uses. a full catalogue of the library available to bede in the monastery cannot be reconstructed, but it is possible to tell, for example, that bede was very familiar with the works of virgil. there is little evidence that he had access to any other of the pagan latin writers — he quotes many of these writers but the quotes are almost all to be found in the latin grammars that were common in his day, one or more of which would certainly have been at the monastery. another difficulty
| 2,669 |
[
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"commentaries",
"on",
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"can",
"##tic",
"##le"
] | 878,744 |
is that manuscripts of early writers were often incomplete : it is apparent that bede had access to pliny's encyclopedia, for example, but it seems that the version he had was missing book xviii, as he would almost certainly have quoted from it in his de temporum ratione. = = = works on the old testament = = = the works dealing with the old testament included commentary on samuel, commentary on genesis, commentaries on ezra and nehemiah, on the temple, on the tabernacle, commentaries on tobit, commentaries on proverbs, commentaries on the song of songs, commentaries on the canticle
| 227 |
[
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"last"
] | 878,745 |
of habakkuk, the works on ezra, the tabernacle and the temple were especially influenced by gregory the great's writings. = = = works on the new testament = = = bede's works included commentary on revelation, commentary on the catholic epistles, commentary on acts, reconsideration on the books of acts, on the gospel of mark, on the gospel of luke, and homilies on the gospels. at the time of his death he was working on a translation of the gospel of st. john into english. he did this for the last 40 days of his life. when the last
| 2,668 |
[
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"middle",
"ages"
] | 878,746 |
passage had been translated he said : " all is finished. " = = works on historical and astronomical chronology = = de temporibus, or on time, written in about 703, provides an introduction to the principles of easter computus. this was based on parts of isidore of seville's etymologies, and bede also included a chronology of the world which was derived from eusebius, with some revisions based on jerome's translation of the bible. in about 723, bede wrote a longer work on the same subject, on the reckoning of time, which was influential throughout the middle ages
| 378 |
[
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"and",
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] | 878,747 |
. he also wrote several shorter letters and essays discussing specific aspects of computus. on the reckoning of time ( de temporum ratione ) included an introduction to the traditional ancient and medieval view of the cosmos, including an explanation of how the spherical earth influenced the changing length of daylight, of how the seasonal motion of the sun and moon influenced the changing appearance of the new moon at evening twilight, and a quantitative relation between the changes of the tides at a given place and the daily motion of the moon. since the focus of his book was the computus, bede gave instructions for computing the date of easter and the related
| 2,270 |
[
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"table",
"of",
"bishop",
"wil"
] | 878,748 |
time of the easter full moon, for calculating the motion of the sun and moon through the zodiac, and for many other calculations related to the calendar. he gives some information about the months of the anglo @ - @ saxon calendar in chapter xv. any codex of bede's easter cycle is normally found together with a codex of his " de temporum ratione ". for calendric purposes, bede made a new calculation of the age of the world since the creation, which he dated as 3952 bc. due to his innovations in computing the age of the world, he was accused of heresy at the table of bishop wil
| 951 |
[
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",",
"a",
"monk",
"of",
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"monastery",
"of",
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".",
"gall",
"in",
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",",
"wrote",
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"\"",
"god",
",",
"the",
"order",
"##er",
"of",
"nature",
"##s",
",",
"who",
"raised",
"the",
"sun",
"from"
] | 878,749 |
##frid, his chronology being contrary to accepted calculations. once informed of the accusations of these " lewd rustics, " bede refuted them in his letter to plegwin. in addition to these works on astronomical timekeeping, he also wrote de natura rerum, or on the nature of things, modelled in part after the work of the same title by isidore of seville. his works were so influential that late in the 9th century notker the stammerer, a monk of the monastery of st. gall in switzerland, wrote that " god, the orderer of natures, who raised the sun from
| 2,624 |
[
"the",
"east",
"on",
"the",
"fourth",
"day",
"of",
"creation",
",",
"in",
"the",
"sixth",
"day",
"of",
"the",
"world",
"has",
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"bed",
"##e",
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"west",
"as",
"a",
"new",
"sun",
"to",
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"##umi",
"##nate",
"the",
"whole",
"earth",
"\"",
".",
"=",
"=",
"educational",
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"=",
"=",
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"##e",
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"verse",
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"##ians",
"work",
".",
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"##tus",
"'",
"de",
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"##di",
"##bus",
"and",
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"christian",
"poets",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"virgil",
".",
"it",
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"a",
"standard",
"text",
"for",
"the",
"teaching",
"of",
"latin",
"verse",
"during",
"the"
] | 878,750 |
the east on the fourth day of creation, in the sixth day of the world has made bede rise from the west as a new sun to illuminate the whole earth ". = = educational works = = bede wrote some works designed to help teach grammar in the abbey school. one of these was his de arte metrica, a discussion of the composition of latin verse, drawing on previous grammarians work. it was based on donatus'de pedibus and servius'de finalibus, and used examples from christian poets as well as virgil. it became a standard text for the teaching of latin verse during the
| 2,692 |
[
"next",
"few",
"centuries",
".",
"bed",
"##e",
"dedicated",
"this",
"work",
"to",
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",",
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"##th",
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"##raph",
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",",
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"or",
"##th",
"##ography",
",",
"designed",
"to",
"help",
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"reader",
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"with",
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"abbreviation",
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"and",
"words",
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"works",
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"although",
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"as",
"a",
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"it",
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"to",
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"the",
"exact",
"date",
"of",
"composition",
"for",
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"of",
"these",
"works",
"is",
"unknown",
".",
"another",
"educational",
"work",
"is",
"de",
"sc"
] | 878,751 |
next few centuries. bede dedicated this work to cuthbert, apparently a student, for he is named " beloved son " in the dedication, and bede says " i have laboured to educate you in divine letters and ecclesiastical statutes " another textbook of bede's is the de orthographia, a work on orthography, designed to help a medieval reader of latin with unfamiliar abbreviations and words from classical latin works. although it could serve as a textbook, it appears to have been mainly intended as a reference work. the exact date of composition for both of these works is unknown. another educational work is de sc
| 2,643 |
[
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"##ti",
"##bus",
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"##op",
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"sac",
"##rae",
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"which",
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"his",
"text",
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".",
"=",
"=",
"vernacular",
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"=",
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"his",
"disciple",
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"bed",
"##e",
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"doc",
"##tus",
"in",
"nos",
"##tri",
"##s",
"car",
"##mini",
"##bus",
"(",
"\"",
"learned",
"in",
"our",
"songs",
"\"",
")",
".",
"cuthbert",
"'",
"s",
"letter",
"on",
"bed",
"##e",
"'"
] | 878,752 |
##hematibus et tropis sacrae scripturae, which discusses the bible's use of rhetoric. bede was familiar with pagan authors such as virgil, but it was not considered appropriate to teach biblical grammar from such texts, and in de schematibus... bede argues for the superiority of christian texts in understanding christian literature. similarly, his text on poetic metre uses only christian poetry for examples. = = vernacular poetry = = according to his disciple cuthbert, bede was also doctus in nostris carminibus ( " learned in our songs " ). cuthbert's letter on bede '
| 2,632 |
[
"s",
"death",
",",
"the",
"ep",
"##isto",
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",",
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"other",
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"of",
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"thereby",
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"from",
"the",
"sl",
"##umber",
"of",
"the",
"soul",
"by",
"thinking",
"in",
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"of",
"our",
"last",
"hour",
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"in",
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"own",
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",",
"—",
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"speaking",
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"the",
"soul",
"'",
"s",
"dread",
"departure",
"from",
"the",
"body"
] | 878,753 |
s death, the epistola cuthberti de obitu bedae, moreover, commonly is understood to indicate that bede also composed a five line vernacular poem known to modern scholars as bede's death song and he used to repeat that sentence from st. paul " it is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living god, " and many other verses of scripture, urging us thereby to awake from the slumber of the soul by thinking in good time of our last hour. and in our own language, — for he was familiar with english poetry, — speaking of the soul's dread departure from the body
| 2,611 |
[
":",
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"old",
"english",
"text",
"of",
"the",
"poem",
"in",
"cuthbert",
"'"
] | 878,754 |
: as opland notes, however, it is not entirely clear that cuthbert is attributing this text to bede : most manuscripts of the letter don't use a finite verb to describe bede's presentation of the song, and the theme was relatively common in old english and anglo @ - @ latin literature. the fact that cuthbert's description places the performance of the old english poem in the context of a series of quoted passages from sacred scripture, indeed, might be taken as evidence simply that bede also cited analogous vernacular texts. on the other hand, the inclusion of the old english text of the poem in cuthbert '
| 2,692 |
[
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"same",
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"having",
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"is",
"a",
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"quota",
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"bed",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
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"original",
"composition",
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"=",
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"no",
"evidence",
"for",
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"being",
"paid",
"to",
"bed",
"##e",
"in",
"england",
"in",
"the",
"8th",
"century",
".",
"one",
"reason",
"for",
"this",
"may",
"be",
"that",
"he"
] | 878,755 |
s latin letter, the observation that bede " was learned in our song, " and the fact that bede composed a latin poem on the same subject all point to the possibility of his having written it. by citing the poem directly, cuthbert seems to imply that its particular wording was somehow important, either since it was a vernacular poem endorsed by a scholar who evidently frowned upon secular entertainment or because it is a direct quotation of bede's last original composition. = = veneration = = there is no evidence for cult being paid to bede in england in the 8th century. one reason for this may be that he
| 2,635 |
[
"died",
"on",
"the",
"feast",
"day",
"of",
"augustine",
"of",
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".",
"later",
",",
"when",
"he",
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"ve",
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",",
"he",
"was",
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"##ner",
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",",
"mainly",
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"and",
"al",
"##cu",
"##in",
",",
"both",
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"wrote",
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"to",
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"during",
"his",
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"efforts",
",",
"requesting",
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"##e",
"'",
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".",
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"##cu",
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",",
"who",
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"##e",
"'",
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"##gb",
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",",
"praised",
"bed",
"##e",
"as",
"an",
"example",
"for",
"monks",
"to",
"follow"
] | 878,756 |
died on the feast day of augustine of canterbury. later, when he was venerated in england, he was either commemorated after augustine on 26 may, or his feast was moved to 27 may. however, he was venerated outside england, mainly through the efforts of boniface and alcuin, both of whom promoted the cult on the continent. boniface wrote repeatedly back to england during his missionary efforts, requesting copies of bede's theological works. alcuin, who was taught at the school set up in york by bede's pupil egbert, praised bede as an example for monks to follow
| 952 |
[
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"'",
"(",
"the",
"ecclesiastical",
"term",
"for",
"relocation",
"of",
"relics",
")",
"from"
] | 878,757 |
and was instrumental in disseminating bede's works to all of alcuin's friends. bede's cult became prominent in england during the 10th @ - @ century revival of monasticism, and by the 14th century had spread to many of the cathedrals of england. wulfstan, bishop of worcester ( c. 1008 – 1095 ) was a particular devotee of bede's, dedicating a church to him in 1062, which was wulfstan's first undertaking after his consecration as bishop. his body was'translated'( the ecclesiastical term for relocation of relics ) from
| 1,004 |
[
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"g",
"##las",
"##ton",
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"fu",
"##lda",
".",
"his",
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"importance",
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"were",
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"was",
"declared",
"a",
"doctor",
"of",
"the",
"church",
".",
"he",
"is",
"the"
] | 878,758 |
jarrow to durham cathedral around 1020, where it was placed in the same tomb with saint cuthbert of lindisfarne. later bede's remains were moved to a shrine in the galilee chapel at durham cathedral in 1370. the shrine was destroyed during the english reformation, but the bones were reburied in the chapel. in 1831 the bones were dug up and then reburied in a new tomb, which is still there. other relics were claimed by york, glastonbury and fulda. his scholarship and importance to catholicism were recognised in 1899 when he was declared a doctor of the church. he is the
| 997 |
[
"only",
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"25",
"may",
",",
"and",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"orthodox",
"church",
","
] | 878,759 |
only englishman named a doctor of the church. he is also the only englishman in dante's paradise ( paradiso x. 130 ), mentioned among theologians and doctors of the church in the same canto as isidore of seville and the scot richard of st. victor. his feast day was included in the general roman calendar in 1899, for celebration on 27 may rather than on his date of death, 26 may, which was then the feast day of pope saint gregory vii. he is venerated in both the anglican and roman catholic church, with a feast day of 25 may, and in the eastern orthodox church,
| 1,027 |
[
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"##6",
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"##6",
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"paul",
"the",
"deacon",
"then",
"referred",
"to",
"him",
"as",
"venerable",
"consistently",
".",
"by"
] | 878,760 |
with a feast day on 27 may. bede became known as venerable bede ( lat. : beda venerabilis ) by the 9th century because of his holiness, but this was not linked to consideration for sainthood by the roman catholic church. according to a legend the epithet was miraculously supplied by angels, thus completing his unfinished epitaph. it is first utilised in connection with bede in the 9th century, where bede was grouped with others who were called " venerable " at two ecclesiastical councils held at aachen in 816 and 836. paul the deacon then referred to him as venerable consistently. by
| 1,028 |
[
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"##row",
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"=",
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"of",
"horror",
"iii",
"\"",
"is",
"the",
"fifth",
"episode",
"of",
"the"
] | 878,761 |
the 11th and 12th century, it had become commonplace. however, there are no descriptions of bede by that term right after his death. bede's reputation as a historian, based mostly on the historia ecclesiastica, remains strong ; historian walter goffart says of bede that he " holds a privileged and unrivalled place among first historians of christian europe ". his life and work have been celebrated with the annual jarrow lecture, held at st. paul's church, jarrow, since 1958. = treehouse of horror iii = " treehouse of horror iii " is the fifth episode of the
| 952 |
[
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".",
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"lisa",
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"and",
"bart",
"each",
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"a",
"horror",
"story",
".",
"=",
"=",
"="
] | 878,762 |
simpsons'fourth season. it originally aired on the fox network in the united states on october 29, 1992. in the third annual treehouse of horror episode, homer buys bart an evil talking krusty doll, king homer is captured by mr. burns, and bart and lisa inadvertently cause zombies to attack springfield. the episode was written by al jean, mike reiss, jay kogen, wallace wolodarsky, sam simon, and jon vitti, and directed by carlos baeza. the simpsons are having a halloween party for the children of springfield. lisa, grampa and bart each tell a horror story. = = =
| 2,938 |
[
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"going",
"to",
"kill",
"him",
".",
"he",
"dismiss",
"##es",
"this",
"until"
] | 878,763 |
clown without pity = = = in a parody of the twilight zone episode, living doll, homer realizes that he forgot to buy bart a present for his birthday. he rushes to the house of evil, where he purchases a talking krusty the clown doll. the shopkeeper warns him that the doll is cursed, but homer dismisses his concerns. he returns to the party and gives bart the doll. grandpa exclaims that the doll is evil, but admits that he is just doing it to get attention. later, homer is playing with the doll when it starts saying that it is going to kill him. he dismisses this until
| 2,504 |
[
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".",
"a",
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"##rus",
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"doll",
"becomes",
"friends",
"with",
"homer",
".",
"a",
"few",
"hours",
"later",
",",
"the"
] | 878,764 |
the doll threatens to stab him. after numerous attempts on homer ’ s life, he captures the evil krusty doll, locks it in a suitcase, and drops it in a " bottomless pit ". returning home, homer is ambushed by the escaped doll, who tackles him into the kitchen and tries to drown him in santa's little helper's dog bowl. marge calls the consumer service hotline. a repairman arrives and discovers that the doll has been set to " evil " mode. he flips the switch to " good " and the krusty doll becomes friends with homer. a few hours later, the
| 2,504 |
[
"k",
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"##ty",
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"s",
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"agree",
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"would",
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"to",
"a",
"post",
"as",
"an",
"offering",
".",
"the",
"sound",
"of",
"drums",
"summons"
] | 878,765 |
krusty doll is working as homer's slave. the krusty doll returns to his girlfriend ( a malibu stacy doll ) in lisa's dollhouse. in a parody of king kong, marge joins mr. burns and smithers on an expedition to ape island to find the legendary king homer. after landing on the island, mr. burns, smithers, and marge stealthily approach a native tribe, but are spotted due to marge ’ s hair protruding over the bushes. the villagers agree that " the blue haired woman would make a good sacrifice " and tie her to a post as an offering. the sound of drums summons
| 2,506 |
[
"king",
"homer",
".",
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"in",
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"in",
"the",
"end",
",",
"king",
"homer",
"and",
"marge",
"get",
"married",
".",
"the"
] | 878,766 |
king homer. marge is initially terrified but sees the friendly side of homer when he is attracted to marge's perfume and the two form a friendship. nonetheless, mr. burns is determined to capture king homer and smithers knocks homer unconscious with a gas bomb. returning to new york, the group display king homer at the broadway theatre. the photographers'flashes enrage king homer, who breaks free from his restraints. he abducts marge then attempts to climb the empire state building, but is unable to get past the second story of the building. king homer collapses in exhaustion. in the end, king homer and marge get married. the
| 2,506 |
[
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"##ani",
"##mates",
"corpses",
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"instead",
".",
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",",
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"many",
"people",
"into",
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".",
"meanwhile",
",",
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"barr",
"##ica",
"##ded",
"all",
"the",
"doors",
"and",
"windows",
"except",
"for",
"the",
"back",
"door",
",",
"which"
] | 878,767 |
story ends with the wedding. while in the springfield elementary library, bart finds a book of black magic and gets attached to it. that night, when lisa reminisces about the family ’ s dead cat, snowball i, bart suggests that he could use the book he found to resurrect snowball. at the springfield pet cemetery with lisa, bart utters an incantation from the book but accidentally reanimates corpses from the nearby human cemetery instead. the zombies terrorize springfield, turning many people into zombies. meanwhile, the simpson family has barricaded all the doors and windows except for the back door, which
| 2,508 |
[
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"very",
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"occurrence",
".",
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"was",
"decided",
"to",
"completely"
] | 878,768 |
homer forgot to do. several zombies break into the house : homer sacrifices himself to give the others time to escape, but the zombies leave him when they realize he does not have enough brains for them to eat. lisa realizes that the school library must have a book that can reverse the spell. the simpsons arrive at the springfield elementary library and bart casts the appropriate counter spell, causing all zombies to return to their graves. = = production = = this episode originally encountered trouble when the color version came back from korea. with only six weeks to the airdate the writers made almost 100 line changes, a very rare occurrence. it was decided to completely
| 2,504 |
[
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] | 878,769 |
overhaul the episode after a poorly received screening with the writing staff. the tombstones that appeared at the start of and during the episode were abandoned in later episodes because it was becoming increasingly difficult to think of ideas. a subtle tombstone joke in this episode is in the scene where two zombies are crawling out of their graves. the names jay kogen and wolodarsky ( two of the simpsons writers who worked on the episode ) are written on the tombstones, but both are misspelled. the " king homer " segment is one of matt groening's all @ - @ time favorite stories from the treehouse of horror series
| 2,960 |
[
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] | 878,770 |
. al jean was also quite worried about this segment because it was the longest running black @ - @ and @ - @ white segment they had ever aired, and he thought that some people might be concerned that their televisions were broken. the " he ( flanders ) was a zombie? " line, created by mike reiss, is, in the opinions of the writers, one of the all @ - @ time classic lines from the series. = = cultural references = = the opening sequence where homer walks into alfred hitchcock's silhouette is a parody of alfred hitchcock presents. it was meant to show homer's stomach bigger than that of
| 2,504 |
[
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".",
"the",
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] | 878,771 |
the outline, but it was so subtle that not many people realised the joke. in the episode's wraparounds, bart is dressed as alex from the film a clockwork orange. the " clown without pity " segment is based on the twilight zone episode " living doll " and the film trilogy of terror. the title itself is a play on the song " town without pity " by gene pitney. the man that gives homer the krusty doll is based on mr. wing from the film gremlins. the krusty doll riding under homer's car is a reference to the 1991 film cape fear. the "
| 2,504 |
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"-",
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] | 878,772 |
king homer " segment is a parody of the 1933 film king kong. in " king homer ", the tribal leader is heard saying'mosi tatupu, mosi tatupu ', which means they will sacrifice the blue @ - @ haired lady. the title " dial " z " for zombies " is a play on the title of the 1954 hitchcock film dial m for murder. some aspects of " dial " z " for zombies " are from the film night of the living dead. in the pet cemetery, there are tombstones that read fish police, capitol critters and family dog, each a short @ - @
| 2,504 |
[
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",",
"beating"
] | 878,773 |
lived animated series intended to capitalize on the simpsons'success. when raising the dead from their graves, bart wears michael jackson's record album cover thriller on his head. this is both a reference to jackson's famous music video, in which he dances with zombies. = = reception = = in its original broadcast, " treehouse of horror iii " finished 20th in ratings for the week of october 26 – november 1, 1992, with a nielsen rating of 14 @. @ 7, equivalent to approximately 13 @. @ 7 million viewing households. it was the highest @ - @ rated show on the fox network that week, beating
| 2,971 |
[
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"fe",
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"mentions",
"that"
] | 878,774 |
in living color. warren martyn and adrian wood, the authors of the book i can't believe it's a bigger and better updated unofficial simpsons guide, thoroughly enjoyed the episode. they described the episode as " another seasonal treat. dial z for zombies is particularly impressive ('dad, you killed the zombie flanders!'' he was a zombie?'). " in 2006, ign voted " dial z for zombies " as the second best segment of the treehouse of horror episodes. " clown without pity " was also rated sixth. in the film 28 days later, there is a scene where sgt. ferrell mentions that
| 2,937 |
[
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] | 878,775 |
his favorite joke from the simpsons was the line " women and seamen ( semen ) don't mix ", said by smithers during the " king homer " segment. the episode's reference to night of the living dead was named the 16th greatest film reference in the history of the show by total film's nathan ditum. = slipknot ( album ) = slipknot is the self titled debut studio album by american heavy metal band slipknot. it was released on 29 june 1999 through roadrunner records, following a demo containing a few of the songs which had been released in 1998, and was reissued in december
| 2,750 |
[
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] | 878,776 |
1999 with a slightly altered track listing and mastering as the result of a lawsuit. it was the first release by the band to be produced by ross robinson, who sought to refine slipknot's sound rather than alter the group's musical direction. the album spans several genres, but is generally noted for its extensive percussion and overall heavy sound. it was well received by fans and critics alike and was responsible for bringing slipknot a large increase in popularity. the album peaked at number 51 on the billboard 200, and has gone on to become certified double platinum in the united states, making it the band's best selling album
| 2,982 |
[
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] | 878,777 |
. it was voted the best debut album of the last 25 years by readers of metal hammer magazine. = = recording and production = = in 1997, following the band's demo release mate. feed. kill. repeat., the members of slipknot continued to write new material and work in sr audio, a local studio, with new vocalist corey taylor. the band had started work on a follow @ - @ up but never got further than pre @ - @ production. songs written and recorded in this period include " slipknot ", " gently ", " don'thing ", " tattered and torn ", " heart
| 2,081 |
[
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] | 878,778 |
##ache and a pair of scissors ", " me inside ", " coleslaw ", " carve ", " windows " and " may 17th ". in 1998, slipknot was receiving growing attention from record labels including epic and hollywood records. on september 29, 1998, slipknot left des moines, iowa for indigo ranch studios in malibu, california, anxious to record an album after a long wait to be signed. they released this demo to prospective labels and producers ; the track " spit it out " was the main focus of the demo and, with help from their manager sophia john, they were able to get a
| 2,092 |
[
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"to",
"des"
] | 878,779 |
copy of the eponymous demo to ross robinson. the band wanted him to work with them on their debut album and after meeting with the band robinson signed them to his own label, i am, but later helped sign them to roadrunner records. the album's recording process was " very aggressive and chaotic ", as producer robinson strove to capture the intensity that the band created when performing live. within three days all the drums were recorded, which contributed to the raw, live sound on the album that the band considers integral to its musical direction. by november 11, 1998, the recording of the album seemed complete and the band returned to des
| 2,085 |
[
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",",
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"\"",
"."
] | 878,780 |
moines. during the christmas period, guitarist josh brainard, who recorded on all the tracks to that point, decided to leave the band. the reasons for his departure are unclear ; it was widely thought to have been because of family constraints, however, brainard dispels these rumours, explaining that " some decisions were made that i wasn't particularly happy with. " his replacement was jim root, with whom the band returned to the studio in february 1999. slipknot finished recording during this period, with two extra songs : a re @ - @ recording of " me inside ", and a new track called " purity ".
| 2,069 |
[
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".",
"=",
"=",
"musical",
"and",
"lyrical"
] | 878,781 |
the mixing stages were very challenging, as drummer joey jordison and producer robinson mastered the entire album with analog equipment, instead of the then more common method of using digital formats. " wait and bleed " and " spit it out ", which had appeared on the demo prior to the album, were released on the album, also ; the demo songs " interloper " and " despise " are available on the digipak version of the same album. " snap " was featured on the soundtrack for the film freddy vs. jason and " eyeless " appeared on an episode of the sopranos. = = musical and lyrical
| 2,736 |
[
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] | 878,782 |
themes = = the musical style of slipknot is a constantly contested issue and the genres that the band are categorized in vary depending on the source, however, this album is generally regarded as nu metal, while showing influences of many different genres. the influence of death metal on the album is clear, and on the subject jordison stated ; " the roots are death metal, thrash, speed metal, and i could go on and on about all those bands. " the album also shows influences from alternative metal and even rap metal. critics have also noted an industrial influence. due to the band's large line @ - @ up consisting
| 2,726 |
[
"of",
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".",
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"thing",
","
] | 878,783 |
of additional percussionists and electronics, the album has a very dense, layered sound. alternative press stated that the album used " inventive sampling, creative guitar work and an absolute percussive overload ", while q magazine described the album as " a terrifying racket ". slipknot also includes melody, most notably in the single " wait and bleed ". " 742617000027 " is the intro track to the album. it contains some guitar scratches and abstract sound samples from the sampler craig jones. some of the dialogue was reportedly taken from a charles manson documentary. the dialogue is " the whole thing,
| 2,855 |
[
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",",
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"'",
"s",
"about"
] | 878,784 |
i think it's sick. " in an interview shortly after the album was released, joey jordison claimed the voice is corey taylor's, sped up. 742617000027 was the barcode number on their 1996 self @ - @ released album mate. feed. kill. repeat. all of the band members wear that number on their jumpsuits. the album features corey taylor as lead vocalist ; he had previously appeared on their second demo, which, in turn, resulted in them signing to roadrunner records. rick anderson of allmusic noted that on " scissors ", taylor " actually sounds like he's about
| 2,560 |
[
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".",
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"times",
"and"
] | 878,785 |
to burst into tears. taylor's aggressive, expletive @ - @ filled lyrics were noted by allmusic ; " [ the ] lyrics that are discernible are not generally quotable on a family website ; suffice it to say that the members of slipknot are not impressed with their fathers, their hometown or most anything else. " " eeyore ", a hidden track placed at the end of " scissors ", begins after dialogue shared among the band members that was recorded while they were viewing a scene in a pornographic film that involved coprophilia, is heard. it has been played live many times and
| 2,877 |
[
"appears",
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";",
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"stone",
"stated",
"slip",
"##k",
"##not",
"is"
] | 878,786 |
appears on both the dvd disasterpieces and the live album 9 @. @ 0 : live. = = critical reception = = slipknot was well received by critics and fans ; following its release the band gained popularity beyond their own expectations. reviewing for allmusic, rick anderson awarded the album four out of five stars, calling it " an auspicious debut " and proclaimed, " you thought limp bizkit was hard? they're the osmonds. these guys are something else entirely. and it's pretty impressive. " the album's aggression and heavy sound was widely praised ; rolling stone stated slipknot is
| 2,406 |
[
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"was",
"also"
] | 878,787 |
" metal with a capital m ", kerrang! added " raw and wholly uncompromising, each track delivered a powerful blow to the senses ", and in 2001, q magazine included the album in their list " 50 heaviest albums of all time ". cmj ranked the album as the twelfth highest " editorial pick " for 1999. the album was also included in the book 1001 albums you must hear before you die by robert dimery. a single from the album, " wait and bleed ", was nominated for best metal performance at the 2001 grammy awards, but lost to deftones'" elite ". the song was also
| 2,726 |
[
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",",
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".",
"the"
] | 878,788 |
named the 36th greatest metal song of all time by vh1. the release of the album and the touring which followed greatly increased the band's popularity. the album became the " biggest selling extreme metal album at the time. " it was ranked by american soundscan as the fastest @ - @ selling metal debut in soundscan's history. on may 2, 2000, the album was certified platinum in the united states, a first for any album released by roadrunner records. on february 5, 2005, the riaa certified it double platinum. in canada, the canadian recording industry association certified the album as platinum on october 10, 2000. the
| 2,982 |
[
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british phonographic industry certified the album as platinum on october 17, 2008 in the uk. after the release of the album, the band was accused of copyright infringement regarding the concept of the song " purity ". corey taylor, during a q & a, claimed that the song's lyrics had been written five years prior to the song's release and that only the song's name had been inspired by the purity knight story, which was claimed by the authoring website as being fictional. taylor, to his defense, said the song's inspiration came from films such as boxing helena and the collector, and not the story itself
| 2,237 |
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. the short track, " frail limb nursery ", which serves as a prelude to " purity ", contains audio samples of the imprisoned purity knight as recorded by a young boy, posted as evidence on the authoring website. slipknot, in an effort to prevent the entire album from being pulled, removed " purity " and " frail limb nursery " from the album until the case could be settled. as a result, the band released slightly remastered standard and digipak versions of the album in december 1999, replacing both tracks with " me inside ". the band later won their case, and was subsequently able to still play the song
| 2,237 |
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during live performances. it is included in the band's second dvd disasterpieces ( the studio version appears here as well ) as well as the live album 9 @. @ 0 : live and antennas to hell, and the 10th anniversary edition of the self @ - @ titled album. = = 10th anniversary edition = = on september 9, 2009, slipknot released a special edition version of the album to commemorate the tenth anniversary of its release. it was released in two forms, a digipak and a box set. the release date ( 09 / 09 / 09 ) is a reference to the fact that the band had nine
| 2,782 |
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] | 878,792 |
band members and have sustained the same lineup since the original release of the album. the special edition box set includes : a cd and dvd set featuring all new digipak packaging, with a total of 25 songs, including the original album plus several previously unreleased cuts, demo tracks and " purity ". the dvd, which was directed by percussionist shawn crahan, features footage of the band in 1999 and 2000, titled of the sic : your nightmares, our dreams. the dvd also features all three music videos released in support of the album, an entire live concert recorded at the dynamo open air, 2000 and " other surprises ".
| 2,793 |
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a " super deluxe " box set version of the re @ - @ release contains a t @ - @ shirt, patch, collectible cards, key chain, beanie and a note from vocalist corey taylor, and comes in packaging that resembles a safety deposit box. = = track listing = = all songs written and composed by shawn crahan, paul gray, joey jordison, mick thomson and corey taylor = = chart positions = = = = certifications = = = = personnel = = = = release history = = arnopp, jason ( 2001 ). slipknot : inside the sickness, behind the masks. e
| 2,743 |
[
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##bury. isbn 0 @ - @ 09 @ - @ 187933 @ - @ 7. crampton, mark ( 2001 ). barcode killers : the slipknot story in words and pictures. chrome dreams. isbn 1 @ - @ 84240 @ - @ 126 @ - @ 2. = monsters university = monsters university is a 2013 american 3d computer @ - @ animated comedy film produced by pixar animation studios and released by walt disney pictures. it was directed by dan scanlon and produced by kori rae, with john lasseter, pete docter, andrew stanton and lee unkrich as executive producers. it
| 2,033 |
[
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] | 878,795 |
is the fourteenth feature film produced by pixar and is a prequel to 2001's monsters, inc., marking the first time pixar has made a prequel film. disney, as the rights holder, had plans for a sequel to monsters, inc. since 2005. following disagreements with pixar, disney tasked its circle 7 animation unit to make the film. an early draft of the film was developed ; however, disney's purchase of pixar in early 2006 led to the cancellation of circle 7's version of the film. a pixar @ - @ made sequel was confirmed in 2010, and in 2011
| 2,768 |
[
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] | 878,796 |
, it was confirmed that the film would instead be a prequel titled monsters university. monsters university tells the story of two monsters, mike and sulley, and their time studying at college, where they start off as rivals, but slowly become best friends. john goodman, billy crystal, steve buscemi, bob peterson, and john ratzenberger reprise their roles as james p. sullivan, mike wazowski, randall boggs, roz, and the abominable snowman, respectively. bonnie hunt, who played ms. flint in the first film, voices mike's grade school teacher ms. karen graves. the music for
| 2,441 |
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] | 878,797 |
the film is composed by randy newman, marking his seventh collaboration with pixar. monsters university premiered on june 5, 2013, at the bfi southbank in london, united kingdom and was released on june 21, 2013, in the united states. it was accompanied in theaters by a short film, the blue umbrella, directed by saschka unseld. the film grossed $ 743 million against its estimated budget of $ 200 million. an animated short film titled party central, which takes place shortly after the events of monsters university, premiered in fall 2013. michael " mike " wazowski, a young monster, gets inspired
| 2,748 |
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] | 878,798 |
to become a scarer ( a monster who enters the human world at night to scare children and harvest their screams for energy ) when he grows up after visiting monsters inc., monstropolis'most profitable scaring company, on a school field trip. eleven years later, mike is a first @ - @ year scare major at monsters university, where he meets fellow monster james p. " sulley " sullivan. mike studies hard, while the privileged sulley, coming from a family of talented scarers, relies only on his natural ability and begins to falter. as the semester progresses, mike and sulley attempt to join a fraternity
| 2,455 |
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"to",
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"##tate",
"him",
"and",
"his",
"team",
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"the",
"scare",
"program",
"if",
"they",
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",",
"but",
"mike",
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"the",
"university",
"if",
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".",
"he",
"joins"
] | 878,799 |
, but only sulley is accepted into roar omega roar, the strongest fraternity on campus. at the semester's final exam, a fight between the two causes them to accidentally break dean abigail hardscrabble's cherished scream can. hardscrabble promptly fails both of them immediately, stating that sulley does not study enough, and mike is not scary enough. wanting to prove himself, mike enters the university's " scare games " and makes a wager with hardscrabble to reinstate him and his team to the scare program if they win, but mike must leave the university if they lose. he joins
| 2,453 |
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