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] | 877,600 |
ringo starr's son zak starkey, who had been given a drum kit by moon ( whom he called " uncle keith " ). the london 2012 summer olympic committee contacted curbishley about moon performing at the games, 34 years after his death. in an interview with the times curbishley quipped, " i emailed back saying keith now resides in golders green crematorium, having lived up to the who's anthemic line'i hope i die before i get old '... if they have a round table, some glasses and candles, we might contact him. " moon's drumming has
| 2,081 |
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] | 877,601 |
been praised by critics. author nick talevski described him as " the greatest drummer in rock, " adding that " he was to the drums what jimi hendrix was to the guitar. " holly george @ - @ warren, editor and author of the rock and roll hall of fame : the first 25 years, said : " with the death of keith moon in 1978, rock arguably lost its single greatest drummer. " according to eder, " moon, with his manic, lunatic side, and his life of excessive drinking, partying, and other indulgences, probably represented the youthful, zany side of rock & roll
| 2,846 |
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] | 877,602 |
, as well as its self @ - @ destructive side, better than anyone else on the planet. " the new book of rock lists ranked moon no. 1 on its list of " 50 greatest rock'n'roll drummers, " and he was ranked no. 2 on the 2011 rolling stone " best drummers of all time " readers'poll. in 2016, the same magazine ranked him no. 2 in their list of the 100 greatest drummers of all time, behind john bonham. adam budofsky, editor of drummer magazine, said that moon's performances on who's next and quadrophenia "
| 2,758 |
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] | 877,603 |
represent a perfect balance of technique and passion " and " there's been no drummer who's touched his unique slant on rock and rhythm since. " several rock drummers, including neil peart and dave grohl, have cited moon as an influence. the jam paid homage to moon on the second single from their third album, " down in the tube station at midnight " ; the b @ - @ side of the single is a who cover ( " so sad about us " ), and the back cover of the record has a photo of moon's face. the jam's single was released about a month after moon
| 2,067 |
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] | 877,604 |
' s death. animal, one of puppeteer jim henson's muppet characters, may have been based on keith moon due to their similar hair, eyebrows, personality and drumming style. " god bless his beautiful heart... " ozzy osbourne told sounds a month after the drummer's death. " people will be talking about keith moon'til they die, man. someone somewhere will say,'remember keith moon?'who will remember joe bloggs who got killed in a car crash? no one. he's dead, so what? he didn't do anything to talk of. " clem burke
| 2,067 |
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] | 877,605 |
of blondie has said " early on all i cared about was keith moon and the who. when i was about eleven or twelve, my favourite part of drum lessons was the last ten minutes, when i'd get to sit at the drumset and play along to my favourite record. i'd bring in'my generation '. at the end of the song, the drums go nuts.'my generation'was a turning point for me because before that it was all the charlie watts and ringo type of thing. " in 1998 tony fletcher published a biography of moon, dear boy : the life of keith moon, in the united
| 2,081 |
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] | 877,606 |
kingdom. the phrase " dear boy " became a catchphrase of moon's when, influenced by kit lambert, he began affecting a pompous english accent. in 2000, the book was released in the us as moon ( the life and death of a rock legend ). q magazine called the book " horrific and terrific reading, " and record collector said it was " one of rock's great biographies. " in 2008, english heritage declined an application for moon to be awarded a blue plaque. speaking to the guardian, christopher frayling said they " decided that bad behaviour and overdosing on various substances wasn't a
| 2,221 |
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] | 877,607 |
sufficient qualification. " the uk's heritage foundation disagreed with the decision, presenting a plaque which was unveiled on 9 march 2009. daltrey, townshend, robin gibb and moon's mother kit were present at the ceremony. = = discography = = solo albums two sides of the moon ( 1975 ) cryosat @ - @ 2 is a european space agency environmental research satellite which was launched in april 2010. it provides scientists with data about the polar ice caps and tracks changes in the thickness of the ice with a resolution of about 1 @. @ 3 centimetres ( 1 ⁄ 2 in ). cryosat @ -
| 1,479 |
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] | 877,608 |
@ 2 was built as a replacement for cryosat @ - @ 1, whose rokot carrier rocket was unable to achieve orbit. compared to its predecessor, cryosat @ - @ 2 features software upgrades, greater battery capacity and an updated instrument package. its main instrument is an interferometric radar range @ - @ finder with twin antennas, which measures the height difference between floating ice and open water. cryosat @ - @ 2 is operated as part of the cryosat programme to study the earth's polar ice caps, which is itself part of the living planet programme. the cryosat @ - @ 2
| 1,639 |
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] | 877,609 |
spacecraft was constructed by eads astrium, and was launched by isc kosmotras, using a dnepr @ - @ 1 carrier rocket, on 8 april 2010. on 22 october 2010, cryosat @ - @ 2 was declared operational following six months of on @ - @ orbit testing. = = background = = the initial proposal for the cryosat programme was submitted as part of a call for proposals in july 1998 for earth explorer missions as part of the european space agency's living planet programme. it was selected for further studies in 1999, and following completion of a feasibility study the mission was authorised.
| 1,863 |
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"missing",
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"'",
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",",
"the",
"second",
"stage",
"engine",
"did",
"not",
"shut",
"down",
"at",
"the",
"end"
] | 877,610 |
the construction phase began in 2001, and in 2002 eads astrium was awarded a contract to build the spacecraft. a contract was also signed with eurockot, to conduct the launch of the satellite using a rokot / briz @ - @ km carrier rocket. construction of the original spacecraft was completed in august 2004. following testing the spacecraft was shipped to the plesetsk cosmodrome in august 2005, and arrived on 1 september. the launch occurred from site 133 / 3 on 8 october, however due to a missing command in the rocket's flight control system, the second stage engine did not shut down at the end
| 1,879 |
[
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",",
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"##osa",
"##t",
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"-",
"@",
"2",
"was",
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] | 877,611 |
of its planned burn, and instead the stage burned to depletion. this prevented the second stage and briz @ - @ km from separating, and as a result the rocket failed to achieve orbit. the spacecraft was lost when it reentered over the arctic ocean, north of greenland. due to the importance of the cryosat mission for understanding global warming and reductions in polar ice caps, a replacement satellite was proposed. the development of cryosat @ - @ 2 was authorised in february 2006, less than five months after the failure. = = development = = like its predecessor, cryosat @ - @ 2 was constructed
| 1,479 |
[
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".",
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"##osa",
"##t",
"@",
"-",
"@"
] | 877,612 |
by eads astrium, with its main instrument being built by thales alenia space. construction and testing of the spacecraft's primary instrument was completed by february 2008, when it was shipped for integration with the rest of the spacecraft. in august 2009, the spacecraft's ground infrastructure, which had been redesigned since the original mission, was declared ready for use. construction and testing of the spacecraft had been completed by mid @ - @ september. the project manager for the cryosat @ - @ 2 mission was richard francis, who had been the systems manager on the original cryosat mission. cryosat @ - @
| 462 |
[
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".",
"for",
"sea",
"ice",
",",
"which",
"moves",
"as",
"it"
] | 877,613 |
2 is an almost @ - @ identical copy of the original spacecraft, however modifications were made including the addition of a backup radar altimeter. in total, 85 improvements were made to the spacecraft when it was rebuilt. = = supporting measurements : cryovex = = it was clear from the beginning of the cryosat programme that an extensive series of measurements would be needed, both to understand interaction of the radar waves with the surface of the ice caps and to relate the measured freeboard of floating sea ice with its thickness. this latter, in particular, would have to take account of snow loading. for sea ice, which moves as it
| 1,479 |
[
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"##osa",
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"##x",
"programme",
"was",
"extended",
".",
"experiments",
"were",
"conducted",
"in",
"antarctica",
"to"
] | 877,614 |
is blown by the wind, it was also necessary to develop techniques which could give consistent results when measured from platforms travelling at different speed ( scientists on the surface, helicopter @ - @ towed sounders, aircraft @ - @ borne radars and cryosat itself ). a number of campaigns were performed under a programme called cryovex which aimed to address each of the identified areas of uncertainty. these campaigns continued through the development of the original cryosat and were planned to continue after its launch. following the announcement that cryosat @ - @ 2 would be built the cryovex programme was extended. experiments were conducted in antarctica to
| 1,547 |
[
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",",
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"##ira",
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"do",
"228",
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".",
"=",
"=",
"final",
"preparations",
"=",
"=",
"when",
"it",
"was",
"approved",
"in",
"february"
] | 877,615 |
determine how snow could affect its readings, and to provide data for calibrating the satellite. in january 2007 the european space agency issued a request for proposals for further calibration and validation experiments. further cryovex experiments were conducted on svalbard in 2007, followed by a final expedition to greenland and the devon ice cap in 2008. additional snow measurements were provided by the arctic arc expedition, and the alfred wegener institute's airborne synthetic aperture and interferometric radar altimeter system ( asiras ) instrument, mounted aboard a dornier do 228 aircraft. = = final preparations = = when it was approved in february
| 1,479 |
[
"2006",
",",
"the",
"launch",
"of",
"cry",
"##osa",
"##t",
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"-",
"@",
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"##pr",
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".",
"on",
"12",
"january",
"2010",
",",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"stages"
] | 877,616 |
2006, the launch of cryosat @ - @ 2 was planned for march 2009. it was originally planned that like its predecessor it would be launched by a rokot, however due to a lack of available launches a dnepr @ - @ 1 rocket was selected instead. isc kosmotras were contracted to perform the launch. due to delays to earlier missions and range availability problems, the launch was delayed until february 2010. the dnepr rocket assigned to launch cryosat @ - @ 2 arrived at the baikonur cosmodrome by train on 29 december 2009. on 12 january 2010, the first two stages
| 461 |
[
"of",
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"bai",
"##kon",
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".",
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"anton",
"##ov",
"an",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"124",
"aircraft",
"on",
"12",
"january"
] | 877,617 |
of the rocket were loaded into the launch canister, and the canister was prepared for transportation to the launch site. on 14 january, it was rolled out to site 109 / 95, where it was installed into its silo. the next day saw the third stage transported to the silo, and installed atop the rocket. following the completion of its construction, cryosat @ - @ 2 was placed into storage to await launch. in january 2010, the spacecraft was removed from storage, and shipped to baikonur for launch. it departed munich franz josef strauss airport aboard an antonov an @ - @ 124 aircraft on 12 january
| 461 |
[
",",
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"##se",
"##mb",
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"a",
"return",
"to",
"the",
"facilities",
"in",
"europe",
"and",
"resulted",
"in"
] | 877,618 |
, and arrived at baikonur the next day. following arrival at the launch site, final assembly and testing were conducted. during final testing, engineers detected that the spacecraft's x band ( nato h / i / j bands ) communications antenna was transmitting only a tiny fraction of the power that it should. thermal imaging showed that the waveguide to the antenna, deep inside the spacecraft, was very hot. clearly that was where the missing power was being dissipated. the waveguide could not normally be inspected or repaired without major disassembly of the satellite, which would have required a return to the facilities in europe and resulted in
| 1,548 |
[
"a",
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"z",
"##yk",
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",",
"discovered",
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",",
"and",
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".",
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"it",
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"the",
"base",
"of",
"the",
"antenna",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"prevent",
"any"
] | 877,619 |
a major delay to the launch. to avoid doing this, a local surgeon was brought in to inspect the component with an endoscope. the surgeon, tatiana zykova, discovered that two pieces of ferrite were lodged in the tube, and was able to remove both of them. engineers were able to assist the removal of the second one with a magnet. it was determined that the ferrite had come from an absorption load installed deep inside the antenna, which was intended to improve its performance. some ferrite ( the remaining stump of this load ) was removed from inside the base of the antenna in order to prevent any
| 1,550 |
[
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] | 877,620 |
further debris falling into the waveguide. on 4 february, the cryosat @ - @ 2 spacecraft was fuelled for launch. then on 10 february it was attached to the payload adaptor, and encapsulated in the payload fairing, to form a unit known as the space head module. this was transported to the launch pad by means of a vehicle known as the crocodile, and installed atop the carrier rocket. rollout occurred on 15 february, and the next day the satellite was activated in order to test its systems following integration onto the rocket. when the spacecraft was installed atop the dnepr, launch was scheduled to
| 1,595 |
[
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"was",
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] | 877,621 |
occur on 25 february, at 13 : 57 utc. prior to this, a practice countdown was scheduled for 19 february. several hours before the practice was scheduled to begin isc kosmotras announced that the launch had been delayed, and as a result the practice did not take place. the delay was caused by a concern that the second stage manoeuvring engines did not have a sufficient quantity of reserve fuel. following the delay, the space head module was removed from the rocket, and returned to its integration building on 22 february. whilst it was in the integration building, daily inspections were made to ensure that the spacecraft was still
| 310 |
[
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"by",
"a",
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"at",
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] | 877,622 |
functioning normally. once the fuel issue had been resolved, the launch was rescheduled for 8 april, and launch operations resumed. on 1 april, the space head module was returned to the silo, and reinstalled atop the dnepr. following integrated tests, the practice countdown was successfully conducted on 6 april. cryosat @ - @ 2 was launched at 13 : 57 : 04 utc on 8 april 2010. following a successful launch, cryosat @ - @ 2 separated from the upper stage of the dnepr into a low earth orbit. the first signals from the satellite were detected by a ground station at the
| 1,548 |
[
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"##t",
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"##al",
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"installed",
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] | 877,623 |
broglio space centre in malindi, kenya, seventeen minutes after launch. cryosat @ - @ 2's mission is to study the earth's polar ice caps, measuring, and looking for variation in, the thickness of the ice. its mission is identical to that of the original cryosat. the primary instruments aboard cryosat @ - @ 2 are siral @ - @ 2, the sar / interferometric radar altimeters ; which uses radar to determine and monitor the spacecraft's altitude in order to measure the elevation of the ice. unlike the original cryosat, two siral instruments are installed aboard
| 1,479 |
[
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"(",
"45",
"##5",
"mi",
")",
",",
"92",
"degrees",
"of"
] | 877,624 |
cryosat @ - @ 2, with one serving as a backup in case the other fails. a second instrument, doppler orbit and radio positioning integration by satellite, or doris, is used to calculate precisely the spacecraft's orbit. an array of retroreflectors are also carried aboard the spacecraft, and allow measurements to be made from the ground to verify the orbital data provided by doris. following launch, cryosat @ - @ 2 was placed into a low earth orbit with a perigee of 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ), an apogee of 732 kilometres ( 455 mi ), 92 degrees of
| 1,642 |
[
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] | 877,625 |
inclination and an orbital period of 99 @. @ 2 minutes. it had a mass at launch of 750 kilograms ( 1 @, @ 650 lb ), and is expected to operate for at least three years. launch and early orbit phase operations were completed in the morning of 11 april 2010, and siral @ - @ 2 was activated later the same day. at 14 : 40 utc, the spacecraft returned its first scientific data. initial data on ice thickness was presented by the mission's lead investigator, duncan wingham, at the 2010 living planet symposium on 1 july. later the same month, data was made available to scientists for the
| 1,635 |
[
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"-",
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"(",
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"a"
] | 877,626 |
first time. the spacecraft underwent six months of on @ - @ orbit testing and commissioning, which concluded with a review on 22 october 2010 that found the spacecraft was operating as expected, and that it was ready to begin operations. the exploitation phase of the mission started on the 26 october 2010 under the responsibility of tommaso parrinello who is currently the mission manager. data from cryosat @ - @ 2 has shown 25 @, @ 000 seamounts, with more to come as data is interpreted. = german cruiser admiral scheer = admiral scheer was a deutschland @ - @ class heavy cruiser ( often termed a
| 1,841 |
[
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"@",
"000",
"t",
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"on",
"warship",
"size",
"imposed",
"by",
"the"
] | 877,627 |
pocket battleship ) which served with the kriegsmarine of nazi germany during world war ii. the vessel was named after admiral reinhard scheer, german commander in the battle of jutland. she was laid down at the reichsmarinewerft shipyard in wilhelmshaven in june 1931 and completed by november 1934. originally classified as an armored ship ( panzerschiff ) by the reichsmarine, in february 1940 the germans reclassified the remaining two ships of this class as heavy cruisers. the ship was nominally under the 10 @, @ 000 long tons ( 10 @, @ 000 t ) limitation on warship size imposed by the
| 1,841 |
[
"treaty",
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"-",
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"enough",
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"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
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"the",
"german",
"navy",
",",
"including",
"a",
"deployment",
"to",
"spain",
"during",
"the"
] | 877,628 |
treaty of versailles, though with a full load displacement of 15 @, @ 180 long tons ( 15 @, @ 420 t ), she significantly exceeded it. armed with six 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns in two triple gun turrets, admiral scheer and her sisters were designed to outgun any cruiser fast enough to catch them. their top speed of 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) left only a handful of ships in the anglo @ - @ french navies able to catch them and powerful enough to sink them. admiral scheer saw heavy service with the german navy, including a deployment to spain during the
| 1,748 |
[
"spanish",
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",",
"where",
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",",
"she",
"was",
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"ab",
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"##nder",
"##land",
",",
"a",
"sort",
"##ie",
"into",
"the",
"kara",
"sea"
] | 877,629 |
spanish civil war, where she bombarded the port of almeria. her first operation during world war ii was a commerce raiding operation into the southern atlantic ocean ; she also made a brief foray into the indian ocean. during the operation, she sank 113 @, @ 223 gross register tons ( grt ) of shipping, making her the most successful capital ship surface raider of the war. following her return to germany, she was deployed to northern norway to interdict shipping to the soviet union. she was part of the abortive attack on convoy pq 17 and conducted operation wunderland, a sortie into the kara sea
| 1,800 |
[
".",
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] | 877,630 |
. after returning to germany at the end of 1942, the ship served as a training ship until the end of 1944, when she was used to support ground operations against the soviet army. she was sunk by british bombers on 9 april 1945 and partially scrapped ; the remainder of the wreck lies buried beneath a quay. admiral scheer was 186 meters ( 610 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 21 @. @ 34 m ( 70 @. @ 0 ft ) and a maximum draft of 7 @. @ 25 m ( 23 @. @ 8 ft ). the ship had a design displacement of 13 @, @ 660 t (
| 1,768 |
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] | 877,631 |
13 @, @ 440 long tons ; 15 @, @ 060 short tons ) and a full load displacement of 15 @, @ 180 long tons ( 15 @, @ 420 t ), though the ship was officially stated to be within the 10 @, @ 000 long tons ( 10 @, @ 000 t ) limit of the treaty of versailles. admiral scheer was powered by four sets of man nine @ - @ cylinder double @ - @ acting two @ - @ stroke diesel engines. the ship's top speed was 28 @. @ 3 knots ( 52 @. @ 4 km / h ; 32 @. @ 6
| 1,745 |
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] | 877,632 |
mph ), at 52 @, @ 050 shaft horsepower ( 38 @, @ 810 kw ). at a cruising speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ), the ship could steam for 9 @, @ 100 nautical miles ( 16 @, @ 900 km ; 10 @, @ 500 mi ). as designed, her standard complement consisted of 33 officers and 586 enlisted men, though after 1935 this was significantly increased to 30 officers and 921 – 1 @, @ 040 sailors. admiral scheer's primary armament was six 28 cm ( 11 @. @ 0 in ) sk c / 28
| 1,744 |
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] | 877,633 |
guns mounted in two triple gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. the ship carried a secondary battery of eight 15 cm ( 5 @. @ 9 in ) sk c / 28 guns in single turrets grouped amidships. her anti @ - @ aircraft battery originally consisted of three 8 @. @ 8 cm ( 3 @. @ 5 in ) l / 45 guns, though in 1935 these were replaced with six 8 @. @ 8 cm l / 78 guns. by 1940 the ship's anti @ - @ aircraft battery was significantly increased, consisting of six 10 @. @ 5 cm ( 4 @. @ 1
| 1,756 |
[
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] | 877,634 |
in ) c / 33 guns, four twin @ - @ mounted 3 @. @ 7 cm ( 1 @. @ 5 in ) c / 30 guns and up to twenty @ - @ eight 2 cm ( 0 @. @ 79 in ) flak 30 guns. by 1945, the anti @ - @ aircraft battery had again been reorganized and comprised six 4 cm guns, eight 3 @. @ 7 cm guns, and thirty @ - @ three 2 cm guns. the ship also carried a pair of quadruple 53 @. @ 3 cm ( 21 @. @ 0 in ) deck @ - @ mounted torpedo launchers placed on
| 1,756 |
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] | 877,635 |
her stern. the ship was equipped with two arado ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult. admiral scheer's armored belt was 60 to 80 mm ( 2 @. @ 4 to 3 @. @ 1 in ) thick ; her upper deck was 17 mm ( 0 @. @ 67 in ) thick while the main armored deck was 17 to 45 mm ( 0 @. @ 67 to 1 @. @ 77 in ) thick. the main battery turrets had 140 mm ( 5 @. @ 5 in ) thick faces and 80 mm thick sides. radar initially consisted of a fmg 39 g ( go ) set,
| 1,763 |
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] | 877,636 |
though in 1941 this was replaced with an fmg 40 g ( go ) set and a fumo 26 system. = = service history = = admiral scheer was ordered by the reichsmarine from the reichsmarinewerft shipyard in wilhelmshaven. naval rearmament was not popular with the social democrats and the communists in the german reichstag, so it was not until 1931 that a bill was passed to build a second panzerschiff. the money for panzerschiff b, which was ordered as ersatz lothringen, was secured after the social democrats abstained to prevent a political crisis. her keel was
| 1,841 |
[
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] | 877,637 |
laid on 25 june 1931, under construction number 123. the ship was launched on 1 april 1933 ; at her launching, she was christened by marianne besserer, the daughter of admiral reinhard scheer, the ship's namesake. she was completed slightly over a year and a half later on 12 november 1934, the day she was commissioned into the german fleet. the old battleship hessen was removed from service and her crew transferred to the newly commissioned panzerschiff. at her commissioning in november 1934, admiral scheer was placed under the command of kapitan zur see ( kzs ) wilhelm marschall
| 1,841 |
[
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] | 877,638 |
. the ship spent the remainder of 1934 conducting sea trials and training her crew. in 1935, she had a new catapult and landing sail system to operate her arado seaplanes on heavy seas installed. from 1 october 1935 to 26 july 1937 her first officer was leopold burkner, later to become head of foreign intelligence in the third reich. by october 1935, the ship was ready for her first major cruise, when on 25 – 28 october she visited madeira, returning to kiel on 8 november. the following summer, she cruised out through the skagerrak and the english channel into the irish sea, before visiting stockholm on
| 1,817 |
[
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",",
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] | 877,639 |
the return voyage. admiral scheer's first overseas deployment began in july 1936 when she was sent to spain to evacuate german civilians caught in the midst of the spanish civil war. from 8 august 1936 she served together with her sister ship deutschland on non @ - @ intervention patrols off the republican @ - @ held coast of spain. she served four tours of duty with the non @ - @ intervention patrol through june 1937. her official objective was to control the influx of war materiel into spain, though she also recorded soviet ships carrying supplies to the republicans and protected ships delivering german weapons to nationalist forces. during the deployment to spain, ernst
| 1,788 |
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"of",
"al",
"##mer",
"##ia",
"in",
"rep",
"##ris",
"##al",
".",
"on",
"31",
"may",
"1937",
",",
"the",
"anniversary",
"of",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"ju",
"##tland",
",",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
",",
"flying",
"the",
"imperial",
"war",
"flag",
",",
"arrived",
"off",
"al",
"##mer",
"##ia",
"at",
"07",
":",
"29",
"and",
"opened",
"fire",
"on",
"shore",
"batteries",
",",
"naval",
"installations",
"and",
"ships",
"in",
"the",
"harbor",
".",
"on",
"26",
"june",
"1937",
",",
"she",
"was",
"relieved",
"by",
"her",
"sister",
"ship",
"admiral",
"graf",
"sp",
"##ee",
",",
"allowing",
"her",
"to",
"return",
"to",
"wilhelm"
] | 877,640 |
lindemann served as the ship's first gunnery officer. after deutschland was attacked on 29 may 1937 by spanish republican air force aircraft off ibiza, admiral scheer was ordered to bombard the republican @ - @ held port of almeria in reprisal. on 31 may 1937, the anniversary of the battle of jutland, admiral scheer, flying the imperial war flag, arrived off almeria at 07 : 29 and opened fire on shore batteries, naval installations and ships in the harbor. on 26 june 1937, she was relieved by her sister ship admiral graf spee, allowing her to return to wilhelm
| 1,841 |
[
"##sha",
"##ven",
"on",
"1",
"july",
".",
"she",
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"mediterranean",
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"and",
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",",
"however",
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"##ven",
",",
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"##per",
".",
"on",
"4",
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",",
"two",
"groups",
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"five",
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"##len",
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"the",
"ships",
".",
"the",
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"-",
"@",
"aircraft",
"gunners",
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"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
",",
"who",
"nevertheless",
"managed",
"to",
"shoot",
"down",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"five",
"b",
"##len",
"##heim",
"##s",
"."
] | 877,641 |
##shaven on 1 july. she returned to the mediterranean between august and october, however. in september 1936 kzs otto ciliax replaced marschall as the ship's commanding officer. at the outbreak of world war ii in september 1939, admiral scheer remained at anchor in the schillig roadstead outside wilhelmshaven, along with the heavy cruiser admiral hipper. on 4 september, two groups of five bristol blenheim bombers attacked the ships. the first group surprised the anti @ - @ aircraft gunners aboard admiral scheer, who nevertheless managed to shoot down one of the five blenheims.
| 1,841 |
[
"one",
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"the",
"ship",
"'",
"s",
"deck",
"and",
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"to",
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",",
"and",
"two",
"detonated",
"in",
"the",
"water",
"near",
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"ship",
".",
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".",
"the",
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"##len",
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"which",
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"##hee",
"##r",
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"from",
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"und",
"##ama",
"##ged",
".",
"in",
"november",
"1939",
",",
"k",
"##z",
"##s",
"theodor",
"k",
"##ran",
"##cke",
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"the",
"ship",
"'",
"s",
"commanding",
"officer",
".",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"underwent",
"a",
"refit",
"while",
"her",
"sister",
"ships",
"set",
"out",
"on",
"commerce",
"raiding",
"operations",
"in",
"the",
"atlantic",
".",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"was",
"modified",
"during",
"the",
"early",
"months",
"of",
"1940",
",",
"including",
"the",
"installation",
"of",
"a",
"new"
] | 877,642 |
one bomb struck the ship's deck and failed to explode, and two detonated in the water near the ship. the remaining bombs also failed to explode. the second group of five blenheims were confronted by the alerted german defenses, which shot down four of the five bombers. admiral scheer emerged from the attack undamaged. in november 1939, kzs theodor krancke became the ship's commanding officer. admiral scheer underwent a refit while her sister ships set out on commerce raiding operations in the atlantic. admiral scheer was modified during the early months of 1940, including the installation of a new
| 1,841 |
[
",",
"raked",
"clip",
"##per",
"bow",
".",
"the",
"heavy",
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"was",
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"a",
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",",
"and",
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"was",
"rec",
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".",
"additional",
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"-",
"@",
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"installed",
",",
"along",
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".",
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"19",
"–",
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"##hee",
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"##rp",
"##itz",
",",
"though",
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"any",
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".",
"on",
"27",
"july",
",",
"the",
"ship",
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"pronounced",
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"for",
"service",
".",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"sailed",
"in",
"october",
"1940",
"on",
"her",
"first",
"combat",
"sort",
"##ie",
".",
"on",
"the",
"night",
"of",
"31",
"october",
"she",
"slipped",
"through",
"the",
"denmark",
"strait",
"and",
"broke",
"into",
"the",
"open",
"atlantic",
".",
"her",
"b",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"die",
"##nst",
"radio",
"intercept",
"equipment",
"identified"
] | 877,643 |
, raked clipper bow. the heavy command tower was replaced with a lighter structure, and she was reclassified as a heavy cruiser. additional anti @ - @ aircraft guns were also installed, along with updated radar equipment. on 19 – 20 july raf bombers attacked admiral scheer and the battleship tirpitz, though they failed to score any hits. on 27 july, the ship was pronounced ready for service. admiral scheer sailed in october 1940 on her first combat sortie. on the night of 31 october she slipped through the denmark strait and broke into the open atlantic. her b @ - @ dienst radio intercept equipment identified
| 1,841 |
[
"the",
"convoy",
"h",
"##x",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"84",
",",
"sailing",
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"halifax",
"nova",
"scotia",
".",
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"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"'",
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"ara",
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"1940",
",",
"the",
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"merchant",
"cruiser",
"hms",
"je",
"##rvis",
"bay",
",",
"the",
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",",
"issued",
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"raider",
"and",
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"to",
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"from",
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"the",
"convoy",
".",
"the",
"convoy",
"was",
"ordered",
"to",
"sc",
"##atter",
"under",
"cover",
"of",
"a",
"smoke",
"screen",
".",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"sal",
"##vo",
"scored",
"hits",
"on",
"je",
"##rvis",
"bay",
",",
"di",
"##sa",
"##bling",
"her",
"wireless",
"equipment",
"and",
"steering",
"gear",
".",
"shells",
"from",
"her",
"second",
"sal",
"##vo",
"struck",
"the",
"bridge",
"and",
"killed",
"her",
"commander",
",",
"edward",
"fe",
"##gen",
".",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r"
] | 877,644 |
the convoy hx @ - @ 84, sailing from halifax nova scotia. admiral scheer's arado seaplanes located the convoy on 5 november 1940, the armed merchant cruiser hms jervis bay, the sole escort for the convoy, issued a report of the german raider and attempted to prevent her from attacking the convoy. the convoy was ordered to scatter under cover of a smoke screen. admiral scheer's first salvo scored hits on jervis bay, disabling her wireless equipment and steering gear. shells from her second salvo struck the bridge and killed her commander, edward fegen. admiral scheer
| 1,841 |
[
"quickly",
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"je",
"##rvis",
"bay",
",",
"but",
"the",
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"to",
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"the",
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"five",
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"'",
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"ships",
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"december",
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"##hee",
"##r",
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"ship",
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"##a",
",",
"of",
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"8",
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",",
"@",
"65",
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"(",
"8",
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",",
"@",
"79",
"##0",
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"displacement",
".",
"the",
"ship",
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"a",
"distress",
"signal",
",",
"which",
"the",
"german",
"raider",
"deliberately",
"allowed",
",",
"to",
"draw",
"british",
"naval",
"forces",
"to",
"the",
"area",
".",
"k",
"##ran",
"##cke",
"wanted",
"to",
"lure",
"british",
"warships",
"to",
"the",
"area",
"to",
"draw",
"attention",
"away",
"from",
"admiral",
"hip",
"##per",
",",
"which",
"had",
"just",
"exited",
"the",
"denmark",
"strait",
".",
"the",
"aircraft",
"carriers",
"hms",
"formidable",
"and"
] | 877,645 |
quickly sank jervis bay, but the delay allowed the majority of the convoy to escape. the germans sank only five of the convoy's 37 ships. on 18 december, admiral scheer encountered and sank the refrigerator ship duquesa, of some 8 @, @ 651 long tons ( 8 @, @ 790 t ) displacement. the ship sent off a distress signal, which the german raider deliberately allowed, to draw british naval forces to the area. krancke wanted to lure british warships to the area to draw attention away from admiral hipper, which had just exited the denmark strait. the aircraft carriers hms formidable and
| 1,841 |
[
"hermes",
",",
"the",
"cruisers",
"dorset",
"##shire",
",",
"neptune",
",",
"and",
"dragon",
",",
"and",
"the",
"armed",
"merchant",
"cruiser",
"pretoria",
"castle",
"converge",
"##d",
"to",
"hunt",
"down",
"the",
"german",
"raider",
",",
"but",
"she",
"el",
"##uded",
"the",
"british",
".",
"between",
"26",
"december",
"and",
"7",
"january",
",",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
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"and",
"euro",
"##feld",
",",
"the",
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"cruiser",
"thor",
",",
"and",
"the",
"prizes",
"du",
"##ques",
"##a",
"and",
"st",
"##ors",
"##tad",
".",
"the",
"raiders",
"transferred",
"some",
"600",
"prisoners",
"to",
"st",
"##ors",
"##tad",
"while",
"they",
"ref",
"##uel",
"##ed",
"from",
"nord",
"##mark",
"and",
"euro",
"##feld",
".",
"between",
"18",
"and",
"20",
"january",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"captured",
"three",
"allied",
"merchant",
"ships",
"total",
"##ling",
"18",
"@",
",",
"@",
"73",
"##8",
"gross",
"register",
"tons",
"(",
"gr",
"##t",
")",
",",
"including",
"the"
] | 877,646 |
hermes, the cruisers dorsetshire, neptune, and dragon, and the armed merchant cruiser pretoria castle converged to hunt down the german raider, but she eluded the british. between 26 december and 7 january, admiral scheer rendezvoused with the supply ships nordmark and eurofeld, the auxiliary cruiser thor, and the prizes duquesa and storstad. the raiders transferred some 600 prisoners to storstad while they refueled from nordmark and eurofeld. between 18 and 20 january admiral scheer captured three allied merchant ships totalling 18 @, @ 738 gross register tons ( grt ), including the
| 1,841 |
[
"norwegian",
"oil",
"tanker",
"sand",
"##ef",
"##jord",
".",
"she",
"spent",
"christmas",
"1940",
"at",
"sea",
"in",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"atlantic",
",",
"several",
"hundred",
"miles",
"from",
"tristan",
"da",
"cu",
"##nh",
"##a",
",",
"before",
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"the",
"indian",
"ocean",
"in",
"february",
"1941",
".",
"on",
"14",
"february",
",",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"rendezvous",
"##ed",
"with",
"the",
"auxiliary",
"cruiser",
"atlantis",
"and",
"the",
"supply",
"ship",
"tan",
"##nen",
"##fe",
"##ls",
"about",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"nmi",
"(",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"900",
"km",
";",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"200",
"mi",
")",
"east",
"of",
"madagascar",
".",
"the",
"raiders",
"res",
"##up",
"##pl",
"##ied",
"from",
"tan",
"##nen",
"##fe",
"##ls",
"and",
"exchanged",
"information",
"on",
"allied",
"merchant",
"traffic",
"in",
"the",
"area",
",",
"parting",
"company",
"on",
"17",
"february",
".",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"then",
"steamed",
"to"
] | 877,647 |
norwegian oil tanker sandefjord. she spent christmas 1940 at sea in the mid @ - @ atlantic, several hundred miles from tristan da cunha, before making a foray into the indian ocean in february 1941. on 14 february, admiral scheer rendezvoused with the auxiliary cruiser atlantis and the supply ship tannenfels about 1 @, @ 000 nmi ( 1 @, @ 900 km ; 1 @, @ 200 mi ) east of madagascar. the raiders resupplied from tannenfels and exchanged information on allied merchant traffic in the area, parting company on 17 february. admiral scheer then steamed to
| 1,841 |
[
"the",
"seychelles",
"north",
"of",
"madagascar",
",",
"where",
"she",
"found",
"two",
"merchant",
"vessels",
"with",
"her",
"ara",
"##do",
"float",
"##planes",
".",
"she",
"took",
"the",
"6",
"@",
",",
"@",
"99",
"##4",
"gr",
"##t",
"oil",
"tanker",
"british",
"advocate",
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"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"45",
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"gr",
"##t",
"greek",
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"-",
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"##rio",
"##s",
".",
"a",
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"ship",
",",
"the",
"7",
"@",
",",
"@",
"178",
"gr",
"##t",
"canadian",
"cruiser",
",",
"managed",
"to",
"send",
"a",
"distress",
"signal",
"before",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"sank",
"her",
"on",
"21",
"february",
".",
"the",
"raider",
"encountered",
"and",
"sank",
"a",
"fourth",
"ship",
"the",
"following",
"day",
",",
"the",
"2",
"@",
",",
"@",
"54",
"##2",
"gr",
"##t",
"dutch",
"steamer",
"ran",
"##ta",
"##up",
"##and",
"##jan",
"##g",
",",
"though",
"she",
"too",
"was",
"able",
"to",
"send"
] | 877,648 |
the seychelles north of madagascar, where she found two merchant vessels with her arado floatplanes. she took the 6 @, @ 994 grt oil tanker british advocate as a prize and sank the 2 @, @ 456 grt greek @ - @ flagged grigorios. a third ship, the 7 @, @ 178 grt canadian cruiser, managed to send a distress signal before admiral scheer sank her on 21 february. the raider encountered and sank a fourth ship the following day, the 2 @, @ 542 grt dutch steamer rantaupandjang, though she too was able to send
| 1,845 |
[
"a",
"distress",
"signal",
"before",
"she",
"sank",
".",
"the",
"british",
"cruiser",
"hms",
"glasgow",
",",
"which",
"was",
"patrolling",
"in",
"the",
"area",
",",
"received",
"both",
"messages",
"from",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"'",
"s",
"victims",
".",
"glasgow",
"launched",
"reconnaissance",
"aircraft",
"that",
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"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"on",
"22",
"february",
".",
"vice",
"admiral",
"ralph",
"lea",
"##tham",
",",
"the",
"commander",
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"east",
"indies",
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",",
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"the",
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"and",
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"##town",
",",
"emerald",
",",
"hawkins",
",",
"shropshire",
",",
"and",
"the",
"australian",
"hm",
"##as",
"canberra",
"to",
"join",
"the",
"hunt",
".",
"k",
"##ran",
"##cke",
"turned",
"to",
"the",
"south",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"east",
"to",
"evade",
"his",
"pursue",
"##rs",
",",
"reaching",
"the",
"south",
"atlantic",
"by",
"3",
"march",
".",
"the",
"british",
",",
"meanwhile",
",",
"had",
"abandoned",
"the",
"hunt",
"on",
"25",
"february",
"when",
"it",
"became",
"clear",
"that"
] | 877,649 |
a distress signal before she sank. the british cruiser hms glasgow, which was patrolling in the area, received both messages from admiral scheer's victims. glasgow launched reconnaissance aircraft that spotted admiral scheer on 22 february. vice admiral ralph leatham, the commander of the east indies station, deployed the carrier hermes and cruisers capetown, emerald, hawkins, shropshire, and the australian hmas canberra to join the hunt. krancke turned to the south @ - @ east to evade his pursuers, reaching the south atlantic by 3 march. the british, meanwhile, had abandoned the hunt on 25 february when it became clear that
| 1,841 |
[
"admiral",
"sc",
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] | 877,650 |
admiral scheer had withdrawn from the area. admiral scheer then sailed northwards, breaking through the denmark strait on 26 – 27 march and evading the cruisers fiji and nigeria. she reached bergen, norway on 30 march, where she spent a day in the grimstadfjord. a destroyer escort joined the ship for the voyage to kiel, which they reached on 1 april. in the course of her raiding operation, she had steamed over 46 @, @ 000 nautical miles ( 85 @, @ 000 km ) and sank seventeen merchant ships for a total of 113 @, @ 223 grt. she was by far the most successful
| 1,841 |
[
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"8",
"september",
",",
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".",
"90"
] | 877,651 |
german capital ship commerce raider of the entire war. after returning to germany, krancke left the ship and was replaced by kzs wilhelm meendsen @ - @ bohlken in june 1941. the loss of the battleship bismarck in may 1941, and more importantly, the royal navy's destruction of the german supply ship network in the aftermath of the bismarck operation forced a planned atlantic raiding operation for admiral scheer and her sister lutzow at the end of 1941 to be abandoned. on 4 – 8 september, admiral scheer was briefly moved to oslo. there, on 5 and 8 september, no. 90
| 1,841 |
[
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".",
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",",
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",",
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".",
"the"
] | 877,652 |
squadron raf, equipped with boeing b @ - @ 17 flying fortress bombers, mounted a pair of unsuccessful attacks on the ship. on 8 september, the ship left oslo and returned to swinemunde. on 21 february 1942, admiral scheer, the heavy cruiser prinz eugen, and the destroyers z4 richard beitzen, z5 paul jakobi, z25, z7 hermann schoemann, and z14 friedrich ihn steamed to norway. after stopping briefly in grimstadfjord, the ships proceeded on to trondheim. on 23 february, the british submarine trident torpedoed prinz eugen, causing serious damage. the
| 1,836 |
[
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"##jord",
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"the",
"german",
"departure",
"and",
"ordered",
"the",
"convoy",
"to",
"sc",
"##atter"
] | 877,653 |
first operation in norway in which admiral scheer took part was operation rosselsprung, in july 1942. on 2 july, the ship sortied as part of the attempt to intercept arctic convoy pq @ - @ 17. admiral scheer and lutzow formed one group while tirpitz and admiral hipper composed another. while en route to the rendezvous point, lutzow and three destroyers ran aground, forcing the entire group to abandon the operation. admiral scheer was detached to join tirpitz and admiral hipper in altafjord. the british detected the german departure and ordered the convoy to scatter
| 1,841 |
[
".",
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"##ml",
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",",
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"which",
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"return",
"to"
] | 877,654 |
. aware that surprise had been lost, the germans broke off the surface attack and turned the destruction of pq @ - @ 17 over to the u @ - @ boats and luftwaffe. twenty @ - @ four of the convoy's thirty @ - @ five transports were sunk. in august 1942, she conducted operation wunderland, a sortie into the kara sea to interdict soviet shipping and attack targets of opportunity. the length of the mission and the distances involved precluded a destroyer escort for the operation ; three destroyers would escort admiral scheer until they reached novaya zemlya, at which point they would return to
| 1,841 |
[
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] | 877,655 |
norway. two u @ - @ boats — u @ - @ 251 and u @ - @ 456 — patrolled the kara gate and the jugor strait. the germans originally intended to send admiral scheer with her sister ship lutzow, but since the latter had run aground the previous month, she was unavailable for the operation. the operational plan called for strict radio silence to ensure surprise could be maintained. this required meendsen @ - @ bohlken to have total tactical and operational control of his ship ; shore @ - @ based commands would be unable to direct the mission. on 16 august, admiral scheer
| 1,841 |
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".",
"me",
"##end"
] | 877,656 |
and her destroyer escort left narvik on a course to pass to the north of novaya zemlya. upon entering the kara sea, she encountered heavy ice ; in addition to searching for merchant shipping, the arado floatplane was used to scout paths through the ice fields. on 25 august, she encountered the soviet icebreaker sibiryakov. admiral scheer sank the icebreaker, but not before she sent a distress signal. the german ship then turned south, and two days later, arrived off the port of dikson. admiral scheer damaged two ships in the port and shelled harbor facilities. meend
| 1,841 |
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"z",
"##28",
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] | 877,657 |
##sen @ - @ bohlken considered sending a landing party ashore, but firing from soviet shore batteries convinced him to abandon the plan. after breaking off the bombardment, meendsen @ - @ bohlken decided to return to narvik. she reached port on 30 august without having achieved any significant successes. on 23 october admiral scheer, tirpitz and the destroyers z4 richard beitzen, z16 friedrich eckoldt, z23, z28, and z29 left bogen bay and proceeded to trondheim. there, tirpitz stopped for repairs, while admiral scheer and z28 continued on
| 1,841 |
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"##hee",
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"##z",
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"@",
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"##ien",
"##emann",
",",
"the",
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"s",
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","
] | 877,658 |
to germany. fregattenkapitan ernst gruber served as the ship's acting commander at the end of november. in december 1942, admiral scheer returned to wilhelmshaven for major overhaul, where she was attacked and slightly damaged by raf bombers. consequently, admiral scheer moved to the less exposed port of swinemunde. in february 1943, kzs richard rothe @ - @ roth took command of the ship. until the end of 1944 admiral scheer was part of the fleet training group. kzs ernst @ - @ ludwig thienemann, the ship's final commander,
| 1,841 |
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",",
"4",
"@"
] | 877,659 |
took command of admiral scheer in april 1944. on 22 november 1944, admiral scheer, the destroyers z25 and z35, and the 2nd torpedo boat flotilla relieved the cruiser prinz eugen and several destroyers supporting german forces fighting the soviets on the island of osel in the baltic. the soviet air force launched several air attacks on the german forces, all of which were successfully repelled by heavy anti @ - @ aircraft fire. the ship's arado floatplane was shot down, however. on the night of 23 – 24 november, the german naval forces completed the evacuation of the island. in all, 4 @
| 1,841 |
[
",",
"@",
"69",
"##4",
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".",
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"admiral",
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"and",
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"-",
"@",
"hey",
"##dek",
"##rug",
".",
"the",
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"attack",
"temporarily",
"restored",
"the",
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"connection",
"to",
"ko",
"##nig",
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".",
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"s",
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"need",
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"repair",
".",
"on",
"8",
"march",
",",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"departed"
] | 877,660 |
, @ 694 troops were evacuated from the island. in early february 1945, admiral scheer stood off samland with several torpedo boats in support of german forces fighting soviet advances. on 9 february, the ships began shelling soviet positions. between 18 and 24 february, german forces launched a local counterattack ; admiral scheer and the torpedo boats provided artillery support, targeting soviet positions near peyse and gross @ - @ heydekrug. the german attack temporarily restored the land connection to konigsberg. the ship's guns were badly worn out by march and in need of repair. on 8 march, admiral scheer departed
| 1,841 |
[
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"re",
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"##ine",
"##mund",
"##e",
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"she",
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"on",
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"her",
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"the",
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"we",
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"april",
".",
"during",
"the",
"repair",
"process",
",",
"most",
"of"
] | 877,661 |
the eastern baltic to have her guns relined in kiel ; she carried 800 civilian refugees and 200 wounded soldiers. an uncleared minefield prevented her from reaching kiel, and so she unloaded her passengers in swinemunde. despite her worn @ - @ out gun barrels, the ship then shelled soviet forces outside kolberg until she used up her remaining ammunition. the ship then loaded refugees and left swinemunde ; she successfully navigated the minefields on the way to kiel, arriving on 18 march. her stern turret had its guns replaced at the deutsche werke shipyard by early april. during the repair process, most of
| 1,810 |
[
"the",
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"s",
"crew",
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".",
"admiral",
"sc",
"##hee",
"##r",
"was",
"hit",
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"tall",
"##boy",
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"and",
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".",
"she",
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",",
"though",
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"the",
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"and",
"buried",
"with",
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"from",
"the",
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"in",
"the",
"construction",
"of",
"a",
"new",
"quay",
".",
"the",
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"of",
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"her",
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"is",
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".",
"=",
"barr",
"##hill",
",",
"new",
"zealand",
"=",
"barr",
"##hill",
"is",
"a",
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"populated",
"locality",
"in",
"the",
"canterbury",
"region",
"of",
"new",
"zealand",
"'",
"s",
"south",
"island",
".",
"it",
"is",
"situated",
"on",
"the",
"canterbury",
"plains",
","
] | 877,662 |
the ship's crew went ashore. on the night of 9 april 1945, a general raf bombing raid by over 300 aircraft struck the harbor in kiel. admiral scheer was hit by five tallboy bombs and capsized. she was partially broken up for scrap after the end of the war, though part of the hull was left in place and buried with rubble from the attack in the construction of a new quay. the number of casualties from her loss is unknown. = barrhill, new zealand = barrhill is a lightly populated locality in the canterbury region of new zealand's south island. it is situated on the canterbury plains,
| 1,845 |
[
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"-",
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".",
"was",
"##on",
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"##h",
"##ven",
"branch",
"railway",
"to",
"run",
"past",
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"##hill",
",",
"but",
"the",
"line",
"was",
"built",
"in",
"1880",
"on",
"an",
"alignment"
] | 877,663 |
on the right bank of the rakaia river, about 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) inland from rakaia. it was founded by cathcart wason in the mid @ - @ 1870s and named by him after his old home barrhill in south ayrshire, scotland. wason set it up as a model village for the workers of his large sheep farm. the population of the village peaked in the mid @ - @ 1880s before the general recession initiated a downturn for the village. wason had expected for the methven branch railway to run past barrhill, but the line was built in 1880 on an alignment
| 880 |
[
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"which",
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".",
"three",
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"and",
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"to",
"this",
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".",
"one",
"of",
"those",
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",",
"st",
"john",
"'",
"s",
"church",
",",
"is",
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"by",
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"as",
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",",
"and",
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"gate",
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"on",
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"today",
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"few",
"buildings",
"exist",
"in",
"the",
"village",
",",
"but",
"the",
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"of",
"avenues",
"still",
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",",
"giving",
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"setting",
"a",
"charming",
"appearance",
".",
"=",
"=",
"geography",
"=",
"=",
"barr",
"##hill",
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"small",
"settlement",
"between",
"the",
"ra",
"##kai",
"##a",
"barr",
"##hill",
"met",
"##h",
"##ven",
"road",
"and"
] | 877,664 |
many miles away, which caused barrhill population to decrease. three of the original buildings of barrhill plus the gatehouse at wason's homestead were constructed of concrete, and they still exist to this day. one of those buildings, st john's church, is registered by heritage new zealand as a category ii heritage building, and the gatehouse is a museum that is open on request. today, few buildings exist in the village, but the formal layout of avenues still exists, giving the setting a charming appearance. = = geography = = barrhill is a small settlement between the rakaia barrhill methven road and
| 882 |
[
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"ra",
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"##a",
"river",
",",
"located",
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"690",
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",",
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"(",
"660",
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".",
"two",
"internal",
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"angles",
"to",
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",",
"dividing",
"the",
"area",
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"four",
"quadrant",
"##s",
".",
"the",
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"of",
"the",
"internal",
"roads",
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"place",
".",
"apart",
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"the",
"main",
"road",
",",
"there",
"are",
"five",
"avenues",
",",
"each",
"planted",
"in",
"its",
"own"
] | 877,665 |
the rakaia river, located 210 metres ( 690 ft ) above sea level. it is about 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) from the town of rakaia and 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from methven. the four outer streets, one of which is the rakaia barrhill methven road, form a trapezoid with the longest side at 200 metres ( 660 ft ). two internal roads run at right angles to one another, dividing the area into four quadrants. the intersection of the internal roads forms the market place. apart from the main road, there are five avenues, each planted in its own
| 1,467 |
[
"species",
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":",
"oak",
",",
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"##lar",
",",
"birch",
",",
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",",
"and",
"sy",
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"the",
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"-",
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"##hill",
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".",
"was",
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"planted",
"in",
"an",
"unusual",
"pattern",
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"market",
"square",
".",
"residents",
"only",
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"1975",
"when",
"viewing",
"an",
"aerial",
"photo",
"that",
"those",
"trees",
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"what",
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"to",
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",",
"with",
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"two",
"inner",
"avenues",
"possibly",
"symbol",
"##ising",
"a",
"cr",
"##uc",
"##if",
"##ix",
".",
"was",
"##on",
"emigrated",
"from",
"scotland",
"to",
"new",
"zealand",
"in",
"late",
"1868",
".",
"in",
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"1869",
"or",
"april",
"1870",
"(",
"sources",
"vary",
")",
",",
"he",
"bought",
"the",
"lend",
"##on",
"sheep",
"run",
"(",
"run",
"116",
")",
"in",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"canterbury",
".",
"lend",
"##on"
] | 877,666 |
species and named accordingly : oak, poplar, birch, lime, and sycamore. the tree @ - @ lined avenues give barrhill a charming appearance. wason had trees planted in an unusual pattern around the market square. residents only noticed in 1975 when viewing an aerial photo that those trees form what appears to be the three circles of trinity, with the two inner avenues possibly symbolising a crucifix. wason emigrated from scotland to new zealand in late 1868. in february 1869 or april 1870 ( sources vary ), he bought the lendon sheep run ( run 116 ) in mid @ - @ canterbury. lendon
| 1,606 |
[
"was",
"a",
"20",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"acres",
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"81",
"km",
"##2",
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"the",
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",",
"but",
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",",
"and",
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"by",
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"##on",
"mentions",
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"##r",
"##war",
"in",
"october",
"1869",
",",
"hence",
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"1870",
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".",
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"##on",
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"trying",
"to",
"create",
"an",
"estate",
"village",
"on",
"land",
"bought",
"from",
"the"
] | 877,667 |
was a 20 @, @ 000 acres ( 81 km2 ) run on the south bank of the rakaia river. the land had first been taken up by john hall, but had changed ownership several times before wason bought it, including 1 @, @ 250 acres ( 5 @. @ 1 km2 ) of freehold land. wason renamed his property corwar after his father's lands in scotland, and the first advertisement placed in newspapers by wason mentions corwar in october 1869, hence the april 1870 date appears less likely. wason set about trying to create an estate village on land bought from the
| 846 |
[
"adjacent",
"la",
"##vington",
"run",
"(",
"run",
"117",
")",
".",
"he",
"also",
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"the",
"ho",
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"##ata",
"station",
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"ra",
"##kai",
"##a",
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".",
"his",
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"of",
"pine",
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"of",
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",",
"walnut",
"##s",
"and",
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"##lars",
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"(",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"4",
"km",
"##2",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"west",
"winds",
"to",
"allow",
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"and",
"the",
"growing",
"of",
"wheat",
",",
"while",
"water",
"power",
"was",
"used",
"for",
"agricultural",
"machinery",
".",
"he",
"bought",
"and",
"sold",
"land",
",",
"and",
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"1882",
"co",
"##r",
"##war",
"was",
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"as",
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"free",
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"of",
"just",
"over",
"5",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"acres",
"(",
"20",
"km",
"##2"
] | 877,668 |
adjacent lavington run ( run 117 ). he also bought part of the hororata station on the other side of the rakaia river from john cordy ( run 67 ). his planting of pine trees and of oaks, walnuts and poplars extended over 600 acres ( 2 @. @ 4 km2 ) and allowed shelter from the prevailing north @ - @ west winds to allow sheep farming and the growing of wheat, while water power was used for agricultural machinery. he bought and sold land, and by 1882 corwar was consolidated as a freehold estate of just over 5 @, @ 000 acres ( 20 km2
| 846 |
[
")",
"with",
"a",
"large",
"mansion",
"overlooking",
"the",
"river",
",",
"complete",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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"##yr",
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",",
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".",
"the",
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"same",
"year",
",",
"construction",
"of",
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"began",
",",
"and",
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"barr",
"##hill",
".",
"however",
",",
"was",
"##on",
"had",
"expected",
"the",
"met",
"##h",
"##ven",
"branch"
] | 877,669 |
) with a large mansion overlooking the river, complete with gate lodge and gate @ - @ keeper. on the estate, wason built a model village called barrhill, with avenues forming a grid layout and a central market square. barrhill had 28 sections, including a post office, bakery, school, church, other facilities, and fifteen cottages were built. wason named the village after his old home in south ayrshire, scotland. the post office opened in 1876 and in the same year, construction of the church began, and these buildings mark the beginning of barrhill. however, wason had expected the methven branch
| 884 |
[
"railway",
"to",
"be",
"built",
"near",
"barr",
"##hill",
",",
"but",
"when",
"it",
"was",
"built",
"on",
"a",
"more",
"south",
"##erly",
"route",
"along",
"thompson",
"##s",
"track",
"and",
"what",
"was",
"later",
"to",
"become",
"known",
"as",
"lau",
"##rist",
"##on",
",",
"the",
"village",
"began",
"to",
"decline",
".",
"d",
"##wind",
"##ling",
"population",
"forced",
"the",
"closure",
"of",
"the",
"school",
"in",
"1938",
",",
"although",
"the",
"church",
"of",
"st",
"john",
"the",
"evangelist",
"is",
"still",
"in",
"use",
".",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"buildings",
"were",
"constructed",
"from",
"pine",
"wood",
"grown",
"on",
"the",
"estate",
",",
"but",
"the",
"three",
"original",
"concrete",
"buildings",
"remain",
":",
"church",
",",
"school",
"and",
"schoolhouse",
".",
"without",
"the",
"railway",
",",
"was",
"##on",
"saw",
"his",
"project",
"as",
"doomed",
",",
"and",
"sold",
"up",
"in",
"1900",
".",
"a",
"rural",
"mail",
"service",
"was",
"discussed",
"for",
"the",
"ash",
"##bu",
"##rton",
"district",
"in",
"september",
"1924"
] | 877,670 |
railway to be built near barrhill, but when it was built on a more southerly route along thompsons track and what was later to become known as lauriston, the village began to decline. dwindling population forced the closure of the school in 1938, although the church of st john the evangelist is still in use. most of the buildings were constructed from pine wood grown on the estate, but the three original concrete buildings remain : church, school and schoolhouse. without the railway, wason saw his project as doomed, and sold up in 1900. a rural mail service was discussed for the ashburton district in september 1924
| 1,971 |
[
"and",
"after",
"the",
"contracts",
"were",
"let",
"in",
"february",
"1925",
",",
"the",
"barr",
"##hill",
"post",
"office",
"was",
"closed",
".",
"the",
"school",
"closed",
"in",
"1938",
".",
"the",
"ash",
"##bu",
"##rton",
"branch",
"of",
"new",
"zealand",
"historic",
"places",
"trust",
",",
"since",
"renamed",
"to",
"heritage",
"new",
"zealand",
",",
"unveiled",
"an",
"information",
"panel",
"on",
"anzac",
"day",
"in",
"2012",
"in",
"barr",
"##hill",
"'",
"s",
"market",
"square",
".",
"it",
"was",
"their",
"last",
"project",
"as",
"a",
"branch",
"committee",
"before",
"the",
"pending",
"di",
"##ses",
"##ta",
"##bl",
"##ishment",
"of",
"branch",
"committees",
"through",
"the",
"heritage",
"new",
"zealand",
"po",
"##uh",
"##ere",
"tao",
"##nga",
"bill",
",",
"and",
"they",
"chose",
"barr",
"##hill",
"to",
"re",
"##lau",
"##nch",
"themselves",
"as",
"the",
"historic",
"places",
"mid",
"canterbury",
"regional",
"society",
"as",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"un",
"##ve",
"##iling",
"of",
"the",
"historic",
"panel",
".",
"barr",
"##hill",
"flourished",
"until",
"about",
"1885"
] | 877,671 |
and after the contracts were let in february 1925, the barrhill post office was closed. the school closed in 1938. the ashburton branch of new zealand historic places trust, since renamed to heritage new zealand, unveiled an information panel on anzac day in 2012 in barrhill's market square. it was their last project as a branch committee before the pending disestablishment of branch committees through the heritage new zealand pouhere taonga bill, and they chose barrhill to relaunch themselves as the historic places mid canterbury regional society as part of the unveiling of the historic panel. barrhill flourished until about 1885
| 845 |
[
",",
"when",
"population",
"in",
"the",
"village",
"itself",
"peaked",
"at",
"50",
",",
"and",
"two",
"effects",
"caused",
"a",
"population",
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".",
"firstly",
",",
"a",
"recession",
"set",
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"across",
"new",
"zealand",
"that",
"made",
"people",
"move",
"to",
"where",
"work",
"opportunities",
"presented",
"themselves",
",",
"and",
"locally",
"those",
"opportunities",
"were",
"created",
"near",
"the",
"stations",
"of",
"the",
"met",
"##h",
"##ven",
"branch",
"railway",
".",
"was",
"##on",
"began",
"to",
"gradually",
"sell",
"off",
"parts",
"of",
"his",
"land",
"holdings",
"from",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"1880s",
".",
"more",
"recent",
"population",
"data",
"can",
"be",
"obtained",
"from",
"statistics",
"new",
"zealand",
".",
"the",
"smallest",
"unit",
"for",
"which",
"data",
"are",
"available",
"is",
"a",
"mesh",
"##block",
",",
"and",
"barr",
"##hill",
"is",
"located",
"within",
"the",
"mesh",
"##block",
"with",
"id",
"275",
"##0",
"##400",
".",
"this",
"mesh",
"##block",
"has",
"an",
"area",
"of",
"36",
"square",
"kilometres",
"(",
"14"
] | 877,672 |
, when population in the village itself peaked at 50, and two effects caused a population decline. firstly, a recession set in across new zealand that made people move to where work opportunities presented themselves, and locally those opportunities were created near the stations of the methven branch railway. wason began to gradually sell off parts of his land holdings from the mid @ - @ 1880s. more recent population data can be obtained from statistics new zealand. the smallest unit for which data are available is a meshblock, and barrhill is located within the meshblock with id 2750400. this meshblock has an area of 36 square kilometres ( 14
| 645 |
[
"sq",
"mi",
")",
",",
"i",
".",
"e",
".",
"a",
"rural",
"area",
"much",
"larger",
"than",
"just",
"the",
"village",
",",
"and",
"5",
"square",
"kilometres",
"(",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"9",
"sq",
"mi",
")",
"is",
"within",
"the",
"river",
"bed",
".",
"population",
"in",
"this",
"mesh",
"##block",
"was",
"recorded",
"at",
"60",
"in",
"the",
"1996",
"census",
",",
"60",
"in",
"2001",
",",
"69",
"in",
"2006",
",",
"and",
"66",
"in",
"2013",
".",
"=",
"=",
"notable",
"places",
"=",
"=",
"three",
"buildings",
"in",
"the",
"township",
"remain",
"from",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"its",
"founding",
".",
"in",
"addition",
",",
"there",
"is",
"the",
"historic",
"gate",
"##house",
"some",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"2",
"kilometres",
"(",
"1",
"@",
".",
"@",
"4",
"mi",
")",
"northwest",
"of",
"barr",
"##hill",
".",
"those",
"buildings",
"remain",
"partly",
"because",
"they",
"were",
"built",
"in",
"concrete",
",",
"with",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"walls"
] | 877,673 |
sq mi ), i. e. a rural area much larger than just the village, and 5 square kilometres ( 1 @. @ 9 sq mi ) is within the river bed. population in this meshblock was recorded at 60 in the 1996 census, 60 in 2001, 69 in 2006, and 66 in 2013. = = notable places = = three buildings in the township remain from the time of its founding. in addition, there is the historic gatehouse some 2 @. @ 2 kilometres ( 1 @. @ 4 mi ) northwest of barrhill. those buildings remain partly because they were built in concrete, with some of the walls
| 883 |
[
"30",
"centimetres",
"(",
"12",
"in",
")",
"thick",
".",
"the",
"cement",
"was",
"landed",
"in",
"barrels",
"on",
"kai",
"##tore",
"##te",
"spit",
",",
"barge",
"##d",
"across",
"lake",
"elle",
"##sm",
"##ere",
"/",
"te",
"wai",
"##hora",
",",
"and",
"then",
"transported",
"by",
"dr",
"##ay",
"overland",
"and",
"along",
"the",
"bed",
"of",
"the",
"ra",
"##kai",
"##a",
"river",
".",
"all",
"four",
"buildings",
"are",
"registered",
"as",
"category",
"a",
"(",
"\"",
"high",
"value",
"\"",
")",
"heritage",
"structures",
"by",
"ash",
"##bu",
"##rton",
"district",
"council",
".",
"st",
"john",
"'",
"s",
"church",
"was",
"mostly",
"paid",
"for",
"by",
"was",
"##on",
",",
"and",
"construction",
"started",
"in",
"1876",
",",
"with",
"the",
"first",
"service",
"held",
"on",
"8",
"july",
"1877",
"by",
"the",
"vicar",
"of",
"ash",
"##bu",
"##rton",
",",
"w",
".",
"e",
".",
"paige",
".",
"a",
"vicar",
"##age",
"was",
"also",
"en",
"##vis",
"##aged",
",",
"but",
"it",
"was",
"never"
] | 877,674 |
30 centimetres ( 12 in ) thick. the cement was landed in barrels on kaitorete spit, barged across lake ellesmere / te waihora, and then transported by dray overland and along the bed of the rakaia river. all four buildings are registered as category a ( " high value " ) heritage structures by ashburton district council. st john's church was mostly paid for by wason, and construction started in 1876, with the first service held on 8 july 1877 by the vicar of ashburton, w. e. paige. a vicarage was also envisaged, but it was never
| 891 |
[
"built",
".",
"a",
"l",
"##ych",
"gate",
"was",
"added",
"as",
"a",
"centennial",
"project",
".",
"st",
"john",
"'",
"s",
"belongs",
"to",
"the",
"ra",
"##kai",
"##a",
"parish",
"of",
"the",
"wai",
"##po",
"##una",
"##mu",
"diocese",
"of",
"the",
"anglican",
"church",
"in",
"ao",
"##tea",
"##ro",
"##a",
",",
"new",
"zealand",
"and",
"poly",
"##nesia",
",",
"with",
"services",
"each",
"second",
"sunday",
"of",
"the",
"month",
".",
"the",
"church",
"was",
"registered",
"as",
"a",
"heritage",
"building",
"by",
"the",
"new",
"zealand",
"historic",
"places",
"trust",
"(",
"since",
"renamed",
"to",
"heritage",
"new",
"zealand",
")",
"on",
"23",
"june",
"1983",
"with",
"registration",
"number",
"1765",
"classified",
"as",
"c",
".",
"with",
"the",
"change",
"of",
"the",
"classification",
"system",
",",
"the",
"building",
"later",
"became",
"a",
"category",
"ii",
"listing",
".",
"the",
"church",
"is",
"owned",
"by",
"church",
"property",
"trustees",
"(",
"i",
".",
"e",
".",
"the",
"anglican",
"church",
")",
".",
"after",
"the"
] | 877,675 |
built. a lych gate was added as a centennial project. st john's belongs to the rakaia parish of the waipounamu diocese of the anglican church in aotearoa, new zealand and polynesia, with services each second sunday of the month. the church was registered as a heritage building by the new zealand historic places trust ( since renamed to heritage new zealand ) on 23 june 1983 with registration number 1765 classified as c. with the change of the classification system, the building later became a category ii listing. the church is owned by church property trustees ( i. e. the anglican church ). after the
| 844 |
[
"land",
"had",
"been",
"surveyed",
",",
"the",
"first",
"buyer",
"was",
"the",
"education",
"board",
",",
"securing",
"land",
"for",
"a",
"school",
"in",
"the",
"market",
"square",
",",
"and",
"a",
"teacher",
"'",
"s",
"house",
"on",
"the",
"adjacent",
"section",
".",
"both",
"these",
"buildings",
"were",
"also",
"built",
"in",
"concrete",
"and",
"exist",
"to",
"this",
"day",
".",
"the",
"school",
"was",
"built",
"to",
"a",
"northern",
"hemisphere",
"design",
"and",
"has",
"windows",
"on",
"the",
"south",
"side",
"only",
"to",
"stop",
"children",
"from",
"becoming",
"distracted",
",",
"but",
"the",
"windows",
"are",
"on",
"the",
"wrong",
"side",
"to",
"ut",
"##ilis",
"##e",
"the",
"sun",
".",
"since",
"the",
"school",
"closed",
"in",
"1938",
"it",
"has",
"been",
"used",
"for",
"functions",
"and",
"as",
"a",
"hall",
".",
"the",
"former",
"teacher",
"'",
"s",
"house",
"is",
"used",
"as",
"a",
"bach",
".",
"both",
"buildings",
"are",
"owned",
"by",
"ash",
"##bu",
"##rton",
"district",
"council",
".",
"the"
] | 877,676 |
land had been surveyed, the first buyer was the education board, securing land for a school in the market square, and a teacher's house on the adjacent section. both these buildings were also built in concrete and exist to this day. the school was built to a northern hemisphere design and has windows on the south side only to stop children from becoming distracted, but the windows are on the wrong side to utilise the sun. since the school closed in 1938 it has been used for functions and as a hall. the former teacher's house is used as a bach. both buildings are owned by ashburton district council. the
| 882 |
[
"other",
"remaining",
"1870s",
"concrete",
"building",
"is",
"the",
"gate",
"house",
",",
"located",
"some",
"distance",
"away",
"on",
"the",
"ra",
"##kai",
"##a",
"barr",
"##hill",
"met",
"##h",
"##ven",
"road",
".",
"was",
"##on",
"'",
"s",
"homestead",
"was",
"at",
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"end",
"of",
"a",
"drive",
"starting",
"at",
"this",
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"house",
",",
"on",
"a",
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"top",
"overlooking",
"the",
"ra",
"##kai",
"##a",
"river",
".",
"the",
"homestead",
"burnt",
"down",
"not",
"long",
"after",
"was",
"##on",
"had",
"left",
"the",
"country",
",",
"and",
"a",
"new",
"homestead",
"was",
"built",
"nearby",
".",
"the",
"gate",
"##keeper",
"'",
"s",
"lodge",
"originally",
"had",
"a",
"slate",
"roof",
",",
"but",
"this",
"was",
"later",
"replaced",
"by",
"iron",
".",
"the",
"last",
"family",
"moved",
"out",
"in",
"1935",
".",
"during",
"the",
"second",
"world",
"war",
",",
"the",
"iron",
"was",
"stripped",
"off",
"the",
"empty",
"building",
",",
"and",
"it",
"fell",
"into",
"ruin",
".",
"a",
"later"
] | 877,677 |
other remaining 1870s concrete building is the gate house, located some distance away on the rakaia barrhill methven road. wason's homestead was at the end of a drive starting at this gate house, on a cliff top overlooking the rakaia river. the homestead burnt down not long after wason had left the country, and a new homestead was built nearby. the gatekeeper's lodge originally had a slate roof, but this was later replaced by iron. the last family moved out in 1935. during the second world war, the iron was stripped off the empty building, and it fell into ruin. a later
| 818 |
[
"owner",
",",
"colin",
"mc",
"##la",
"##ch",
"##lan",
",",
"donated",
"the",
"land",
"and",
"the",
"ruin",
"to",
"the",
"people",
"of",
"the",
"district",
";",
"it",
"is",
"now",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"ash",
"##bu",
"##rton",
"district",
"council",
".",
"the",
"renovation",
"began",
"in",
"1970",
",",
"with",
"work",
"carried",
"out",
"and",
"financed",
"by",
"descendants",
"of",
"previous",
"inhabitants",
"of",
"the",
"building",
".",
"a",
"plaque",
"on",
"the",
"building",
"states",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"reopened",
"in",
"march",
"1979",
"by",
"the",
"prime",
"minister",
"of",
"the",
"time",
",",
"robert",
"mu",
"##ld",
"##oon",
",",
"but",
"his",
"plane",
"ran",
"late",
"and",
"the",
"opening",
"ceremony",
"was",
"conducted",
"by",
"colin",
"mc",
"##la",
"##ch",
"##lan",
".",
"the",
"gate",
"house",
"is",
"fitted",
"out",
"as",
"a",
"museum",
",",
"and",
"viewing",
"can",
"be",
"arranged",
"through",
"the",
"ash",
"##bu",
"##rton",
"or",
"met",
"##h",
"##ven",
"information",
"centres",
".",
"barr",
"##hill",
"cemetery"
] | 877,678 |
owner, colin mclachlan, donated the land and the ruin to the people of the district ; it is now vested in the ashburton district council. the renovation began in 1970, with work carried out and financed by descendants of previous inhabitants of the building. a plaque on the building states that it was reopened in march 1979 by the prime minister of the time, robert muldoon, but his plane ran late and the opening ceremony was conducted by colin mclachlan. the gate house is fitted out as a museum, and viewing can be arranged through the ashburton or methven information centres. barrhill cemetery
| 867 |
[
"is",
"located",
"200",
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"(",
"660",
"ft",
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"-",
"@",
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".",
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"11",
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".",
"the",
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"in",
"1881",
".",
"=",
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"##hill",
"'",
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",",
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",",
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"and",
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"years",
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"zealand",
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"##ia",
"nolan",
",",
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"in",
"nearby",
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"##kai",
"##a",
",",
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"in",
"barr",
"##hill",
"for",
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"child",
".",
"243",
"ida",
"(",
"/",
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] | 877,679 |
is located 200 metres ( 660 ft ) south @ - @ west of the village on lauriston barrhill road. it is one of 11 open cemeteries in the ashburton district. the oldest recorded burial was in 1881. = = notable people = = barrhill's founder, cathcart wason, was a member of parliament in two countries : first in new zealand for a total of six years, and then in the united kingdom for twenty years. new zealand actress tania nolan, born in nearby rakaia, lived in barrhill for two years as a child. 243 ida ( / ˈaɪdə
| 544 |
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] | 877,680 |
/ ) is an asteroid in the koronis family of the asteroid belt. it was discovered on 29 september 1884 by austrian astronomer johann palisa and named after a nymph from greek mythology. later telescopic observations categorized ida as an s @ - @ type asteroid, the most numerous type in the inner asteroid belt. on 28 august 1993, ida was visited by the unmanned galileo spacecraft, while en route to jupiter. it was the second asteroid visited by a spacecraft and the first found to have a natural satellite. like all main @ - @ belt asteroids, ida's orbit lies between the planets mars and jupiter. its orbital
| 1,643 |
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] | 877,681 |
period is 4 @. @ 84 years, and its rotation period is 4 @. @ 63 hours. ida has an average diameter of 31 @. @ 4 km ( 19 @. @ 5 mi ). it is irregularly shaped and elongated, and apparently composed of two large objects connected together. its surface is one of the most heavily cratered in the solar system, featuring a wide variety of crater sizes and ages. ida's moon, dactyl, was discovered by mission member ann harch in images returned from galileo. it was named after the dactyls, creatures which inhabited mount ida in greek mythology. da
| 1,639 |
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] | 877,682 |
##ctyl, being only 1 @. @ 4 kilometres ( 4 @, @ 600 ft ) in diameter, is about one @ - @ twentieth the size of ida. its orbit around ida could not be determined with much accuracy. however, the constraints of possible orbits allowed a rough determination of ida's density, which revealed that it is depleted of metallic minerals. dactyl and ida share many characteristics, suggesting a common origin. the images returned from galileo, and the subsequent measurement of ida's mass, provided new insights into the geology of s @ - @ type asteroids. before the galileo flyby, many different theories had been
| 1,639 |
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] | 877,683 |
proposed to explain their mineral composition. determining their composition permits a correlation between meteorites falling to the earth and their origin in the asteroid belt. data returned from the flyby pointed to s @ - @ type asteroids as the source for the ordinary chondrite meteorites, the most common type found on the earth's surface. = = discovery and observations = = ida was discovered on 29 september 1884 by austrian astronomer johann palisa at the vienna observatory. it was his 45th asteroid discovery. ida was named by moriz von kuffner, a viennese brewer and amateur astronomer. in greek mythology, ida was a nymph
| 1,550 |
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] | 877,684 |
of crete who raised the god zeus. ida was recognized as a member of the koronis family by kiyotsugu hirayama, who proposed in 1918 that the group comprised the remnants of a destroyed precursor body. ida's reflection spectrum was measured on 16 september 1980 by astronomers david j. tholen and edward f. tedesco as part of the eight @ - @ color asteroid survey ( ecas ). its spectrum matched those of the asteroids in the s @ - @ type classification. many observations of ida were made in early 1993 by the us naval observatory in flagstaff and the oak ridge observatory. these improved the
| 1,546 |
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] | 877,685 |
measurement of ida's orbit around the sun and reduced the uncertainty of its position during the galileo flyby from 78 to 60 km ( 48 to 37 mi ). = = exploration = = ida was visited in 1993 by the jupiter @ - @ bound space probe galileo. its encounters of the asteroids gaspra and ida were secondary to the jupiter mission. these were selected as targets in response to a new nasa policy directing mission planners to consider asteroid flybys for all spacecraft crossing the belt. no prior missions had attempted such a flyby. galileo was launched into orbit by the space shuttle atlantis mission sts @ - @ 34 on 18 october 1989
| 1,643 |
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] | 877,686 |
. changing galileo's trajectory to approach ida required that it consume 34 kg ( 75 lb ) of propellant. mission planners delayed the decision to attempt a flyby until they were certain that this would leave the spacecraft enough propellant to complete its jupiter mission. galileo's trajectory carried it into the asteroid belt twice on its way to jupiter. during its second crossing, it flew by ida on 28 august 1993 at a speed of 12 @, @ 400 m / s ( 41 @, @ 000 ft / s ) relative to the asteroid. the onboard imager observed ida from a distance of 240 @, @ 350 km ( 149 @
| 1,643 |
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] | 877,687 |
, @ 350 mi ) to its closest approach of 2 @, @ 390 km ( 1 @, @ 490 mi ). ida was the second asteroid, after gaspra, to be imaged by a spacecraft. about 95 % of ida's surface came into view of the probe during the flyby. transmission of many ida images was delayed due to a permanent failure in the spacecraft's high @ - @ gain antenna. the first five images were received in september 1993. these comprised a high @ - @ resolution mosaic of the asteroid at a resolution of 31 – 38 m / pixel. the remaining images were sent in february 1994,
| 274 |
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] | 877,688 |
when the spacecraft's proximity to the earth allowed higher speed transmissions. the data returned from the galileo flybys of gaspra and ida, and the later near shoemaker asteroid mission, permitted the first study of asteroid geology. ida's relatively large surface exhibited a diverse range of geological features. the discovery of ida's moon dactyl, the first confirmed satellite of an asteroid, provided additional insights into ida's composition. ida is classified as an s @ - @ type asteroid based on ground @ - @ based spectroscopic measurements. the composition of s @ - @ types was uncertain before the galileo flybys,
| 1,548 |
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"was"
] | 877,689 |
but was interpreted to be either of two minerals found in meteorites that had fallen to the earth : ordinary chondrite ( oc ) and stony @ - @ iron. estimates of ida's density are constrained to less than 3 @. @ 2 g / cm3 by the long @ - @ term stability of dactyl's orbit. this all but rules out a stony @ - @ iron composition ; were ida made of 5 g / cm3 iron - and nickel @ - @ rich material, it would have to contain more than 40 % empty space. the galileo images also led to the discovery that space weathering was
| 1,578 |
[
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"@",
"-",
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".",
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"effects",
"and",
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"density",
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"o",
"##c",
"meteor",
"##ites",
".",
"s",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"types"
] | 877,690 |
taking place on ida, a process which causes older regions to become more red in color over time. the same process affects both ida and its moon, although dactyl shows a lesser change. the weathering of ida's surface revealed another detail about its composition : the reflection spectra of freshly exposed parts of the surface resembled that of oc meteorites, but the older regions matched the spectra of s @ - @ type asteroids. both of these discoveries — the space weathering effects and the low density — led to a new understanding about the relationship between s @ - @ type asteroids and oc meteorites. s @ - @ types
| 1,546 |
[
"are",
"the",
"most",
"numerous",
"kind",
"of",
"asteroid",
"in",
"the",
"inner",
"part",
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"o",
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",",
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"the",
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"@",
"-",
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",",
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"ko",
"##ron",
"##is",
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",",
"could",
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"source",
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"these",
"meteor",
"##ites",
".",
"=",
"=",
"physical",
"characteristics",
"=",
"=",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"mass",
"is",
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"3",
"@",
".",
"@",
"65",
"and",
"4",
"@",
".",
"@",
"99",
"×",
"1016",
"kg",
".",
"its",
"gravitational",
"field",
"produces"
] | 877,691 |
are the most numerous kind of asteroid in the inner part of the asteroid belt. oc meteorites are, likewise, the most common type of meteorite found on the earth's surface. the reflection spectra measured by remote observations of s @ - @ type asteroids, however, did not match that of oc meteorites. the galileo flyby of ida found that some s @ - @ types, particularly the koronis family, could be the source of these meteorites. = = physical characteristics = = ida's mass is between 3 @. @ 65 and 4 @. @ 99 × 1016 kg. its gravitational field produces
| 1,537 |
[
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"@",
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")",
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".",
"ida",
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"asteroid",
",",
"with",
"an",
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"surface",
".",
"ida",
"is",
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"@",
".",
"@",
"35",
"times",
"as",
"long",
"as",
"it",
"is",
"wide",
",",
"and",
"a",
"\"",
"waist",
"\"",
"separates",
"it",
"into",
"two",
"geological",
"##ly",
"di",
"##ssi",
"##mi",
"##lar",
"halves",
".",
"this",
"con",
"##st",
"##ricted",
"shape",
"is",
"consistent",
"with",
"ida",
"being",
"made",
"of",
"two",
"large",
","
] | 877,692 |
an acceleration of about 0 @. @ 3 to 1 @. @ 1 cm / s2 over its surface. this field is so weak that an astronaut standing on its surface could leap from one end of ida to the other, and an object moving in excess of 20 m / s ( 70 ft / s ) could escape the asteroid entirely. ida is a distinctly elongated asteroid, with an irregular surface. ida is 2 @. @ 35 times as long as it is wide, and a " waist " separates it into two geologically dissimilar halves. this constricted shape is consistent with ida being made of two large,
| 1,539 |
[
"solid",
"components",
",",
"with",
"loose",
"debris",
"filling",
"the",
"gap",
"between",
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".",
"however",
",",
"no",
"such",
"debris",
"was",
"seen",
"in",
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"@",
"-",
"@",
"resolution",
"images",
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"by",
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".",
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"few",
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"to",
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"°",
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"ida",
",",
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"not",
"exceed",
"35",
"°",
".",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"irregular",
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"is",
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"asteroid",
"'",
"s",
"very",
"uneven",
"gravitational",
"field",
".",
"the",
"surface",
"acceleration",
"is",
"lowest",
"at",
"the",
"ex",
"##tre",
"##mit",
"##ies",
"because",
"of",
"their",
"high",
"rotational",
"speed",
".",
"it",
"is",
"also",
"low",
"near",
"the",
"\"",
"waist",
"\"",
"because",
"the",
"mass",
"of",
"the",
"asteroid",
"is",
"concentrated",
"in",
"the",
"two",
"halves",
",",
"away",
"from",
"this",
"location",
".",
"=",
"=",
"surface",
"features",
"=",
"=",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"surface",
"appears"
] | 877,693 |
solid components, with loose debris filling the gap between them. however, no such debris was seen in high @ - @ resolution images captured by galileo. although there are a few steep slopes tilting up to about 50 ° on ida, the slope generally does not exceed 35 °. ida's irregular shape is responsible for the asteroid's very uneven gravitational field. the surface acceleration is lowest at the extremities because of their high rotational speed. it is also low near the " waist " because the mass of the asteroid is concentrated in the two halves, away from this location. = = surface features = = ida's surface appears
| 1,539 |
[
"heavily",
"crater",
"##ed",
"and",
"mostly",
"gray",
",",
"although",
"minor",
"color",
"variations",
"mark",
"newly",
"formed",
"or",
"uncovered",
"areas",
".",
"besides",
"craters",
",",
"other",
"features",
"are",
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",",
"such",
"as",
"grooves",
",",
"ridges",
",",
"and",
"pro",
"##tr",
"##usions",
".",
"ida",
"is",
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"a",
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"layer",
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"reg",
"##oli",
"##th",
",",
"loose",
"debris",
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"obscure",
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"solid",
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".",
"the",
"largest",
",",
"boulder",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sized",
",",
"debris",
"fragments",
"are",
"called",
"e",
"##ject",
"##a",
"blocks",
",",
"several",
"of",
"which",
"have",
"been",
"observed",
"on",
"the",
"surface",
".",
"the",
"surface",
"of",
"ida",
"is",
"covered",
"in",
"a",
"blanket",
"of",
"pu",
"##lver",
"##ized",
"rock",
",",
"called",
"reg",
"##oli",
"##th",
",",
"about",
"50",
"–",
"100",
"m",
"(",
"160",
"–",
"330",
"ft",
")",
"thick",
".",
"this",
"material",
"is",
"produced",
"in",
"impact",
"events",
"and"
] | 877,694 |
heavily cratered and mostly gray, although minor color variations mark newly formed or uncovered areas. besides craters, other features are evident, such as grooves, ridges, and protrusions. ida is covered by a thick layer of regolith, loose debris that obscures the solid rock beneath. the largest, boulder @ - @ sized, debris fragments are called ejecta blocks, several of which have been observed on the surface. the surface of ida is covered in a blanket of pulverized rock, called regolith, about 50 – 100 m ( 160 – 330 ft ) thick. this material is produced in impact events and
| 1,546 |
[
"red",
"##ist",
"##ri",
"##bu",
"##ted",
"across",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"surface",
"by",
"geological",
"processes",
".",
"galileo",
"observed",
"evidence",
"of",
"recent",
"downs",
"##lo",
"##pe",
"reg",
"##oli",
"##th",
"movement",
".",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"reg",
"##oli",
"##th",
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"composed",
"of",
"the",
"si",
"##lica",
"##te",
"minerals",
"ol",
"##iv",
"##ine",
"and",
"p",
"##yr",
"##ox",
"##ene",
".",
"its",
"appearance",
"changes",
"over",
"time",
"through",
"a",
"process",
"called",
"space",
"weather",
"##ing",
".",
"because",
"of",
"this",
"process",
",",
"older",
"reg",
"##oli",
"##th",
"appears",
"more",
"red",
"in",
"color",
"compared",
"to",
"freshly",
"exposed",
"material",
".",
"about",
"20",
"large",
"(",
"40",
"–",
"150",
"m",
"across",
")",
"e",
"##ject",
"##a",
"blocks",
"have",
"been",
"identified",
",",
"embedded",
"in",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"reg",
"##oli",
"##th",
".",
"e",
"##ject",
"##a",
"blocks",
"constitute",
"the",
"largest",
"pieces",
"of",
"the",
"reg",
"##oli",
"##th",
".",
"because",
"e",
"##ject",
"##a"
] | 877,695 |
redistributed across ida's surface by geological processes. galileo observed evidence of recent downslope regolith movement. ida's regolith is composed of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene. its appearance changes over time through a process called space weathering. because of this process, older regolith appears more red in color compared to freshly exposed material. about 20 large ( 40 – 150 m across ) ejecta blocks have been identified, embedded in ida's regolith. ejecta blocks constitute the largest pieces of the regolith. because ejecta
| 1,546 |
[
"blocks",
"are",
"expected",
"to",
"break",
"down",
"quickly",
"by",
"impact",
"events",
",",
"those",
"present",
"on",
"the",
"surface",
"must",
"have",
"been",
"either",
"formed",
"recently",
"or",
"uncovered",
"by",
"an",
"impact",
"event",
".",
"most",
"of",
"them",
"are",
"located",
"within",
"the",
"craters",
"las",
"##ca",
"##ux",
"and",
"mammoth",
",",
"but",
"they",
"may",
"not",
"have",
"been",
"produced",
"there",
".",
"this",
"area",
"attracts",
"debris",
"due",
"to",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"irregular",
"gravitational",
"field",
".",
"some",
"blocks",
"may",
"have",
"been",
"ejected",
"from",
"the",
"young",
"crater",
"az",
"##zu",
"##rra",
"on",
"the",
"opposite",
"side",
"of",
"the",
"asteroid",
".",
"several",
"major",
"structures",
"mark",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"surface",
".",
"the",
"asteroid",
"appears",
"to",
"be",
"split",
"into",
"two",
"halves",
",",
"here",
"referred",
"to",
"as",
"region",
"1",
"and",
"region",
"2",
",",
"connected",
"by",
"a",
"\"",
"waist",
"\"",
".",
"this",
"feature",
"may",
"have",
"been",
"filled"
] | 877,696 |
blocks are expected to break down quickly by impact events, those present on the surface must have been either formed recently or uncovered by an impact event. most of them are located within the craters lascaux and mammoth, but they may not have been produced there. this area attracts debris due to ida's irregular gravitational field. some blocks may have been ejected from the young crater azzurra on the opposite side of the asteroid. several major structures mark ida's surface. the asteroid appears to be split into two halves, here referred to as region 1 and region 2, connected by a " waist ". this feature may have been filled
| 1,541 |
[
"in",
"by",
"debris",
",",
"or",
"blasted",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"asteroid",
"by",
"impacts",
".",
"region",
"1",
"of",
"ida",
"contains",
"two",
"major",
"structures",
".",
"one",
"is",
"a",
"prominent",
"40",
"km",
"(",
"25",
"mi",
")",
"ridge",
"named",
"townsend",
"do",
"##rs",
"##um",
"that",
"stretches",
"150",
"degrees",
"around",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"surface",
".",
"the",
"other",
"structure",
"is",
"a",
"large",
"ind",
"##entation",
"named",
"vienna",
"reg",
"##io",
".",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"region",
"2",
"features",
"several",
"sets",
"of",
"grooves",
",",
"most",
"of",
"which",
"are",
"100",
"m",
"(",
"330",
"ft",
")",
"wide",
"or",
"less",
"and",
"up",
"to",
"4",
"km",
"(",
"2",
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"mi",
")",
"long",
".",
"they",
"are",
"located",
"near",
",",
"but",
"are",
"not",
"connected",
"with",
",",
"the",
"craters",
"mammoth",
",",
"las",
"##ca",
"##ux",
",",
"and",
"ka",
"##rt",
"##chner",
".",
"some",
"grooves",
"are",
"related"
] | 877,697 |
in by debris, or blasted out of the asteroid by impacts. region 1 of ida contains two major structures. one is a prominent 40 km ( 25 mi ) ridge named townsend dorsum that stretches 150 degrees around ida's surface. the other structure is a large indentation named vienna regio. ida's region 2 features several sets of grooves, most of which are 100 m ( 330 ft ) wide or less and up to 4 km ( 2 @. @ 5 mi ) long. they are located near, but are not connected with, the craters mammoth, lascaux, and kartchner. some grooves are related
| 1,541 |
[
"to",
"major",
"impact",
"events",
",",
"for",
"example",
"a",
"set",
"opposite",
"vienna",
"reg",
"##io",
".",
"ida",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"densely",
"crater",
"##ed",
"bodies",
"yet",
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"in",
"the",
"solar",
"system",
",",
"and",
"impacts",
"have",
"been",
"the",
"primary",
"process",
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"its",
"surface",
".",
"crater",
"##ing",
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"reached",
"the",
"sat",
"##uration",
"point",
",",
"meaning",
"that",
"new",
"impacts",
"erase",
"evidence",
"of",
"old",
"ones",
",",
"leaving",
"the",
"total",
"crater",
"count",
"roughly",
"the",
"same",
".",
"it",
"is",
"covered",
"with",
"craters",
"of",
"all",
"sizes",
"and",
"stages",
"of",
"degradation",
",",
"and",
"ranging",
"in",
"age",
"from",
"fresh",
"to",
"as",
"old",
"as",
"ida",
"itself",
".",
"the",
"oldest",
"may",
"have",
"been",
"formed",
"during",
"the",
"breakup",
"of",
"the",
"ko",
"##ron",
"##is",
"family",
"parent",
"body",
".",
"the",
"largest",
"crater",
",",
"las",
"##ca",
"##ux",
",",
"is",
"almost",
"12",
"km",
"(",
"7"
] | 877,698 |
to major impact events, for example a set opposite vienna regio. ida is one of the most densely cratered bodies yet explored in the solar system, and impacts have been the primary process shaping its surface. cratering has reached the saturation point, meaning that new impacts erase evidence of old ones, leaving the total crater count roughly the same. it is covered with craters of all sizes and stages of degradation, and ranging in age from fresh to as old as ida itself. the oldest may have been formed during the breakup of the koronis family parent body. the largest crater, lascaux, is almost 12 km ( 7
| 1,529 |
[
"@",
".",
"@",
"5",
"mi",
")",
"across",
".",
"region",
"2",
"contains",
"nearly",
"all",
"of",
"the",
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"than",
"6",
"km",
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"3",
"@",
".",
"@",
"7",
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"in",
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",",
"but",
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"has",
"no",
"large",
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"at",
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".",
"some",
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"are",
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"in",
"chains",
".",
"ida",
"'",
"s",
"major",
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"are",
"named",
"after",
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"and",
"lava",
"tubes",
"on",
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".",
"the",
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"az",
"##zu",
"##rra",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"is",
"named",
"after",
"a",
"submerged",
"cave",
"on",
"the",
"island",
"of",
"cap",
"##ri",
",",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"blue",
"gr",
"##otto",
".",
"az",
"##zu",
"##rra",
"seems",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"most",
"recent",
"major",
"impact",
"on",
"ida",
".",
"the",
"e",
"##ject",
"##a",
"from",
"this",
"collision",
"is",
"distributed",
"disco",
"##nti",
"##nu",
"##ously",
"over",
"ida",
"and",
"is",
"responsible",
"for",
"the",
"large"
] | 877,699 |
@. @ 5 mi ) across. region 2 contains nearly all of the craters larger than 6 km ( 3 @. @ 7 mi ) in diameter, but region 1 has no large craters at all. some craters are arranged in chains. ida's major craters are named after caves and lava tubes on earth. the crater azzurra, for example, is named after a submerged cave on the island of capri, also known as the blue grotto. azzurra seems to be the most recent major impact on ida. the ejecta from this collision is distributed discontinuously over ida and is responsible for the large
| 1,500 |
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