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] | 878,300 |
warrant a seventy @ - @ place penalty. alonso retired from the race with an incurable ers problem that the team had identified the night before and button finished fourteenth overall. the team's struggles continued as the championship moved to brazil for the penultimate round, with alonso stopping twice on the circuit during free practice with a recurring engine fault that forced him to miss qualifying. button and alonso finished the race in fifteenth and sixteenth place respectively, which became fourteenth and fifteenth when felipe massa was disqualified for a tyre pressure irregularity. button later noted that the speed deficit of the ra615h around the interlagos circuit relative to the other
| 1,035 |
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] | 878,301 |
engines was " scary " despite honda's extensive development programme. by the time the season came to a close in abu dhabi, mclaren had completely shifted the mp4 @ - @ 30's development so that the car became a testing platform for the 2016 season, with " more than half " of the parts being considered experimental, including a brand @ - @ new configuration for the rear suspension geometry. despite an expected speed deficit on the long straights of the yas marina circuit — with the mp4 @ - @ 30 recording speeds some 30 km / h ( 18 @. @ 6 mph ) slower than the fastest cars through the speed
| 1,045 |
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] | 878,302 |
trap — and minor contact with valtteri bottas in the pits, button was complimentary of the car in his drive to twelfth, describing it as " the best it had felt all year ". alonso went on to finish seventeenth after receiving a drive @ - @ through penalty for his role in causing a collision with pastor maldonado and felipe nasr on the opening lap. mclaren used alonso's race as a chance to experiment with full and continuous deployment of the ra615h's energy recovery systems — the first time the team had done so under race conditions — which saw alonso set the third @ - @ fastest lap
| 1,035 |
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] | 878,303 |
of the race, less than three tenths of a second slower than the fastest lap of the race recorded by lewis hamilton. = = = final standings = = = mclaren finished the season ninth in the world counstructors'championship with twenty @ - @ seven points, nine points behind their nearest rivals sauber. the mp4 @ - @ 30 scored points in five of its nineteen starts, with a best result of fifth place in hungary ; the race was also the only time in which both cars finished inside the points. jenson button was the team's best points scorer with sixteen points to alonso's eleven, though
| 1,035 |
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] | 878,304 |
alonso scored the team's best individual race result in hungary and qualifying performance, with eleventh in the united states. the result marked button's worst individual season since driving for honda racing f1 in 2008, and alonso's worst since his debut season with minardi in 2001. = = = retirement from competition = = = following its final race in abu dhabi, the mp4 @ - @ 30 took part in a series of tests organised by tyre supplier pirelli to assess their planned allotment of tyre compounds for the 2016 season and to give teams the opportunity to acquaint themselves with the new compounds, including four different builds of
| 1,046 |
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] | 878,305 |
the brand @ - @ new ultrasoft compound. stoffel vandoorne resumed testing duties for the team for the duration of the test, where he completed ninety @ - @ nine laps and set the fastest time of the test, three tenths of a second faster than the rest of the field and four tenths faster than the fastest time set during the race. the mp4 @ - @ 30 made one final appearance before being retired from competition, taking part in wet tyre tests at the circuit paul ricard in preparation for the 2016 season. the car was subsequently replaced by the mclaren mp4 @ - @ 31. under rules
| 1,037 |
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] | 878,306 |
introduced in 2014, the mp4 @ - @ 30 was declared a " previous car " by the fia — as were all of the cars that contested the 2015 season — restricting its use in testing and promotional filming as a means of preventing illegal testing given the similarities between the 2015 and 2016 technical regulations. = = complete formula one results = = ( key ) ( results in bold indicate pole position ; results in italics indicate fastest lap ) notes : † — driver failed to finish the race, but was classified as they had completed more than 90 % of the winner's race distance. ‡ — results adjusted post @ - @ race following the application
| 1,520 |
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] | 878,307 |
of penalties. = reed v. town of gilbert = reed v. town of gilbert, 576 u. s. _ _ _ ( 2015 ) was a case in which the united states supreme court clarified when municipalities may impose content @ - @ based restrictions on signage. the case also clarified the level of constitutional scrutiny that should be applied to content @ - @ based restrictions on speech. in 2005, gilbert, arizona adopted a municipal sign ordinance that regulated the manner in which signs could be displayed in public areas. the ordinance imposed stricter limitations on signs advertising religious services than signs that displayed " political " or " ideological " messages. when the
| 70 |
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] | 878,308 |
town's sign code compliance manager cited a local church for violating the ordinance, the church filed a lawsuit in which they argued the town's sign regulations violated its first amendment right to the freedom of speech. writing for a majority of the court, justice clarence thomas held that the town's sign ordinance imposed content @ - @ based restrictions that did not survive strict scrutiny because the ordinance was not narrowly tailored to further a compelling government interest. justice thomas also clarified that strict scrutiny should always be applied when a law is content @ - @ based on its face. justice stephen breyer and justice elena kagan both wrote opinions concurring in
| 1,205 |
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"restrict"
] | 878,309 |
the judgment, in which they argued that content @ - @ based regulations should not always automatically trigger strict scrutiny. although some commentators praised the court's decision as a victory for " individual liberty ", other commentators criticized the court's methodology. some analysts have also suggested that the case left open several important questions within first amendment jurisprudence that may be re @ - @ litigated in future years. = = background = = = = = content @ - @ based restrictions on speech = = = the first amendment to the united states constitution prohibits states from enacting laws that abridge the freedom of speech. municipal governments may not " restrict
| 1,204 |
[
"expression",
"because",
"of",
"its",
"message",
",",
"its",
"ideas",
",",
"its",
"subject",
"matter",
",",
"or",
"its",
"content",
"\"",
".",
"laws",
"that",
"regulate",
"speech",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"expressive",
"content",
"of",
"the",
"speech",
"are",
"pre",
"##sum",
"##ptive",
"##ly",
"unconstitutional",
";",
"such",
"restrictions",
"are",
"only",
"per",
"##missible",
"when",
"they",
"are",
"narrowly",
"tailored",
"to",
"serve",
"a",
"compelling",
"state",
"interest",
".",
"for",
"the",
"purposes",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"amendment",
",",
"government",
"regulation",
"of",
"speech",
"is",
"considered",
"\"",
"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"based",
"\"",
"when",
"it",
"targets",
"speech",
"because",
"of",
"ideas",
"or",
"messages",
"that",
"are",
"expressed",
".",
"furthermore",
",",
"some",
"laws",
"may",
"still",
"be",
"considered",
"\"",
"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"based",
"\"",
"even",
"though",
"they",
"appear",
"to",
"be",
"facial",
"##ly",
"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"neutral",
".",
"laws",
"are",
"considered",
"\"",
"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"based",
"\""
] | 878,310 |
expression because of its message, its ideas, its subject matter, or its content ". laws that regulate speech based on the expressive content of the speech are presumptively unconstitutional ; such restrictions are only permissible when they are narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest. for the purposes of the first amendment, government regulation of speech is considered " content @ - @ based " when it targets speech because of ideas or messages that are expressed. furthermore, some laws may still be considered " content @ - @ based " even though they appear to be facially content @ - @ neutral. laws are considered " content @ - @ based "
| 2,276 |
[
"if",
"they",
"cannot",
"be",
"\"",
"justified",
"without",
"reference",
"to",
"the",
"content",
"of",
"the",
"regulated",
"speech",
"\"",
"or",
"if",
"they",
"were",
"adopted",
"\"",
"because",
"of",
"disagreement",
"with",
"the",
"message",
"[",
"the",
"speech",
"]",
"convey",
"##s",
"\"",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"gilbert",
",",
"arizona",
"municipal",
"sign",
"ordinance",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"in",
"2005",
",",
"the",
"town",
"of",
"gilbert",
",",
"arizona",
"adopted",
"a",
"municipal",
"sign",
"ordinance",
"that",
"regulated",
"the",
"manner",
"in",
"which",
"signs",
"could",
"be",
"displayed",
"in",
"public",
"areas",
".",
"although",
"the",
"ordinance",
"banned",
"the",
"display",
"of",
"most",
"outdoor",
"signs",
"without",
"a",
"permit",
",",
"twenty",
"three",
"categories",
"of",
"signs",
"were",
"exempt",
"from",
"the",
"permit",
"requirement",
".",
"three",
"of",
"those",
"categories",
"were",
"relevant",
"to",
"this",
"case",
".",
"first",
",",
"\"",
"ideological",
"signs",
"\"",
",",
"which",
"contained",
"\"",
"a",
"message",
"or",
"ideas",
"for",
"non"
] | 878,311 |
if they cannot be " justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech " or if they were adopted " because of disagreement with the message [ the speech ] conveys ". = = = gilbert, arizona municipal sign ordinance = = = in 2005, the town of gilbert, arizona adopted a municipal sign ordinance that regulated the manner in which signs could be displayed in public areas. although the ordinance banned the display of most outdoor signs without a permit, twenty three categories of signs were exempt from the permit requirement. three of those categories were relevant to this case. first, " ideological signs ", which contained " a message or ideas for non
| 70 |
[
"##com",
"##mer",
"##cial",
"purposes",
"\"",
",",
"could",
"be",
"up",
"to",
"twenty",
"square",
"feet",
"in",
"size",
"and",
"could",
"be",
"placed",
"in",
"any",
"\"",
"zoning",
"district",
"\"",
"for",
"any",
"length",
"of",
"time",
".",
"second",
",",
"\"",
"political",
"signs",
"\"",
",",
"which",
"included",
"content",
"\"",
"designed",
"to",
"influence",
"the",
"outcome",
"of",
"an",
"election",
"called",
"by",
"a",
"public",
"body",
"\"",
",",
"could",
"be",
"no",
"larger",
"than",
"thirty",
"two",
"square",
"feet",
"on",
"non",
"##res",
"##ide",
"##ntial",
"property",
"and",
"sixteen",
"square",
"feet",
"on",
"residential",
"property",
".",
"additionally",
",",
"political",
"signs",
"could",
"only",
"be",
"displayed",
"\"",
"up",
"to",
"60",
"days",
"before",
"a",
"primary",
"election",
"and",
"up",
"to",
"15",
"days",
"following",
"a",
"general",
"election",
"\"",
".",
"third",
",",
"“",
"temporary",
"directional",
"signs",
"relating",
"to",
"a",
"qualifying",
"event",
"\"",
",",
"which",
"directed",
"\"",
"pedestrians",
",",
"motor",
"##ists"
] | 878,312 |
##commercial purposes ", could be up to twenty square feet in size and could be placed in any " zoning district " for any length of time. second, " political signs ", which included content " designed to influence the outcome of an election called by a public body ", could be no larger than thirty two square feet on nonresidential property and sixteen square feet on residential property. additionally, political signs could only be displayed " up to 60 days before a primary election and up to 15 days following a general election ". third, “ temporary directional signs relating to a qualifying event ", which directed " pedestrians, motorists
| 807 |
[
",",
"and",
"other",
"pass",
"##ers",
"##by",
"\"",
"to",
"events",
"hosted",
"by",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"profit",
"organizations",
",",
"could",
"be",
"no",
"larger",
"than",
"six",
"square",
"feet",
".",
"additionally",
",",
"temporary",
"directional",
"signs",
"relating",
"to",
"a",
"qualifying",
"event",
"could",
"be",
"displayed",
"no",
"earlier",
"than",
"twelve",
"hours",
"before",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"a",
"qualifying",
"event",
"and",
"no",
"later",
"than",
"one",
"hour",
"after",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"event",
";",
"these",
"signs",
"could",
"only",
"be",
"displayed",
"in",
"private",
"property",
"or",
"public",
"rights",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"of",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"way",
",",
"but",
"no",
"more",
"than",
"four",
"signs",
"could",
"be",
"placed",
"on",
"a",
"single",
"property",
"at",
"the",
"same",
"time",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"good",
"news",
"community",
"church",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"named",
"plaintiff",
",",
"clyde",
"reed",
",",
"is",
"the",
"pastor",
"of",
"good",
"news",
"community"
] | 878,313 |
, and other passersby " to events hosted by non @ - @ profit organizations, could be no larger than six square feet. additionally, temporary directional signs relating to a qualifying event could be displayed no earlier than twelve hours before the start of a qualifying event and no later than one hour after the end of the event ; these signs could only be displayed in private property or public rights @ - @ of @ - @ way, but no more than four signs could be placed on a single property at the same time. = = = good news community church = = = the named plaintiff, clyde reed, is the pastor of good news community
| 312 |
[
"church",
".",
"the",
"church",
"is",
"a",
"\"",
"small",
",",
"cash",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"strapped",
"entity",
"that",
"own",
"[",
"ed",
"]",
"no",
"building",
"\"",
"and",
"held",
"services",
"in",
"elementary",
"schools",
"and",
"other",
"buildings",
"in",
"gilbert",
",",
"arizona",
".",
"on",
"the",
"original",
"dock",
"##et",
",",
"the",
"name",
"was",
"good",
"news",
"presbyterian",
"church",
"because",
"according",
"to",
"reed",
",",
"the",
"church",
"'",
"s",
"name",
"has",
"actually",
"\"",
"va",
"##ci",
"##lla",
"##ted",
"\"",
"between",
"that",
"and",
"good",
"news",
"community",
"church",
".",
"because",
"the",
"briefs",
"had",
"used",
"\"",
"community",
"\"",
",",
"the",
"district",
"court",
"used",
"it",
"as",
"well",
".",
"to",
"ad",
"##vert",
"##ise",
"their",
"services",
",",
"the",
"church",
"placed",
"fifteen",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"to",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"twenty",
"temporary",
"signs",
"in",
"various",
"locations",
"around",
"gilbert",
".",
"the",
"signs",
"would",
"typically",
"include",
"the",
"church",
"'"
] | 878,314 |
church. the church is a " small, cash @ - @ strapped entity that own [ ed ] no building " and held services in elementary schools and other buildings in gilbert, arizona. on the original docket, the name was good news presbyterian church because according to reed, the church's name has actually " vacillated " between that and good news community church. because the briefs had used " community ", the district court used it as well. to advertise their services, the church placed fifteen @ - @ to @ - @ twenty temporary signs in various locations around gilbert. the signs would typically include the church '
| 890 |
[
"s",
"name",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"location",
"and",
"time",
"of",
"services",
".",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"church",
"\"",
"would",
"post",
"the",
"signs",
"early",
"in",
"the",
"day",
"on",
"saturday",
"and",
"then",
"remove",
"them",
"around",
"midday",
"on",
"sunday",
"\"",
".",
"however",
",",
"the",
"town",
"'",
"s",
"sign",
"code",
"compliance",
"manager",
"cited",
"the",
"church",
"on",
"two",
"occasions",
",",
"for",
"exceeding",
"time",
"limits",
"when",
"displaying",
"signs",
"and",
"for",
"failing",
"to",
"include",
"the",
"date",
"of",
"the",
"event",
"on",
"a",
"sign",
",",
"respectively",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"initial",
"lawsuit",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"church",
"filed",
"suit",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"district",
"court",
"for",
"the",
"district",
"of",
"arizona",
"in",
"march",
"2008",
",",
"where",
"they",
"claimed",
"the",
"town",
"\"",
"ab",
"##ridge",
"##d",
"their",
"freedom",
"of",
"speech",
"in",
"violation",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"and",
"fourteenth",
"amendments",
"\"",
".",
"the"
] | 878,315 |
s name as well as the location and time of services. members of the church " would post the signs early in the day on saturday and then remove them around midday on sunday ". however, the town's sign code compliance manager cited the church on two occasions, for exceeding time limits when displaying signs and for failing to include the date of the event on a sign, respectively. = = = initial lawsuit = = = the church filed suit in the united states district court for the district of arizona in march 2008, where they claimed the town " abridged their freedom of speech in violation of the first and fourteenth amendments ". the
| 286 |
[
"district",
"court",
"first",
"denied",
"the",
"church",
"'",
"s",
"request",
"for",
"a",
"preliminary",
"injunction",
",",
"and",
"the",
"church",
"then",
"appealed",
"to",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"court",
"of",
"appeals",
"for",
"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
".",
"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
",",
"analyzing",
"the",
"likelihood",
"of",
"success",
"on",
"the",
"merits",
"requirement",
"for",
"a",
"preliminary",
"injunction",
",",
"affirmed",
"the",
"decision",
"of",
"the",
"district",
"court",
",",
"holding",
"that",
"the",
"town",
"'",
"s",
"restrictions",
"for",
"temporary",
"directional",
"signs",
"\"",
"did",
"not",
"regulate",
"speech",
"on",
"the",
"basis",
"of",
"content",
"\"",
"although",
"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
"conceded",
"that",
"enforcement",
"officers",
"would",
"need",
"to",
"read",
"a",
"sign",
"to",
"determine",
"which",
"portions",
"of",
"the",
"sign",
"ordinance",
"applied",
"to",
"the",
"sign",
",",
"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
"concluded",
"that",
"this",
"\"",
"cu",
"##rso",
"##ry",
"examination",
"\"",
"was",
"not",
"equivalent",
"to",
"\"",
"synth",
"##es",
"##izing",
"the",
"expressive"
] | 878,316 |
district court first denied the church's request for a preliminary injunction, and the church then appealed to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit. the ninth circuit, analyzing the likelihood of success on the merits requirement for a preliminary injunction, affirmed the decision of the district court, holding that the town's restrictions for temporary directional signs " did not regulate speech on the basis of content " although the ninth circuit conceded that enforcement officers would need to read a sign to determine which portions of the sign ordinance applied to the sign, the ninth circuit concluded that this " cursory examination " was not equivalent to " synthesizing the expressive
| 398 |
[
"content",
"of",
"the",
"sign",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
"then",
"re",
"##man",
"##ded",
"the",
"case",
"back",
"to",
"the",
"district",
"court",
"to",
"determine",
"\"",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"instance",
"whether",
"the",
"sign",
"code",
"’",
"s",
"distinctions",
"among",
"temporary",
"directional",
"signs",
",",
"political",
"signs",
",",
"and",
"ideological",
"signs",
"nevertheless",
"constituted",
"a",
"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"based",
"regulation",
"of",
"speech",
".",
"\"",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"re",
"##man",
"##d",
"and",
"appeal",
"to",
"the",
"supreme",
"court",
"of",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"at",
"a",
"subsequent",
"status",
"conference",
"after",
"the",
"appellate",
"court",
"decision",
",",
"the",
"parties",
"decided",
"to",
"resolve",
"all",
"the",
"issues",
"on",
"summary",
"judgment",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"via",
"new",
"preliminary",
"injunction",
"motions",
".",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"district",
"court",
"for",
"the",
"district",
"of",
"arizona",
"granted",
"the",
"town",
"'",
"s",
"motion",
"for",
"summary",
"judgment",
"."
] | 878,317 |
content of the sign ". the ninth circuit then remanded the case back to the district court to determine " in the first instance whether the sign code ’ s distinctions among temporary directional signs, political signs, and ideological signs nevertheless constituted a content @ - @ based regulation of speech. " = = = remand and appeal to the supreme court of the united states = = = at a subsequent status conference after the appellate court decision, the parties decided to resolve all the issues on summary judgment, rather than via new preliminary injunction motions. the united states district court for the district of arizona granted the town's motion for summary judgment.
| 1,207 |
[
"the",
"church",
"then",
"appealed",
"that",
"ruling",
"to",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"court",
"of",
"appeals",
"for",
"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
",",
"but",
"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
"affirmed",
"the",
"judgment",
"of",
"the",
"district",
"court",
",",
"holding",
"the",
"town",
"'",
"s",
"ordinance",
"was",
"content",
"neutral",
".",
"citing",
"hill",
"v",
".",
"colorado",
",",
"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
"ruled",
"that",
"\"",
"gilbert",
"did",
"not",
"adopt",
"its",
"regulation",
"of",
"speech",
"because",
"it",
"disagreed",
"with",
"the",
"message",
"conveyed",
"”",
"and",
"that",
"the",
"town",
"'",
"s",
"“",
"interests",
"in",
"reg",
"##ula",
"##t",
"[",
"ing",
"]",
"temporary",
"signs",
"are",
"unrelated",
"to",
"the",
"content",
"of",
"the",
"sign",
"\"",
".",
"additionally",
",",
"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
"concluded",
"that",
"the",
"distinctions",
"between",
"ideological",
"signs",
",",
"political",
"signs",
",",
"and",
"temporary",
"directional",
"signs",
"were",
"\"",
"based",
"on",
"objective",
"factors",
"relevant",
"to",
"gilbert",
"’",
"s",
"creation",
"of"
] | 878,318 |
the church then appealed that ruling to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit, but the ninth circuit affirmed the judgment of the district court, holding the town's ordinance was content neutral. citing hill v. colorado, the ninth circuit ruled that " gilbert did not adopt its regulation of speech because it disagreed with the message conveyed ” and that the town's “ interests in regulat [ ing ] temporary signs are unrelated to the content of the sign ". additionally, the ninth circuit concluded that the distinctions between ideological signs, political signs, and temporary directional signs were " based on objective factors relevant to gilbert ’ s creation of
| 398 |
[
"the",
"specific",
"exemption",
"from",
"the",
"permit",
"requirement",
"and",
"do",
"not",
"otherwise",
"consider",
"the",
"substance",
"of",
"the",
"sign",
"”",
".",
"based",
"on",
"its",
"determination",
"that",
"the",
"ordinance",
"was",
"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"neutral",
",",
"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
"\"",
"applied",
"a",
"lower",
"level",
"of",
"scrutiny",
"to",
"the",
"sign",
"code",
"\"",
"and",
"held",
"it",
"did",
"not",
"violate",
"the",
"first",
"amendment",
".",
"the",
"church",
"then",
"appealed",
"to",
"the",
"supreme",
"court",
"of",
"the",
"united",
"states",
",",
"which",
"granted",
"ce",
"##rti",
"##ora",
"##ri",
"on",
"july",
"1",
",",
"2014",
".",
"=",
"=",
"opinion",
"of",
"the",
"court",
"=",
"=",
"writing",
"for",
"a",
"majority",
"of",
"the",
"court",
",",
"justice",
"clarence",
"thomas",
"held",
"that",
"the",
"town",
"'",
"s",
"sign",
"ordinance",
"was",
"\"",
"content",
"based",
"on",
"its",
"face",
"\"",
"in",
"light",
"of",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"the",
"\"",
"restrictions",
"in"
] | 878,319 |
the specific exemption from the permit requirement and don't otherwise consider the substance of the sign ”. based on its determination that the ordinance was content @ - @ neutral, the ninth circuit " applied a lower level of scrutiny to the sign code " and held it did not violate the first amendment. the church then appealed to the supreme court of the united states, which granted certiorari on july 1, 2014. = = opinion of the court = = writing for a majority of the court, justice clarence thomas held that the town's sign ordinance was " content based on its face " in light of the fact that the " restrictions in
| 1,207 |
[
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".",
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"were",
"\"",
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"##s",
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"scrutiny",
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"rejected",
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"circuit",
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"content",
"@",
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"were",
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"based",
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"[",
"men",
"##t",
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"message",
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"\"",
"and",
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"for",
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"the",
"various",
"categories",
"of",
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"were",
"\"",
"unrelated",
"to",
"the",
"content"
] | 878,320 |
the sign code that apply to any given sign [ depend ] entirely on the communicative content of the sign ". because the church's signs were " treated differently from signs conveying other types of ideas ", there was " no need to consider the government ’ s justifications or purposes for enacting the code to determine whether it is subject to strict scrutiny ". justice thomas rejected the ninth circuit's conclusion that the ordinance was content @ - @ neutral because the regulations were not based on " disagree [ ment ] with the message conveyed " and the reasons for regulating the various categories of signs were " unrelated to the content
| 2,274 |
[
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".",
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"thomas",
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"\"",
"do",
"not",
"eliminate",
"the",
"danger",
"of",
"censorship",
",",
"because",
"governments",
"may",
"one",
"day",
"use",
"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"based",
"laws",
"to",
"regulate",
"\"",
"di",
"##sf",
"##av",
"##ored",
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"\"",
".",
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"thomas",
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"town",
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"s",
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"that",
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"content",
"based",
"if",
"it",
"\"",
"ce",
"##nsor",
"[",
"s",
"]",
"or",
"favor"
] | 878,321 |
of the sign [ s ] ". rather, he emphasized that " [ a ] law that is content based on its face is subject to strict scrutiny regardless of the government ’ s benign motive, content @ - @ neutral justification, or lack of'animus toward the ideas contained'in the regulated speech ". justice thomas explained that " innocent motives " don't eliminate the danger of censorship, because governments may one day use content @ - @ based laws to regulate " disfavored speech ". additionally, justice thomas rejected the town's assertion that a law is only content based if it " censor [ s ] or favor
| 2,276 |
[
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"\"",
"specific",
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"or",
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".",
"the",
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".",
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"or",
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".",
"furthermore",
",",
"he",
"also",
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"the",
"ninth",
"circuit",
"'",
"s",
"conclusion",
"that",
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"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"neutral",
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"although",
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"were",
"only",
"\"",
"the",
"beginning",
"—",
"not",
"the",
"end",
"—",
"of",
"the"
] | 878,322 |
[ s ] " specific viewpoints or ideas. the town argued that its sign code was not unconstitutional because it neither endorsed nor suppressed any particular viewpoints or ideas. however, justice thomas clarified that a statute is content @ - @ based if it singles out a specific subject, even though it may not target ideas or viewpoints within that subject matter. furthermore, he also rejected the ninth circuit's conclusion that the ordinance was content @ - @ neutral because it targeted specific classes of speakers, rather than the content of their speech. although he recognized that speaker @ - @ based restrictions were only " the beginning — not the end — of the
| 2,274 |
[
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"justice",
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"appeal",
"and",
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"compelling",
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"he",
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"that",
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"were",
"\"",
"hopeless",
"##ly",
"under",
"##in",
"##clusive",
"\"",
"because",
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"of",
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"as",
"directional",
"signs",
".",
"in",
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",",
"justice",
"thomas",
"suggested",
"that",
"a",
"\""
] | 878,323 |
inquiry ", justice thomas held that " laws favoring some speakers over others demand strict scrutiny when the legislature ’ s speaker preference reflects a content preference ". because the ordinance imposed content @ - @ based restrictions on free speech, justice thomas held that the ordinance would only be constitutional if it survived strict scrutiny. assuming that the town's interests of preserving aesthetic appeal and traffic safety were compelling, he concluded that these were " hopelessly underinclusive " because the ordinance allowed for the proliferation of an unlimited number of larger, ideological signs that pose the same threats to aesthetics and traffic as directional signs. in fact, justice thomas suggested that a "
| 1,205 |
[
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"to",
"distract",
"drivers",
"than",
"a",
"directional",
"sign",
".",
"justice",
"thomas",
"also",
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"and",
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",",
"to",
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",",
"justice",
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"##man",
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"s",
"con",
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"=",
"=",
"=",
"justice",
"samuel",
"ali",
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"##rring",
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",",
"in",
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"justice",
"anthony",
"kennedy",
"and",
"justice",
"sonia",
"soto",
"##may",
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".",
"he",
"agreed",
"that",
"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"based",
"regulations",
"present",
"the",
"same",
"dangers"
] | 878,324 |
sharply worded " ideological sign may be more likely to distract drivers than a directional sign. justice thomas also suggested that some directional signs " may be essential, both for vehicles and pedestrians, to guide traffic or to identify hazards and ensure safety ". therefore, justice thomas remanded the case for reconsideration in light of the court's opinion. = = = justice alito's concurring opinion = = = justice samuel alito wrote a separate concurring opinion, in which he was joined by justice anthony kennedy and justice sonia sotomayor. he agreed that content @ - @ based regulations present the same dangers
| 1,205 |
[
"as",
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"-",
"@",
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"@",
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"justice",
"ali",
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"wrote",
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"that",
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"s",
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"would",
"not",
"\"",
"prevent",
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"from",
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"signs",
"in",
"a",
"way",
"that",
"fully",
"protects",
"public",
"safety",
"and",
"serves",
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"est",
"##hetic",
"objectives",
"\"",
".",
"to",
"support",
"his",
"argument",
",",
"justice",
"ali",
"##to",
"provided",
"a",
"list",
"of",
"examples",
"of",
"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"neutral",
"sign",
"regulations",
",",
"including",
":",
"regulations",
"that",
"target",
"the",
"size",
"of"
] | 878,325 |
as viewpoint @ - @ based regulations because content @ - @ based regulations " may interfere with democratic self @ - @ government and the search for truth ". he also agreed that the town's ordinance was " replete with content @ - @ based distinctions " that were subject to strict scrutiny. however, justice alito wrote separately to emphasize that the court's opinion would not " prevent cities from regulating signs in a way that fully protects public safety and serves legitimate esthetic objectives ". to support his argument, justice alito provided a list of examples of content @ - @ neutral sign regulations, including : regulations that target the size of
| 1,205 |
[
"signs",
",",
"regulations",
"that",
"target",
"the",
"locations",
"at",
"which",
"signs",
"may",
"be",
"placed",
",",
"regulations",
"distinguishing",
"between",
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"and",
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"##ed",
"signs",
",",
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"that",
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"and",
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"property",
",",
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"that",
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"of",
"signs",
"\"",
"per",
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"of",
"roadway",
"\"",
",",
"and",
"rules",
"that",
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"##standing",
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"signs",
"that",
"are",
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"to",
"buildings",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"justice",
"br",
"##eyer",
"'",
"s",
"opinion",
"con",
"##cu",
"##rring",
"in",
"the",
"judgment",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"justice",
"stephen",
"br",
"##eyer",
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",",
"in",
"which",
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"argued",
"that",
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"@",
"-",
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"based",
"discrimination",
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"a",
"\"",
"rule",
"of",
"thumb",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"as",
"an",
"automatic",
"'",
"strict"
] | 878,326 |
signs, regulations that target the locations at which signs may be placed, regulations distinguishing between lighted and unlighted signs, regulations that distinguish between the placement of signs on public and private property, rules that restrict the total number of signs " per mile of roadway ", and rules that distinguish between freestanding signs and signs that are attached to buildings. = = = justice breyer's opinion concurring in the judgment = = = justice stephen breyer wrote an opinion concurring in the judgment, in which he argued that content @ - @ based discrimination should be considered a " rule of thumb, rather than as an automatic'strict
| 395 |
[
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",",
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"also",
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"that",
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"all",
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",",
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"-",
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"on",
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".",
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",",
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"-",
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"##eyer",
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"that",
"instead",
"of",
"the"
] | 878,327 |
scrutiny'trigger, leading to almost certain legal condemnation ". justice breyer conceded that content @ - @ based regulations sometimes reveal weaknesses in the government's rationale for limiting speech, and that content @ - @ based regulations interfere with the " free marketplace of idea [ s ] ". however, he also argued that " virtually all government activities involve speech ", and many involve content @ - @ based regulations on speech. therefore, he concluded that a rule triggering strict scrutiny for all cases involving content @ - @ based restrictions would be a " recipe for judicial management of ordinary government regulatory activity ". justice breyer argued that instead of the
| 1,205 |
[
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"did",
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"should",
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"to",
"the",
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"s",
"sign",
"ordinance",
",",
"he",
"agreed",
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"the",
"town",
"'",
"s",
"ordinance",
"was",
"unconstitutional",
"because",
"the",
"town",
"did",
"not",
"provide",
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"ka",
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"=",
"=",
"=",
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"elena",
"ka",
"##gan"
] | 878,328 |
automatic trigger, courts should determine the constitutionality of content @ - @ based regulations by " examining the seriousness of the harm to speech, the importance of the countervailing objectives, the extent to which the law will achieve those objectives, and whether there are other, less restrictive ways of doing so ". although he did not believe strict scrutiny should be applied to the town's sign ordinance, he agreed that the town's ordinance was unconstitutional because the town did not provide a rational justification for treating some signs differently than other. = = = justice kagan's opinion concurring in the judgment = = = justice elena kagan
| 1,205 |
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"sign",
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"altogether"
] | 878,329 |
also wrote an opinion concurring in the judgment, in which she was joined by justice ruth bader ginsburg and justice stephen breyer. like justice breyer, justice kagan argued that it was not necessary to apply strict scrutiny to all content @ - @ based restrictions on speech. she argued that the majority's opinion would jeopardize too many " entirely reasonable " existing sign ordinances across the country. in light of the court's opinion, justice kagan suggested that municipalities will now be forced to choose between repealing " exemptions that allow for helpful signs on streets and sidewalks " and lifting " sign restrictions altogether
| 1,205 |
[
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".",
"instead",
"of",
"applying",
"strict",
"scrutiny",
"in",
"every",
"case",
",",
"justice",
"ka",
"##gan",
"claimed",
"that",
"strict",
"scrutiny",
"is",
"only",
"appropriate",
"when",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"\"",
"realistic",
"possibility",
"that",
"official",
"suppression",
"of",
"ideas",
"is",
"af",
"##oot",
"\"",
".",
"likewise",
",",
"she",
"also",
"claimed",
"that",
"strict",
"scrutiny",
"is",
"not",
"necessary",
"when",
"there",
"is",
"no",
"risk",
"that",
"regulations",
"will",
"\"",
"sk",
"##ew",
"the",
"public",
"’",
"s",
"debate",
"of",
"ideas",
"\"",
".",
"applying",
"these",
"principles",
"to",
"this",
"case",
",",
"justice",
"ka",
"##gan",
"held",
"the",
"ordinance",
"\"",
"does",
"not",
"pass",
"strict",
"scrutiny",
",",
"or",
"intermediate",
"scrutiny",
",",
"or",
"even",
"the",
"laugh",
"test",
"\"",
"because",
"the",
"town",
"did",
"not",
"provide",
"\"",
"any",
"sensible",
"basis",
"\"",
"for",
"the",
"content",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"based"
] | 878,330 |
and resign [ ing ] themselves to the resulting clutter ". instead of applying strict scrutiny in every case, justice kagan claimed that strict scrutiny is only appropriate when there is a " realistic possibility that official suppression of ideas is afoot ". likewise, she also claimed that strict scrutiny is not necessary when there is no risk that regulations will " skew the public ’ s debate of ideas ". applying these principles to this case, justice kagan held the ordinance " does not pass strict scrutiny, or intermediate scrutiny, or even the laugh test " because the town did not provide " any sensible basis " for the content @ - @ based
| 395 |
[
"distinctions",
"within",
"its",
"sign",
"ordinance",
".",
"=",
"=",
"analysis",
"and",
"commentary",
"=",
"=",
"after",
"the",
"court",
"issued",
"its",
"decision",
",",
"some",
"commentators",
"praised",
"the",
"court",
"'",
"s",
"ruling",
"for",
"\"",
"further",
"[",
"ing",
"]",
"individual",
"liberty",
"by",
"striking",
"down",
"a",
"government",
"’",
"s",
"un",
"##just",
"##ified",
"censorship",
"of",
"protected",
"speech",
"\"",
".",
"david",
"a",
".",
"co",
"##rt",
"##man",
",",
"counsel",
"for",
"good",
"news",
"community",
"church",
",",
"said",
"the",
"court",
"'",
"s",
"ruling",
"was",
"an",
"\"",
"important",
"victory",
"for",
"all",
"the",
"little",
"guys",
"who",
"have",
"ever",
"found",
"their",
"speech",
"silenced",
"by",
"the",
"strong",
"arm",
"of",
"government",
"\"",
".",
"likewise",
",",
"nina",
"to",
"##tenberg",
"reported",
"that",
"one",
"consequence",
"of",
"the",
"court",
"'",
"s",
"decision",
"is",
"that",
"\"",
"the",
"government",
"has",
"much",
"less",
"power",
"to",
"regulate",
"how",
"other",
"people",
"speak",
"."
] | 878,331 |
distinctions within its sign ordinance. = = analysis and commentary = = after the court issued its decision, some commentators praised the court's ruling for " further [ ing ] individual liberty by striking down a government ’ s unjustified censorship of protected speech ". david a. cortman, counsel for good news community church, said the court's ruling was an " important victory for all the little guys who have ever found their speech silenced by the strong arm of government ". likewise, nina totenberg reported that one consequence of the court's decision is that " the government has much less power to regulate how other people speak.
| 392 |
[
"\"",
"however",
",",
"other",
"commentators",
"criticized",
"the",
"majority",
"opinion",
"'",
"s",
"methodology",
";",
"hadley",
"ark",
"##es",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"wrote",
"that",
"the",
"court",
"'",
"s",
"decision",
"\"",
"revealed",
"the",
"un",
"##lov",
"##ely",
"spectacle",
"of",
"the",
"conservatives",
"talking",
"themselves",
"ever",
"deeper",
"into",
"a",
"genuine",
"moral",
"re",
"##lat",
"##ivism",
"in",
"the",
"regulation",
"of",
"speech",
"\"",
".",
"some",
"analysts",
"also",
"claimed",
"the",
"majority",
"'",
"s",
"opinion",
"left",
"open",
"una",
"##ns",
"##wer",
"##ed",
"questions",
"within",
"the",
"court",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"amendment",
"jurisprudence",
".",
"lyle",
"dennis",
"##ton",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"suggested",
"that",
"after",
"the",
"court",
"issued",
"its",
"decisions",
"in",
"reed",
"and",
"walker",
"v",
".",
"texas",
"division",
",",
"sons",
"of",
"confederate",
"veterans",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"meaning",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"amendment",
",",
"in",
"general",
",",
"became",
"somewhat",
"more",
"confusing",
"\"",
".",
"eugene",
"vol"
] | 878,332 |
" however, other commentators criticized the majority opinion's methodology ; hadley arkes, for example, wrote that the court's decision " revealed the unlovely spectacle of the conservatives talking themselves ever deeper into a genuine moral relativism in the regulation of speech ". some analysts also claimed the majority's opinion left open unanswered questions within the court's first amendment jurisprudence. lyle denniston, for example, suggested that after the court issued its decisions in reed and walker v. texas division, sons of confederate veterans, " the meaning of the first amendment, in general, became somewhat more confusing ". eugene vol
| 1,210 |
[
"##ok",
"##h",
"also",
"suggested",
"the",
"court",
"'",
"s",
"opinion",
"is",
"likely",
"to",
"be",
"lit",
"##igate",
"##d",
"again",
"in",
"lower",
"courts",
".",
"=",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"=",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"or",
"sa",
"##qu",
"##le",
"##w",
"is",
"a",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"columbian",
"maya",
"archaeological",
"site",
"in",
"the",
"highlands",
"of",
"western",
"guatemala",
",",
"about",
"3",
"@",
".",
"@",
"7",
"kilometres",
"(",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"3",
"mi",
")",
"outside",
"of",
"the",
"modern",
"city",
"of",
"hue",
"##hue",
"##ten",
"##ango",
".",
"occupation",
"at",
"the",
"site",
"dates",
"to",
"the",
"early",
"classic",
"period",
"(",
"ad",
"250",
"–",
"600",
")",
"of",
"me",
"##so",
"##ame",
"##rica",
"##n",
"history",
".",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"was",
"the",
"capital",
"of",
"the",
"post",
"##class",
"##ic",
"ma",
"##m",
"kingdom",
",",
"and",
"was",
"conquered",
"by",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"kingdom",
"of"
] | 878,333 |
##okh also suggested the court's opinion is likely to be litigated again in lower courts. = zaculeu = zaculeu or saqulew is a pre @ - @ columbian maya archaeological site in the highlands of western guatemala, about 3 @. @ 7 kilometres ( 2 @. @ 3 mi ) outside of the modern city of huehuetenango. occupation at the site dates to the early classic period ( ad 250 – 600 ) of mesoamerican history. zaculeu was the capital of the postclassic mam kingdom, and was conquered by the k'iche'kingdom of
| 917 |
[
"q",
"'",
"umar",
"##ka",
"##j",
".",
"it",
"displays",
"a",
"mixture",
"of",
"ma",
"##m",
"and",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"style",
"architecture",
".",
"in",
"ad",
"152",
"##5",
"the",
"city",
"was",
"attacked",
"by",
"spanish",
"con",
"##quist",
"##ador",
"##s",
"under",
"go",
"##nza",
"##lo",
"de",
"al",
"##vara",
"##do",
"y",
"con",
"##tre",
"##ras",
"during",
"a",
"siege",
"that",
"lasted",
"several",
"months",
".",
"kay",
"##b",
"'",
"il",
"b",
"'",
"alam",
",",
"the",
"city",
"'",
"s",
"last",
"ruler",
",",
"finally",
"surrendered",
"to",
"the",
"spanish",
"due",
"to",
"starvation",
".",
"the",
"site",
"contains",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"temple",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pyramid",
"##s",
"with",
"tal",
"##ud",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"table",
"##ro",
"style",
"architecture",
"and",
"double",
"stairway",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"pyramid",
"##s",
"and",
"governmental",
"palaces",
"are",
"grouped",
"around",
"a",
"series",
"of",
"large",
"public",
"plaza",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"site",
"also",
"holds"
] | 878,334 |
q'umarkaj. it displays a mixture of mam and k'iche'style architecture. in ad 1525 the city was attacked by spanish conquistadors under gonzalo de alvarado y contreras during a siege that lasted several months. kayb'il b'alam, the city's last ruler, finally surrendered to the spanish due to starvation. the site contains a number of temple @ - @ pyramids with talud @ - @ tablero style architecture and double stairways. the pyramids and governmental palaces are grouped around a series of large public plazas. the site also holds
| 964 |
[
"a",
"ball",
"##court",
"for",
"playing",
"the",
"me",
"##so",
"##ame",
"##rica",
"##n",
"ball",
"##game",
".",
"the",
"site",
"was",
"originally",
"fortified",
"with",
"walls",
".",
"the",
"site",
"was",
"restored",
"by",
"the",
"united",
"fruit",
"company",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"1940s",
".",
"it",
"is",
"open",
"to",
"tourists",
"and",
"includes",
"a",
"small",
"museum",
".",
"=",
"=",
"etymology",
"and",
"location",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"name",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"means",
"\"",
"white",
"earth",
"\"",
"in",
"the",
"ma",
"##m",
",",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"and",
"q",
"'",
"an",
"##jo",
"##b",
"'",
"al",
"languages",
",",
"from",
"sa",
"##q",
"(",
"ad",
"##j",
")",
"meaning",
"\"",
"white",
"\"",
"and",
"ul",
"##ew",
"(",
"n",
")",
"meaning",
"\"",
"earth",
"\"",
".",
"in",
"the",
"ma",
"##m",
"language",
",",
"the",
"site",
"is",
"also",
"called",
"china",
"##ba",
"##ju",
"##l",
".",
"the",
"archaeological",
"site",
"is",
"located",
"in"
] | 878,335 |
a ballcourt for playing the mesoamerican ballgame. the site was originally fortified with walls. the site was restored by the united fruit company in the late 1940s. it is open to tourists and includes a small museum. = = etymology and location = = the name zaculeu means " white earth " in the mam, k'iche'and q'anjob'al languages, from saq ( adj ) meaning " white " and ulew ( n ) meaning " earth ". in the mam language, the site is also called chinabajul. the archaeological site is located in
| 866 |
[
"the",
"present",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"day",
"village",
"of",
"san",
"lorenzo",
"on",
"the",
"outskirts",
"of",
"hue",
"##hue",
"##ten",
"##ango",
"city",
",",
"in",
"the",
"guatemala",
"##n",
"department",
"of",
"hue",
"##hue",
"##ten",
"##ango",
".",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"is",
"the",
"main",
"tourist",
"attraction",
"in",
"the",
"hue",
"##hue",
"##ten",
"##ango",
"area",
".",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"is",
"located",
"at",
"an",
"altitude",
"of",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"900",
"metres",
"(",
"6",
"@",
",",
"@",
"200",
"ft",
")",
"above",
"mean",
"sea",
"level",
",",
"and",
"is",
"bordered",
"by",
"the",
"sierra",
"de",
"los",
"cu",
"##chu",
"##mata",
"##nes",
"mountain",
"range",
".",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"is",
"located",
"in",
"an",
"area",
"of",
"fertile",
"soils",
"close",
"to",
"the",
"se",
"##leg",
"##ua",
"and",
"vin",
"##a",
"rivers",
".",
"the",
"site",
"is",
"situated",
"on",
"a",
"plateau",
"overlooking",
"the",
"se",
"##leg",
"##ua",
"river",
",",
"which",
"flows"
] | 878,336 |
the present @ - @ day village of san lorenzo on the outskirts of huehuetenango city, in the guatemalan department of huehuetenango. zaculeu is the main tourist attraction in the huehuetenango area. zaculeu is located at an altitude of 1 @, @ 900 metres ( 6 @, @ 200 ft ) above mean sea level, and is bordered by the sierra de los cuchumatanes mountain range. zaculeu is located in an area of fertile soils close to the selegua and vina rivers. the site is situated on a plateau overlooking the selegua river, which flows
| 1,469 |
[
"to",
"the",
"west",
"of",
"the",
"city",
".",
"deep",
"ravine",
"##s",
"bordering",
"the",
"site",
"to",
"the",
"south",
"and",
"east",
"protected",
"its",
"access",
".",
"the",
"only",
"access",
"to",
"the",
"site",
"is",
"via",
"a",
"narrow",
"land",
"bridge",
"to",
"the",
"north",
"which",
"unite",
"##s",
"the",
"plateau",
"to",
"the",
"general",
"level",
"of",
"the",
"valley",
"floor",
".",
"the",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"plateau",
"measures",
"11",
"@",
",",
"@",
"178",
"square",
"var",
"##as",
"(",
"41",
"##9",
"##1",
"square",
"metres",
")",
".",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"was",
"first",
"occupied",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"classic",
"period",
"(",
"ad",
"250",
"–",
"600",
")",
",",
"and",
"the",
"buildings",
"from",
"this",
"era",
"show",
"the",
"architectural",
"influence",
"of",
"the",
"great",
"metropolis",
"of",
"te",
"##ot",
"##ih",
"##ua",
"##can",
"in",
"the",
"valley",
"of",
"mexico",
".",
"the",
"largest",
"constructions",
"date",
"from",
"the",
"classic",
"period",
"(",
"ad",
"250"
] | 878,337 |
to the west of the city. deep ravines bordering the site to the south and east protected its access. the only access to the site is via a narrow land bridge to the north which unites the plateau to the general level of the valley floor. the zaculeu plateau measures 11 @, @ 178 square varas ( 4191 square metres ). zaculeu was first occupied in the early classic period ( ad 250 – 600 ), and the buildings from this era show the architectural influence of the great metropolis of teotihuacan in the valley of mexico. the largest constructions date from the classic period ( ad 250
| 894 |
[
"–",
"900",
")",
".",
"to",
"these",
"were",
"added",
"other",
"plaza",
"groups",
"and",
"buildings",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"post",
"##class",
"##ic",
"(",
"ad",
"900",
"–",
"1200",
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"and",
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"post",
"##class",
"##ic",
"(",
"ad",
"1200",
"–",
"152",
"##5",
")",
"in",
"an",
"unbroken",
"history",
".",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"has",
"been",
"used",
"as",
"a",
"ceremonial",
"site",
"by",
"ma",
"##m",
"maya",
"continuously",
"to",
"the",
"present",
".",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"came",
"under",
"the",
"influence",
"of",
"central",
"mexico",
"again",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"classic",
".",
"the",
"architectural",
"influence",
"is",
"so",
"distinct",
"that",
"it",
"suggests",
"that",
"a",
"foreign",
"mexican",
"elite",
"may",
"have",
"settled",
"at",
"the",
"city",
"and",
"continued",
"in",
"occupation",
"there",
"until",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"conquered",
"the",
"site",
"in",
"the",
"post",
"##class",
"##ic",
".",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"kingdom",
"of",
"q",
"'"
] | 878,338 |
– 900 ). to these were added other plaza groups and buildings in the early postclassic ( ad 900 – 1200 ) and late postclassic ( ad 1200 – 1525 ) in an unbroken history. zaculeu has been used as a ceremonial site by mam maya continuously to the present. zaculeu came under the influence of central mexico again in the late classic. the architectural influence is so distinct that it suggests that a foreign mexican elite may have settled at the city and continued in occupation there until the k'iche'conquered the site in the postclassic. the k'iche'kingdom of q '
| 917 |
[
"umar",
"##ka",
"##j",
"conquered",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"in",
"the",
"post",
"##class",
"##ic",
".",
"traditionally",
"that",
"has",
"been",
"calculated",
"as",
"during",
"the",
"15th",
"century",
"ad",
"based",
"on",
"et",
"##hn",
"##oh",
"##isto",
"##ric",
"accounts",
".",
"radio",
"##carbon",
"dating",
"has",
"pushed",
"back",
"the",
"calculations",
"of",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"conquest",
"##s",
"by",
"three",
"centuries",
",",
"and",
"researchers",
"now",
"say",
"their",
"conquest",
"of",
"the",
"ma",
"##m",
"kingdoms",
"may",
"have",
"taken",
"place",
"as",
"early",
"as",
"the",
"12th",
"century",
".",
"the",
"city",
"was",
"dominated",
"by",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"until",
"the",
"spanish",
"conquest",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"16th",
"century",
".",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"king",
"q",
"'",
"u",
"##q",
"'",
"um",
"##atz",
"died",
"in",
"battle",
"against",
"a",
"group",
"of",
"the",
"northern",
"ma",
"##m",
".",
"his",
"son",
"k",
"'",
"iq"
] | 878,339 |
umarkaj conquered zaculeu in the postclassic. traditionally that has been calculated as during the 15th century ad based on ethnohistoric accounts. radiocarbon dating has pushed back the calculations of the k'iche'conquests by three centuries, and researchers now say their conquest of the mam kingdoms may have taken place as early as the 12th century. the city was dominated by the k'iche'until the spanish conquest of the early 16th century. the k'iche'king q'uq'umatz died in battle against a group of the northern mam. his son k'iq
| 964 |
[
"'",
"ab",
"continued",
"where",
"his",
"father",
"had",
"left",
"off",
"and",
"completed",
"the",
"conquest",
"of",
"the",
"people",
".",
"k",
"'",
"iq",
"'",
"ab",
"was",
"ruler",
"when",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"was",
"conquered",
"by",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
".",
"'",
"this",
"appears",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"a",
"second",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"conquest",
"of",
"the",
"city",
",",
"having",
"previously",
"fallen",
"some",
"time",
"earlier",
".",
"when",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"conquered",
"another",
"kingdom",
",",
"its",
"practice",
"was",
"to",
"place",
"the",
"newly",
"subject",
"kingdom",
"under",
"the",
"control",
"of",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"noble",
"lineage",
"##s",
".",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"style",
"of",
"structure",
"4",
",",
"arch",
"##eo",
"##logists",
"believe",
"that",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"was",
"likely",
"controlled",
"by",
"the",
"ni",
"##ja",
"'",
"ib",
".",
"'",
"the",
"il",
"##oca"
] | 878,340 |
' ab continued where his father had left off and completed the conquest of the people. k'iq'ab was ruler when zaculeu was conquered by the k'iche.'this appears to have been a second k'iche'conquest of the city, having previously fallen some time earlier. when the k'iche'conquered another kingdom, its practice was to place the newly subject kingdom under the control of one of the k'iche'noble lineages. based on the style of structure 4, archeologists believe that zaculeu was likely controlled by the nija'ib.'the iloca
| 908 |
[
"##b",
",",
"who",
"had",
"conquered",
"much",
"of",
"the",
"region",
",",
"are",
"another",
"possibility",
".",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"tended",
"to",
"place",
"their",
"newly",
"installed",
"ruling",
"elite",
"in",
"a",
"mountain",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"top",
"fortress",
"securing",
"the",
"population",
"in",
"the",
"valleys",
"below",
".",
"however",
",",
"substantial",
"portions",
"of",
"the",
"original",
"ma",
"##m",
"population",
"remained",
"in",
"place",
"in",
"the",
"plateau",
"area",
".",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"rebuilt",
"over",
"earlier",
"classic",
"period",
"structures",
"in",
"a",
"distinctive",
"##ly",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"style",
".",
"the",
"basic",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"layout",
"consists",
"of",
"a",
"westward",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"facing",
"temple",
"with",
"a",
"steep",
"tal",
"##ud",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"table",
"##ro",
"facade",
",",
"flanked",
"by",
"two",
"une",
"##qual",
"##ly",
"sized",
"wings",
".",
"this",
"was",
"likely",
"to",
"have",
"been"
] | 878,341 |
##b, who had conquered much of the region, are another possibility. the k'iche'tended to place their newly installed ruling elite in a mountain @ - @ top fortress securing the population in the valleys below. however, substantial portions of the original mam population remained in place in the plateau area. the k'iche'rebuilt over earlier classic period structures in a distinctively k'iche'style. the basic k'iche layout consists of a westward @ - @ facing temple with a steep talud @ - @ tablero facade, flanked by two unequally sized wings. this was likely to have been
| 40 |
[
"the",
"temple",
"of",
"aw",
"##ili",
"##x",
",",
"patron",
"goddess",
"of",
"the",
"ni",
"##ja",
"'",
"ib",
"'",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
".",
"a",
"longer",
"palace",
"structure",
"lies",
"to",
"the",
"north",
",",
"facing",
"southward",
"##s",
"and",
"the",
"ball",
"##court",
"to",
"the",
"southwest",
".",
"this",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"layout",
"was",
"somewhat",
"distorted",
"by",
"the",
"re",
"##use",
"of",
"the",
"earlier",
"architecture",
",",
"because",
"the",
"typical",
"ma",
"##m",
"settlement",
"layout",
"was",
"built",
"along",
"an",
"axis",
"running",
"from",
"southeast",
"to",
"northwest",
".",
"as",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"did",
"not",
"completely",
"redesign",
"the",
"entire",
"site",
"along",
"a",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"pattern",
",",
"the",
"ju",
"##xt",
"##ap",
"##osition",
"of",
"ma",
"##m",
"-",
"and",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"-",
"style",
"complexes",
"demonstrates",
"the",
"fu",
"##sing",
"of",
"the",
"local",
"and"
] | 878,342 |
the temple of awilix, patron goddess of the nija'ib'k'iche '. a longer palace structure lies to the north, facing southwards and the ballcourt to the southwest. this k'iche'layout was somewhat distorted by the reuse of the earlier architecture, because the typical mam settlement layout was built along an axis running from southeast to northwest. as the k'iche'did not completely redesign the entire site along a k'iche'pattern, the juxtaposition of mam - and k'iche'- style complexes demonstrates the fusing of the local and
| 156 |
[
"int",
"##rus",
"##ive",
"elite",
"lineage",
"##s",
".",
"excavations",
"have",
"uncovered",
"examples",
"of",
"metal",
"##work",
"at",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
".",
"these",
"were",
"small",
"ornamental",
"pieces",
".",
"an",
"example",
"is",
"a",
"representation",
"of",
"a",
"butterfly",
"worked",
"from",
"tu",
"##mba",
"##ga",
",",
"an",
"alloy",
"of",
"gold",
"and",
"copper",
",",
"dated",
"to",
"the",
"post",
"##class",
"##ic",
"period",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"spanish",
"conquest",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"although",
"hostilities",
"existed",
"between",
"the",
"ma",
"##m",
"and",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"of",
"q",
"'",
"umar",
"##ka",
"##j",
"after",
"the",
"rebellion",
"of",
"the",
"ka",
"##q",
"##chi",
"##kel",
"people",
"against",
"their",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"allies",
",",
"the",
"arrival",
"of",
"the",
"spanish",
"con",
"##quist",
"##ador",
"##s",
"shifted",
"the",
"political",
"landscape",
".",
"con",
"##quist",
"##ador",
"pedro",
"de",
"al",
"##vara",
"##do",
"described",
"how",
"the",
"ma",
"##m"
] | 878,343 |
intrusive elite lineages. excavations have uncovered examples of metalwork at zaculeu. these were small ornamental pieces. an example is a representation of a butterfly worked from tumbaga, an alloy of gold and copper, dated to the postclassic period. = = = spanish conquest = = = although hostilities existed between the mam and the k'iche'of q'umarkaj after the rebellion of the kaqchikel people against their k'iche'allies, the arrival of the spanish conquistadors shifted the political landscape. conquistador pedro de alvarado described how the mam
| 964 |
[
"king",
"kay",
"##b",
"'",
"il",
"b",
"'",
"alam",
"was",
"received",
"with",
"great",
"honour",
"in",
"q",
"'",
"umar",
"##ka",
"##j",
".",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"the",
"spanish",
"conquest",
",",
"the",
"main",
"ma",
"##m",
"population",
"was",
"situated",
"in",
"xi",
"##na",
"##bah",
"##ul",
"(",
"also",
"spelled",
"china",
"##b",
"##ju",
"##l",
")",
",",
"now",
"the",
"city",
"of",
"hue",
"##hue",
"##ten",
"##ango",
".",
"they",
"retreated",
"to",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"as",
"a",
"refuge",
"during",
"the",
"spanish",
"attacks",
"because",
"of",
"its",
"fortifications",
".",
"the",
"refuge",
"was",
"attacked",
"by",
"go",
"##nza",
"##lo",
"de",
"al",
"##vara",
"##do",
"y",
"con",
"##tre",
"##ras",
",",
"brother",
"of",
"con",
"##quist",
"##ador",
"pedro",
"de",
"al",
"##vara",
"##do",
",",
"in",
"152",
"##5",
",",
"with",
"120",
"soldiers",
",",
"and",
"some",
"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"mexican",
"and",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"allies",
"."
] | 878,344 |
king kayb'il b'alam was received with great honour in q'umarkaj. at the time of the spanish conquest, the main mam population was situated in xinabahul ( also spelled chinabjul ), now the city of huehuetenango. they retreated to zaculeu as a refuge during the spanish attacks because of its fortifications. the refuge was attacked by gonzalo de alvarado y contreras, brother of conquistador pedro de alvarado, in 1525, with 120 soldiers, and some 2 @, @ 000 mexican and k'iche'allies.
| 964 |
[
"the",
"city",
"was",
"defended",
"by",
"kay",
"##b",
"'",
"il",
"b",
"'",
"alam",
"commanding",
"some",
"5",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"people",
"(",
"the",
"chronicles",
"are",
"not",
"clear",
"if",
"this",
"is",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"soldiers",
"or",
"the",
"total",
"population",
"of",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
")",
".",
"after",
"a",
"siege",
"lasting",
"several",
"months",
",",
"the",
"ma",
"##m",
"were",
"reduced",
"to",
"starvation",
".",
"kay",
"##b",
"'",
"il",
"b",
"'",
"alam",
"finally",
"surrendered",
"the",
"city",
"to",
"the",
"spanish",
"in",
"october",
"152",
"##5",
".",
"when",
"the",
"spanish",
"entered",
"the",
"city",
",",
"they",
"found",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"800",
"dead",
"indians",
",",
"with",
"the",
"survivors",
"eating",
"the",
"corpses",
"of",
"the",
"dead",
".",
"the",
"spanish",
"forced",
"the",
"abandonment",
"of",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"after",
"they",
"built",
"the",
"new",
"city",
"of",
"hue",
"##hue",
"##ten",
"##ango",
"some",
"5",
"kilometres",
"("
] | 878,345 |
the city was defended by kayb'il b'alam commanding some 5 @, @ 000 people ( the chronicles are not clear if this is the number of soldiers or the total population of zaculeu ). after a siege lasting several months, the mam were reduced to starvation. kayb'il b'alam finally surrendered the city to the spanish in october 1525. when the spanish entered the city, they found 1 @, @ 800 dead indians, with the survivors eating the corpses of the dead. the spanish forced the abandonment of zaculeu after they built the new city of huehuetenango some 5 kilometres (
| 964 |
[
"3",
"@",
".",
"@",
"1",
"mi",
")",
"away",
".",
"american",
"explorer",
"john",
"lloyd",
"stephens",
"and",
"english",
"architect",
"frederick",
"cat",
"##her",
"##wood",
"visited",
"the",
"site",
"in",
"1840",
",",
"at",
"which",
"time",
"the",
"site",
"was",
"a",
"confused",
"ju",
"##mble",
"of",
"overgrown",
"ruins",
".",
"stephens",
"published",
"a",
"description",
"of",
"the",
"archaeological",
"remains",
"a",
"year",
"later",
".",
"cat",
"##her",
"##wood",
"did",
"not",
"draw",
"any",
"of",
"the",
"structures",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"poor",
"state",
"of",
"the",
"remains",
".",
"the",
"two",
"excavated",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"mounds",
"and",
"recovered",
"some",
"ceramic",
"vessels",
",",
"which",
"cat",
"##her",
"##wood",
"drew",
".",
"on",
"24",
"april",
"1931",
",",
"guatemala",
"declared",
"the",
"site",
"as",
"a",
"national",
"monument",
"under",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"t",
"##za",
"##cule",
"##u",
".",
"on",
"23",
"february",
"1946",
",",
"the",
"site",
"was",
"renamed",
"as",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
".",
"the"
] | 878,346 |
3 @. @ 1 mi ) away. american explorer john lloyd stephens and english architect frederick catherwood visited the site in 1840, at which time the site was a confused jumble of overgrown ruins. stephens published a description of the archaeological remains a year later. catherwood did not draw any of the structures due to the poor state of the remains. the two excavated one of the mounds and recovered some ceramic vessels, which catherwood drew. on 24 april 1931, guatemala declared the site as a national monument under the name of tzaculeu. on 23 february 1946, the site was renamed as zaculeu. the
| 573 |
[
"government",
"gave",
"a",
"license",
"to",
"ex",
"##ca",
"##vate",
"to",
"the",
"united",
"fruit",
"company",
",",
"which",
"immediately",
"began",
"archaeological",
"excavations",
"and",
"related",
"restoration",
"##s",
"of",
"the",
"structures",
"under",
"the",
"direction",
"of",
"john",
"m",
".",
"dim",
"##ick",
".",
"this",
"later",
"included",
"re",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"coating",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"the",
"buildings",
"with",
"white",
"plaster",
",",
"as",
"it",
"was",
"known",
"that",
"many",
"were",
"originally",
"finished",
"that",
"way",
".",
"this",
"has",
"seldom",
"been",
"done",
"in",
"other",
"restoration",
"##s",
"of",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"columbian",
"buildings",
".",
"on",
"12",
"june",
"1970",
"the",
"site",
"was",
"declared",
"a",
"national",
"pre",
"##col",
"##umb",
"##ian",
"monument",
"by",
"accord",
"of",
"the",
"guatemala",
"##n",
"ministry",
"of",
"education",
"(",
"mined",
"##uc",
")",
".",
"=",
"=",
"site",
"description",
"=",
"=",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"was",
"likely",
"originally",
"developed",
"because",
"of",
"its",
"proximity"
] | 878,347 |
government gave a license to excavate to the united fruit company, which immediately began archaeological excavations and related restorations of the structures under the direction of john m. dimick. this later included re @ - @ coating a number of the buildings with white plaster, as it was known that many were originally finished that way. this has seldom been done in other restorations of pre @ - @ columbian buildings. on 12 june 1970 the site was declared a national precolumbian monument by accord of the guatemalan ministry of education ( mineduc ). = = site description = = zaculeu was likely originally developed because of its proximity
| 882 |
[
"to",
"the",
"se",
"##leg",
"##ua",
"river",
",",
"providing",
"a",
"permanent",
"water",
"supply",
"and",
"transportation",
"waterway",
",",
"together",
"with",
"its",
"easily",
"def",
"##ens",
"##ible",
"hilltop",
"location",
".",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"has",
"43",
"structures",
".",
"the",
"majority",
"of",
"construction",
"activity",
"took",
"place",
"in",
"one",
"burst",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"classic",
",",
"with",
"minor",
"alterations",
"thereafter",
".",
"the",
"smaller",
"platforms",
"situated",
"in",
"the",
"plaza",
"##s",
"were",
"late",
"additions",
";",
"they",
"show",
"the",
"influence",
"of",
"central",
"mexican",
"civilization",
".",
"the",
"entrance",
"to",
"the",
"site",
"was",
"via",
"a",
"narrow",
"land",
"bridge",
"to",
"the",
"north",
",",
"which",
"was",
"protected",
"by",
"a",
"fortified",
"structure",
"that",
"occupied",
"three",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"quarters",
"of",
"the",
"width",
"of",
"the",
"land",
"bridge",
".",
"the",
"ceremonial",
"centre",
"of",
"the",
"city",
"consisted",
"of",
"43",
"structures",
"clustered",
"in",
"an",
"area",
"of",
"1",
"@"
] | 878,348 |
to the selegua river, providing a permanent water supply and transportation waterway, together with its easily defensible hilltop location. zaculeu has 43 structures. the majority of construction activity took place in one burst in the early classic, with minor alterations thereafter. the smaller platforms situated in the plazas were late additions ; they show the influence of central mexican civilization. the entrance to the site was via a narrow land bridge to the north, which was protected by a fortified structure that occupied three @ - @ quarters of the width of the land bridge. the ceremonial centre of the city consisted of 43 structures clustered in an area of 1 @
| 1,541 |
[
",",
"@",
"400",
"square",
"metres",
"(",
"15",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"sq",
"ft",
")",
".",
"the",
"architecture",
"at",
"the",
"site",
"includes",
"tal",
"##ud",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"table",
"##ro",
"style",
"buildings",
"with",
"double",
"stairway",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"facades",
"of",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"buildings",
"have",
"cylindrical",
"columns",
",",
"a",
"feature",
"found",
"in",
"other",
"parts",
"of",
"me",
"##so",
"##ame",
"##rica",
".",
"artefacts",
"recovered",
"from",
"the",
"site",
"include",
"items",
"fashioned",
"from",
"turquoise",
"and",
"precious",
"metals",
".",
"the",
"metal",
"artefacts",
"crafted",
"from",
"gold",
",",
"silver",
"and",
"copper",
"and",
"their",
"alloys",
"demonstrate",
"the",
"city",
"'",
"s",
"participation",
"in",
"the",
"wider",
"trade",
"networks",
"of",
"the",
"post",
"##class",
"##ic",
"period",
".",
"these",
"metal",
"artefacts",
"were",
"either",
"influenced",
"by",
"or",
"imported",
"from",
"mexico",
"and",
"southern",
"central",
"america",
".",
"the",
"structures",
"at",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
"were",
"grouped",
"around"
] | 878,349 |
, @ 400 square metres ( 15 @, @ 000 sq ft ). the architecture at the site includes talud @ - @ tablero style buildings with double stairways. the facades of some of the buildings have cylindrical columns, a feature found in other parts of mesoamerica. artefacts recovered from the site include items fashioned from turquoise and precious metals. the metal artefacts crafted from gold, silver and copper and their alloys demonstrate the city's participation in the wider trade networks of the postclassic period. these metal artefacts were either influenced by or imported from mexico and southern central america. the structures at zaculeu were grouped around
| 881 |
[
"small",
"plaza",
"##s",
"and",
"were",
"generally",
"built",
"from",
"masonry",
",",
"coated",
"with",
"a",
"thick",
"layer",
"of",
"plaster",
".",
"fragments",
"bear",
"floral",
"and",
"geometric",
"designs",
",",
"indicating",
"the",
"structures",
"were",
"originally",
"brightly",
"painted",
".",
"stones",
"were",
"und",
"##ressed",
"and",
"cement",
"##ed",
"in",
"adobe",
"mortar",
".",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"co",
"##rb",
"##el",
"vault",
"##ing",
"has",
"been",
"found",
"and",
"very",
"little",
"in",
"the",
"way",
"of",
"stone",
"sculpture",
".",
"the",
"architecture",
"completely",
"lacks",
"stone",
"sculpture",
".",
"burials",
"from",
"the",
"early",
"classic",
"yielded",
"a",
"rich",
"array",
"of",
"finds",
",",
"but",
"late",
"classic",
"burials",
"were",
"accompanied",
"by",
"a",
"lesser",
"variety",
"of",
"grave",
"offerings",
".",
"an",
"early",
"classic",
"tomb",
"was",
"inserted",
"under",
"the",
"main",
"pyramid",
"at",
"zac",
"##ule",
"##u",
";",
"it",
"had",
"been",
"tunnel",
"##led",
"from",
"the",
"volcanic",
"ash",
"underlying",
"the",
"structure",
".",
"a",
"broad"
] | 878,350 |
small plazas and were generally built from masonry, coated with a thick layer of plaster. fragments bear floral and geometric designs, indicating the structures were originally brightly painted. stones were undressed and cemented in adobe mortar. no evidence of corbel vaulting has been found and very little in the way of stone sculpture. the architecture completely lacks stone sculpture. burials from the early classic yielded a rich array of finds, but late classic burials were accompanied by a lesser variety of grave offerings. an early classic tomb was inserted under the main pyramid at zaculeu ; it had been tunnelled from the volcanic ash underlying the structure. a broad
| 1,544 |
[
"stairway",
"descended",
"to",
"the",
"tomb",
"from",
"the",
"main",
"plaza",
".",
"the",
"tomb",
"interior",
"was",
"painted",
"red",
"and",
"the",
"floor",
"was",
"scattered",
"with",
"the",
"remains",
"of",
"more",
"than",
"100",
"ceramic",
"vessels",
".",
"these",
"were",
"crushed",
"when",
"the",
"roof",
"of",
"the",
"tomb",
"collapsed",
".",
"also",
"found",
"were",
"the",
"remains",
"of",
"34",
"p",
"##yr",
"##ite",
"mirrors",
"of",
"a",
"type",
"similar",
"to",
"those",
"found",
"at",
"kam",
"##inal",
"##ju",
"##yu",
".",
"a",
"size",
"##able",
"quantity",
"of",
"jade",
"was",
"recovered",
"from",
"the",
"tomb",
",",
"including",
"beads",
"and",
"ear",
"##pl",
"##ug",
"##s",
".",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"jade",
"beads",
"had",
"been",
"carved",
"to",
"represent",
"human",
"and",
"parrot",
"faces",
".",
"the",
"tomb",
"contained",
"the",
"bones",
"of",
"four",
"or",
"more",
"individuals",
".",
"the",
"ceramic",
"offerings",
"included",
"decorated",
"trip",
"##od",
"vessels",
",",
"poly",
"##chrome",
"bowls",
"and",
"a",
"poly",
"##chrome"
] | 878,351 |
stairway descended to the tomb from the main plaza. the tomb interior was painted red and the floor was scattered with the remains of more than 100 ceramic vessels. these were crushed when the roof of the tomb collapsed. also found were the remains of 34 pyrite mirrors of a type similar to those found at kaminaljuyu. a sizeable quantity of jade was recovered from the tomb, including beads and earplugs. some of the jade beads had been carved to represent human and parrot faces. the tomb contained the bones of four or more individuals. the ceramic offerings included decorated tripod vessels, polychrome bowls and a polychrome
| 856 |
[
"cylindrical",
"vase",
"that",
"had",
"a",
"painted",
"band",
"of",
"hi",
"##ero",
"##gly",
"##phs",
".",
"one",
"ceramic",
"bowl",
"is",
"painted",
"in",
"a",
"negative",
"painting",
"style",
"that",
"is",
"similar",
"to",
"finds",
"from",
"ne",
"##ba",
"##j",
".",
"the",
"site",
"core",
"is",
"laid",
"out",
"around",
"eight",
"plaza",
"##s",
".",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"structures",
"were",
"restored",
"by",
"the",
"united",
"fruit",
"company",
";",
"most",
"of",
"these",
"border",
"plaza",
"##s",
"1",
"and",
"2",
".",
"structures",
"1",
"and",
"2",
"are",
"pyramid",
"temples",
".",
"structures",
"4",
",",
"6",
"and",
"10",
"are",
"palace",
"structures",
",",
"long",
"buildings",
"with",
"internal",
"chambers",
"and",
"benches",
"used",
"as",
"residences",
"and",
"for",
"administrative",
"purposes",
".",
"plaza",
"1",
"is",
"the",
"main",
"plaza",
"at",
"the",
"site",
".",
"it",
"measures",
"54",
"by",
"38",
"metres",
"(",
"177",
"by",
"125",
"ft",
")",
"and",
"is",
"closed",
"on",
"all",
"four",
"sides"
] | 878,352 |
cylindrical vase that had a painted band of hieroglyphs. one ceramic bowl is painted in a negative painting style that is similar to finds from nebaj. the site core is laid out around eight plazas. some of the structures were restored by the united fruit company ; most of these border plazas 1 and 2. structures 1 and 2 are pyramid temples. structures 4, 6 and 10 are palace structures, long buildings with internal chambers and benches used as residences and for administrative purposes. plaza 1 is the main plaza at the site. it measures 54 by 38 metres ( 177 by 125 ft ) and is closed on all four sides
| 894 |
[
"by",
"pyramid",
"temples",
".",
"plaza",
"2",
"is",
"a",
"large",
"plaza",
"at",
"the",
"southeast",
"of",
"the",
"site",
"core",
",",
"south",
"of",
"plaza",
"1",
".",
"it",
"is",
"bordered",
"on",
"the",
"southeastern",
"side",
"by",
"structure",
"4",
",",
"on",
"the",
"northeast",
"by",
"structure",
"1",
",",
"on",
"the",
"northwest",
"by",
"the",
"ball",
"##court",
"and",
"on",
"the",
"southwest",
"by",
"plaza",
"3",
".",
"plaza",
"3",
"is",
"a",
"small",
"plaza",
"at",
"the",
"southern",
"extreme",
"of",
"the",
"site",
"core",
",",
"southwest",
"of",
"plaza",
"2",
"and",
"south",
"of",
"the",
"ball",
"##court",
".",
"plaza",
"4",
"is",
"at",
"the",
"northwest",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"site",
"core",
".",
"it",
"is",
"closed",
"on",
"the",
"northeastern",
"side",
"by",
"structure",
"10",
",",
"on",
"the",
"southeast",
"by",
"structure",
"13",
"and",
"on",
"the",
"southwest",
"by",
"the",
"ball",
"##court",
".",
"plaza",
"##s",
"5",
"and",
"6",
"are",
"located",
"immediately"
] | 878,353 |
by pyramid temples. plaza 2 is a large plaza at the southeast of the site core, south of plaza 1. it is bordered on the southeastern side by structure 4, on the northeast by structure 1, on the northwest by the ballcourt and on the southwest by plaza 3. plaza 3 is a small plaza at the southern extreme of the site core, southwest of plaza 2 and south of the ballcourt. plaza 4 is at the northwest side of the site core. it is closed on the northeastern side by structure 10, on the southeast by structure 13 and on the southwest by the ballcourt. plazas 5 and 6 are located immediately
| 833 |
[
"to",
"the",
"west",
".",
"plaza",
"5",
"is",
"a",
"small",
"plaza",
"immediately",
"west",
"of",
"plaza",
"4",
"and",
"northwest",
"of",
"the",
"ball",
"##court",
".",
"it",
"is",
"divided",
"from",
"plaza",
"6",
"to",
"the",
"northwest",
"by",
"structure",
"21",
".",
"plaza",
"6",
"is",
"another",
"small",
"plaza",
"to",
"the",
"west",
"of",
"plaza",
"4",
".",
"it",
"is",
"enclosed",
"on",
"three",
"sides",
"by",
"a",
"building",
"complex",
"with",
"structure",
"21",
"on",
"the",
"southeast",
"side",
".",
"plaza",
"7",
"is",
"a",
"small",
"plaza",
"at",
"the",
"western",
"extreme",
"of",
"the",
"site",
"core",
",",
"to",
"the",
"west",
"of",
"plaza",
"##s",
"5",
"and",
"6",
".",
"plaza",
"8",
"is",
"an",
"enclosed",
"plaza",
"to",
"the",
"southwest",
"of",
"the",
"ball",
"##court",
".",
"structure",
"2",
",",
"a",
"pyramid",
",",
"closes",
"the",
"northwest",
"side",
"and",
"structure",
"3",
"closes",
"the",
"southeast",
"side",
".",
"structure",
"1",
"is",
"a",
"39"
] | 878,354 |
to the west. plaza 5 is a small plaza immediately west of plaza 4 and northwest of the ballcourt. it is divided from plaza 6 to the northwest by structure 21. plaza 6 is another small plaza to the west of plaza 4. it is enclosed on three sides by a building complex with structure 21 on the southeast side. plaza 7 is a small plaza at the western extreme of the site core, to the west of plazas 5 and 6. plaza 8 is an enclosed plaza to the southwest of the ballcourt. structure 2, a pyramid, closes the northwest side and structure 3 closes the southeast side. structure 1 is a 39
| 833 |
[
"@",
"-",
"@",
"foot",
"(",
"12",
"m",
")",
"high",
"pyramid",
"on",
"the",
"southeast",
"side",
"of",
"plaza",
"1",
".",
"it",
"has",
"eight",
"stepped",
"sections",
"topped",
"by",
"a",
"summit",
"shrine",
".",
"the",
"shrine",
"has",
"three",
"doorway",
"##s",
"approached",
"via",
"a",
"double",
"stairway",
"rising",
"from",
"the",
"plaza",
"below",
".",
"the",
"pyramid",
"was",
"rebuilt",
"seven",
"times",
"with",
"the",
"visible",
"remains",
"dating",
"to",
"the",
"early",
"post",
"##class",
"##ic",
".",
"the",
"earliest",
"phase",
"of",
"construction",
"dates",
"to",
"the",
"early",
"classic",
"period",
".",
"structure",
"2",
"is",
"a",
"pyramid",
"on",
"the",
"northwest",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"sunken",
"plaza",
"8",
".",
"it",
"is",
"largely",
"unrest",
"##ored",
".",
"structure",
"3",
"lies",
"across",
"the",
"plaza",
"to",
"the",
"southeast",
".",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"platform",
"with",
"a",
"twin",
"stairway",
"facing",
"northwest",
"onto",
"the",
"plaza",
".",
"structure",
"3",
"is",
"on",
"the",
"southeast",
"side"
] | 878,355 |
@ - @ foot ( 12 m ) high pyramid on the southeast side of plaza 1. it has eight stepped sections topped by a summit shrine. the shrine has three doorways approached via a double stairway rising from the plaza below. the pyramid was rebuilt seven times with the visible remains dating to the early postclassic. the earliest phase of construction dates to the early classic period. structure 2 is a pyramid on the northwest side of the sunken plaza 8. it is largely unrestored. structure 3 lies across the plaza to the southeast. it is a platform with a twin stairway facing northwest onto the plaza. structure 3 is on the southeast side
| 833 |
[
"of",
"plaza",
"8",
",",
"facing",
"onto",
"the",
"plaza",
"opposite",
"structure",
"2",
".",
"it",
"is",
"immediately",
"south",
"of",
"the",
"ball",
"##court",
".",
"structure",
"4",
"is",
"an",
"unusual",
"combination",
"of",
"temple",
"and",
"palace",
".",
"it",
"is",
"situated",
"on",
"the",
"southeast",
"side",
"of",
"plaza",
"2",
".",
"the",
"structure",
"consists",
"of",
"a",
"central",
"pyramid",
"##al",
"base",
"flanked",
"by",
"two",
"attached",
"range",
"structures",
".",
"the",
"pyramid",
"##al",
"base",
"is",
"topped",
"by",
"a",
"shrine",
"containing",
"three",
"rooms",
",",
"the",
"final",
"room",
"of",
"the",
"three",
"is",
"circular",
".",
"the",
"temple",
"has",
"three",
"steep",
"stairway",
"##s",
"flanked",
"by",
"bal",
"##ust",
"##rade",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"main",
"stairway",
"as",
"##cend",
"##s",
"directly",
"from",
"the",
"plaza",
",",
"those",
"on",
"either",
"side",
"are",
"perpendicular",
"to",
"the",
"main",
"stairway",
".",
"the",
"bal",
"##ust",
"##rade",
"of",
"each",
"stairway",
"terminates",
"at",
"the",
"top"
] | 878,356 |
of plaza 8, facing onto the plaza opposite structure 2. it is immediately south of the ballcourt. structure 4 is an unusual combination of temple and palace. it is situated on the southeast side of plaza 2. the structure consists of a central pyramidal base flanked by two attached range structures. the pyramidal base is topped by a shrine containing three rooms, the final room of the three is circular. the temple has three steep stairways flanked by balustrades. the main stairway ascends directly from the plaza, those on either side are perpendicular to the main stairway. the balustrade of each stairway terminates at the top
| 1,006 |
[
"in",
"a",
"vertical",
"panel",
".",
"the",
"temple",
"facade",
"is",
"in",
"good",
"condition",
"although",
"the",
"roof",
"of",
"the",
"temple",
"is",
"missing",
".",
"the",
"range",
"structures",
"are",
"une",
"##qual",
"in",
"size",
"and",
"each",
"contains",
"a",
"single",
"long",
"room",
"atop",
"a",
"low",
"platform",
".",
"the",
"facade",
"of",
"each",
"of",
"these",
"rooms",
"once",
"possessed",
"a",
"row",
"of",
"columns",
"although",
"only",
"stump",
"##s",
"remain",
"in",
"situ",
".",
"this",
"temple",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"palace",
"is",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
"in",
"style",
"and",
"has",
"been",
"identified",
"with",
"the",
"ni",
"##ja",
"'",
"ib",
"'",
"lineage",
"of",
"the",
"k",
"'",
"ich",
"##e",
"'",
",",
"being",
"very",
"similar",
"to",
"the",
"temple",
"of",
"aw",
"##ili",
"##x",
"at",
"q",
"'",
"umar",
"##ka",
"##j",
".",
"a",
"tomb",
"was",
"excavated",
"in",
"structure",
"4",
",",
"it",
"consisted",
"of",
"a",
"complete",
"skeleton",
"with"
] | 878,357 |
in a vertical panel. the temple facade is in good condition although the roof of the temple is missing. the range structures are unequal in size and each contains a single long room atop a low platform. the facade of each of these rooms once possessed a row of columns although only stumps remain in situ. this temple @ - @ palace is k'iche'in style and has been identified with the nija'ib'lineage of the k'iche ', being very similar to the temple of awilix at q'umarkaj. a tomb was excavated in structure 4, it consisted of a complete skeleton with
| 1,008 |
[
"associated",
"offerings",
"that",
"included",
"two",
"trip",
"##od",
"earth",
"##en",
"##ware",
"bowls",
",",
"one",
"with",
"duck",
"e",
"##ffi",
"##gies",
",",
"a",
"trip",
"##od",
"incense",
"burn",
"##er",
",",
"a",
"flint",
"knife",
",",
"nine",
"obsidian",
"knives",
",",
"five",
"jade",
"beads",
"and",
"some",
"fragments",
"of",
"gold",
".",
"structure",
"6",
"is",
"a",
"temple",
"on",
"the",
"northeast",
"side",
"of",
"plaza",
"1",
".",
"it",
"rises",
"in",
"stepped",
"sections",
"topped",
"by",
"a",
"summit",
"shrine",
"and",
"was",
"accessed",
"via",
"a",
"stairway",
"from",
"the",
"plaza",
"that",
"divided",
"in",
"two",
"near",
"the",
"summit",
".",
"only",
"the",
"lower",
"sections",
"of",
"the",
"walls",
"and",
"columns",
"of",
"the",
"shrine",
"remain",
".",
"structure",
"9",
"is",
"a",
"large",
"mound",
"on",
"the",
"northwest",
"side",
"of",
"plaza",
"1",
".",
"the",
"last",
"phase",
"of",
"construction",
"shows",
"evidence",
"of",
"the",
"interruption",
"of",
"construction",
"by",
"the",
"spanish",
"conquest",
"."
] | 878,358 |
associated offerings that included two tripod earthenware bowls, one with duck effigies, a tripod incense burner, a flint knife, nine obsidian knives, five jade beads and some fragments of gold. structure 6 is a temple on the northeast side of plaza 1. it rises in stepped sections topped by a summit shrine and was accessed via a stairway from the plaza that divided in two near the summit. only the lower sections of the walls and columns of the shrine remain. structure 9 is a large mound on the northwest side of plaza 1. the last phase of construction shows evidence of the interruption of construction by the spanish conquest.
| 908 |
[
"terraces",
"were",
"absent",
"on",
"three",
"sides",
"of",
"the",
"structure",
"with",
"only",
"the",
"lowest",
"level",
"having",
"been",
"built",
"on",
"the",
"fourth",
".",
"early",
"classic",
"ceramic",
"cache",
"##s",
"were",
"discovered",
"under",
"structure",
"9",
".",
"structure",
"10",
"borders",
"the",
"northeast",
"side",
"of",
"plaza",
"4",
"and",
"is",
"unrest",
"##ored",
"although",
"some",
"original",
"stone",
"##work",
"is",
"evident",
".",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"very",
"long",
"building",
"accessed",
"via",
"three",
"stairway",
"##s",
"ascending",
"from",
"the",
"plaza",
".",
"the",
"structure",
"has",
"been",
"investigated",
"by",
"archaeologists",
"and",
"was",
"found",
"to",
"have",
"multiple",
"doorway",
"##s",
"opening",
"into",
"a",
"single",
"long",
"room",
".",
"structures",
"11",
"and",
"12",
"are",
"small",
"platforms",
"in",
"the",
"middle",
"of",
"plaza",
"1",
".",
"they",
"have",
"both",
"been",
"restored",
".",
"structure",
"13",
"is",
"on",
"the",
"southwest",
"side",
"of",
"plaza",
"1",
",",
"dividing",
"that",
"plaza",
"from",
"plaza",
"2"
] | 878,359 |
terraces were absent on three sides of the structure with only the lowest level having been built on the fourth. early classic ceramic caches were discovered under structure 9. structure 10 borders the northeast side of plaza 4 and is unrestored although some original stonework is evident. it is a very long building accessed via three stairways ascending from the plaza. the structure has been investigated by archaeologists and was found to have multiple doorways opening into a single long room. structures 11 and 12 are small platforms in the middle of plaza 1. they have both been restored. structure 13 is on the southwest side of plaza 1, dividing that plaza from plaza 2
| 833 |
[
".",
"it",
"was",
"accessed",
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"double",
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"1",
".",
"this",
"double",
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"level",
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",",
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".",
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"and",
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"the",
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"and",
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"a",
"low",
"platform",
"that",
"supported",
"a",
"per",
"##isha",
"##ble",
"superstructure",
".",
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"15",
"and",
"16",
"are",
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"low",
"platforms",
"located",
"in",
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"2",
",",
"on",
"an",
"axis",
"running",
"directly",
"northwest",
"across",
"the",
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"the",
"central",
"temple",
"of",
"structure",
"4",
".",
"structure",
"17",
"is",
"a",
"pyramid",
"##al",
"base",
"in",
"plaza",
"2",
",",
"to",
"the",
"west",
"of",
"structures",
"15",
"and"
] | 878,360 |
. it was accessed via a double stairway ascending from plaza 1. this double stairway gave access to the first level of the temple structure only ; from there, a wide single stairway continued to the summit shrine. only the lower sections of the walls and columns of the temple superstructure remain. the earliest phase of construction dates to the early classic and consisted of a low platform that supported a perishable superstructure. structures 15 and 16 are both low platforms located in plaza 2, on an axis running directly northwest across the plaza from the central temple of structure 4. structure 17 is a pyramidal base in plaza 2, to the west of structures 15 and
| 1,006 |
[
"16",
".",
"it",
"supported",
"two",
"rooms",
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"via",
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"double",
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",",
"although",
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"21",
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"5",
",",
"it",
"is",
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"and",
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"on",
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"side",
".",
"the",
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"##court",
"consists",
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"22",
"and",
"23",
",",
"it",
"was",
"used",
"for",
"the",
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"me",
"##so",
"##ame",
"##rica",
"##n",
"ball",
"##game",
".",
"it",
"is",
"an",
"i",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"shaped",
"sunken",
"ball",
"##court",
"with",
"sloping",
"walls",
".",
"the",
"two",
"structures",
"forming",
"the",
"sides",
"of",
"the",
"ball",
"##court",
"once",
"supported",
"buildings",
",",
"now",
"only",
"the",
"lower",
"sections",
"of",
"their",
"walls",
"remain"
] | 878,361 |
16. it supported two rooms accessed via a double stairway on the northwest side of the temple. the entrance to outermost room once had two columns, although now only the lower portions of the walls and columns remain. structure 21 is a low platform in plaza 5, it is partially restored and has a stairway on the northwest side. the ballcourt consists of structures 22 and 23, it was used for the ceremonial mesoamerican ballgame. it is an i @ - @ shaped sunken ballcourt with sloping walls. the two structures forming the sides of the ballcourt once supported buildings, now only the lower sections of their walls remain
| 894 |
[
".",
"the",
"ball",
"##court",
"is",
"oriented",
"northwest",
"to",
"southeast",
"and",
"is",
"48",
"metres",
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"157",
"ft",
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"long",
".",
"structure",
"37",
"is",
"not",
"associated",
"with",
"any",
"of",
"the",
"eight",
"plaza",
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",",
"standing",
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"50",
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"160",
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"of",
"structure",
"4",
"and",
"a",
"similar",
"distance",
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"of",
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"1",
".",
"it",
"was",
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"by",
"archaeologists",
"but",
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"not",
"been",
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",",
"although",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"original",
"stone",
"##work",
"and",
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"is",
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".",
"=",
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"chicken",
"=",
"fried",
"chicken",
"(",
"also",
"referred",
"to",
"as",
"southern",
"fried",
"chicken",
"for",
"the",
"variant",
"in",
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"states",
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"pieces",
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"from",
"bro",
"##ile",
"##r",
"chickens",
"which",
"have",
"been",
"flour",
"##ed",
"or",
"battered",
"and",
"then",
"pan",
"@",
"-"
] | 878,362 |
. the ballcourt is oriented northwest to southeast and is 48 metres ( 157 ft ) long. structure 37 is not associated with any of the eight plazas of the site core, standing about 50 metres ( 160 ft ) northeast of structure 4 and a similar distance east of structure 1. it was investigated by archaeologists but has not been restored, although some of the original stonework and plaster coating is visible. = fried chicken = fried chicken ( also referred to as southern fried chicken for the variant in the united states ) is a dish consisting of chicken pieces usually from broiler chickens which have been floured or battered and then pan @ -
| 1,553 |
[
"@",
"fried",
",",
"deep",
"fried",
",",
"or",
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"the",
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".",
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"was",
"fr",
"##itte",
"##rs",
",",
"which",
"were",
"popular",
"in",
"the",
"middle",
"ages",
".",
"however",
",",
"it",
"was",
"the",
"scottish",
"who",
"were",
"the",
"first",
"to",
"deep",
"fry",
"their",
"chicken",
".",
"the",
"dish",
"was",
"first",
"brought",
"to",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"by",
"scottish",
"immigrants",
".",
"prior",
"to"
] | 878,363 |
@ fried, deep fried, or pressure fried. the breading adds a crisp coating or crust to the exterior. what separates fried chicken from other fried forms of chicken is that generally the chicken is cut at the joints, and the bones and skin are left intact. crisp well @ - @ seasoned skin, rendered of excess fat, is a hallmark of well made fried chicken. the first dish known to have been deep fried was fritters, which were popular in the middle ages. however, it was the scottish who were the first to deep fry their chicken. the dish was first brought to the united states by scottish immigrants. prior to
| 1,553 |
[
"the",
"second",
"world",
"war",
",",
"fried",
"chicken",
"was",
"often",
"very",
"expensive",
"and",
"was",
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"on",
"special",
"occasions",
".",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"1900s",
"and",
"early",
"2000s",
",",
"however",
",",
"fried",
"chicken",
"has",
"been",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"produced",
"and",
"the",
"price",
"of",
"the",
"dish",
"has",
"gone",
"down",
"significantly",
".",
"when",
"being",
"cooked",
",",
"fried",
"chicken",
"is",
"often",
"divided",
"into",
"smaller",
"pieces",
".",
"the",
"chicken",
"is",
"then",
"generally",
"covered",
"in",
"a",
"batter",
",",
"often",
"consisting",
"of",
"ingredients",
"such",
"as",
"eggs",
"or",
"milk",
".",
"this",
"is",
"used",
"to",
"create",
"a",
"crust",
"on",
"the",
"exterior",
"of",
"the",
"meat",
".",
"in",
"addition",
",",
"season",
"##ing",
"is",
"often",
"added",
"at",
"this",
"stage",
".",
"once",
"the",
"chicken",
"is",
"ready",
"to",
"be",
"cooked",
",",
"it",
"is",
"placed",
"in",
"a",
"deep",
"fry",
"##er",
",",
"fry",
"##ing"
] | 878,364 |
the second world war, fried chicken was often very expensive and was only enjoyed on special occasions. in the late 1900s and early 2000s, however, fried chicken has been mass @ - @ produced and the price of the dish has gone down significantly. when being cooked, fried chicken is often divided into smaller pieces. the chicken is then generally covered in a batter, often consisting of ingredients such as eggs or milk. this is used to create a crust on the exterior of the meat. in addition, seasoning is often added at this stage. once the chicken is ready to be cooked, it is placed in a deep fryer, frying
| 1,553 |
[
"pan",
"or",
"pressure",
"cooke",
"##r",
"(",
"depending",
"on",
"the",
"method",
"used",
")",
"and",
"fried",
"in",
"la",
"##rd",
"or",
"a",
"type",
"of",
"oil",
".",
"the",
"dish",
"has",
"created",
"a",
"large",
"number",
"of",
"spin",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"off",
"recipes",
"which",
"are",
"commonly",
"used",
"around",
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"for",
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",",
"korean",
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"chicken",
",",
"a",
"dish",
"which",
"is",
"commonly",
"served",
"as",
"fast",
"food",
"in",
"korea",
"and",
"is",
"known",
"for",
"being",
"crisp",
"##ier",
"than",
"normal",
"fried",
"chicken",
".",
"there",
"is",
"also",
"a",
"racial",
"stereo",
"##type",
"surrounding",
"fried",
"chicken",
"and",
"african",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"american",
"people",
",",
"mostly",
"because",
"it",
"was",
"popular",
"among",
"slaves",
"in",
"the",
"american",
"civil",
"war",
".",
"fr",
"##itte",
"##rs",
"have",
"existed",
"in",
"europe",
"since",
"the",
"middle",
"ages",
"(",
"from",
"the",
"5th",
"to",
"the",
"15th",
"century",
")",
".",
"the"
] | 878,365 |
pan or pressure cooker ( depending on the method used ) and fried in lard or a type of oil. the dish has created a large number of spin @ - @ off recipes which are commonly used around the world. for example, korean fried chicken, a dish which is commonly served as fast food in korea and is known for being crispier than normal fried chicken. there is also a racial stereotype surrounding fried chicken and african @ - @ american people, mostly because it was popular among slaves in the american civil war. fritters have existed in europe since the middle ages ( from the 5th to the 15th century ). the
| 1,553 |
[
"scots",
"had",
"a",
"tradition",
"of",
"deep",
"fry",
"##ing",
"chicken",
"in",
"fat",
",",
"unlike",
"their",
"english",
"counterparts",
"who",
"baked",
"or",
"boiled",
"chicken",
".",
"scottish",
"immigrants",
"to",
"america",
"continued",
"this",
"fry",
"##ing",
"chicken",
"tradition",
"and",
"are",
"responsible",
"for",
"the",
"introduction",
"of",
"it",
"to",
"african",
"slaves",
".",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"west",
"african",
"cuisine",
"##s",
"featured",
"dishes",
"where",
"chicken",
"was",
"fried",
",",
"typically",
"in",
"palm",
"oil",
",",
"sometimes",
"having",
"been",
"battered",
"before",
".",
"these",
"would",
"be",
"served",
"on",
"special",
"occasions",
"in",
"some",
"areas",
",",
"or",
"sometimes",
"sold",
"in",
"the",
"streets",
"as",
"snacks",
"in",
"others",
".",
"this",
"provided",
"some",
"means",
"of",
"independent",
"economy",
"for",
"enslaved",
"and",
"segregated",
"african",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"american",
"women",
",",
"who",
"became",
"noted",
"sellers",
"of",
"poultry",
"(",
"live",
"or",
"cooked",
")",
"as",
"early",
"as",
"the",
"1730",
"##s",
".",
"because"
] | 878,366 |
scots had a tradition of deep frying chicken in fat, unlike their english counterparts who baked or boiled chicken. scottish immigrants to america continued this frying chicken tradition and are responsible for the introduction of it to african slaves. a number of west african cuisines featured dishes where chicken was fried, typically in palm oil, sometimes having been battered before. these would be served on special occasions in some areas, or sometimes sold in the streets as snacks in others. this provided some means of independent economy for enslaved and segregated african @ - @ american women, who became noted sellers of poultry ( live or cooked ) as early as the 1730s. because
| 374 |
[
"of",
"this",
"and",
"the",
"expensive",
"nature",
"of",
"the",
"ingredients",
",",
"it",
"was",
",",
"despite",
"popular",
"perception",
",",
"a",
"rare",
"and",
"special",
"dish",
"in",
"the",
"african",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"american",
"community",
".",
"after",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"larger",
"and",
"faster",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"growing",
"hog",
"##s",
"(",
"due",
"to",
"crosses",
"between",
"european",
"and",
"asian",
"breeds",
")",
"in",
"the",
"18th",
"and",
"19th",
"century",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
",",
"backyard",
"and",
"small",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"scale",
"hog",
"production",
"provided",
"an",
"inexpensive",
"means",
"of",
"converting",
"waste",
"food",
",",
"crop",
"waste",
",",
"and",
"garbage",
"into",
"cal",
"##ories",
"(",
"in",
"a",
"relatively",
"small",
"space",
"and",
"in",
"a",
"relatively",
"short",
"period",
"of",
"time",
")",
".",
"many",
"of",
"those",
"cal",
"##ories",
"came",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"fat",
"and",
"rendered",
"la",
"##rd",
".",
"la",
"##rd",
"was",
"used",
"for"
] | 878,367 |
of this and the expensive nature of the ingredients, it was, despite popular perception, a rare and special dish in the african @ - @ american community. after the development of larger and faster @ - @ growing hogs ( due to crosses between european and asian breeds ) in the 18th and 19th century in the united states, backyard and small @ - @ scale hog production provided an inexpensive means of converting waste food, crop waste, and garbage into calories ( in a relatively small space and in a relatively short period of time ). many of those calories came in the form of fat and rendered lard. lard was used for
| 1,568 |
[
"almost",
"all",
"cooking",
"and",
"was",
"a",
"fundamental",
"component",
"in",
"many",
"common",
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"foods",
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"many",
"that",
"today",
"are",
"still",
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"as",
"holiday",
"and",
"comfort",
"foods",
")",
"like",
"biscuits",
"and",
"pie",
"##s",
".",
"the",
"economic",
"/",
"cal",
"##oric",
"necessity",
"of",
"consuming",
"la",
"##rd",
"and",
"other",
"saved",
"fat",
"##s",
"may",
"have",
"led",
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"the",
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"of",
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"foods",
",",
"not",
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"in",
"the",
"us",
",",
"but",
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".",
"in",
"the",
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"century",
"cast",
"iron",
"became",
"widely",
"available",
"for",
"use",
"in",
"cooking",
".",
"the",
"combination",
"of",
"flour",
",",
"la",
"##rd",
",",
"a",
"chicken",
"and",
"a",
"heavy",
"pan",
"placed",
"over",
"a",
"relatively",
"control",
"##lab",
"##le",
"flame",
"became",
"the",
"beginning",
"of",
"today",
"'",
"s",
"fried",
"chicken",
".",
"when",
"it",
"was",
"introduced",
"to",
"the",
"american",
"south",
",",
"fried",
"chicken",
"became",
"a",
"common",
"staple",
"."
] | 878,368 |
almost all cooking and was a fundamental component in many common homestead foods ( many that today are still regarded as holiday and comfort foods ) like biscuits and pies. the economic / caloric necessity of consuming lard and other saved fats may have led to the popularity of fried foods, not only in the us, but worldwide. in the 19th century cast iron became widely available for use in cooking. the combination of flour, lard, a chicken and a heavy pan placed over a relatively controllable flame became the beginning of today's fried chicken. when it was introduced to the american south, fried chicken became a common staple.
| 1,553 |
[
"later",
",",
"as",
"the",
"slave",
"trade",
"led",
"to",
"africans",
"being",
"brought",
"to",
"work",
"on",
"southern",
"plantations",
",",
"the",
"slaves",
"who",
"became",
"cooks",
"incorporated",
"season",
"##ings",
"and",
"spices",
"that",
"were",
"absent",
"in",
"traditional",
"scottish",
"cuisine",
",",
"en",
"##rich",
"##ing",
"the",
"flavor",
".",
"since",
"most",
"slaves",
"were",
"unable",
"to",
"raise",
"expensive",
"meat",
"##s",
",",
"but",
"generally",
"allowed",
"to",
"keep",
"chickens",
",",
"fry",
"##ing",
"chicken",
"on",
"special",
"occasions",
"continued",
"in",
"the",
"african",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"american",
"communities",
"of",
"the",
"south",
".",
"it",
"endured",
"the",
"fall",
"of",
"slavery",
"and",
"gradually",
"passed",
"into",
"common",
"use",
"as",
"a",
"general",
"southern",
"dish",
".",
"since",
"fried",
"chicken",
"traveled",
"well",
"in",
"hot",
"weather",
"before",
"ref",
"##ri",
"##ger",
"##ation",
"was",
"commonplace",
",",
"it",
"gained",
"further",
"favor",
"in",
"the",
"periods",
"of",
"american",
"history",
"when",
"segregation",
"closed",
"off",
"most",
"restaurants"
] | 878,369 |
later, as the slave trade led to africans being brought to work on southern plantations, the slaves who became cooks incorporated seasonings and spices that were absent in traditional scottish cuisine, enriching the flavor. since most slaves were unable to raise expensive meats, but generally allowed to keep chickens, frying chicken on special occasions continued in the african @ - @ american communities of the south. it endured the fall of slavery and gradually passed into common use as a general southern dish. since fried chicken traveled well in hot weather before refrigeration was commonplace, it gained further favor in the periods of american history when segregation closed off most restaurants
| 679 |
[
"to",
"the",
"black",
"population",
".",
"fried",
"chicken",
"continues",
"to",
"be",
"among",
"this",
"region",
"'",
"s",
"top",
"choices",
"for",
"\"",
"sunday",
"dinner",
"\"",
".",
"holidays",
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"day",
"and",
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"often",
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".",
"since",
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"american",
"civil",
"war",
",",
"traditional",
"slave",
"foods",
"like",
"fried",
"chicken",
",",
"water",
"##mel",
"##on",
",",
"and",
"chi",
"##tter",
"##lings",
"have",
"suffered",
"a",
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"african",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"american",
"stereotypes",
"and",
"black",
"##face",
"min",
"##strel",
"##sy",
".",
"this",
"was",
"commercial",
"##ized",
"for",
"the",
"first",
"half",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
"by",
"restaurants",
"like",
"sam",
"##bo",
"'",
"s",
"and",
"co",
"##on",
"chicken",
"inn",
",",
"which",
"selected",
"exaggerated",
"depictions",
"of",
"blacks",
"as",
"mascot",
"##s",
",",
"implying",
"quality",
"by",
"their",
"association",
"with",
"the",
"stereo",
"##type",
".",
"although",
"also",
"being",
"acknowledged",
"positively",
"as",
"\""
] | 878,370 |
to the black population. fried chicken continues to be among this region's top choices for " sunday dinner ". holidays such as independence day and other gatherings often feature this dish. since the american civil war, traditional slave foods like fried chicken, watermelon, and chitterlings have suffered a strong association with african @ - @ american stereotypes and blackface minstrelsy. this was commercialized for the first half of the 20th century by restaurants like sambo's and coon chicken inn, which selected exaggerated depictions of blacks as mascots, implying quality by their association with the stereotype. although also being acknowledged positively as "
| 258 |
[
"soul",
"food",
"\"",
"today",
",",
"the",
"affinity",
"that",
"african",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"american",
"culture",
"has",
"for",
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"chicken",
"has",
"been",
"considered",
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"delicate",
",",
"often",
"pe",
"##jo",
"##rative",
"issue",
".",
"while",
"the",
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"as",
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"has",
"been",
"fading",
"for",
"several",
"decades",
",",
"with",
"the",
"u",
"##bi",
"##qui",
"##ty",
"of",
"fried",
"chicken",
"dishes",
"in",
"the",
"us",
",",
"it",
"persist",
"##s",
"as",
"a",
"racial",
"stereo",
"##type",
".",
"before",
"the",
"industrial",
"##ization",
"of",
"chicken",
"production",
",",
"and",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"bro",
"##ile",
"##r",
"breeds",
"of",
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",",
"only",
"young",
"spring",
"chickens",
"(",
"pull",
"##ets",
"or",
"cock",
"##ere",
"##ls",
")",
"would",
"be",
"suitable",
"for",
"the",
"higher",
"heat",
"and",
"relatively",
"fast",
"cooking",
"time",
"of",
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"##ing",
",",
"making",
"fried",
"chicken",
"a",
"luxury",
"of",
"spring",
"and",
"summer",
".",
"older"
] | 878,371 |
soul food " today, the affinity that african @ - @ american culture has for fried chicken has been considered a delicate, often pejorative issue. while the perception of fried chicken as an ethnic dish has been fading for several decades, with the ubiquity of fried chicken dishes in the us, it persists as a racial stereotype. before the industrialization of chicken production, and the creation of broiler breeds of chicken, only young spring chickens ( pullets or cockerels ) would be suitable for the higher heat and relatively fast cooking time of frying, making fried chicken a luxury of spring and summer. older
| 1,553 |
[
",",
"tough",
"##er",
"birds",
"require",
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"cooking",
"times",
"at",
"lower",
"temperatures",
".",
"to",
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"for",
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",",
"sometimes",
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"##er",
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"are",
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"##mere",
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"till",
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",",
"allowed",
"to",
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"and",
"dry",
",",
"and",
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".",
"(",
"this",
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".",
")",
"another",
"method",
"is",
"to",
"fry",
"the",
"chicken",
"pieces",
"using",
"a",
"pan",
"fried",
"method",
".",
"the",
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"pieces",
"are",
"then",
"sim",
"##mere",
"##d",
"in",
"liquid",
",",
"usually",
",",
"a",
"gr",
"##av",
"##y",
"made",
"in",
"the",
"pan",
"that",
"the",
"chicken",
"pieces",
"were",
"cooked",
"in",
".",
"this",
"process",
"(",
"of",
"flour",
"##ing",
",",
"fry",
"##ing",
"and",
"sim",
"##mering",
"in",
"gr",
"##av",
"##y",
")",
"is",
"known",
"as",
"\"",
"sm",
"##oth",
"##ering",
"\"",
"and",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"for",
"other",
"tough",
"cuts",
"of",
"meat",
",",
"such",
"as"
] | 878,372 |
, tougher birds require longer cooking times at lower temperatures. to compensate for this, sometimes tougher birds are simmered till tender, allowed to cool and dry, and then fried. ( this method is common in australia. ) another method is to fry the chicken pieces using a pan fried method. the chicken pieces are then simmered in liquid, usually, a gravy made in the pan that the chicken pieces were cooked in. this process ( of flouring, frying and simmering in gravy ) is known as " smothering " and can be used for other tough cuts of meat, such as
| 1,728 |
[
"swiss",
"steak",
".",
"sm",
"##oth",
"##ered",
"chicken",
"is",
"still",
"consumed",
"today",
",",
"though",
"with",
"the",
"exception",
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"people",
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",",
"or",
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"hen",
"##s",
",",
"it",
"is",
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"using",
"commercial",
"bro",
"##ile",
"##r",
"chickens",
".",
"=",
"=",
"description",
"=",
"=",
"fried",
"chicken",
"has",
"been",
"described",
"as",
"being",
"\"",
"crunch",
"##y",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"juicy",
"\"",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"\"",
"crisp",
"##y",
"\"",
".",
"in",
"addition",
",",
"the",
"dish",
"has",
"also",
"been",
"called",
"\"",
"spicy",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"salty",
"\"",
".",
"occasionally",
",",
"fried",
"chicken",
"is",
"also",
"topped",
"with",
"a",
"chili",
"like",
"pa",
"##pr",
"##ika",
",",
"or",
"hot",
"sauce",
"to",
"give",
"it",
"a",
"spicy",
"taste",
".",
"this",
"is",
"especially",
"common",
"in",
"fast",
"food",
"restaurants",
"and",
"chains",
"such",
"as",
"k"
] | 878,373 |
swiss steak. smothered chicken is still consumed today, though with the exception of people who raise their own chickens, or who seek out stewing hens, it is primarily made using commercial broiler chickens. = = description = = fried chicken has been described as being " crunchy " and " juicy ", as well as " crispy ". in addition, the dish has also been called " spicy " and " salty ". occasionally, fried chicken is also topped with a chili like paprika, or hot sauce to give it a spicy taste. this is especially common in fast food restaurants and chains such as k
| 1,553 |
[
"##fc",
".",
"the",
"dish",
"is",
"renowned",
"for",
"being",
"greasy",
"and",
"un",
"##hea",
"##lth",
"##y",
",",
"especially",
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"from",
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"food",
"outlets",
".",
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"the",
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"fried",
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",",
"the",
"wings",
"generally",
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"contain",
"the",
"most",
"fat",
",",
"with",
"almost",
"40",
"grams",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"08",
"##8",
"lb",
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"of",
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"for",
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"grams",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"22",
"lb",
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".",
"however",
",",
"the",
"average",
"whole",
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"chicken",
"contains",
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"%",
"fat",
",",
"or",
"12",
"grams",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"02",
"##6",
"lb",
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"per",
"every",
"100",
"grams",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"22",
"lb",
")",
".",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"this",
",",
"100",
"grams",
"(",
"0",
"@",
".",
"@",
"22",
"lb",
")"
] | 878,374 |
##fc. the dish is renowned for being greasy and unhealthy, especially when coming from fast food outlets. out of the various parts of the animal used in fried chicken, the wings generally tend to contain the most fat, with almost 40 grams ( 0 @. @ 088 lb ) of fat for every 100 grams ( 0 @. @ 22 lb ). however, the average whole fried chicken contains only around 12 % fat, or 12 grams ( 0 @. @ 026 lb ) per every 100 grams ( 0 @. @ 22 lb ). as well as this, 100 grams ( 0 @. @ 22 lb )
| 1,553 |
[
"grams",
"of",
"fried",
"chicken",
"generally",
"contains",
"around",
"240",
"cal",
"##ories",
"of",
"energy",
".",
"one",
"of",
"the",
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"causes",
"of",
"the",
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"amounts",
"of",
"fat",
"which",
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"chicken",
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"oil",
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"to",
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"it",
".",
"vegetable",
"oil",
",",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"common",
"oils",
"used",
"to",
"cook",
"fried",
"chicken",
"and",
"other",
"fried",
"foods",
",",
"consists",
"mainly",
"of",
"fat",
"and",
"a",
"large",
"number",
"of",
"cal",
"##ories",
".",
"=",
"=",
"preparation",
"=",
"=",
"generally",
",",
"chickens",
"are",
"not",
"fried",
"whole",
";",
"instead",
",",
"the",
"chicken",
"is",
"divided",
"into",
"its",
"constituent",
"pieces",
".",
"the",
"two",
"white",
"meat",
"sections",
"are",
"the",
"breast",
"and",
"the",
"wing",
"from",
"the",
"front",
"of",
"the",
"chicken",
",",
"while",
"the",
"dark",
"meat",
"sections",
"are",
"the",
"thigh",
"and",
"leg",
"or",
"\"",
"drums",
"##tick"
] | 878,375 |
grams of fried chicken generally contains around 240 calories of energy. one of the main causes of the large amounts of fat which can be found in fried chicken is the oil which is used to cook it. vegetable oil, one of the most common oils used to cook fried chicken and other fried foods, consists mainly of fat and a large number of calories. = = preparation = = generally, chickens are not fried whole ; instead, the chicken is divided into its constituent pieces. the two white meat sections are the breast and the wing from the front of the chicken, while the dark meat sections are the thigh and leg or " drumstick
| 1,633 |
[
"\"",
",",
"are",
"from",
"the",
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"the",
"chicken",
".",
"these",
"pieces",
"are",
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"subdivided",
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",",
"the",
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"(",
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",",
"the",
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",",
"and",
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".",
"the",
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"left",
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"breast",
",",
"but",
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"they",
"and",
"the",
"back",
"are",
"usually",
"discarded",
".",
"to",
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"the",
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"pieces",
"for",
"fry",
"##ing",
",",
"they",
"may",
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"coated",
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"and",
"liquid",
"(",
"and",
"season",
"##ings",
")",
"mixed",
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"the",
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"ingredients",
"like",
"eggs",
",",
"milk",
",",
"and",
"leave",
"##ning",
".",
"alternatively",
",",
"they",
"may",
"be",
"dr",
"##edge",
"##d",
"in",
"flour",
"or",
"a",
"similar",
"dry",
"substance",
",",
"to",
"coat",
"the",
"meat",
"and",
"to",
"develop",
"a",
"crust"
] | 878,376 |
", are from the rear of the chicken. these pieces are usually subdivided into the wings, the breasts ( the wishbone is often cut out first in home cooking ), the legs, and the thighs. the ribs are sometimes left on the breast, but commercially they and the back are usually discarded. to prepare the chicken pieces for frying, they may be coated in a batter of flour and liquid ( and seasonings ) mixed together. the batter can contain ingredients like eggs, milk, and leavening. alternatively, they may be dredged in flour or a similar dry substance, to coat the meat and to develop a crust
| 1,553 |
[
".",
"season",
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"as",
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",",
"pepper",
",",
"ca",
"##yen",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"or",
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"##mi",
"##lk",
".",
"as",
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",",
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"and",
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"along",
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"flour",
",",
"creating",
"a",
"flavor",
"##ful",
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".",
"according",
"to",
"nathan",
"bailey",
"'",
"s",
"1736",
"cook",
"##book",
",",
"di",
"##ction",
"##arium",
"domestic",
"##um",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"the",
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"can",
"be",
"covered",
"in",
"a",
"marina",
"##de",
"that",
"consists",
"of",
"the",
"juice",
"of",
"two",
"large",
"fresh"
] | 878,377 |
. seasonings such as salt, pepper, cayenne pepper, paprika, garlic powder, onion powder, or ranch dressing mix can be mixed in with the flour. either process may be preceded by marination or by dipping in milk or buttermilk. as the pieces of chicken cook, some of the moisture that exudes from the chicken is absorbed by the coating of flour and browns along with the flour, creating a flavorful crust. according to nathan bailey's 1736 cookbook, dictionarium domesticum, for example, the chicken can be covered in a marinade that consists of the juice of two large fresh
| 1,553 |
[
"lemon",
"##s",
",",
"mal",
"##t",
"vinegar",
",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"##de",
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"hours",
"before",
"being",
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"-",
"@",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"and",
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",",
"la",
"##rd",
",",
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".",
"it",
"can",
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"topped",
"with",
"fresh",
",",
"dried",
"par",
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"dipped",
"in",
"the",
"same",
"fry",
"##ing",
"oil",
".",
"traditionally",
",",
"la",
"##rd",
"is",
"used",
"to",
"fry",
"the",
"chicken",
",",
"but",
"corn",
"oil",
",",
"peanut",
"oil",
",",
"can",
"##ola",
"oil",
",",
"or",
"vegetable"
] | 878,378 |
lemons, malt vinegar, bay leaves, salt, pepper, ground cloves, and green onions ; it then must be settled in the marinade for three hours before being dipped in the batter that consists of all @ - @ purpose flour, white wine, three egg yolks and salt, and then slowly submerged in a deep pot of either oil, lard, or clarified butter over an open fire. it can then be topped with fresh, dried parsley dipped in the same frying oil. traditionally, lard is used to fry the chicken, but corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, or vegetable
| 1,633 |
[
"oil",
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"(",
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"butter",
"may",
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"as",
"well",
"like",
"in",
"colonial",
"times",
")",
".",
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"oil",
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"to",
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"chicken",
",",
"and",
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"low",
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"point",
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".",
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",",
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"pan",
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"of",
"fat",
"that",
"does",
"not",
"fully",
"im",
"##mers",
"##e",
"the",
"chicken",
".",
"the",
"chicken",
"pieces",
"are",
"prepared",
"as",
"above",
",",
"then",
"fried",
".",
"generally",
"the",
"fat",
"is",
"heated",
"to",
"a",
"temperature",
"hot",
"enough",
"to",
"seal",
"(",
"without"
] | 878,379 |
oil are also frequently used ( although clarified butter may be used as well like in colonial times ). the flavor of olive oil is generally considered too strong to be used for traditional fried chicken, and its low smoke point makes it unsuitable for use. there are three main techniques for frying chickens : pan frying, deep frying and broasting. pan frying ( or shallow frying ) requires a frying pan of sturdy construction and a source of fat that does not fully immerse the chicken. the chicken pieces are prepared as above, then fried. generally the fat is heated to a temperature hot enough to seal ( without
| 1,553 |
[
"browning",
",",
"at",
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",",
"the",
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"is",
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".",
"there",
"is",
"debate",
"as",
"to",
"how",
"often",
"to",
"turn",
"the",
"chicken",
"pieces",
",",
"with",
"one",
"camp",
"arguing",
"for",
"often",
"turning",
"and",
"even",
"browning",
",",
"and",
"the",
"other",
"camp",
"pushing",
"for",
"letting",
"the",
"pieces",
"render",
"skin",
"side",
"down",
"and",
"only",
"turning",
"when",
"absolutely",
"necessary",
".",
"once",
"the",
"chicken",
"pieces",
"are",
"close",
"to",
"being",
"done",
"the",
"temperature",
"is",
"raised",
"and",
"the",
"pieces",
"are",
"browne",
"##d",
"to",
"the",
"desired",
"color",
"(",
"some",
"cooks",
"add",
"small",
"amounts",
"of",
"butter",
"at",
"this",
"point",
"to",
"enhance",
"browning",
")",
".",
"the",
"moisture",
"from",
"the",
"chicken",
"that",
"sticks",
"and",
"browns",
"on",
"the",
"bottom",
"of",
"the"
] | 878,380 |
browning, at this point ) the outside of the chicken pieces. once the pieces have been added to the hot fat and sealed, the temperature is reduced. there is debate as to how often to turn the chicken pieces, with one camp arguing for often turning and even browning, and the other camp pushing for letting the pieces render skin side down and only turning when absolutely necessary. once the chicken pieces are close to being done the temperature is raised and the pieces are browned to the desired color ( some cooks add small amounts of butter at this point to enhance browning ). the moisture from the chicken that sticks and browns on the bottom of the
| 1,553 |
[
"pan",
"become",
"the",
"fond",
"##s",
"required",
"to",
"make",
"gr",
"##av",
"##y",
".",
"deep",
"fry",
"##ing",
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"##er",
"or",
"other",
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"fat",
".",
"the",
"process",
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"deep",
"fry",
"##ing",
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"placing",
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"fully",
"in",
"oil",
"and",
"then",
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"it",
"at",
"a",
"very",
"high",
"temperature",
".",
"the",
"pieces",
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"as",
"described",
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".",
"the",
"fat",
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"heated",
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"the",
"deep",
"fry",
"##er",
"to",
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"temperature",
".",
"the",
"pieces",
"are",
"added",
"to",
"the",
"fat",
"and",
"a",
"constant",
"temperature",
"is",
"maintained",
"throughout",
"the",
"cooking",
"process",
".",
"bro",
"##ast",
"##ing",
"uses",
"a",
"pressure",
"cooke",
"##r",
"to",
"accelerate",
"the",
"process",
".",
"the",
"moisture",
"inside",
"the",
"chicken",
"becomes",
"steam",
"and",
"increases",
"the",
"pressure",
"in",
"the",
"cooke",
"##r",
","
] | 878,381 |
pan become the fonds required to make gravy. deep frying requires a deep fryer or other device in which the chicken pieces can be completely submerged in hot fat. the process of deep frying is basically placing food fully in oil and then cooking it at a very high temperature. the pieces are prepared as described above. the fat is heated in the deep fryer to the desired temperature. the pieces are added to the fat and a constant temperature is maintained throughout the cooking process. broasting uses a pressure cooker to accelerate the process. the moisture inside the chicken becomes steam and increases the pressure in the cooker,
| 1,484 |
[
"lowering",
"the",
"cooking",
"temperature",
"needed",
".",
"the",
"steam",
"also",
"cooks",
"the",
"chicken",
"through",
",",
"but",
"still",
"allows",
"the",
"pieces",
"to",
"be",
"moist",
"and",
"tender",
"while",
"maintaining",
"a",
"crisp",
"coating",
".",
"fat",
"is",
"heated",
"in",
"a",
"pressure",
"cooke",
"##r",
".",
"chicken",
"pieces",
"are",
"prepared",
"as",
"described",
"above",
"and",
"then",
"placed",
"in",
"the",
"hot",
"fat",
".",
"the",
"lid",
"is",
"placed",
"on",
"the",
"pressure",
"cooke",
"##r",
",",
"and",
"the",
"chicken",
"pieces",
"are",
"thus",
"fried",
"under",
"pressure",
".",
"the",
"derivative",
"phrases",
"\"",
"country",
"fried",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"chicken",
"fried",
"\"",
"often",
"refer",
"to",
"other",
"foods",
"prepared",
"in",
"the",
"manner",
"of",
"fried",
"chicken",
".",
"usually",
",",
"this",
"means",
"a",
"bone",
"##less",
",",
"tender",
"##ized",
"piece",
"of",
"meat",
"that",
"has",
"been",
"flour",
"##ed",
"or",
"battered",
"and",
"cooked",
"in",
"any",
"of",
"the",
"methods",
"described",
"above"
] | 878,382 |
lowering the cooking temperature needed. the steam also cooks the chicken through, but still allows the pieces to be moist and tender while maintaining a crisp coating. fat is heated in a pressure cooker. chicken pieces are prepared as described above and then placed in the hot fat. the lid is placed on the pressure cooker, and the chicken pieces are thus fried under pressure. the derivative phrases " country fried " and " chicken fried " often refer to other foods prepared in the manner of fried chicken. usually, this means a boneless, tenderized piece of meat that has been floured or battered and cooked in any of the methods described above
| 1,553 |
[
"or",
"simply",
"chicken",
"which",
"is",
"cooked",
"outdoors",
".",
"chicken",
"fried",
"steak",
"and",
"\"",
"country",
"fried",
"\"",
"bone",
"##less",
"chicken",
"breast",
"are",
"two",
"common",
"examples",
".",
"=",
"=",
"global",
"variants",
"=",
"=",
"throughout",
"the",
"world",
",",
"different",
"season",
"##ing",
"and",
"spices",
"are",
"used",
"to",
"aug",
"##ment",
"the",
"flavor",
"of",
"fried",
"chicken",
".",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"versa",
"##tility",
"of",
"fried",
"chicken",
",",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"uncommon",
"to",
"flavor",
"the",
"chicken",
"'",
"s",
"crisp",
"exterior",
"with",
"a",
"variety",
"of",
"spices",
"ranging",
"from",
"spicy",
"to",
"sa",
"##vor",
"##y",
".",
"depending",
"on",
"regional",
"market",
"u",
"##bi",
"##qui",
"##ty",
",",
"local",
"spice",
"variations",
"may",
"be",
"labeled",
"as",
"distinct",
"from",
"traditional",
"southern",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"flavors",
",",
"or",
"may",
"appear",
"on",
"menu",
"##s",
"without",
"notation",
".",
"with",
"access",
"to",
"chickens",
"suitable",
"for",
"fry",
"##ing"
] | 878,383 |
or simply chicken which is cooked outdoors. chicken fried steak and " country fried " boneless chicken breast are two common examples. = = global variants = = throughout the world, different seasoning and spices are used to augment the flavor of fried chicken. because of the versatility of fried chicken, it is not uncommon to flavor the chicken's crisp exterior with a variety of spices ranging from spicy to savory. depending on regional market ubiquity, local spice variations may be labeled as distinct from traditional southern u. s. flavors, or may appear on menus without notation. with access to chickens suitable for frying
| 1,553 |
[
"broad",
"##ening",
"on",
"a",
"global",
"scale",
"with",
"the",
"advent",
"of",
"industrial",
"##ized",
"poultry",
"farming",
",",
"many",
"localities",
"have",
"added",
"their",
"own",
"mark",
"on",
"fried",
"chicken",
",",
"t",
"##we",
"##aking",
"recipes",
"to",
"suit",
"local",
"preferences",
".",
"barber",
"##ton",
"chicken",
":",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"serbian",
"fried",
"chicken",
",",
"created",
"by",
"serbian",
"immigrants",
"in",
"barber",
"##ton",
",",
"ohio",
"and",
"has",
"been",
"popularized",
"throughout",
"ohio",
".",
"buffalo",
"wings",
":",
"named",
"for",
"their",
"place",
"of",
"origin",
",",
"buffalo",
",",
"new",
"york",
",",
"this",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"few",
"kinds",
"of",
"fried",
"chicken",
"that",
"is",
"not",
"traditionally",
"battered",
"before",
"fry",
"##ing",
".",
"buffalo",
"strips",
",",
"fingers",
",",
"crisp",
"wings",
"and",
"bone",
"##less",
"wings",
":",
"using",
"the",
"same",
"ca",
"##yen",
"##ne",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"pepper",
"sauce",
"as",
"buffalo",
"wings",
",",
"these",
"chicken",
"products",
"are",
"battered"
] | 878,384 |
broadening on a global scale with the advent of industrialized poultry farming, many localities have added their own mark on fried chicken, tweaking recipes to suit local preferences. barberton chicken : also known as serbian fried chicken, created by serbian immigrants in barberton, ohio and has been popularized throughout ohio. buffalo wings : named for their place of origin, buffalo, new york, this is one of the few kinds of fried chicken that is not traditionally battered before frying. buffalo strips, fingers, crisp wings and boneless wings : using the same cayenne @ - @ pepper sauce as buffalo wings, these chicken products are battered
| 253 |
[
"before",
"fry",
"##ing",
".",
"see",
"also",
":",
"chicken",
"fingers",
"and",
"chicken",
"nu",
"##gg",
"##ets",
".",
"chicken",
"fingers",
":",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"chicken",
"tender",
"##s",
"or",
"chicken",
"strips",
",",
"this",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"common",
"forms",
"of",
"fried",
"chicken",
",",
"generally",
"pieces",
"of",
"chicken",
"breast",
"(",
"sometimes",
"with",
"rib",
"meat",
")",
"cut",
"into",
"long",
"strips",
",",
"bread",
"##ed",
"or",
"battered",
"dipped",
",",
"and",
"deep",
"fried",
".",
"chicken",
"fries",
":",
"chicken",
"nu",
"##gg",
"##ets",
"in",
"the",
"shape",
"of",
"french",
"fries",
",",
"popularized",
"by",
"the",
"fast",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"food",
"chains",
"burger",
"king",
"and",
"k",
"##fc",
".",
"these",
"may",
"also",
"be",
"referred",
"to",
"as",
"chicken",
"sticks",
".",
"chicken",
"maryland",
",",
"a",
"form",
"of",
"pan",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"fried",
"chicken",
",",
"often",
"marina",
"##ted",
"in",
"butter",
"##mi",
"##lk",
",",
"served",
"with"
] | 878,385 |
before frying. see also : chicken fingers and chicken nuggets. chicken fingers : also known as chicken tenders or chicken strips, this is one of the most common forms of fried chicken, generally pieces of chicken breast ( sometimes with rib meat ) cut into long strips, breaded or battered dipped, and deep fried. chicken fries : chicken nuggets in the shape of french fries, popularized by the fast @ - @ food chains burger king and kfc. these may also be referred to as chicken sticks. chicken maryland, a form of pan @ - @ fried chicken, often marinated in buttermilk, served with
| 253 |
[
"cream",
"gr",
"##av",
"##y",
"and",
"native",
"to",
"the",
"state",
"of",
"maryland",
".",
"the",
"recipe",
"spread",
"beyond",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"to",
"the",
"haute",
"cuisine",
"of",
"auguste",
"es",
"##co",
"##ffie",
"##r",
"and",
",",
"after",
"heavy",
"modification",
",",
"found",
"a",
"place",
"in",
"the",
"cuisine",
"##s",
"of",
"britain",
"and",
"australia",
".",
"the",
"dish",
"is",
"made",
"when",
"a",
"pan",
"of",
"chicken",
"pieces",
"and",
"fat",
",",
"as",
"for",
"pan",
"fry",
"##ing",
",",
"is",
"placed",
"in",
"the",
"oven",
"to",
"cook",
",",
"for",
"a",
"majority",
"of",
"the",
"overall",
"cooking",
"time",
",",
"basically",
"\"",
"fried",
"in",
"the",
"oven",
"\"",
".",
"chicken",
"nu",
"##gg",
"##ets",
":",
"an",
"industrial",
"##ly",
"rec",
"##ons",
"##tituted",
"bone",
"##less",
"chicken",
"product",
"invented",
"by",
"cornell",
"poultry",
"science",
"professor",
"robert",
"c",
".",
"baker",
"in",
"the",
"1950s",
".",
"popcorn",
"chicken",
":",
"occasionally",
"known",
"as",
"chicken",
"bites"
] | 878,386 |
cream gravy and native to the state of maryland. the recipe spread beyond the united states to the haute cuisine of auguste escoffier and, after heavy modification, found a place in the cuisines of britain and australia. the dish is made when a pan of chicken pieces and fat, as for pan frying, is placed in the oven to cook, for a majority of the overall cooking time, basically " fried in the oven ". chicken nuggets : an industrially reconstituted boneless chicken product invented by cornell poultry science professor robert c. baker in the 1950s. popcorn chicken : occasionally known as chicken bites
| 253 |
[
"or",
"other",
"similar",
"terms",
",",
"small",
"morse",
"##ls",
"of",
"bone",
"##less",
"chicken",
",",
"battered",
"and",
"fried",
",",
"resulting",
"in",
"little",
"nu",
"##gg",
"##ets",
"that",
"resemble",
"popcorn",
".",
"popcorn",
"chicken",
"is",
"also",
"occasionally",
"topped",
"with",
"peanuts",
",",
"or",
"peanut",
"sauce",
".",
"chicken",
"patti",
"##es",
":",
"bread",
"##ed",
",",
"fried",
"patti",
"##es",
"of",
"chicken",
"meat",
"used",
"in",
"sandwiches",
".",
"country",
"fried",
"chicken",
":",
"chicken",
"meat",
"that",
"has",
"been",
"coated",
"with",
"flour",
"or",
"bread",
"##ed",
",",
"fried",
"and",
"served",
"topped",
"with",
"country",
"cream",
"gr",
"##av",
"##y",
".",
"related",
"tangent",
"##ial",
"##ly",
"to",
"chicken",
"fried",
"steak",
".",
"chicken",
"and",
"wa",
"##ffle",
"##s",
",",
"a",
"combination",
"platt",
"##er",
"of",
"foods",
"traditionally",
"served",
"at",
"breakfast",
"and",
"dinner",
"in",
"one",
"meal",
",",
"common",
"to",
"soul",
"food",
"restaurants",
"in",
"the",
"american",
"south",
"and",
"beyond",
".",
"hot"
] | 878,387 |
or other similar terms, small morsels of boneless chicken, battered and fried, resulting in little nuggets that resemble popcorn. popcorn chicken is also occasionally topped with peanuts, or peanut sauce. chicken patties : breaded, fried patties of chicken meat used in sandwiches. country fried chicken : chicken meat that has been coated with flour or breaded, fried and served topped with country cream gravy. related tangentially to chicken fried steak. chicken and waffles, a combination platter of foods traditionally served at breakfast and dinner in one meal, common to soul food restaurants in the american south and beyond. hot
| 1,553 |
[
"chicken",
":",
"common",
"in",
"the",
"nashville",
",",
"tennessee",
"area",
",",
"a",
"pan",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"fried",
"variant",
"of",
"fried",
"chicken",
"coated",
"with",
"la",
"##rd",
"and",
"ca",
"##yen",
"##ne",
"pepper",
"paste",
".",
"fried",
"chicken",
"sandwiches",
":",
"a",
"bun",
",",
"bis",
"##cuit",
"or",
"dough",
"##nut",
"which",
"is",
"filled",
"with",
"fried",
"chicken",
"and",
"ass",
"##orted",
"topping",
"##s",
",",
"popular",
"in",
"washington",
",",
"d",
".",
"c",
".",
"a",
"##yam",
"gore",
"##ng",
":",
"various",
"kinds",
"of",
"indonesian",
",",
"singapore",
"and",
"malaysian",
"dish",
"of",
"chicken",
"deep",
"fried",
"in",
"coconut",
"oil",
",",
"this",
"southeast",
"asian",
"version",
"is",
"absent",
"of",
"batter",
"and",
"richer",
"in",
"spices",
".",
"crisp",
"##y",
"fried",
"chicken",
":",
"a",
"dish",
"from",
"the",
"regional",
"cantonese",
"cuisine",
"of",
"china",
".",
"ha",
"##r",
"che",
"##ong",
"ga",
"##i",
":",
"a",
"singapore",
"##an",
"chicken",
"wings",
"fried",
"in",
"a"
] | 878,388 |
chicken : common in the nashville, tennessee area, a pan @ - @ fried variant of fried chicken coated with lard and cayenne pepper paste. fried chicken sandwiches : a bun, biscuit or doughnut which is filled with fried chicken and assorted toppings, popular in washington, d. c. ayam goreng : various kinds of indonesian, singapore and malaysian dish of chicken deep fried in coconut oil, this southeast asian version is absent of batter and richer in spices. crispy fried chicken : a dish from the regional cantonese cuisine of china. har cheong gai : a singaporean chicken wings fried in a
| 253 |
[
"batter",
"with",
"fe",
"##rm",
"##ented",
"shrimp",
"paste",
".",
"chicken",
"kara",
"##age",
":",
"a",
"japanese",
"marina",
"##ted",
"and",
"fried",
"method",
"of",
"preparing",
"fried",
"chicken",
".",
"salt",
"and",
"pepper",
"chicken",
":",
"(",
"[UNK]",
"[UNK]",
"[UNK]",
"or",
"[UNK]",
"[UNK]",
"[UNK]",
")",
"cube",
"##s",
"of",
"chicken",
"leg",
"meat",
"marina",
"##ted",
"and",
"deep",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"fried",
",",
"similar",
"to",
"kara",
"##age",
"but",
"flavour",
"##ed",
"with",
"pepper",
"salt",
"and",
"/",
"or",
"five",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"spice",
"powder",
".",
"originating",
"in",
"taiwanese",
"night",
"markets",
",",
"it",
"has",
"also",
"been",
"popularized",
"in",
"north",
"american",
"taiwanese",
"bubble",
"tea",
"restaurants",
".",
"taiwan",
"fried",
"chicken",
"fill",
"##et",
":",
"chicken",
"fill",
"##et",
"prepared",
"in",
"a",
"similar",
"way",
"to",
"salt",
"and",
"pepper",
"chicken",
",",
"as",
"one",
"large",
"piece",
"eaten",
"in",
"a",
"paper",
"bag",
".",
"popular",
"in",
"taiwanese",
"night",
"markets",
"."
] | 878,389 |
batter with fermented shrimp paste. chicken karaage : a japanese marinated and fried method of preparing fried chicken. salt and pepper chicken : ( [UNK] [UNK] [UNK] or [UNK] [UNK] [UNK] ) cubes of chicken leg meat marinated and deep @ - @ fried, similar to karaage but flavoured with pepper salt and / or five @ - @ spice powder. originating in taiwanese night markets, it has also been popularized in north american taiwanese bubble tea restaurants. taiwan fried chicken fillet : chicken fillet prepared in a similar way to salt and pepper chicken, as one large piece eaten in a paper bag. popular in taiwanese night markets.
| 8 |
[
"chicken",
"kat",
"##su",
":",
"(",
"チ",
"##キ",
"##ン",
"##カ",
"##ツ",
")",
",",
"a",
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"##ko",
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":",
"(",
"[UNK]",
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"##ᅵ",
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"chicken",
"pieces",
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"gan",
"##jan",
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"##lda",
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"with",
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"go",
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"##jan",
"##g",
".",
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"##aw",
"##n",
"paste",
"chicken",
"or",
"\"",
"shrimp",
"paste",
"chicken",
"\"",
":",
"popular",
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"hong",
"kong",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"style",
"restaurants",
"in",
"singapore",
"and",
"malaysia",
".",
"incorporates",
"pure",
"##ed",
"shrimp",
"and",
"ginger",
"juice",
"into",
"its",
"bread",
"##ing",
"mixture",
".",
"sweet",
"and"
] | 878,390 |
chicken katsu : ( チキンカツ ), a japanese panko @ - @ breaded, deep fried chicken cutlet, adapted from tonkatsu, a pork chop variant. occasionally used in curry. korean fried chicken : ( [UNK] 치킨 ), fried chicken pieces flavored with korean ganjang sauce with garlic. buldak : fried chicken with korean seasonings like gochujang. prawn paste chicken or " shrimp paste chicken " : popular in hong kong @ - @ style restaurants in singapore and malaysia. incorporates pureed shrimp and ginger juice into its breading mixture. sweet and
| 269 |
[
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".",
"chicken",
"dishes",
"were",
"popular",
"among"
] | 878,391 |
sour chicken : deep @ - @ fried balls of chicken breast in batter. toriten : japanese tempura style fried chicken. chicken with chilies : ( [UNK] 子 [UNK] ), a sichuan @ - @ style dish with small deep @ - @ fried pieces of chicken that are then stir @ - @ fried with chilies. chicken lollipop : an indian snack of fried chicken drumettes, coated in a spiced batter and fried. = = racial stereotype = = in the united states, fried chicken has stereotypically been associated with african @ - @ americans. the reasons for this are various. chicken dishes were popular among
| 269 |
[
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",",
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"the",
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"##ller",
"said",
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"sergio",
"garcia",
"was",
"asked",
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"a",
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"conference",
"in",
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"whether",
"he",
"would",
"invite",
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"to",
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".",
"s",
".",
"open",
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"their",
"ongoing",
"feud",
".",
"garcia",
"said"
] | 878,392 |
slaves before the civil war, as chickens were generally the only animals slaves were allowed to raise on their own. with the prevalence of such a stereotype being due in large part to minstrel shows and the film birth of a nation. on two occasions the golfer tiger woods has been the target of remarks regarding fried chicken. the first occurred in 1997 when golfer fuzzy zoeller said that woods should avoid choosing fried chicken for the masters champions'dinner the following year ; the second when golfer sergio garcia was asked in a press conference in 2013 whether he would invite woods to dinner during the u. s. open to settle their ongoing feud. garcia said
| 77 |
[
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".",
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",",
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"the",
"drummer",
"of",
"the",
"roots",
",",
"quest",
"##lov",
"##e",
",",
"was",
"angered"
] | 878,393 |
: " we will have him round every night... we will serve fried chicken ", which woods said was " wrong, hurtful and clearly inappropriate ". both zoeller and garcia subsequently apologized to woods. in 2009, a bangladeshi immigrant to the u. s. renamed his restaurant " obama fried chicken " in honor of recently inaugurated president barack obama. despite controversy at the time, the owner refused to change the name back, and the restaurant continues to operate under this name. at a dinner during black history month, an nbc chef, leslie calhoun, served fried chicken. the drummer of the roots, questlove, was angered
| 254 |
[
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"=",
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"well",
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"by",
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".",
"she"
] | 878,394 |
by this and thought it both offensive and ignorant. in 2012, burger king withdrew a commercial which featured mary j. blige singing about a crispy chicken wrap, due to the racial stereotypes surrounding fried chicken. = clare winger harris = clare winger harris ( january 18, 1891 – october 1968 ) was an early science fiction writer whose short stories were published during the 1920s. she is credited as the first woman to publish stories under her own name in science fiction magazines. her stories often dealt with characters on the " borders of humanity " such as cyborgs. harris began publishing in 1926, and soon became well liked by readers. she
| 2,685 |
[
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",",
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",",
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"##port",
",",
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"in",
"massachusetts",
".",
"in",
"1912",
"she",
"married",
"frank",
"clyde",
"harris",
"."
] | 878,395 |
sold a total of eleven stories, which were collected in 1947 as away from the here and now. her gender was a surprise to gernsback, the editor who first bought her work, as she was the first woman to publish science fiction stories under her own name. her stories, which often feature strong female characters, have been occasionally reprinted and have received some positive critical response, including a recognition of her pioneering role as a woman writer in a male @ - @ dominated field. clare winger was born on january 18, 1891, in freeport, illinois and later attended smith college in massachusetts. in 1912 she married frank clyde harris.
| 2,685 |
[
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",",
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".",
"harris",
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"1930",
",",
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"her",
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".",
"=",
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"career",
"=",
"=",
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"published",
"her",
"first",
"short",
"story",
",",
"\"",
"the",
"runaway",
"world",
",",
"\"",
"in",
"the",
"july",
"1926",
"issue",
"of"
] | 878,396 |
her husband was an architect and engineer who served in world war i and was chief engineer with the loudon machinery company in iowa and one of the organizers of the american monorail company of cleveland, ohio. harris gave birth to three sons ( clyde winger, born 1915 ; donald stover, born 1916 ; and lynn thackrey, born 1918 ). she died in pasadena, california in 1968. harris wrote her most acclaimed works during the 1920s. in 1930, she stopped writing to raise and educate her children. = = writing career = = harris published her first short story, " the runaway world, " in the july 1926 issue of
| 588 |
[
"weird",
"tales",
".",
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"december",
"of",
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"year",
",",
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"places",
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"as",
"science",
"wonder",
"quarterly",
")",
".",
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"1947",
"harris",
"'",
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"from",
"the",
"here",
"and",
"now",
".",
"her",
"stories",
"have",
"also",
"been"
] | 878,397 |
weird tales. in december of that year, she submitted a story for a contest being run by amazing stories editor hugo gernsback. harris's story, " the fate of the poseidonia " ( a space opera about martians who steal earth's water, placed third. harris soon became one of gernback's most popular writers. harris eventually published eleven short stories in pulp magazines, most of them in amazing stories ( although she also published in other places such as science wonder quarterly ). in 1947 harris's short stories were collected under the title away from the here and now. her stories have also been
| 2,685 |
[
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",",
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"##is",
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".",
"harris",
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",",
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"issue",
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"wonder",
"stories",
",",
"she",
"listed",
"16",
"basic",
"science",
"fiction",
"themes",
",",
"including",
",",
"\"",
"inter",
"##plane",
"##tary",
"space",
"travel",
",",
"\"",
"\"",
"adventures",
"on",
"other",
"worlds",
",",
"\"",
"and"
] | 878,398 |
reprinted in anthologies such as daughters of earth : feminist science fiction in the 20th century ( with a critical essay ), sci @ - @ fi womanthology, amazing science fiction anthology : the wonder years 1926 @ - @ 1935, and gosh wow! sense of wonder science fiction. she wrote one novel, persephone of eleusis : a romance of ancient greece ( 1923 ). harris also wrote one of the first attempts to classify science fiction when, in the august 1931 issue of wonder stories, she listed 16 basic science fiction themes, including, " interplanetary space travel, " " adventures on other worlds, " and
| 2,685 |
[
"\"",
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"\"",
"=",
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"=",
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"##rn",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"because",
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"are",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"the",
"exception",
"in",
"this",
"case",
"being",
"extra",
"##ord",
"##ina",
"##rily",
"impressive"
] | 878,399 |
" the creation of synthetic life. " = = critical view and influence = = when gernback published harris's first short story in amazing stories, he praised her writing while also expressing amazement that a woman could write good scientifiction ( as science fiction was then called ), saying " that the third prize winner should prove to be a woman was one of the surprises of the contest, for, as a rule, women don't make good scientification writers, because their education and general tendencies on scientific matters are usually limited. but the exception, as usual, proves the rule, the exception in this case being extraordinarily impressive
| 2,685 |
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