tokens
list | idx
int64 0
880k
| text
stringlengths 155
866
| cluster
int64 0
3k
|
|---|---|---|---|
[
"on",
"pine",
"and",
"spruce",
"cones",
",",
"but",
"it",
"fruits",
"in",
"autumn",
".",
"=",
"=",
"habitat",
"and",
"distribution",
"=",
"=",
"st",
"##ro",
"##bil",
"##urus",
"ten",
"##ace",
"##llus",
"is",
"a",
"sap",
"##ro",
"##bic",
"wood",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"rotting",
"fungus",
".",
"it",
"fruits",
"sing",
"##ly",
"or",
"in",
"small",
"groups",
"on",
"fallen",
"and",
"often",
"partially",
"buried",
"cones",
"of",
"scots",
"pine",
"(",
"pin",
"##us",
"sy",
"##lves",
"##tri",
"##s",
")",
",",
"european",
"black",
"pine",
"(",
"pin",
"##us",
"ni",
"##gra",
")",
"and",
"sometimes",
"spruce",
"(",
"pic",
"##ea",
")",
"in",
"con",
"##iferous",
"and",
"mixed",
"forests",
".",
"it",
"is",
"found",
"in",
"europe",
"and",
"asia",
",",
"where",
"it",
"has",
"been",
"recorded",
"in",
"japan",
"and",
"jordan",
".",
"in",
"europe",
",",
"the",
"fungus",
"usually",
"fruits",
"from",
"march",
"to",
"june",
".",
"its",
"occurrence",
"is",
"occasional",
".",
"=",
"=",
"bio",
"##active",
"compounds"
] | 877,400 |
on pine and spruce cones, but it fruits in autumn. = = habitat and distribution = = strobilurus tenacellus is a saprobic wood @ - @ rotting fungus. it fruits singly or in small groups on fallen and often partially buried cones of scots pine ( pinus sylvestris ), european black pine ( pinus nigra ) and sometimes spruce ( picea ) in coniferous and mixed forests. it is found in europe and asia, where it has been recorded in japan and jordan. in europe, the fungus usually fruits from march to june. its occurrence is occasional. = = bioactive compounds
| 1,663 |
[
"=",
"=",
"two",
"cy",
"##athan",
"##e",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"like",
"di",
"##ter",
"##pen",
"##oids",
",",
"(",
"12",
"##s",
")",
"-",
"11",
"##α",
",",
"14",
"##α",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ep",
"##ox",
"##y",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"13",
"##α",
",",
"14",
"##β",
",",
"15",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"tri",
"##hy",
"##dro",
"##xy",
"##cy",
"##ath",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"3",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"en",
"##e",
"and",
"(",
"12",
"##r",
")",
"-",
"11",
"##α",
",",
"14",
"##α",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ep",
"##ox",
"##y",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"13",
"##α",
",",
"14",
"##β",
",",
"15",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"tri",
"##hy",
"##dro",
"##xy",
"##cy",
"##ath",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"3",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"en",
"##e",
",",
"have",
"been",
"isolated",
"and",
"identified",
"from",
"the",
"liquid",
"culture",
"of",
"the",
"fungus",
".",
"these",
"compounds",
"inhibit",
"the",
"growth",
"of",
"certain",
"tumor",
"cells",
"when"
] | 877,401 |
= = two cyathane @ - @ like diterpenoids, ( 12s ) - 11α, 14α @ - @ epoxy @ - @ 13α, 14β, 15 @ - @ trihydroxycyath @ - @ 3 @ - @ ene and ( 12r ) - 11α, 14α @ - @ epoxy @ - @ 13α, 14β, 15 @ - @ trihydroxycyath @ - @ 3 @ - @ ene, have been isolated and identified from the liquid culture of the fungus. these compounds inhibit the growth of certain tumor cells when
| 1,679 |
[
"grown",
"in",
"vitro",
".",
"using",
"a",
"standard",
"laboratory",
"method",
"to",
"determine",
"anti",
"##mic",
"##ro",
"##bial",
"su",
"##sc",
"##ept",
"##ibility",
",",
"met",
"##han",
"##ol",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"based",
"extracts",
"of",
"st",
"##ro",
"##bil",
"##urus",
"ten",
"##ace",
"##llus",
"fruit",
"bodies",
"were",
"shown",
"in",
"a",
"2000",
"study",
"to",
"have",
"low",
"anti",
"##ba",
"##cter",
"##ial",
"activity",
"against",
"the",
"bacterium",
"ba",
"##ci",
"##llus",
"sub",
"##ti",
"##lis",
",",
"and",
"low",
"to",
"moderate",
"activity",
"against",
"the",
"fungi",
"candi",
"##da",
"al",
"##bic",
"##ans",
"and",
"as",
"##per",
"##gill",
"##us",
"fu",
"##mi",
"##gat",
"##us",
".",
"the",
"fungus",
"produces",
"the",
"natural",
"anti",
"##biotic",
"st",
"##ro",
"##bil",
"##uri",
"##n",
"a",
",",
"which",
"was",
"reported",
"as",
"a",
"novel",
"compound",
"from",
"this",
"species",
"in",
"1977",
";",
"other",
"st",
"##ro",
"##bil",
"##uri",
"##ns",
"have",
"since",
"been",
"found",
"in",
"other",
"bas",
"##idi",
"##omy",
"##ce"
] | 877,402 |
grown in vitro. using a standard laboratory method to determine antimicrobial susceptibility, methanol @ - @ based extracts of strobilurus tenacellus fruit bodies were shown in a 2000 study to have low antibacterial activity against the bacterium bacillus subtilis, and low to moderate activity against the fungi candida albicans and aspergillus fumigatus. the fungus produces the natural antibiotic strobilurin a, which was reported as a novel compound from this species in 1977 ; other strobilurins have since been found in other basidiomyce
| 1,662 |
[
"##te",
"wood",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"rotting",
"fungi",
",",
"like",
"porcelain",
"mushroom",
"for",
"example",
".",
"st",
"##ro",
"##bil",
"##uri",
"##n",
"a",
"is",
"thought",
"to",
"be",
"derived",
"bio",
"##sy",
"##nt",
"##hetic",
"##ally",
"from",
"the",
"amino",
"acid",
"l",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"ph",
"##en",
"##yla",
"##lani",
"##ne",
".",
"in",
"nature",
",",
"the",
"fungus",
"secret",
"##es",
"the",
"chemical",
"to",
"prevent",
"invasion",
"by",
"other",
"fungi",
"that",
"challenge",
"its",
"nutrient",
"source",
".",
"it",
"works",
"by",
"blocking",
"electron",
"transfer",
"in",
"the",
"mit",
"##och",
"##ond",
"##ria",
",",
"stopping",
"res",
"##piration",
"by",
"binding",
"to",
"the",
"u",
"##bi",
"##hy",
"##dro",
"##quin",
"##one",
"oxidation",
"center",
"of",
"the",
"bc",
"##1",
"complex",
".",
"this",
"prevents",
"the",
"competing",
"fungus",
"from",
"creating",
"its",
"own",
"energy",
"and",
"inhibit",
"##ing",
"its",
"growth",
"at",
"the",
"earliest",
"stages",
"of",
"the",
"life",
"cycle",
",",
"the",
"sp",
"##ore",
"ge",
"##rmin"
] | 877,403 |
##te wood @ - @ rotting fungi, like porcelain mushroom for example. strobilurin a is thought to be derived biosynthetically from the amino acid l @ - @ phenylalanine. in nature, the fungus secretes the chemical to prevent invasion by other fungi that challenge its nutrient source. it works by blocking electron transfer in the mitochondria, stopping respiration by binding to the ubihydroquinone oxidation center of the bc1 complex. this prevents the competing fungus from creating its own energy and inhibiting its growth at the earliest stages of the life cycle, the spore germin
| 1,683 |
[
"##ation",
"stage",
".",
"the",
"fungus",
"is",
"resistant",
"to",
"its",
"own",
"chemical",
"because",
"its",
"u",
"##bi",
"##hy",
"##dro",
"##quin",
"##one",
"has",
"three",
"amino",
"acid",
"residues",
"that",
"prevent",
"the",
"st",
"##ro",
"##bil",
"##uri",
"##ns",
"from",
"binding",
".",
"because",
"of",
"their",
"sensitivity",
"to",
"light",
",",
"and",
"high",
"vapor",
"pressures",
"that",
"causes",
"them",
"to",
"rapidly",
"disappear",
"when",
"applied",
"to",
"the",
"surface",
"of",
"a",
"leaf",
",",
"chemical",
"##ly",
"un",
"##mo",
"##di",
"##fied",
"st",
"##ro",
"##bil",
"##uri",
"##ns",
"are",
"not",
"generally",
"useful",
"as",
"fungi",
"##cide",
"##s",
"for",
"agricultural",
"use",
".",
"the",
"st",
"##ro",
"##bil",
"##uri",
"##n",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"derived",
"compound",
"az",
"##ox",
"##yst",
"##ro",
"##bin",
",",
"fi",
"##rst",
"made",
"commercially",
"available",
"in",
"1996",
",",
"was",
"designed",
"to",
"overcome",
"these",
"limitations",
".",
"it",
"is",
"the",
"world",
"'",
"s",
"biggest",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"selling",
"fungi"
] | 877,404 |
##ation stage. the fungus is resistant to its own chemical because its ubihydroquinone has three amino acid residues that prevent the strobilurins from binding. because of their sensitivity to light, and high vapor pressures that causes them to rapidly disappear when applied to the surface of a leaf, chemically unmodified strobilurins are not generally useful as fungicides for agricultural use. the strobilurin @ - @ derived compound azoxystrobin, first made commercially available in 1996, was designed to overcome these limitations. it is the world's biggest @ - @ selling fungi
| 1,683 |
[
"##cide",
".",
"other",
"commercial",
"fungi",
"##cide",
"##s",
"developed",
"from",
"the",
"st",
"##ro",
"##bil",
"##uri",
"##ns",
"include",
"allegro",
",",
"and",
"br",
"##io",
"(",
"k",
"##res",
"##ox",
"##im",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"methyl",
")",
"ami",
"##star",
".",
"=",
"gilbert",
"de",
"clare",
",",
"8th",
"earl",
"of",
"gloucester",
"=",
"gilbert",
"de",
"clare",
",",
"8th",
"earl",
"of",
"gloucester",
",",
"7th",
"earl",
"of",
"her",
"##tford",
",",
"10th",
"lord",
"of",
"clare",
",",
"5th",
"lord",
"of",
"glamorgan",
"(",
"c",
".",
"10",
"may",
"129",
"##1",
"–",
"24",
"june",
"131",
"##4",
")",
"was",
"an",
"english",
"nobleman",
"and",
"a",
"military",
"commander",
"in",
"the",
"scottish",
"wars",
".",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"most",
"english",
"earls",
"at",
"the",
"time",
",",
"his",
"main",
"focus",
"lay",
"in",
"the",
"pursuit",
"of",
"war",
"rather",
"than",
"in",
"domestic",
"political",
"strife",
".",
"he",
"was",
"the",
"son",
"of",
"gilbert",
"de",
"clare"
] | 877,405 |
##cide. other commercial fungicides developed from the strobilurins include allegro, and brio ( kresoxim @ - @ methyl ) amistar. = gilbert de clare, 8th earl of gloucester = gilbert de clare, 8th earl of gloucester, 7th earl of hertford, 10th lord of clare, 5th lord of glamorgan ( c. 10 may 1291 – 24 june 1314 ) was an english nobleman and a military commander in the scottish wars. in contrast to most english earls at the time, his main focus lay in the pursuit of war rather than in domestic political strife. he was the son of gilbert de clare
| 984 |
[
",",
"7th",
"earl",
"of",
"gloucester",
",",
"and",
"joan",
"of",
"acre",
",",
"daughter",
"of",
"edward",
"i",
".",
"the",
"older",
"gilbert",
"died",
"when",
"his",
"son",
"was",
"only",
"four",
"years",
"old",
",",
"and",
"the",
"younger",
"gilbert",
"was",
"invested",
"with",
"his",
"earl",
"##dom",
"##s",
"at",
"the",
"young",
"age",
"of",
"sixteen",
".",
"almost",
"immediately",
",",
"he",
"became",
"involved",
"in",
"the",
"defence",
"of",
"the",
"northern",
"border",
",",
"but",
"later",
"he",
"was",
"drawn",
"into",
"the",
"struggles",
"between",
"edward",
"ii",
"and",
"some",
"of",
"his",
"barons",
".",
"he",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"lords",
"or",
"##dai",
"##ners",
"who",
"ordered",
"the",
"expulsion",
"of",
"the",
"king",
"'",
"s",
"favourite",
"piers",
"gave",
"##ston",
"in",
"131",
"##1",
".",
"when",
"gave",
"##ston",
"was",
"killed",
"on",
"his",
"return",
"in",
"131",
"##2",
",",
"gloucester",
"helped",
"negotiate",
"a",
"settlement",
"between",
"the",
"perpetrators",
"and",
"the",
"king",
"."
] | 877,406 |
, 7th earl of gloucester, and joan of acre, daughter of edward i. the older gilbert died when his son was only four years old, and the younger gilbert was invested with his earldoms at the young age of sixteen. almost immediately, he became involved in the defence of the northern border, but later he was drawn into the struggles between edward ii and some of his barons. he was one of the lords ordainers who ordered the expulsion of the king's favourite piers gaveston in 1311. when gaveston was killed on his return in 1312, gloucester helped negotiate a settlement between the perpetrators and the king.
| 985 |
[
"now",
"one",
"of",
"edward",
"'",
"s",
"strongest",
"supporters",
",",
"he",
"accompanied",
"the",
"king",
"on",
"a",
"campaign",
"to",
"scotland",
"in",
"131",
"##4",
",",
"when",
"several",
"other",
"nobles",
"refused",
".",
"he",
"was",
"killed",
"at",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"ban",
"##nock",
"##burn",
"on",
"24",
"june",
",",
"under",
"somewhat",
"unclear",
"circumstances",
".",
"gloucester",
"was",
"the",
"most",
"prominent",
"of",
"the",
"casualties",
"of",
"the",
"battle",
",",
"which",
"ended",
"in",
"a",
"humiliating",
"defeat",
"for",
"england",
".",
"as",
"he",
"had",
"no",
"issue",
",",
"his",
"death",
"marked",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"prominent",
"de",
"clare",
"family",
".",
"his",
"estates",
"were",
"divided",
"between",
"his",
"three",
"sisters",
",",
"one",
"of",
"whom",
"was",
"married",
"to",
"the",
"king",
"'",
"s",
"new",
"favourite",
",",
"hugh",
"des",
"##pen",
"##ser",
"the",
"younger",
".",
"des",
"##pen",
"##ser",
"'",
"s",
"ruthless",
"expansion",
"of",
"the",
"de",
"clare",
"lordship",
"of"
] | 877,407 |
now one of edward's strongest supporters, he accompanied the king on a campaign to scotland in 1314, when several other nobles refused. he was killed at the battle of bannockburn on 24 june, under somewhat unclear circumstances. gloucester was the most prominent of the casualties of the battle, which ended in a humiliating defeat for england. as he had no issue, his death marked the end of the prominent de clare family. his estates were divided between his three sisters, one of whom was married to the king's new favourite, hugh despenser the younger. despenser's ruthless expansion of the de clare lordship of
| 988 |
[
"glamorgan",
"in",
"wales",
"led",
"directly",
"to",
"the",
"troubles",
"of",
"edward",
"ii",
"'",
"s",
"later",
"reign",
",",
"including",
"a",
"rebellion",
"in",
"the",
"welsh",
"marches",
",",
"the",
"defeat",
"of",
"the",
"earl",
"of",
"lancaster",
"at",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"borough",
"##bridge",
",",
"and",
"eventually",
"the",
"deposition",
"of",
"the",
"king",
"by",
"roger",
"mortimer",
"and",
"queen",
"isabella",
"in",
"132",
"##6",
".",
"=",
"=",
"family",
"background",
"and",
"early",
"life",
"=",
"=",
"gilbert",
"de",
"clare",
"was",
"the",
"son",
"of",
"gilbert",
"de",
"clare",
",",
"7th",
"earl",
"of",
"gloucester",
"–",
"known",
"as",
"gilbert",
"'",
"the",
"red",
"'",
"–",
"who",
"in",
"129",
"##0",
"married",
"joan",
"of",
"acre",
",",
"daughter",
"of",
"edward",
"i",
".",
"as",
"a",
"condition",
"for",
"the",
"marriage",
",",
"the",
"earl",
"had",
"to",
"surrender",
"all",
"his",
"lands",
"to",
"the",
"king",
",",
"only",
"to",
"have",
"them",
"returned",
"jointly",
"to"
] | 877,408 |
glamorgan in wales led directly to the troubles of edward ii's later reign, including a rebellion in the welsh marches, the defeat of the earl of lancaster at the battle of boroughbridge, and eventually the deposition of the king by roger mortimer and queen isabella in 1326. = = family background and early life = = gilbert de clare was the son of gilbert de clare, 7th earl of gloucester – known as gilbert'the red'– who in 1290 married joan of acre, daughter of edward i. as a condition for the marriage, the earl had to surrender all his lands to the king, only to have them returned jointly to
| 984 |
[
"himself",
"and",
"his",
"wife",
"for",
"the",
"lifetime",
"of",
"either",
".",
"this",
"grant",
"was",
"made",
"on",
"the",
"condition",
"that",
"the",
"lands",
"would",
"pass",
"to",
"the",
"couple",
"'",
"s",
"joint",
"heirs",
",",
"but",
"if",
"they",
"were",
"childless",
"to",
"joan",
"'",
"s",
"heirs",
"from",
"any",
"later",
"marriages",
".",
"the",
"younger",
"gilbert",
"was",
"born",
"the",
"next",
"year",
",",
"around",
"10",
"may",
"129",
"##1",
",",
"securing",
"the",
"inheritance",
"for",
"the",
"de",
"clare",
"family",
",",
"but",
"his",
"father",
"died",
"only",
"four",
"years",
"later",
",",
"on",
"7",
"december",
"129",
"##5",
",",
"while",
"the",
"boy",
"was",
"still",
"a",
"minor",
".",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"joint",
"en",
"##fe",
"##off",
"##ment",
",",
"joan",
"kept",
"the",
"custody",
"of",
"the",
"family",
"lands",
",",
"and",
"did",
"homage",
"to",
"the",
"king",
"on",
"20",
"january",
"the",
"next",
"year",
".",
"in",
"129",
"##7",
",",
"joan"
] | 877,409 |
himself and his wife for the lifetime of either. this grant was made on the condition that the lands would pass to the couple's joint heirs, but if they were childless to joan's heirs from any later marriages. the younger gilbert was born the next year, around 10 may 1291, securing the inheritance for the de clare family, but his father died only four years later, on 7 december 1295, while the boy was still a minor. because of the joint enfeoffment, joan kept the custody of the family lands, and did homage to the king on 20 january the next year. in 1297, joan
| 249 |
[
"secretly",
"married",
"ralph",
"de",
"month",
"##er",
"##mer",
",",
"a",
"knight",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"earl",
"'",
"s",
"household",
".",
"this",
"enraged",
"edward",
"i",
",",
"who",
"had",
"other",
"marriage",
"plans",
"for",
"joan",
".",
"the",
"king",
"imprisoned",
"month",
"##er",
"##mer",
",",
"but",
"later",
"re",
"##lent",
"##ed",
",",
"and",
"sanctioned",
"the",
"marriage",
".",
"because",
"of",
"the",
"previous",
"settlement",
",",
"joan",
"was",
"still",
"titled",
"countess",
",",
"and",
"her",
"new",
"husband",
"became",
"earl",
"of",
"gloucester",
"and",
"her",
"##tford",
".",
"this",
",",
"however",
",",
"only",
"lasted",
"for",
"the",
"life",
"of",
"joan",
",",
"who",
"died",
"in",
"130",
"##7",
".",
"only",
"a",
"few",
"months",
"later",
",",
"gilbert",
"was",
"granted",
"his",
"inheritance",
",",
"and",
"by",
"march",
"130",
"##8",
"made",
"earl",
"of",
"gloucester",
"and",
"her",
"##tford",
",",
"at",
"the",
"young",
"age",
"of",
"sixteen",
".",
"this",
"grant",
"was",
"made",
"by"
] | 877,410 |
secretly married ralph de monthermer, a knight in the late earl's household. this enraged edward i, who had other marriage plans for joan. the king imprisoned monthermer, but later relented, and sanctioned the marriage. because of the previous settlement, joan was still titled countess, and her new husband became earl of gloucester and hertford. this, however, only lasted for the life of joan, who died in 1307. only a few months later, gilbert was granted his inheritance, and by march 1308 made earl of gloucester and hertford, at the young age of sixteen. this grant was made by
| 984 |
[
"edward",
"ii",
",",
"who",
"succeeded",
"his",
"father",
"edward",
"i",
"in",
"july",
"130",
"##7",
".",
"it",
"was",
"previously",
"believed",
"that",
"edward",
"ii",
"and",
"gilbert",
"were",
"brought",
"up",
"together",
",",
"but",
"this",
"is",
"based",
"on",
"a",
"confusion",
"with",
"another",
"person",
"of",
"the",
"same",
"name",
".",
"this",
"other",
"gilbert",
"de",
"clare",
",",
"who",
"was",
"closer",
"to",
"the",
"king",
"in",
"age",
",",
"was",
"in",
"fact",
"the",
"earl",
"'",
"s",
"cousin",
",",
"the",
"son",
"of",
"thomas",
"de",
"clare",
",",
"lord",
"of",
"thom",
"##ond",
".",
"=",
"=",
"early",
"service",
"under",
"edward",
"ii",
"=",
"=",
"gilbert",
"'",
"s",
"first",
"years",
"as",
"earl",
"were",
"predominantly",
"concerned",
"with",
"the",
"scottish",
"wars",
".",
"he",
"had",
"no",
"personal",
"interest",
"in",
"the",
"region",
",",
"but",
"the",
"welsh",
"marches",
",",
"where",
"his",
"landed",
"interest",
"lay",
",",
"were",
"largely",
"pac",
"##ified",
"at"
] | 877,411 |
edward ii, who succeeded his father edward i in july 1307. it was previously believed that edward ii and gilbert were brought up together, but this is based on a confusion with another person of the same name. this other gilbert de clare, who was closer to the king in age, was in fact the earl's cousin, the son of thomas de clare, lord of thomond. = = early service under edward ii = = gilbert's first years as earl were predominantly concerned with the scottish wars. he had no personal interest in the region, but the welsh marches, where his landed interest lay, were largely pacified at
| 985 |
[
"the",
"time",
",",
"and",
"scotland",
"presented",
"a",
"good",
"opportunity",
"to",
"pursue",
"military",
"glory",
"and",
"reward",
".",
"he",
"was",
"almost",
"immediately",
"trusted",
"with",
"important",
"military",
"commands",
"on",
"the",
"northern",
"border",
",",
"and",
"served",
"as",
"warden",
"of",
"scotland",
"from",
"130",
"##8",
"to",
"130",
"##9",
",",
"and",
"as",
"captain",
"of",
"scotland",
"and",
"the",
"northern",
"marches",
"in",
"130",
"##9",
".",
"he",
"led",
"an",
"expedition",
"to",
"relieve",
"the",
"castle",
"of",
"ruth",
"##er",
"##gle",
"##n",
"in",
"december",
"130",
"##8",
".",
"the",
"war",
"effort",
",",
"however",
",",
"was",
"not",
"pursued",
"with",
"the",
"same",
"intensity",
"by",
"edward",
"ii",
"as",
"it",
"had",
"been",
"by",
"his",
"father",
".",
"the",
"new",
"king",
"'",
"s",
"neglect",
"of",
"the",
"scottish",
"wars",
"allowed",
"robert",
"the",
"bruce",
"to",
"regain",
"the",
"initiative",
"in",
"the",
"war",
".",
"this",
"situation",
"led",
"to",
"frustration",
"among",
"the",
"english"
] | 877,412 |
the time, and scotland presented a good opportunity to pursue military glory and reward. he was almost immediately trusted with important military commands on the northern border, and served as warden of scotland from 1308 to 1309, and as captain of scotland and the northern marches in 1309. he led an expedition to relieve the castle of rutherglen in december 1308. the war effort, however, was not pursued with the same intensity by edward ii as it had been by his father. the new king's neglect of the scottish wars allowed robert the bruce to regain the initiative in the war. this situation led to frustration among the english
| 988 |
[
"nobility",
".",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"scottish",
"issue",
",",
"there",
"was",
"also",
"discontent",
"with",
"the",
"king",
"'",
"s",
"treatment",
"of",
"his",
"favourite",
",",
"piers",
"gave",
"##ston",
".",
"gave",
"##ston",
"'",
"s",
"promotion",
"from",
"relative",
"ob",
"##scu",
"##rity",
"to",
"earl",
"of",
"cornwall",
",",
"combined",
"with",
"his",
"arrogant",
"behaviour",
",",
"caused",
"resentment",
"among",
"the",
"established",
"nobility",
".",
"gloucester",
"was",
"initially",
"not",
"hostile",
"to",
"gave",
"##ston",
",",
"who",
"had",
"married",
"gloucester",
"'",
"s",
"sister",
"margaret",
"in",
"october",
"130",
"##7",
".",
"he",
"did",
",",
"however",
",",
"share",
"in",
"the",
"other",
"earls",
"'",
"frustration",
"with",
"edward",
"'",
"s",
"lack",
"of",
"initiative",
"towards",
"scotland",
".",
"in",
"130",
"##8",
",",
"therefore",
",",
"gloucester",
"was",
"among",
"the",
"earls",
"who",
"demanded",
"gave",
"##ston",
"'",
"s",
"exile",
",",
"a",
"demand",
"the",
"king",
"was",
"forced",
"to",
"meet",
".",
"after"
] | 877,413 |
nobility. in addition to the scottish issue, there was also discontent with the king's treatment of his favourite, piers gaveston. gaveston's promotion from relative obscurity to earl of cornwall, combined with his arrogant behaviour, caused resentment among the established nobility. gloucester was initially not hostile to gaveston, who had married gloucester's sister margaret in october 1307. he did, however, share in the other earls'frustration with edward's lack of initiative towards scotland. in 1308, therefore, gloucester was among the earls who demanded gaveston's exile, a demand the king was forced to meet. after
| 984 |
[
"this",
",",
"he",
"seems",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"reconciled",
"with",
"the",
"king",
",",
"and",
"in",
"130",
"##9",
"he",
"acted",
"as",
"a",
"media",
"##tor",
"when",
"the",
"earls",
"agreed",
"to",
"gave",
"##ston",
"'",
"s",
"return",
".",
"relations",
"between",
"the",
"king",
"and",
"the",
"nobility",
"deteriorated",
"even",
"further",
",",
"however",
",",
"after",
"gave",
"##ston",
"'",
"s",
"return",
".",
"in",
"131",
"##0",
",",
"a",
"group",
"of",
"so",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"called",
"lords",
"or",
"##dai",
"##ners",
"were",
"appointed",
"to",
"draft",
"the",
"ordinance",
"##s",
"of",
"131",
"##1",
",",
"a",
"set",
"of",
"restrictions",
"on",
"the",
"rule",
"of",
"edward",
"ii",
",",
"including",
"a",
"renewed",
"exile",
"for",
"gave",
"##ston",
".",
"gloucester",
",",
"who",
"was",
"still",
"a",
"supporter",
"of",
"the",
"king",
",",
"was",
"not",
"initially",
"among",
"the",
"or",
"##dai",
"##ners",
",",
"but",
"was",
"appointed",
"on",
"4",
"march",
"131",
"##1",
","
] | 877,414 |
this, he seems to have been reconciled with the king, and in 1309 he acted as a mediator when the earls agreed to gaveston's return. relations between the king and the nobility deteriorated even further, however, after gaveston's return. in 1310, a group of so @ - @ called lords ordainers were appointed to draft the ordinances of 1311, a set of restrictions on the rule of edward ii, including a renewed exile for gaveston. gloucester, who was still a supporter of the king, was not initially among the ordainers, but was appointed on 4 march 1311,
| 988 |
[
"upon",
"the",
"death",
"of",
"the",
"earl",
"of",
"lincoln",
".",
"=",
"=",
"es",
"##cala",
"##tion",
"of",
"the",
"national",
"conflict",
"=",
"=",
"in",
"spite",
"of",
"his",
"participation",
"in",
"the",
"baron",
"##ial",
"reform",
"movement",
",",
"gloucester",
"still",
"maintained",
"the",
"trust",
"of",
"the",
"king",
".",
"he",
",",
"gave",
"##ston",
"and",
"the",
"earl",
"of",
"ware",
"##nne",
"were",
"the",
"only",
"earls",
"to",
"accompany",
"the",
"king",
"on",
"a",
"scottish",
"campaign",
"in",
"131",
"##0",
"–",
"11",
".",
"in",
"march",
"131",
"##1",
",",
"while",
"the",
"ordinance",
"##s",
"were",
"still",
"in",
"the",
"workings",
",",
"gloucester",
"was",
"appointed",
"guardian",
"of",
"the",
"realm",
"while",
"the",
"king",
"was",
"still",
"in",
"scotland",
".",
"there",
"are",
"signs",
"that",
"he",
"might",
"have",
"fallen",
"out",
"with",
"thomas",
",",
"earl",
"of",
"lancaster",
"–",
"who",
"was",
"at",
"this",
"point",
"the",
"leader",
"of",
"the",
"opposition",
"against",
"the",
"king"
] | 877,415 |
upon the death of the earl of lincoln. = = escalation of the national conflict = = in spite of his participation in the baronial reform movement, gloucester still maintained the trust of the king. he, gaveston and the earl of warenne were the only earls to accompany the king on a scottish campaign in 1310 – 11. in march 1311, while the ordinances were still in the workings, gloucester was appointed guardian of the realm while the king was still in scotland. there are signs that he might have fallen out with thomas, earl of lancaster – who was at this point the leader of the opposition against the king
| 984 |
[
"–",
"over",
"a",
"feud",
"between",
"two",
"of",
"their",
"respective",
"retain",
"##ers",
".",
"when",
"gave",
"##ston",
"once",
"more",
"returned",
"from",
"exile",
",",
"however",
",",
"gloucester",
"sided",
"with",
"the",
"baron",
"##ial",
"opposition",
".",
"the",
"earls",
"divided",
"the",
"country",
"into",
"different",
"parts",
"for",
"defence",
",",
"and",
"gloucester",
"was",
"given",
"charge",
"of",
"the",
"south",
".",
"in",
"june",
"131",
"##2",
",",
"gave",
"##ston",
"was",
"captured",
"by",
"guy",
"de",
"beau",
"##champ",
",",
"earl",
"of",
"warwick",
",",
"who",
"was",
"working",
"in",
"cooperation",
"with",
"lancaster",
".",
"a",
"##yme",
"##r",
"de",
"vale",
"##nce",
",",
"earl",
"of",
"pembroke",
",",
"who",
"had",
"the",
"custody",
"of",
"gave",
"##ston",
"and",
"had",
"guaranteed",
"his",
"safety",
"to",
"the",
"king",
",",
"appealed",
"to",
"gloucester",
",",
"as",
"gave",
"##ston",
"'",
"s",
"kin",
"##sman",
",",
"for",
"assistance",
".",
"gloucester",
",",
"however",
",",
"refused",
"to",
"help",
","
] | 877,416 |
– over a feud between two of their respective retainers. when gaveston once more returned from exile, however, gloucester sided with the baronial opposition. the earls divided the country into different parts for defence, and gloucester was given charge of the south. in june 1312, gaveston was captured by guy de beauchamp, earl of warwick, who was working in cooperation with lancaster. aymer de valence, earl of pembroke, who had the custody of gaveston and had guaranteed his safety to the king, appealed to gloucester, as gaveston's kinsman, for assistance. gloucester, however, refused to help,
| 984 |
[
"and",
"gave",
"##ston",
"was",
"killed",
".",
"this",
"act",
"brought",
"the",
"country",
"to",
"the",
"brink",
"of",
"civil",
"war",
",",
"and",
"gloucester",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"few",
"men",
"who",
"was",
"still",
"trusted",
"enough",
"by",
"both",
"sides",
"to",
"be",
"able",
"to",
"take",
"on",
"a",
"role",
"as",
"media",
"##tor",
".",
"in",
"the",
"following",
"months",
",",
"he",
"was",
"among",
"the",
"main",
"ne",
"##go",
"##tia",
"##tors",
"working",
"towards",
"an",
"agreement",
"between",
"the",
"king",
"and",
"the",
"off",
"##ending",
"earls",
",",
"an",
"effort",
"that",
"was",
"at",
"least",
"temporarily",
"successful",
".",
"gloucester",
"remained",
"in",
"the",
"inner",
"circle",
"around",
"the",
"king",
"over",
"the",
"next",
"months",
".",
"in",
"the",
"summer",
"of",
"131",
"##3",
",",
"he",
"was",
"again",
"guardian",
"of",
"the",
"realm",
"while",
"the",
"king",
"was",
"in",
"france",
",",
"and",
"in",
"february",
"131",
"##4",
",",
"he",
"was",
"sent",
"to",
"france"
] | 877,417 |
and gaveston was killed. this act brought the country to the brink of civil war, and gloucester was one of the few men who was still trusted enough by both sides to be able to take on a role as mediator. in the following months, he was among the main negotiators working towards an agreement between the king and the offending earls, an effort that was at least temporarily successful. gloucester remained in the inner circle around the king over the next months. in the summer of 1313, he was again guardian of the realm while the king was in france, and in february 1314, he was sent to france
| 98 |
[
"on",
"a",
"diplomatic",
"mission",
"regarding",
"gas",
"##con",
"##y",
".",
"the",
"greatest",
"problem",
"of",
"the",
"reign",
",",
"however",
",",
"remained",
"the",
"un",
"##res",
"##olved",
"conflict",
"with",
"scotland",
",",
"and",
"the",
"resurgence",
"of",
"robert",
"the",
"bruce",
".",
"in",
"the",
"summer",
"of",
"131",
"##4",
",",
"edward",
"finally",
"embarked",
"on",
"a",
"major",
"scottish",
"campaign",
".",
"the",
"objective",
"was",
"to",
"protect",
"the",
"english",
"garrison",
"at",
"stirling",
"castle",
"from",
"an",
"attack",
"by",
"bruce",
".",
"the",
"campaign",
"was",
"imp",
"##eded",
"by",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"some",
"of",
"the",
"greater",
"magnate",
"##s",
",",
"such",
"as",
"lancaster",
"and",
"warwick",
".",
"there",
"were",
"still",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"great",
"lords",
"in",
"the",
"king",
"'",
"s",
"company",
",",
"including",
"humphrey",
"de",
"bo",
"##hun",
",",
"earl",
"of",
"hereford",
",",
"pembroke",
"and",
"gloucester",
".",
"these",
"men",
"were",
"valuable",
"to",
"the",
"king",
"for",
"their"
] | 877,418 |
on a diplomatic mission regarding gascony. the greatest problem of the reign, however, remained the unresolved conflict with scotland, and the resurgence of robert the bruce. in the summer of 1314, edward finally embarked on a major scottish campaign. the objective was to protect the english garrison at stirling castle from an attack by bruce. the campaign was impeded by the absence of some of the greater magnates, such as lancaster and warwick. there were still a number of great lords in the king's company, including humphrey de bohun, earl of hereford, pembroke and gloucester. these men were valuable to the king for their
| 984 |
[
"ability",
"to",
"raise",
"large",
"numbers",
"of",
"troops",
"from",
"their",
"dominion",
"##s",
"in",
"the",
"welsh",
"marches",
".",
"on",
"23",
"june",
"131",
"##4",
",",
"the",
"royal",
"army",
"had",
"passed",
"fa",
"##lkirk",
"and",
"was",
"within",
"a",
"few",
"miles",
"of",
"stirling",
".",
"there",
"were",
",",
"however",
",",
"signs",
"of",
"strife",
"between",
"the",
"earls",
"of",
"gloucester",
"and",
"hereford",
".",
"gloucester",
"had",
"been",
"given",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"the",
"english",
"vanguard",
",",
"a",
"position",
"he",
"had",
"earned",
"through",
"his",
"loyalty",
"to",
"the",
"king",
".",
"yet",
"hereford",
",",
"who",
"had",
"been",
"placed",
"under",
"gloucester",
"'",
"s",
"command",
",",
"believed",
"the",
"command",
"belonged",
"to",
"him",
",",
"in",
"his",
"capacity",
"of",
"hereditary",
"constable",
"of",
"england",
".",
"=",
"=",
"death",
"at",
"ban",
"##nock",
"##burn",
"=",
"=",
"gloucester",
"was",
"involved",
"in",
"a",
"brief",
"skirmish",
"with",
"the",
"scots",
"on",
"23",
"june"
] | 877,419 |
ability to raise large numbers of troops from their dominions in the welsh marches. on 23 june 1314, the royal army had passed falkirk and was within a few miles of stirling. there were, however, signs of strife between the earls of gloucester and hereford. gloucester had been given the command of the english vanguard, a position he had earned through his loyalty to the king. yet hereford, who had been placed under gloucester's command, believed the command belonged to him, in his capacity of hereditary constable of england. = = death at bannockburn = = gloucester was involved in a brief skirmish with the scots on 23 june
| 155 |
[
",",
"the",
"day",
"before",
"the",
"main",
"battle",
".",
"while",
"the",
"king",
"considered",
"whether",
"to",
"camp",
"for",
"the",
"night",
"or",
"to",
"engage",
"the",
"scots",
"immediately",
",",
"gloucester",
"and",
"hereford",
"–",
"either",
"through",
"ins",
"##ub",
"##ord",
"##ination",
"or",
"a",
"misunderstanding",
"–",
"charged",
"directly",
"into",
"the",
"place",
"called",
"the",
"new",
"park",
",",
"where",
"the",
"scots",
"were",
"en",
"##camp",
"##ed",
".",
"the",
"english",
"immediately",
"ran",
"into",
"difficulties",
",",
"and",
"hereford",
"'",
"s",
"cousin",
"henry",
"de",
"bo",
"##hun",
"was",
"killed",
"by",
"king",
"robert",
"the",
"bruce",
".",
"it",
"was",
"perhaps",
"during",
"the",
"subsequent",
"retreat",
"that",
"gloucester",
"was",
"thrown",
"off",
"his",
"horse",
",",
"but",
"managed",
"to",
"escape",
"unharmed",
".",
"the",
"next",
"day",
"the",
"english",
"were",
"still",
"not",
"entirely",
"decided",
"on",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"action",
".",
"while",
"gloucester",
"took",
"the",
"part",
"of",
"certain",
"experienced",
"captains",
","
] | 877,420 |
, the day before the main battle. while the king considered whether to camp for the night or to engage the scots immediately, gloucester and hereford – either through insubordination or a misunderstanding – charged directly into the place called the new park, where the scots were encamped. the english immediately ran into difficulties, and hereford's cousin henry de bohun was killed by king robert the bruce. it was perhaps during the subsequent retreat that gloucester was thrown off his horse, but managed to escape unharmed. the next day the english were still not entirely decided on the course of action. while gloucester took the part of certain experienced captains,
| 767 |
[
"recommend",
"##ing",
"that",
"edward",
"avoid",
"battle",
"that",
"day",
",",
"the",
"younger",
"men",
"surrounding",
"the",
"king",
"labelled",
"this",
"let",
"##har",
"##gic",
"and",
"coward",
"##ly",
",",
"and",
"advised",
"attack",
".",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"vita",
"edward",
"##i",
",",
"when",
"edward",
"grew",
"angry",
"and",
"accused",
"gloucester",
"of",
"treason",
",",
"the",
"earl",
"forcefully",
"replied",
"that",
"he",
"would",
"prove",
"his",
"loyalty",
"on",
"the",
"field",
"of",
"battle",
".",
"the",
"most",
"detailed",
"account",
"of",
"the",
"earl",
"of",
"gloucester",
"'",
"s",
"death",
"at",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"ban",
"##nock",
"##burn",
"is",
"the",
"chronicle",
"vita",
"edward",
"##i",
"sec",
"##und",
"##i",
".",
"this",
"account",
"is",
"written",
"as",
"a",
"moral",
"tale",
",",
"expo",
"##und",
"##ing",
"on",
"the",
"earl",
"'",
"s",
"heroism",
"and",
"the",
"coward",
"##ly",
"conduct",
"of",
"his",
"companions",
".",
"for",
"this",
"reason",
",",
"its",
"historical",
"accuracy",
"must",
"be",
"taken",
"with"
] | 877,421 |
recommending that edward avoid battle that day, the younger men surrounding the king labelled this lethargic and cowardly, and advised attack. according to the vita edwardi, when edward grew angry and accused gloucester of treason, the earl forcefully replied that he would prove his loyalty on the field of battle. the most detailed account of the earl of gloucester's death at the battle of bannockburn is the chronicle vita edwardi secundi. this account is written as a moral tale, expounding on the earl's heroism and the cowardly conduct of his companions. for this reason, its historical accuracy must be taken with
| 984 |
[
"some",
"caution",
".",
"according",
"to",
"some",
"accounts",
",",
"gloucester",
"rushed",
"head",
"##fi",
"##rst",
"into",
"battle",
"in",
"the",
"pursuit",
"of",
"glory",
",",
"and",
"fell",
"victim",
"to",
"his",
"own",
"foolish",
"##ness",
".",
"the",
"vita",
",",
"on",
"the",
"other",
"hand",
",",
"claimed",
"that",
",",
"as",
"the",
"earl",
"was",
"vigorously",
"trying",
"to",
"fen",
"##d",
"off",
"the",
"scottish",
"attacks",
",",
"he",
"was",
"knocked",
"off",
"his",
"horse",
",",
"and",
"killed",
"when",
"his",
"own",
"men",
"failed",
"to",
"come",
"to",
"his",
"rescue",
".",
"it",
"is",
"also",
"likely",
"that",
"the",
"quarrel",
"##s",
"between",
"gloucester",
"and",
"hereford",
"over",
"precedence",
"could",
"have",
"contributed",
"to",
"the",
"chaotic",
"situation",
".",
"according",
"to",
"one",
"account",
",",
"gloucester",
"rushed",
"into",
"battle",
"without",
"a",
"distinguishing",
"coat",
"of",
"arms",
",",
"exposing",
"himself",
"to",
"the",
"scottish",
"soldiers",
",",
"who",
"otherwise",
"would",
"have",
"been",
"eager",
"to",
"secure"
] | 877,422 |
some caution. according to some accounts, gloucester rushed headfirst into battle in the pursuit of glory, and fell victim to his own foolishness. the vita, on the other hand, claimed that, as the earl was vigorously trying to fend off the scottish attacks, he was knocked off his horse, and killed when his own men failed to come to his rescue. it is also likely that the quarrels between gloucester and hereford over precedence could have contributed to the chaotic situation. according to one account, gloucester rushed into battle without a distinguishing coat of arms, exposing himself to the scottish soldiers, who otherwise would have been eager to secure
| 948 |
[
"a",
"valuable",
"ransom",
".",
"after",
"gloucester",
"was",
"killed",
",",
"the",
"english",
"army",
"soon",
"fell",
"into",
"di",
"##sar",
"##ray",
",",
"and",
"the",
"battle",
"resulted",
"in",
"a",
"res",
"##ound",
"##ing",
"victory",
"for",
"the",
"scots",
",",
"and",
"a",
"humiliating",
"withdrawal",
"for",
"the",
"english",
".",
"it",
"was",
"widely",
"agreed",
"that",
"gloucester",
",",
"with",
"his",
"proud",
"family",
"history",
"and",
"valuable",
"estates",
",",
"was",
"the",
"most",
"prominent",
"of",
"the",
"many",
"casualties",
"that",
"day",
".",
"robert",
"the",
"bruce",
"mo",
"##urne",
"##d",
"his",
"death",
"and",
"stood",
"vi",
"##gil",
"over",
"gloucester",
"'",
"s",
"body",
"at",
"a",
"local",
"church",
".",
"later",
"he",
"allowed",
"its",
"transfer",
"to",
"england",
",",
"where",
"the",
"earl",
"was",
"buried",
"at",
"te",
"##wk",
"##es",
"##bury",
"abbey",
",",
"on",
"his",
"father",
"'",
"s",
"right",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"hand",
"side",
".",
"=",
"=",
"dispersal",
"of",
"estates",
"and"
] | 877,423 |
a valuable ransom. after gloucester was killed, the english army soon fell into disarray, and the battle resulted in a resounding victory for the scots, and a humiliating withdrawal for the english. it was widely agreed that gloucester, with his proud family history and valuable estates, was the most prominent of the many casualties that day. robert the bruce mourned his death and stood vigil over gloucester's body at a local church. later he allowed its transfer to england, where the earl was buried at tewkesbury abbey, on his father's right @ - @ hand side. = = dispersal of estates and
| 996 |
[
"aftermath",
"=",
"=",
"gloucester",
"'",
"s",
"political",
"importance",
"did",
"not",
"end",
"with",
"his",
"death",
";",
"his",
"disappearance",
"from",
"the",
"political",
"scene",
"had",
"immediate",
"consequences",
".",
"in",
"his",
"welsh",
"lordship",
"of",
"glamorgan",
",",
"the",
"uncertain",
"situation",
"caused",
"by",
"his",
"death",
"caused",
"a",
"short",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"lived",
"rebellion",
"in",
"131",
"##6",
".",
"in",
"ireland",
",",
"where",
"he",
"also",
"held",
"large",
"possessions",
",",
"the",
"power",
"vacuum",
"he",
"left",
"behind",
"facilitated",
"the",
"131",
"##5",
"invasion",
"by",
"robert",
"the",
"bruce",
"'",
"s",
"brother",
"edward",
".",
"the",
"greatest",
"consequences",
",",
"however",
",",
"resulted",
"from",
"the",
"division",
"of",
"the",
"de",
"clare",
"estates",
".",
"in",
"130",
"##8",
",",
"gilbert",
"de",
"clare",
"had",
"married",
"maud",
"(",
"or",
"matilda",
")",
"de",
"bu",
"##rgh",
",",
"the",
"daughter",
"of",
"richard",
"de",
"bu",
"##rgh",
",",
"earl",
"of",
"ulster",
".",
"the"
] | 877,424 |
aftermath = = gloucester's political importance did not end with his death ; his disappearance from the political scene had immediate consequences. in his welsh lordship of glamorgan, the uncertain situation caused by his death caused a short @ - @ lived rebellion in 1316. in ireland, where he also held large possessions, the power vacuum he left behind facilitated the 1315 invasion by robert the bruce's brother edward. the greatest consequences, however, resulted from the division of the de clare estates. in 1308, gilbert de clare had married maud ( or matilda ) de burgh, the daughter of richard de burgh, earl of ulster. the
| 984 |
[
"couple",
"left",
"no",
"surviving",
"issue",
",",
"so",
"his",
"death",
"marked",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"great",
"de",
"clare",
"family",
".",
"the",
"family",
"lands",
"were",
"worth",
"as",
"much",
"as",
"£",
"6",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
",",
"second",
"only",
"to",
"those",
"of",
"the",
"earl",
"of",
"lancaster",
"among",
"the",
"nobility",
"of",
"the",
"realm",
".",
"the",
"lands",
"went",
"into",
"royal",
"possession",
"while",
"the",
"matter",
"of",
"inheritance",
"was",
"being",
"settled",
".",
"by",
"the",
"en",
"##tail",
"of",
"129",
"##0",
",",
"the",
"lands",
"could",
"only",
"be",
"inherited",
"by",
"direct",
"descendants",
"of",
"the",
"seventh",
"earl",
"and",
"joan",
"of",
"acre",
".",
"maud",
"managed",
"to",
"post",
"##pone",
"the",
"proceedings",
"by",
"claiming",
"to",
"be",
"pregnant",
",",
"but",
"by",
"131",
"##6",
"it",
"was",
"clear",
"that",
"this",
"could",
"not",
"be",
"the",
"case",
".",
"the",
"late",
"earl",
"'",
"s",
"sisters",
",",
"eleanor",
","
] | 877,425 |
couple left no surviving issue, so his death marked the end of the great de clare family. the family lands were worth as much as £ 6 @, @ 000, second only to those of the earl of lancaster among the nobility of the realm. the lands went into royal possession while the matter of inheritance was being settled. by the entail of 1290, the lands could only be inherited by direct descendants of the seventh earl and joan of acre. maud managed to postpone the proceedings by claiming to be pregnant, but by 1316 it was clear that this could not be the case. the late earl's sisters, eleanor,
| 984 |
[
"margaret",
"(",
"now",
"widowed",
"after",
"the",
"death",
"of",
"gave",
"##ston",
")",
"and",
"elizabeth",
"were",
"by",
"131",
"##7",
"all",
"married",
"to",
"favourites",
"of",
"edward",
"ii",
":",
"hugh",
"des",
"##pen",
"##ser",
"the",
"younger",
",",
"hugh",
"de",
"au",
"##dley",
"and",
"roger",
"d",
"'",
"amor",
"##y",
"respectively",
".",
"the",
"three",
"were",
"granted",
"equal",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"english",
"possessions",
",",
"but",
"des",
"##pen",
"##ser",
"received",
"the",
"entire",
"lordship",
"of",
"glamorgan",
"in",
"wales",
",",
"politically",
"the",
"most",
"important",
"of",
"the",
"de",
"clare",
"lands",
".",
"not",
"content",
"with",
"his",
"part",
",",
"des",
"##pen",
"##ser",
"used",
"his",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"king",
"to",
"imp",
"##inge",
"on",
"the",
"lands",
"of",
"other",
"marche",
"##r",
"lords",
".",
"this",
"caused",
"resentment",
"among",
"such",
"men",
"as",
"hereford",
"and",
"roger",
"mortimer",
",",
"who",
"rose",
"up",
"in",
"rebellion",
"in",
"132",
"##1",
".",
"the",
"rebellion"
] | 877,426 |
margaret ( now widowed after the death of gaveston ) and elizabeth were by 1317 all married to favourites of edward ii : hugh despenser the younger, hugh de audley and roger d'amory respectively. the three were granted equal parts of the english possessions, but despenser received the entire lordship of glamorgan in wales, politically the most important of the de clare lands. not content with his part, despenser used his relationship with the king to impinge on the lands of other marcher lords. this caused resentment among such men as hereford and roger mortimer, who rose up in rebellion in 1321. the rebellion
| 988 |
[
"was",
"crushed",
",",
"but",
"resistance",
"continued",
"under",
"the",
"marche",
"##r",
"lords",
"'",
"ally",
"thomas",
"of",
"lancaster",
",",
"who",
"was",
"defeated",
"at",
"the",
"battle",
"of",
"borough",
"##bridge",
"in",
"132",
"##2",
",",
"and",
"executed",
".",
"although",
"this",
"victory",
"temporarily",
"secured",
"edward",
"'",
"s",
"position",
"on",
"the",
"throne",
",",
"he",
"was",
"eventually",
"deposed",
"in",
"132",
"##6",
"by",
"roger",
"mortimer",
",",
"with",
"the",
"help",
"of",
"the",
"king",
"'",
"s",
"wife",
"queen",
"isabella",
".",
"the",
"title",
"of",
"earl",
"of",
"gloucester",
"was",
"recreated",
"by",
"edward",
"ii",
"'",
"s",
"son",
"edward",
"iii",
"in",
"133",
"##7",
",",
"for",
"hugh",
"de",
"au",
"##dley",
".",
"=",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"=",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"is",
"a",
"tragedy",
"written",
"by",
"william",
"shakespeare",
"early",
"in",
"his",
"career",
"about",
"two",
"young",
"star",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"crossed",
"lovers",
"whose",
"deaths",
"ultimately",
"reconcile",
"their"
] | 877,427 |
was crushed, but resistance continued under the marcher lords'ally thomas of lancaster, who was defeated at the battle of boroughbridge in 1322, and executed. although this victory temporarily secured edward's position on the throne, he was eventually deposed in 1326 by roger mortimer, with the help of the king's wife queen isabella. the title of earl of gloucester was recreated by edward ii's son edward iii in 1337, for hugh de audley. = romeo and juliet = romeo and juliet is a tragedy written by william shakespeare early in his career about two young star @ - @ crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their
| 985 |
[
"feud",
"##ing",
"families",
".",
"it",
"was",
"among",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"most",
"popular",
"plays",
"during",
"his",
"lifetime",
"and",
",",
"along",
"with",
"hamlet",
",",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"his",
"most",
"frequently",
"performed",
"plays",
".",
"today",
",",
"the",
"title",
"characters",
"are",
"regarded",
"as",
"arch",
"##ety",
"##pal",
"young",
"lovers",
".",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"belongs",
"to",
"a",
"tradition",
"of",
"tragic",
"romance",
"##s",
"stretching",
"back",
"to",
"antiquity",
".",
"the",
"plot",
"is",
"based",
"on",
"an",
"italian",
"tale",
"translated",
"into",
"verse",
"as",
"the",
"tragic",
"##al",
"history",
"of",
"rome",
"##us",
"and",
"juliet",
"by",
"arthur",
"brooke",
"in",
"156",
"##2",
",",
"and",
"re",
"##to",
"##ld",
"in",
"prose",
"in",
"palace",
"of",
"pleasure",
"by",
"william",
"painter",
"in",
"156",
"##7",
".",
"shakespeare",
"borrowed",
"heavily",
"from",
"both",
",",
"but",
"expanded",
"the",
"plot",
"by",
"developing",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"supporting",
"characters",
",",
"particularly",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io"
] | 877,428 |
feuding families. it was among shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. romeo and juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. the plot is based on an italian tale translated into verse as the tragical history of romeus and juliet by arthur brooke in 1562, and retold in prose in palace of pleasure by william painter in 1567. shakespeare borrowed heavily from both, but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters, particularly mercutio
| 2,641 |
[
"and",
"paris",
".",
"believed",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"written",
"between",
"159",
"##1",
"and",
"159",
"##5",
",",
"the",
"play",
"was",
"first",
"published",
"in",
"a",
"qu",
"##art",
"##o",
"version",
"in",
"159",
"##7",
".",
"the",
"text",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"qu",
"##art",
"##o",
"version",
"was",
"of",
"poor",
"quality",
",",
"however",
",",
"and",
"later",
"editions",
"corrected",
"the",
"text",
"to",
"conform",
"more",
"closely",
"with",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"original",
".",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"use",
"of",
"his",
"poetic",
"dramatic",
"structure",
"(",
"especially",
"effects",
"such",
"as",
"switching",
"between",
"comedy",
"and",
"tragedy",
"to",
"height",
"##en",
"tension",
",",
"his",
"expansion",
"of",
"minor",
"characters",
",",
"and",
"his",
"use",
"of",
"sub",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"plots",
"to",
"em",
"##bell",
"##ish",
"the",
"story",
")",
"has",
"been",
"praised",
"as",
"an",
"early",
"sign",
"of",
"his",
"dramatic",
"skill",
".",
"the",
"play",
"as",
"##cr",
"##ibe",
"##s",
"different",
"poetic"
] | 877,429 |
and paris. believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595, the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597. the text of the first quarto version was of poor quality, however, and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with shakespeare's original. shakespeare's use of his poetic dramatic structure ( especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension, his expansion of minor characters, and his use of sub @ - @ plots to embellish the story ) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. the play ascribes different poetic
| 2,692 |
[
"forms",
"to",
"different",
"characters",
",",
"sometimes",
"changing",
"the",
"form",
"as",
"the",
"character",
"develops",
".",
"romeo",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"grows",
"more",
"adept",
"at",
"the",
"son",
"##net",
"over",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"the",
"play",
".",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"has",
"been",
"adapted",
"numerous",
"times",
"for",
"stage",
",",
"film",
",",
"musical",
"and",
"opera",
"venues",
".",
"during",
"the",
"english",
"restoration",
",",
"it",
"was",
"revived",
"and",
"heavily",
"revised",
"by",
"william",
"dave",
"##nant",
".",
"david",
"ga",
"##rrick",
"'",
"s",
"18th",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"century",
"version",
"also",
"modified",
"several",
"scenes",
",",
"removing",
"material",
"then",
"considered",
"ind",
"##ece",
"##nt",
",",
"and",
"georg",
"bend",
"##a",
"'",
"s",
"romeo",
"und",
"julie",
"omitted",
"much",
"of",
"the",
"action",
",",
"and",
"added",
"a",
"happy",
"ending",
".",
"performances",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
",",
"including",
"charlotte",
"cu",
"##sh",
"##man",
"'",
"s",
",",
"restored",
"the"
] | 877,430 |
forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops. romeo, for example, grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play. romeo and juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical and opera venues. during the english restoration, it was revived and heavily revised by william davenant. david garrick's 18th @ - @ century version also modified several scenes, removing material then considered indecent, and georg benda's romeo und julie omitted much of the action, and added a happy ending. performances in the 19th century, including charlotte cushman's, restored the
| 2,494 |
[
"original",
"text",
",",
"and",
"focused",
"on",
"greater",
"realism",
".",
"john",
"gi",
"##el",
"##gu",
"##d",
"'",
"s",
"1935",
"version",
"kept",
"very",
"close",
"to",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"text",
",",
"and",
"used",
"elizabeth",
"##an",
"costumes",
"and",
"staging",
"to",
"enhance",
"the",
"drama",
".",
"in",
"the",
"20th",
"and",
"into",
"the",
"21st",
"century",
",",
"the",
"play",
"has",
"been",
"adapted",
"in",
"versions",
"as",
"diverse",
"as",
"george",
"cu",
"##kor",
"'",
"s",
"1935",
"film",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
",",
"franco",
"ze",
"##ffi",
"##relli",
"'",
"s",
"1968",
"version",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
",",
"and",
"ba",
"##z",
"lu",
"##hr",
"##mann",
"'",
"s",
"1996",
"mtv",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"inspired",
"romeo",
"+",
"juliet",
".",
"=",
"=",
"characters",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"play",
",",
"set",
"in",
"verona",
",",
"italy",
",",
"begins",
"with",
"a",
"street",
"brawl",
"between",
"montagu",
"##e",
"and",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"servants",
"who",
","
] | 877,431 |
original text, and focused on greater realism. john gielgud's 1935 version kept very close to shakespeare's text, and used elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama. in the 20th and into the 21st century, the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as george cukor's 1935 film romeo and juliet, franco zeffirelli's 1968 version romeo and juliet, and baz luhrmann's 1996 mtv @ - @ inspired romeo + juliet. = = characters = = the play, set in verona, italy, begins with a street brawl between montague and capulet servants who,
| 2,191 |
[
"like",
"their",
"masters",
",",
"are",
"sworn",
"enemies",
".",
"prince",
"es",
"##cal",
"##us",
"of",
"verona",
"intervene",
"##s",
"and",
"declares",
"that",
"further",
"breach",
"of",
"the",
"peace",
"will",
"be",
"punish",
"##able",
"by",
"death",
".",
"later",
",",
"count",
"paris",
"talks",
"to",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"about",
"marrying",
"his",
"daughter",
"juliet",
",",
"but",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"asks",
"paris",
"to",
"wait",
"another",
"two",
"years",
"and",
"invites",
"him",
"to",
"attend",
"a",
"planned",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"ball",
".",
"lady",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"and",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"nurse",
"try",
"to",
"persuade",
"juliet",
"to",
"accept",
"paris",
"'",
"s",
"courtship",
".",
"meanwhile",
",",
"ben",
"##vo",
"##lio",
"talks",
"with",
"his",
"cousin",
"romeo",
",",
"montagu",
"##e",
"'",
"s",
"son",
",",
"about",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"recent",
"depression",
".",
"ben",
"##vo",
"##lio",
"discovers",
"that",
"it",
"stems",
"from",
"un",
"##re",
"##qui",
"##ted",
"in",
"##fat",
"##uation"
] | 877,432 |
like their masters, are sworn enemies. prince escalus of verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death. later, count paris talks to capulet about marrying his daughter juliet, but capulet asks paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned capulet ball. lady capulet and juliet's nurse try to persuade juliet to accept paris's courtship. meanwhile, benvolio talks with his cousin romeo, montague's son, about romeo's recent depression. benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation
| 593 |
[
"for",
"a",
"girl",
"named",
"rosa",
"##line",
",",
"one",
"of",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"'",
"s",
"niece",
"##s",
".",
"persuaded",
"by",
"ben",
"##vo",
"##lio",
"and",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
",",
"romeo",
"attends",
"the",
"ball",
"at",
"the",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"house",
"in",
"hopes",
"of",
"meeting",
"rosa",
"##line",
".",
"however",
",",
"romeo",
"instead",
"meets",
"and",
"falls",
"in",
"love",
"with",
"juliet",
".",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"cousin",
",",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
",",
"is",
"enraged",
"at",
"romeo",
"for",
"sneaking",
"into",
"the",
"ball",
",",
"but",
"is",
"only",
"stopped",
"from",
"killing",
"romeo",
"by",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"father",
",",
"who",
"doesn",
"'",
"t",
"wish",
"to",
"shed",
"blood",
"in",
"his",
"house",
".",
"after",
"the",
"ball",
",",
"in",
"what",
"is",
"now",
"called",
"the",
"\"",
"balcony",
"scene",
"\"",
",",
"romeo",
"sneak",
"##s",
"into",
"the",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"orchard",
"and",
"over",
"##hear",
"##s"
] | 877,433 |
for a girl named rosaline, one of capulet's nieces. persuaded by benvolio and mercutio, romeo attends the ball at the capulet house in hopes of meeting rosaline. however, romeo instead meets and falls in love with juliet. juliet's cousin, tybalt, is enraged at romeo for sneaking into the ball, but is only stopped from killing romeo by juliet's father, who doesn't wish to shed blood in his house. after the ball, in what is now called the " balcony scene ", romeo sneaks into the capulet orchard and overhears
| 2,422 |
[
"juliet",
"at",
"her",
"window",
"vow",
"##ing",
"her",
"love",
"to",
"him",
"in",
"spite",
"of",
"her",
"family",
"'",
"s",
"hatred",
"of",
"the",
"montagu",
"##es",
".",
"romeo",
"makes",
"himself",
"known",
"to",
"her",
"and",
"they",
"agree",
"to",
"be",
"married",
".",
"with",
"the",
"help",
"of",
"friar",
"laurence",
",",
"who",
"hopes",
"to",
"reconcile",
"the",
"two",
"families",
"through",
"their",
"children",
"'",
"s",
"union",
",",
"they",
"are",
"secretly",
"married",
"the",
"next",
"day",
".",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
",",
"meanwhile",
",",
"still",
"incense",
"##d",
"that",
"romeo",
"had",
"sneak",
"##ed",
"into",
"the",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"ball",
",",
"challenges",
"him",
"to",
"a",
"duel",
".",
"romeo",
",",
"now",
"considering",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
"his",
"kin",
"##sman",
",",
"refuses",
"to",
"fight",
".",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"is",
"offended",
"by",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
"'",
"s",
"ins",
"##ole",
"##nce",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"romeo",
"'",
"s"
] | 877,434 |
juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family's hatred of the montagues. romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married. with the help of friar laurence, who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children's union, they are secretly married the next day. tybalt, meanwhile, still incensed that romeo had sneaked into the capulet ball, challenges him to a duel. romeo, now considering tybalt his kinsman, refuses to fight. mercutio is offended by tybalt's insolence, as well as romeo's
| 453 |
[
"\"",
"vile",
"submission",
"\"",
",",
"and",
"accepts",
"the",
"duel",
"on",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"behalf",
".",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"is",
"fatally",
"wounded",
"when",
"romeo",
"attempts",
"to",
"break",
"up",
"the",
"fight",
".",
"grief",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"stricken",
"and",
"wr",
"##ack",
"##ed",
"with",
"guilt",
",",
"romeo",
"confronts",
"and",
"sl",
"##ays",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
".",
"montagu",
"##e",
"argues",
"that",
"romeo",
"has",
"just",
"##ly",
"executed",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
"for",
"the",
"murder",
"of",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
".",
"the",
"prince",
",",
"now",
"having",
"lost",
"a",
"kin",
"##sman",
"in",
"the",
"warring",
"families",
"'",
"feud",
",",
"exiles",
"romeo",
"from",
"verona",
",",
"under",
"penalty",
"of",
"death",
"if",
"he",
"ever",
"returns",
".",
"romeo",
"secretly",
"spends",
"the",
"night",
"in",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"chamber",
",",
"where",
"they",
"con",
"##sum",
"##mate",
"their",
"marriage",
".",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
",",
"mis",
"##int",
"##er",
"##pre"
] | 877,435 |
" vile submission ", and accepts the duel on romeo's behalf. mercutio is fatally wounded when romeo attempts to break up the fight. grief @ - @ stricken and wracked with guilt, romeo confronts and slays tybalt. montague argues that romeo has justly executed tybalt for the murder of mercutio. the prince, now having lost a kinsman in the warring families'feud, exiles romeo from verona, under penalty of death if he ever returns. romeo secretly spends the night in juliet's chamber, where they consummate their marriage. capulet, misinterpre
| 453 |
[
"##ting",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"grief",
",",
"agrees",
"to",
"marry",
"her",
"to",
"count",
"paris",
"and",
"threatens",
"to",
"di",
"##so",
"##wn",
"her",
"when",
"she",
"refuses",
"to",
"become",
"paris",
"'",
"s",
"\"",
"joy",
"##ful",
"bride",
"\"",
".",
"when",
"she",
"then",
"plead",
"##s",
"for",
"the",
"marriage",
"to",
"be",
"delayed",
",",
"her",
"mother",
"rejects",
"her",
".",
"juliet",
"visits",
"friar",
"laurence",
"for",
"help",
",",
"and",
"he",
"offers",
"her",
"a",
"potion",
"that",
"will",
"put",
"her",
"into",
"a",
"death",
"##like",
"coma",
"for",
"\"",
"two",
"and",
"forty",
"hours",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"friar",
"promises",
"to",
"send",
"a",
"messenger",
"to",
"inform",
"romeo",
"of",
"the",
"plan",
",",
"so",
"that",
"he",
"can",
"rejoin",
"her",
"when",
"she",
"awake",
"##ns",
".",
"on",
"the",
"night",
"before",
"the",
"wedding",
",",
"she",
"takes",
"the",
"drug",
"and",
",",
"when",
"discovered",
"apparently",
"dead",
",",
"she",
"is",
"laid",
"in"
] | 877,436 |
##ting juliet's grief, agrees to marry her to count paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become paris's " joyful bride ". when she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed, her mother rejects her. juliet visits friar laurence for help, and he offers her a potion that will put her into a deathlike coma for " two and forty hours ". the friar promises to send a messenger to inform romeo of the plan, so that he can rejoin her when she awakens. on the night before the wedding, she takes the drug and, when discovered apparently dead, she is laid in
| 2,460 |
[
"the",
"family",
"crypt",
".",
"the",
"messenger",
",",
"however",
",",
"does",
"not",
"reach",
"romeo",
"and",
",",
"instead",
",",
"romeo",
"learns",
"of",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"apparent",
"death",
"from",
"his",
"servant",
"bal",
"##tha",
"##sar",
".",
"heart",
"##broken",
",",
"romeo",
"buys",
"poison",
"from",
"an",
"ap",
"##oth",
"##eca",
"##ry",
"and",
"goes",
"to",
"the",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"crypt",
".",
"he",
"encounters",
"paris",
"who",
"has",
"come",
"to",
"mo",
"##urn",
"juliet",
"privately",
".",
"believing",
"romeo",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"van",
"##dal",
",",
"paris",
"confronts",
"him",
"and",
",",
"in",
"the",
"ensuing",
"battle",
",",
"romeo",
"kills",
"paris",
".",
"still",
"believing",
"juliet",
"to",
"be",
"dead",
",",
"he",
"drinks",
"the",
"poison",
".",
"juliet",
"then",
"awake",
"##ns",
"and",
",",
"finding",
"romeo",
"dead",
",",
"stab",
"##s",
"herself",
"with",
"his",
"dagger",
".",
"the",
"feud",
"##ing",
"families",
"and",
"the",
"prince",
"meet",
"at",
"the",
"tomb",
"to"
] | 877,437 |
the family crypt. the messenger, however, does not reach romeo and, instead, romeo learns of juliet's apparent death from his servant balthasar. heartbroken, romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the capulet crypt. he encounters paris who has come to mourn juliet privately. believing romeo to be a vandal, paris confronts him and, in the ensuing battle, romeo kills paris. still believing juliet to be dead, he drinks the poison. juliet then awakens and, finding romeo dead, stabs herself with his dagger. the feuding families and the prince meet at the tomb to
| 2,451 |
[
"find",
"all",
"three",
"dead",
".",
"friar",
"laurence",
"recounts",
"the",
"story",
"of",
"the",
"two",
"\"",
"star",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cross",
"'",
"d",
"lovers",
"\"",
".",
"the",
"families",
"are",
"reconciled",
"by",
"their",
"children",
"'",
"s",
"deaths",
"and",
"agree",
"to",
"end",
"their",
"violent",
"feud",
".",
"the",
"play",
"ends",
"with",
"the",
"prince",
"'",
"s",
"el",
"##eg",
"##y",
"for",
"the",
"lovers",
":",
"\"",
"for",
"never",
"was",
"a",
"story",
"of",
"more",
"wo",
"##e",
"/",
"than",
"this",
"of",
"juliet",
"and",
"her",
"romeo",
".",
"\"",
"luigi",
"da",
"porto",
"(",
"148",
"##5",
"–",
"152",
"##9",
")",
"adapted",
"the",
"story",
"as",
"gi",
"##uli",
"##etta",
"e",
"romeo",
"and",
"included",
"it",
"in",
"his",
"historia",
"novella",
"##ment",
"##e",
"ri",
"##tro",
"##vat",
"##a",
"di",
"due",
"no",
"##bil",
"##i",
"ama",
"##nti",
",",
"written",
"in",
"152",
"##4",
"and",
"published",
"posthumously",
"in",
"153",
"##1",
"in"
] | 877,438 |
find all three dead. friar laurence recounts the story of the two " star @ - @ cross'd lovers ". the families are reconciled by their children's deaths and agree to end their violent feud. the play ends with the prince's elegy for the lovers : " for never was a story of more woe / than this of juliet and her romeo. " luigi da porto ( 1485 – 1529 ) adapted the story as giulietta e romeo and included it in his historia novellamente ritrovata di due nobili amanti, written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in
| 226 |
[
"venice",
".",
"da",
"porto",
"drew",
"on",
"p",
"##yra",
"##mus",
"and",
"this",
"##be",
",",
"bo",
"##cca",
"##cio",
"'",
"s",
"dec",
"##ame",
"##ron",
",",
"and",
"sale",
"##rn",
"##itan",
"##o",
"'",
"s",
"mario",
"##tto",
"e",
"gan",
"##oz",
"##za",
",",
"but",
"it",
"is",
"likely",
"that",
"his",
"story",
"is",
"also",
"autobiographical",
":",
"present",
"as",
"a",
"soldier",
"at",
"a",
"ball",
"on",
"26",
"february",
"151",
"##1",
"at",
"a",
"residence",
"of",
"the",
"sa",
"##vor",
"##gnan",
"clan",
"in",
"ud",
"##ine",
",",
"following",
"a",
"peace",
"ceremony",
"with",
"the",
"opposite",
"st",
"##rum",
"##ieri",
",",
"da",
"port",
"##a",
"fell",
"in",
"love",
"with",
"luc",
"##ina",
",",
"the",
"daughter",
"of",
"the",
"house",
",",
"but",
"relationships",
"of",
"their",
"mentor",
"##s",
"prevented",
"advances",
".",
"the",
"next",
"morning",
",",
"the",
"sa",
"##vor",
"##gnan",
"##s",
"led",
"an",
"attack",
"on",
"the",
"city",
",",
"and",
"many",
"members",
"of"
] | 877,439 |
venice. da porto drew on pyramus and thisbe, boccacio's decameron, and salernitano's mariotto e ganozza, but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical : present as a soldier at a ball on 26 february 1511 at a residence of the savorgnan clan in udine, following a peace ceremony with the opposite strumieri, da porta fell in love with lucina, the daughter of the house, but relationships of their mentors prevented advances. the next morning, the savorgnans led an attack on the city, and many members of
| 216 |
[
"the",
"st",
"##rum",
"##ieri",
"were",
"murdered",
".",
"when",
"years",
"later",
",",
"half",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"paralyzed",
"from",
"a",
"battle",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"wound",
",",
"he",
"wrote",
"gi",
"##uli",
"##etta",
"e",
"romeo",
"in",
"mont",
"##ors",
"##o",
"vice",
"##ntino",
"(",
"from",
"where",
"he",
"could",
"see",
"the",
"\"",
"castles",
"\"",
"of",
"verona",
")",
",",
"he",
"dedicated",
"the",
"novella",
"to",
"bell",
"##isi",
"##ma",
"e",
"leg",
"##gia",
"##dra",
"madonna",
"luc",
"##ina",
"sa",
"##vor",
"##gnan",
".",
"da",
"porto",
"presented",
"his",
"tale",
"as",
"historically",
"true",
"and",
"claimed",
"it",
"took",
"place",
"a",
"century",
"earlier",
"than",
"sale",
"##rn",
"##itan",
"##o",
"had",
"it",
",",
"in",
"the",
"days",
"verona",
"was",
"ruled",
"by",
"bart",
"##olo",
"##meo",
"ii",
"della",
"scala",
"(",
"ang",
"##lic",
"##ized",
"as",
"prince",
"es",
"##cal",
"##us",
")",
".",
"da",
"porto",
"gave",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"most",
"of",
"its",
"modern"
] | 877,440 |
the strumieri were murdered. when years later, half @ - @ paralyzed from a battle @ - @ wound, he wrote giulietta e romeo in montorso vicentino ( from where he could see the " castles " of verona ), he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna lucina savorgnan. da porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than salernitano had it, in the days verona was ruled by bartolomeo ii della scala ( anglicized as prince escalus ). da porto gave romeo and juliet most of its modern
| 2,226 |
[
"form",
",",
"including",
"the",
"names",
"of",
"the",
"lovers",
",",
"the",
"rival",
"families",
"of",
"monte",
"##cchi",
"and",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##ti",
",",
"and",
"the",
"location",
"in",
"verona",
".",
"he",
"named",
"the",
"friar",
"laurence",
"(",
"fra",
"##te",
"lorenzo",
")",
"and",
"introduced",
"the",
"characters",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"(",
"marc",
"##ucci",
"##o",
"gu",
"##ert",
"##io",
")",
",",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
"(",
"te",
"##bal",
"##do",
"cap",
"##pel",
"##let",
"##i",
")",
",",
"count",
"paris",
"(",
"con",
"##ti",
"(",
"par",
"##ide",
")",
"di",
"lo",
"##dron",
"##e",
")",
",",
"the",
"faithful",
"servant",
",",
"and",
"gi",
"##uli",
"##etta",
"'",
"s",
"nurse",
".",
"da",
"porto",
"originated",
"the",
"remaining",
"basic",
"elements",
"of",
"the",
"story",
":",
"the",
"feud",
"##ing",
"families",
",",
"romeo",
"-",
"left",
"by",
"his",
"mistress",
"-",
"meeting",
"gi",
"##uli",
"##etta",
"at",
"a",
"dance",
"at",
"her",
"house",
",",
"the",
"love"
] | 877,441 |
form, including the names of the lovers, the rival families of montecchi and capuleti, and the location in verona. he named the friar laurence ( frate lorenzo ) and introduced the characters mercutio ( marcuccio guertio ), tybalt ( tebaldo cappelleti ), count paris ( conti ( paride ) di lodrone ), the faithful servant, and giulietta's nurse. da porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story : the feuding families, romeo - left by his mistress - meeting giulietta at a dance at her house, the love
| 232 |
[
"scenes",
"(",
"including",
"the",
"balcony",
"scene",
")",
",",
"the",
"periods",
"of",
"despair",
",",
"romeo",
"killing",
"gi",
"##uli",
"##etta",
"'",
"s",
"cousin",
"(",
"te",
"##bal",
"##do",
")",
",",
"and",
"the",
"families",
"'",
"reconciliation",
"after",
"the",
"lovers",
"'",
"suicide",
"##s",
".",
"in",
"da",
"porto",
"'",
"s",
"version",
"romeo",
"takes",
"poison",
"and",
"gi",
"##uli",
"##etta",
"stab",
"##s",
"herself",
"with",
"his",
"dagger",
".",
"in",
"155",
"##4",
",",
"matteo",
"band",
"##ello",
"published",
"the",
"second",
"volume",
"of",
"his",
"novel",
"##le",
",",
"which",
"included",
"his",
"version",
"of",
"gi",
"##ule",
"##tta",
"e",
"romeo",
",",
"probably",
"written",
"between",
"153",
"##1",
"and",
"154",
"##5",
".",
"band",
"##ello",
"length",
"##ened",
"and",
"weighed",
"down",
"the",
"plot",
",",
"while",
"leaving",
"the",
"storyline",
"basically",
"unchanged",
"(",
"though",
"he",
"did",
"introduce",
"ben",
"##vo",
"##lio",
")",
".",
"band",
"##ello",
"'",
"s",
"story",
"was",
"translated"
] | 877,442 |
scenes ( including the balcony scene ), the periods of despair, romeo killing giulietta's cousin ( tebaldo ), and the families'reconciliation after the lovers'suicides. in da porto's version romeo takes poison and giulietta stabs herself with his dagger. in 1554, matteo bandello published the second volume of his novelle, which included his version of giuletta e romeo, probably written between 1531 and 1545. bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot, while leaving the storyline basically unchanged ( though he did introduce benvolio ). bandello's story was translated
| 2,218 |
[
"into",
"french",
"by",
"pierre",
"bo",
"##ais",
"##tua",
"##u",
"in",
"155",
"##9",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"volume",
"of",
"his",
"histories",
"tr",
"##agi",
"##ques",
".",
"bo",
"##ais",
"##tua",
"##u",
"adds",
"much",
"moral",
"##ising",
"and",
"sentiment",
",",
"and",
"the",
"characters",
"ind",
"##ul",
"##ge",
"in",
"rhetoric",
"##al",
"outburst",
"##s",
".",
"in",
"his",
"156",
"##2",
"narrative",
"poem",
"the",
"tragic",
"##al",
"history",
"of",
"rome",
"##us",
"and",
"juliet",
",",
"arthur",
"brooke",
"translated",
"bo",
"##ais",
"##tua",
"##u",
"faithful",
"##ly",
",",
"but",
"adjusted",
"it",
"to",
"reflect",
"parts",
"of",
"cha",
"##uce",
"##r",
"'",
"s",
"tr",
"##oi",
"##lus",
"and",
"cr",
"##ise",
"##yde",
".",
"there",
"was",
"a",
"trend",
"among",
"writers",
"and",
"playwright",
"##s",
"to",
"publish",
"works",
"based",
"on",
"italian",
"novel",
"##les",
"—",
"italian",
"tales",
"were",
"very",
"popular",
"among",
"theatre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"go",
"##ers",
"—",
"and",
"shakespeare",
"may",
"well",
"have",
"been"
] | 877,443 |
into french by pierre boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his histories tragiques. boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment, and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts. in his 1562 narrative poem the tragical history of romeus and juliet, arthur brooke translated boaistuau faithfully, but adjusted it to reflect parts of chaucer's troilus and criseyde. there was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on italian novelles — italian tales were very popular among theatre @ - @ goers — and shakespeare may well have been
| 2,638 |
[
"familiar",
"with",
"william",
"painter",
"'",
"s",
"156",
"##7",
"collection",
"of",
"italian",
"tales",
"titled",
"palace",
"of",
"pleasure",
".",
"this",
"collection",
"included",
"a",
"version",
"in",
"prose",
"of",
"the",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"story",
"named",
"\"",
"the",
"good",
"##ly",
"history",
"of",
"the",
"true",
"and",
"constant",
"love",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"##t",
"\"",
".",
"shakespeare",
"took",
"advantage",
"of",
"this",
"popularity",
":",
"the",
"merchant",
"of",
"venice",
",",
"much",
"ad",
"##o",
"about",
"nothing",
",",
"all",
"'",
"s",
"well",
"that",
"ends",
"well",
",",
"measure",
"for",
"measure",
",",
"and",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"are",
"all",
"from",
"italian",
"novel",
"##le",
".",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"is",
"a",
"drama",
"##tis",
"##ation",
"of",
"brooke",
"'",
"s",
"translation",
",",
"and",
"shakespeare",
"follows",
"the",
"poem",
"closely",
",",
"but",
"adds",
"extra",
"detail",
"to",
"both",
"major",
"and",
"minor",
"characters",
"(",
"in",
"particular",
"the",
"nurse",
"and",
"mer"
] | 877,444 |
familiar with william painter's 1567 collection of italian tales titled palace of pleasure. this collection included a version in prose of the romeo and juliet story named " the goodly history of the true and constant love of romeo and juliett ". shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : the merchant of venice, much ado about nothing, all's well that ends well, measure for measure, and romeo and juliet are all from italian novelle. romeo and juliet is a dramatisation of brooke's translation, and shakespeare follows the poem closely, but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the nurse and mer
| 2,638 |
[
"##cut",
"##io",
")",
".",
"christopher",
"mar",
"##lowe",
"'",
"s",
"hero",
"and",
"lean",
"##der",
"and",
"did",
"##o",
",",
"queen",
"of",
"carthage",
",",
"both",
"similar",
"stories",
"written",
"in",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"day",
",",
"are",
"thought",
"to",
"be",
"less",
"of",
"a",
"direct",
"influence",
",",
"although",
"they",
"may",
"have",
"helped",
"create",
"an",
"atmosphere",
"in",
"which",
"tragic",
"love",
"stories",
"could",
"thrive",
".",
"it",
"is",
"unknown",
"when",
"exactly",
"shakespeare",
"wrote",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
".",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"nurse",
"refers",
"to",
"an",
"earthquake",
"she",
"says",
"occurred",
"11",
"years",
"ago",
".",
"this",
"may",
"refer",
"to",
"the",
"dover",
"straits",
"earthquake",
"of",
"1580",
",",
"which",
"would",
"date",
"that",
"particular",
"line",
"to",
"159",
"##1",
".",
"other",
"earthquakes",
"—",
"both",
"in",
"england",
"and",
"in",
"verona",
"—",
"have",
"been",
"proposed",
"in",
"support",
"of",
"the",
"different",
"dates",
".",
"but",
"the",
"play",
"'"
] | 877,445 |
##cutio ). christopher marlowe's hero and leander and dido, queen of carthage, both similar stories written in shakespeare's day, are thought to be less of a direct influence, although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive. it is unknown when exactly shakespeare wrote romeo and juliet. juliet's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago. this may refer to the dover straits earthquake of 1580, which would date that particular line to 1591. other earthquakes — both in england and in verona — have been proposed in support of the different dates. but the play '
| 2,683 |
[
"s",
"stylistic",
"similarities",
"with",
"a",
"midsummer",
"night",
"'",
"s",
"dream",
"and",
"other",
"plays",
"conventional",
"##ly",
"dated",
"around",
"159",
"##4",
"–",
"95",
",",
"place",
"its",
"composition",
"sometime",
"between",
"159",
"##1",
"and",
"159",
"##5",
".",
"one",
"conjecture",
"is",
"that",
"shakespeare",
"may",
"have",
"begun",
"a",
"draft",
"in",
"159",
"##1",
",",
"which",
"he",
"completed",
"in",
"159",
"##5",
".",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"was",
"published",
"in",
"two",
"qu",
"##art",
"##o",
"editions",
"prior",
"to",
"the",
"publication",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"f",
"##olio",
"of",
"1623",
".",
"these",
"are",
"referred",
"to",
"as",
"q",
"##1",
"and",
"q",
"##2",
".",
"the",
"first",
"printed",
"edition",
",",
"q",
"##1",
",",
"appeared",
"in",
"early",
"159",
"##7",
",",
"printed",
"by",
"john",
"dante",
"##r",
".",
"because",
"its",
"text",
"contains",
"numerous",
"differences",
"from",
"the",
"later",
"editions",
",",
"it",
"is",
"labelled",
"a",
"'",
"bad"
] | 877,446 |
s stylistic similarities with a midsummer night's dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 – 95, place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595. one conjecture is that shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591, which he completed in 1595. shakespeare's romeo and juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the first folio of 1623. these are referred to as q1 and q2. the first printed edition, q1, appeared in early 1597, printed by john danter. because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions, it is labelled a'bad
| 2,641 |
[
"qu",
"##art",
"##o",
"'",
";",
"the",
"20th",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"century",
"editor",
"t",
".",
"j",
".",
"b",
".",
"spencer",
"described",
"it",
"as",
"\"",
"a",
"det",
"##est",
"##able",
"text",
",",
"probably",
"a",
"reconstruction",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"from",
"the",
"imperfect",
"memories",
"of",
"one",
"or",
"two",
"of",
"the",
"actors",
"\"",
",",
"suggesting",
"that",
"it",
"had",
"been",
"pirate",
"##d",
"for",
"publication",
".",
"an",
"alternative",
"explanation",
"for",
"q",
"##1",
"'",
"s",
"short",
"##coming",
"##s",
"is",
"that",
"the",
"play",
"(",
"like",
"many",
"others",
"of",
"the",
"time",
")",
"may",
"have",
"been",
"heavily",
"edited",
"before",
"performance",
"by",
"the",
"playing",
"company",
".",
"in",
"any",
"event",
",",
"its",
"appearance",
"in",
"early",
"159",
"##7",
"makes",
"159",
"##6",
"the",
"latest",
"possible",
"date",
"for",
"the",
"play",
"'",
"s",
"composition",
".",
"the",
"superior",
"q",
"##2",
"called",
"the",
"play",
"the",
"most",
"excellent",
"and"
] | 877,447 |
quarto'; the 20th @ - @ century editor t. j. b. spencer described it as " a detestable text, probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors ", suggesting that it had been pirated for publication. an alternative explanation for q1's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company. in any event, its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play's composition. the superior q2 called the play the most excellent and
| 2,037 |
[
"lame",
"##nta",
"##ble",
"tr",
"##aged",
"##ie",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
".",
"it",
"was",
"printed",
"in",
"159",
"##9",
"by",
"thomas",
"creed",
"##e",
"and",
"published",
"by",
"cuthbert",
"bu",
"##rb",
"##y",
".",
"q",
"##2",
"is",
"about",
"800",
"lines",
"longer",
"than",
"q",
"##1",
".",
"its",
"title",
"page",
"describes",
"it",
"as",
"\"",
"newly",
"corrected",
",",
"augmented",
"and",
"amended",
"\"",
".",
"scholars",
"believe",
"that",
"q",
"##2",
"was",
"based",
"on",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"pre",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"performance",
"draft",
"(",
"called",
"his",
"foul",
"papers",
")",
",",
"since",
"there",
"are",
"textual",
"odd",
"##ities",
"such",
"as",
"variable",
"tags",
"for",
"characters",
"and",
"\"",
"false",
"starts",
"\"",
"for",
"speeches",
"that",
"were",
"presumably",
"struck",
"through",
"by",
"the",
"author",
"but",
"erroneously",
"preserved",
"by",
"the",
"types",
"##ette",
"##r",
".",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"much",
"more",
"complete",
"and",
"reliable",
"text",
",",
"and",
"was",
"reprinted"
] | 877,448 |
lamentable tragedie of romeo and juliet. it was printed in 1599 by thomas creede and published by cuthbert burby. q2 is about 800 lines longer than q1. its title page describes it as " newly corrected, augmented and amended ". scholars believe that q2 was based on shakespeare's pre @ - @ performance draft ( called his foul papers ), since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and " false starts " for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter. it is a much more complete and reliable text, and was reprinted
| 2,642 |
[
"in",
"1609",
"(",
"q",
"##3",
")",
",",
"1622",
"(",
"q",
"##4",
")",
"and",
"163",
"##7",
"(",
"q",
"##5",
")",
".",
"in",
"effect",
",",
"all",
"later",
"qu",
"##art",
"##os",
"and",
"f",
"##olio",
"##s",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"are",
"based",
"on",
"q",
"##2",
",",
"as",
"are",
"all",
"modern",
"editions",
"since",
"editors",
"believe",
"that",
"any",
"deviation",
"##s",
"from",
"q",
"##2",
"in",
"the",
"later",
"editions",
"(",
"whether",
"good",
"or",
"bad",
")",
"are",
"likely",
"to",
"arise",
"from",
"editors",
"or",
"com",
"##po",
"##sitor",
"##s",
",",
"not",
"from",
"shakespeare",
".",
"the",
"first",
"f",
"##olio",
"text",
"of",
"1623",
"was",
"based",
"primarily",
"on",
"q",
"##3",
",",
"with",
"cl",
"##ari",
"##fication",
"##s",
"and",
"corrections",
"possibly",
"coming",
"from",
"a",
"theatrical",
"prompt",
"##book",
"or",
"q",
"##1",
".",
"other",
"f",
"##olio",
"editions",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"were",
"printed",
"in",
"1632",
"(",
"f"
] | 877,449 |
in 1609 ( q3 ), 1622 ( q4 ) and 1637 ( q5 ). in effect, all later quartos and folios of romeo and juliet are based on q2, as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors, not from shakespeare. the first folio text of 1623 was based primarily on q3, with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical promptbook or q1. other folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 ( f
| 2,643 |
[
"##2",
")",
",",
"1664",
"(",
"f",
"##3",
")",
",",
"and",
"1685",
"(",
"f",
"##4",
")",
".",
"modern",
"versions",
"—",
"that",
"take",
"into",
"account",
"several",
"of",
"the",
"f",
"##olio",
"##s",
"and",
"qu",
"##art",
"##os",
"—",
"first",
"appeared",
"with",
"nicholas",
"rowe",
"'",
"s",
"1709",
"edition",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"alexander",
"pope",
"'",
"s",
"1723",
"version",
".",
"pope",
"began",
"a",
"tradition",
"of",
"editing",
"the",
"play",
"to",
"add",
"information",
"such",
"as",
"stage",
"directions",
"missing",
"in",
"q",
"##2",
"by",
"locating",
"them",
"in",
"q",
"##1",
".",
"this",
"tradition",
"continued",
"late",
"into",
"the",
"romantic",
"period",
".",
"fully",
"ann",
"##ota",
"##ted",
"editions",
"first",
"appeared",
"in",
"the",
"victorian",
"period",
"and",
"continue",
"to",
"be",
"produced",
"today",
",",
"printing",
"the",
"text",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"with",
"foot",
"##notes",
"describing",
"the",
"sources",
"and",
"culture",
"behind",
"the",
"play",
".",
"=",
"=",
"themes",
"and"
] | 877,450 |
##2 ), 1664 ( f3 ), and 1685 ( f4 ). modern versions — that take into account several of the folios and quartos — first appeared with nicholas rowe's 1709 edition, followed by alexander pope's 1723 version. pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in q2 by locating them in q1. this tradition continued late into the romantic period. fully annotated editions first appeared in the victorian period and continue to be produced today, printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play. = = themes and
| 2,643 |
[
"motifs",
"=",
"=",
"scholars",
"have",
"found",
"it",
"extremely",
"difficult",
"to",
"assign",
"one",
"specific",
",",
"over",
"##ar",
"##ching",
"theme",
"to",
"the",
"play",
".",
"proposals",
"for",
"a",
"main",
"theme",
"include",
"a",
"discovery",
"by",
"the",
"characters",
"that",
"human",
"beings",
"are",
"neither",
"wholly",
"good",
"nor",
"wholly",
"evil",
",",
"but",
"instead",
"are",
"more",
"or",
"less",
"alike",
",",
"aw",
"##aking",
"out",
"of",
"a",
"dream",
"and",
"into",
"reality",
",",
"the",
"danger",
"of",
"hasty",
"action",
",",
"or",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"tragic",
"fate",
".",
"none",
"of",
"these",
"have",
"widespread",
"support",
".",
"however",
",",
"even",
"if",
"an",
"overall",
"theme",
"cannot",
"be",
"found",
"it",
"is",
"clear",
"that",
"the",
"play",
"is",
"full",
"of",
"several",
"small",
",",
"thematic",
"elements",
"that",
"inter",
"##t",
"##wine",
"in",
"complex",
"ways",
".",
"several",
"of",
"those",
"most",
"often",
"debated",
"by",
"scholars",
"are",
"discussed",
"below",
".",
"romeo",
"and"
] | 877,451 |
motifs = = scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific, overarching theme to the play. proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil, but instead are more or less alike, awaking out of a dream and into reality, the danger of hasty action, or the power of tragic fate. none of these have widespread support. however, even if an overall theme cannot be found it is clear that the play is full of several small, thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways. several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below. romeo and
| 2,267 |
[
"juliet",
"is",
"sometimes",
"considered",
"to",
"have",
"no",
"un",
"##ifying",
"theme",
",",
"save",
"that",
"of",
"young",
"love",
".",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"have",
"become",
"emblem",
"##atic",
"of",
"young",
"lovers",
"and",
"doomed",
"love",
".",
"since",
"it",
"is",
"such",
"an",
"obvious",
"subject",
"of",
"the",
"play",
",",
"several",
"scholars",
"have",
"explored",
"the",
"language",
"and",
"historical",
"context",
"behind",
"the",
"romance",
"of",
"the",
"play",
".",
"on",
"their",
"first",
"meeting",
",",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"use",
"a",
"form",
"of",
"communication",
"recommended",
"by",
"many",
"et",
"##ique",
"##tte",
"authors",
"in",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"day",
":",
"metaphor",
".",
"by",
"using",
"metaphor",
"##s",
"of",
"saints",
"and",
"sins",
",",
"romeo",
"was",
"able",
"to",
"test",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"feelings",
"for",
"him",
"in",
"a",
"non",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"threatening",
"way",
".",
"this",
"method",
"was",
"recommended",
"by",
"bald",
"##ass",
"##are",
"cast",
"##ig",
"##lion",
"##e",
"("
] | 877,452 |
juliet is sometimes considered to have no unifying theme, save that of young love. romeo and juliet have become emblematic of young lovers and doomed love. since it is such an obvious subject of the play, several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play. on their first meeting, romeo and juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in shakespeare's day : metaphor. by using metaphors of saints and sins, romeo was able to test juliet's feelings for him in a non @ - @ threatening way. this method was recommended by baldassare castiglione (
| 2,690 |
[
"whose",
"works",
"had",
"been",
"translated",
"into",
"english",
"by",
"this",
"time",
")",
".",
"he",
"pointed",
"out",
"that",
"if",
"a",
"man",
"used",
"a",
"metaphor",
"as",
"an",
"invitation",
",",
"the",
"woman",
"could",
"pretend",
"she",
"did",
"not",
"understand",
"him",
",",
"and",
"he",
"could",
"retreat",
"without",
"losing",
"honour",
".",
"juliet",
",",
"however",
",",
"participates",
"in",
"the",
"metaphor",
"and",
"expands",
"on",
"it",
".",
"the",
"religious",
"metaphor",
"##s",
"of",
"\"",
"shrine",
"\"",
",",
"\"",
"pilgrim",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"saint",
"\"",
"were",
"fashionable",
"in",
"the",
"poetry",
"of",
"the",
"time",
"and",
"more",
"likely",
"to",
"be",
"understood",
"as",
"romantic",
"rather",
"than",
"b",
"##las",
"##ph",
"##em",
"##ous",
",",
"as",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"saint",
"##hood",
"was",
"associated",
"with",
"the",
"catholicism",
"of",
"an",
"earlier",
"age",
".",
"later",
"in",
"the",
"play",
",",
"shakespeare",
"removes",
"the",
"more",
"daring",
"all",
"##usions",
"to",
"christ",
"'"
] | 877,453 |
whose works had been translated into english by this time ). he pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation, the woman could pretend she did not understand him, and he could retreat without losing honour. juliet, however, participates in the metaphor and expands on it. the religious metaphors of " shrine ", " pilgrim " and " saint " were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous, as the concept of sainthood was associated with the catholicism of an earlier age. later in the play, shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to christ '
| 2,643 |
[
"s",
"resurrection",
"in",
"the",
"tomb",
"he",
"found",
"in",
"his",
"source",
"work",
":",
"brooke",
"'",
"s",
"rome",
"##us",
"and",
"juliet",
".",
"in",
"the",
"later",
"balcony",
"scene",
",",
"shakespeare",
"has",
"romeo",
"over",
"##hear",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"sol",
"##ilo",
"##qu",
"##y",
",",
"but",
"in",
"brooke",
"'",
"s",
"version",
"of",
"the",
"story",
"her",
"declaration",
"is",
"done",
"alone",
".",
"by",
"bringing",
"romeo",
"into",
"the",
"scene",
"to",
"ea",
"##ves",
"##drop",
",",
"shakespeare",
"breaks",
"from",
"the",
"normal",
"sequence",
"of",
"courtship",
".",
"usually",
"a",
"woman",
"was",
"required",
"to",
"be",
"modest",
"and",
"shy",
"to",
"make",
"sure",
"that",
"her",
"suit",
"##or",
"was",
"sincere",
",",
"but",
"breaking",
"this",
"rule",
"serves",
"to",
"speed",
"along",
"the",
"plot",
".",
"the",
"lovers",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"skip",
"court",
"##ing",
",",
"and",
"move",
"on",
"to",
"plain",
"talk",
"about",
"their",
"relationship",
"—",
"agreeing",
"to",
"be",
"married"
] | 877,454 |
s resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work : brooke's romeus and juliet. in the later balcony scene, shakespeare has romeo overhear juliet's soliloquy, but in brooke's version of the story her declaration is done alone. by bringing romeo into the scene to eavesdrop, shakespeare breaks from the normal sequence of courtship. usually a woman was required to be modest and shy to make sure that her suitor was sincere, but breaking this rule serves to speed along the plot. the lovers are able to skip courting, and move on to plain talk about their relationship — agreeing to be married
| 2,218 |
[
"after",
"knowing",
"each",
"other",
"for",
"only",
"one",
"night",
".",
"in",
"the",
"final",
"suicide",
"scene",
",",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"contradiction",
"in",
"the",
"message",
"—",
"in",
"the",
"catholic",
"religion",
",",
"suicide",
"##s",
"were",
"often",
"thought",
"to",
"be",
"condemned",
"to",
"hell",
",",
"whereas",
"people",
"who",
"die",
"to",
"be",
"with",
"their",
"loves",
"under",
"the",
"\"",
"religion",
"of",
"love",
"\"",
"are",
"joined",
"with",
"their",
"loves",
"in",
"paradise",
".",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"love",
"seems",
"to",
"be",
"expressing",
"the",
"\"",
"religion",
"of",
"love",
"\"",
"view",
"rather",
"than",
"the",
"catholic",
"view",
".",
"another",
"point",
"is",
"that",
"although",
"their",
"love",
"is",
"passionate",
",",
"it",
"is",
"only",
"con",
"##sum",
"##mate",
"##d",
"in",
"marriage",
",",
"which",
"keeps",
"them",
"from",
"losing",
"the",
"audience",
"'",
"s",
"sympathy",
".",
"the",
"play",
"arguably",
"e",
"##qua",
"##tes",
"love",
"and",
"sex",
"with",
"death"
] | 877,455 |
after knowing each other for only one night. in the final suicide scene, there is a contradiction in the message — in the catholic religion, suicides were often thought to be condemned to hell, whereas people who die to be with their loves under the " religion of love " are joined with their loves in paradise. romeo and juliet's love seems to be expressing the " religion of love " view rather than the catholic view. another point is that although their love is passionate, it is only consummated in marriage, which keeps them from losing the audience's sympathy. the play arguably equates love and sex with death
| 2,415 |
[
".",
"throughout",
"the",
"story",
",",
"both",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
",",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"other",
"characters",
",",
"fan",
"##tas",
"##ise",
"about",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"dark",
"being",
",",
"often",
"e",
"##qua",
"##ting",
"it",
"with",
"a",
"lover",
".",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"when",
"he",
"first",
"discovers",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"(",
"fake",
"##d",
")",
"death",
",",
"describes",
"it",
"as",
"having",
"def",
"##lowe",
"##red",
"his",
"daughter",
".",
"juliet",
"later",
"erotic",
"##ally",
"compares",
"romeo",
"and",
"death",
".",
"right",
"before",
"her",
"suicide",
"she",
"grabs",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"dagger",
",",
"saying",
"\"",
"o",
"happy",
"dagger",
"!",
"this",
"is",
"thy",
"sheath",
".",
"there",
"rust",
",",
"and",
"let",
"me",
"die",
".",
"\"",
"scholars",
"are",
"divided",
"on",
"the",
"role",
"of",
"fate",
"in",
"the",
"play",
".",
"no",
"consensus",
"exists",
"on",
"whether",
"the",
"characters",
"are",
"truly",
"fated",
"to"
] | 877,456 |
. throughout the story, both romeo and juliet, along with the other characters, fantasise about it as a dark being, often equating it with a lover. capulet, for example, when he first discovers juliet's ( faked ) death, describes it as having deflowered his daughter. juliet later erotically compares romeo and death. right before her suicide she grabs romeo's dagger, saying " o happy dagger! this is thy sheath. there rust, and let me die. " scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play. no consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to
| 2,197 |
[
"die",
"together",
"or",
"whether",
"the",
"events",
"take",
"place",
"by",
"a",
"series",
"of",
"un",
"##lu",
"##cky",
"chances",
".",
"arguments",
"in",
"favour",
"of",
"fate",
"often",
"refer",
"to",
"the",
"description",
"of",
"the",
"lovers",
"as",
"\"",
"star",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cross",
"'",
"d",
"\"",
".",
"this",
"phrase",
"seems",
"to",
"hint",
"that",
"the",
"stars",
"have",
"pre",
"##de",
"##ter",
"##mined",
"the",
"lovers",
"'",
"future",
".",
"john",
"w",
".",
"draper",
"points",
"out",
"the",
"parallels",
"between",
"the",
"elizabeth",
"##an",
"belief",
"in",
"the",
"four",
"humour",
"##s",
"and",
"the",
"main",
"characters",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"(",
"for",
"example",
",",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
"as",
"a",
"cho",
"##ler",
"##ic",
")",
".",
"interpreting",
"the",
"text",
"in",
"the",
"light",
"of",
"humour",
"##s",
"reduces",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"plot",
"attributed",
"to",
"chance",
"by",
"modern",
"audiences",
".",
"still",
",",
"other",
"scholars",
"see",
"the",
"play",
"as",
"a"
] | 877,457 |
die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances. arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as " star @ - @ cross'd ". this phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers'future. john w. draper points out the parallels between the elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example, tybalt as a choleric ). interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences. still, other scholars see the play as a
| 2,268 |
[
"series",
"of",
"un",
"##lu",
"##cky",
"chances",
"—",
"many",
"to",
"such",
"a",
"degree",
"that",
"they",
"do",
"not",
"see",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"tragedy",
"at",
"all",
",",
"but",
"an",
"emotional",
"mel",
"##od",
"##rama",
".",
"ruth",
"ne",
"##vo",
"believes",
"the",
"high",
"degree",
"to",
"which",
"chance",
"is",
"stressed",
"in",
"the",
"narrative",
"makes",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"a",
"\"",
"lesser",
"tragedy",
"\"",
"of",
"happens",
"##tance",
",",
"not",
"of",
"character",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"challenging",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
"is",
"not",
"imp",
"##ulsive",
";",
"it",
"is",
",",
"after",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"'",
"s",
"death",
",",
"the",
"expected",
"action",
"to",
"take",
".",
"in",
"this",
"scene",
",",
"ne",
"##vo",
"reads",
"romeo",
"as",
"being",
"aware",
"of",
"the",
"dangers",
"of",
"fl",
"##out",
"##ing",
"social",
"norms",
",",
"identity",
"and",
"commitments",
".",
"he",
"makes",
"the",
"choice",
"to",
"kill",
",",
"not"
] | 877,458 |
series of unlucky chances — many to such a degree that they don't see it as a tragedy at all, but an emotional melodrama. ruth nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes romeo and juliet a " lesser tragedy " of happenstance, not of character. for example, romeo's challenging tybalt is not impulsive ; it is, after mercutio's death, the expected action to take. in this scene, nevo reads romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms, identity and commitments. he makes the choice to kill, not
| 2,191 |
[
"because",
"of",
"a",
"tragic",
"flaw",
",",
"but",
"because",
"of",
"circumstance",
".",
"scholars",
"have",
"long",
"noted",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"widespread",
"use",
"of",
"light",
"and",
"dark",
"imagery",
"throughout",
"the",
"play",
".",
"caroline",
"spur",
"##ge",
"##on",
"considers",
"the",
"theme",
"of",
"light",
"as",
"\"",
"symbolic",
"of",
"the",
"natural",
"beauty",
"of",
"young",
"love",
"\"",
"and",
"later",
"critics",
"have",
"expanded",
"on",
"this",
"interpretation",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"both",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"see",
"the",
"other",
"as",
"light",
"in",
"a",
"surrounding",
"darkness",
".",
"romeo",
"describes",
"juliet",
"as",
"being",
"like",
"the",
"sun",
",",
"brighter",
"than",
"a",
"torch",
",",
"a",
"jewel",
"sparkling",
"in",
"the",
"night",
",",
"and",
"a",
"bright",
"angel",
"among",
"dark",
"clouds",
".",
"even",
"when",
"she",
"lies",
"apparently",
"dead",
"in",
"the",
"tomb",
",",
"he",
"says",
"her",
"\"",
"beauty",
"makes",
"this",
"vault",
"a",
"feast",
"##ing",
"presence",
"full",
"of"
] | 877,459 |
because of a tragic flaw, but because of circumstance. scholars have long noted shakespeare's widespread use of light and dark imagery throughout the play. caroline spurgeon considers the theme of light as " symbolic of the natural beauty of young love " and later critics have expanded on this interpretation. for example, both romeo and juliet see the other as light in a surrounding darkness. romeo describes juliet as being like the sun, brighter than a torch, a jewel sparkling in the night, and a bright angel among dark clouds. even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb, he says her " beauty makes this vault a feasting presence full of
| 2,284 |
[
"light",
".",
"\"",
"juliet",
"describes",
"romeo",
"as",
"\"",
"day",
"in",
"night",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"white",
"##r",
"than",
"snow",
"upon",
"a",
"raven",
"'",
"s",
"back",
".",
"\"",
"this",
"contrast",
"of",
"light",
"and",
"dark",
"can",
"be",
"expanded",
"as",
"symbols",
"—",
"contrasting",
"love",
"and",
"hate",
",",
"youth",
"and",
"age",
"in",
"a",
"metaphor",
"##ic",
"way",
".",
"sometimes",
"these",
"inter",
"##t",
"##win",
"##ing",
"metaphor",
"##s",
"create",
"dramatic",
"irony",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"love",
"is",
"a",
"light",
"in",
"the",
"midst",
"of",
"the",
"darkness",
"of",
"the",
"hate",
"around",
"them",
",",
"but",
"all",
"of",
"their",
"activity",
"together",
"is",
"done",
"in",
"night",
"and",
"darkness",
",",
"while",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"feud",
"##ing",
"is",
"done",
"in",
"broad",
"daylight",
".",
"this",
"paradox",
"of",
"imagery",
"adds",
"atmosphere",
"to",
"the",
"moral",
"dilemma",
"facing",
"the",
"two",
"lovers",
":"
] | 877,460 |
light. " juliet describes romeo as " day in night " and " whiter than snow upon a raven's back. " this contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols — contrasting love and hate, youth and age in a metaphoric way. sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony. for example, romeo and juliet's love is a light in the midst of the darkness of the hate around them, but all of their activity together is done in night and darkness, while all of the feuding is done in broad daylight. this paradox of imagery adds atmosphere to the moral dilemma facing the two lovers :
| 2,276 |
[
"loyalty",
"to",
"family",
"or",
"loyalty",
"to",
"love",
".",
"at",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"story",
",",
"when",
"the",
"morning",
"is",
"gloom",
"##y",
"and",
"the",
"sun",
"hiding",
"its",
"face",
"for",
"sorrow",
",",
"light",
"and",
"dark",
"have",
"returned",
"to",
"their",
"proper",
"places",
",",
"the",
"outward",
"darkness",
"reflecting",
"the",
"true",
",",
"inner",
"darkness",
"of",
"the",
"family",
"feud",
"out",
"of",
"sorrow",
"for",
"the",
"lovers",
".",
"all",
"characters",
"now",
"recognise",
"their",
"folly",
"in",
"light",
"of",
"recent",
"events",
",",
"and",
"things",
"return",
"to",
"the",
"natural",
"order",
",",
"thanks",
"to",
"the",
"love",
"and",
"death",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
".",
"the",
"\"",
"light",
"\"",
"theme",
"in",
"the",
"play",
"is",
"also",
"heavily",
"connected",
"to",
"the",
"theme",
"of",
"time",
",",
"since",
"light",
"was",
"a",
"convenient",
"way",
"for",
"shakespeare",
"to",
"express",
"the",
"passage",
"of",
"time",
"through",
"descriptions",
"of",
"the",
"sun"
] | 877,461 |
loyalty to family or loyalty to love. at the end of the story, when the morning is gloomy and the sun hiding its face for sorrow, light and dark have returned to their proper places, the outward darkness reflecting the true, inner darkness of the family feud out of sorrow for the lovers. all characters now recognise their folly in light of recent events, and things return to the natural order, thanks to the love and death of romeo and juliet. the " light " theme in the play is also heavily connected to the theme of time, since light was a convenient way for shakespeare to express the passage of time through descriptions of the sun
| 2,226 |
[
",",
"moon",
",",
"and",
"stars",
".",
"time",
"plays",
"an",
"important",
"role",
"in",
"the",
"language",
"and",
"plot",
"of",
"the",
"play",
".",
"both",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"struggle",
"to",
"maintain",
"an",
"imaginary",
"world",
"void",
"of",
"time",
"in",
"the",
"face",
"of",
"the",
"harsh",
"realities",
"that",
"surround",
"them",
".",
"for",
"instance",
",",
"when",
"romeo",
"swear",
"##s",
"his",
"love",
"to",
"juliet",
"by",
"the",
"moon",
",",
"she",
"protests",
"\"",
"o",
"swear",
"not",
"by",
"the",
"moon",
",",
"th",
"'",
"inc",
"##ons",
"##tan",
"##t",
"moon",
",",
"/",
"that",
"monthly",
"changes",
"in",
"her",
"circled",
"orb",
",",
"/",
"lest",
"that",
"thy",
"love",
"prove",
"likewise",
"variable",
".",
"\"",
"from",
"the",
"very",
"beginning",
",",
"the",
"lovers",
"are",
"designated",
"as",
"\"",
"star",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"cross",
"'",
"d",
"\"",
"referring",
"to",
"an",
"astro",
"##logic",
"belief",
"associated",
"with",
"time",
".",
"stars",
"were",
"thought"
] | 877,462 |
, moon, and stars. time plays an important role in the language and plot of the play. both romeo and juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them. for instance, when romeo swears his love to juliet by the moon, she protests " o swear not by the moon, th'inconstant moon, / that monthly changes in her circled orb, / lest that thy love prove likewise variable. " from the very beginning, the lovers are designated as " star @ - @ cross'd " referring to an astrologic belief associated with time. stars were thought
| 2,218 |
[
"to",
"control",
"the",
"fates",
"of",
"humanity",
",",
"and",
"as",
"time",
"passed",
",",
"stars",
"would",
"move",
"along",
"their",
"course",
"in",
"the",
"sky",
",",
"also",
"charting",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"human",
"lives",
"below",
".",
"romeo",
"speaks",
"of",
"a",
"fore",
"##bo",
"##ding",
"he",
"feels",
"in",
"the",
"stars",
"'",
"movements",
"early",
"in",
"the",
"play",
",",
"and",
"when",
"he",
"learns",
"of",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"death",
",",
"he",
"def",
"##ies",
"the",
"stars",
"'",
"course",
"for",
"him",
".",
"another",
"central",
"theme",
"is",
"haste",
":",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"spans",
"a",
"period",
"of",
"four",
"to",
"six",
"days",
",",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"brooke",
"'",
"s",
"poem",
"'",
"s",
"spanning",
"nine",
"months",
".",
"scholars",
"such",
"as",
"g",
".",
"thomas",
"tan",
"##selle",
"believe",
"that",
"time",
"was",
"\"",
"especially",
"important",
"to",
"shakespeare",
"\"",
"in",
"this",
"play",
",",
"as",
"he"
] | 877,463 |
to control the fates of humanity, and as time passed, stars would move along their course in the sky, also charting the course of human lives below. romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars'movements early in the play, and when he learns of juliet's death, he defies the stars'course for him. another central theme is haste : shakespeare's romeo and juliet spans a period of four to six days, in contrast to brooke's poem's spanning nine months. scholars such as g. thomas tanselle believe that time was " especially important to shakespeare " in this play, as he
| 2,638 |
[
"used",
"references",
"to",
"\"",
"short",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"time",
"\"",
"for",
"the",
"young",
"lovers",
"as",
"opposed",
"to",
"references",
"to",
"\"",
"long",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"time",
"\"",
"for",
"the",
"\"",
"older",
"generation",
"\"",
"to",
"highlight",
"\"",
"a",
"head",
"##long",
"rush",
"towards",
"doom",
"\"",
".",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"fight",
"time",
"to",
"make",
"their",
"love",
"last",
"forever",
".",
"in",
"the",
"end",
",",
"the",
"only",
"way",
"they",
"seem",
"to",
"defeat",
"time",
"is",
"through",
"a",
"death",
"that",
"makes",
"them",
"immortal",
"through",
"art",
".",
"time",
"is",
"also",
"connected",
"to",
"the",
"theme",
"of",
"light",
"and",
"dark",
".",
"in",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"day",
",",
"plays",
"were",
"most",
"often",
"performed",
"at",
"noon",
"or",
"in",
"the",
"afternoon",
"in",
"broad",
"daylight",
".",
"this",
"forced",
"the",
"playwright",
"to",
"use",
"words",
"to",
"create",
"the",
"illusion",
"of",
"day",
"and",
"night",
"in",
"his"
] | 877,464 |
used references to " short @ - @ time " for the young lovers as opposed to references to " long @ - @ time " for the " older generation " to highlight " a headlong rush towards doom ". romeo and juliet fight time to make their love last forever. in the end, the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art. time is also connected to the theme of light and dark. in shakespeare's day, plays were most often performed at noon or in the afternoon in broad daylight. this forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his
| 2,280 |
[
"plays",
".",
"shakespeare",
"uses",
"references",
"to",
"the",
"night",
"and",
"day",
",",
"the",
"stars",
",",
"the",
"moon",
",",
"and",
"the",
"sun",
"to",
"create",
"this",
"illusion",
".",
"he",
"also",
"has",
"characters",
"frequently",
"refer",
"to",
"days",
"of",
"the",
"week",
"and",
"specific",
"hours",
"to",
"help",
"the",
"audience",
"understand",
"that",
"time",
"has",
"passed",
"in",
"the",
"story",
".",
"all",
"in",
"all",
",",
"no",
"fewer",
"than",
"103",
"references",
"to",
"time",
"are",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"play",
",",
"adding",
"to",
"the",
"illusion",
"of",
"its",
"passage",
".",
"=",
"=",
"criticism",
"and",
"interpretation",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"critical",
"history",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"the",
"earliest",
"known",
"critic",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"was",
"dia",
"##rist",
"samuel",
"pep",
"##ys",
",",
"who",
"wrote",
"in",
"1662",
":",
"\"",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"play",
"of",
"itself",
"the",
"worst",
"that",
"i",
"ever",
"heard",
"in",
"my",
"life",
"."
] | 877,465 |
plays. shakespeare uses references to the night and day, the stars, the moon, and the sun to create this illusion. he also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story. all in all, no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play, adding to the illusion of its passage. = = criticism and interpretation = = = = = critical history = = = the earliest known critic of the play was diarist samuel pepys, who wrote in 1662 : " it is a play of itself the worst that i ever heard in my life.
| 2,193 |
[
"\"",
"poet",
"john",
"dry",
"##den",
"wrote",
"10",
"years",
"later",
"in",
"praise",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"and",
"its",
"comic",
"character",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
":",
"\"",
"shakes",
"##pe",
"##ar",
"show",
"'",
"d",
"the",
"best",
"of",
"his",
"skill",
"in",
"his",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
",",
"and",
"he",
"said",
"himself",
",",
"that",
"he",
"was",
"for",
"##c",
"'",
"d",
"to",
"kill",
"him",
"in",
"the",
"third",
"act",
",",
"to",
"prevent",
"being",
"killed",
"by",
"him",
".",
"\"",
"criticism",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"in",
"the",
"18th",
"century",
"was",
"less",
"sparse",
",",
"but",
"no",
"less",
"divided",
".",
"publisher",
"nicholas",
"rowe",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"critic",
"to",
"ponder",
"the",
"theme",
"of",
"the",
"play",
",",
"which",
"he",
"saw",
"as",
"the",
"just",
"punishment",
"of",
"the",
"two",
"feud",
"##ing",
"families",
".",
"in",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"century",
",",
"writer",
"charles",
"gil",
"##don",
"and",
"philosopher",
"lord"
] | 877,466 |
" poet john dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character mercutio : " shakespear show'd the best of his skill in his mercutio, and he said himself, that he was forc'd to kill him in the third act, to prevent being killed by him. " criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse, but no less divided. publisher nicholas rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play, which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families. in mid @ - @ century, writer charles gildon and philosopher lord
| 2,643 |
[
"kam",
"##es",
"argued",
"that",
"the",
"play",
"was",
"a",
"failure",
"in",
"that",
"it",
"did",
"not",
"follow",
"the",
"classical",
"rules",
"of",
"drama",
":",
"the",
"tragedy",
"must",
"occur",
"because",
"of",
"some",
"character",
"flaw",
",",
"not",
"an",
"accident",
"of",
"fate",
".",
"writer",
"and",
"critic",
"samuel",
"johnson",
",",
"however",
",",
"considered",
"it",
"one",
"of",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"\"",
"most",
"pleasing",
"\"",
"plays",
".",
"in",
"the",
"later",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"18th",
"and",
"through",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
",",
"criticism",
"centred",
"on",
"debates",
"over",
"the",
"moral",
"message",
"of",
"the",
"play",
".",
"actor",
"and",
"playwright",
"david",
"ga",
"##rrick",
"'",
"s",
"1748",
"adaptation",
"excluded",
"rosa",
"##line",
":",
"romeo",
"abandoning",
"her",
"for",
"juliet",
"was",
"seen",
"as",
"fi",
"##ckle",
"and",
"reckless",
".",
"critics",
"such",
"as",
"charles",
"di",
"##b",
"##din",
"argued",
"that",
"rosa",
"##line",
"had",
"been",
"purposely",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"play"
] | 877,467 |
kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw, not an accident of fate. writer and critic samuel johnson, however, considered it one of shakespeare's " most pleasing " plays. in the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century, criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play. actor and playwright david garrick's 1748 adaptation excluded rosaline : romeo abandoning her for juliet was seen as fickle and reckless. critics such as charles dibdin argued that rosaline had been purposely included in the play
| 2,721 |
[
"to",
"show",
"how",
"reckless",
"the",
"hero",
"was",
",",
"and",
"that",
"this",
"was",
"the",
"reason",
"for",
"his",
"tragic",
"end",
".",
"others",
"argued",
"that",
"friar",
"laurence",
"might",
"be",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"spokesman",
"in",
"his",
"warnings",
"against",
"und",
"##ue",
"haste",
".",
"with",
"the",
"advent",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
",",
"these",
"moral",
"arguments",
"were",
"disputed",
"by",
"critics",
"such",
"as",
"richard",
"green",
"mo",
"##ulton",
":",
"he",
"argued",
"that",
"accident",
",",
"and",
"not",
"some",
"character",
"flaw",
",",
"led",
"to",
"the",
"lovers",
"'",
"deaths",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"dramatic",
"structure",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"in",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
",",
"shakespeare",
"employs",
"several",
"dramatic",
"techniques",
"that",
"have",
"garnered",
"praise",
"from",
"critics",
";",
"most",
"notably",
"the",
"abrupt",
"shifts",
"from",
"comedy",
"to",
"tragedy",
"(",
"an",
"example",
"is",
"the",
"pun",
"##ning",
"exchange",
"between",
"ben",
"##vo",
"##lio",
"and",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io"
] | 877,468 |
to show how reckless the hero was, and that this was the reason for his tragic end. others argued that friar laurence might be shakespeare's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste. with the advent of the 20th century, these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as richard green moulton : he argued that accident, and not some character flaw, led to the lovers'deaths. = = = dramatic structure = = = in romeo and juliet, shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics ; most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy ( an example is the punning exchange between benvolio and mercutio
| 2,276 |
[
"just",
"before",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
"arrives",
")",
".",
"before",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"'",
"s",
"death",
"in",
"act",
"three",
",",
"the",
"play",
"is",
"largely",
"a",
"comedy",
".",
"after",
"his",
"accidental",
"demise",
",",
"the",
"play",
"suddenly",
"becomes",
"serious",
"and",
"takes",
"on",
"a",
"tragic",
"tone",
".",
"when",
"romeo",
"is",
"banished",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"executed",
",",
"and",
"friar",
"laurence",
"offers",
"juliet",
"a",
"plan",
"to",
"reunite",
"her",
"with",
"romeo",
",",
"the",
"audience",
"can",
"still",
"hope",
"that",
"all",
"will",
"end",
"well",
".",
"they",
"are",
"in",
"a",
"\"",
"breathless",
"state",
"of",
"suspense",
"\"",
"by",
"the",
"opening",
"of",
"the",
"last",
"scene",
"in",
"the",
"tomb",
":",
"if",
"romeo",
"is",
"delayed",
"long",
"enough",
"for",
"the",
"friar",
"to",
"arrive",
",",
"he",
"and",
"juliet",
"may",
"yet",
"be",
"saved",
".",
"these",
"shifts",
"from",
"hope",
"to",
"despair",
",",
"rep",
"##rie",
"##ve",
","
] | 877,469 |
just before tybalt arrives ). before mercutio's death in act three, the play is largely a comedy. after his accidental demise, the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone. when romeo is banished, rather than executed, and friar laurence offers juliet a plan to reunite her with romeo, the audience can still hope that all will end well. they are in a " breathless state of suspense " by the opening of the last scene in the tomb : if romeo is delayed long enough for the friar to arrive, he and juliet may yet be saved. these shifts from hope to despair, reprieve,
| 2,150 |
[
"and",
"new",
"hope",
",",
"serve",
"to",
"emphasis",
"##e",
"the",
"tragedy",
"when",
"the",
"final",
"hope",
"fails",
"and",
"both",
"the",
"lovers",
"die",
"at",
"the",
"end",
".",
"shakespeare",
"also",
"uses",
"sub",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"plots",
"to",
"offer",
"a",
"clearer",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"actions",
"of",
"the",
"main",
"characters",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"when",
"the",
"play",
"begins",
",",
"romeo",
"is",
"in",
"love",
"with",
"rosa",
"##line",
",",
"who",
"has",
"refused",
"all",
"of",
"his",
"advances",
".",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"in",
"##fat",
"##uation",
"with",
"her",
"stands",
"in",
"obvious",
"contrast",
"to",
"his",
"later",
"love",
"for",
"juliet",
".",
"this",
"provides",
"a",
"comparison",
"through",
"which",
"the",
"audience",
"can",
"see",
"the",
"seriousness",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"love",
"and",
"marriage",
".",
"paris",
"'",
"love",
"for",
"juliet",
"also",
"sets",
"up",
"a",
"contrast",
"between",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"feelings",
"for",
"him",
"and"
] | 877,470 |
and new hope, serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end. shakespeare also uses sub @ - @ plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters. for example, when the play begins, romeo is in love with rosaline, who has refused all of his advances. romeo's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for juliet. this provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of romeo and juliet's love and marriage. paris'love for juliet also sets up a contrast between juliet's feelings for him and
| 2,412 |
[
"her",
"feelings",
"for",
"romeo",
".",
"the",
"formal",
"language",
"she",
"uses",
"around",
"paris",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"way",
"she",
"talks",
"about",
"him",
"to",
"her",
"nurse",
",",
"show",
"that",
"her",
"feelings",
"clearly",
"lie",
"with",
"romeo",
".",
"beyond",
"this",
",",
"the",
"sub",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"plot",
"of",
"the",
"montagu",
"##e",
"–",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"feud",
"over",
"##ar",
"##ches",
"the",
"whole",
"play",
",",
"providing",
"an",
"atmosphere",
"of",
"hate",
"that",
"is",
"the",
"main",
"contributor",
"to",
"the",
"play",
"'",
"s",
"tragic",
"end",
".",
"shakespeare",
"uses",
"a",
"variety",
"of",
"poetic",
"forms",
"throughout",
"the",
"play",
".",
"he",
"begins",
"with",
"a",
"14",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"line",
"prologue",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"a",
"shakespeare",
"##an",
"son",
"##net",
",",
"spoken",
"by",
"a",
"chorus",
".",
"most",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"is",
",",
"however",
",",
"written",
"in",
"blank",
"verse",
","
] | 877,471 |
her feelings for romeo. the formal language she uses around paris, as well as the way she talks about him to her nurse, show that her feelings clearly lie with romeo. beyond this, the sub @ - @ plot of the montague – capulet feud overarches the whole play, providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play's tragic end. shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play. he begins with a 14 @ - @ line prologue in the form of a shakespearean sonnet, spoken by a chorus. most of romeo and juliet is, however, written in blank verse,
| 2,690 |
[
"and",
"much",
"of",
"it",
"in",
"strict",
"ia",
"##mb",
"##ic",
"pen",
"##tam",
"##eter",
",",
"with",
"less",
"rhythmic",
"variation",
"than",
"in",
"most",
"of",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"later",
"plays",
".",
"in",
"choosing",
"forms",
",",
"shakespeare",
"matches",
"the",
"poetry",
"to",
"the",
"character",
"who",
"uses",
"it",
".",
"friar",
"laurence",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"uses",
"sermon",
"and",
"sent",
"##ent",
"##iae",
"forms",
",",
"and",
"the",
"nurse",
"uses",
"a",
"unique",
"blank",
"verse",
"form",
"that",
"closely",
"matches",
"col",
"##lo",
"##qui",
"##al",
"speech",
".",
"each",
"of",
"these",
"forms",
"is",
"also",
"mo",
"##uld",
"##ed",
"and",
"matched",
"to",
"the",
"emotion",
"of",
"the",
"scene",
"the",
"character",
"occupies",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"when",
"romeo",
"talks",
"about",
"rosa",
"##line",
"earlier",
"in",
"the",
"play",
",",
"he",
"attempts",
"to",
"use",
"the",
"petra",
"##rch",
"##an",
"son",
"##net",
"form",
".",
"petra",
"##rch",
"##an",
"son",
"##nets",
"were",
"often"
] | 877,472 |
and much of it in strict iambic pentameter, with less rhythmic variation than in most of shakespeare's later plays. in choosing forms, shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it. friar laurence, for example, uses sermon and sententiae forms, and the nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech. each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies. for example, when romeo talks about rosaline earlier in the play, he attempts to use the petrarchan sonnet form. petrarchan sonnets were often
| 2,641 |
[
"used",
"by",
"men",
"to",
"ex",
"##agger",
"##ate",
"the",
"beauty",
"of",
"women",
"who",
"were",
"impossible",
"for",
"them",
"to",
"attain",
",",
"as",
"in",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"situation",
"with",
"rosa",
"##line",
".",
"this",
"son",
"##net",
"form",
"is",
"used",
"by",
"lady",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"to",
"describe",
"count",
"paris",
"to",
"juliet",
"as",
"a",
"handsome",
"man",
".",
"when",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"meet",
",",
"the",
"poetic",
"form",
"changes",
"from",
"the",
"petra",
"##rch",
"##an",
"(",
"which",
"was",
"becoming",
"archaic",
"in",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"day",
")",
"to",
"a",
"then",
"more",
"contemporary",
"son",
"##net",
"form",
",",
"using",
"\"",
"pilgrims",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"saints",
"\"",
"as",
"metaphor",
"##s",
".",
"finally",
",",
"when",
"the",
"two",
"meet",
"on",
"the",
"balcony",
",",
"romeo",
"attempts",
"to",
"use",
"the",
"son",
"##net",
"form",
"to",
"pledge",
"his",
"love",
",",
"but",
"juliet",
"breaks",
"it",
"by",
"saying",
"\""
] | 877,473 |
used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain, as in romeo's situation with rosaline. this sonnet form is used by lady capulet to describe count paris to juliet as a handsome man. when romeo and juliet meet, the poetic form changes from the petrarchan ( which was becoming archaic in shakespeare's day ) to a then more contemporary sonnet form, using " pilgrims " and " saints " as metaphors. finally, when the two meet on the balcony, romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love, but juliet breaks it by saying "
| 2,192 |
[
"dos",
"##t",
"thou",
"love",
"me",
"?",
"\"",
"by",
"doing",
"this",
",",
"she",
"searches",
"for",
"true",
"expression",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"a",
"poetic",
"ex",
"##agger",
"##ation",
"of",
"their",
"love",
".",
"juliet",
"uses",
"mono",
"##sy",
"##lla",
"##bic",
"words",
"with",
"romeo",
",",
"but",
"uses",
"formal",
"language",
"with",
"paris",
".",
"other",
"forms",
"in",
"the",
"play",
"include",
"an",
"ep",
"##itha",
"##lam",
"##ium",
"by",
"juliet",
",",
"a",
"rhapsody",
"in",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"'",
"s",
"queen",
"mab",
"speech",
",",
"and",
"an",
"el",
"##eg",
"##y",
"by",
"paris",
".",
"shakespeare",
"saves",
"his",
"prose",
"style",
"most",
"often",
"for",
"the",
"common",
"people",
"in",
"the",
"play",
",",
"though",
"at",
"times",
"he",
"uses",
"it",
"for",
"other",
"characters",
",",
"such",
"as",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
".",
"humour",
",",
"also",
",",
"is",
"important",
":",
"scholar",
"molly",
"ma",
"##hood",
"identifies",
"at",
"least",
"175",
"pun",
"##s",
"and"
] | 877,474 |
dost thou love me? " by doing this, she searches for true expression, rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love. juliet uses monosyllabic words with romeo, but uses formal language with paris. other forms in the play include an epithalamium by juliet, a rhapsody in mercutio's queen mab speech, and an elegy by paris. shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play, though at times he uses it for other characters, such as mercutio. humour, also, is important : scholar molly mahood identifies at least 175 puns and
| 2,689 |
[
"word",
"##play",
"##s",
"in",
"the",
"text",
".",
"many",
"of",
"these",
"jokes",
"are",
"sexual",
"in",
"nature",
",",
"especially",
"those",
"involving",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"and",
"the",
"nurse",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"psycho",
"##anal",
"##ytic",
"criticism",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"early",
"psycho",
"##anal",
"##ytic",
"critics",
"saw",
"the",
"problem",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"imp",
"##ulsive",
"##ness",
",",
"der",
"##iving",
"from",
"\"",
"ill",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"controlled",
",",
"partially",
"disguised",
"aggression",
"\"",
",",
"which",
"leads",
"both",
"to",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"'",
"s",
"death",
"and",
"to",
"the",
"double",
"suicide",
".",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"is",
"not",
"considered",
"to",
"be",
"exceeding",
"##ly",
"psychological",
"##ly",
"complex",
",",
"and",
"sympathetic",
"psycho",
"##anal",
"##ytic",
"readings",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"make",
"the",
"tragic",
"male",
"experience",
"equivalent",
"with",
"sickness",
"##es",
".",
"norman",
"holland",
",",
"writing",
"in",
"1966"
] | 877,475 |
wordplays in the text. many of these jokes are sexual in nature, especially those involving mercutio and the nurse. = = = psychoanalytic criticism = = = early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of romeo and juliet in terms of romeo's impulsiveness, deriving from " ill @ - @ controlled, partially disguised aggression ", which leads both to mercutio's death and to the double suicide. romeo and juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex, and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses. norman holland, writing in 1966
| 2,191 |
[
",",
"considers",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"dream",
"as",
"a",
"realistic",
"\"",
"wish",
"fulfilling",
"fantasy",
"both",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"adult",
"world",
"and",
"his",
"hypothetical",
"childhood",
"at",
"stages",
"oral",
",",
"ph",
"##all",
"##ic",
"and",
"o",
"##ed",
"##ip",
"##al",
"\"",
"–",
"while",
"acknowledging",
"that",
"a",
"dramatic",
"character",
"is",
"not",
"a",
"human",
"being",
"with",
"mental",
"processes",
"separate",
"from",
"those",
"of",
"the",
"author",
".",
"critics",
"such",
"as",
"julia",
"kris",
"##te",
"##va",
"focus",
"on",
"the",
"hatred",
"between",
"the",
"families",
",",
"arguing",
"that",
"this",
"hatred",
"is",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"'",
"s",
"passion",
"for",
"each",
"other",
".",
"that",
"hatred",
"manifest",
"##s",
"itself",
"directly",
"in",
"the",
"lovers",
"'",
"language",
":",
"juliet",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"speaks",
"of",
"\"",
"my",
"only",
"love",
"sprung",
"from",
"my",
"only",
"hate",
"\"",
"and",
"often",
"expresses",
"her",
"passion"
] | 877,476 |
, considers romeo's dream as a realistic " wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of romeo's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral, phallic and oedipal " – while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author. critics such as julia kristeva focus on the hatred between the families, arguing that this hatred is the cause of romeo and juliet's passion for each other. that hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers'language : juliet, for example, speaks of " my only love sprung from my only hate " and often expresses her passion
| 2,269 |
[
"through",
"an",
"anticipation",
"of",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"death",
".",
"this",
"leads",
"on",
"to",
"speculation",
"as",
"to",
"the",
"playwright",
"'",
"s",
"psychology",
",",
"in",
"particular",
"to",
"a",
"consideration",
"of",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"grief",
"for",
"the",
"death",
"of",
"his",
"son",
",",
"ham",
"##net",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"feminist",
"criticism",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"feminist",
"literary",
"critics",
"argue",
"that",
"the",
"blame",
"for",
"the",
"family",
"feud",
"lies",
"in",
"verona",
"'",
"s",
"patriarch",
"##al",
"society",
".",
"for",
"cop",
"##pel",
"##ia",
"kahn",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"the",
"strict",
",",
"masculine",
"code",
"of",
"violence",
"imposed",
"on",
"romeo",
"is",
"the",
"main",
"force",
"driving",
"the",
"tragedy",
"to",
"its",
"end",
".",
"when",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
"kills",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
",",
"romeo",
"shifts",
"into",
"this",
"violent",
"mode",
",",
"regret",
"##ting",
"that",
"juliet",
"has",
"made",
"him",
"so",
"\"",
"e",
"##ffe",
"##minate"
] | 877,477 |
through an anticipation of romeo's death. this leads on to speculation as to the playwright's psychology, in particular to a consideration of shakespeare's grief for the death of his son, hamnet. = = = feminist criticism = = = feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in verona's patriarchal society. for coppelia kahn, for example, the strict, masculine code of violence imposed on romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end. when tybalt kills mercutio, romeo shifts into this violent mode, regretting that juliet has made him so " effeminate
| 2,654 |
[
"\"",
".",
"in",
"this",
"view",
",",
"the",
"younger",
"males",
"\"",
"become",
"men",
"\"",
"by",
"engaging",
"in",
"violence",
"on",
"behalf",
"of",
"their",
"fathers",
",",
"or",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"the",
"servants",
",",
"their",
"masters",
".",
"the",
"feud",
"is",
"also",
"linked",
"to",
"male",
"vi",
"##ril",
"##ity",
",",
"as",
"the",
"numerous",
"jokes",
"about",
"maiden",
"##heads",
"apt",
"##ly",
"demonstrate",
".",
"juliet",
"also",
"submit",
"##s",
"to",
"a",
"female",
"code",
"of",
"doc",
"##ility",
"by",
"allowing",
"others",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"friar",
",",
"to",
"solve",
"her",
"problems",
"for",
"her",
".",
"other",
"critics",
",",
"such",
"as",
"d",
"##ym",
"##p",
"##na",
"call",
"##aghan",
",",
"look",
"at",
"the",
"play",
"'",
"s",
"feminism",
"from",
"a",
"historic",
"##ist",
"angle",
",",
"stress",
"##ing",
"that",
"when",
"the",
"play",
"was",
"written",
"the",
"feudal",
"order",
"was",
"being",
"challenged",
"by",
"increasingly",
"central",
"##ised",
"government",
"and"
] | 877,478 |
". in this view, the younger males " become men " by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers, or in the case of the servants, their masters. the feud is also linked to male virility, as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate. juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others, such as the friar, to solve her problems for her. other critics, such as dympna callaghan, look at the play's feminism from a historicist angle, stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and
| 2,116 |
[
"the",
"advent",
"of",
"capitalism",
".",
"at",
"the",
"same",
"time",
",",
"emerging",
"pu",
"##ritan",
"ideas",
"about",
"marriage",
"were",
"less",
"concerned",
"with",
"the",
"\"",
"evil",
"##s",
"of",
"female",
"sexuality",
"\"",
"than",
"those",
"of",
"earlier",
"eras",
",",
"and",
"more",
"sympathetic",
"towards",
"love",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"matches",
":",
"when",
"juliet",
"dodge",
"##s",
"her",
"father",
"'",
"s",
"attempt",
"to",
"force",
"her",
"to",
"marry",
"a",
"man",
"she",
"has",
"no",
"feeling",
"for",
",",
"she",
"is",
"challenging",
"the",
"patriarch",
"##al",
"order",
"in",
"a",
"way",
"that",
"would",
"not",
"have",
"been",
"possible",
"at",
"an",
"earlier",
"time",
".",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"critics",
"have",
"found",
"the",
"character",
"of",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"to",
"have",
"una",
"##ck",
"##now",
"##led",
"##ged",
"homo",
"##ero",
"##tic",
"desire",
"for",
"romeo",
".",
"jonathan",
"goldberg",
"examined",
"the",
"sexuality",
"of",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"and",
"romeo",
"ut",
"##ilis",
"##ing",
"\""
] | 877,479 |
the advent of capitalism. at the same time, emerging puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the " evils of female sexuality " than those of earlier eras, and more sympathetic towards love @ - @ matches : when juliet dodges her father's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for, she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time. a number of critics have found the character of mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for romeo. jonathan goldberg examined the sexuality of mercutio and romeo utilising "
| 2,414 |
[
"queer",
"theory",
"\"",
"in",
"queer",
"##ing",
"the",
"renaissance",
",",
"comparing",
"their",
"friendship",
"with",
"sexual",
"love",
".",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
",",
"in",
"friendly",
"conversation",
",",
"mentions",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"ph",
"##all",
"##us",
",",
"suggesting",
"traces",
"of",
"homo",
"##ero",
"##tic",
"##ism",
".",
"an",
"example",
"is",
"his",
"joking",
"wish",
"\"",
"to",
"raise",
"a",
"spirit",
"in",
"his",
"mistress",
"'",
"circle",
".",
".",
".",
"letting",
"it",
"there",
"stand",
"/",
"till",
"she",
"had",
"laid",
"it",
"and",
"con",
"##jured",
"it",
"down",
".",
"\"",
"romeo",
"'",
"s",
"homo",
"##ero",
"##tic",
"##ism",
"can",
"also",
"be",
"found",
"in",
"his",
"attitude",
"to",
"rosa",
"##line",
",",
"a",
"woman",
"who",
"is",
"distant",
"and",
"unavailable",
"and",
"brings",
"no",
"hope",
"of",
"offspring",
".",
"as",
"ben",
"##vo",
"##lio",
"argues",
",",
"she",
"is",
"best",
"replaced",
"by",
"someone",
"who",
"will",
"rec",
"##ip",
"##ro",
"##cate",
".",
"shakespeare"
] | 877,480 |
queer theory " in queering the renaissance, comparing their friendship with sexual love. mercutio, in friendly conversation, mentions romeo's phallus, suggesting traces of homoeroticism. an example is his joking wish " to raise a spirit in his mistress'circle... letting it there stand / till she had laid it and conjured it down. " romeo's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to rosaline, a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring. as benvolio argues, she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate. shakespeare
| 2,410 |
[
"'",
"s",
"pro",
"##cre",
"##ation",
"son",
"##nets",
"describe",
"another",
"young",
"man",
"who",
",",
"like",
"romeo",
",",
"is",
"having",
"trouble",
"creating",
"offspring",
"and",
"who",
"may",
"be",
"seen",
"as",
"being",
"a",
"homosexual",
".",
"goldberg",
"believes",
"that",
"shakespeare",
"may",
"have",
"used",
"rosa",
"##line",
"as",
"a",
"way",
"to",
"express",
"homosexual",
"problems",
"of",
"pro",
"##cre",
"##ation",
"in",
"an",
"acceptable",
"way",
".",
"in",
"this",
"view",
",",
"when",
"juliet",
"says",
"\"",
".",
".",
".",
"that",
"which",
"we",
"call",
"a",
"rose",
",",
"by",
"any",
"other",
"name",
"would",
"smell",
"as",
"sweet",
"\"",
",",
"she",
"may",
"be",
"raising",
"the",
"question",
"of",
"whether",
"there",
"is",
"any",
"difference",
"between",
"the",
"beauty",
"of",
"a",
"man",
"and",
"the",
"beauty",
"of",
"a",
"woman",
".",
"the",
"balcony",
"scene",
"was",
"introduced",
"by",
"da",
"porto",
"in",
"152",
"##4",
".",
"he",
"had",
"romeo",
"walk",
"frequently",
"by",
"her"
] | 877,481 |
' s procreation sonnets describe another young man who, like romeo, is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual. goldberg believes that shakespeare may have used rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way. in this view, when juliet says "... that which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as sweet ", she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman. the balcony scene was introduced by da porto in 1524. he had romeo walk frequently by her
| 2,284 |
[
"house",
",",
"\"",
"sometimes",
"climbing",
"to",
"her",
"chamber",
"window",
"\"",
"and",
"wrote",
"\"",
"it",
"happened",
"one",
"night",
",",
"as",
"love",
"ordained",
",",
"when",
"the",
"moon",
"shone",
"unusually",
"bright",
",",
"that",
"whilst",
"romeo",
"was",
"climbing",
"the",
"balcony",
",",
"the",
"young",
"lady",
".",
".",
".",
"opened",
"the",
"window",
",",
"and",
"looking",
"out",
"saw",
"him",
"\"",
".",
"after",
"this",
"they",
"have",
"a",
"conversation",
"in",
"which",
"they",
"declare",
"eternal",
"love",
"to",
"each",
"other",
".",
"a",
"few",
"decades",
"later",
",",
"band",
"##ello",
"greatly",
"expanded",
"this",
"scene",
",",
"diver",
"##ging",
"from",
"the",
"familiar",
"one",
":",
"julia",
"has",
"her",
"nurse",
"deliver",
"a",
"letter",
"asking",
"romeo",
"to",
"come",
"to",
"her",
"window",
"with",
"a",
"rope",
"ladder",
",",
"and",
"he",
"climbs",
"the",
"balcony",
"with",
"the",
"help",
"of",
"his",
"servant",
",",
"julia",
"and",
"the",
"nurse",
"(",
"the",
"servants",
"discreet"
] | 877,482 |
house, " sometimes climbing to her chamber window " and wrote " it happened one night, as love ordained, when the moon shone unusually bright, that whilst romeo was climbing the balcony, the young lady... opened the window, and looking out saw him ". after this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other. a few decades later, bandello greatly expanded this scene, diverging from the familiar one : julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder, and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant, julia and the nurse ( the servants discreet
| 2,192 |
[
"##ly",
"withdraw",
"after",
"this",
")",
".",
"nevertheless",
",",
"in",
"october",
"2014",
",",
"lois",
"lev",
"##een",
"speculated",
"in",
"the",
"atlantic",
"that",
"the",
"original",
"shakespeare",
"play",
"did",
"not",
"contain",
"a",
"balcony",
".",
"the",
"word",
",",
"bal",
"##con",
"##e",
",",
"did",
"not",
"exist",
"in",
"the",
"english",
"language",
"until",
"two",
"years",
"after",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"death",
".",
"the",
"balcony",
"was",
"certainly",
"used",
"in",
"thomas",
"ot",
"##way",
"'",
"s",
"1679",
"play",
",",
"the",
"history",
"and",
"fall",
"of",
"cai",
"##us",
"marius",
",",
"which",
"had",
"borrowed",
"much",
"of",
"its",
"story",
"from",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"and",
"placed",
"the",
"two",
"lovers",
"in",
"a",
"balcony",
"rec",
"##iting",
"a",
"speech",
"similar",
"to",
"that",
"between",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
".",
"lev",
"##een",
"suggested",
"that",
"during",
"the",
"18th",
"century",
",",
"david",
"ga",
"##rrick",
"chose",
"to",
"use",
"a",
"balcony",
"in",
"his",
"adaptation",
"and"
] | 877,483 |
##ly withdraw after this ). nevertheless, in october 2014, lois leveen speculated in the atlantic that the original shakespeare play did not contain a balcony. the word, balcone, did not exist in the english language until two years after shakespeare's death. the balcony was certainly used in thomas otway's 1679 play, the history and fall of caius marius, which had borrowed much of its story from romeo and juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between romeo and juliet. leveen suggested that during the 18th century, david garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and
| 2,689 |
[
"revival",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"and",
"modern",
"adaptations",
"have",
"continued",
"this",
"tradition",
".",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"ranks",
"with",
"hamlet",
"as",
"one",
"of",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"most",
"performed",
"plays",
".",
"its",
"many",
"adaptations",
"have",
"made",
"it",
"one",
"of",
"his",
"most",
"enduring",
"and",
"famous",
"stories",
".",
"even",
"in",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"lifetime",
"it",
"was",
"extremely",
"popular",
".",
"scholar",
"gary",
"taylor",
"measures",
"it",
"as",
"the",
"sixth",
"most",
"popular",
"of",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"plays",
",",
"in",
"the",
"period",
"after",
"the",
"death",
"of",
"christopher",
"mar",
"##lowe",
"and",
"thomas",
"ky",
"##d",
"but",
"before",
"the",
"as",
"##cend",
"##ancy",
"of",
"ben",
"jon",
"##son",
"during",
"which",
"shakespeare",
"was",
"london",
"'",
"s",
"dominant",
"playwright",
".",
"the",
"date",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"performance",
"is",
"unknown",
".",
"the",
"first",
"qu",
"##art",
"##o",
",",
"printed",
"in",
"159",
"##7",
",",
"says",
"that",
"\""
] | 877,484 |
revival of romeo and juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition. romeo and juliet ranks with hamlet as one of shakespeare's most performed plays. its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories. even in shakespeare's lifetime it was extremely popular. scholar gary taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of shakespeare's plays, in the period after the death of christopher marlowe and thomas kyd but before the ascendancy of ben jonson during which shakespeare was london's dominant playwright. the date of the first performance is unknown. the first quarto, printed in 1597, says that "
| 2,641 |
[
"it",
"hat",
"##h",
"been",
"often",
"(",
"and",
"with",
"great",
"applause",
")",
"plaid",
"pub",
"##li",
"##quel",
"##y",
"\"",
",",
"setting",
"the",
"first",
"performance",
"before",
"that",
"date",
".",
"the",
"lord",
"chamberlain",
"'",
"s",
"men",
"were",
"certainly",
"the",
"first",
"to",
"perform",
"it",
".",
"besides",
"their",
"strong",
"connections",
"with",
"shakespeare",
",",
"the",
"second",
"qu",
"##art",
"##o",
"actually",
"names",
"one",
"of",
"its",
"actors",
",",
"will",
"kemp",
",",
"instead",
"of",
"peter",
"in",
"a",
"line",
"in",
"act",
"five",
".",
"richard",
"bu",
"##rba",
"##ge",
"was",
"probably",
"the",
"first",
"romeo",
",",
"being",
"the",
"company",
"'",
"s",
"actor",
",",
"and",
"master",
"robert",
"go",
"##ffe",
"(",
"a",
"boy",
")",
"the",
"first",
"juliet",
".",
"the",
"premiere",
"is",
"likely",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"at",
"\"",
"the",
"theatre",
"\"",
",",
"with",
"other",
"early",
"productions",
"at",
"\"",
"the",
"curtain",
"\"",
".",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet"
] | 877,485 |
it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely ", setting the first performance before that date. the lord chamberlain's men were certainly the first to perform it. besides their strong connections with shakespeare, the second quarto actually names one of its actors, will kemp, instead of peter in a line in act five. richard burbage was probably the first romeo, being the company's actor, and master robert goffe ( a boy ) the first juliet. the premiere is likely to have been at " the theatre ", with other early productions at " the curtain ". romeo and juliet
| 2,723 |
[
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"shakespeare",
"##an",
"plays",
"to",
"have",
"been",
"performed",
"outside",
"england",
":",
"a",
"shortened",
"and",
"simplified",
"version",
"was",
"performed",
"in",
"nord",
"##ling",
"##en",
"in",
"1604",
".",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"restoration",
"and",
"18th",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"century",
"theatre",
"=",
"=",
"=",
"all",
"theatres",
"were",
"closed",
"down",
"by",
"the",
"pu",
"##ritan",
"government",
"on",
"september",
"6",
",",
"1642",
".",
"upon",
"the",
"restoration",
"of",
"the",
"monarchy",
"in",
"1660",
",",
"two",
"patent",
"companies",
"(",
"the",
"king",
"'",
"s",
"company",
"and",
"the",
"duke",
"'",
"s",
"company",
")",
"were",
"established",
",",
"and",
"the",
"existing",
"theatrical",
"repertoire",
"divided",
"between",
"them",
".",
"sir",
"william",
"dave",
"##nant",
"of",
"the",
"duke",
"'",
"s",
"company",
"staged",
"a",
"1662",
"adaptation",
"in",
"which",
"henry",
"harris",
"played",
"romeo",
",",
"thomas",
"better",
"##ton",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
",",
"and",
"better",
"##ton",
"'"
] | 877,486 |
is one of the first shakespearean plays to have been performed outside england : a shortened and simplified version was performed in nordlingen in 1604. = = = restoration and 18th @ - @ century theatre = = = all theatres were closed down by the puritan government on september 6, 1642. upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, two patent companies ( the king's company and the duke's company ) were established, and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them. sir william davenant of the duke's company staged a 1662 adaptation in which henry harris played romeo, thomas betterton mercutio, and betterton '
| 821 |
[
"s",
"wife",
"mary",
"saunders",
"##on",
"juliet",
":",
"she",
"was",
"probably",
"the",
"first",
"woman",
"to",
"play",
"the",
"role",
"professionally",
".",
"another",
"version",
"closely",
"followed",
"dave",
"##nant",
"'",
"s",
"adaptation",
"and",
"was",
"also",
"regularly",
"performed",
"by",
"the",
"duke",
"'",
"s",
"company",
".",
"this",
"was",
"a",
"tragic",
"##ome",
"##dy",
"by",
"james",
"howard",
",",
"in",
"which",
"the",
"two",
"lovers",
"survive",
".",
"thomas",
"ot",
"##way",
"'",
"s",
"the",
"history",
"and",
"fall",
"of",
"cai",
"##us",
"marius",
",",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"more",
"extreme",
"of",
"the",
"restoration",
"adaptations",
"of",
"shakespeare",
",",
"debuted",
"in",
"1680",
".",
"the",
"scene",
"is",
"shifted",
"from",
"renaissance",
"verona",
"to",
"ancient",
"rome",
";",
"romeo",
"is",
"marius",
",",
"juliet",
"is",
"la",
"##vin",
"##ia",
",",
"the",
"feud",
"is",
"between",
"patricia",
"##ns",
"and",
"pl",
"##eb",
"##eia",
"##ns",
";",
"juliet",
"/",
"la",
"##vin",
"##ia",
"wakes",
"from",
"her"
] | 877,487 |
s wife mary saunderson juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally. another version closely followed davenant's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the duke's company. this was a tragicomedy by james howard, in which the two lovers survive. thomas otway's the history and fall of caius marius, one of the more extreme of the restoration adaptations of shakespeare, debuted in 1680. the scene is shifted from renaissance verona to ancient rome ; romeo is marius, juliet is lavinia, the feud is between patricians and plebeians ; juliet / lavinia wakes from her
| 2,191 |
[
"potion",
"before",
"romeo",
"/",
"marius",
"dies",
".",
"ot",
"##way",
"'",
"s",
"version",
"was",
"a",
"hit",
",",
"and",
"was",
"acted",
"for",
"the",
"next",
"seventy",
"years",
".",
"his",
"innovation",
"in",
"the",
"closing",
"scene",
"was",
"even",
"more",
"enduring",
",",
"and",
"was",
"used",
"in",
"adaptations",
"throughout",
"the",
"next",
"200",
"years",
":",
"theo",
"##phi",
"##lus",
"ci",
"##bber",
"'",
"s",
"adaptation",
"of",
"1744",
",",
"and",
"david",
"ga",
"##rrick",
"'",
"s",
"of",
"1748",
"both",
"used",
"variations",
"on",
"it",
".",
"these",
"versions",
"also",
"eliminated",
"elements",
"deemed",
"inappropriate",
"at",
"the",
"time",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"ga",
"##rrick",
"'",
"s",
"version",
"transferred",
"all",
"language",
"describing",
"rosa",
"##line",
"to",
"juliet",
",",
"to",
"height",
"##en",
"the",
"idea",
"of",
"faithful",
"##ness",
"and",
"down",
"##play",
"the",
"love",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"at",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"first",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"sight",
"theme",
".",
"in"
] | 877,488 |
potion before romeo / marius dies. otway's version was a hit, and was acted for the next seventy years. his innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring, and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years : theophilus cibber's adaptation of 1744, and david garrick's of 1748 both used variations on it. these versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time. for example, garrick's version transferred all language describing rosaline to juliet, to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love @ - @ at @ - @ first @ - @ sight theme. in
| 2,206 |
[
"1750",
"a",
"\"",
"battle",
"of",
"the",
"romeo",
"##s",
"\"",
"began",
",",
"with",
"sprang",
"##er",
"barry",
"and",
"susannah",
"maria",
"ar",
"##ne",
"(",
"mrs",
".",
"theo",
"##phi",
"##lus",
"ci",
"##bber",
")",
"at",
"covent",
"garden",
"versus",
"david",
"ga",
"##rrick",
"and",
"george",
"anne",
"bellamy",
"at",
"drury",
"lane",
".",
"the",
"earliest",
"known",
"production",
"in",
"north",
"america",
"was",
"an",
"amateur",
"one",
":",
"on",
"23",
"march",
"1730",
",",
"a",
"physician",
"named",
"joachim",
"##us",
"bertrand",
"placed",
"an",
"advertisement",
"in",
"the",
"gazette",
"newspaper",
"in",
"new",
"york",
",",
"promoting",
"a",
"production",
"in",
"which",
"he",
"would",
"play",
"the",
"ap",
"##oth",
"##eca",
"##ry",
".",
"the",
"first",
"professional",
"performances",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"in",
"north",
"america",
"were",
"those",
"of",
"the",
"hall",
"##am",
"company",
".",
"ga",
"##rrick",
"'",
"s",
"altered",
"version",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"was",
"very",
"popular",
",",
"and",
"ran",
"for",
"nearly",
"a"
] | 877,489 |
1750 a " battle of the romeos " began, with spranger barry and susannah maria arne ( mrs. theophilus cibber ) at covent garden versus david garrick and george anne bellamy at drury lane. the earliest known production in north america was an amateur one : on 23 march 1730, a physician named joachimus bertrand placed an advertisement in the gazette newspaper in new york, promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary. the first professional performances of the play in north america were those of the hallam company. garrick's altered version of the play was very popular, and ran for nearly a
| 298 |
[
"century",
".",
"not",
"until",
"1845",
"did",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"original",
"return",
"to",
"the",
"stage",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"with",
"the",
"sisters",
"susan",
"and",
"charlotte",
"cu",
"##sh",
"##man",
"as",
"juliet",
"and",
"romeo",
",",
"respectively",
",",
"and",
"then",
"in",
"1847",
"in",
"britain",
"with",
"samuel",
"phelps",
"at",
"sadler",
"'",
"s",
"wells",
"theatre",
".",
"cu",
"##sh",
"##man",
"adhere",
"##d",
"to",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"version",
",",
"beginning",
"a",
"string",
"of",
"eighty",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"four",
"performances",
".",
"her",
"portrayal",
"of",
"romeo",
"was",
"considered",
"genius",
"by",
"many",
".",
"the",
"times",
"wrote",
":",
"\"",
"for",
"a",
"long",
"time",
"romeo",
"has",
"been",
"a",
"convention",
".",
"miss",
"cu",
"##sh",
"##man",
"'",
"s",
"romeo",
"is",
"a",
"creative",
",",
"a",
"living",
",",
"breathing",
",",
"animated",
",",
"ardent",
"human",
"being",
".",
"\"",
"queen",
"victoria",
"wrote",
"in",
"her",
"journal",
"that",
"\""
] | 877,490 |
century. not until 1845 did shakespeare's original return to the stage in the united states with the sisters susan and charlotte cushman as juliet and romeo, respectively, and then in 1847 in britain with samuel phelps at sadler's wells theatre. cushman adhered to shakespeare's version, beginning a string of eighty @ - @ four performances. her portrayal of romeo was considered genius by many. the times wrote : " for a long time romeo has been a convention. miss cushman's romeo is a creative, a living, breathing, animated, ardent human being. " queen victoria wrote in her journal that "
| 2,229 |
[
"no",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"one",
"would",
"ever",
"have",
"imagined",
"she",
"was",
"a",
"woman",
"\"",
".",
"cu",
"##sh",
"##man",
"'",
"s",
"success",
"broke",
"the",
"ga",
"##rrick",
"tradition",
"and",
"paved",
"the",
"way",
"for",
"later",
"performances",
"to",
"return",
"to",
"the",
"original",
"storyline",
".",
"professional",
"performances",
"of",
"shakespeare",
"in",
"the",
"mid",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"19th",
"century",
"had",
"two",
"particular",
"features",
":",
"firstly",
",",
"they",
"were",
"generally",
"star",
"vehicles",
",",
"with",
"supporting",
"roles",
"cut",
"or",
"marginal",
"##ised",
"to",
"give",
"greater",
"prominence",
"to",
"the",
"central",
"characters",
".",
"secondly",
",",
"they",
"were",
"\"",
"pictorial",
"\"",
",",
"placing",
"the",
"action",
"on",
"spectacular",
"and",
"elaborate",
"sets",
"(",
"requiring",
"lengthy",
"pauses",
"for",
"scene",
"changes",
")",
"and",
"with",
"the",
"frequent",
"use",
"of",
"table",
"##aux",
".",
"henry",
"irving",
"'",
"s",
"1882",
"production",
"at",
"the",
"l",
"##yce",
"##um",
"theatre",
"(",
"with"
] | 877,491 |
no @ - @ one would ever have imagined she was a woman ". cushman's success broke the garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline. professional performances of shakespeare in the mid @ - @ 19th century had two particular features : firstly, they were generally star vehicles, with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters. secondly, they were " pictorial ", placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets ( requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes ) and with the frequent use of tableaux. henry irving's 1882 production at the lyceum theatre ( with
| 2,502 |
[
"himself",
"as",
"romeo",
"and",
"ellen",
"terry",
"as",
"juliet",
")",
"is",
"considered",
"an",
"arch",
"##ety",
"##pe",
"of",
"the",
"pictorial",
"style",
".",
"in",
"1895",
",",
"sir",
"johnston",
"forbes",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"robertson",
"took",
"over",
"from",
"irving",
",",
"and",
"laid",
"the",
"ground",
"##work",
"for",
"a",
"more",
"natural",
"portrayal",
"of",
"shakespeare",
"that",
"remains",
"popular",
"today",
".",
"forbes",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"robertson",
"avoided",
"the",
"show",
"##iness",
"of",
"irving",
"and",
"instead",
"portrayed",
"a",
"down",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"to",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"earth",
"romeo",
",",
"expressing",
"the",
"poetic",
"dialogue",
"as",
"realistic",
"prose",
"and",
"avoiding",
"mel",
"##od",
"##rama",
"##tic",
"flourish",
".",
"american",
"actors",
"began",
"to",
"rival",
"their",
"british",
"counterparts",
".",
"edwin",
"booth",
"(",
"brother",
"to",
"john",
"wilkes",
"booth",
")",
"and",
"mary",
"mc",
"##vic",
"##ker",
"(",
"soon",
"to",
"be",
"edwin",
"'",
"s",
"wife",
")",
"opened",
"as",
"romeo"
] | 877,492 |
himself as romeo and ellen terry as juliet ) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style. in 1895, sir johnston forbes @ - @ robertson took over from irving, and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of shakespeare that remains popular today. forbes @ - @ robertson avoided the showiness of irving and instead portrayed a down @ - @ to @ - @ earth romeo, expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish. american actors began to rival their british counterparts. edwin booth ( brother to john wilkes booth ) and mary mcvicker ( soon to be edwin's wife ) opened as romeo
| 2,037 |
[
"and",
"juliet",
"at",
"the",
"sum",
"##pt",
"##uous",
"booth",
"'",
"s",
"theatre",
"(",
"with",
"its",
"european",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"style",
"stage",
"machinery",
",",
"and",
"an",
"air",
"conditioning",
"system",
"unique",
"in",
"new",
"york",
")",
"on",
"3",
"february",
"1869",
".",
"some",
"reports",
"said",
"it",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"elaborate",
"productions",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"ever",
"seen",
"in",
"america",
";",
"it",
"was",
"certainly",
"the",
"most",
"popular",
",",
"running",
"for",
"over",
"six",
"weeks",
"and",
"earning",
"over",
"$",
"60",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"(",
"equal",
"to",
"about",
"$",
"1",
"@",
",",
"@",
"06",
"##7",
"@",
",",
"@",
"000",
"today",
")",
".",
"the",
"programme",
"noted",
"that",
":",
"\"",
"the",
"tragedy",
"will",
"be",
"produced",
"in",
"strict",
"accordance",
"with",
"historical",
"prop",
"##riety",
",",
"in",
"every",
"respect",
",",
"following",
"closely",
"the",
"text",
"of",
"shakespeare",
".",
"\"",
"the"
] | 877,493 |
and juliet at the sumptuous booth's theatre ( with its european @ - @ style stage machinery, and an air conditioning system unique in new york ) on 3 february 1869. some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of romeo and juliet ever seen in america ; it was certainly the most popular, running for over six weeks and earning over $ 60 @, @ 000 ( equal to about $ 1 @, @ 067 @, @ 000 today ). the programme noted that : " the tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety, in every respect, following closely the text of shakespeare. " the
| 2,502 |
[
"first",
"professional",
"performance",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"in",
"japan",
"may",
"have",
"been",
"george",
"cr",
"##ich",
"##ton",
"mil",
"##n",
"'",
"s",
"company",
"'",
"s",
"production",
",",
"which",
"toured",
"to",
"yokohama",
"in",
"1890",
".",
"throughout",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
",",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"had",
"been",
"shakespeare",
"'",
"s",
"most",
"popular",
"play",
",",
"measured",
"by",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"professional",
"performances",
".",
"in",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
"it",
"would",
"become",
"the",
"second",
"most",
"popular",
",",
"behind",
"hamlet",
".",
"in",
"1933",
",",
"the",
"play",
"was",
"revived",
"by",
"actress",
"katharine",
"cornell",
"and",
"her",
"director",
"husband",
"guthrie",
"mcc",
"##lin",
"##tic",
"and",
"was",
"taken",
"on",
"a",
"seven",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"month",
"nationwide",
"tour",
"throughout",
"the",
"united",
"states",
".",
"it",
"starred",
"orson",
"welles",
",",
"brian",
"ah",
"##ern",
"##e",
"and",
"basil",
"rat",
"##h",
"##bone",
".",
"the",
"production",
"was",
"a",
"modest",
"success"
] | 877,494 |
first professional performance of the play in japan may have been george crichton miln's company's production, which toured to yokohama in 1890. throughout the 19th century, romeo and juliet had been shakespeare's most popular play, measured by the number of professional performances. in the 20th century it would become the second most popular, behind hamlet. in 1933, the play was revived by actress katharine cornell and her director husband guthrie mcclintic and was taken on a seven @ - @ month nationwide tour throughout the united states. it starred orson welles, brian aherne and basil rathbone. the production was a modest success
| 2,051 |
[
",",
"and",
"so",
"upon",
"the",
"return",
"to",
"new",
"york",
",",
"cornell",
"and",
"mcc",
"##lin",
"##tic",
"revised",
"it",
"and",
"for",
"the",
"first",
"time",
",",
"the",
"play",
"was",
"presented",
"with",
"almost",
"all",
"the",
"scenes",
"intact",
",",
"including",
"the",
"prologue",
".",
"the",
"new",
"production",
"opened",
"in",
"december",
"1934",
"with",
"ralph",
"richardson",
"as",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
"and",
"maurice",
"evans",
"as",
"romeo",
".",
"critics",
"wrote",
"that",
"cornell",
"was",
"\"",
"the",
"finest",
"juliet",
"of",
"her",
"time",
"\"",
",",
"\"",
"endless",
"##ly",
"haunting",
"\"",
",",
"and",
"\"",
"the",
"most",
"lovely",
"and",
"en",
"##chan",
"##ting",
"juliet",
"our",
"present",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"day",
"theatre",
"has",
"seen",
"\"",
".",
"john",
"gi",
"##el",
"##gu",
"##d",
"'",
"s",
"new",
"theatre",
"production",
"in",
"1935",
"featured",
"gi",
"##el",
"##gu",
"##d",
"and",
"laurence",
"olivier",
"as",
"romeo",
"and",
"mer",
"##cut",
"##io",
",",
"exchanging",
"roles"
] | 877,495 |
, and so upon the return to new york, cornell and mcclintic revised it and for the first time, the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact, including the prologue. the new production opened in december 1934 with ralph richardson as mercutio and maurice evans as romeo. critics wrote that cornell was " the finest juliet of her time ", " endlessly haunting ", and " the most lovely and enchanting juliet our present @ - @ day theatre has seen ". john gielgud's new theatre production in 1935 featured gielgud and laurence olivier as romeo and mercutio, exchanging roles
| 2,502 |
[
"six",
"weeks",
"into",
"the",
"run",
",",
"with",
"peggy",
"ash",
"##croft",
"as",
"juliet",
".",
"gi",
"##el",
"##gu",
"##d",
"used",
"a",
"scholarly",
"combination",
"of",
"q",
"##1",
"and",
"q",
"##2",
"texts",
",",
"and",
"organised",
"the",
"set",
"and",
"costumes",
"to",
"match",
"as",
"closely",
"as",
"possible",
"to",
"the",
"elizabeth",
"##an",
"period",
".",
"his",
"efforts",
"were",
"a",
"huge",
"success",
"at",
"the",
"box",
"office",
",",
"and",
"set",
"the",
"stage",
"for",
"increased",
"historical",
"realism",
"in",
"later",
"productions",
".",
"olivier",
"later",
"compared",
"his",
"performance",
"and",
"gi",
"##el",
"##gu",
"##d",
"'",
"s",
":",
"\"",
"john",
",",
"all",
"spiritual",
",",
"all",
"spirituality",
",",
"all",
"beauty",
",",
"all",
"abstract",
"things",
";",
"and",
"myself",
"as",
"all",
"earth",
",",
"blood",
",",
"humanity",
".",
".",
".",
"i",
"'",
"ve",
"always",
"felt",
"that",
"john",
"missed",
"the",
"lower",
"half",
"and",
"that",
"made",
"me",
"go",
"for"
] | 877,496 |
six weeks into the run, with peggy ashcroft as juliet. gielgud used a scholarly combination of q1 and q2 texts, and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the elizabethan period. his efforts were a huge success at the box office, and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions. olivier later compared his performance and gielgud's : " john, all spiritual, all spirituality, all beauty, all abstract things ; and myself as all earth, blood, humanity... i've always felt that john missed the lower half and that made me go for
| 2,233 |
[
"the",
"other",
".",
".",
".",
"but",
"whatever",
"it",
"was",
",",
"when",
"i",
"was",
"playing",
"romeo",
"i",
"was",
"carrying",
"a",
"torch",
",",
"i",
"was",
"trying",
"to",
"sell",
"realism",
"in",
"shakespeare",
".",
"\"",
"peter",
"brook",
"'",
"s",
"1947",
"version",
"was",
"the",
"beginning",
"of",
"a",
"different",
"style",
"of",
"romeo",
"and",
"juliet",
"performances",
".",
"brook",
"was",
"less",
"concerned",
"with",
"realism",
",",
"and",
"more",
"concerned",
"with",
"translating",
"the",
"play",
"into",
"a",
"form",
"that",
"could",
"communicate",
"with",
"the",
"modern",
"world",
".",
"he",
"argued",
",",
"\"",
"a",
"production",
"is",
"only",
"correct",
"at",
"the",
"moment",
"of",
"its",
"correct",
"##ness",
",",
"and",
"only",
"good",
"at",
"the",
"moment",
"of",
"its",
"success",
".",
"\"",
"brook",
"excluded",
"the",
"final",
"reconciliation",
"of",
"the",
"families",
"from",
"his",
"performance",
"text",
".",
"throughout",
"the",
"century",
",",
"audiences",
",",
"influenced",
"by",
"the",
"cinema",
",",
"became"
] | 877,497 |
the other... but whatever it was, when i was playing romeo i was carrying a torch, i was trying to sell realism in shakespeare. " peter brook's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of romeo and juliet performances. brook was less concerned with realism, and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world. he argued, " a production is only correct at the moment of its correctness, and only good at the moment of its success. " brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text. throughout the century, audiences, influenced by the cinema, became
| 2,270 |
[
"less",
"willing",
"to",
"accept",
"actors",
"distinctly",
"older",
"than",
"the",
"teenage",
"characters",
"they",
"were",
"playing",
".",
"a",
"significant",
"example",
"of",
"more",
"youthful",
"casting",
"was",
"in",
"franco",
"ze",
"##ffi",
"##relli",
"'",
"s",
"old",
"vic",
"production",
"in",
"1960",
",",
"with",
"john",
"stride",
"and",
"ju",
"##di",
"den",
"##ch",
",",
"which",
"would",
"serve",
"as",
"the",
"basis",
"for",
"his",
"1968",
"film",
".",
"ze",
"##ffi",
"##relli",
"borrowed",
"from",
"brook",
"'",
"s",
"ideas",
",",
"altogether",
"removing",
"around",
"a",
"third",
"of",
"the",
"play",
"'",
"s",
"text",
"to",
"make",
"it",
"more",
"accessible",
".",
"in",
"an",
"interview",
"with",
"the",
"times",
",",
"he",
"stated",
"that",
"the",
"play",
"'",
"s",
"\"",
"twin",
"themes",
"of",
"love",
"and",
"the",
"total",
"breakdown",
"of",
"understanding",
"between",
"two",
"generations",
"\"",
"had",
"contemporary",
"relevance",
".",
"recent",
"performances",
"often",
"set",
"the",
"play",
"in",
"the",
"contemporary",
"world",
".",
"for"
] | 877,498 |
less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing. a significant example of more youthful casting was in franco zeffirelli's old vic production in 1960, with john stride and judi dench, which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film. zeffirelli borrowed from brook's ideas, altogether removing around a third of the play's text to make it more accessible. in an interview with the times, he stated that the play's " twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations " had contemporary relevance. recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world. for
| 2,037 |
[
"example",
",",
"in",
"1986",
"the",
"royal",
"shakespeare",
"company",
"set",
"the",
"play",
"in",
"modern",
"verona",
".",
"switch",
"##bla",
"##des",
"replaced",
"swords",
",",
"feast",
"##s",
"and",
"balls",
"became",
"drug",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"laden",
"rock",
"parties",
",",
"and",
"romeo",
"committed",
"suicide",
"by",
"h",
"##yp",
"##oder",
"##mic",
"needle",
".",
"in",
"1997",
",",
"the",
"f",
"##ol",
"##ger",
"shakespeare",
"theatre",
"produced",
"a",
"version",
"set",
"in",
"a",
"typical",
"suburban",
"world",
".",
"romeo",
"sneak",
"##s",
"into",
"the",
"cap",
"##ule",
"##t",
"barbecue",
"to",
"meet",
"juliet",
",",
"and",
"juliet",
"discovers",
"ty",
"##bal",
"##t",
"'",
"s",
"death",
"while",
"in",
"class",
"at",
"school",
".",
"the",
"play",
"is",
"sometimes",
"given",
"a",
"historical",
"setting",
",",
"enabling",
"audiences",
"to",
"reflect",
"on",
"the",
"underlying",
"conflicts",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"adaptations",
"have",
"been",
"set",
"in",
"the",
"midst",
"of",
"the",
"israeli",
"@",
"-",
"@",
"palestinian",
"conflict"
] | 877,499 |
example, in 1986 the royal shakespeare company set the play in modern verona. switchblades replaced swords, feasts and balls became drug @ - @ laden rock parties, and romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle. in 1997, the folger shakespeare theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world. romeo sneaks into the capulet barbecue to meet juliet, and juliet discovers tybalt's death while in class at school. the play is sometimes given a historical setting, enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts. for example, adaptations have been set in the midst of the israeli @ - @ palestinian conflict
| 2,191 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.