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] | 878,900 |
fully addressed by the end. stylistically, serena found herself caught in exactly the kind of narrative she disliked, but, asked lasdun, " to what end? " particularly the ending of the book was polarising. kellaway saw it as " a good excuse to go back to the beginning and read this rich and enjoyable novel all over again ", while another reviewer confessed that, though the ending " might be enough to send mcewan acolytes scurrying back through the novel to see how he did it... it made me want to throw the book out the window. " the statistical journal "
| 2,365 |
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significance " analyses mcewan's representation of the famous mathematical conundrum : the monty hall problem. = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type. it is characterized by problems paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person's age. these symptoms begin by age six to twelve, are present for more than six months, and cause problems in at least two settings ( such as school, home, or recreational activities ). in children, problems paying attention may result in poor school
| 1,699 |
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performance. although it causes impairment, particularly in modern society, many children have a good attention span for tasks they find interesting. despite being the most commonly studied and diagnosed mental disorder in children and adolescents, the cause is unknown in the majority of cases. the world health organization ( who ) estimated that it affected about 39 million people as of 2013. it affects about 5 – 7 % of children when diagnosed via the dsm @ - @ iv criteria and 1 – 2 % when diagnosed via the icd @ - @ 10 criteria. rates are similar between countries and depend mostly on how it is diagnosed. adhd is diagnosed approximately three times more
| 1,692 |
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] | 878,903 |
in boys than in girls. about 30 – 50 % of people diagnosed in childhood continue to have symptoms into adulthood and between 2 – 5 % of adults have the condition. the condition can be difficult to tell apart from other disorders as well as to distinguish from high levels of activity that are still within the normal @ - @ range. adhd management recommendations vary by country and usually involve some combination of counseling, lifestyle changes, and medications. the british guideline only recommends medications as a first @ - @ line treatment in children who have severe symptoms and for medication to be considered in those with moderate symptoms who either refuse or fail to improve with counseling
| 1,698 |
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. canadian and american guidelines recommend that medications and behavioral therapy be used together as a first @ - @ line therapy, except in preschool @ - @ aged children. stimulant therapy is not recommended as a first @ - @ line therapy in preschool @ - @ aged children in either guideline. treatment with stimulants is effective for up to 14 months ; however, its long term effectiveness is unclear. adolescents and adults tend to develop coping skills which make up for some or all of their impairments. the medical literature has described symptoms similar to adhd since the 19th century. adhd, its diagnosis, and its treatment have
| 1,702 |
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been considered controversial since the 1970s. the controversies have involved clinicians, teachers, policymakers, parents, and the media. topics include adhd's causes and the use of stimulant medications in its treatment. most healthcare providers accept adhd as a genuine disorder, and the debate in the scientific community mainly centers on how it is diagnosed and treated. the condition was officially known as attention deficit disorder ( add ) from 1980 to 1987 while before this it was known as hyperkinetic reaction of childhood. = = signs and symptoms = = inattention, hyperactivity ( restlessness in adults ), disruptive behavior,
| 1,699 |
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and impulsivity are common in adhd. academic difficulties are frequent as are problems with relationships. the symptoms can be difficult to define as it is hard to draw a line at where normal levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity end and significant levels requiring interventions begin. according to the dsm @ - @ 5, symptoms must be present for six months or more to a degree that is much greater than others of the same age and they must cause significant problems functioning in at least two settings ( e. g., social, school / work, or home ). the full criteria must have been met prior
| 1,699 |
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to age 12 in order to receive a diagnosis of adhd. adhd is divided into three subtypes : predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive @ - @ impulsive, and combined type. an individual with adhd inattentive type has most or all of following symptoms, excluding situations where these symptoms are better explained by another psychiatric or medical condition : be easily distracted, miss details, forget things, and frequently switch from one activity to another have difficulty maintaining focus on one task become bored with a task after only a few minutes, unless doing something enjoyable have difficulty focusing attention on organizing and completing a task or learning something new have
| 2,231 |
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] | 878,908 |
trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often losing things ( e. g., pencils, toys, assignments ) needed to complete tasks or activities not seem to listen when spoken to daydream, become easily confused, and move slowly have difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as others struggle to follow instructions have trouble understanding minute details an individual with adhd hyperactive / impulsive type has most or all of the following symptoms, excluding situations where these symptoms are better explained by another psychiatric or medical condition : fidget and squirm in their seats talk nonstop dash around, touching or playing with anything and everything in sight have trouble sitting
| 2,231 |
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still during dinner, school, doing homework, and story time be constantly in motion have difficulty doing quiet tasks or activities be very impatient blurt out inappropriate comments, show their emotions without restraint, and act without regard for consequences have difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turns in games often interrupt conversations or others'activities symptoms of hyperactivity tend to go away with age and turn into " inner restlessness " in teens and adults with adhd. people with adhd are more likely to have problems with social skills, such as social interaction and forming and maintaining friendships. this is true for all subtypes. about half of children
| 2,575 |
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] | 878,910 |
and adolescents with adhd experience social rejection by their peers compared to 10 – 15 % of non @ - @ adhd children and adolescents. people with attention deficits are prone to having difficulty processing verbal and nonverbal language which can negatively affect social interaction. they also may drift off during conversations, and miss social cues. difficulties managing anger are more common in children with adhd as are poor handwriting and delays in speech, language and motor development. although it causes significant impairment, particularly in modern society, many children with adhd have a good attention span for tasks they find interesting. = = = associated disorders = = = in children,
| 2,194 |
[
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"anti",
"##so",
"##cial",
"behaviors",
"such",
"as",
"stubborn"
] | 878,911 |
adhd occurs with other disorders about ⅔ of the time. some commonly associated conditions include : learning disabilities have been found to occur in about 20 – 30 % of children with adhd. learning disabilities can include developmental speech and language disorders and academic skills disorders. adhd, however, is not considered a learning disability, but it very frequently causes academic difficulties. tourette syndrome has been found to occur more commonly in the adhd population. oppositional defiant disorder ( odd ) and conduct disorder ( cd ), which occur with adhd in about 50 % and 20 % of cases respectively. they are characterized by antisocial behaviors such as stubborn
| 1,692 |
[
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"to",
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] | 878,912 |
##ness, aggression, frequent temper tantrums, deceitfulness, lying, and stealing. about half of those with hyperactivity and odd or cd develop antisocial personality disorder in adulthood. brain imaging supports that conduct disorder and adhd are separate conditions. primary disorder of vigilance, which is characterized by poor attention and concentration, as well as difficulties staying awake. these children tend to fidget, yawn and stretch and appear to be hyperactive in order to remain alert and active. mood disorders ( especially bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder ). boys diagnosed with the combined adhd subtype are more likely to have
| 1,692 |
[
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".",
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"and",
"treatment",
"of",
"ad"
] | 878,913 |
a mood disorder. adults with adhd sometimes also have bipolar disorder, which requires careful assessment to accurately diagnose and treat both conditions. anxiety disorders have been found to occur more commonly in the adhd population. obsessive @ - @ compulsive disorder ( ocd ) can co @ - @ occur with adhd and shares many of its characteristics. substance use disorders. adolescents and adults with adhd are at increased risk of substance abuse. this is most commonly seen with alcohol or cannabis. the reason for this may be an altered reward pathway in the brains of adhd individuals. this makes the evaluation and treatment of ad
| 1,692 |
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"are",
"common",
"among",
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"with",
"ad",
"##hd"
] | 878,914 |
##hd more difficult, with serious substance misuse problems usually treated first due to their greater risks. restless legs syndrome has been found to be more common in those with adhd and is often due to iron deficiency anaemia. however, restless legs can simply be a part of adhd and requires careful assessment to differentiate between the two disorders. sleep disorders and adhd commonly co @ - @ exist. they can also occur as a side effect of medications used to treat adhd. in children with adhd, insomnia is the most common sleep disorder with behavioral therapy the preferred treatment. problems with sleep initiation are common among individuals with adhd
| 1,692 |
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".",
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"cases",
"are",
"related",
"to",
"previous",
"infection",
"of",
"or",
"trauma",
"to"
] | 878,915 |
but often they will be deep sleepers and have significant difficulty getting up in the morning. melatonin is sometimes used in children who have sleep onset insomnia. there is an association with persistent bed wetting, language delay, and developmental coordination disorder ( dcd ). language delays can include auditory processing disorders such as short @ - @ term auditory memory weakness, difficulty following instructions, slow speed of processing spoken language, and difficulties listening in distracting environments. the cause of most cases of adhd is unknown ; however, it is believed to involve interactions between genetic and environmental factors. certain cases are related to previous infection of or trauma to
| 1,692 |
[
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"##pa",
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"ne",
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",",
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"##d",
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"com",
"##t",
",",
"and",
"db",
"##h",
".",
"other",
"genes",
"associated",
"with",
"ad"
] | 878,916 |
the brain. twin studies indicate that the disorder is often inherited from one's parents with genetics determining about 75 % of cases. siblings of children with adhd are three to four times more likely to develop the disorder than siblings of children without the disorder. genetic factors are also believed to be involved in determining whether adhd persists into adulthood. typically, a number of genes are involved, many of which directly affect dopamine neurotransmission. those involved with dopamine include dat, drd4, drd5, taar1, maoa, comt, and dbh. other genes associated with ad
| 1,690 |
[
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"##d",
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"-",
"@",
"coupled",
"receptor",
"that",
"inhibit",
"##s",
"aden",
"##yl",
"##yl",
"cy"
] | 878,917 |
##hd include sert, htr1b, snap25, grin2a, adra2a, tph2, and bdnf. a common variant of a gene called lphn3 is estimated to be responsible for about 9 % of cases and when this variant is present, people are particularly responsive to stimulant medication. the 7 repeat variant of dopamine receptor d4 ( drd4 – 7r ) causes increased inhibitory effects induced by dopamine and is associated with adhd. the drd4 receptor is a g protein @ - @ coupled receptor that inhibits adenylyl cy
| 1,673 |
[
"##cl",
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"with",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"increased",
"imp",
"##uls",
"##ivity",
"and"
] | 878,918 |
##clase. the drd4 – 7r mutation results in a wide range of behavioral phenotypes, including adhd symptoms reflecting split attention. evolution may have played a role in the high rates of adhd, particularly hyperactive and impulsive traits in males. some have hypothesized that some women may be more attracted to males who are risk takers, increasing the frequency of genes that predispose to hyperactivity and impulsivity in the gene pool. others have claimed that these traits may be an adaptation that helped males face stressful or dangerous environment with, for example, increased impulsivity and
| 1,721 |
[
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",",
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".",
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"alcohol",
"intake",
"during",
"pregnancy",
"can",
"cause",
"fetal",
"alcohol",
"spectrum",
"disorders",
"which",
"can"
] | 878,919 |
exploratory behavior. in certain situations, adhd traits may have been beneficial to society as a whole even while being harmful to the individual. the high rates and heterogeneity of adhd may have increased reproductive fitness and benefited society by adding diversity to the gene pool despite being detrimental to the individual. in certain environments, some adhd traits may have offered personal advantages to individuals, such as quicker response to predators or superior hunting skills. people with down syndrome are more likely to have adhd. in addition to genetics, some environmental factors might play a role. alcohol intake during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders which can
| 1,692 |
[
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] | 878,920 |
include adhd or symptoms like it. children exposed to certain toxic substances, such as lead or polychlorinated biphenyls, may develop problems which resemble adhd. exposure to the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos and dialkyl phosphate is associated with an increased risk ; however, the evidence is not conclusive. exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy can cause problems with central nervous system development and can increase the risk of adhd. extreme premature birth, very low birth weight, and extreme neglect, abuse, or social deprivation also increase the risk as do certain infections during pregnancy, at birth,
| 1,710 |
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] | 878,921 |
and in early childhood. these infections include, among others, various viruses ( measles, varicella zoster encephalitis, rubella, enterovirus 71 ). at least 30 % of children with a traumatic brain injury later develop adhd and about 5 % of cases are due to brain damage. some studies suggest that in a minority of children, artificial food dyes or preservative may be associated with an increased prevalence of adhd or adhd @ - @ like symptoms but the evidence is weak and may only apply to children with food sensitivities. the united kingdom and the european
| 1,699 |
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] | 878,922 |
union have put in place regulatory measures based on these concerns. in a minority of children, intolerances or allergies to certain foods may worsen adhd symptoms. research does not support popular beliefs that adhd is caused by eating too much refined sugar, watching too much television, parenting, poverty or family chaos ; however, they might worsen adhd symptoms in certain people. the diagnosis of adhd can represent family dysfunction or a poor educational system rather than an individual problem. some cases may be explained by increasing academic expectations, with a diagnosis being a method for parents in some countries to get extra financial and educational support for their
| 1,699 |
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] | 878,923 |
child. the youngest children in a class have been found to be more likely to be diagnosed as having adhd possibly due to their being developmentally behind their older classmates. behaviors typical of adhd occurs more commonly in children who have experienced violence and emotional abuse. according to social construction theory it is societies that determine the boundary between normal and abnormal behavior. members of society, including physicians, parents, and teachers, determine which diagnostic criteria are used and, thus, the number of people affected. this leads to the current situation where the dsm @ - @ iv arrives at levels of adhd three to four times higher than those obtained with the
| 1,604 |
[
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] | 878,924 |
icd @ - @ 10. thomas szasz, a supporter of this theory, has argued that adhd was " invented and not discovered. " = = pathophysiology = = current models of adhd suggest that it is associated with functional impairments in some of the brain's neurotransmitter systems, particularly those involving dopamine and norepinephrine. the dopamine and norepinephrine pathways that originate in the ventral tegmental area and locus coeruleus project to diverse regions of the brain and govern a variety of cognitive processes. the dopamine pathways
| 1,690 |
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] | 878,925 |
and norepinephrine pathways which project to the prefrontal cortex and striatum are directly responsible for modulating executive function ( cognitive control of behavior ), motivation, reward perception, and motor function ; these pathways are known to play a central role in the pathophysiology of adhd. larger models of adhd with additional pathways have been proposed. = = = brain structure = = = in children with adhd, there is a general reduction of volume in certain brain structures, with a proportionally greater decrease in the volume in the left @ - @ sided prefrontal cortex. the posterior parietal cortex
| 1,690 |
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] | 878,926 |
also shows thinning in adhd individuals compared to controls. other brain structures in the prefrontal @ - @ striatal @ - @ cerebellar and prefrontal @ - @ striatal @ - @ thalamic circuits have also been found to differ between people with and without adhd. = = = neurotransmitter pathways = = = previously it was thought that the elevated number of dopamine transporters in people with adhd was part of the pathophysiology but it appears that the elevated numbers are due to adaptation to exposure to stimulants. current models involve the
| 1,690 |
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"e",
"."
] | 878,927 |
mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway and the locus coeruleus @ - @ noradrenergic system. adhd psychostimulants possess treatment efficacy because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems. there may additionally be abnormalities in serotoninergic and cholinergic pathways. neurotransmission of glutamate, a cotransmitter with dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway, seems to be also involved. = = = executive function and motivation = = = the symptoms of adhd arise from a deficiency in certain executive functions ( e.
| 1,699 |
[
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"."
] | 878,928 |
g., attentional control, inhibitory control, and working memory ). executive functions are a set of cognitive processes that are required to successfully select and monitor behaviors that facilitate the attainment of one's chosen goals. the executive function impairments that occur in adhd individuals result in problems with staying organized, time keeping, excessive procrastination, maintaining concentration, paying attention, ignoring distractions, regulating emotions, and remembering details. people with adhd appear to have unimpaired long @ - @ term memory, and deficits in long @ - @ term recall appear to be attributed to impairments in working memory.
| 1,530 |
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"-",
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",",
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] | 878,929 |
the criteria for an executive function deficit are met in 30 – 50 % of children and adolescents with adhd. one study found that 80 % of individuals with adhd were impaired in at least one executive function task, compared to 50 % for individuals without adhd. due to the rates of brain maturation and the increasing demands for executive control as a person gets older, adhd impairments may not fully manifest themselves until adolescence or even early adulthood. adhd has also been associated with motivational deficits in children. children with adhd find it difficult to focus on long @ - @ term over short @ - @ term rewards, and
| 1,512 |
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] | 878,930 |
exhibit impulsive behavior for short @ - @ term rewards. in these individuals, a large amount of positive reinforcement effectively improves task performance. adhd stimulants may improve persistence in adhd children as well. = = = intelligence = = = overall, studies have shown that people with adhd tend to have lower scores on intelligence quotient ( iq ) tests. the significance of this is controversial due to the differences between people with adhd and the difficulty determining the influence of symptoms, such as distractibility, on lower scores rather than intellectual capacity. in studies of adhd, higher iq ’ s may be over represented because many
| 1,699 |
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] | 878,931 |
studies exclude individuals who have lower iq ’ s despite those with adhd scoring on average 9 points lower on standardized intelligence measures. as a result, we may have less of an accurate understanding of adhd. = = diagnosis = = adhd is diagnosed by an assessment of a person's childhood behavioral and mental development, including ruling out the effects of drugs, medications and other medical or psychiatric problems as explanations for the symptoms. it often takes into account feedback from parents and teachers with most diagnoses begun after a teacher raises concerns. it may be viewed as the extreme end of one or more continuous human traits found in all people. whether
| 1,699 |
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] | 878,932 |
someone responds to medications does not confirm or rule out the diagnosis. as imaging studies of the brain don't give consistent results between individuals, they are only used for research purposes and not diagnosis. in north america, dsm @ - @ 5 criteria are used for diagnosis, while european countries usually use the icd @ - @ 10. with the dsm @ - @ iv criteria a diagnosis of adhd is 3 – 4 times more likely than with the icd @ - @ 10 criteria. it is classified as neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder. additionally, it is classified as a disruptive behavior disorder along with oppositional defiant
| 1,692 |
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] | 878,933 |
disorder, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. a diagnosis does not imply a neurological disorder. associated conditions that should be screened for include anxiety, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and learning and language disorders. other conditions that should be considered are other neurodevelopmental disorders, tics, and sleep apnea. diagnosis of adhd using quantitative electroencephalography ( qeeg ) is an ongoing area of investigation, although the value of qeeg in adhd is currently unclear. in the united states, the food and drug administration has approved the use of qeeg to evaluate
| 1,692 |
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",",
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] | 878,934 |
the morbidity of adhd. = = = diagnostic and statistical manual = = = as with many other psychiatric disorders, formal diagnosis is made by a qualified professional based on a set number of criteria. in the united states, these criteria are defined by the american psychiatric association in the dsm. based on the dsm criteria, there are three sub @ - @ types of adhd : adhd predominantly inattentive type ( adhd @ - @ pi ) presents with symptoms including being easily distracted, forgetful, daydreaming, disorganization, poor concentration, and difficulty completing tasks. adhd, predominantly hyper
| 1,699 |
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] | 878,935 |
##active @ - @ impulsive type presents with excessive fidgetiness and restlessness, hyperactivity, difficulty waiting and remaining seated, immature behavior ; destructive behaviors may also be present. adhd, combined type is a combination of the first two subtypes. this subdivision is based on presence of at least six out of nine long @ - @ term ( lasting at least six months ) symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity – impulsivity, or both. to be considered, the symptoms must have appeared by the age of six to twelve and occur in more than one environment ( e. g. at home and at school
| 1,698 |
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"##kin",
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"disorders"
] | 878,936 |
or work ). the symptoms must be not appropriate for a child of that age and there must be evidence that it is causing social, school or work related problems. = = = international classification of diseases = = = in the icd @ - @ 10, the symptoms of " hyperkinetic disorder " are analogous to adhd in the dsm @ - @ 5. when a conduct disorder ( as defined by icd @ - @ 10 ) is present, the condition is referred to as hyperkinetic conduct disorder. otherwise, the disorder is classified as disturbance of activity and attention, other hyperkinetic disorders or hyperkinetic disorders
| 1,699 |
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] | 878,937 |
, unspecified. the latter is sometimes referred to as hyperkinetic syndrome. adults with adhd are diagnosed under the same criteria, including that their signs must have been present by the age of six to twelve. questioning parents or guardians as to how the person behaved and developed as a child may form part of the assessment ; a family history of adhd also adds weight to a diagnosis. while the core symptoms of adhd are similar in children and adults they often present differently in adults than in children, for example excessive physical activity seen in children may present as feelings of restlessness and constant mental activity in adults. = = = differential diagnosis =
| 1,699 |
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",",
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] | 878,938 |
= = symptoms of adhd such as low mood and poor self @ - @ image, mood swings, and irritability can be confused with dysthymia, cyclothymia or bipolar disorder as well as with borderline personality disorder. some symptoms that are due to anxiety disorders, antisocial personality disorder, developmental disabilities or mental retardation or the effects of substance abuse such as intoxication and withdrawal can overlap with some adhd. these disorders can also sometimes occur along with adhd. medical conditions which can cause adhd type symptoms include : hyperthyroidism, seizure disorder, lead toxicity, hearing deficits
| 1,699 |
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"while",
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] | 878,939 |
, hepatic disease, sleep apnea, drug interactions, untreated celiac disease, and head injury. primary sleep disorders may affect attention and behavior and the symptoms of adhd may affect sleep. it is thus recommended that children with adhd be regularly assessed for sleep problems. sleepiness in children may result in symptoms ranging from the classic ones of yawning and rubbing the eyes, to hyperactivity and inattentiveness. obstructive sleep apnea can also cause adhd type symptoms. = = management = = the management of adhd typically involves counseling or medications either alone or in combination. while treatment
| 1,685 |
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"cb",
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] | 878,940 |
may improve long @ - @ term outcomes, it does not get rid of negative outcomes entirely. medications used include stimulants, atomoxetine, alpha @ - @ 2 adrenergic receptor agonists, and sometimes antidepressants. = = = behavioral therapies = = = there is good evidence for the use of behavioral therapies in adhd and they are the recommended first line treatment in those who have mild symptoms or are preschool @ - @ aged. psychological therapies used include : psychoeducational input, behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy ( cbt ), interpersonal psycho
| 1,702 |
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".",
"training",
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",",
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"and",
"medication"
] | 878,941 |
##therapy, family therapy, school @ - @ based interventions, social skills training, behavioral peer intervention, organization training, parent management training, and neurofeedback. behavior modification and neurofeedback have the best support. parent training and education have been found to have short @ - @ term benefits. there is little high quality research on the effectiveness of family therapy for adhd, but the evidence that exists shows that it is similar to community care and better than a placebo. several adhd specific support groups exist as informational sources and may help families cope with adhd. training in social skills, behavioral modification and medication
| 1,702 |
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"-",
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"ad",
"##hd",
"individuals",
"include",
"better",
"behavior",
"and",
"motor",
"abilities",
","
] | 878,942 |
may have some limited beneficial effects. the most important factor in reducing later psychological problems, such as major depression, criminality, school failure, and substance use disorders is formation of friendships with people who are not involved in delinquent activities. regular physical exercise, particularly aerobic exercise, is an effective add @ - @ on treatment for adhd in children and adults, particularly when combined with stimulant medication, although the best intensity and type of aerobic exercise for improving symptoms are not currently known. in particular, the long @ - @ term effects of regular aerobic exercise in adhd individuals include better behavior and motor abilities,
| 1,700 |
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".",
"methyl",
"##ph",
"##eni",
"##date",
"appears",
"to",
"improve",
"symptoms"
] | 878,943 |
improved executive functions ( including attention, inhibitory control, planning, and cognitive processing speed, among other cognitive domains ), and better memory without causing any side effects. exercising while on stimulant medication augments the effect of stimulant medication on executive function. it is believed that these short @ - @ term effects of exercise are mediated by an increased abundance of synaptic dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. stimulant medications are the pharmaceutical treatment of choice. they have at least some effect in the short term in about 80 % of people. methylphenidate appears to improve symptoms
| 1,701 |
[
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] | 878,944 |
as reported by teachers and parents. there are a number of non @ - @ stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine, bupropion, guanfacine, and clonidine that may be used as alternatives, or added to stimulant therapy. there are no good studies comparing the various medications ; however, they appear more or less equal with respect to side effects. stimulants appear to improve academic performance while atomoxetine does not. there is little evidence on their effects on social behaviors. medications are not recommended for preschool children, as the long @ - @ term effects in
| 1,702 |
[
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"country",
",",
"with",
"the",
"united",
"kingdom",
"'",
"s",
"national",
"institute"
] | 878,945 |
this age group are not known. the long @ - @ term effects of stimulants generally are unclear with one study finding benefit, another finding no benefit and a third finding evidence of harm. magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest that long @ - @ term treatment with amphetamine or methylphenidate decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with adhd. atomoxetine, due to its lack of addiction liability, may be preferred in those who are at risk of recreational or compulsive stimulant use. guidelines on when to use medications vary by country, with the united kingdom's national institute
| 1,709 |
[
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"label",
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"while",
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"##im",
"##ula",
"##nts",
"and",
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"##ox",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
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"and",
"contra",
"##ind",
"##ication",
"##s",
"to",
"their",
"use",
".",
"a",
"large"
] | 878,946 |
for health and care excellence recommending use only in severe cases, switzerland strongly limits the authorised medications, while most united states guidelines recommend medications in most age groups. underdosing of stimulants may occur and result in a lack of response or later loss of effectiveness. this is particularly common in adolescents and adults as approved dosing is based on school @ - @ aged children, causing some practitioners to use weight based or benefit based off @ - @ label dosing instead. while stimulants and atomoxetine are usually safe, there are side @ - @ effects and contraindications to their use. a large
| 1,693 |
[
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"##het",
"##amine",
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"regular",
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"-",
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"##im",
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",",
"decrease",
"possible",
"growth",
"delay",
",",
"and",
"reduce",
"tolerance",
"."
] | 878,947 |
overdose on adhd stimulants is commonly associated with symptoms such as stimulant psychosis and mania ; although very rare, at therapeutic doses these events appear to occur in approximately 0 @. @ 1 % of individuals within the first several weeks after starting amphetamine or methylphenidate therapy. administration of an antipsychotic medication has been found to effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis. regular monitoring has been recommended in those on long @ - @ term treatment. stimulant therapy should be stopped periodically to assess for continuing need for medication, decrease possible growth delay, and reduce tolerance.
| 1,702 |
[
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"modifications",
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"children",
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".",
"a",
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"meta",
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"-",
"@",
"analysis",
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"of",
"children",
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"in",
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"with",
"free",
"fatty",
"acid",
"supplement",
"##ation",
"or",
"decreased",
"eating",
"of",
"artificial"
] | 878,948 |
long @ - @ term misuse of stimulant medications at doses above the therapeutic range for adhd treatment is associated with addiction and dependence. untreated adhd, however, is also associated with elevated risk of substance use disorders and conduct disorders. the use of stimulants appears to either reduce this risk or have no effect on it. the safety of these medications in pregnancy is unclear. dietary modifications may be of benefit to some children with adhd. a 2013 meta @ - @ analysis found less than a third of children with adhd see some improvement in symptoms with free fatty acid supplementation or decreased eating of artificial
| 1,709 |
[
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"a",
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"##c",
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"-",
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"iron",
",",
"magnesium",
"and",
"io",
"##dine",
"may",
"also",
"have",
"an",
"effect",
"on",
"ad"
] | 878,949 |
food coloring. these benefits may be limited to children with food sensitivities or those who are simultaneously being treated with adhd medications. this review also found that evidence does not support removing other foods from the diet to treat adhd. a 2014 review found that an elimination diet results in a small overall benefit. a 2016 review did not support a clear link between celiac disease and adhd, and stated that routine screening for celiac disease in people with adhd and the use of a gluten @ - @ free diet as standard adhd treatment are discouraged. iron, magnesium and iodine may also have an effect on ad
| 1,688 |
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",",
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] | 878,950 |
##hd symptoms. there is a small amount of evidence that lower tissue zinc levels may be associated with adhd. in the absence of a demonstrated zinc deficiency ( which is rare outside of developing countries ), zinc supplementation is not recommended as treatment for adhd. there is evidence of a modest benefit of omega 3 fatty acid supplementation, but it is not recommended in place of traditional medication. an 8 @ - @ year follow up of children diagnosed with adhd ( combined type ) found that they often have difficulties in adolescence, regardless of treatment or lack thereof. in the us, fewer than 5 % of individuals with adhd get a college
| 1,700 |
[
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"@",
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"@",
"10"
] | 878,951 |
degree, compared to 28 % of the general population aged 25 years and older. the proportion of children meeting criteria for adhd drops by about half in the three years following the diagnosis and this occurs regardless of treatments used. adhd persists into adulthood in about 30 – 50 % of cases. those affected are likely to develop coping mechanisms as they mature, thus compensating for their previous symptoms. = = epidemiology = = adhd is estimated to affect about 6 – 7 % of people aged 18 and under when diagnosed via the dsm @ - @ iv criteria. when diagnosed via the icd @ - @ 10
| 1,699 |
[
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".",
"this",
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"##hd",
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".",
"rates",
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"and",
"treatment",
"have",
"increased",
"in",
"both",
"the",
"united"
] | 878,952 |
criteria rates in this age group are estimated at 1 – 2 %. children in north america appear to have a higher rate of adhd than children in africa and the middle east ; this is believed to be due to differing methods of diagnosis rather than a difference in underlying frequency. if the same diagnostic methods are used, the rates are more or less the same between countries. it is diagnosed approximately three times more often in boys than in girls. this difference between sexes may reflect either a difference in susceptibility or that females with adhd are less likely to be diagnosed than males. rates of diagnosis and treatment have increased in both the united
| 1,718 |
[
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".",
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".",
"sir",
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"cr",
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"##ness",
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"##ment",
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"1798",
".",
"ad",
"##hd"
] | 878,953 |
kingdom and the united states since the 1970s. this is believed to be primarily due to changes in how the condition is diagnosed and how readily people are willing to treat it with medications rather than a true change in how common the condition is. it is believed that changes to the diagnostic criteria in 2013 with the release of the dsm @ - @ 5 will increase the percentage of people diagnosed with adhd, especially among adults. hyperactivity has long been part of the human condition. sir alexander crichton describes " mental restlessness " in his book an inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement written in 1798. adhd
| 1,692 |
[
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".",
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"##type"
] | 878,954 |
was first clearly described by george still in 1902. the terminology used to describe the condition has changed over time and has included : in the dsm @ - @ i ( 1952 ) " minimal brain dysfunction ", in the dsm @ - @ ii ( 1968 ) " hyperkinetic reaction of childhood ", in the dsm @ - @ iii ( 1980 ) " attention @ - @ deficit disorder ( add ) with or without hyperactivity ". in 1987 this was changed to adhd in the dsm @ - @ iii @ - @ r and the dsm @ - @ iv in 1994 split the diagnosis into three subtype
| 92 |
[
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".",
"=",
"=",
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"and",
"culture",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"controversies"
] | 878,955 |
##s, adhd inattentive type, adhd hyperactive @ - @ impulsive type and adhd combined type. these terms were kept in the dsm @ - @ 5 in 2013. other terms have included " minimal brain damage " used in the 1930s. the use of stimulants to treat adhd was first described in 1937. in 1934, benzedrine became the first amphetamine medication approved for use in the united states. methylphenidate was introduced in the 1950s, and enantiopure dextroamphetamine in the 1970s. = = society and culture = = = = = controversies
| 84 |
[
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"in",
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"are",
"based",
"on",
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"dominant",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"academic",
"literature"
] | 878,956 |
= = = adhd, its diagnosis, and its treatment have been controversial since the 1970s. the controversies involve clinicians, teachers, policymakers, parents, and the media. positions range from the view that adhd is within the normal range of behavior to the hypothesis that adhd is a genetic condition. other areas of controversy include the use of stimulant medications in children, the method of diagnosis, and the possibility of overdiagnosis. in 2012, the national institute for health and care excellence, while acknowledging the controversy, states that the current treatments and methods of diagnosis are based on the dominant view of the academic literature
| 1,700 |
[
".",
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",",
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"that",
"is",
",",
"the",
"turning",
"of",
"the",
"previously",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@"
] | 878,957 |
. in 2014, keith conners, one of the early advocates for recognition of the disorder, spoke out against overdiagnosis in a new york times article. in contrast, a 2014 peer @ - @ reviewed medical literature review indicated that adhd is underdiagnosed in adults. with widely differing rates of diagnosis across countries, states within countries, races, and ethnicities, some suspect factors other than the presence of the symptoms of adhd are playing a role in diagnosis. some sociologists consider adhd to be an example of the medicalization of deviant behavior, that is, the turning of the previously non @ - @
| 1,699 |
[
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"the",
"ban",
"on"
] | 878,958 |
medical issue of school performance into a medical one. most healthcare providers accept adhd as a genuine disorder, at least in the small number of people with severe symptoms. among healthcare providers the debate mainly centers on diagnosis and treatment in the much larger number of people with less severe symptoms. as of 2009, 8 % of all united states major league baseball players had been diagnosed with adhd, making the disorder common among this population. the increase coincided with the league's 2006 ban on stimulants, which has raised concern that some players are mimicking or falsifying the symptoms or history of adhd to get around the ban on
| 1,699 |
[
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"in",
"the",
"uk",
",",
"susan",
"greenfield",
"spoke",
"out",
"publicly"
] | 878,959 |
the use of stimulants in sport. = = = media commentary = = = a number of public figures have given controversial statements regarding adhd. tom cruise has described the medications ritalin ( methylphenidate ) and adderall ( a mixed @ - @ salt amphetamine formulation ) as " street drugs ". ushma s. neill criticized this view, stating that the doses of stimulants used in the treatment of adhd don't cause addiction and that there is some evidence of a reduced risk of later substance addiction in children treated with stimulants. in the uk, susan greenfield spoke out publicly
| 2,376 |
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] | 878,960 |
in 2007 in the house of lords about the need for a wide @ - @ ranging inquiry into the dramatic increase in the diagnosis of adhd, and possible causes. her comments followed a bbc panorama program that highlighted research that suggested medications are no better than other forms of therapy in the long term. in 2010, the bbc trust criticized the 2007 panorama program for summarizing the research as showing " no demonstrable improvement in children's behaviour after staying on adhd medication for three years " when in actuality " the study found that medication did offer a significant improvement over time " although the long @ - @ term benefits of medication were
| 2,134 |
[
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",",
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",",
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"disabilities"
] | 878,961 |
found to be " no better than children who were treated with behavior therapy. " = = special populations = = it is estimated that between 2 – 5 % of adults have adhd. around 25 @ - @ 50 % of children with adhd continue to experience adhd symptoms into adulthood, while the rest experiences fewer or no symptoms. most adults remain untreated. many have a disorganized life and use non @ - @ prescribed drugs or alcohol as a coping mechanism. other problems may include relationship and job difficulties, and an increased risk of criminal activities. associated mental health problems include : depression, anxiety disorder, and learning disabilities
| 1,699 |
[
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"=",
"chi",
"##mes",
"at",
"midnight",
"=",
"chi",
"##mes",
"at",
"midnight"
] | 878,962 |
. some adhd symptoms in adults differ from those seen in children. while children with adhd may climb and run about excessively, adults may experience an inability to relax, or they talk excessively in social situations. adults with adhd may start relationships impulsively, display sensation @ - @ seeking behavior, and be short @ - @ tempered. addictive behavior such as substance abuse and gambling are common. the dsm @ - @ iv criteria have been criticized for not being appropriate for adults ; those who present differently may lead to the claim that they outgrew the diagnosis. = chimes at midnight = chimes at midnight
| 1,699 |
[
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"\"",
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"as",
"fa",
"##ls",
"##taff",
","
] | 878,963 |
( uk release : falstaff ( chimes at midnight ), spanish release : campanadas a medianoche ), is a 1966 english @ - @ language spanish @ - @ swiss co @ - @ produced film directed by and starring orson welles. the film's plot centres on william shakespeare's recurring character sir john falstaff and the father @ - @ son relationship he has with prince hal, who must choose between loyalty to falstaff or to his father, king henry iv. welles said that the core of the film's story was " the betrayal of friendship. " it stars welles as falstaff,
| 2,218 |
[
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"##mes",
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",",
"which",
"was",
"his"
] | 878,964 |
keith baxter as prince hal, john gielgud as henry iv, jeanne moreau as doll tearsheet and margaret rutherford as mistress quickly. the script contains text from five of shakespeare's plays ; primarily henry iv, part 1 and henry iv, part 2, but also richard ii, henry v, and uses some dialogue from the merry wives of windsor. ralph richardson's narration is taken from the works of chronicler raphael holinshed. welles had previously produced a broadway stage adaptation of nine shakespeare plays called five kings in 1939. in 1960, he revived this project in ireland as chimes at midnight, which was his
| 2,063 |
[
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"and",
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"himself",
"called"
] | 878,965 |
final on @ - @ stage performance. neither of these plays was successful, but welles considered portraying falstaff to be his life's ambition and turned the project into a film. throughout its production, welles struggled to find financing and at one point, to get money, he lied to producer emiliano piedra about intending to make a version of treasure island. welles shot chimes at midnight throughout spain between 1964 and 1965, and premiered it at the 1966 cannes film festival, where it won two awards. initially dismissed by most film critics, chimes at midnight is now regarded as one of welles'highest achievements, and welles himself called
| 2,296 |
[
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] | 878,966 |
it his best work. welles felt a strong connection to the character of falstaff and called him " shakespeare's greatest creation ". some film scholars and welles's collaborators have made comparisons between falstaff and welles, while others see a resemblance between falstaff and welles's father. disputes over the ownership of chimes at midnight made it difficult to view the film legally until recently. it was released in the uk on dvd and blu @ - @ ray in 2015. a new restoration by janus films and the criterion collection was screened at the film forum in new york january 1 – 12, 2016. the criterion collection
| 2,794 |
[
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",",
"worcester",
"and",
"hotspur",
"begin",
"to",
"plot",
"his"
] | 878,967 |
will release the film on blu @ - @ ray and dvd on august 30, 2016. the film opens with sir john falstaff and justice shallow walking through the snow, then to a warm fire inside the boar's head tavern as the two reminisce. after a main credit sequence, the narrator explains that king henry iv of england has succeeded richard ii, whom he had killed. richard ii's true heir, edmund mortimer, is a prisoner in wales, and mortimer's cousins northumberland, worcester and northumberland's son hotspur demand that henry rescue mortimer. henry refuses and northumberland, worcester and hotspur begin to plot his
| 2,226 |
[
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".",
"after",
"fa",
"##ls",
"##taff",
",",
"bard",
"##ol",
"##ph",
"and",
"pet"
] | 878,968 |
overthrow. to henry's great dissatisfaction, his son prince hal spends most of his time at the boar's head tavern drinking and carousing with prostitutes, thieves and other criminals under john falstaff's patriarchal influence. falstaff insists that he and hal should think of themselves as gentlemen, but hal warns falstaff that one day he will reject both this lifestyle and falstaff. the next morning hal, falstaff, bardolph, peto, and poins disguise themselves in gadshill to prepare to rob a group of traveling pilgrims. after falstaff, bardolph and pet
| 216 |
[
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"cha",
"##stis",
"##es",
"hal",
"for",
"spending",
"his"
] | 878,969 |
##o rob the pilgrims, hal and poins jump out in disguises and take the stolen treasure from falstaff as a joke. back at the boar's head tavern, falstaff begins to tell hal and poins with increasing exaggeration the story of how the money was stolen from him. hal and poins poke holes in falstaff's tale until they reveal their joke to the entire group. in celebration of the newly recovered stolen treasure, falstaff and hal take turns impersonating henry, with a cooking pot crown and vocal impressions. falstaff's henry chastises hal for spending his
| 2,190 |
[
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"and",
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"##al",
"lifestyle",
".",
"henry",
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"'",
"s",
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"and",
"its",
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"his",
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".",
"hal",
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"##ly",
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"to",
"his",
"un",
"##im",
"##pressed",
"father",
"that",
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"henry",
"and",
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",",
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"##ls",
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"battle",
",",
"henry",
"meets",
"with",
"worcester",
"and",
"offers",
"to",
"forgive"
] | 878,970 |
time with common criminals, but names sir john falstaff as his one virtuous friend. hal's henry calls falstaff a " misleader of youth. " hal visits the king at the castle and henry scolds him for his criminal and unethical lifestyle. henry warns hal about hotspur's growing army and its threat to his crown. hal passionately vows to his unimpressed father that he will defend henry and redeem his good name. the king's army, including falstaff, parades through the streets and off to war. before the battle, henry meets with worcester and offers to forgive
| 232 |
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"##ls",
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"to",
"henry",
",",
"claiming",
"that",
"he",
"killed",
"hotspur",
"."
] | 878,971 |
all of hotspur's men of treason if they surrender immediately. hal vows to personally kill hotspur. worcester returns to his camp and lies to hotspur, telling him that henry intends to execute all traitors. the two armies meet in the battle of shrewsbury, but falstaff hides in shrubs for most of the conflict. after a long and bloody fight the king's men win the battle, after which, hotspur and hal meet alone and duel. falstaff watches as hal kills hotspur. henry sentences worcester to death and takes his men as prisoners. falstaff brings hotspur's body to henry, claiming that he killed hotspur.
| 435 |
[
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"and",
"collapses",
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"hal",
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"and",
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"had",
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"and",
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"him",
"on",
"how",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"king",
"."
] | 878,972 |
henry does not believe falstaff but looks disapprovingly at hal and the ignoble company that he chooses to keep. the narrator explains that all of henry iv's rebellious enemies had been killed by 1408, but that henry's health has begun to deteriorate. at the castle, henry becomes upset when told that hal is once again spending time with falstaff, and collapses. hal visits the castle and discovers that henry is sicker than he had realized. hal vows to henry to be a good and noble king. henry finally has faith in hal and advises him on how to be a king.
| 92 |
[
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"fa",
"##ls",
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"and",
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"back",
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"##ls",
"##taff",
"and",
"pro",
"##claim",
"##s",
"that",
"he",
"is",
"now",
"finished"
] | 878,973 |
henry dies and hal tells his men that he is now king henry v. falstaff, shallow and silence sit in front of a warm fire, continuing from the first scene of the film. they receive news of henry iv's death and that hal's coronation will be held that morning. falstaff becomes ecstatic and goes directly to the castle, thinking that he will become a great and powerful nobleman under king henry v. at the coronation, falstaff cannot contain his excitement and interrupts the entire ceremony, announcing himself to hal. hal turns his back on falstaff and proclaims that he is now finished
| 216 |
[
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"of",
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"the",
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"that",
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"went",
"on",
"to",
"become",
"a",
"good",
"and",
"noble",
"king",
".",
"orson",
"welles",
"as",
"sir",
"john",
"fa",
"##ls",
"##taff",
",",
"a",
"knight",
"and",
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"-",
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"figure",
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"prince",
"hal",
"keith",
"baxter",
"as",
"prince",
"hal",
",",
"the",
"prince",
"of"
] | 878,974 |
with his former lifestyle. as falstaff looks up at hal with a mixture of pride and despair, the new king banishes falstaff. the coronation continues into the castle as falstaff walks away, stating that he will be sent for that evening. that night, falstaff dies at the boar's head tavern and his friends mourn him, saying that he died of a broken heart. the narrator explains that hal went on to become a good and noble king. orson welles as sir john falstaff, a knight and father @ - @ figure to prince hal keith baxter as prince hal, the prince of
| 2,182 |
[
"wales",
"and",
"the",
"heir",
"to",
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"of",
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"gi",
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"marina",
"vlad",
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",",
"hotspur",
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"alan",
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"and",
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"chi",
"##ari",
"as",
"justice",
"silence",
",",
"a",
"country",
"justice",
"michael",
"al"
] | 878,975 |
wales and the heir to the throne of england john gielgud as king henry iv, the king of england jeanne moreau as doll tearsheet, a prostitute margaret rutherford as mistress quickly, hostess of the boar's head tavern norman rodway as henry percy, called hotspur, northumberland's son and second cousin of edmund mortimer fernando rey as earl of worcester, leader of the rebels. northumberland's brother and cousin of edmund mortimer marina vlady as kate percy, hotspur's wife alan webb as justice shallow, a country justice and old friend of falstaff walter chiari as justice silence, a country justice michael al
| 1,205 |
[
"##dridge",
"as",
"pistol",
",",
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"##ph",
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"julio",
"pena",
"keith",
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"##yo",
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"ralph",
"richardson",
"as",
"the",
"narrator",
"(",
"voice",
")",
"=",
"=",
"original"
] | 878,976 |
##dridge as pistol, a friend of falstaff tony beckley as ned poins, a friend of falstaff and hal andrew faulds as earl of westmorland, an earl loyal to the king jose nieto as earl of northumberland, an earl rebellious of the king and cousin of edmund mortimer jeremy rowe as prince john, henry iv's second son beatrice welles as falstaff's page, a servant patrick bedford as bardolph, a friend of falstaff and hal charles farrell fernando hilbeck andres mejuto julio pena keith pyott ralph richardson as the narrator ( voice ) = = original
| 984 |
[
"stage",
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"=",
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"##mes",
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".",
"school",
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"forced",
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".",
"chi",
"##mes",
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"as",
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"called",
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",",
"which",
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".",
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"plays",
"that",
"chronicle",
"##d",
"the",
"stories",
"of",
"richard",
"ii",
",",
"henry"
] | 878,977 |
stage productions = = welles's inspiration for chimes at midnight began in 1930 when he was a student at the todd school for boys in woodstock, illinois. welles tried to stage a three @ - @ and @ - @ a @ - @ half @ - @ hour combination of several of shakespeare's historical plays called the winter of our discontent in which he played richard iii. school officials forced him to make cuts to the production. chimes at midnight originated in 1939 as a stage play called five kings, which welles wrote and partially staged. it was an ambitious adaptation of several shakespeare plays that chronicled the stories of richard ii, henry
| 2,678 |
[
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",",
"henry",
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"theatre",
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"john",
"house",
"##man",
"had",
"secured",
"a",
"partnership",
"with",
"the",
"prestigious",
"theatre",
"guild"
] | 878,978 |
iv, henry v, henry vi and richard iii. its sources were richard ii, henry iv, part 1, henry iv, part 2, henry v, the merry wives of windsor, henry vi, part 1, henry vi, part 2, henry vi, part 3 and richard iii — sometimes collectively called the " war of the roses cycle ". the grouping of henry iv, part 1, henry iv, part 2 and henry v are often referred to as the henriad. five kings was announced as part of the newly revived mercury theatre's second season in 1938. john houseman had secured a partnership with the prestigious theatre guild
| 913 |
[
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"of",
"the",
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"with",
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"the",
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"\"",
"the",
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"welles",
"as",
"fa",
"##ls",
"##taff",
",",
"burgess",
"meredith",
"as",
"prince"
] | 878,979 |
to produce the play for us $ 40 @, @ 000, with an initial tour of baltimore, boston, washington d. c. and philadelphia before debuting on broadway. welles's intended to stage only the first part of the play — which was primarily taken from henry iv parts 1 and 2 and henry v — during the tour while simultaneously rehearsing part two and finally debuting the full production on broadway. houseman stated that the play's aim was " to combine the immediate quality of the elizabethan with all the devices and techniques possible in the modern theatre. " the cast included welles as falstaff, burgess meredith as prince
| 2,165 |
[
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"sp",
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"##ight",
"as",
"the",
"narrator",
".",
"the",
"play",
"'",
"s",
"music",
"was",
"composed",
"by",
"aaron",
"cop",
"##land",
".",
"welles",
"commissioned",
"an",
"elaborate",
"revolving",
"set",
"to",
"be",
"built",
",",
"but",
"it",
"was",
"not",
"completed",
"during",
"the",
"five",
"weeks",
"allotted",
"to",
"rehearsals",
".",
"welles",
"avoided",
"attending",
"the",
"rehearsals",
"or",
"finishing",
"the",
"play",
"'",
"s",
"final",
"script",
"and",
"instead",
"often",
"went",
"out",
"drinking",
"and",
"social",
"##izing",
"with",
"co",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"star",
"meredith",
",",
"with",
"the",
"result",
"that",
"only",
"specific",
"scenes",
"or",
"fragments",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"were",
"ever",
"re",
"##hear",
"##sed",
".",
"the",
"baltimore",
"performance",
"was",
"eventually",
"dropped",
"and",
"at",
"the",
"first",
"dress",
"rehearsal",
"in",
"boston",
",",
"it",
"was",
"discovered",
"that",
"the",
"play",
"was"
] | 878,980 |
hal, john emery as hotspur, morris ankrum as henry iv and robert speaight as the narrator. the play's music was composed by aaron copland. welles commissioned an elaborate revolving set to be built, but it was not completed during the five weeks allotted to rehearsals. welles avoided attending the rehearsals or finishing the play's final script and instead often went out drinking and socializing with co @ - @ star meredith, with the result that only specific scenes or fragments of the play were ever rehearsed. the baltimore performance was eventually dropped and at the first dress rehearsal in boston, it was discovered that the play was
| 2,061 |
[
"over",
"five",
"and",
"a",
"half",
"hours",
"long",
"and",
"contained",
"46",
"scenes",
".",
"welles",
"cut",
"14",
"scenes",
"and",
"shortened",
"others",
",",
"which",
"caused",
"the",
"built",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"in",
"timer",
"for",
"the",
"revolving",
"set",
"to",
"move",
"out",
"of",
"sync",
"##hr",
"##oni",
"##zation",
".",
"five",
"kings",
",",
"part",
"1",
"premiered",
"at",
"the",
"colonial",
"theatre",
"in",
"boston",
"on",
"february",
"27",
",",
"1939",
",",
"and",
"was",
"a",
"disaster",
".",
"critics",
"were",
"either",
"sc",
"##athing",
"or",
"apologetic",
",",
"and",
"only",
"the",
"play",
"'",
"s",
"battle",
"scenes",
"received",
"praise",
".",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"boston",
"run",
",",
"the",
"theatre",
"guild",
"was",
"on",
"the",
"verge",
"of",
"dropping",
"the",
"production",
",",
"and",
"canceled",
"the",
"d",
".",
"c",
".",
"engagement",
".",
"welles",
"then",
"edited",
"the",
"show",
"to",
"three",
"and",
"a",
"half",
"hours",
".",
"the",
"play",
"closed"
] | 878,981 |
over five and a half hours long and contained 46 scenes. welles cut 14 scenes and shortened others, which caused the built @ - @ in timer for the revolving set to move out of synchronization. five kings, part 1 premiered at the colonial theatre in boston on february 27, 1939, and was a disaster. critics were either scathing or apologetic, and only the play's battle scenes received praise. by the end of the boston run, the theatre guild was on the verge of dropping the production, and canceled the d. c. engagement. welles then edited the show to three and a half hours. the play closed
| 2,502 |
[
"after",
"only",
"a",
"few",
"performances",
"in",
"philadelphia",
",",
"and",
"the",
"theatre",
"guild",
"terminated",
"its",
"contract",
"with",
"the",
"mercury",
"theater",
".",
"photographs",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"'",
"s",
"rehearsals",
"show",
"similarities",
"to",
"chi",
"##mes",
"at",
"midnight",
",",
"including",
"the",
"boar",
"'",
"s",
"head",
"tavern",
"set",
"and",
"the",
"character",
"blocking",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"chi",
"##mes",
"at",
"midnight",
"\"",
"scene",
"with",
"fa",
"##ls",
"##taff",
",",
"shallow",
"and",
"silence",
".",
"welles",
"returned",
"to",
"the",
"project",
"in",
"1960",
",",
"with",
"performances",
"in",
"belfast",
"and",
"dublin",
".",
"this",
"version",
",",
"now",
"re",
"##titled",
"chi",
"##mes",
"at",
"midnight",
",",
"was",
"produced",
"by",
"welles",
"'",
"s",
"old",
"friend",
"hilton",
"edwards",
"through",
"his",
"dublin",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"based",
"company",
"gate",
"theatre",
".",
"the",
"cast",
"included",
"welles",
"as",
"fa",
"##ls",
"##taff",
",",
"keith",
"baxter",
"as",
"prince",
"hal",
",",
"hilton"
] | 878,982 |
after only a few performances in philadelphia, and the theatre guild terminated its contract with the mercury theater. photographs of the play's rehearsals show similarities to chimes at midnight, including the boar's head tavern set and the character blocking of the " chimes at midnight " scene with falstaff, shallow and silence. welles returned to the project in 1960, with performances in belfast and dublin. this version, now retitled chimes at midnight, was produced by welles's old friend hilton edwards through his dublin @ - @ based company gate theatre. the cast included welles as falstaff, keith baxter as prince hal, hilton
| 2,502 |
[
"edwards",
"as",
"the",
"narrator",
",",
"reginald",
"jar",
"##man",
"as",
"henry",
"iv",
"and",
"alexis",
"kan",
"##ner",
"as",
"hotspur",
".",
"at",
"one",
"point",
",",
"welles",
"and",
"edwards",
"wanted",
"mic",
"##hea",
"##l",
"mac",
"liam",
"##mo",
"##ir",
"to",
"replace",
"jar",
"##man",
"as",
"henry",
"iv",
",",
"but",
"mac",
"liam",
"##mo",
"##ir",
"would",
"only",
"accept",
"the",
"role",
"of",
"prince",
"hal",
".",
"hilton",
"edwards",
"was",
"officially",
"credited",
"as",
"director",
",",
"but",
"welles",
"is",
"usually",
"acknowledged",
"as",
"the",
"actual",
"director",
"and",
"was",
"often",
"the",
"director",
"throughout",
"rehearsals",
".",
"welles",
"'",
"s",
"alleged",
"biological",
"son",
"michael",
"lindsay",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"hog",
"##g",
"also",
"worked",
"on",
"the",
"play",
"as",
"an",
"actor",
"and",
"as",
"edwards",
"'",
"s",
"personal",
"assistant",
".",
"welles",
"'",
"s",
"opinion",
"of",
"fa",
"##ls",
"##taff",
"had",
"intensified",
"since",
"first",
"playing",
"the",
"part",
",",
"and",
"his",
"new"
] | 878,983 |
edwards as the narrator, reginald jarman as henry iv and alexis kanner as hotspur. at one point, welles and edwards wanted micheal mac liammoir to replace jarman as henry iv, but mac liammoir would only accept the role of prince hal. hilton edwards was officially credited as director, but welles is usually acknowledged as the actual director and was often the director throughout rehearsals. welles's alleged biological son michael lindsay @ - @ hogg also worked on the play as an actor and as edwards's personal assistant. welles's opinion of falstaff had intensified since first playing the part, and his new
| 2,714 |
[
"version",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"focused",
"more",
"upon",
"the",
"relationship",
"between",
"fa",
"##ls",
"##taff",
"and",
"prince",
"hal",
"than",
"on",
"the",
"historical",
"story",
"of",
"hal",
"'",
"s",
"defeat",
"of",
"hotspur",
".",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"scenes",
"from",
"henry",
"v",
"used",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"version",
"before",
"were",
"removed",
".",
"welles",
"intended",
"to",
"perform",
"the",
"play",
"in",
"belfast",
",",
"dublin",
"and",
"london",
"before",
"filming",
"it",
"in",
"yugoslavia",
".",
"rehearsals",
"began",
"in",
"russell",
"square",
",",
"london",
",",
"with",
"a",
"read",
"through",
".",
"after",
"a",
"week",
"of",
"re",
"##hear",
"##sing",
",",
"welles",
"left",
"to",
"secure",
"further",
"funding",
"and",
"edwards",
"directed",
"the",
"play",
",",
"working",
"on",
"blocking",
"and",
"lighting",
".",
"welles",
"returned",
"two",
"days",
"before",
"the",
"premiere",
"and",
"the",
"cast",
"had",
"their",
"first",
"dress",
"rehearsal",
",",
"which",
"lasted",
"until",
"3",
"a",
".",
"m",
".",
"after",
"premier"
] | 878,984 |
version of the play focused more upon the relationship between falstaff and prince hal than on the historical story of hal's defeat of hotspur. most of the scenes from henry v used in the first version before were removed. welles intended to perform the play in belfast, dublin and london before filming it in yugoslavia. rehearsals began in russell square, london, with a read through. after a week of rehearsing, welles left to secure further funding and edwards directed the play, working on blocking and lighting. welles returned two days before the premiere and the cast had their first dress rehearsal, which lasted until 3 a. m. after premier
| 2,516 |
[
"##ing",
"at",
"the",
"grand",
"opera",
"house",
"in",
"belfast",
"on",
"february",
"13",
",",
"1960",
",",
"and",
"receiving",
"a",
"good",
"review",
"from",
"a",
"variety",
"correspondent",
",",
"the",
"play",
"closed",
"after",
"five",
"performances",
"because",
"of",
"low",
"attendance",
"##s",
".",
"it",
"moved",
"to",
"the",
"ga",
"##ie",
"##ty",
"theatre",
"in",
"dublin",
",",
"where",
"it",
"fare",
"##d",
"no",
"better",
".",
"by",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"second",
"week",
",",
"welles",
"had",
"resort",
"##ed",
"to",
"reading",
"portions",
"of",
"the",
"works",
"of",
"irish",
"author",
"j",
".",
"m",
".",
"syn",
"##ge",
",",
"and",
"from",
"riders",
"to",
"the",
"sea",
",",
"to",
"attract",
"an",
"audience",
".",
"eventually",
"the",
"play",
"simply",
"became",
"a",
"version",
"of",
"an",
"evening",
"with",
"orson",
"welles",
",",
"which",
"would",
"often",
"include",
"a",
"question",
"and",
"answer",
"section",
"with",
"the",
"audience",
"and",
"welles",
"'",
"s",
"solo",
"performance",
"of",
"mob"
] | 878,985 |
##ing at the grand opera house in belfast on february 13, 1960, and receiving a good review from a variety correspondent, the play closed after five performances because of low attendances. it moved to the gaiety theatre in dublin, where it fared no better. by the end of the second week, welles had resorted to reading portions of the works of irish author j. m. synge, and from riders to the sea, to attract an audience. eventually the play simply became a version of an evening with orson welles, which would often include a question and answer section with the audience and welles's solo performance of mob
| 2,502 |
[
"##y",
"dick",
"—",
"re",
"##hear",
"##sed",
"or",
"the",
"works",
"of",
"isa",
"##k",
"din",
"##ese",
"##n",
".",
"welles",
"continued",
"to",
"adjust",
"the",
"play",
"throughout",
"its",
"short",
"production",
",",
"and",
"at",
"one",
"point",
"moved",
"mistress",
"quickly",
"'",
"s",
"speech",
"about",
"fa",
"##ls",
"##taff",
"'",
"s",
"death",
"to",
"the",
"very",
"beginning",
"of",
"the",
"play",
".",
"welles",
"finally",
"abandoned",
"the",
"entire",
"project",
"in",
"late",
"march",
"1960",
",",
"when",
"his",
"friend",
"laurence",
"olivier",
"offered",
"him",
"the",
"chance",
"to",
"direct",
"him",
"in",
"eugene",
"ion",
"##es",
"##co",
"'",
"s",
"play",
"rhino",
"##cer",
"##os",
"on",
"london",
"'",
"s",
"west",
"end",
".",
"according",
"to",
"keith",
"baxter",
",",
"welles",
"ended",
"the",
"play",
"'",
"s",
"run",
"because",
"he",
"was",
"bored",
"with",
"it",
",",
"and",
"at",
"one",
"point",
"told",
"baxter",
"\"",
"this",
"is",
"only",
"a",
"rehearsal",
"for",
"the",
"movie",
","
] | 878,986 |
##y dick — rehearsed or the works of isak dinesen. welles continued to adjust the play throughout its short production, and at one point moved mistress quickly's speech about falstaff's death to the very beginning of the play. welles finally abandoned the entire project in late march 1960, when his friend laurence olivier offered him the chance to direct him in eugene ionesco's play rhinoceros on london's west end. according to keith baxter, welles ended the play's run because he was bored with it, and at one point told baxter " this is only a rehearsal for the movie,
| 2,480 |
[
"keith",
",",
"and",
"i",
"'",
"ll",
"never",
"make",
"it",
"unless",
"you",
"play",
"hal",
"in",
"that",
"too",
".",
"\"",
"five",
"years",
"later",
",",
"baxter",
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"from",
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"to",
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"in",
"the",
"film",
".",
"chi",
"##mes",
"at",
"midnight",
"was",
"welles",
"'",
"s",
"final",
"performance",
"in",
"a",
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"play",
".",
"=",
"=",
"production",
"=",
"=",
"in",
"1964",
",",
"welles",
"met",
"and",
"befriended",
"spanish",
"film",
"producer",
"emilia",
"##no",
"pie",
"##dra",
",",
"who",
"wanted",
"to",
"work",
"with",
"him",
".",
"pie",
"##dra",
"did",
"not",
"think",
"a",
"shakes",
"##pe",
"##arian",
"film",
"was",
"market",
"##able",
"enough",
"and",
"proposed",
"that",
"welles",
"make",
"a",
"version",
"of",
"treasure",
"island",
"instead",
".",
"welles",
"agreed",
"to",
"this",
"on",
"condition",
"that",
"he",
"could",
"simultaneously",
"make",
"chi",
"##mes",
"at",
"midnight",
",",
"and",
"pie",
"##dra",
"agreed",
"not",
"knowing",
"that"
] | 878,987 |
keith, and i'll never make it unless you play hal in that too. " five years later, baxter was the only cast member from the play to appear in the film. chimes at midnight was welles's final performance in a theatrical play. = = production = = in 1964, welles met and befriended spanish film producer emiliano piedra, who wanted to work with him. piedra did not think a shakespearian film was marketable enough and proposed that welles make a version of treasure island instead. welles agreed to this on condition that he could simultaneously make chimes at midnight, and piedra agreed not knowing that
| 2,569 |
[
"welles",
"had",
"no",
"intention",
"of",
"making",
"treasure",
"island",
".",
"although",
"some",
"b",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"roll",
"footage",
"of",
"the",
"ali",
"##can",
"##te",
"departing",
"from",
"port",
"was",
"shot",
"early",
"in",
"the",
"production",
",",
"no",
"scenes",
"from",
"treasure",
"island",
"were",
"ever",
"shot",
"or",
"even",
"scripted",
".",
"welles",
"got",
"away",
"with",
"this",
"trick",
"throughout",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"production",
"by",
"building",
"sets",
"that",
"could",
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"used",
"in",
"both",
"films",
",",
"such",
"as",
"mistress",
"quick",
"##ley",
"'",
"s",
"boar",
"'",
"s",
"head",
"tavern",
",",
"which",
"would",
"double",
"as",
"the",
"admiral",
"ben",
"##bow",
"inn",
".",
"welles",
"also",
"cast",
"each",
"actor",
"in",
"both",
"films",
",",
"casting",
"himself",
"as",
"long",
"john",
"silver",
",",
"baxter",
"as",
"dr",
".",
"lives",
"##ey",
",",
"beck",
"##ley",
"as",
"israel",
"hands",
"and",
"gi",
"##el",
"##gu",
"##d",
"as",
"squire",
"tre",
"##law",
"##ney"
] | 878,988 |
welles had no intention of making treasure island. although some b @ - @ roll footage of the alicante departing from port was shot early in the production, no scenes from treasure island were ever shot or even scripted. welles got away with this trick throughout pre @ - @ production by building sets that could be used in both films, such as mistress quickley's boar's head tavern, which would double as the admiral benbow inn. welles also cast each actor in both films, casting himself as long john silver, baxter as dr. livesey, beckley as israel hands and gielgud as squire trelawney
| 2,722 |
[
".",
"ironically",
"welles",
"would",
"eventually",
"play",
"long",
"john",
"silver",
"in",
"the",
"unrelated",
"1972",
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"welles",
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",",
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"on",
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".",
"welles",
"stated",
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"he",
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",",
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"and",
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"@",
"-",
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",",
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"all",
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".",
"early",
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"-",
"@",
"production",
"welles",
"was",
"approached",
"by",
"anthony",
"perkins",
"to",
"play",
"prince",
"hal",
",",
"but",
"welles",
"had",
"already",
"promised",
"the",
"role",
"to",
"keith",
"baxter",
".",
"hilton",
"edwards",
"was",
"initially",
"cast",
"as",
"justice",
"silence",
",",
"but",
"was",
"replaced",
"after",
"he",
"became",
"ill",
".",
"the",
"title",
"chi",
"##mes",
"at"
] | 878,989 |
. ironically welles would eventually play long john silver in the unrelated 1972 film version of treasure island. welles said that the boar's head tavern was the only full set built for the film, and the other sets were simply dressed or decorated on location. welles stated that he designed, painted and blow @ - @ torched the set, and designed all of the film's costumes. early in pre @ - @ production welles was approached by anthony perkins to play prince hal, but welles had already promised the role to keith baxter. hilton edwards was initially cast as justice silence, but was replaced after he became ill. the title chimes at
| 240 |
[
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"and",
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".",
"welles",
"'",
"s",
"limitations"
] | 878,990 |
midnight derives from henry iv, part 2, where in response to justice shallow's reminiscing of their long @ - @ past school days, falstaff states : " we have heard the chimes at midnight, master shallow ". welles scholar bridget gellert lyons said that the film's title, " which is given further resonance by the repeated intoning of bells throughout the film, is associated for the audience with sadness and mortality more than youthful carousal. " the film was shot in spain from september 1964 until april 1965, with a break in filming from late december until late february. welles's limitations
| 2,516 |
[
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"'",
"s",
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"were",
"shot",
",",
"and"
] | 878,991 |
on the film included a budget of $ 800 @, @ 000 and actors jeanne moreau and john gielgud being available for five and ten days respectively, while margaret rutherford was only available for four weeks. welles later joked that during one scene which included seven principal characters, none of the actors were available and stand @ - @ ins were used for over @ - @ the @ - @ shoulder shots of all seven characters. filming began in colmenar and included all of john gielgud's scenes. welles then traveled to cardona, where the royal court scenes and marina vlady's scenes were shot, and
| 2,513 |
[
"to",
"madrid",
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"s",
"casa",
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"madrid",
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"ten",
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"had",
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"and",
"the",
"film",
"was",
"put",
"on",
"hold",
"while",
"he"
] | 878,992 |
to madrid's casa de campo park, where the gadshill robbery scene was filmed. madrid was also the location of the boar's head tavern set, where welles shot moreau's and rutherford's scenes. the production then traveled to pedraza for some outdoor street scenes, and then to soria to shoot in the snow for the opening shots. after shooting some scenes with justice shallow and justice silence in the basque country, welles returned to madrid in december to film the battle scenes in casa de campo park for ten days. by late december welles had run out of money and the film was put on hold while he
| 152 |
[
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"filming",
",",
"except",
"for",
"scenes",
"that",
"included",
"other",
"actors"
] | 878,993 |
searched for additional funding. however, some small scenes were shot during the break. welles later said that he had rejected offers for funding that were conditional upon filming in color. welles eventually secured funding from harry saltzman and production officially resumed in late february with most of keith baxter's longer speeches and the coronation scene in madrid. between march and april, welles finished the film with filler shots, close @ - @ ups, the final rejection scene and most of falstaff's speeches. according to keith baxter, welles had stage fright and delayed all of his scenes until the very end of filming, except for scenes that included other actors
| 2,513 |
[
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"quick",
".",
"\"",
"a",
"scene",
"depicting",
"the"
] | 878,994 |
. welles was timid about shooting his love scene with moreau, and used a double whenever possible. other filming locations included the chateau calatanazor, puerta de san vincente and the soria cathedral. welles was harsh with his crew members and according to actor andrew faulds, " he spoke in five different languages to them and was pretty offensive — very demanding. i suppose he'd worked out that if you bullied actors, you didn't get the best from them whereas, to hell with the technicians. they had to do as they were told, and pretty quick. " a scene depicting the
| 2,723 |
[
"assassination",
"of",
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"richard",
"ii",
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"'",
"s",
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"enough",
"to",
"keep",
"it",
".",
"the",
"score",
"was"
] | 878,995 |
assassination of king richard ii, originally intended to open the film, was cut. keith baxter said that the film's soundtrack was post @ - @ dubbed months after filming was completed, and that actors fernando rey and marina vlady were dubbed by different actors because of their heavy accents. baxter also stated that he, welles and michael aldridge recorded voices for several characters in post @ - @ production. mistress quickly's speech after falstaff's death, which was disrupted by the audible hum of a power generator, used the original version of the soundtrack because welles liked margaret rutherford's performance enough to keep it. the score was
| 2,736 |
[
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"use",
"high",
"contrast",
"cinematography",
",",
"resembling",
"engravings",
"of",
"the",
"middle",
"ages"
] | 878,996 |
composed by angelo francesco lavagnino, who had worked with welles on othello. the score was recorded in an italian studio, which paid lavagnino for his work on the film in exchange for the rights to the music, and later released a soundtrack album in italy and the uk. during the editing, welles showed a rough cut to the visiting head of the cannes film festival, who immediately wanted to include the film in the festival, and welles had to finish the editing more quickly than he preferred. = = = cinematography = = = welles had originally wanted the entire film to use high contrast cinematography, resembling engravings of the middle ages
| 2,728 |
[
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",",
"static",
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",",
"sw",
"##ish",
"pan",
"##s",
"and"
] | 878,997 |
; only the opening title sequence uses this technique. the film's most famous sequence is the battle of shrewsbury ; only about 180 extras were available and welles used editing techniques to give the appearance of armies of thousands. welles filmed all of the battle scenes in long takes, but cut the shots into fragments to create the effect that he wanted. it took ten days to shoot the scenes and six weeks to edit what became a six @ - @ minute sequence. in filming the sequence, welles often used hand @ - @ held cameras, wide @ - @ angle lenses, slow motion and speed up shots, static shots, swish pans and
| 2,523 |
[
"constant",
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"-",
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".",
"shakespeare",
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"se",
"##lt",
"##zer",
"said",
"that",
"\"",
"the",
"social",
"consciousness",
"of",
"the",
"movie"
] | 878,998 |
constant rapid movement of the characters to create a kinetic and chaotic atmosphere. anderegg has said that " in the end, both armies have become one huge, awkward, disintegrating war machine, a grotesque robot whose power source slowly begins to fail and finally comes to a frozen halt. verbal rhetoric — language itself — seems, for the moment, both irrelevant and obscene. " the battle of shrewsbury sequence has often been called an anti @ - @ war statement by film critics and likened to contemporary films like dr. strangelove and culloden. shakespearean scholar daniel seltzer said that " the social consciousness of the movie
| 2,483 |
[
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is as alert as shakespeare's, and thematically pertinent in shakespearean terms too... the footage of the battle of shrewsbury itself must be some of the finest, truest, ugliest scenes of warfare ever shot and edited for a movie. " welles scholar james naremore said that " the underlying eroticism of the chivalric code... is exposed in all its cruel perversity. " tony howard wrote that welles used shakespeare's historical plays " to denounce modern political hypocrisy and militarism. " due to budgetary constraints, both the on @
| 2,479 |
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