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The 19th Amendment, which established women’s right to vote in the United States, is one of the greatest uses of the first amendment freedom to assemble peaceably in America. On August 26, 2012, the 92nd anniversary, we gathered at the Riverside Art Museum for a sing-a-long and live recording of a 1917 group song as well as a historical phrygian paper hat making activity to celebrate this history.
The 1917 group song marks a pivotal turning point in the century long struggle for liberty leading to the 19th amendment, which established women’s right to vote in the U.S. It also tells a unique story about the women’s suffrage movement, which is the first successful nonviolent campaign for social change in U.S. history.
The song for the sing-a-long is called “We Worried Woody Wood.” It was written in 1917 while the suffragists were in prison for assembling peaceably in front of the white house, quoting from President Woodrow Wilson’s speeches. They were sent to jail but refused bail stating they had done nothing wrong and accepting bail would mean they were accepting the legitimacy of their arrest. The suffragists also began a hunger strike. These non-violent methods were pioneered by British suffragists and served as the tactical example of non-violence for Gandhi, who had theorized about non-violence but hadn’t identified specific methods.
While in prison the suffragists were severely mistreated including being force fed and beaten. One suffragist was knocked unconscious. During this time, the prisoners wrote a song. At night they would add a stanza highlighting an event from that day and they would sing the song to the accompaniment of a hair comb.
The goal is for this “seed recording” to serve as a foundation for future components of the living monument. This includes inviting elected officials and the general public to add their voice to the sing-a-long and make a small donation. In the process, the living monument raises money to develop engaging education and community programs and events that explore the many faces of liberty through the lens of the century long suffragist movement.
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2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Slovakia
Executive Summary
The constitution provides for freedom of religious belief and affiliation and states the country is not bound to any particular faith. Registration requirements for religious groups include the need to present a petition with signatures of at least 50,000 adherents, which members of some religious groups considered discriminatory. Some groups registered as civic associations in order to function. Government officials and members of parliament (MPs) from both the government coalition and opposition parties continued to make anti-Muslim statements, and several political parties amplified anti-Muslim messages in their campaigns for the February parliamentary election. Authorities continued to criminally prosecute some members of the People’s Party Our Slovakia (LSNS) for defaming minority religious beliefs and Holocaust denial. In October, a court sentenced the party’s chairman to four-and-a-half years in prison after convicting him of an act of anti-Semitism. In January, the annual state subsidy to government-recognized religious communities increased by approximately 10 percent.
In January, the Islamic Foundation in Slovakia reported what it called an Islamophobic attack against a Muslim student on a public bus in Bratislava, reportedly triggered by the student’s use of an Islamic greeting in a telephone conversation. The Muslim community continued to report anti-Muslim hate speech on social media, which it attributed mostly to inflammatory public statements by politicians portraying Muslim refugees as an existential threat to the country’s society. According to a survey by a local nongovernmental organization (NGO), more than 70 percent of citizens would find it unacceptable if a Muslim from Saudi Arabia moved into their neighborhood. Organizations that media described as far right continued to publish material, organize gatherings, commemorate the World War II (WWII)-era, Nazi-allied Slovak State, and praise its leaders. A survey by a local think tank found that 51 percent of citizens tended to believe in anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. Unregistered religious groups said the public tended to distrust them because of their lack of official government recognition.
The Ambassador and other U.S. embassy officers raised with government officials, including the Minister of Culture and MPs, the treatment of religious minorities and the difficulties those groups faced regarding registration, as well as measures to counter what religious groups and others described as widespread anti-Semitism and anti-Muslim sentiment. The Ambassador and other embassy officers also repeatedly raised public awareness of the importance of religious freedom, using private and public events to highlight the need for tolerance. The Ambassador organized an interfaith discussion with representatives of the country’s registered and unregistered churches and religious communities, as well as the government, to discuss religious freedom, tolerance, interfaith relations, and the impact of COVID-19 on religious practice and services. A senior embassy official visited a desecrated Jewish cemetery, condemning vandalism and all forms of hatred and intolerance. Embassy officials met regularly with registered and unregistered religious organizations and NGOs to raise the issue of hate speech and to highlight the role of churches and religious groups in countering extremism and promoting tolerance.
Section I. Religious Demography
The U.S. government estimates the total population at 5.4 million (midyear 2020 estimate). According to the most recent census in 2011, Roman Catholics constitute 62 percent of the population, members of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession 5.9 percent, and Greek Catholics 3.8 percent; 13.4 percent did not state a religious affiliation. There are smaller numbers of members of the Reformed Christian Church, other Protestants, Jehovah’s Witnesses, members of the Orthodox Church, Jews, Baha’is, and Muslims. In the 2011 census, approximately 1,200 persons self-identified as Muslim, while representatives of the Muslim community estimate their number at 5,000. According to the census, there are approximately 2,000 Jews. According to the World Jewish Congress, there are approximately 2,600 Jewish residents.
Greek Catholics are generally ethnic Slovaks and Ruthenians, although some Ruthenians belong to the Orthodox Church. Most Orthodox Christians live in the eastern part of the country. Members of the Reformed Christian Church live primarily in the south, near the border with Hungary, where many ethnic Hungarians live. Other religious groups tend to be spread evenly throughout the country.
Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom
Legal Framework
The constitution guarantees freedom of religious belief and affiliation, as well as the right to change religious faith or to refrain from religious affiliation. It prohibits discrimination on religious grounds. The constitution states the country is not bound to any particular faith, and religious groups shall manage their affairs independently from the state, including in providing religious education and establishing clerical institutions. The constitution guarantees the right to practice one’s faith privately or publicly, either alone or in association with others. It states the exercise of religious rights may be restricted only by measures “necessary in a democratic society for the protection of public order, health, and morals or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.”
The law prohibits establishing, supporting, and promoting groups dedicated to the suppression of fundamental rights and freedoms, as well as “demonstrating sympathy” with such groups, which courts have interpreted to include Nazis and neo-Nazis. Violators are subject to up to five years’ imprisonment.
The law requires religious groups to register with the Ministry of Culture’s Department of Church Affairs in order to employ spiritual leaders to perform officially recognized functions. Clergy from unregistered religious groups do not have the right to minister to their members in prisons or government hospitals. Civil functions such as weddings officiated by clergy from registered groups are recognized by the state, while those presided over by clergy from unregistered groups are not, and couples must undergo an additional civil ceremony. Unregistered groups may apply to provide spiritual guidance to their adherents in prisons, but they have no legal recourse if their requests are denied. Unregistered groups may conduct religious services, which the government recognizes as private, rather than religious, activities. Unregistered groups lack legal status and may not establish religious schools or receive government funding.
According to the law, organizations seeking registration as religious groups must have a minimum of 50,000 adherents. The 50,000 persons must be adult citizens or permanent residents and must submit to the Ministry of Culture an “honest declaration” attesting to their membership, knowledge of the articles of faith and basic tenets of the religion, personal identity numbers and home addresses of all members, and support for the group’s registration. All groups registered before these requirements came into effect in 2017 remained registered without having to meet the 50,000-adherent requirement; no new religious groups have attained recognition under the revised requirements. According to the law, only groups that register using the title “church” in their official name may call themselves a church, but there is no other legal distinction between registered “churches” and other registered religious groups.
The 18 registered religious groups are: the Apostolic Church, Baha’i Community, The Brotherhood Unity of Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Brotherhood Church, Czechoslovak Hussite Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession, Evangelical Methodist Church, Greek Catholic Church, Christian Congregations (Krestanske zbory), Jehovah’s Witnesses, New Apostolic Church, Orthodox Church, Reformed Christian Church, Roman Catholic Church, Old Catholic Church, and Central Union of Jewish Religious Communities. Registered groups receive annual state subsidies. All but the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession, Greek Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, Reformed Christian Church, and Roman Catholic Church have fewer than 50,000 members, but they registered before this requirement came into effect.
The Department of Church Affairs oversees relations between religious groups and the state and manages the distribution of state subsidies to religious groups and associations. The ministry may not legally intervene in the internal affairs of religious groups or direct their activities.
In January, a legislative amendment took effect, increasing the total state subsidy to registered churches and religious communities and basing the funding for each group on the number of adherents reported in the most recent census, rather than the number of clergy. Under the new law, religious groups have more leeway to determine the use of the government subsidies, since these are no longer predominantly earmarked towards covering clergy salaries, and future payments will be adjusted for inflation.
A group lacking the 50,000 adult adherents required to obtain status as an official religious group may register as a civic association, which provides the legal status necessary to carry out activities such as maintaining a bank account, entering into a contract, or acquiring or renting property. In doing so, however, the group may not identify itself officially as a religious group, since the law governing registration of civic associations specifically excludes religious groups from obtaining this status. To register as a civic association, three citizens are required to provide their names and addresses and the name, goals, organizational structure, executive bodies, and budgetary rules of the group.
A concordat with the Holy See provides the legal framework for relations among the government, the Roman Catholic Church in the country, and the Holy See. Two corollaries cover the operation of Catholic religious schools, the teaching of Catholic religious education as a subject in public schools, and the service of Catholic priests as military chaplains. A single agreement between the government and 11 of the 17 other registered religious groups provides similar status to those groups. These 11 religious groups may also provide military chaplains. The unanimous approval of all existing parties to the agreement is required for other religious groups to obtain similar benefits.
All public elementary school students must take a religion or ethics class, depending on personal or parental preferences. Schools have some leeway in drafting their own curricula for religion classes, but these must be consistent with the Ministry of Education’s National Educational Program. Representatives of registered religious communities are involved in the preparation of the National Education Program. Although most school religion classes teach Roman Catholicism, if there is a sufficient number of students, parents may ask a school to open a separate class focusing on the teachings of one of the other registered religious groups. All schools offer ethics courses as an alternative to religion classes. Alternatively, parents may request that teachings of different faiths be included in the curriculum of the Catholic religion classes. There are no clear requirements as to content when teaching about other faiths in the Catholic classes. Private and religious schools define their own content for religion courses, and may teach only their own religion, but are required to offer ethics courses as an alternative. In both public and private schools, religion class curricula do not mention unregistered groups or some of the smaller registered groups, and unregistered groups may not teach their faiths at schools. Teachers normally teach about the tenets of their own faith, although they may teach about other faiths as well. The Roman Catholic Church appoints teachers of Catholic classes. Depending on the registered religious group and the school, other religious groups may appoint the teachers of their classes. The government pays the salaries of religion teachers in public schools.
The law criminalizes issuance, possession, and dissemination of materials defending, supporting, or instigating hatred, violence, or unlawful discrimination against a group of persons on the basis of their religion. Such activity is punishable by up to eight years’ imprisonment.
The law requires public broadcasters to allocate program time for registered religious groups but not for unregistered groups.
The law prohibits the defamation of a person’s or group’s belief, treating a violation as a criminal offense punishable by up to five years’ imprisonment.
The law prohibits Holocaust denial, including questioning, endorsing, or excusing the Holocaust. Violators face sentences of up to three years in prison. The law also prohibits denial of crimes committed by the Nazi-allied, WWII-era fascist and post-war communist regimes.
Government Practices
The Ministry of Culture again did not reconsider its 2007 rejection of the registration application of the Grace Christian Fellowship, despite Supreme Court rulings in 2009 and 2012 ordering it to do so. In the past, the ministry said it based its rejection on an opinion by a religious affairs expert that the group promoted hatred toward other religious groups.
Representatives of the Jewish and Muslim communities reported that authorities were generally willing to make exceptions on grounds of religious belief and allow burials to take place within 24 hours, rather than requiring community members wait the legally mandated 48 hours.
A representative of the Muslim community stated that Muslims faced increasing difficulties in finding suitable burial grounds for their adherents, since a cemetery they had used for these purposes in Bratislava had reached its maximum capacity, and the city council had not provided a new suitable location that would allow funeral services and burial according to Islamic traditions. They also said the lack of registration meant it was much more difficult to establish a mosque in the country; they pointed to the rejection of an application to build a mosque and cultural center years earlier by the then-mayor of Bratislava, who had cited the lack of registration as one reason for the rejection. Although Muslims had registered as a civic association, they continued to state that the lack of recognition as a religious group made obtaining the necessary construction permits for other sites for religious worship such as prayer rooms more difficult. They said the officials would seek technical grounds, such as zoning regulations, to reject their applications or fail to act on them.
The government increased its annual state subsidies to the 18 registered religious groups to approximately 51.7 million euros ($63.44 million), compared with 47.5 million euros ($58.28 million) in 2019. Up to 80 percent of each group’s subsidy was used to pay the group’s clergy and operating costs.
Some members of religious groups continued to state their groups’ reliance on direct government funding limited their independence and religious freedom, and they said religious groups self-censored potential criticism of the government on sensitive topics to avoid jeopardizing their relationship with the state and, consequently, their finances. There were no reports, however, that the government arbitrarily altered the amount of subsidies provided to individual religious groups.
The Ministry of Culture’s cultural grant program continued to allocate funding for the upkeep of religious monuments and cultural heritage sites owned by religious groups. In 2019, the ministry allocated 6.5 million euros ($7.98 million) for these purposes, compared with 5.1 million euros ($6.26 million) in 2018.
Many political parties, including the largest opposition party in parliament, Smer-SD, continued to express anti-Muslim views in their public statements, and leaders from across the political spectrum engaged in rhetoric portraying refugees and Muslims as a threat to society in their messaging ahead of the February parliamentary election.
In January, former Prime Minister and Smer-SD chair Robert Fico stated he did not want a “compact Muslim community” in the country and that he did not want “these people” to change its character. Fico also stated that his party was principally against “hauling in migrants,” a comment he made after former President and Za ludi Party chair Andrej Kiska said on television that the country was successful and “could afford to help a couple [of] hundred, perhaps [a] thousand people, fleeing from war and violence.” Also in January, Smer-SD released a cartoon campaign video mocking former President Kiska and Za ludi and stating that Kiska and his party intended to introduce legislation requiring each family in the country take in one migrant family, while using what experts described as “anti-migrant and anti-Muslim imagery.” Za ludi denied the allegations, and there were media reports stating they were false.
In February, Richard Sulik, Freedom and Solidarity coalition chair and later Deputy Prime Minister and Economy Minister, wrote on his blog that his party viewed Islam as “incompatible with [Slovak] culture” and that “in Islam … [p]edophilia, polygamy, and several other norms are in stark conflict to our rules.”
Anti-Muslim rhetoric also featured prominently in the parliamentary election campaigns of parties that the media and political commentators described as extremist, including the LSNS and the Vlast (“Homeland”) Party of former Supreme Court judge Stefan Harabin. During a rally in December 2019, LSNS chair Marian Kotleba said his party would never allow Slovakia to become a “multicultural pig sty like Western countries,” and he stated that non-Christian citizens in Germany pressured local governments to limit or outright ban Christmas celebrations, including the public display of Christmas trees. The Priama demokracia (Direct Democracy) party, which ran on the LSNS ticket, stated in its program that it aimed to “stop the Islamic invasion into Europe” and stressed that “Islam must never become even a small part of [Slovak] culture.”
Throughout the campaign, the Vlast Party included a survey on its website asking voters whether they approved of the country supporting other religions, for example Islam, in the context of migration. Below the question there were the statements, “Practice has shown that such different entities [i.e., Islam and Christianity] cannot successfully connect, which leads to conflicts,” and “Slovakia must remain a Christian country!”
Representatives of the LSNS party, which received 7.97 percent of the vote in the February parliamentary election and secured 17 of 150 seats in parliament, continued to make anti-Semitic statements and faced criminal prosecution for past statements. Party members and supporters frequently glorified the Nazi-allied WWII-era fascist government and its leaders and downplayed the role of that regime in wartime atrocities.
In October, the Specialized Criminal Court convicted LSNS chairman Marian Kotleba of supporting and promoting groups aimed at suppressing fundamental rights and freedoms for a 2017 ceremony in which he gave three checks, each worth 1,488 euros ($1,800), to families with children with disabilities. Prosecution experts testified the amount was a well-known neo-Nazi cypher that represented the white supremacist “14-word” slogan and a numerical representation of “Heil Hitler.” Witnesses also testified that organizers played the unofficial anthem of the Nazi-allied wartime Slovak State at the ceremony and that the event was held on March 14, the anniversary of the founding of that Slovak State. The ceremony ended with a concert by singer Reborn, widely considered a neo-Nazi, who also faced prosecution on extremism charges. The court sentenced Kotleba to four years and four months in prison. The defense appealed to the Supreme Court and the case remained pending at year’s end.
In August, the National Criminal Agency (NAKA) announced it would bring extremism-related charges against nine persons suspected of disseminating extremist materials and collecting Nazi paraphernalia. Three members of the musical group Kratky Proces (“Short Process”) were taken into custody during related police raids on charges of producing an extremist musical album. The detained singer of the well-known band, who also repeatedly was an LSNS candidate for office, faced three to eight years in prison if convicted.
In May, former LSNS candidate Marian Magat, whom the media labelled a far-right extremist, published a blog questioning the existence of the Holocaust on the internet outlet Kulturblog. The National Criminal Agency opened an investigation on suspicion of denying the crimes of totalitarian regimes, which carries a sentence of up to three years in prison. The case remained pending.
In January, the Specialized Criminal Court convicted LSNS regional chairman Anton Grno of supporting a movement aimed at suppressing fundamental rights and freedoms for shouting the greeting of the World War II-era Slovak fascist state’s paramilitary force during a 2018 Supreme Court hearing. Grno was ordered to pay a 5,000-euro ($6,100) fine or, if he failed to pay, a six-month prison sentence. Media reported that Grno’s social media profiles contained several openly racist and anti-Semitic posts.
In March, on the 81st anniversary of the founding of the wartime Slovak State, which deported more than 70,000 of its citizens to Nazi extermination camps, the Slovenske hnutie obrody SHO (Slovak Renewal Movement), a far-right political party which ran in the 2020 parliamentary election but whose candidates were not elected, organized a commemoration of the creation of that state, laying wreaths at a statue of Jozef Tiso, the state’s president, in the village of Cajakovce.
In February, 12 major human rights organizations working with refugees, migrants, and religious minorities, including the Islamic Foundation in Slovakia, penned an open letter to politicians urging them to refrain from spreading unfounded fear of migrants, using dehumanizing statements against migrants and refugees, and calling for consistency and caution in the use of migration-related terms.
In January, President Zuzana Caputova met with representatives of the Roman Catholic, Augsburg Lutheran, Greek Catholic, Orthodox, and Reformed Christian Churches and the Central Association of Jewish Religious Communities in the Slovak Republic to discuss the state of religious freedom and tolerance in society and to thank them for their service to the religious community and their charitable work. Representatives of unregistered churches and religious communities were not invited to the meeting.
In September, President Caputova, Prime Minister Igor Matovic, and several cabinet ministers commemorated Slovak Holocaust and Ethnic Violence Remembrance Day by laying wreaths at the Holocaust memorials in Bratislava and Sered. In her speech on the occasion, Caputova said it was the duty of all people to remember what preceded the Holocaust so that all manifestations of anti-Semitism and other forms of intolerance and discrimination would be rejected and condemned from the outset.
In January, President Caputova attended the Fifth World Holocaust Forum in Israel held on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz. Caputova highlighted that racial hatred always starts with words and cautioned against increasing hatred over the internet and discrimination against some parts of the population.
Section III. Status of Societal Respect for Religious Freedom
In January, the Islamic Foundation in Slovakia reported an assault against a Syrian student on a public bus in Bratislava. A man reportedly violently shoved a student standing next to him after the student said the Islamic greeting, “As-salamu alaykum” (peace be with you) in a telephone conversation. The man reportedly attempted to renew his assault, but the student defended himself and exited the bus at the next stop. Bystanders reportedly did not react to the altercation, and the student did not report the incident to the authorities.
A representative of the Islamic Foundation in Slovakia stated the Muslim community continued to encounter difficulties altering negative public attitudes partly because of the social stigma associated with not having the same legal benefits accorded to registered religious groups. Representatives of other unregistered religious groups, including the Church of Scientology and Christian Fellowship Grace, also stated that the public tended to view their activities with mistrust and perceive them as “fringe cults” because of their lack of official government recognition as a religious community.
The Islamic Foundation in Slovakia again reported continued online hate speech toward Muslims and refugees, which it attributed mostly to the social controversy ensuing from the 2015 European migration crisis and inflammatory anti-Muslim public statements by local politicians. Hate speech, mostly on social media, again included frequent portrayal of Muslims as “savages,” “barbarians,” “terrorists,” and a “threat to European culture and way of life,” as well as calls for violence against refugees and migrants from the Middle East and Africa, many of whom were believed to be Muslim. Muslim community leaders said they continued to perceive increased anti-Muslim sentiment compared with 2015 and earlier, and they continued to maintain a low profile regarding their activities and prayer rooms to avoid inflaming public opinion.
Police reported seven cases of defamation of race, nation, or religious belief and nine cases of incitement of national, racial, and ethnic hatred in the first eight months of the year, compared with 13 cases of defamation and seven cases of incitement of hatred in all of 2019. Police provided no further details.
According to a regional study by Bratislava-based think tank GLOBSEC released in August, 51 percent of Slovaks tended to believe Jews had too much power and were secretly controlling governments and institutions around the world. The same study also showed that 53 percent of respondents believed that antigovernment protests in 2018 launched in the aftermath of the killing of an investigative journalist and his fiancee were orchestrated and financially supported by a Jewish American financier.
A survey conducted in June by pollster Focus for the Milan Simecka Foundation, a local NGO, found a majority of respondents would consider it “completely unacceptable” or “rather unacceptable” for a Muslim or a foreigner from a majority-Muslim country (the precise percentage varied by country of origin cited) to move into their neighborhood, compared to 32 percent if the neighbor were from the United States. According to the survey, more than 70 percent of citizens would find it unacceptable if a Muslim from Saudi Arabia moved into their neighborhood. More than half (53 percent) of respondents indicated they would consider it “completely unacceptable,” and a further 24 percent “rather unacceptable,” if their adult child married a Muslim. The NGO interpreted the results of the survey as demonstrating that societal acceptance of and tolerance toward foreigners and non-Christians, particularly Muslims and persons from Arab, African, and Middle Eastern countries, remained limited and appeared to be decreasing. A 2008 edition of the survey found that at that time, 32 percent of respondents would consider it unacceptable if a Muslim moved into their neighborhood.
Sociologists and Jewish community leaders said they perceived anti-Semitism was increasing, citing repeated references by public officials to anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, increased electoral support for LSNS, the desecration of a Jewish cemetery in December 2019, and polling trends that found a steadily growing share of the population would have an issue with a Jewish family moving into their neighborhood.
Organizations the media characterized as far right – including the civic organizations Museum of the Slovak Armed Forces 1939-1945 and the Slovak Historical Society – continued to publish material and issue statements praising the anti-Semitic, Nazi-allied Slovak State government and organize gatherings in which participants displayed symbols of that government and wore its uniforms. Organizers often included photographs showing WWII symbols, such as the double-barred equal-armed cross or photographs of President Tiso in online posts promoting their events. In March, on the occasion of the 81st anniversary of the founding of the Slovak State and in April on the 73rd anniversary of the execution of Tiso, the Aliancia za nedelu (“Alliance for Sunday”), a Christian civic association, posted articles on its website downplaying the crimes of that regime and its leadership and rejecting the responsibility of the government of the Slovak State for deporting the Jewish population to Nazi extermination camps.
At year’s end, the Supreme Court had not ruled on a criminal case involving a man who attacked the Turkish and Albanian proprietors of a kebab bistro in Banska Bystrica in 2018, shouting anti-Muslim slurs and threatening to kill all Muslims. In 2019, the Specialized Criminal Court sentenced the man to four years in prison after the judge reduced the charge from attempted murder aggravated by a deliberate extremist motive, punishable by a prison sentence of up to 21 years to one of inflicting bodily harm. The prosecutor appealed the verdict to the Supreme Court.
In January, police closed the investigation into the December 2019 desecration of a Jewish cemetery in the town of Rajec after it found that the acts of vandalism were committed by five local boys aged nine to 12 years who, it concluded, did not act with anti-Semitic hate motives. At year’s end, police continued to investigate an unrelated December 2019 incident during which unknown persons knocked over 60 gravestones in the Jewish cemetery in the city of Namestovo, but they reportedly had no leads. The local Pamataj (“Remember”) civic association commenced work on restoring the damaged cemetery, using funds collected through a crowdsourcing campaign, among other resources.
The Parliament of the World’s Religions, a local NGO, continued to organize a series of public debates and school lectures with a variety of religious leaders from the Jewish, Muslim, Augsburg Lutheran, and Roman Catholic communities to promote interfaith dialogue and tolerance.
Section IV. U.S. Government Policy and Engagement
The Ambassador and other embassy officers repeatedly raised the treatment of religious minority groups and the continued presence of anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish sentiment with government officials, including the Minister of Culture, who oversees relations between the state and religious communities, officials from the Ministry of Interior, the Speaker of Parliament, and lawmakers from across the political spectrum. Embassy officers continued to express to government officials their concerns that requiring religious groups to have 50,000 members in order to register impeded these groups from having the rights and benefits accruing from official recognition.
In September, the Ambassador organized an interfaith discussion with representatives of the country’s registered and unregistered churches and religious communities, including Roman Catholic, Augsburg Lutheran, and Muslim, and a representative of the Ministry of Culture, to discuss religious freedom, tolerance, interfaith relations, and the impact of COVID-19 on religious practice and services. The embassy highlighted the main messages of the discussion through its social media channels.
The embassy used its social media channels to commemorate Slovak Holocaust Remembrance Day and International Religious Freedom Day. In September, the Ambassador laid a wreath at the Holocaust Memorial in Bratislava and recorded a video message commemorating the victims of the Holocaust and urging the public to stand up against all forms of hatred and discrimination to prevent the tragic past from repeating itself. In August, the Ambassador participated in a hike commemorating the courage of two Jewish children who hid in the wilderness of central Slovakia to avoid capture by the Nazis during World War II. The Ambassador participated in a television interview highlighting the issue, and the embassy further amplified the event on social media. In January, a senior embassy representative visited the desecrated Jewish cemetery in the town of Namestovo and condemned vandalism and all forms of hatred, bigotry, and bias against religious and ethnic minorities. Also in January, the Ambassador visited the Sered Holocaust Museum, meeting with its director.
Embassy officers met with registered and unregistered religious organizations, including the Islamic Foundation in Slovakia, and civil society groups, including the Forum of World’s Religions, to raise the issue of hate speech directed against Muslims, anti-Semitism, the impact of COVID-19 on religious services, and the negative impact on religious minorities of membership and other registration requirements.
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There’s more to the story than paintings of sunflowers and a chopped off ear.
The Dutch post-impressionist painter Vincent Van Gogh has produced some of the most famous paintings like The Starry Night and his series of self-portraits. Tragic events, however, led to him shooting himself at the young age of 37. With several works still being discovered today, the short life of this troubled artist is shrouded in mystery.
Troubled early life and failed romance
Born in 1853 in the Dutch town of Zundert, Van Gogh’s childhood house was filled with culture. His father was a pastor and his mother was an artist. As a young and impressionable boy, he aspired to follow in their footsteps. He lacked confidence, however, but showed extreme enthusiasm for certain things.
Because of financial struggles, teenage Van Gogh left school and began working in the art world. He moved to London to work at a gallery and fell in love with an English girl who declined his marriage proposal. This rejection didn’t sit well and caused him to renounce all books and art and focus only on the Bible.
Gogh Museum
Van Gogh began preaching but quickly came to the conclusion that religion conflicted with his lifestyle and was sent away. With no career or money, he decided to become an artist with the help of his brother who offered him financial support. Not knowing where to begin, Van Gogh was a self-taught painter trying to find himself. He spent a year moving around the Netherlands where he painted people and scenery everywhere he went.
During this time he fell in love with his cousin who also dismissed him. Another rejection combined with prostitutes, which were a large part of Van Gogh’s life, caused him heartache. It was this nonacceptance combined with his overzealous personality that led to his suffering.
Creativity and psychotic breakdown
Van Gogh eventually moved to Paris where his brother Theo, who still supported him, managed a gallery. Here he met other painters such as Monet and Gaugin who inspired him to run a house for other like-minded impressionist artists where they could feed off each other’s creativity.
Gaugin agreed with his vision and they lived together at The Yellow House, however, they argued constantly. Van Gogh was using alcohol and absinthe while his psychological health steadily declined. After an argument between the two, he took a razor and ended up cutting off his ear lobe. It is unknown if it was the result of a tussle or a psychotic breakdown. Afterward, he wrapped up the ear, went to a brothel, and gave it to a prostitute.
This episode landed him in an asylum for several years, where he spent his days painting the scenery and his well-known masterpieces.
Van Gogh shifted between episodes of depression and focused creative phases. Although he eventually left the institution, his mental issues grew more extreme. His brother had to cut off his finances, which caused a lot of anxiety for the struggling artistOne morning he went outside with a loaded pistol and shot himself in the chest.
During his lifetime he only managed to sell one artwork, although he created more than 2,100 paintings. Vincent Van Gogh was a misunderstood, mentally ill painter. Aside from being creative, he was also deeply passionate and his work continues to have an impact on the art world today.
A deeper dive — Related reading from the 101:
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Open access peer-reviewed chapter
The Process of Adherence to Treatment in People Living with HIV
By Ariagor Manuel Almanza Avendaño, Martha Patricia Romero Mendoza and Anel Hortensia Gómez San Luis
Submitted: January 30th 2018Reviewed: April 6th 2018Published: November 5th 2018
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77032
Downloaded: 473
The purpose of this chapter is to review the concept of adherence and analyze its implications for the social construction of the patient as a subject, since this affects the relationship established with the health services for the maintenance of care. The facilitators and barriers to adherence reported in the literature are presented, based on studies focused on the perspective of people living with HIV. At the end of the chapter, the individual elements that promote adherence to treatment are shown, according to the experience of highly adherent patients. In addition, individual and contextual barriers to the adherence process are identified in the pharmacological and nonpharmacological dimensions.
• adherence
• medical treatment
• lifestyle
• facilitators
• barriers
1. Introduction
The development of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) has allowed HIV infection to become a chronic condition. This historic event has transformed the experience of people living with HIV, since it has allowed them to extend their survival time and increase their quality of life [1]. However, this biomedical breakthrough has generated important challenges for public health. One of them is universal access to treatment. Social inequality in terms of the intersection between gender, social class, ethnic group, sexual orientation, or geographical region places patients at different levels of vulnerability regarding access to treatment. Likewise, social inequality affects the continuity of long-term treatment, as patients differ in access to services that allow maintaining care over time as food, education, health, housing, employment, and transportation, among others. For this reason, public health cannot be limited to a “pharmaceuticalization” or exclusive emphasis on access to medication, but it requires considering the social and economic conditions that affect the possibilities of patients to maintain a long-term pharmacological treatment [2].
The second challenge, which is addressed in this chapter, is the promotion of adherence to treatment in people living with HIV. This challenge is linked to the facilitation of psychosocial processes that allow long-term adherence, while the previous challenge focuses mainly on the structural conditions associated with adherence. Unlike pharmacological treatment for other medical conditions, HAART requires an efficacy greater than 95% to control the number of copies of the virus in the body. The suboptimal medication intake is associated with higher levels of morbidity and mortality as well as the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains. This reduces the effectiveness of subsequent treatment schemes [3].
The lack of adherence to treatment has multiple consequences for the state: increased expenses for hospitalization, care for opportunistic infections, and changes in treatment schemes and laboratory studies. In turn, lack of adherence increases the risk of HIV transmission in populations and the development of new strains resistant to treatment [4].
The study of adherence to treatment in people living with HIV has focused mainly on pharmacological adherence. It is necessary to develop a comprehensive perspective on adherence, which not only includes medication intake but also the adoption of a healthy lifestyle in multiple areas. The following section analyzes the concept of adherence and its influence on the patient’s relationship with health services.
2. Perspectives on adherence
The social construction of adherence influences the way in which patients are constituted as subjects, the type of relationships they establish with health personnel, and the policies of health services for patient care. Previously the term “compliance” was used to refer to the degree to which the patient followed medical recommendations for taking the medication or making lifestyle changes. The concept was criticized because it assumed a hierarchical relationship between the doctor and the patient, considered that the medical recommendations were correct and that the failure in the treatment was mainly the responsibility of the patient for not complying with the recommendations [5].
In contrast, the concept of adherence emerged in a historical moment where patients had greater access to information technologies, which expanded the possibilities of having information about their diagnosis and treatment. This allowed patients to develop a sense of agency, establish a dialog with health personnel and adopt a critical stance during the treatment process. Likewise, the emergence of chronic conditions sets limits to the power of health personnel and forced the incorporation of the patient in the planning and maintenance of long-term care.
Adherence means a different type of relationship to “compliance”: a horizontal, democratic, and collaborative relationship for the maintenance of care over time. The concept not only implies a change in the relationship with health personnel; it also represents a change in the subject: the patient becomes an active agent in the treatment process. Health services not only attribute responsibility to the patient for taking the medication or following the health recommendations; they also encourage the patient to request information about their health status and to participate in decision-making during treatment. It should be noted that this notion of the patient is based on two assumptions: care depends on the patient’s will, and the patient is interested in maintaining or improving their health status.
From biomedical discourse, it is assumed that subjects are able to choose; act rationally, intentionally, and responsibly; and make decisions in terms of costs and benefits. However, the possibility of deciding is determined structurally. This means that the subjects are not completely free to decide; they can select the possibilities available for their local context, according to their socioeconomic position and the dominant cultural values [6]. As previously mentioned, social inequality not only affects access to treatment; it also limits access to services that favor the maintenance of care and the patient’s ability to become adherent.
In the particular case of HIV infection, there are two additional elements that affect the development of adherence. The social processes of stigma and discrimination [7] contribute to the exclusion of patients from health services, the delay in diagnosis, the rejection of the medical condition and treatment, the concealment of the diagnosis, and the reduction of social support. Close connection with these processes is the emotional discomfort, because the suffering caused by knowing the serological status can manifest itself in rejection toward diagnosis and health services; the development of risk practices or the appearance of a psychological disorder that limits the capacity for health care [8].
While it is important to consider that adherence requires an active agent in their self-care that maintains a collaborative relationship with health services, it is also assumed that the patient’s agency is limited. There are different possibilities for patients to become adherents, due to structural inequalities, the processes of stigma and discrimination, and the emotional distress generated by the HIV diagnosis. Therefore, adherence is not a state that is achieved by all patients at the same time.
It is more appropriate to consider adherence as a dynamic process that develops over time [9], influenced by the social, economic, and cultural context surrounding the patient. Adherence is also affected by the learning process that arises from the patient’s personal experience with diagnosis and treatment. This means that people living with HIV have different temporalities and rhythms to become adherent patients. Adherence is not a state that is reached once and for all, but a process that must be continually updated. At any point in treatment, the patient can become nonadherent, either intentionally or involuntarily [10].
From an integral perspective of patient care, it is assumed that there are two complementary dimensions of adherence. The first dimension is pharmacological adherence, which involves taking the medication and following the instructions in terms of the schedule and the food that accompanies the intake [3]. Previous studies have reported adherence rates ranging from 26–89% [11, 12, 13, 14]. The variability in reported adherence rates depends on the operational definition of adherence and the instrument used for its measurement [15]. The pharmacological adherence is overestimated when it is calculated based on the ratio of pills forgotten and prescribed in the last days. A more precise evaluation requires the inclusion of aspects such as the follow-up of the schedule and special instructions or the last missed dose [16]. It is worth mentioning that several patterns of pharmacological nonadherence have been identified: difficulties to initiate treatment, temporary suspension (whose duration is variable), or definitive abandonment, which represents a long-term pattern [17]. Nonadherence may be due to error or forgetfulness of the medication intake, as well as the conscious decision to abandon the treatment or not follow it properly [10].
The patient not only decides whether or not to initiate HAART but also decides whether to adopt a new lifestyle. The second dimension is associated with nonpharmacological adherence, which encompasses a set of practices that promote the patient’s health care. It includes practices in the areas of diet, physical activity, rest, sexual health, mental health, attendance at medical appointments and attendance to laboratory studies, and avoidance of alcohol, tobacco, or other substances. Medication intake needs to be complemented by a series of healthy practices to promote the care of the patient and the improvement of their quality of life.
Adherence can be conceived as a process that develops over time. This process is affected by the socioeconomic position of the patient in a certain context, the dominant cultural values, and his personal experience with illness. At any point of time, the patient may be adherent or nonadherent. To be adherent, the patient needs to follow both pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment. However, there is a risk that the patient develops patterns of nonadherence (pharmacological or nonpharmacological), which occur in the short term (at a point in time) or in the medium and long terms (at multiple time points) (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Adherence and nonadherence to treatment at a time point.
Four possible scenarios can be contemplated in a single moment of the treatment: (1) The patient is adherent at the pharmacological and nonpharmacological level (ideal scenario); (2) the patient is adherent at the pharmacological level, but not at the nonpharmacological level (scenario where the patient takes the medication, but does not perform the other types of care); (3) the patient is adherent at the nonpharmacological level, but not at the pharmacological level (scenario where the patient performs healthcare practices, but does not take the medication according to the indications); and (4) the patient is not adherent in both dimensions (the worst-case scenario).
It should be mentioned that the identification of a patient as adherent will depend on the way in which the health personnel evaluate the taking of the medication and the recommendations of food and schedule (pharmacological adherence), as well as the evaluation of the degree of accomplishment of the practices in different areas of care (nonpharmacological adherence). Adherence can be considered in terms of degrees of a continuum; however, it is also necessary to establish what is the sufficient level of pharmacological and nonpharmacological adherence. This implies the need for a continuous dialog between the patient and the health personnel, in order to determine the levels of pharmacological and nonpharmacological adherence required, collaborate in the monitoring of the types of adherence, and receive feedback on the actions performed by both actors to maintain adherence.
Before reaching an optimal level of adherence, patients can alternate between periods of adherence and nonadherence until achieving an adequate and stable adherence. Traditionally it has been considered that patients are rational subjects who make a balance between the benefits and the costs of treatment to decide if they will remain adherent. However, it is necessary to consider the affective dimension, since patients not only accept treatment, they can also experience ambivalence or rejection toward treatment. It is necessary to remember that illness generates discomfort in function of the rupture it causes in the life of patients, since it affects their biography, identity, daily world, and social relations. Patients not only have the task of taking care of their health and adhering to treatment, simultaneously they embark on the tasks of giving meaning to life with the HIV infection and the reconstruction of their social world to incorporate illness in everyday life [18].
Adherence can be seen as a dialectical process where facilitators and barriers coexist during treatment. In the next section, the main facilitators and barriers to adherence reported in the literature, whether at the individual, interpersonal, or contextual levels will be reviewed.
3. Facilitators and barriers to adherence to treatment in people living with HIV
In the literature, several factors associated with adherence to treatment have been reported. A series of studies have identified the following factors based on cross-sectional studies, from the perspective of the researchers [19]:
• Factors related to personal attributes. They include the patient’s clinical status, educational level, income, access to housing, and stability of the home.
• Factors related to the treatment regimen. It has been found that adherence is affected by the complexity of the regimen (depending on the number of pills or the type of indications for taking the medication), the ease of adapting the treatment to daily life, the use of devices for adherence (such as pillboxes or alarms), or side effects of treatment.
• Psychological factors. This level includes cognitive aspects such as concentration difficulties or forgetting, understanding of the role of antiretroviral treatment, or knowledge about the medical condition. Attitudes toward illness, treatment, and medications are also considered. Negative mental health factors include depression, hopelessness, anxiety or other types of psychiatric morbidity, alcohol or drug use, and coping through avoidance strategies. Positive factors include a positive attitude toward the future, long-term plans and goals, active coping, and stable mental health.
• Social factors. The relationship with the health service provider, the social support available, and the fear of revealing the diagnosis (linked to social processes of stigma and discrimination) have been identified.
• Structural factors. It includes access to treatment and health services, also economic resources to stay in treatment.
In another series of studies based on qualitative methods, facilitators and barriers to adherence have been identified from the perspective of people living with HIV. A facilitator is any individual attribute (physical, cognitive, emotional, or behavioral), characteristic of treatment, interpersonal process, or contextual aspect that favors the adherence process. In opposition, a barrier is the individual attribute, characteristic of treatment, interpersonal process, or contextual aspect that limits the adherence process.
At the individual level, beliefs that facilitate adherence have been found, such as the recognition of the drug’s role in the prevention of death and illness, the perception of medicine as responsible for the improvement of health and well-being, the establishment of the maintenance of health as a priority, and religious beliefs. At an affective and motivational level, adherence is facilitated by the fear of experiencing opportunistic infections or hospitalizations, getting used to the presence of side effects, the emotional work of appropriating the suffering and feeling pride in their coping, having incentives as significant persons or future plans, adopting an optimistic perspective toward the future, or the will to live [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25].
Other aspects that influence adherence are related to the impact of treatment, such as the absence of side effects or the clinical results of treatment. Among the practices that promote adherence are the use of external reminders, taking the medicine when the patient needs to leave the home, dealing with side effects, self-monitoring of symptoms and energy level, and conducting laboratory studies. Over time, taking the medication becomes a habit that is performed automatically [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25].
Among the contextual aspects that facilitate adherence are having a stable lifestyle, the inclusion of treatment in the lifestyle, and the association of medication intake with daily routines. At the interpersonal level, there are facilitators such as access to positive sources of social support and the maintenance of a collaborative relationship with health personnel [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
As has happened with the facilitators, the main barriers have been identified at the individual level. Adherence is affected by beliefs about antiretroviral treatment, lack of information about treatment, beliefs about illness, as well as minimizing the risks of living with HIV. It is also affected by aspects associated with the patient’s physical condition, such as forgetfulness, fatigue, or feeling sick. Even self-care can be neglected when the patient perceives a good health status. At the affective level, adherence is limited by the emotional impact of diagnosis, lack of acceptance, or rejection of treatment because it remembers the presence of HIV. Other aspects that hinder adherence are the fatigue of medication, anger, depression, despair, or other vital concerns beyond health [23, 24, 25, 26, 27].
The barriers to adherence associated with the patient’s context are the interference of treatment with the daily routine, the changes in the routine, and the workload or being out of home during the moment of medicine intake. At the interpersonal level, adherence is limited by the lack of social support and conflicts in the relationship with health personnel [20, 22, 25]. There are also barriers linked to social inequality. Some are of an economic nature, such as the difficulty to cover the expenses required for transportation to medical appointments or to maintain an appropriate diet [23, 24]. Other barriers are related to the internalization of stigma and the fear of discrimination. There are also barriers associated with gender inequality, such as differences in access to medical services and treatment or in the negotiation of condom use, especially when the couple denies the diagnosis of HIV [28]. Men may reject adherence as a form of resistance to “body discipline” [26].
In the previous section, it was mentioned that at any time during the treatment process, the patient faces the dilemma of adhering or not adhering. Adherence involves both taking the medication according to the specified conditions and adopting a healthy lifestyle in multiple areas. It should be added that at each moment of the treatment process, the patient encounters multiple facilitators and barriers to adherence (Figure 2).
At the individual level, there are facilitators and barriers of different types: physical, cognitive, affective, motivational, and practical. Traditionally, health psychology has focused on modifying these elements to promote adherence. However, there are also facilitators and barriers at the interpersonal level, specifically linked to social relationships established in areas such as family, friends, health services, or the community. At this level, different types of interventions are required: family interventions, interventions focused on providing social support or expanding the patient’s network, interventions focused on improving interaction with health personnel, and interventions to modify the organization of health services.
Figure 3.
Dimensions of the adherence process at the individual level.
Finally, there are facilitators and barriers that are part of the patient’s life context: daily routines, work and home conditions, and economic conditions. There are also conditions that can limit access and permanence in health services, such as gender inequality and social processes of stigma and discrimination. This level needs to be considered not only to adjust the treatment to the context of the patient’s life but also to develop social interventions and public policies that benefit the adherence of patients in conditions of greater social vulnerability.
The identification of facilitators allows health personnel to understand the elements that contribute to the maintenance of good adherence by the patient, whether in the pharmacological or nonpharmacological dimension. The identification of barriers allows health personnel to provide feedback to the patient on those individual, interpersonal, or contextual aspects that limit the treatment and to plan the interventions required to improve the level of adherence (at the individual or collective level). It can even help in the anticipation of relapses, since both the patient and the health personnel can work collaboratively to design and implement strategies that reduce the impact of the barriers.
The following section shows how the facilitators interact to promote adherence, from the perspective of highly adherent patients. Likewise, barriers reported by these patients are identified, both for pharmacological and nonpharmacological adherence. This last type of adherence is not usually represented in adherence studies of people living with HIV.
4. Maintain adherence to antiretroviral treatment: perspective of highly adherent patients
From an individual level, the adherence process requires the interaction of different dimensions. The first dimension covers the beliefs that patients construct about illness and treatment. Patients with high levels of adherence believe that HIV infection acts by replicating the virus within the body and decreasing the defenses, allowing the appearance of symptoms and diseases. In opposition to the beliefs about illness, they consider that HAART stops the virus and allows the defenses to increase, which strengthens the immune system. Although they recognize the benefits of pharmacological treatment, the main cost is the presence of side effects. The short-term effects are perceived as temporary and as indicators of an adaptation of the body. They mainly recognize gastrointestinal symptoms and alterations in mood or perception. Long-term effects are perceived as more damaging, due to their impact on physical appearance, metabolism, internal organs, or sensory and motor alterations [29].
Although the knowledge of common sense about illness can vary according to the cultural context of the patient, its socioeconomic position, or its level of education, it is important to point out that patients need to elaborate a basic explanatory model based on the relationship with health personnel and the education they get about their medical condition. This explanatory model establishes a common basis for collaboration with health services, since it allows to give meaning to care practices and to recognize their own vulnerability. Possibly beliefs about illness contribute to the identification of the threat and susceptibility to HIV infection, while beliefs about treatment favor the identification of the benefits in the care process. A crucial aspect is that the patient evaluates the benefits of the treatment more favorably than the costs of the side effects.
Patients also elaborate beliefs about adherence to treatment. This process is mainly associated with taking the medication, which may imply that greater importance is attached to the pharmacological adherence. This not only reflects the interests of the patient, since in the health services, there is also a greater concern for monitoring medication intake. In addition to taking the medication, patients consider that maintaining adherence requires two fundamental conditions. One of them is responsibility, because becoming a patient involves adopting the discipline of treatment.
The second condition is that patients maintain the desire to live, instead of “falling emotionally.” This refers to the situation in which patients deny or reject the diagnosis, or they are depressed and put their health at risk. Therefore, in order to maintain the medication intake over time, patients need to accept the diagnosis and keep the will to live. Only in this way can patients take responsibility for their own care and incorporate the treatment discipline into their daily life, for a long period of time [29].
To stay under treatment, it is essential that patients anticipate the consequences if they do not adhere. These are the main consequences associated with nonadherence: (1) the treatment will stop working; (2) the virus is going to replicate; (3) the virus is going to become resistant; and (4) the problems will begin, such as the decrease of defenses and the emergence of diseases. It should be noted that the anticipated consequences are consistent with beliefs about illness and treatment. Another aspect that needs to be highlighted is the ability of the adherent patients to take care of themselves, even though the consequences of nonadherence are not visible (such as the replication of the virus or its mutation in resistant strains) or do not occur immediately.
The second dimension of the individual adherence process is affective. It is associated with the meaning they construct about illness, because this is an indicator of the relationship they establish with HIV infection and, in turn, the degree of acceptance of the diagnosis. From the perspective of patients, acceptance of HIV is one of the central conditions for maintaining adherence. There are different types of relationships established by highly adherent patients with their illness. Some consider that HIV infection is a motivation or challenge that drives them to get ahead, that is, a medical condition that acquires a positive meaning because it forces them to fight in life.
From a more pragmatic stance, there are patients who perceive illness as a “normal” and manageable health condition. In this case, patients normalize HIV infection in their daily lives, but they do not grant it a more transcendental meaning or consider it as a point of transformation of the self. However, they consider that they have some control over the medical condition. Finally, there are patients who conceive HIV infection as an opportunity to change toward a more moderate life. This position seems to make it easier for patients to adopt a healthier lifestyle, but at the same time, it may be linked to a desire to rebuild their social identity [29]. It seems that attributing a positive sense to illness contributes to adherence, regardless of the degree of transcendence granted in the patient’s life or the impact on their identity.
In a third dimension, there are the motivational aspects that favor the adherence process. Highly adherent patients indicated three main aspects: (1) loving and taking care of themselves, (2) the family, and (3) the desire to live and “move forward” [29]. These motivational elements are not important only for the beginning of treatment but especially for its long-term maintenance. Adherence can be promoted when patients take care of themselves for the sake of their own well-being or because they want to be well for others. Possibly good adherence is an indicator of psychological well-being and positive relationships in the patient’s social environment.
The fourth dimension of adherence is of a practical nature and includes the various actions or strategies that patients carry out to maintain adherence over time. For pharmacological adherence, short-term strategies were identified, such as, the use of external reminders (alarms, notes, diaries, or pillboxes), organizing the medication intake at specific moments of the daily routine, leaving the medication in special places to remember the intake, taking the medication in case of leaving home, reminder of medication intake by relatives, and not stop taking the medication if the schedule was not followed. The short-term strategies are focused on avoiding forgetfulness, which is the main barrier to pharmacological adherence even in highly adherent patients. In the long term, taking the medication is easier because it becomes a habit and is remembered mentally. There are also other strategies such as adapting to side effects and having willpower, which, unlike the previous strategies, seem to be more idiosyncratic and linked to stoicism [29, 30].
Regarding nonpharmacological adherence, patients indicated strategies according to each area of health care [29, 30]:
• Diet. Their strategies are to avoid harmful foods and try to eat healthy foods (low in fat and carbohydrates, high in vitamins and minerals).
• Physical activity. Patients establish an exercise routine or incorporate the activities of their daily routine as exercise.
• Rest. The strategies consist of sleeping 7 to 8 hours, not staying up late, and taking naps.
• Substance use. Some patients report having quit smoking or drinking (by willpower and not by specialized treatment, especially when there are low levels of previous consumption). In the case of patients who have not stopped drinking, they point out that consumption becomes occasional, only at parties or celebrations.
• Sexual health. Patients use strategies such as refusing to have sex without a condom, having condoms available, or creating justifications for condom use (such as avoiding pregnancy), especially when there is a difference in power in the couple or they are afraid of being discriminated against because of their medical condition. One facilitator of these practices is the fear of reinfection or contracting another sexually transmitted disease.
• Mental health. Patients resort to strategies such as attending psychological care (individual therapy or self-groups), obtaining social support in the family or in religious groups, and thinking positively.
• Attendance at medical appointments. Strategies were mentioned such as the use of external reminders, saving money to attend the appointment (due to transportation expenses), “keeping an eye on the appointment,” or remembering it internally.
• Attendance to laboratory tests. The use of external reminders was pointed out as the only strategy. One aspect that facilitates attendance at appointments is the desire to know the health status, specifically the viral load and the level of CD4 cells.
The adherence process from the perspective of the individual patient involves the interaction between four dimensions. The first dimension comprised beliefs about illness, treatment and adherence. These beliefs require coherence with each other and with the explanatory model of health personnel. To promote adherence at this level, health education is required to provide knowledge on critical aspects of HIV infection. At the same time, it is important that a relationship be established between the patient and the health personnel where the agreement between explanatory models is verified and the dialog is facilitated for the modification of beliefs that affect the adherence process.
The second dimension is affective and focuses on the relationship that patients establish with their illness. This is an indicator of the degree of acceptance of HIV infection. Patients will not elaborate the same meaning about illness, as this depends on the psychosocial impact that HIV infection has on their lives. The impact can be diminished by coping strategies and the sources of social support they have to manage the consequences of the medical condition in daily life. It is important not to force the patient to perceive the HIV infection in a certain way; it is necessary to respect his time for acceptance. It is not necessary for the patient to perceive the diagnosis as a transcendental event that has transformed their existence or their identity, but it is a good indicator for adherence when the patient constructs a positive meaning of illness and considers it a manageable condition. Although the meaning of illness is elaborated over time, its acceptance can be promoted through individual therapy. Especially useful are the support groups, because the construction of new discourses about living with HIV is promoted within the framework of these social relations.
The third dimension is motivational and consists of identifying those elements that encourage the patient to start treatment but, above all, maintain adherence in the long term. The main sources of motivation are individual (like the desire to continue living and taking care of oneself) and interpersonal (taking care of oneself to be well for others). Both sources are important and complement each other, but individual motivations should be emphasized, especially when patients have scarce social networks or persistent conflicts exist in their social network. Individual or group psychotherapy can strengthen individual motivation, but it is also necessary to take into account the role of social support from family members, friends, or the couple in patient care to promote interpersonal motivation. It is worth mentioning that other possible motivations that can be explored with patients are future goals or plans, since self-care is strengthened when there is a specific purpose that is to be achieved in the short, medium, or long terms.
The fourth dimension is practical and includes strategies for the two types of adherence. The strategies for pharmacological adherence are mainly focused on remembering the medication, so they can be promoted from health education, by behavioral modeling of strategies by health personnel, or through social learning in support groups. Another aspect that needs to be addressed is the management of side effects of treatment, which implies a close dialog with the health personnel for the monitoring of side effects, to assess whether the patient can benefit from medications to reduce side effects or if a change in the treatment scheme is required.
Strategies for nonpharmacological adherence can also be promoted from health education, individual counseling, or support groups. In each area of health care, it is necessary to monitor the patient’s behavior to establish minimum goals and to evaluate the follow-up of health recommendations. In areas where difficulties are detected, problem-solving therapy can be used to address the barriers that limit health care and prevent relapse. In case the difficulties are maintained, it is necessary to channel the patient with specialized personnel in each area, such as nutritionists, psychotherapists specialized in addictions, or self-support groups (Figure 3).
Figure 2.
Facilitators and barriers to adherence to treatment, at different levels.
Different barriers may appear through the adherence process, either individual or contextual. For pharmacological adherence, the following individual barriers have been identified: forgetfulness of medicine intake, physical discomfort, side effects, and emotional distress. It should be noted that patients’ emotional distress is not only linked to their biography and personality; it is a suffering with a social origin, because it is linked to stigma and discrimination processes. As contextual barriers were mentioned, the pending tasks in the domestic or work environment that interfere with medication intake. The barriers to nonpharmacological adherence for each area of health care are the following [29, 30]:
• Diet. The individual barrier is the difficulty in leaving junk food. The contextual barrier is the economic difficulty to buy healthy foods.
• Physical activity. The main individual barrier is feeling weak or tired. The contextual barrier is the lack of time to exercise.
• Rest. The most frequently mentioned individual barrier was physical discomfort. The main contextual barrier was the work schedule.
• Substance use. The individual barriers identified were tobacco addiction and not attending specialized help to quit smoking. The contextual barriers identified were friendships that consume substances.
• Sexual health. The barriers were identified in the context of the couple relationship. Some mentioned that at certain times they did not use the condom because they did not care about risk. Also mentioned was the avoidance of sexual relations with a stable partner due to the fear of transmitting HIV.
• Mental health. Depression and stigma were the main barriers to mental health. A situation mentioned by some patients was the rejection of psychological services or the desire to get ahead by themselves.
• Attendance at medical appointments. The individual barriers were forgetfulness and physical discomfort. The main contextual barriers were work and not having money for transportation.
• Attendance to laboratory tests. The barrier identified was forgetfulness. It should be mentioned that laboratory studies are performed less frequently than medical appointments.
Diet is affected not only by the habits developed in the past by the patient but also by the influence of culture on food preferences, the supply of healthy food in its sociocultural context, and feeding practices in the family. It is therefore essential that overweight and obese patients can attend a nutritional consultation to continuously monitor their weight and develop a meal plan that fits their daily routine and economic capacity.
Physical activity and rest are two areas of health care closely linked to the work context and the demands of home. The overload of daily tasks can reduce the time available for rest and exercise. If the patient cannot access a job with better conditions for their health, it is important to focus on the organization of time to get more rest hours and design a physical activity plan that adapts to the patient’s daily routine and can be performed in a short time.
Substance use is an area that requires greater attention in health services. Tobacco addiction is usually minimized, and specialized care services are not frequently visited for treatment. The consumption of alcohol can be difficult to avoid in a sociocultural context where it is promoted as a ritual of socialization, which is why in health services a compromise solution is usually established: allow the patient to consume alcohol occasionally during special situations. However, health services need to send a clear message to patients regarding substance use during treatment. It is necessary for health personnel to identify the level of substance use in the patient, clearly communicate the consequences of consumption for their health and the treatment process, and conduct referral to specialized services in addiction care when required.
In the area of sexual health, adherent patients usually adopt condom use in a systematic way. However, the problems can be due to a tiredness of the use of the condom, because they perceive it as a routine act, which affects spontaneity and eroticism. These situations are not usually reported to health personnel, so it is necessary to establish a trust relationship with the patient so that they can talk about these issues and request help when necessary. In the care services, interventions that address the eroticization of condom use can be implemented.
Especially, it is necessary to be alert when patients are immersed in power relations where the negotiation of condom use is limited. On the other hand, some patients report that they have stopped having sex for fear of transmitting HIV. In these cases, it may be necessary to provide relevant information about transmission risks and protected sex practices. Counseling sessions for the couple can also be developed to clarify doubts about the transmission of HIV and provide alternatives for safe sex and protected sex.
The mental health of patients can be compromised from the moment of diagnosis, because it generates emotional distress and limits the acceptance of HIV. This is due not only to a patient’s vulnerability in psychological terms but also because of the social vulnerability associated with their socioeconomic position and the processes of stigma and discrimination. Psychological care (at the individual or group level) is essential before starting treatment so that the patient can accept the illness and emotionally prepare to maintain adherence. A problem is that in health services, care is not usually promoted in an integral way, but mainly physical health care is considered and mental health is not sufficiently attended. Another difficulty lies in the rejection of patients to psychological care, either because of the stigma toward mental illness or the desire to solve their psychosocial problems individually.
Finally, attendance at medical appointments or laboratory tests is often affected by forgetfulness. Reminders via telephone, text message, or social networks can be useful to promote adherence in this area. Some patients pointed to work as a barrier, which can be reduced if health centers establish a policy for extending the schedules of service. Physical discomfort can be a barrier when a health problem makes it difficult to attend the health center, so they can benefit from special procedures for changing appointments in such circumstances. Certain patients’ report has economic difficulties for transport payment. In certain vulnerable groups, financial support may be granted for attendance at medical appointments (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
Individual and contextual barriers during the adherence process.
5. Conclusions
Adherence is a process that develops over time, where people living with HIV need to identify as patients, take an active role in their health care, and establish a collaborative relationship with health personnel. The agency capacity is not the same for all patients; it depends on their level of social vulnerability. This means that there are structural conditions that reduce the capacity of agency and the options of patients in their daily lives. Patients are not only rational subjects who make decisions regarding treatment based on a cost–benefit analysis; they are at the same time affective subjects who need to deal with the rupture of their social world caused by a medical condition that is stigmatized in his cultural context.
Adherence has two dimensions: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. At any time in the adherence process, patients may become nonadherent, in one or both dimensions. The patterns of nonadherence can be generated in the short, medium, and long terms; persistent patterns that extend over time are more problematic. From the perspective of the individual patient, adherence is maintained at any point of time due to the interaction of the following elements: beliefs about illness, treatment and adherence, affection toward HIV infection, motivations, and strategies for taking medication and health care. However, the patient may encounter individual and contextual barriers in multiple areas: medication intake, diet, rest, physical activity, substance use, sexual health, mental health, attendance at medical appointments, and attendance to laboratory tests. Health services require a comprehensive evaluation of the patient in each of the areas indicated, in order to understand the resources available to the patient for adherence and the barriers that require specific interventions.
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Ariagor Manuel Almanza Avendaño, Martha Patricia Romero Mendoza and Anel Hortensia Gómez San Luis (November 5th 2018). The Process of Adherence to Treatment in People Living with HIV, Advances in HIV and AIDS Control, Samuel Okware, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77032. Available from:
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By Roland Borghi
Submitted: November 21st 2010Reviewed: March 16th 2011Published: September 22nd 2011
DOI: 10.5772/22630
Downloaded: 1449
1. Introduction
Engineering and Nature very often are concerned with media that do contain some randomness. One particularly well known example is given by turbulent flows, where random fluctuations are the results of the growth of unstable motions from small perturbations in the initial or boundary conditions, when the velocity gradients or/and temperature gradients are too large in some place within the flow. These fluctuating motions result in effective additional friction, effective additional diffusion of species or heat, and additional energy dissipation (i.e. transfer from organized kinetic energy to turbulent kinetic energy, and finally to internal energy). Another example of random flows is seen in two-phase flows, either with particles dispersed into a liquid or gaseous continuous phase, or built with a bubbly liquid. Here, a first reason of randomness is given by the fact that the locations and velocities of the particles (or bubbles) at initial time and in entrance sections cannot be known or controlled, and the induced fluctuations are not rapidly damped with time. Generally, this randomness becomes rapidly uncorrelated with these initial conditions due to the complex interactions between the flow of the continuous phase and the moving inclusions, interactions that modify also the number and sizes of these inclusions. Consequently, the flow conditions in both phases are or become turbulent, with interconnected fluctuations of velocities. Again, the effective result of the fluctuations is additional friction, additional diffusion or dispersion, and additional energy dissipation. Two-phase or multiphase flows with a large amount of solid particles are used in the industrial devices called as “Fluidized Beds”, and are encountered naturally in “Granular Flows”, and in this case there are many lasting contacts between the particles. The so called “Granular Media”, even without actual flow but just with some deformations or slow motions, are also subjected to randomness, due to the preparation of the medium but also to the differences between the grains shapes, and even the global properties of these media are very difficult to predict.
The properties of these kinds of media and flows have been studied since more than hundred years, and very useful prediction methods have been proposed so far, with methodologies becoming more and more clearly similar. Although all these media are showing clearly irreversible and dissipative processes, the typical reasoning of irreversible thermodynamics has never been used, at least explicitly (it might be present, but not consciously, in the brain of the authors). Our purpose here is to show that the Irreversible Thermodynamics and the “Second Principle” can justify many features of the models that have been proposed until now for these three types of applications. It has to be emphasized that Irreversible Thermodynamics deals with the modelling of media in evolution, whatever can be this model. The usual model of classical continuous medium, where the randomness lies only at the infinitely small scale of moving molecules, is not the only one that can be addressed. The so called “Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics” (Jou et al., 2001) allows us indeed to build pertinent entropy functions adapted to each type of model, in particular depending of the basic variables of the model used, as we will see.
The first part of this paper deals with classical turbulent flows. The general problem of building a model for these flows, i.e. an approximate mathematical representation that could give predictions close to experiments, has in practice given rise to several solutions, which are valid in different domains, i.e. for different kinds of experimental situations. More precisely, the domains of efficiency of the different models appear to be larger and larger for models using an increasing number of variables. The basic variables that allow the building of these models are “averaged variables” (now precisely defined as statistical mean values), in a finite number, and then they do clearly constitute a truncated representation of the medium, but it is expected that these variables are sufficient for the purpose of the approximated knowledge needed. Some of these variables do satisfy balance equations, which are obtained averaging the primitive balance equations of the mechanics of continuous media, but these equations do need “closure assumptions” before to be useful in constituting a “Turbulence Model”. Once the basic variables are chosen, the “Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics” allow us indeed to define an entropy function for this representation of the medium, for each of the models proposed. We will see that this entropy function is not the statistical mean value of the classical entropy for the fluid used in this turbulent flow, but has to be built taking into account the averaged form of the state equations of the fluid. Then, the Second Principle may lead to conditions concerning the ingredients of the turbulence model, conditions that are different for the different models. We will show that here simply considering two very popular models, and we will see that the usual practice does satisfy these conditions.
The second part of the chapter considers the modelling of two-phase flows. This modelling can be attacked with a similar approach and similar tools as turbulent flows: a set of averaged variables are defined; balance equations are written from the primitive equations of a piecewise continuous medium and closure assumptions are needed, to be adapted to each kind of two-phase flows. Here the closure assumptions are needed for both additional dispersion fluxes and exchange terms between the phases. These two-phase flows are again associated with irreversible effects, and again the framework of extended irreversible thermodynamics helps the modelling. We will recover again assumptions that are used in practice and supported by experiments.
The third part is devoted to granular media, with the same point of view. The approach generalizes the case of two-phase flows, because the granular medium is considered as a multiphase medium where each grain is considered as one phase, and the fluid in between as the last phase (Borghi § Bonelli, 2007). Again, the variables of the model are defined as statistically averaged grains phase and fluid phase variables, and their balance equations can be found from the primitive equations of mechanics, to be completed with closure assumptions. The approach can handle the situations where the medium is “quasi-static” as well as the ones where the medium is flowing with large velocities, giving rise to the limiting case of “Granular Gases”. In both cases, Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics can be used for building entropies and giving closure assumptions, without linear laws in this case particularly. The classical models of “Granular Gases” are recovered in the limit of large velocities, with the difference that the grain size is not the single length scale to be considered. For quasi-static situations, it is necessary to include in the model the six components of the averaged “Contact Cauchy Stress Tensor” of the grains phase. Intermediate situations can be handled as well.
2. Irreversible thermodynamics for turbulent flows models
Turbulent flows at present time are studied with models of two different types, namely Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models, or Large Eddies Simulations (LES) models. We consider here for simplicity the framework of RANS models, although the extension to LES models may be not difficult. Then, the object of the study is not one given flowing medium, but an infinite number of such media, flowing submitted to initial and boundary conditions randomly perturbed. Indeed, what we call “one turbulent flow” is this ensemble of similar individual flows, because only statistical mean values calculated from this ensemble (or, at best, probability density functions) can be possibly predicted by some model.
The “mean medium” that is the subject of modelling is then described by “mean velocities”, “mean densities”, “mean enthalpy per unit of mass”, etc.. For N realizations, one defines:
at each given location within the flow field, and similarly for pressure. But in the general case where the density of the fluid can vary noticeably, it has been found more interesting to consider for other variables the mean value weighted by density, and one defines:
i.e. the mean velocity is nothing but the mean momentum divided by the mean density. Similarly for the internal energy per unit mass (or the enthalpy per unit mass), the mean values are weighted with density.
Within a turbulent flow, these quantities are defined for each location and for each time, and vary with the location and eventually with time, but these variations are much smoother than the local and instantaneous quantities measured in one single realization of the flow, and by definition they are not sensitive to perturbations of initial and boundary conditions, that are inevitably present.
Is it possible to characterize the turbulent medium by ρ¯,e˜,v˜αonly, when a non turbulent flow of the same fluid is correctly characterized byρ,e,vα? Of course, the random fluctuations do have some influence. However, in some situations, it may be possible to take into account this influence by some algebraic formulas in terms of the mean variables and their derivatives. Of course, these formulas are only approximations, with a limited domain of validity assessed by experiments.
The first invented turbulence model, called “Prandtl mixing length model”, is of this type, and has been very useful in many practical cases. But a larger domain of validity can be covered taking into account additional fields variables pertinently chosen, described with their own partial differential evolution equations. There are different turbulence models of this improved type, the simplest one introduces only as additional field variable the kinetic energy of the random turbulent fluctuations, sayk˜, the “length scale” characterizing the two-point correlation of the fluctuations, lt, being given with algebraic formulas. More detailed models use k˜andε, the dissipation rate ofk˜, described by partial differential evolution equations, or k˜andω, a characteristic frequency of turbulence, or the Reynolds stress tensor components themselves andε(Schiestel, 2006).
2.1. Basic equations
The physical basic equations corresponding to balance of mass, momentum and total energy give birth in any case to balance equations for the mean variablesρ¯,e˜,v˜α. We write them with a tensor notation and the Einstein convention of repeated indices. We assume an orthogonal reference frame and then upper or lower indices are equivalent:
The total energy here comprises the internal energy, the kinetic energy of the mean motion, and the kinetic energy of turbulent fluctuations, soρ¯e˜t=ρ¯e˜+12ρ¯v˜αv˜α+12ρv'αv'α¯. We have definedv'α=vαv˜α, and soρv'α¯=0. The well known « Reynolds stress tensor » is Rαβsuch that:ρ¯Rαβ=ρv'αv'β¯. Similarlye'=ee˜, butp'=pp¯. The “turbulent kinetic energy” introduced above is nothing but:p'=pp¯.
From (2) and (1), one obtains the equation for the kinetic energy of the mean motion:
Then, from (3) and (4) we have:
It is possible also to derive directly from the non-averaged momentum equation a balance equation forρ¯k˜=12ρv'αv'α¯. That is done by scalar multiplying the instantaneous (non-averaged) momentum equation by the velocity in order to obtain an equation for the total kinetic energy, and then by subtracting the equation of the kinetic energy of the mean motion (4). One gets:
From (5) and (6), finally the equation for the internal energy is written:
The last term ταβv'βxα¯=ρ¯εof (6) is called « volumetric rate of dissipation for turbulence », due to the viscosity (and εis the rate of dissipation by unit of mass). This term is a transfer of energy from k˜toe˜, while the last term of (7) is the dissipation rate of kinetic energy of the mean motion, directly from 12ρ¯v˜αv˜αtoe˜. There is in (6) a term corresponding to a transfer from12ρ¯v˜αv˜α: the term ρv'αv'β¯v˜βxαis called the production term fork˜. The terms p¯v˜αxαpv'αxα¯in (7) are also transfer terms from 12ρ¯v˜αv˜αandk˜, respectively, but these terms are reversible, unlike the last terms due to the viscosity. If the medium is incompressible (i.e.vαxα0), these pressure terms are vanishing. When the velocity of the flow is low, very often the two last terms can be neglected in (7) with respect to the heat flux term (Chassaing et al., 2002).
Equations (1) to (3) are able to calculate the mean variables ρ¯,e˜,v˜αif and only if the turbulent fluxes ρ¯,e˜,v˜αandpvα¯+ταβvβ¯ρv'αet¯, additional to the classical viscous stress and heat conduction flux, can be provided by additional closure expressions, based on theoretical or empirical grounds. Instead of (3), we can use (7), and the transfer terms from k˜to e˜are also to be modelled. As we have previously said, this needs to take into account additional variables that represent in some sense the turbulent fluctuations, and, at least, k˜is one of these new variables. It is seen here that one balance equation for k˜can be found, which can be used provided again that the correlations involving the fluctuations that appear in this equation can be given also by expressions involving onlyρ¯,e˜,v˜α, k˜and eventually other ones…
The simplest model, the “Prandtl mixing length model”, does not use a balance equation for k˜but expresses it directly form the mean velocity gradient. We will see how that is done, and in addition it is postulated that turbulence involves a single (mean) turbulence length scale, k˜, which is simply related to the geometry of the turbulent flow. The second simplest turbulence model, the “Kolmogorov model”, uses the balance equation (6), the unknown terms in it being conveniently modelled with closure assumptions Then, the model provides expressions for the correlations involved in (1) to (6), in particularRαβ, as functions ofρ¯,e˜,v˜α, k˜, ltand their spatial derivatives. The very popular “k-epsilon” model, instead of giving directlylt, assume that the dissipation rate εitself can be calculated by an additional balance equation, postulates such an equation, and writes the correlations as functions ofρ¯,e˜,v˜α, k˜, εand their spatial derivatives.
We will now show that the approach of irreversible thermodynamics can be of great help, once the type of model is chosen, to solve the problem of modelling. We will see that it justifies the usual choices done by researchers since 30 years, and suggests possibilities for unsolved problems.
2.2. Entropy for the Prandtl mixing length model
In this framework we expect to model the turbulent flow only with the variablesρ¯,e˜,v˜α, given by their balance equations. It is assumed that the balance equation (6) for the kinetic energy of the fluctuating motion can be simplified in keeping only the production and destruction terms:
In addition, the rate of dissipation, which can be calculated through k˜and ltonly, is necessarily written asρ¯ε=Cdk˜3/2/lt, where Cdis a non dimensional constant. This model has been initially proposed for incompressible flow, and the pressure term, with the divergence of velocity fluctuation, is totally negligible in this case, as well as the two pressure terms in (7). Then the turbulence kinetic energy is an algebraic function of the gradient of the mean velocity, and does not need to be calculated with the differential equation (6):
The three basic variables ρ¯,e˜,v˜αbeing given, the entropy function has to be searched as ς=ς(e˜,1/ρ¯)only (the velocity being a non-objective variable has not to appear), with the Gibbs and Euler-Gibbs equations classically written as:
The two functionsθ, πare the partial derivatives of e˜with respect to ςand1/ρ¯, or 1/θand π/θare the partial derivatives of ςwith respect to e˜and1/ρ¯, and the relations 1/ρ¯et π=π(e˜,1/ρ¯)are the laws of state, to be found. Of course, the formula μ=μ(e˜,1/ρ¯)also can be deduced. In addition, these equations of state do satisfy necessarily the Maxwell relation:μ=μ(e˜,1/ρ¯).
The fluid itself, independently of the turbulent flow, has proper equations of state, and if we assume that it is an “ideal gas”, e=CvT+e0,p=ρRTdo hold, with three constants:Cv,e0,R. Then, we can derivee˜=CvT˜+e0,p¯=ρ¯RT˜, just taking the average (weighted average for the first one, classic average for the second one). It appears that if we identify θ=T˜andπ=p¯, we findθ=e˜e0Cv,π=ρ¯Re˜e0Cv, and these relations are convenient equations of state because they satisfy the Maxwell relation : here(1/θ)(1/ρ¯)=(π/θ)e˜=0. The thermodynamic description of the model is complete. From these equations of state we can derive the entropy function, similarly as in the classical case of an ideal gas:(1/θ)(1/ρ¯)=(π/θ)e˜=0. We emphasize that this entropy is not the statistical mean value of the entropy of the fluids=s(e,ρ). Indeed, this mean value cannot be expressed in terms of e˜,ρ¯only, because s=s(e,ρ)is non linear, and is not usable in our modelling framework.
It has to be remarked that the previous development cannot be extended to the case of fluid satisfying a non linear Joule lawe=e(T). In this case, when the fluctuations are not infinitely small, it comes thatρ¯e˜=f(ρ¯T˜,ρT'2¯,ρT'3¯,...), and it is no more possible to limit the model toς=ς(e˜,1/ρ¯). If the nonlinearity of e(T)is important, we have to consider, at least, the additional variableρT'2¯/ρ¯.
Once we have defined the entropy and found the equations of state, we can use the classical approach of irreversible thermodynamics for deriving some laws for the additional fluxes appearing in the mean balance equations (2) and (7).
The Gibbs-Euler equation, now written asde˜=T˜dςp¯d(1ρ¯), allows us to obtain the balance equation for the (new) entropy, showing the term of entropy production, which has to be always positive, and zero at equilibrium. Using (1), (2), (7), (8), one gets (with the “Lagrangian” derivative of the mean motion such thatDDt(.)=t(.)+v˜αxα(.)):
The production terms are the two last terms, and in the last one the contribution due to the diagonal of the tensors is vanishing because the fluid is incompressible. It results that a simple extension of the linear classical irreversible thermodynamics is possible here, giving laws for the turbulent additional fluxes of heat and momentum.
Concerning the total friction term, a positive “total viscosity coefficient” μttcan be defined and:
Considering that the fluid is Newtonian, one has already: τ¯αβ=μ(v˜αxβ+v˜βxα)(here μ=cstandv˜αv¯α), and it appears for the pure turbulent contribution an “eddy viscosity coefficient” μt=μttμsuch as:
This is the well known “Boussinesq relation” proposed for turbulent flows at the end of the 19th century.
Similarly, for the total heat flux, the linear law of irreversible thermodynamics gives:
This introduces the classical « turbulent Prandtl number », constant, whose value (about 0.83) has been given by many experiments.
The eddy viscosity coefficient has now to be found. Just by dimensions, it can be written asμt=ρ¯Ck˜1/2lt, with (9) it comes:k˜=CCdlt2(v˜αxβ+v˜βxα)v˜βxα=C2Cdlt2(v˜αxβ+v˜βxα)(v˜αxβ+v˜βxα), and we get finally the well known formula of “Prandtl mixing length” :
In this model, the turbulence length scalelt, called “mixing length”, is given algebraically from the geometry of the flow. The constants CMLand Cdhave been found actual constants when the turbulent fluctuations are well developed, and thenμtμ, but when it is not the case they vary in function of the “turbulence Reynolds number”Ret=μt/μ. Experiments have given such corrective functions.
The conclusion is then here that the classical approach of linear irreversible thermodynamics does justify perfectly the old empirical approach of Boussinesq and Prandtl.
2.3. Entropy for the K-epsilon model
We consider now the very popular “k-epsilon” model, where a balance equation fork˜, based on (6), and a balance equation forε=ε2νk˜1/2xαk˜1/2xα, less firmly based on physics, are used. When turbulence is well established, εε, but the additional term is not negligible close to walls, where viscosity remains playing. There are other models that use equations forlt, or1/τt, the inverse of a time scale of turbulence, instead ofε, and similar discussions could be done for these models.
In this case, the independent variables ρ¯,e˜,k˜,εhave to be taken into account in order to build an entropy function, and we have to search ς=ς(e˜,1/ρ¯,k˜,ε)with:
Hereθ=θ(e˜,1/ρ¯,k˜,ε), π=π(e˜,1/ρ¯,k˜,ε), yk=yk(e˜,1/ρ¯,k˜,ε), yε=yε(e˜,1/ρ¯,k˜,ε)are the new equations of state to be found, satisfying the six corresponding Maxwell relations. We will have to discuss the finding of these equations of state in connexion with the discussion of the second principle. Concerning the εequation, we use here the general following form, with a diffusion term and production and destruction terms:
The C’s are constants (numbers, without dimension) or algebraic functions of the variables in some cases (the two first being always positive), depending of the exact version of the model used. Within the most classical k-ε model,C1=1.44,C2=1.92,C3=1.44,C4=0.
Using now (1), (6), (7) and (14), we can derive as in § 2.2 the balance equation for the entropy as:
We have written as τdαβand Rdαβthe deviators of the tensors ταβandRαβ, and Jkαis the diffusion term of (6). We recognize in this equation a diffusion term, the first on the right hand side, and all the following terms do constitute entropy production terms.
Before discussing the implications of the second principle, it is of interest to discuss the physical meaning of each term and to precise the equations of state. The first remark that has to be done is that the pressure has not to appear in the entropy production term, because it is not a source of irreversibility. Then the terms where the pressure appears have to be zero, and that implies that π=p¯+23ρ¯k˜yk+23ρ¯C3yεεand1ykC4εk˜yε=0.
In addition, within the last term of (15), the directly scalar part of the entropy production, there is one contribution of the energy equation but also the contribution (yk+C2εk˜yε)is due to the destruction terms of the equations for k˜andε. Globally, this term has to be positive, but the contribution of k˜and εmay be dangerous for that. This problem is cancelled by choosingyk+C2εk˜yε=0, and that corresponds to a “mutual equilibrium of destructions rates” for k˜andε. Assuming this mutual equilibrium ensures that no additional irreversibility is brought by this new kind of model.
These three relations do determine constraints on the equations of state, or on the C’s. It has to be remarked that the equation (14) has been built, and most often used, for cases where the turbulence is incompressible, then the divergence of the velocity fluctuations is vanishing, and the relation 1ykC4εk˜yε=0does not matter in this circumstance.
Taking into account yk+C2εk˜yε=0andπ=ρ¯RT˜+23ρ¯k˜yk+23ρ¯C3yεε, e˜=CvT˜+e0as well as the six Maxwell relations (saying that the second partial derivatives of ς=ς(e˜,1/ρ¯,k˜,ε)are identical when the derivation variables are commuted), it is possible with a few algebra to find a convenient set of four equations of state only in the case where C3/C2is a constant (possibly zero). The solution is:
π=ρ¯Rθ, e˜e0=Cvθ(12Rk3R+2RkC33RC2)=CvT˜, yk=Rkθk˜and
where yε=RkθC2εis a positive constant (with ykchosen positive, without loss of generality). These formulas are not the unique solution of the problem, but they constitute a solution that can be supported by measurements, as approximations, at least in a certain limited range of variation of of the variables. One can remark that for keeping θpositive, which is necessary in thermodynamics, it is necessary that12Rk3R(1C3C2).
We can now discuss in details the implications of the second principle, which prescribes that the entropy production rate, the right hand side of the following equation (16), has to be always positive, or zero at equilibrium.
We know already that τγγ=μvvαxαand τdαβ=μ(vβxα+vβxαδαβ3vγxγ)with μvand μvpositive, in such a way that ταβvβxαis always positive, or zero if the velocity gradients are zero. We remember also thatρ¯ε=ταβv'βxα¯, and then the three last term can be grouped giving1θταβvβxα¯.Then, the group of the three last term of (16) is clearly always positive, by definition, even if the two first ones are not positive, depending on the fluctuations of density.
Secondly, the term ykθ(1C1/C2)ρ¯Rdαβv˜βxαconcerning the influence of turbulent friction has also to be positive always, or zero. At the same time, we remember that ρ¯Rdαβv˜βxαis a production term for k˜and has to be essentially positive, although not necessarily everywhere. With C2,C1constant, it is implied that 1C1/C2is necessarily positive and then the linear irreversible thermodynamics again supports the Boussinesq relation, here written for compressible flows:ρ¯Rdαβ=μt(v˜βxα+v˜βxα13v˜γxγδαβ), with μtpositive.
Here again, we have to writeμt=ρ¯Clk˜1/2lt=ρ¯Cμk˜2/ε, Cμbeing positive, constant or function of the Reynolds number of turbulence, defined here asRet=k˜2/εμ, if this number is sufficiently small. This is exactly what is used in all versions of the k-epsilon model. For versions able to consider small turbulence Reynolds number, 1C1/C2may become negative, and in this case this term has to be smaller than the three last terms corresponding to1θταβvβxα¯1θταβ¯v˜βxα.
The last point deals with the terms(j¯αQ+ρv'αe¯)1/θxα+Jkαyk/θxα+Jεαyε/θxα. Again, we see that the modelling of JkαandJεα, as well as (j¯αQ+ρv'αe¯)can be done in terms ofk˜xα, εxαandθxα, with possible coupling. No coupling has been attempted so far, however. The coefficients of diffusivity of turbulence kinetic energy, dissipation rate, and heat are all proportional to μtpreviously defined.
As previously for the Prandtl mixing length model, we see that the well known k-epsilon model can be perfectly explained in the frame work of irreversible linear thermodynamics. The constraints we have found that C2C1do correspond with the common practice for large turbulence. The value of C3is not well known, because the flows where v˜αxα0are more complex, but we have shown that we need v˜αxα0even if the C’s are varying. ConsideringC4, we have found that1Rkθk˜(1C4C2)=0. That implies then a constraint forC4, which isC4=C2k˜C2θRk. In case where the influence of k˜/θis poor, C4=C2simply. However, it remains to find an approximation for pv'αxα¯when it is not negligible. In practice, this quantity plays only in flows wherev'αxα0, which are less well studied turbulent flows, and the experiments up to now have only confirmed that C4has not to be put to zero...
3. Irreversible thermodynamics for two phase flows models
The theoretical description of two-phase flows is now firmly based by describing at each instant this medium as piece-wise continuous, and then considering that the model has to deal with statistical averages, like for turbulent flows (Drew, 1983). The randomness here is due both to the poorly known initial and limiting conditions concerning the presence of the phases, and to the existence of local perturbations permanently created by unstable phenomena within the flow, similarly to classical turbulent flows. There is again the need of defining how many mean variables are necessary, and of finding their equations. We first give here the set of variables and equations for representing the flow, without details concerning the calculations but with the relevant physical interpretation, and then we show how the Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics helps the modelling.
3.1. Variables and equations for two-phase flows modelling
The first classical attempt for representing a two-phase flow uses statistically averaged variables for volumetric mass, momentum, internal energy for the two phases, and their probability of presence, also known as the “volume fraction” of each phase. It is defined a “phase indicator” Φi(x,t)which is unity within the phase i and zero outside, and the statistical average Φ¯i(x,t)is nothing but the probability of presence of this phase. Of course,i=1,2Φ¯i(x,t)=1. For each phase, we defineρ¯i=Φiρi¯=Φ¯iρ¯i, Φiρiviα¯=ρ¯iΦ¯iv˜iα,Φiρiviα¯=ρ¯iΦ¯iv˜iα.
The averaged forms of mass, momentum and energy equations can be found from the primitive equations for the piecewise continuous medium (Borghi, 2008). For momentum and energy they display additional diffusion fluxes due to the presence of local perturbations around the mean values, similarly as for the turbulent flows. We will call these terms “pseudo-turbulent” fluxes. The averaged equation for the mass of phase i is:
The last term on the R.H.S is the possible exchange of mass between the two phases: vriαis the velocity of the phase i relative to the interface, non zero only when there is exchange of mass between phases (vaporization-condensation for instance) ; σsis the instantaneous interface area by unit of volume of the medium, mathematically defined byniασs=Φixα, where niαis the normal to the interface, oriented outward phase i. Of course, the gradient of the phase indicator has the structure of a Dirac peak, and σsis zero except on the interface (Kataoka, 1986). The averaged equation for the momentum of phase i is.
The pseudo turbulent momentum diffusion flux isρiΦv'iαv'iβ¯. The two last terms of (18) represent the momentum given to the phase i by the other one, by exchange of mass and by the contact force, respectively. The tensor σiαβis the Cauchy stress tensor within the phase i. The equation for the mean total energy of phase i is:
The total energy is defined as, the pseudo-turbulent energy flux ise˜ti=e˜i+ρiΦiviαviα¯/2ρ¯i=e˜i+v˜iαv˜iα/2+ρiΦiv'iαv'iα¯/2ρ¯i, and the last three terms are the exchanges of energy from the other phase, due to exchange of mass, power of contact force, and heat flux, respectively.
It is possible also to write a balance equation for the volume of phases, simply obtained from the convection equation of the field ofρiΦv'iαeti¯:Φi(x,t). When averaged, this equation gives:
The terms on the R.H.S. have to be approximated by models, the second one being only due to the exchange of mass between phases.
There are also important instantaneous interface conservation relations, linking at the interface the exchanges between the phases: first, the mass lost or gained by one phase is identical to the mass gained or lost by the other phase; second, if we neglect the surface tension phenomena, it follows that the momentum lost or gained by one phase is identical to the momentum gained or lost by the other one ; and third a similar relation holds for the total energy (Kataoka, 1986). That leads to:
At the interface, the tangential velocity and the temperature fields are continuous, but there are discontinuities of density, momentum and energy per unit mass. The equations (21) give “jump relations” relating the values of these quantities on both sides of the discontinuity. We will not consider further here the exchanges of mass between phases, and these relations are simplified as:
The third relation of (22) is deduced from the second one because both phases have the same velocity on the interface.
The instantaneous behaviour of each phase has to be given by the knowledge of vr1α=vr2α=0,(σ1αβn1α)s+(σ2αβn2α)s=0,(σ1αβn1αv1β)s+(σ2αβn2αv2β)s=0,(j1Qαn1α)s+(j2Qαn2α)s=0and σiαβas function ofjiQα. We will notice here ρi,viα,Tifor any type of phase (but usually for a solid phase the pressure is defined by the third of the trace ofσiαβ=piδαβ+τiαβ, with an opposite sign). For a fluid phase, σiαβis the viscous stress tensor, which can be assumed Newtonian for instance, and an equation of state givesτiαβ. For solid particles, we are not concerned with the full elasticity properties and we can limit the description as a “quasi-liquid”, very viscous. For any type of phase the Fourier law for heat conduction can be adopted and a Joule law linking the temperature to the internal energy can be considered, neglecting the energetic aspects of compressibility for liquid or solid phases. Very often it suffices to takepi=pi(ρi,Ti).
One sees the similarities of the problem of modelling these equations with the one of modelling turbulence in single phase flows. We will show now how the irreversible thermodynamics can help this modelling task. For simplicity, we will consider in the sequel that there is no exchange of mass between the phases, this could be taken into account later.
3.2. Entropy for a simple two-phase flows model
We will consider the simple case of a model similar to the Prandtl mixing length model, where simply the variables: ρi=csthave to be represented by their own balance equations. The development then follows the same path as § 2.2 above, but with two phases i=1, i=2.
The kinetic energies of fluctuations, namelyρ¯i,v˜iα,e˜i,Φ¯i,i=1,2, follow a balance equation that can be found from the primitive equations. It writes, without exchange of mass:
We do not consider here, in the Prandtl mixing length framework, that each t(ρ¯iΦ¯iki)+xα(ρ¯iΦ¯ikiv˜iα)=xα(ρiΦiv'iβv'iβv'α/2¯+Φiv'iβσiαβ¯)ρiΦiv'iαv'iβ¯v˜iβxα+piΦiv'iαxα¯ρ¯iΦ¯iεi+σiαβniβv'iασs¯does follow this full equation, we assume that it can be reduced to a local balance between production terms and destructions terms, giving simply that :
The last term of (23) and (23’) is due to the exchange of energy from the other phase, by the contact force.
With the point of view of the Prandtl model applied to both phases, we have to build an entropy with the variablesρiΦiv'iαv'iβ¯v˜iβxα+piΦiv'iαxα¯+σiαβniβv'iασs¯=ρ¯iΦ¯iεi, such asρ¯i,v˜iα,e˜i,Φ¯i,i=1,2, because entropy is an extensive quantity. The entropies of each phase are functions only of the variables of this phase, unlike molecular mixtures:ρ¯ς=i=1,2ρ¯iΦ¯iςi. As in § 2.2, we can adopt
Similarly, we take linear equations of state for phases, which can be averaged without needing additional variables. For a gaseous phasesde˜i=T˜idςip¯id(1ρ¯i), and for liquid or solid phasese˜i=CviT˜i+ei0,p¯i=ρ¯iRiT˜i, neglecting the influence of compressibility on the internal energy.
We can first show that the convective time derivative for the mean entropy of the medium is such that:
The convective time derivative for the medium follows the averaged velocity, while for the phases they follow the averaged velocity of each phase. Of course, the Euler-Gibbs relation is written now as:
It is easy to verify that the equation (17) allows to write:
DDtie˜i=T˜iDDtiςip¯iDDti(1ρ¯i), without exchange of mass between phases. By using (20), we obtain as well:
It is necessary then to obtain the balance equation for the mean internal energy of phases from (19), removing the kinetic energy of the mean motion by taking into account (18), and removing also the kinetic energy of the fluctuations with (23). It is found:
With (23’), it gives:
whereρ¯iΦ¯iDe˜iDti=xα(Φ¯ijiQα¯ρiΦieiv'iα¯)Φ¯ip¯iv˜iαxα+Φ¯i(τiαβ¯ρ¯iRiαβ)v˜iβxαis the deviator of the Reynolds tensor for phase i. The two last terms take into account the exchange of heat by conduction Ridαβand the exchange of kinetic energy by contact forceφ¯iQ=jiQαniασs¯, respectively, from the other phase. In the momentum balance (18) the total contact force has to be split inσiαβniβv'iασs¯. The first part is simply the influence of the variation of the volume of the phase, while σiαβniβσs¯=+p¯Φ¯ixα+F¯si×βis really the force from the other phase, and the jump condition (22) givesF¯si×β=τi×αβniασs¯. It follows thati=1,2F¯si×β=0, giving finally:
Now from (24), (25), (26), (27), we obtain the entropy balance equation for the medium:
We recognize in this equation the rate of production of entropy, which has to be positive or zero in any case.
The last sum deals with the exchange of heat between the phases. Asρ¯DςDt=xα(i(ρ¯iΦ¯iςi(v˜iαv˜α)+Φ¯iT˜ijiQα¯+ρiΦieiv'iα¯T˜i))+i(Φ¯ijiQα¯+ρiΦieiv'iα¯)xα(1T˜i)+iΦ¯iT˜i(τiαβ¯ρ¯iRiαβ)v˜iβxα+iFsi×βv'iβ¯T˜iip¯ip¯T˜iv'iαΦixα¯+iφ¯iQT˜i, this term can be written as:ρ¯DςDt=xα(i(ρ¯iΦ¯iςi(v˜iαv˜α)+Φ¯iT˜ijiQα¯+ρiΦieiv'iα¯T˜i))+i(Φ¯ijiQα¯+ρiΦieiv'iα¯)xα(1T˜i)+iΦ¯iT˜i(τiαβ¯ρ¯iRiαβ)v˜iβxα+iFsi×βv'iβ¯T˜iip¯ip¯T˜iv'iαΦixα¯+iφ¯iQT˜i, and the linear classical irreversible thermodynamics proposesρ¯DςDt=xα(i(ρ¯iΦ¯iςi(v˜iαv˜α)+Φ¯iT˜ijiQα¯+ρiΦieiv'iα¯T˜i))+i(Φ¯ijiQα¯+ρiΦieiv'iα¯)xα(1T˜i)+iΦ¯iT˜i(τiαβ¯ρ¯iRiαβ)v˜iβxα+iFsi×βv'iβ¯T˜iip¯ip¯T˜iv'iαΦixα¯+iφ¯iQT˜i.
The second last term involvesφ¯1Q(1T˜11T˜2), expression implied in the closure of (20), and we see that assuming that v'iαΦixα¯eliminates this term and at the same time the need of (20). Instead of this assumption, the linear irreversible thermodynamics suggests the hypotheses that p¯i=p¯and gives a closure for (20). The phase volume fraction can be calculated then withv'iαΦixα¯(p¯ip¯). Such an equation is almost identical to the equation proposed by M. Baer and I. Nunziato for compressed granular medium (Baer & Nunziato, 1986).
The two first terms of the entropy production deal with the diffusion fluxes of heat and momentum. For momentum, when each phase is divergence free (which is originally the scope of Prandtl model), we find for each phase the same formulation as for a single phase turbulent flow in §2.2. Similarly, for heat diffusion, if this term is considered uncoupled with others, the classical model found in §2.2 is again obtained for each phase.
The term t(Φ¯i)+v˜iαxα(Φ¯i)=v'iαΦixα¯=K(p¯ip¯)is connected with the exchange of momentum between phases. The “jump relations” (22), similarly asiFsi×βv'iβ¯T˜i=i1T˜i(Fsi×βviβ¯F¯si×βv˜iβ), gives i=1,2F¯si×β=0(and gavei=1,2Fsi×βviβ¯=0previously used). Because at the interface between the phases the velocities of phases are equal, an averaged interface velocity i=1,2φ¯iQ=0can be defined such thatv¯sβ, and the related source term of entropy can be writtenFsi×βviβ¯=F¯si×βv¯sβ. The classical linear irreversible thermodynamics leads toi1T˜iF¯si×β(v¯sβv˜iβ), and withi1T˜iF¯si×β(v¯sβv˜iβ), that gives an expression for the averaged interface velocity :F¯s1×β=F¯s2×β. Thev¯sβ=K1v˜1β+K2v˜2βK1+K2are positive constants, depending on the characteristics of the two phases in contact, to be found with experiments. If we consider the possibility of a coupling, in agreement with the so called Curie theorem, we find that it is possible that the contact force Kito the phase i is linked to the gradients of temperature within the phases. We recover here a “thermophoretic “effect.
All these discussions do justify the assumptions currently done for the modelling of two-phase flows, in a large range of applications.
4. Irreversible thermodynamics for modelling of granular media
Granular flows are nothing but two-phase flows of solid irregular particles within a gaseous or liquid phase. But the high number of particles per unit of volume, and the low velocity that may persist allow numerous and long duration contacts between the particles, unlikely to usual two-phase flows. The approach that has been presented in §3 for two phase flows can be used also, but the problem that arises immediately is that very often the solid phase, locally, is built with two or three particles (or more) in contact, and consequently the solid here is not a true solid for which behaviour laws are known. Actually, each grain is one solid, but a couple of grains does not. So, it is necessary to consider the medium as a multi-phase medium, where each grain represents one phase. This approach has been proposed recently by R.Borghi and S.Bonelli (Borghi § Bonelli, 2007), and we will develop a while its connection with Irreversible Thermodynamics.
4.1. Basic equations for granular media
For granular media, the equations (17) to (20) do hold, but we can simplify them because it is not needed to follow the motion of each grain. Considering that there are N solid grains, there are N+1 phases and N+1F¯si×β, but we are interested only in the knowledge ofρ¯i,v˜iα, andΦ¯g=i=1,NΦ¯i,ρ¯gΦ¯g=i=1,NΦiρi¯,ρ¯gv˜gαΦ¯g=i=1,NρiΦiviα¯. From (17), (18), we get the mass and momentum balance equations of the “grains phase” as:
Here the mean intrinsic density of the grains t(ρ¯gΦ¯g)+xα(ρ¯gΦ¯gv˜gα)=0can be considered generally as known and constant. If all the grains are made with the same almost incompressible solid, ρ¯gis the density of this solidρ¯g.
We see that the effective Cauchy stress tensor for the grains has two parts:t(ρ¯gΦ¯gv˜gβ)+xα(ρ¯gΦ¯gv˜gαv˜gβ)=xα(i=1,NΦ¯iσ¯iαβi=1,NρiΦiv''iαv''iβ¯)+ρ¯gΦ¯ggβ+i=1,Nσiαβniασsi¯. The first one takes into account the stresses within the grains but mainly also the influences of the lasting contacts, with friction between grains depending on pertinent laws, and we can call it “mean Cauchy stress of lasting contacts”; the second one is due to the velocity fluctuations, here defined with respect to the averaged velocity of all the grains:σ¯tgαβ=i=1,NΦ¯iσ¯iαβi=1,NρiΦiv''iαv''iβ¯, and is similar to the Reynolds tensor for turbulent flows, and we will call it “mean kinetic stress”. It is important only when the motion of the medium is well established, but even with slow mean motion there are some large and sudden fluctuations of velocity. The modelling of both terms has to be studied with care. Without models, eq.(31) is without interest.
The last term of (31) is the influence of the fluid phase. Indeed, the contact forces between grains do compensate themselves in the summation, and only the contact force with the fluid remains. More precisely, as in §2., we havev''iα=viαv˜gα, where i=1,Nσiαβniασsi¯=σfαβnfασsf¯=p¯fΦ¯fxβ+Ffβ¯is the pure contact force of the fluid on the grains.
When the fluid is air, or any gas whose intrinsic density is very small with respect of the solid, Ffβ¯, we have ρ¯fρsandρ¯gΦ¯gρ¯. In addition, the contact force and the gradient of fluid pressure (which is of the order ofρ¯gΦ¯gv˜gαρ¯v˜α) are negligible in (31). Then equation (30) is nothing but the averaged continuity equation for the entire medium, and (31) gives the averaged momentum balance for the entire medium:
The averaged total energy of the grains can also be studied, following the same route, and from (19) a balance equation for the mean total energy of the grains phase can be written similarly. From this equation, by removing the kinetic energy of mean motion and the kinetic energy of fluctuating motions, we can get an equation for the mean internal energy of the grains phase, similar to (28). When the fluid is light, and has a temperature similar to the one of the grains, this equation is nothing but the mean internal energy equation for the entire medium:
We have neglected in (33) the viscous friction in the fluid phase.
The equations (32) and (33) need closure assumptions for the contact stress tensor and the Reynolds-like tensor, before being useful. The fluid pressure can be calculated with the momentum equation for the fluid phase, often reduced simply astρ¯e˜+xγ(ρ¯v˜γe˜)=xγ(φ¯Qtγ)+(i=1,NΦ¯iσ¯iαβΦ¯fp¯fδαβi=1,NρiΦiv''iαv''iβ¯))v˜βxα.
The modelling of the lasting contact stress tensor p¯fxβ+ρ¯fgβ=0has been studied in details in (Borghi & Bonelli, 2007). We will only summarize their results in the next paragraph, but we will develop the question how the irreversible thermodynamics can help this modelling. The kinetic contribution, due to the velocities fluctuations, can be modelled with the principles that have been described in the first part of this chapter, and we will discuss this point in §4.3.
4.2. The modelling of the mean Cauchy stress tensor of lasting contacts
The approach of Borghi and Bonelli gives an evolution equation forσ¯cgαβ=i=1,NΦ¯iσ¯iαβ. The grains are assumed elastic, with small strains but large possible displacements, and the contacts are displaying partly a reversible behaviour, as proposed by B. Cambou (Cambou,1998, Emeriault & Cambou, 1996), and partly irreversible sliding. The obtained evolution equation displays the rotational objective derivative of Jaumann, without any additional assumption:
The first term on the R.H.S. is a classical dispersion term due to the fluctuations of the velocity and appears for any averaged quantity within a “randomly moving” medium. The appearance of the Jaumann objective derivative is justified by the last term, tσ¯cgαβ+xγ(σ¯cgαβv˜gγ)=xγ(σcgαβv'gγ¯)+(c˜¯e)αβγδ:(Φ¯g(v¯gδxγ)symD¯pγδD¯fγδ)2(σgαγωcγβ¯)sym2(σgαγ.Q'gγβ¯)sym2(σ¯gαγ.Q¯gγβ)symbeing the averaged rotation rate tensor of the medium, mainly related toQ¯gγβ. The tensor Q¯gγβ(fourth order) is an effective elastic stiffness tensor of the medium, due to the elastic behaviour within the grains and also particularly of the lasting contacts. The tensor c˜¯eis due to the irreversible sliding in the contact zone between two grains, and D¯pis related to the change of shape of “void volume” between the grains. The two following terms are due to the correlations of the fluctuations of the Cauchy stress with the ones of the rotation rates of the contacts and of the medium, respectively. They are not expected to be important terms. All the details concerning the definition of these terms can be found in (Borghi & Bonelli, 2007). Similarly as for turbulent and two-phase flows previously discussed, most of these terms, even when their physical meaning is clear, are not under a closed form in this equation, because the influence of fluctuations are imbedded within them, and they have to be modelled. We can remark that both the unweighted and weighted averaged velocities appeared, but when D¯fthese two velocities are equal.
By definition ρ¯g=ρsis an averaged quantity for solid grains,σ¯cgαβ, we can define as well an intrinsic mean contact stress tensor asσ¯cgαβ=i=1,NΦ¯iσ¯iαβ. Equation (33), together with (30), can give an equation forΦ¯gσ¯cgαβ=σ¯cgαβ=i=1,NΦ¯iσ¯iαβ, and also equations for the trace and deviator of this tensor. The elastic stiffness tensor σ¯cgαβhas been formally defined, but it cannot be written explicitly, only numerical calculations have been done (Emeriault & Cambou, 1996). Even its dependence on c˜¯ecannot be theoretically written. For a statistically homogeneous and isotropic granular medium submitted to an isotropic stress, it will result that this elastic stiffness tensor can be represented with simply an effective compression modulus and an effective shear modulus, sayΦ¯g. These quantities are not necessarily constant, and in particular they depend onχe,Ge, in an unknown manner. We will consider in the sequel this case for simplicity, but the general case can be developed as well. Then, the equation for the trace and for the deviator of Φ¯gare simply written in terms ofσ¯cgαβ. If we take into account (30), remembering that we consider χe,Geas constant and definingρ¯g=ρs, it comes:
The last term groups all the irreversible effects of sliding contacts,Φ¯gddtπ¯g=xα(πgΦgv'gα¯)3χeΦ¯gv˜gαxα+I¯.
Φ¯gddtσ¯cdαβ=xγ(σcdαβΦgv'gγ¯)+2GeΦ¯g(v¯gβxα)symdI¯dαβ2Φ¯g(σ¯gdαγQ¯gγβ)skewis a second order tensor, without trace, taking into account of all the irreversible effects resulting in production and destruction for the effective Cauchy tensor of contacts. Now the modelling of I¯dαβand I¯has to be discussed, and the extended irreversible thermodynamics will help us a lot.
The granular medium is described by the variablesI¯dαβ, for which we know balance equations, although some terms remain to be closed in it. First we will consider for simplicity only the case where the medium is “quasi-static”. It is possible then to neglect all terms related to the fluctuations of velocity, and we can concentrate our attention on the closure of equation for the mean Cauchy stress of contacts, again in the framework of the Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics.
In this case, the entropy is simply:e˜,ρ¯,π¯g,σ¯cdαβ,v˜α, and we can writes the Euler-Gibbs relation, introducing the pertinent partial derivatives:ς=ς(e˜,1/ρ¯,π¯g,σ¯gdαβ).
The balance equation of this entropy can again be found using the balance equations of the corresponding variables, i.e. (30), (34), (35), (36). After some algebra, it is found:
The reversible terms have to be cancelled in the entropy production. That implies three relationships giving three partial derivatives of the entropy, which prescribe three of the needed equations of state:
ρ¯ddtς=xγ(φ¯QγT)+φ¯Qγxγ(1T)++ρ¯Tσ¯cdαβρs(v˜gβxα)symdρ¯Tπ¯gρsv˜gαxα1T(Φ¯fp¯fp)v˜gαxαypT(3χeρ¯v˜gαxα+ρsI¯)ydαβT(2Geρ¯(v¯gβxα)symdρsI¯dαβ), p=Φ¯fp¯f,
Then, the Maxwell relations give the form of the forth needed equation of state:3χeyp=π¯gρs.
The entropy production rate of (37) can be rewritten as:
In agreement with the Curie theorem, each term separately has to be positive. That gives, first, with a linear law, that the heat flux can be represented again with a Fourier law.
Concerning the effective contact Cauchy tensor, a first linear model could give:
The coefficients I¯dαβ=2GeηΦ¯gσ¯cdαβare phenomenological viscosity coefficients, necessarily positive. The result would then be very similar to the old Maxwell model for visco-elastic materials.
But a very non linear model, with a threshold, could equally be compatible with the second principle, and may appear in better agreement with experiments for granular media. For instance, we could envisage (Hbeing the Heaviside step function):
The physical meaning of the discontinuity involved in (39) is that when the medium is compressed (then I¯dαβ=H[(σ¯cdαβσ¯cdαβ)1/2(k+sinϕ|π¯g|)]2GeηΦ¯g(v¯gβ/xα)symdk+sinϕ|π¯g|σ¯cdαβis positive) more than the positive valueπ¯g, the medium behaves very similarly to an elastic compressed solid, but when the medium is less compressed, or expanded, the normal contacts are lost in such a way that the "contact-pressure" decreases exponentially to zero due toπc.
With (40), the medium will remain “quasi-elastic” below one plastic limit defined by k and the angleI¯. The existence of this limit is strongly suggested from numerical experiments with Discrete Elements Method, and experimental finding give that the medium may experience a “solid-fluid transition”. The Mohr-Coulomb law displayed here is given just as example. The appearance of the solid fraction in ϕis expected because they involve the mean interface area between grains per unit of volume, and this quantity increases with the fraction of grains. The simple linear dependence in this quantity may be replaced by an empirically found formula.
If we consider the closures (39), (40) for the equations (35), (36), beyond the plastic limit, in the case where the last two terms are predominant and counterbalancing themselves (because I¯,I¯dαβis very large), (35) and (36) are reduced into algebraic (then local) equations, giving simply:
(v¯gβ/xα)symd, and
A similar law has been proposed in 1994 (Hutter & Rajagopal, 1994) and recently studied with numerical simulations (Frenette et al. 2002).
Before the plastic limit, the medium is purely elastic if the first terms on RHS of (34) and (35) are negligible. We can specify then that π¯g=ηvπc(v¯gα/xα)|v¯gα/xα|and deduce the equations for these elastic stresses.
In this case, (34) is reduced toπ¯g=π¯e,σ¯cdαβ=σ¯edαβ. As (30) givesddtπ¯e=3χev˜gαxα, it follows that ddt(ρ¯)=ρ¯v˜gαxαand it gives nothing but that:
That means that the effective pressure due to the contacts is directly function of the mean volumetric mass of the medium, here simplyπ¯g=3χeρ¯dρ¯. Of course, the effective compression modulus may be also function of the mean volumetric mass, and so this relationship is not simply logarithmic. Physically, the effective pressure goes to infinity when the compaction goes to the maximum possible (to be empirically known), and becomes zero when the grains do not experience lasting contacts. There is again in this case a pressure between grains due to short collisions of fluctuating grains, but this pressure is taken into account in the second part of the total mean Cauchy stress tensor, which we will consider in the following paragraph.
Similarly, (35) gives for elastic situations:
In any situation we can define an elastic part and an irreversible part for the stresses, ddtσ¯edαβ=+2Ge(v¯gβxα)symd2(σ¯edαγ(v¯gγxα)skewd)skew, where equations (41) and (42) give the elastic parts and the total is given by (35) and (36) with (39) and (40).
4.3. The modelling of the mean kinetic stress tensor
We consider now the contributionπ¯g=π¯e+π¯i,σ¯cdαβ=σ¯edαβ+σ¯idαβ, due to the fluctuations of the local velocities within the grains with respect to the mean velocity i=1,NρiΦiv''iαv''iβ¯of all the grains. This term is quite similar to the Reynolds stress for the turbulent flows, and that suggests that a model similar to turbulent models can be proposed. We will study now this modelling, considering that we have left the quasi static regime, and even that the motion of the granular medium is sufficiently fast in such a way that the total mean Cauchy stress tensor is dominated by the kinetic stress.
In this case, it is clear that we can apply the irreversible thermodynamics approach developed in §3.2 for usual two-phase flows, without lasting contacts, similar to the framework of the Prandtl mixing length. The result with a linear approximation will be that again a Boussinesq relation can be proposed for the mean kinetic stress:
Of course, we have definedi=1,NρiΦiv''iαv''iβ¯ρsΦ¯g23δαβkg=ρsΦ¯gνgeff(v˜gαxβ+v˜gβxα23δαβv˜gγxγ). This quantity is the kinetic energy of fluctuations for the grains, related to what is called “granular temperature” (with a relation likeρsΦ¯gkg=12i=1,NρiΦiv''iαv''iα¯) in the framework of granular gases. At the same time, this quantity is directly related to the normal mean kinetic stress:kg=RkTG.
It remains then to find a model for the “effective kinetic viscosity coefficient”P=+2ρsΦ¯gkg, and following again the same path a model similar to the Prandtl mixing length is necessarily found. Similarly as in §2.2, transposing formula (13), we have:
In addition, it is shown in §2.2 that the kinetic energy of fluctuations is:
kg=CBlt2(v˜αxβ+v˜βxα)(v˜αxβ+v˜βxα)are constants. In a simple case of sheared granular medium, that gives for the normal and the shear stressesCB,Cg:
In 1954, R.A.Bagnold has found in his pioneering experiment, for the highly sheared regime called “grain-inertia regime”, a quite similar law (even if the reliability of the experimental results is not so clear, see Hunt et al., 2002). He found the length P=12CBρ¯lt2(|Vy|)2,T/P=Cg/(2CB)was given proportionally to the mean diameter of the grains, aslt, (Bagnold, 1954).
How to specify this length scale is a critical point of the modelling. The framework of the Prandtl model does not say anything about it. The experiments of Bagnold have given an empirical law linking it to the solid fractionlt=d/((Φ¯gmax/Φ¯g)1/31), and to the grain diameter, but for turbulent flow, it has been found that this length scale is only related to the size of the experimental device. That is because the flow field imposes to the fluctuations its own scale. We can suspect that this can be true also for granular flows, meaning that the fluctuations do concern not simply each grain independently of the others, but some times, in some places, do concern groups of grains, whose size depends on the geometry of the flow. In this case, the law for the mixing length would necessarily take into account this geometry, as well to the grain diameter and the solid fraction…
It is not conceptually difficult to obtain a balance equation forΦ¯g, following the same route as for two phase flows. Here, we can continue to neglect the friction force of fluid phase, but we keep the lasting contact Cauchy stress, which is the only source of dissipation of kinetic energy. Transposing (6), and recognizing the elastic parts and irreversible parts of the mean contact stresseskg, we get:
The last term in this equation is nothing but the dissipation rate of kinetic energy, due to the irreversible effects of the contacts, that we can notet(ρ¯k˜g)+xα(ρ¯v˜gαk˜g)=xα(v"gβΦgσcdαβ¯v"gαΦgπg¯Φ¯fv"fαpf¯12ρsΦgv"gαv"gβv"gβ¯)i=1,NρiΦiv"iαv"iβ¯v˜gβxα+πeΦgv'gαxα¯+pfΦfvfxα¯Φ¯fp¯fv˜gαxασedαβΦgv'gβxα¯σigαβΦgv'gβxα¯. The first term on the R.H.S. is a classical dispersion term, the second one is a production term directly related to the gradient of the mean velocity, which appears classical also. The other terms are responsible for transfer of kinetic energy from the elasticity of the grains phase or the fluid phase. They are not in closed form, because they involve fluctuations, exceptρ¯εg, and their modelling is to be studied. One can already propose that the fluid motion between the grain, with very low velocity, is divergence free, thenΦ¯fp¯fv˜gαxα. We can then rewrite formally:
We see first, if we compare this equation to the one for turbulence kinetic energy, eq. (6), that applying the Prantdl mixing length approach for obtaining the Bagnold formulas (46) needs to neglect the terms t(ρ¯k˜g)+xα(ρ¯v˜gαk˜g)=xα(jkα)(i=1,NρiΦiv"iαv"iβ¯)v˜gβxα++πeΦgv'gαxα¯σedαβΦgv'gβxα¯Φ¯fp¯fv˜gαxαρ¯εgwithin (48). Indeed, the two first of these terms are due to lasting contacts between grains, and they are expected to be less and less efficient when the solid fraction decreases. The term due to the fluid phase is also expected to be small when the fluid is not submitted to compression or expansion.
Second, this equation is very similar to the equation for the granular temperature in “granular gases”. For instance we can take the one proposed by S. B. Savage and co-workers (Lun et al, 1984).
The tensor +πeΦgv'gαxα¯σedαβΦgv'gβxα¯Φ¯fp¯fv˜gαxαis what we have called in §4.1 the kinetic stress, and the constitutive relation “formula” is given by the classical theory of granular gasesΣαβ. The first diagonal contribution in this stress tensor is simply proportional to the granular temperature itself, the two last ones are linked to the mean velocity gradient with effective viscosity coefficientsΣαβ=(ρ¯TG(1+4Φ¯gηφ0(Φ¯g))δαβ+ρ¯η(v˜gβxα+v˜gαxβ)ρ¯ηvδαβv˜gγxγ), which the theory relates to the variablesη,ηv. The first diagonal term involves a reversible contribution which is nothing butTG,d,Φ¯g, but involves also an irreversible contribution related toρ¯TG=ρsΦ¯gTG. The coefficients ηin (49) are also diffusion coefficients proportional toK,D. The last term of (49) is a destruction term due to inelastic collisions, and the classical theory givesη,ηv. The functionsΓ=φ5(Φ¯g)TG1/2dare non dimensional functions of the solid fraction only.
We notice the close analogy with our equation (48) forφ0,φ5. We recognize the dispersion flux, the production term due to mean velocity gradient, and the last term is the dissipation rate. Similarly to the Prandtl model, the kinetic stress is related to the gradient of mean velocity with the Boussinesq relation, and the dissipation rate is calculated proportional toρ¯k˜g, with the length scale TG3/2ltlinked to the mean diameter of the grains. There is also a dependence on the solid fraction, which is due to the occupation of the space when there are many grains. We get in (48) additional terms due to the elastic properties of the grain phase, which are not considered in granular gases because the lasting contacts are not considered, only instantaneous collisions are supposed to play. We can then consider that (48) agrees with the classical developments of the theory of granular gases and extend their validity for granular medium where the solid fraction is sufficiently high and the global velocity is low, in such a way that the enduring contacts can no more be neglected.
The problem of finding the length scale that plays in these models, taking into account or not that there are “cooperative motions” of groups of grains, remains. We can remark that a model similar to the k-epsilon model is able to address this problem. We could follow the approach of §2.3 for the modelling of the equation for ltand of an equation fork˜g, from which we can extract a length scale. The irreversible thermodynamics will hep us, as shown in §2.3, for choosing the terms and the coefficients of these balance equations.
5. Conclusion
We have applied the “Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics” approach in order to built models for three examples of “random media”, and we have found that this approach do justify the bases of classical models, which have been proposed without any reference to Thermodynamics. Of course, this approach gives only the shapes of the laws, and there are constants or non-dimensional functions remaining, to be determined from experiments. The approach can be applied to different models, more or less detailed, for the same kind of situation. We have shown only a few examples, and other models, in other situations can be studied with the same route.
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Roland Borghi (September 22nd 2011). Irreversible Thermodynamics and Modelling of Random Media, Thermodynamics - Kinetics of Dynamic Systems, Juan Carlos Moreno Piraján, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/22630. Available from:
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Common Symptoms for Kidney Stones
One might think indications of issues related to Kidneys would be obvious. Kidney stones are common and subtle, making the body vulnerable. It is crucial to recognise signs that your kidneys could be at increased risk of severe problems down the road.
If you’ve heard about the excruciating pain during kidney stones, unfortunately, the rumours are true. Here is hoping that you find the following information about kidney stones exciting also that it never personally comes in handy for you.
Common Symptoms for Kidney Stones
What is a Kidney Stone?
Kidney stones look like tiny pebbles that can vary in colour, texture, and size. Usually, they are small, between a grain of sand to a pea. In rare scenarios, they can even reach the size of a golf ball.
Kidney stones are made of minerals typically found in the urine, like calcium, oxalate, and phosphorus. The accumulation and crystallisation of these minerals form kidney stones.
Kidney Stone Symptoms
It is possible that you have a kidney stone and never know. That is often the case with tiny kidney stones, which can pass undetected out of the body; of course, kidney stone symptoms can also be uncomfortable. If you continuously experience any of these indications of kidney stones, consult a doctor to figure out what you are dealing with and treat them. Some common symptoms are:
• Acute pain in the sides and below the ribs
The infamous pain usually begins when the stone dislodges from the kidney and enters the ureter. If the stone in the ureter is big enough, it might cause the urine to circulate back into the kidney, inducing an immense amount of pain and may cause swelling in the kidneys.
• Pain in the abdomen or groin
The pain nearby the kidney may spread down into the abdominal or groin area as the pain shifts locations moving down the urinary tract.
• Nausea and vomiting
People in severe pain because of kidney stones get a nauseating feeling. That might vomit, too. Naturally, it makes the pain and other kidney stone symptoms appear more dismal.
• Fever and chills
This indicates you might also have an infection. Stones also develop as a result of a urinary tract infection. When an infection spreads to the kidney, fever is a common symptom.
• Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
These are also signs of a kidney infection and might show symptoms of kidney stones depending on precisely what’s going on.
• Red, brown or pink urine
This indicates blood in the urine — the kidney stone grazing the blood vessels in the tissue along the urinary tract. Often, the volume of blood is so slight that a urinalysis would only pick it up.
• Urinating a small amount at a time or frequently
Certain urinary sensations occur when the stone obstructs urine flow or is sitting in the bladder and irritating it. This might make it confusing to know what you’re dealing with since these issues can also be signs of other health conditions.
How to Prevent Kidney Stones?
Preventing future kidney stones depends on you and your medical history. Prevention strategies involve drinking plenty of water, making dietary changes like reducing salt or animal protein intake or taking various medications to help moderate the levels of certain minerals in your urine.
What to do if you have Kidney Stones?
If symptoms show, a diagnosis will help prepare your treatment plan depending on the type of stone, the location, the cause, and the symptoms experienced.
It is often possible to pass small stones with sufficient hydration and pain medications to numb the feeling. Larger stones blocking your urinary tract that cause pain might need a procedure to break up or remove the stone. If you notice any symptoms of kidney problems, consult your Urologists.
• The Urologist will in detail discuss your medical history to have a better understanding of your underlying condition.
• The doctor will then perform a detailed physical examination and ask you to undergo imaging tests to correctly diagnose the location and size of your kidney stones properly.
• Along with image tests, the doctor may also ask you to get some blood and urine tests done, to have a detailed insight into the condition of your kidney stones.
There are several techniques available for painless kidney stones treatment. The modern surgical treatments for kidney stones include laparoscopic treatment, laser treatment and shock wave lithotripsy. You can find nearby clinics for kidney stone treatment, where medical coordinators support you during the journey from paperwork to free commutation and admission-discharge process at the hospital.
Also, in a challenging time, your safety is taken care of by thermal screening, social distancing, sanitised clinics and hospital rooms, sterilised surgical equipment and mandatory PPE kits during surgery.
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Oatmeal Baths For Babies: How To Make, Benefits And More
Oatmeal Baths For Babies
Image: Shutterstock
Oatmeal is powdered oats made from whole oat kernels or groats. A finely ground version of the oatmeal called colloidal oatmeal is often used for dermatological purposes. Research shows that the topical application of colloidal oatmeal could treat and manage skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis (1).
Experts recommend using oatmeal periodically in an oatmeal bath to soothe and moisturize the sensitive skin of babies. As a parent, you may consider adding this product to your infant’s skincare routine. But before you do so, knowing the right way to use oatmeal is essential to reap its full benefits.
This post tells you about the possible benefits of oatmeal, concerns that it might cause, and the right way to have an oatmeal bath for babies.
Possible Benefits Of Oatmeal Bath For Babies
Colloidal oatmeal is an FDA-approved natural ingredient used as a skin protectant in several skincare products, such as soaps, moisturizers, and creams (2). Research shows that colloidal oatmeal has some unique properties that can benefit your baby’s skin.
1. Emollient and antipruritic (anti-itch) properties: High amounts of lipids, starches, and beta-glucan present in oatmeal hold moisture into the skin by strengthening the skin’s protective barriers (3). Strengthened skin barrier safeguards skin from dryness, itchiness, and pathogens’ entry (4) (5). Its use is also prevalent as a home remedy to relieve itching caused by chickenpox blisters, poison ivy rashes, hives, bugs, and mosquito bites.
1. Cleansing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties: Saponins in colloidal oatmeal cleanse the skin and maintain its pH value. Flavonoids, phenols, and a-tocopherol (vitamin E) are other compounds that impart antioxidant, ultraviolet-absorbent, and anti-inflammatory properties (3) (5). These properties make oatmeal bath an effective remedy to subdue inflammation and itchiness due to sunburn, eczema, and dermatitis (6).
Besides these, colloidal oatmeal has prebiotic and antifungal properties (4), which may help alleviate or treat inflammatory skin conditions, such as dry skin, diaper rash, heat rash, cradle cap, and dandruff in babies. Consulting a pediatrician before trying an oatmeal bath for your baby is important to avert any concerns.
Concerns With Oatmeal Bath For Babies
Oatmeal allergy is a concern that you must evaluate before using colloidal oatmeal for your baby. Allergic reaction to oatmeal is rare but possible. A baby might be allergic or sensitive to oats if they have wheat or gluten allergy. Even minute traces of gluten in colloidal oatmeal can trigger allergic reactions in some babies.
Stay alert to signs of an allergic reaction, such as skin rash or redness, vomiting or nausea, wheezing, runny or stuffy nose, face or mouth swelling, and difficulty breathing. If you are unsure about the safety of over-the-counter (OTC) colloidal oatmeal, you can prepare one at home or consult a pediatrician for brand recommendations.
Note: Oatmeal doesn’t contain gluten, but it may get contaminated with gluten when grown and processed near wheat and other grains.
Making Oatmeal Bath At Home
You can prepare colloidal oatmeal at home using whole oats or steel-cut oats. Below are the steps to follow.
1. Finely ground a tablespoon of oats groats using a grinder or food processor. Ensure the powder is fine with minimal to no large pieces visible.
1. Test if the powder is suitable for the bath by mixing a tablespoon of the powder into a cup of warm water.
1. If the powder dissolves into the water, turning it into an opaque white liquid with a silky feel, it is fine to use.
1. If the powder gets collected at the bottom of the cup, grind the powder again, and re-test it.
1. In case you are unable to grind the powder finer, grind it to the maximum fineness possible and then put it into a muslin or cheesecloth bag. You can use the bag in the bath since it can sieve out finer particles of oatmeal into the water.
How To Give Oatmeal Bath To A Baby?
Oatmeal bath is similar to how you bathe your baby usually.
1. Put some oatmeal powder into a bathtub filled with warm water. Stir the powder with your hands until it dissolves completely. Check the bathtub’s base to ensure no oatmeal lumps or chunks are present.
1. Carefully place your baby into the bathtub and let them soak in the water for 15 to 20 minutes. During this time, you can gently rub some oatmeal powder onto your baby’s skin directly.
1. Alternatively, you can put the oatmeal powder into a bag and put that bag into the bathtub filled with hot water. Let the bag remain until the water comes to a temperature suitable to bathe the baby.
1. Take your baby out of the bathtub after 20 minutes and pat them dry using a soft towel. Do not use soap after an oatmeal bath unless directed by a pediatrician.
Precautions To Take While Using Oatmeal For Babies
Oatmeal bath is a natural and safe skincare product for babies. Nevertheless, you must observe some precautions for added safety.
1. Buy 100 percent pure colloidal oatmeal from a trusted and reputable brand to ensure good quality. Give preference to colloidal oatmeal made from organic oats groats.
1. Check the ingredient list carefully for the presence of dyes, perfumes, or other additives. Some babies may develop irritation, sensitivity, or allergy due to these additives. Ideally, colloidal oatmeal meant exclusively for babies should be free from added compounds.
1. Never leave a baby or toddler unattended while soaking in the oatmeal water. Oatmeal water is slippery and might cause the child to slip.
1. Consult a pediatrician regarding the number of times a baby can bathe in oatmeal. Usually, a baby can have an oatmeal bath once or twice a day. However, the frequency may vary based on the purpose of use.
Oatmeal is a nourishing, natural ingredient that can play a significant role in your baby’s skincare routine. You can let your baby soak in oatmeal water or topically apply oatmeal powder, including in the form of lotions and creams. Before you try oatmeal to manage your baby’s skin conditions, consult a pediatrician to avoid any risks, and address any concerns.
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Shark Week Fact vs. Fiction: Former NASA Engineer Tests if Sharks Can Smell A Drop of Blood in Ocean
Mark Rober, a former NASA engineer turned YouTuber, commemorated Shark Week by testing to see if sharks could smell a drop of blood in the water.
Shark Week, an annual Discovery Channel event dedicated to the ocean predator, commenced on Sunday and Rober was included in the premiere date with a special original program for the Discovery Go application. By Monday afternoon, the video, which was also posted on YouTube, had over 14 million views.
First, Rober pumped different liquids, seawater, fish oil, urine and cow's blood, into the ocean water of the Bahamas, just to make sure that sharks actually preferred the smell of blood. At first, none of the liquids attracted mass amounts of attention, but about 20 minutes in, sharks started to notice the blood.
With about 15 minutes left of the one-hour mark, sharks started swimming along the trail of blood and then turning away when they realized it only led them to a surfboard. In the end, four sharks checked out the fish oil, none were interested in the urine or seawater and 41 were interested in the blood.
shark week blood water sharks mark rober
White shark warning signs greet visitors to Cape Cod's beaches on Thursday in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. On Sunday, Discovery GO users watched former NASA engineer Mark Rober conduct experiments to see if sharks could smell a drop of blood in the ocean. Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis/Getty
Rober took the experiment a step further and along with himself, recruited a few others on the boat to donate their own blood just to see if sharks liked human blood as much as cow's blood.
One surfboard pumped seawater into the ocean to act as a control, one pumped the human blood quickly and one pumped it slowly. After another hour, no sharks were interested in the seawater or the surfboard depositing blood slowly. Not a single shark was interested in the surfboard pumping blood quickly into the water, either.
"This is by no means a perfect experiment, but I think it's safe to qualitatively say that if no sharks came to check out 15 drops of human blood a minute in the middle of shark-infested waters, you're probably gonna be okay with a small scrape," Rober said.
Rober isn't the first person to experiment with sharks and blood and more than 10 years earlier, MythBusters conducted a test. In the test, Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman first released fish blood and found the sharks were attracted to it.
However, when they pricked a finger and released human blood in the water, they found the lemon sharks had little interest.
So, it seems the cliché shark myth that the ocean predator can smell a drop of blood in an Olympic size swimming pool, has repeatedly proven to be just that, a myth.
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Simultaneously with the construction of the stadium complex, the construction of the Olympic village began. The design was also done by the brothers Werner and Walter March. Furthermore, the architect Dr. H.C.Steinmetz was part of the team, who died shortly after the completion of the village and stadium. The 'Landschaftsgestaltung' (landscaping) was done by Heinrich Wiepking-Jürgensman.
When the village was finished, it was opened to the public. From May 1 to June 15, 1936, approximately 370.000 people were able to admire the village. On June 10 the village was ceremonially handed over from the Wehrmacht to the IOC. The official opening with Hitler's visit to the village was on 17 June. Three days later the first guests arrived; Japanese marathon runners.
The history of the Olympic village phenomenon actually does not go that far back. It first happend for the 1932 games in Los Angeles, when small wooden huts were constructed. Nowadays nothing is left of that village, it was demolished immediately after the games. It was the inspiration for Germany to do it bigger and better. In 1932 there were 1.300 participants from 37 countries, in 1936 there would be 3.963 from 49 countries. In order to accommodate the athletes, a large-scale logistics and housing operation was required.
In fact, in 1936 people in Berlin did the same thing they do today; build as much as possible with the prospect of a later use in mind. Anyone who sees the photos of the many abandoned and unused Olympic stadiums worldwide knows that things don't always work out that way, and billions have been wasted on the construction of what will later be useless buildings.
The Olympic villages of the last decades are often buildings that were built for the games, but are arranged in such a way that they turn into a normal residential area or apartment towers after some adjustments. That was, for example, the case in London, 2012, where the East Village residential area, designed for the games with 17.320 beds for 10,000 athletes and officials, could be easily adjusted after the games to create 2,818 homes. A good example of how costs can be reduced.
Initially, it was foreseen from a financial point of view to house the athletes in barracks for the 22.Flak Regiment, nowadays apartments, and the southern Löwen-Adler barracks in Döberitz. When more money became available, it was decided to build a completely new village. After the games, it would be a great new barracks complex and hospital. There is not much difference in accommodating athletes or accommodating soldiers. That is why the design immediately took into account the reuse of the buildings. In addition, the village was also in a military training area, the Döberitzer Heide, with several barracks and training grounds a stone's throw away.
The village is a unique location in many ways. German history becomes visible there. What happened to Germany on a large scale, happened on a small scale in the village.
It is the only place I know where on the same wall in the Hindenburghaus you see marching Wehrmacht soldiers in stone relief, and on the other side of the same wall a drawing by Lenin. This clearly reflects the irony of German history, from pompous display of power at the time of the Wehrmacht to occupation by an enemy regime. And then precisely by one of the countries that was attacked by the Wehrmacht and also caused the fall of the Third Reich. Moreover; the Russians did not participate in the 1936 Olympic Games. They entered for the first time in 1952.
Above: Drawing from the Olympiazeitung number 7, 27 juli 1936
Bagage label.
Above: Döberitz-Elsgrund, Kaserne Flak.Rgt. 22. When it turned out that there were too few accommodations, the neighboring Luftwaffe barracks were quickly refurbished and made suitable for athletes and the Nord-Deutsche Lloyd employees working in the restaurant of the village.
1.180 athletes from Japan, Hungary, Brazil, Poland, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Germany found a temporarily home there.
Below: postcard, with the entrance building at front.
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Chapter 5
Human Anatomy & Phyisiology Review
neuron fundamental unit of the nervous system 2 main structural divisions are: CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system)
phalanges bones of the fingers and toes.
distal farthest from center of body
anabolism constructive process in body -how body converts simple compounds to complex substances to carry out cellular activity.
endocrine glands
pituitary gland
prone/pronation pt lying on stomach, face down. -- in phlebotomy, palm face down.
dorsal (posterior) pertaining to the back of the body
anatomic position standing erect, arms at sides, w/ eyes and palms facing forward.
exocrine glands glands that secrete substances thru ducts - oil and sweat glands.
proximal nearest the center of the body, origin, point of attachment
frontal plane
anterior (ventral) located in the front of the body
sagital plane divides body vertically into right and left portions.
gametes Sex cells.
ventral cavities located in the front of the body and include thoracic cavity (heart and lungs), abdominal cavity (stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys), pelvic cavity (urinary bladder and reproductive organs).
transverse plane divides body horizontally into upper and lower portions.
synovial fluid colorless fluid contained in the bursa to help ease movement over and around joints.
surfactant substance that coats the walls of the alveoli, lowering the surface tension and helping to keep alveoli inflated.
supine/supination pt lying on back with face up -- in phlebotomy, palm face up.
nephron microscopic functional unit of the kidneys.
mitosis cell duplication that involves DNA doubling and cell division.
metabolism sum of all physical and chemical reactions necessary to sustain life.
meninges 3 layers of connective tissue that enclose and protect the spinal cavity.
hormones powerful chemical substances that have effect on many body processes (metabolism, growth & development, personality, etc)
homeostasis balanced "steady state" condition. body does this by compensating for changes in a process involving feedback and regulation in response to internal/external changes.
hemopoiesis the production of blood cells, normally occuring in the bone marrow.
catabolism ca-tab-o-lism - destructive process by which complex substances are broken down, usually w release of energy.
cartilage type of hard non-vascular connective tissue.
bursae the sac containing synovial fluid. The fluid eases friction between joint parts or tendons and bones.
body plane Imaginary cut thru a body in the anatomical position - can be vertical or horizontal.
body cavities large hollow spaces in the body housing various organs - dorsal and ventral (according to the location in the body).
axons fibers in neurons that carry messages AWAY from the nerve cell body. Dendrites carry message TO it.
avascular contains no blood or lymph vessels. The epidermis is avascular
anterior (ventral) front of the body
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The Isonzo Battles 1915–17
Map Code: Ax00251
In the two and a half years following their entry into the war, the Italian army launched a total of eleven battles along the Isonzo. Throughout, the Austro-Hungarian forces would follow the maxim of their commander Boroevic, ‘build positions, place obstacles in front of them and stay there’. Bar a counteroffensive in the Trentino in 1916, this defensive stance did not vary until, with German support, they launched the decisive battle of Caporetto in October 1917. The Italians, under Marshal Cadorna, had a similarly limited repertory; in the first five battles the Italian attacks were too dispersed to make a critical breakthrough. Finally, in September 1916, Cadorna decided upon a concentrated attack. The change of tactic worked, with the Italians capturing and holding the city of Gorizia, thus cementing a bridgehead on the eastern banks of the Isonzo. However, succeeding attacks were bloody and inconclusive, sapping Italian morale.
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The pioneer manufacturers of lamination film in China.
Many sweet corn growers are making use of apparent
by：Top-In 2020-07-24
Recently, biodegradable polymers have been developed for agricultural uses. Biodegradable film often are thinner than regular polyethylene but on the other hand are fairly equivalent. They might be comprised of renewable means this kind of as starch, cellulose or degradable polymers. Biodegradable polymer films are degraded by the processes involving daylight, heat and mechanical worry, doing away with the need for pick-up and disposal for the conclusion in the time. The polymers before long are transformed through microbial exercise in the soil to carbon dioxide, water and pure substances. Biodegradable plastic mulch will not be the same as the photodegradable mulches that were beforehand readily available that left plastic residues from the fields. Formulation of the movie decides the life of the mulch. An experiment was carried out to compare the effects of crystal clear plastic mulch and biodegradable clear polymer mulch films in sweet corn production on soil warming, plant development, crop maturity, deliver and superior, and to document the degradation of the biodegradable polymers under discipline use. 4 biodegradable mulch films (Eco-Film, Cco-one, EcoWorks and Master-Bi) have been in contrast to distinct polyethylene and bare soil applying a randomized total block style replicated 4 instances. Mulch was affreux April 29, and plots have been seeded April thirty. The soil was a Fox sandy loam. Cultural techniques were a lot like individuals adopted by industrial operations during the region. The Master-Bi mulch film was thinner than the other mulches and demanded extra care in laying in order that it failed to tear. Some modest holes occurred from the Master-Bi mulch when it was laid. The crystal clear plastic and Eco-one mulch films lasted through the time and have been still intact at harvest. The EcoWorks mulch became brittle as the season progressed and tears formulated, however, at harvest (81 days immediately after the mulch movie was laid), about ninety p.c soil address remained. Breakdown with the Mater-Bi and EcoFilm started out with very long slits developing inside the mulch in the tassel phase of corn improvement (around 50 days soon after the mulch was laid). By harvest, several tears and holes had formulated within the mulch and approximately 25 percent to 50 percent with the soil was uncovered. By late September, all biodegradable mulches ended up adequately degraded and immediately after area discing, couple parts of plastic remained and none had been bigger than 5 inches. Soil temperature beneath all mulch movies was greater in comparison to bare soil. Soil temperature below the crystal clear mulches (distinct polyethylene and Eco-one) was better compared into the translucent mulch films (EcoFilm, EcoWorks and Mater-Bi). Corn plant emergence from all mulch movies occurred forward of bare soil. This was due to an increase in soil temperature beneath the mulches. Corn plant emergence from the very clear plastic was forward with the translucent mulch films (EcoFilm and EcoWorks) ten times following seeding and was forward in the EcoWorks mulch 12 times following seeding (Table 1). Once again, the variations in plant emergence had been simply because of the variations in soil temperature beneath the mulches. There was no distinction in remaining plant stand in between solutions. Ear silk development was earlier for all mulch films when compared to bare soil. Corn plant height was taller for all mulch movies in comparison to reveal soil. Sweet corn harvest was advanced by somewhere around a few times working with the mulch films in comparison to reveal soil (Table 2). Marketable deliver was a little higher and ear dimension was rather larger for all mulch movies in contrast to bare soil, even though the differences were not statistically considerable on the five p.c level (Table two). No considerable distinctions in other excellent parameters (tip address, tip fill) happened between the therapies. Weed command will have to be excellent beneath the mulch as weeds will mature by the biodegradable films alternatively than being smothered as normally happens underneath the more robust polyethylene films.
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Tips for Presenters
Introduction: These presentation suggestions were developed to assist international volunteers to teach Iowa school children about other countries and cultures.
Language Problem:
• Be open with your audiences.
• Acknowledge the problem or any language difficulty you may have.
• Ask people to tell you when you made a mistake.
• Ask if clear.
• Look at their faces.
• Write on blackboard.
• Say it another way.
• Speak slowly, try to pronounce clearly, spell terms on the blackboard.
• Tell people it’s ok to tell you when they don’t understand.
Tips for Good Communication:
• Speak slowly and distinctly.
• Emphasize key words.
• Allow pauses.
• Let individuals read your lips.
• Use visual aids.
• Use handouts.
• Use familiar words.
• Check for understanding frequently.
• Look at your audiences, maintain eye contact.
Presentation Techniques: It is always a good idea to start your presentation with some personal information about yourself. You can tell your audience things like:
1. Your name
2. What is your major field of study
3. What you hope to do after graduation
4. Whether you have family here or in your country
5. When and where you learned English
6. How many languages you speak and what they are
• Prepare a guideline about what you are going to present.
• Tell your audience if you want questions during or after you talk.
• Time flies when you are having fun! However, don't forget to have some extra activities/discussion topics ready in case you have some extra time on your hands.
• Meaningful learning is the best approach. Take advantage of your personal experiences and demonstrate as much as you can. For example, SHOW the audience how to wrap a sari and have them try it on; TEACH them how to eat with chopsticks; DEMONSTRATE to the audience how to greet someone in your country, and so forth.
• Gear your presentation to the age level of the audience. Remember, the younger the group, the more basic your presentation should be.
• Paraphrase difficult or unknown words.
Dos & Don'ts:
• Select the things that you think best represent your culture and plan how you will use them in your presentation. Limit yourself to four or five items.
• Write your name on the chalkboard. Also write it in your native language if it is in a different script.
• Show where your home country is on a map. Describe the climate and the terrain.
• Teach people a greeting in your language.
• Invite people's participation: Ask them what their favorite sports, foods, holidays are, then tell them what yours are. Pick someone to model a hat or clothing for the rest of audiences.
• Teach audiences a song, game or dance from your culture.
• Do not take more items than you will have time to talk about.
• Do not rely on slides for your presentation. YOU are the main attraction. If you really want to use slides, select around 10 to give a brief introduction.
• Do not give a lot of statistics and political information that people may not have the background to understand or retain.
• Do not pass things around while speaking to audiences. They will get distracted from what you are saying.
• Do not offer to write a child's name in your language. You will have to do the whole class! Instead ask what their favorite animal is, and write that on the chalkboard.
• Do not chew gum or hold your hand in front of your mouth while presenting.
• Do not talk to the blackboard. Write first, then talk.
• Do not shout or raise your voice.
Presentation Topics: You may not have time to cover all these topics during your presentation. Pick a few to begin with.
General Facts About Your Country
• Where is your country: show on a map if possible; point out where you are from.
• What is your capital city?
• What languages are spoken in your country? Write a sample of it on the chalkboard.
• What religions are practiced?
• What is your country's population and size ( compare to Iowa )?
• (Iowa's population is around three million, and Iowa's area is 56,290 square miles.)
• What is your climate like?
• What is your main product?
• What type of government do you have?
• How old are children when they start school?
• How many years of school are mandatory?
• How long is the school day? Do you have lunch at school?
• What subjects do you study?
• How many students are usually in a class?
• Is it very difficult to be accepted into a university in your home country?
Sports and Recreation
• What games are played in your country?
• What professional sports are popular?
• What is your favorite sport?
• Are video games very common?
• What types of programs are on television?
• What is your traditional music like ( play an example, if possible )?
• What types of music are popular today ( play examples )?
Family Life
• What are the roles of family members?
• Do children have chores, allowances?
• What is the average family size?
• Do most people have pets, what kinds?
• What are houses like in a big city? In a village?
• What is the most celebrated holiday, and how is it celebrated?
• What other holidays or festivals are celebrated?
Economy and Everyday Life
• What is your main food? How does your food compare to American food?
• Are things cheaper or more expensive there?
• Are your laws very different? If so, in what ways?
• What wild animals are in your country?
• What types of transportation are most common?
• What type of clothing is worn, for everyday and for special occasions?
Sample of Activities: Studies have shown that people tend to remember more when they are involved in doing something, instead of simply listening or seeing. Your audiences will be able to get more out of your presentation if you have them actively involved. There are many activities that you can try that will make your presentation more interesting and rewarding for you and your audiences. Here are a few examples.
• Bring a couple of dictionaries from your language. Have your audiences look up a few simple words such as greetings, numbers, etc. This will be a fun way to teach the audiences a few words in your language.
• Try some math exercises while talking about your country. For example, have people convert your national currency into US dollars; explore the time difference between your country and America, etc.
• With your national flag in hand, have audiences guess the meaning of the colors and the symbols on it.
• When looking through American magazines, you find a lot of ads for cleaning supplies; the models are often young and well-groomed, etc. This is an indication that, in this culture, cleanliness, youth and self-appearance are valued.
You can do a similar analysis with your culture. Bring magazines from your country and pass them around. Have your audiences look through these publications, especially the ads, and guess what are some of the values and beliefs pertinent to your culture. ( This activity is more appropriate for older audiences. )
• Bring a little fun and challenge into your presentation. If you know of an easy game that can be played in a short period of time, teach your audiences, especially the kids. They will love it!!
• Proverbs and riddles are very cultural, and they are a good way to demonstrate the values and beliefs of your people. Teach your audiences some of the proverbs common in your country and explain their meaning. This is a good opportunity for you to do some comparison and find out whether the US has proverbs similar to the ones in your country (More appropriate for older audiences).
• A good way to get your audiences involved is to bring a questionnaire with a few questions and let them answer. For example:
1. In Paraguay they speak: a. English, b. Portuguese, c. Spanish, d. Guarany
2. The capital of Paraguay is: a. Asuncion, b. Conception, c. Villarica
This is also a good way to find out how much they know about your country (You may change the questions for older audiences).
• If you know how to play a musical instrument, bring it with you and share your talent with the audiences. You can take the opportunity to teach them a folk song or some dance steps from your country.
• Always encourage your audiences to participate. A fun thing to do will be to "quiz" them at the end of each presentation. If they answer your questions correctly, reward them with a small token from your country ( i.e. stamp, candy, etc. )
Suggestions for Presenters:
• In your presentation, help people recognize world interdependence and the need for international understanding and cooperation. For example: talk about the business connections between your country and America.
• It is important that you point out not only the similarities, but also the differences between your country and America. Researchers have found that "differences are the basis for cross-cultural understanding". Let people, especially kids understand that there are cultures other than the American one, and they all function very well.
• Non-verbal behavior is a very strong component of the communication process. In fact, researchers agree that most of our messages are transmitted non-verbally ( i.e., gestures, greetings, etc. ). Show the audiences how non-verbal behavior can be a source of misunderstanding if cultural differences are not respected. Examples of "non-verbal behavior" to demonstrate are: greetings, gestures, eye contact, distance between speakers, attitude towards time, physical contact, etc.
• We all know that the media in this country doesn't necessarily give a fair and accurate picture of different countries. Headlines are often negative and unfortunately this is the only way many Americans receive information about other countries. To counteract this "headline syndrome", it is especially important that you focus on "human issues" during your presentations such as: family life, birth, death, marriages, elderly and women’s roles, arts, courtship and dating, etc.
• Food is a very important aspect of any culture. Talk to the audiences about the types of food you eat, how they are prepared, and the spices associated with them. If your culture kit has samples of spices, especially the ones not found in America, pass them around and let the audiences smell them. You can be really ambitious and teach them how to prepare a dish from your country. Make sure to share the recipe with them.
• Take the opportunity to compare and contrast your language with the English one. You can demonstrate writing in your language by pointing out things such as: the direction of the script, the spacing of characters, diacritical marks and what they are used for, etc.
• Stereotypes are generalizations that sometimes carry a negative connotation with them. Take the time to find out what are some of the stereotypes the audiences have about persons from your country. This is an excellent opportunity for you to try to eliminate, or at least clarify these stereotypes. And what about the stereotypes you have about Americans and the United States? I am sure the audiences will help you with that. This activity is best when done with older audiences.
• Customs such as gift giving, table manners, and many others are very "cultural" and what is appropriate behavior in one country may be inappropriate in another. For example, eating with the left hand in some countries would be inappropriate ( even offensive for some people ); in some Asian cultures, a gift should be presented with both hands and the appropriate behavior would be not to open the gift while in the presence of the giver.
• Every culture uses numbers or some sort of numerical systems. The way people count varies from one country to another. For example, in France, you indicate number "one" with the thumb folded down; In America, you can do the same with the index finger held up. Take the opportunity and show your audiences how "counting" is often a function of culture.
• Many schools today are putting a lot of emphasis on the teaching of languages. True, you can not make your audiences fluent in just one presentation. However, you can raise their awareness towards a different language by teaching simple words that are used every day such as good morning, good-bye, numbers from one to five, etc.
• Your presentation will certainly be a lot more interesting if you present about things your audiences can relate to. When presenting to children for example, talk about a day in the life of a child from your country. Things such as what they have for breakfast, what kinds of activities they are involved with on the weekend, what programs they watch on TV and so forth, should help the children understand your culture a little better. When presenting to adults, make sure to present about things adults would be interested in.
• Folktales can be a very entertaining record not only of your culture, but also of your history. If you know of folktales from your country, share them with the audiences. This way, they will gain an insight into the customs, ways of thinking, and beliefs of your people.
• When you present, YOU are the star! The audiences are anxious to know who you are, and the kinds of things you do back home. They want to hear about your everyday life, the kinds of things you eat, what you normally wear ( it is always a good idea to bring/wear a typical clothing from your country and explain its relation to your culture and lifestyle. ). Another interesting topic would be to talk about your experiences in this country such as culture shock, the things you had to get used to, etc.
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Is Texas Part Of The South
The identical went for the whole state of Texas east of what is now Interstate 35, which used to be the place the vast majority of the other folks lived and used to be every much a part of the King Cotton economic system as AlabamaTLDR: take a look at the annual mean rainfall for any town. If it's forty inches or more, then it's in East Texas, and if it is less, it's in West Texas. That's an oversimplification, however for better or for worse, it puts Dallas in the "south' and Fort Worth in...2. Six flags have flown over Texas. Native Americans have lived in Texas for thousands of years, but it didn't turn into part of a rustic in the modern sense till Spanish explorers arrived in 1519.thru Kentucky and Tennessee to Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Musically, what is also known as the "peripheral" South is actually the region's core. The Deep South is peripheral to the country-music scene, although it is not a vacuum like New England, and a an identical map forTexas is the largest of the 48 contiguous states in the US Because of this, it has a wide variety of landforms. There are six primary geographic spaces in Texas: East Texas, the Gulf Coast, the Rio Grande Valley, the Blackland Prairies, the High Plains and West Texas. In the south, the Gulf Coast Plain meets the Gulf of Mexico.
If East Texas is generally considered to be part of the
South Texas is a area of the U.S. state of Texas that lies more or less south of—and including—San Antonio.The southern and western boundary is the Rio Grande, and to the east it is the Gulf of Mexico.The population of this region is about 4.ninety six million in step with the 2017 census estimates. The southern portion of this region is often known as the Rio Grande Valley.South Padre Island is almost as some distance south as the Texas coastline extends; with a single exception, the coast past is either marsh or taken up by in large part vacant post-industrial docks and factories.Texas' weather varies broadly, from arid in the west to humid in the east. The huge expanse of Texas encompasses several regions with distinctly different climates: Northern Plains, Trans-Pecos Region, Texas Hill Country, Piney Woods, and South Texas.Generally speaking, the part of Texas that lies to the east of Interstate 35 is subtropical, while the portion that lies to the west of InterstateAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau, the South is composed of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, the District of Columbia,...
If East Texas is generally considered to be part of the
9 Things You May Not Know About Texas - HISTORY
Favorite Answer Texas is about as south as you'll be able to get in the US. Anyone who instructed you otherwise must be as puzzled as they have made you. I live in the southeastern part of Texas, however I might...The South is a diverse meteorological region with a large number of climatic zones, together with temperate, sub-tropical, tropical and arid—despite the fact that the South generally has a name as scorching and humid, with long summers and brief, gentle winters. Most of the South—except for for the areas of higher elevations and areas near the western, southern and some northern fringes—fall in the humid subtropicalThe first new border wall in South Texas started going up south of the the town of Donna. The wall will connect with existing wall that was built in 2008 under the 2006 Safe Fence Act.The a ways eastern part of southwestern Texas, for instance the Texas Hill Country, consists of dry, tall, and rugged rocky hills of limestone and granite. South Texas and the Rio Grande Valley is most commonly flat with many puts consisting of scrub and naked topsoil, similar to the deserts additional west. WildlifeGeographically, Texas is the westernmost state in the Bible Belt. As a result, we're part of the South, Southwest, and the Central United States. We have been the closing main state to join the Union previous to the get started of the Civil War, and even Sam Houston, the former President of the Republic of Texas, argued against secession.
9 Things You May Not Know About Texas
1. Everything actually is larger in Texas.At 268,596 sq. miles, Texas is the 2d largest state behind best Alaska. With 25.1 million folks, consistent with the 2010 U.S. Census, it is the 2nd maximum populous in the back of simplest California. Texas has the largest state capitol development and the absolute best pace limit (85 miles consistent with hour alongside a stretch of highway between Austin and San Antonio); it’s also the nation’s leading cattle, cotton and oil manufacturer. “Size always went with macho,” defined Richard B. McCaslin, a historical past professor at the University of North Texas. “It’s all part of that delight of Texas—being bigger, stronger, better, faster, richer.” Of route, bigger is no longer at all times higher: Texas’ adult obesity rate stands at over 30 percent, and it emits more than twice as many greenhouse gases as another state.
2. Six flags have flown over Texas.Native Americans have lived in Texas for hundreds of years, however it didn't become part of a country in the trendy sense till Spanish explorers arrived in 1519. The Spanish then essentially left out it till the 1680s, when the French established an outpost close to Matagorda Bay. “That galvanized the Spaniards, [who said], ‘There may not be anything there, but damned if we’re going to let the French have it,’” McCaslin mentioned. Although Mexico’s conflict of independence driven out Spain in 1821, Texas didn't stay a Mexican ownership for long. It was its personal nation, referred to as the Republic of Texas, from 1836 until it agreed to join the United States in 1845. Sixteen years later, it seceded together with 10 different states to shape the Confederacy. The Civil War forced it back into the Union, where it has stayed ever since. The quite a lot of flags that experience flown over Texas—those of Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the United States and the Confederacy—impressed the identify of the Six Flags amusement park chain, which originated in Texas in 1961.
3. Texas will have been even higher.During its duration as an unbiased country, Texas attempted to increase south and west into what used to be then Mexico. “There used to be an entire sequence of expeditions and counter-expeditions and skirmishes and battles,” said Bob Brinkman, coordinator of the ancient markers program at the Texas Historical Commission, a state agency. Even after joining the United States, Texas held on to the concept that it might take a big chunk of the Territory of New Mexico. But as part of the Compromise of 1850, which maintained the balance of power between free and slave states, it relinquished claims to kind of 67 million acres in trade for million to repay its debt.
4. Texas hosted what used to be arguably the final combat of the Civil War.Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House in April 1865. Yet regardless of being totally aware of this, Northern and Southern forces squared off the following month in the Battle of Palmito Ranch. “It should have been just a large mob struggle,” McCaslin stated in describing the combat, which happened on a coastal prairie east of Brownsville, Texas. Ironically, the Confederates gained what is regarded as—in Texas, a minimum of—the closing land motion of the Civil War. With cavalry and artillery, the Confederates killed or wounded some 30 fighters, captured greater than one hundred others and forced the the rest again to a base near the mouth of the Rio Grande. It was once a short-lived victory, alternatively, as they agreed to lay down their hands a couple of weeks later.
5. The deadliest natural disaster in U.S. historical past happened in Texas.Galveston, Texas, an island city situated about 50 miles southeast of Houston, was once as soon as the country’s biggest cotton port, a playground for millionaires and a major gateway for arriving immigrants. But on September 8, 1900, a Category 4 hurricane slammed the area with a 15-foot hurricane surge and winds up to one hundred forty miles in step with hour. Relatively few citizens evacuated, in part because U.S. climate forecasters had downplayed warnings from their Cuban opposite numbers, and an estimated 8,000 other people died. “We were given stuck flat-footed,” McCaslin mentioned. “It was once horrendous. The water actually swept over the island.” In the storm’s aftermath, Galveston built a seawall and raised its elevation with sand from the Gulf of Mexico. Although 48,000 folks these days reside there, it has never regained its former glory.
6. Two presidents had been born in Texas (and neither was once named Bush).Born in Denison, Texas, in 1890, Dwight D. Eisenhower moved to Kansas as a toddler and did not return to the Lone Star State until he was stationed there as a second lieutenant in the Army. Lyndon B. Johnson, on the different hand, was once a Texan through and through. He used to be born one the city over from Johnson City, which his family members had helped settle, grew up and went to university instate, and later served as a U.S. consultant and U.S. senator from Texas. He ascended to the White House lower than 3 years after Eisenhower left it. Two extra presidents, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, established political careers in Texas, however both have been born in New England.
7. “Don’t mess with Texas” began as an anti-litter message.In the Eighties Texas spent about million a 12 months cleansing up trash alongside its highways. “It used to be now not unusual to peer cowboys riding down the boulevard tossing a beer can out the window,” said Mark S. Saka, a history professor at Sul Ross State University. As a consequence, the state Department of Transportation employed an advertising company to assist with its anti-litter campaign. The company came up with the phrase “Don’t mess with Texas,” which first aired on television during the 1986 Cotton Bowl and has since became an unofficial slogan for Texas pride. “It caught on,” Saka mentioned. “I in fact have a bumper sticky label that says that.”
8. Texas was as soon as the domain of Democrats.Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860 as the first Republican president precipitated Texas to depart the Union. The anti-slavery, pro-Reconstruction Republicans remained anathema there for many years to come back, shedding each presidential election but one until 1952. “This was commonplace throughout the South,” mentioned Saka. Although Texans every so often establish with the American West, he added, “this is a Southern state traditionally, culturally, politically and economically.” Cracks in the Democratic majority started becoming noticeable all through the civil rights movement and social upheaval of the Nineteen Sixties. John Tower, a Republican, won Lyndon B. Johnson’s old Senate seat in 1961, and in 1979 William Clements was the first Republican governor since Reconstruction. Today, Republicans keep watch over each statewide place of business, each homes of the state legislature and two-thirds of the seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. No Republican presidential candidate has misplaced the state since 1976. Even so, Democrats are hopeful that Texas will at some point flip blue. “The giant shift here shall be the rise of the Mexican-American inhabitants and the shrinking and aging of the Anglo inhabitants,” Saka stated.
9. Texas may break up into 5 states.Contrary to fashionable belief, Texas has not more right to secede than some other state. But its 1845 annexation settlement does permit its department into as many as five states without federal approval. “The comic story is that if there have been five states, then who would get the Alamo?” Brinkman said. “Or would it be a pie ridge radiating out from that web page?” No serious try at splitting up Texas has been made since Reconstruction, and the thought hasn't ever been examined in the courts. Nonetheless, the state’s hypothetical partition still gets kicked around every so often. In 1969, as an example, a state senator proposed a 51st state inside of Texas that will be open to parimutuel betting, whilst in 1991 a state consultant presented a bill to turn the panhandle right into a state referred to as “Old Texas.”
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Good day. I'm working on home automation. I'm now at the implementation stage, where I want to assemble all the materials I need to use.
The materials are: Seeeduino GPRS (Arduino Leonardo), relay module, LCD display and electrical appliances. How do I connect them? I need the connection diagram, and some tips about the microcontroller. Thanks.
• Connect them any way you want to. Please ask a more specific question. – Nick Gammon Jan 29 '17 at 6:34
Have you checked out these two websites:
1. https://www.pubnub.com/blog/2015-02-17-connect-arduino-gsm-gprs-shield-to-the-internet/
2. http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/Seeeduino_GPRS.
They both go over many examples of how to connect the Seeeduino GPRS and even provides some sample code that you could run to test the connections if you are still unsure. As for the relay module, it depends on which one you are using, the LCD can be easily connected following this tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85LvW1QDLLw. Hope this helps.
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Manon Bloemer VNCI: “Chemistry is part of the solution, circularity the way to reach it.”
Manon Bloemers Brightsite
Chemical companies are currently facing two major challenges: how to reduce CO₂ emissions and how to make their products more sustainable. The main focus of current policies is on reducing direct CO₂ emissions, but there is enormous potential on the product side. Using sustainable bio-based raw materials and recyclable waste (alternative carbon sources) to make chemical building blocks will make it possible to save CO₂ and build sustainable, circular value chains that have a positive impact on the climate on a global scale.
We at the trade association for the chemical industry in the Netherlands recently released a report, ‘From Roadmap to Reality’, setting out the steps that the sector is already taking to become climate-neutral and circular within the next thirty years. The reality is that there is no time to lose between now and 2050 – now is the time to take action. All kinds of projects have been launched in the areas of energy efficiency, CO₂ capture and storage, hydrogen and electrification, and we are working on making products more sustainable. But we cannot do this alone. More than ever, we need to cooperate in the chain so that we can continue to make products that contribute to prosperity and wellbeing. The keys to a successful transition are: cooperation in the chain, clear policies, adequate and timely investment in infrastructure and financial support for innovative techniques that are not yet profitable.
We are delighted that Brightsite is committed to the greening of chemistry. Brightsite’s work in the area of clean hydrogen production is a great example of the development of innovative technologies needed to achieve the climate targets.
Read the article: Clean hydrogen production crucial for transition to circular chemistry
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CNC Vertical Lathe
For many applications, including heavy, bulky and oddly shaped workpieces, a vertical lathe is a great choice. A vertical lathe turns the workpiece. Both CNC vertical lathe and manual Vertical Turret Lathes (VTL) are common in machine shops and educational institutions across the country.
cnc vertical lathe
Used CNC Vertical Lathes
An Overview of the Vertical Lathe, CNC Turning Center and Similar Machine Tools
Heavy Large Diameter Machining
Vertical lathes are suitable for roughing and fine machining ferrous and non-ferrous materials. When there is a tooling turret, various types of tooling can be inserted to allow for both inner and outer cylinder cutting, cone surfacing, grooving, drilling, tapping, reaming, facing, knurling, threading and other machining processes. The more tooling slots, the more versatile the machine.
Vertical Lathe vs. CNC Turning Center
According to many machine tool builders, there is really no difference between a CNC vertical lathe and CNC turning center. However, the lathe is often used to describe simpler machines which do turning alone. A vertical lathe is a 2-axis machine that moves in the X and Y direction and typically has only one chuck.
CNC turning centers usually denote machines with integrated milling and turning capabilities. A CNC turning center with a sub-spindle can work on one side of a part, transfer it to the sub-spindle and work on the other end of the part. The complexity and speed that the machine can make parts depend on the size, power, speed, number, and type of tooling slots.
Turret for Tooling and Turrets
A vertical turret lathe refers to a machine that has the workpiece as a turret but keep in mind that tooling can also be on a turret. The more planes of work, (referred to as the number of axes,) the greater the complexity of the part that can be made.
Advantage and Disadvantage of Vertical Lathes Compared to Horizontal Lathes
CNC vertical lathes take advantage of gravity which seats the workpiece. The disadvantage is the at chips can be an issue, especially for concave parts. A large diameter short part would work better on a vertical lathe and longer, smaller diameter parts tend to work better on a horizontal lathe. Top manufacturers of CNC vertical lathes include Haas, Okuma, Doosan, Mazak, and DMG Mori.
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Question: Where Does Brent Crude Oil Come From?
Where is Brent crude oil produced?
Brent refers to oil that is produced in the Brent oil fields and other sites in the North Sea. Brent crude’s price is the benchmark for African, European, and Middle Eastern crude oil.
Why is crude oil called Brent?
Originally Brent Crude was produced from the Brent oilfield. The name ” Brent ” comes from the naming policy of Shell UK Exploration and Production, operating on behalf of ExxonMobil and Royal Dutch Shell, which originally named all of its fields after birds (in this case the brent goose).
What is the difference between crude oil and Brent?
Oil benchmarking and pricing As mentioned earlier in the article, Brent crude is the benchmark used for the wider light oil market – ie Europe, Africa and the Middle East, while WTI is the benchmark for the US light oil market. Other countries often use both Brent and WTI as benchmarks to value their crude oil.
You might be interested: Question: Why Is Brent More Expensive?
What is the difference between Brent oil and WTI?
In the United States, West Texas Intermediate is the preferred measure and pricing model. It is also slightly “sweeter” and “lighter” than Brent. West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) is slightly lower in price than Brent. As of November 2, 2020, WTI was trading at $38.76 per barrel, while Brent traded at $41.19.
Which is the best crude oil in the world?
Lightest, Low- Sulfur, Low Tan Crude Oil Deposits in the World. The best crude oil in the world is found in Malaysia. “Tapis, the Malaysian crude benchmark traded in Singapore, has for a long time held the title of the world’s most expensive grade.
Who owns Brent crude oil?
Brent Crude Oil Trading Following the OPEC oil crisis of the 1970s, crude oil commodities began trading on the futures market. Brent futures are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) It is owned by CME Group, one of the largest in the United States under the symbol BZ.
Why is Brent oil more expensive?
How many years will Saudi oil last?
You might be interested: Readers ask: How Did Brent Geese Get Their Name?
What is Brent crude price today?
Oil Price Charts
Futures & Indexes Last Last Updated
Brent Crude SellBuy 69.36 (11 Minutes Delay)
Mars US 64.26 (1 Hour Delay)
Opec Basket 67.05 (4 days Delay)
Canadian Crude Index 54.26 (4 days Delay)
Can I buy Brent crude?
What type of crude oil does Saudi Arabia produce?
We produce five different grades of crude oil. These are: Arabian Heavy, Arabian Medium, Arabian Light, Arabian Extra Light, and Arabian Super Light.
What is Brent crude oil used for?
Brent crude is the most traded of all of the oil benchmarks, and is defined as crude mostly drilled from the North Sea oilfields: Brent, Forties, Oseberg and Ekofisk (collectively known as BFOE). This oil type is widely used as it is both sweet and light, making it easy to refine into diesel fuel and gasoline.
What does WTI stand for in oil?
West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil is a specific grade of crude oil and one of the main three benchmarks in oil pricing, along with Brent and Dubai Crude.
What is WTI oil used for?
WTI is a light, sweet crude oil, which refers to its low density and low sulfur content, and is often used for conversion to gasoline and diesel fuel. Although WTI is priced out of Cushing, Oklahoma, this benchmark contract is tied to energy markets around the world.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Time Does Brent Cross Open Tomorrow?
Why is WTI cheaper than Brent crude?
Another reason is that WTI supplies are produced in landlocked areas, and nowadays need to be transported to the coast, where most refineries are located. Because of growth in U.S. oil production, there’s a glut of oil supply in the U.S. midwest. So WTI now trades at a price “discount” to Brent oil.
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Question: What Does Excluded Mean?
What does it mean not excluded?
The result conclusion will state one of the following phrases.
Either “not excluded” Meaning the probability of paternity if you are the biological father of the child.
Or, “is excluded” which means the probability of you being the biological father is very slim to none..
What does elude mean?
verb (used with object), e·lud·ed, e·lud·ing. to avoid or escape by speed, cleverness, trickery, etc.; evade: to elude capture. to escape the understanding, perception, or appreciation of: The answer eludes me.
Which symptom should not be excluded from a site?
Examples of illnesses that generally should not result in exclusion include the common cold, diarrhea (as long as stool is contained in the diaper), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and conjunctivitis without a fever or behavioral change. S.
What do you do if your child is excluded?
What is difference between elude and allude?
Allude is to suggest or indirectly call attention to something, for example: She had a way of alluding to Jean but never saying her name. Whereas elude means to escape from or avoid someone or something: The thief eluded the authorities for months.
What are two synonyms for exclude?
Synonyms & Antonyms of excludeban,bar,close out,count (out),debar,eliminate,except,freeze out,More items…
What does it mean when something is excluded?
verb (used with object), ex·clud·ed, ex·clud·ing. to shut or keep out; prevent the entrance of. to shut out from consideration, privilege, etc.: Employees and their relatives were excluded from participation in the contest.
What does excluded mean in school?
re not allowedBeing excluded is when you’re not allowed to go back into school. You can’t attend lessons, go to school events or take part in school activities. You can be excluded or suspended for a short amount of time, but you can also be excluded permanently.
What does incredulously mean?
adjective. not credulous; disinclined or indisposed to believe; skeptical. indicating or showing unbelief: an incredulous smile.
What does excluded mean in medical terms?
diagnosis of exclusionA diagnosis of exclusion or by exclusion (per exclusionem) is a diagnosis of a medical condition reached by a process of elimination, which may be necessary if presence cannot be established with complete confidence from history, examination or testing.
What is Rule Out in diagnosis?
A:The phrase “rule out” means that the physician is attempting to discount a particular diagnosis from the list of possible or probable conditions the patient may have.
What is an example of exclusion?
Exclusion is defined as the act of leaving someone out or the act of being left out. An example of exclusion is inviting everyone except one person to the party. Of taxes, an item that is not required to be included in gross income; of insurance, the occurrences that will not receive coverage under the policy.
What’s a fancy word for cheating?
What is another word for cheating?artificecozenageblufffeintskullduggerystingshamhoodwinkingcheatmisrepresentation223 more rows
What does it mean Cannot be excluded as the biological father?
If your results say that the father is “not excluded”, this means that there is almost 100% probability that the person is the biological father – in the example above, a 99.9998% probability. However, if two possible fathers are close relatives, such as brothers, they share much of the same DNA.
What is another word for excluded?
Synonym Study In this page you can discover 63 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for exclude, like: shut out, bar, keep out, reject, except, expel, ban, debar, eliminate, omit and prohibit.
How do you use rule out in a sentence?
What to do when your child is being excluded?
Here are seven ways you can help your child cope with being excluded at school.Validate Your Child’s Feelings.Discuss What Is Controllable and What Isn’t.Give Advice, But Do Not Fix Things.Seek Out Other Friendships.Encourage Participation in Outside Activities.Improve Your Child’s Social Skills.Consider Outside Help.More items…
Can either man be excluded as the father?
An alleged father can be excluded as the biological father with as little as one mismatch between DNA profiles. When a person is excluded as the father, the profiles often reveal several, if not many, mismatches.
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Acne Mechanica
Acne mechanica is a form of acne breakout caused due to tight clothing, constant friction against skin, sweat accumulated in the area while wearing helmets or backpacks and any other action that would lead to irritation of the skin. Acne starts to build up after the surface of the skin is continuously exacerbated by heat, unvarying pressure or skin covered for too long. Another type of acne mechanica is cyclist acne that as the term suggests is common among athletes that develop the acne due to sweat and heat causing acne problems. Some other common names for acne mechanica include back packer’s acne, soldier’s acne and fiddler’s acne.
This skin condition is more likely to be frequent among those that either work out or have a more sport activity based routine. Some useful treatment for acne mechanica and cyclist acne in particular include firstly taken a shower before starting any exercise. It would be favorable to apply anti acne or perhaps anti germ body wash thoroughly. Since the acne is a result of heat it is a good idea to wash the skin in lukewarm or cold water. This would help avoid rashes, inflammation and dryness. For hair an oil free or non comedogenic shampoo should be applied on the scalp. After washing the hair should be dried through patting and avoiding rubbing of the skin. It is important to apply body lubricants to reduce friction against the skin.
Before exercise or cycling it is important to apply oil free sunscreen and avoid wearing very tight clothing that would make the skin more irritable. After the workout it is recommended to take a shower immediately and using the same products as mentioned above and carefully drying skin. To avoid the acne to spread or get worse any treatment containing salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide should be used for the acne. For helmets used during cycling disinfectants can be applied on the inside to reduce the likelihood of acne breakout. If the acne persists or gets worse even after treatment it would be favorable to contact a physician or relevant dermatologist.
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I think that "I feel badly that he is sick" is correct because the word badly modifies the verb FEEL: How I feel. Someone suggested that "I feel bad that he is sick" is correct because the word BAD goes back on ME--not on my feeling. Can someone explain which is correct and why?
• There is a difference. Badly, in this context, means strongly, as in "I feel badly [strongly] that we need some new policies." – Mick Nov 14 '16 at 16:20
• This is a common error one hears all the time. Here "feel" is a form of "being" verb, creating an equivalence. If you are wearing very thick gloves, you might "feel badly" because your fingers are not touching the surface; however, you "feel bad" because someone else is suffering, not "badly." If I'm wrong about this, someone will come along and correct me momentarily. ;-) – Mark Hubbard Nov 14 '16 at 16:24
• books.google.com/ngrams/… – Khan Nov 14 '16 at 23:36
Please refer to this post on ELU
In general, the verb "to feel" will take an adjective when describing the actual feeling (what you feel), and an adverb if modifying the ability to or process of feeling.
I feel bad about the results of the election.
I feel strongly about the results of the election.
For this reason, you will rarely see "feel" followed by "badly" because of the confusion over what exactly you are trying to say. Instead of saying "I feel badly" (to indicate loss of feeling), we would say something like:
I have trouble feeling ...
I lack feeling (in my ...)
I'm unable to feel ...
In the same way we would usually say "I feel good", and not "I feel well".
Of course there are many who will argue that this is improper English and insist on using the adverb (I feel poorly, I feel well, etc.) to describe their current physical condition. I can't say this is wrong, but, at least these days, it is not typical
[Edit] In the novel I'm currently reading, one of the British characters says, "I'm sorry you feel badly about ..." So perhaps you can use "bad" if you want to sound more American, and "badly" if you want to sound more British? We can ask an Australian as a tie-breaker.
• It's not wrong, for the reasons you give. People who think otherwise don't understand the difference between an adverb and a complement. – StoneyB on hiatus Nov 14 '16 at 18:03
• despite your point, "I feel well" is actually grammatical because well is also an adjective meaning "to be in good health" thus "I feel well" contrasts with "I feel sick/ill"; in general what you feel is a complement (adjective or less commonly a noun) and how you feel is an adverb. In some cases, the distinction can be a bit unclear. – eques Nov 15 '16 at 14:39
• @eques the point isn't that "I feel well" is wrong, it's that some people say that "I feel good" is absolutely incorrect and should never be used. – Andrew Nov 15 '16 at 15:30
• That's not what your sentence about "I feel well" says. – eques Nov 15 '16 at 16:10
sense verbe, feel strongly have a definite or strong opinion about sthg To describe the quality somethin
I feel badly that he's sick.
I feel bad that he's sick.
Both the sentences are correct grammatically, but the use of the adjective bad in front of the sense verb "feel" is more common and idiomatic.
(strangely enough, according to The Free Dictionary, badly is also an adjective. I feel badly for his loss).
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Quick Answer: When Was Genghis Khan In Power?
How old was Genghis Khan when he rose to power?
How many babies did Genghis Khan have?
This means Genghis Khan likely only recognized his four sons by his first wife as actual sons. These four Mongolian heirs — Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei and Tolu — inherited the Khan name, even if hundreds of others may have inherited the Khan DNA.
How many concubines did Genghis Khan have?
500 concubinesGenghis Khan had six Mongolian wives and over 500 concubines. Geneticists estimate that 16 million men alive today are genetic descendants of Genghis Khan, making him one of the most prolific patriarchs in history.
How did Genghis Khan become so powerful?
Genghis Khan ( c. 1158 – August 18, 1227), born Temüjin, was the founder and first Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia.
Do I have Genghis Khan DNA?
Since a 2003 study found evidence that Genghis Khan’s DNA is present in about 16 million men alive today, the Mongolian ruler’s genetic prowess has stood as an unparalleled accomplishment. … The other nine men are currently mysteries.
What was Genghis Khan real name?
When did Genghis Khan rise to power?
1206Genghis Khan rose to supremacy over the Mongol tribes in the steppe in 1206, and within a few years he……
When did Genghis Khan rule?
Who has the most wives in history?
Who was the greatest conqueror of all time?
Genghis Khan1 Genghis Khan — 4,860,000 Square Miles Without a doubt, the greatest conqueror in history, who conquered more than double the area of land that Alexander the Great did, is often one of the most forgotten conquerors in the minds of people of the western world.
Was Genghis Khan a good ruler?
How long was Genghis Khan in power?
Genghis Khan (aka Chinggis Khan) was the founder of the Mongol Empire which he ruled from 1206 until his death in 1227.
One in every 200 men alive today is a relative of Genghis Khan. An international team of geneticists has made the astonishing discovery that more than 16 million men in central Asia have the same male Y chromosome as the great Mongol leader. … ‘Y chromosomes belonging to different men vary slightly.
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Example Ruby on Rails Arduino Project
Citation Author(s):
dr.nisha rehane mithal
Submitted by:
Nisha Mithal
Last updated:
Thu, 11/08/2018 - 10:34
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My first use of Ruby on Rails in an Arduino project is a simple temperature and humidity logger. Ideally I'll create another Arduino project to graph the data. Of course we need an Arduino with networking capabilities. You really can't go past the excellent, tiny, cheap HUZZAH from Adafruit.
Components I used were:
The HUZZAH board needs more juice than can be supplied through the FTDI breakout, so the USB socket is used to provide a second 5V supply. It needs to be something that will happily put out 500mA.
Example Ruby on Rails Arduino Project
Components I used were:
The HUZZAH board needs more juice than can be supplied through the FTDI breakout, so the USB socket is used to provide a second 5V supply. It needs to be something that will happily put out 500mA. Pic 1: the foreground positive rail is 3.3V, the background rail 5V.If you haven't used a HUZZAH before I suggest you go through the tutorial. If you can upload a sketch and enumerate the nearby WiFi access point names then you're all set.I made a few mistakes setting up this hardware. First, I assumed the FTDI board I had could power the HUZZAH. The Arduino serial monitor showed crash dumps of memory and the sketch restarting. So no, the FTDI wouldn't work on its own. Make sure you have a second power source, that it is connected correctly and can supply 500mA. By correctly I mean don't connect your second power source to the V+ pin on the HUZZAH, that one is shared with the FTDI pin header; something I didn't realise until I found weird voltages on all the supply rails. Use VBat for the second supply.Lastly, when I hooked up the RHT03 sensor according to the data sheet I just ran it off the 5V rail from the USB-B socket. When my room was quiet I could hear the HUZZAH board screaming a nearly silent high-pitched squeak. So yes, it turns out I was pumping a 5V signal into the HUZZAH which takes only 3.3V inputs. Yikes! I'm glad I didn't blow it.
Circuit Description
The 5V supply from the USB-B socket is wired to GND and VBat on the HUZZAH. The 5V ground is also wired to pin 4 on the RHT03. The 3V pin (3.3V) on the HUZZAH supplies pin 1 on the RHT03 and pin 2 on the RHT03 via a 1kΩ resistor. Pin 2 on the RHT03 is wired to #5 on the HUZZAH. That's it.
Of course you need a machine running Ruby on Rails (see previous blog posts) to act as the server for this project. Being Ruby on Rails there's not a lot to do to make this server work for us. I'm going to call the app 'climate' and record each value as a 'measure'. Given I've run through what it looks like to run these commands in previous blog posts, I'll leave out the response from Rails and just show the list of commands to run:
~$ rails new climate
~$ cd climate
~/climate$ rake db:create
~/climate$ rails generate scaffold Measure temperature:float humidity:float
~/climate$ rake db:migrate
~/climate$ rails server
So now, on your Rails server you should be able to hit http://localhost:3000/measures and play with that to ensure you can CRUD Measures.As explained previously, when we try to do this through JSON we'll get blocked by a built-in Rails security policy. At this stage we can read data using JSON (http://localhost:3000/measures.json) but we won't be able to post new data to the server until we fix the application_controller.rb file. Using a file manager or terminal window, edit ~/climate/app/controllers/application_controller.rb and add one line to make it read thus:
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
protect_from_forgery with: :exception
protect_from_forgery unless: -> { request.format.json? }
OK, so now we're able to post data to the server in JSON format without being blocked. We can test it at the command line using curl:
~/climate$ curl -v -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Content-type: application/json" -X POST -d '{"temperature":0, "humidity":0}' http://localhost:3000/measures
So at this stage the server is done. We can move on to the Arduino code. Here's a dump of my Arduino code, I'll follow up with a walk-through:
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <ESP8266HTTPClient.h>
#include <DHT.h>
#include <DHT_U.h>
#define DHTPIN 5 // Pin that is connected to the DHT sensor.
#define DHTTYPE DHT22 // DHT 22 (AM2302) AKA: RHT03
const char* ssid = "FifthBit";
const char* password = "ThisIsNotMyRealPassword";
const char* restURL = "";
int maxWiFiConnectionWait = 20; // Seconds
bool connectWiFi();
bool sensorValues(float&, float&);
String toJSON(float, float);
int postValues(String json);
void setup() {
void loop() {
Serial.println("Wait 5.");
if (!connectWiFi()) {
Serial.println("No WiFi");
Serial.println("WiFi OK");
float temperature;
float humidity;
if (!sensorValues(temperature, humidity)) {
Serial.println("No sensor values");
String json = toJSON(temperature, humidity);
int httpCode = postValues(json);
if (httpCode == 201) {
Serial.print("POSTED: ");
} else {
Serial.print("Fail. HTTP ");
int postValues(String json) {
HTTPClient http; //Declare object of class HTTPClient
http.begin(restURL); //Specify request destination
http.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json"); //Specify content-type header
http.addHeader("Accept", "application/json");
int httpCode = http.POST(json); //Send the request
return httpCode;
// Serial.print("HTTP Response: "); //Print HTTP return code
// Serial.print(httpCode);
// Serial.println(payload); //Print request response payload
String toJSON(float temperature, float humidity) {
String temp = String(temperature);
String humi = String(humidity);
return String("{\"temperature\": ") + temp + ", \"humidity\": " + humi + "}";
bool sensorValues(float &temp, float &humid) {
sensors_event_t event;
if (isnan(event.temperature)) {
return false;
} else {
temp = event.temperature;
if (isnan(event.relative_humidity)) {
return false;
} else {
humid = event.relative_humidity;
return true;
void connectSensor() {
Serial.println("Starting sensor");
bool connectWiFi() {
if (WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED) return true;
int secondsWaited = 0;
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
if (secondsWaited > maxWiFiConnectionWait) {
return false;
Serial.print("Connected: ");
return true;
Code Walkthrough
My aim with this code is to make the system resilient to losing the WiFi network as well as the web server.
Top Level Code
The four #include directives are required to access libraries to operate the HUZZAH and the RHT03 sensor. (Yes, I'd rather write my own version of these!) The #define lines are required to set up the sensor. The const char* lines provide strings for configuration of the WiFi network and the URL for the REST server. Here you will need to use the IP address of the system where you're running Ruby on Rails. If you're running a Linux VM as I recommended you can do an ifconfig at the command line to find the IP address. Windows folks will think I meant "ipconfig", but on Linux it really is ifconfig. Network interfaces are interfaces on Linux, so commands like ifupifdown and ifconfig are used. I've then got a few function signatures because the functions themselves are implemented below where they're called in loop().
To my mind, void setup() {} must only contain code that will definitely never need to be called again. I'm not actually sure about DHT.begin(). How often might that sensor type lock up? I don't know. For now I'm assuming both Serial and dht are rock solid and will never fail. The reason I don't just throw these somewhere in void loop() {} is that they might cause a memory leak if they're called repeatedly.
We don't want this loop to get called at a high rate if both connectWiFi() and sensorValues() fall through, so the delay(5000) puts a limit on that. connectWiFi() will return true if either the WiFi is already connected or connecting to the WiFi network was successful. Likewise sensorValues(temperature, humidity) will return true if both values were successfully read from the sensor. When both are successful we have a go at posting the data to the server in a HTTP POST request carrying JSON text. If we get anything other than a HTTP 201 response, we've failed to post the data.If we've posted data successfully we wait 55,000ms so the entire loop() delay is 60 seconds. Of course there are delays in connecting to WiFi when required as well as flight-time for the network packets to/from the web server, so the time between samples is actually "no less than 60 seconds". Actually measuring these values so rapidly is next to useless when measuring ambient conditions so delaying 10 minutes would be better.
This code is almost a straight steal from the HUZZAH sample code except that I've limited the wait time so I don't just get an unlimited number of decimals printed across the serial monitor.
This is not currently called. But if it turns out the RHT03 flakes out from time to time I'll implement it.
This code is from the DHT11 example code. It's implemented as a function because that's a logical chunk of work that can be called to return three values.
Again a logical bit of work to make a String from two float values.
All we care about here is taking the JSON text and returning the HTTP response code from the server. We need to correctly configure the http request with the Content-Type and Accept headers so this works.
When I look at the Serial monitor in Arduino, I see this: Wait 5.
POSTED: {"temperature": 23.30, "humidity": 60.30}
Wait 5.
So as you can see the conditions in my office right now are just dandy. Back on the Rails server, this is spitting out each time the Arduino has a conversation with the server. Awesome. Looks good. Started POST "/measures" for at 2017-03-09 10:16:20 +0000
Processing by MeasuresController#create as JSON
Parameters: {"temperature"=>23.3, "humidity"=>60.4, "measure"=>{"temperature"=>23.3, "humidity"=>60.4}}
(17.0ms) begin transaction
SQL (15.8ms) INSERT INTO "measures" ("created_at", "humidity", "temperature", "updated_at") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?) [["created_at", "2017-03-09 10:16:21.074032"], ["humidity", 60.4], ["temperature", 23.3], ["updated_at", "2017-03-09 10:16:21.074032"]]
(61.6ms) commit transaction
Rendered measures/show.json.jbuilder (20.5ms)
Completed 201 Created in 382ms (Views: 173.1ms | ActiveRecord: 94.5ms)
So now we can look at the data being posted at http://localhost:3000/measures on the Rails server. Tada! As you can imagine, this page gets bigger and bigger as the data set increases. But it's simple to give Rails a command to limit the data size. Although this doesn't work out of the box, you can imagine a GET request something like this http://localhost:3000/measures?limit=100 could be coded at the server to get the latest 100 samples. But I'll save that kind of thing for the next post where I'll go into more Ruby code to get Rails to do more of what we want.That is all.
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kids encyclopedia robot
Vinson Plateau facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Location of Sentinel Range in Western Antarctica.
Vinson Massif map.
Vinson Plateau is the summit plateau of Vinson Massif, Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It extends for 9 km between Goodge Col and Hammer Col linking it to the north-central part of Sentinel Range to the north-northwest and to Craddock Massif to the south-southeast respectively, and 4.5 km wide between Branscomb Peak and Silverstein Peak to the west and Schoening Peak and Marts Peak to the east. Elevation from 4000 m to 4600 m above sea level. Rising from the plateau is the summit of Antarctica Mount Vinson (4892 m), and several other peaks higher than 4700 m, albeit of modest prominence: Clinch Peak (4841 m), Corbet Peak (4822 m), Silverstein Peak (4790 m), Schoening Peak (4743 m) and Hollister Peak (4729 m). The lower peaks of Fukushima (4634 m) and Opalchenie (4500 m) stand at the south extremity of the plateau. Its central part is drained by Roché Glacier and a tributary glacier in Jacobsen Valley, with both of them joining Branscomb Glacier.
The plateau takes its name from Vinson Massif, honouring the US statesman Carl Vinson (1883-1981).
Vinson Plateau is centred at 78°32′00″S 85°35′00″W / 78.53333°S 85.58333°W / -78.53333; -85.58333Coordinates: 78°32′00″S 85°35′00″W / 78.53333°S 85.58333°W / -78.53333; -85.58333. US mapping in 1961, 1988 and 2007.
• D. Gildea and C. Rada. Vinson Massif and the Sentinel Range. Scale 1:50 000 topographic map. Omega Foundation, 2007.
kids search engine
Vinson Plateau Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
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Bad Fats Vs. Good Fats
There are types of fats that you should know about: good fats and bad fats. While one type is good for your health, the other causes heart disease, diabetes, and weight gain. It is important to understand the difference between the two.
One type of fat only safeguards your heart from clogged arteries, while the other puts you in danger of heart disease and other health problems. The word “fat” often has a bad connotation, so it is important to understand what it is we are talking about. The fat on your body has many functions; it provides nutrients to your body, keeps you warm, and maintains a healthy blood sugar level. These various functions make up the good fat.
If you eat too much fat, the effects can be devastating to your body in the long run. It can cause weight gain and can lead to a number of different health issues. So how does all of this affect you?
Bad fats tend to have bad calories. In addition to being bad for your health, the fat that is high in calories also causes high cholesterol levels. As cholesterol increases, it can raise your blood pressure, which can eventually lead to a heart attack or stroke.
However, some fats are actually good for you. Good fats contain more healthy nutrients than bad fats. In addition to keeping you healthy, eating more good fats will help you feel better, as well as help the body’s need for energy. Eating foods high in good fats include nuts, vegetables, and fruits. If you want to improve your health and lose weight, try these natural ways to add more good fats to your diet. If you are looking for quick weight loss, a naturally low-fat diet plan is easier for you.
You should not think that just because you eat more good fats you are going to get rid of your bad fats. You should not starve yourself when you are trying to lose fat. Eating a healthy diet of good fats is still important, but you will still want to exercise and use other ways to help burn those bad fats off.
You will still need to eat plenty of vegetables and fruits each day. However, you can eat a handful of these fruits and vegetables every single day instead of two or three servings. When you do this, you will increase the good fats in your diet, making it easier for you to cut the bad fats. This will also help you feel fuller longer.
When you eat more fruits and vegetables, you will also help your body digest its food, thus giving it less to break down. While eating less solid foods will help you burn fat, you will still need to eat food that provides vitamins and minerals.
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After reading the question Have any animals that have been studied onboard the ISS come back alive?, my first thought was this: what about the ones that don't live?
It would seem that this wouldn't be an uncommon occurrence at least at first - humans don't do very well in microgravity, and animals even more so.
Obviously, one wouldn't want deceased animals floating around the station. Are these unlucky critters sent back with normal trash, or in a different way?
All laboratory animals are sent and returned together, so far as I've ever heard. The animals are part of an experiment, and the experiment is not brought back piecemeal.
However, though the dead animals won't be 'floating around the station' I do wonder how the body is preserved before shipment down. Presumably, decomposition could be an issue.
• 3
$\begingroup$ Commander Chris Hadfield said that they treat human waste by exposing it to the vacuum of space before summarily disposing it. I think dead animals could also be temporarily exposed to the vacuum of space to kill all the bacteria and nullify decomposition. $\endgroup$ – shortstheory Jan 6 '14 at 17:16
• 3
$\begingroup$ @shortstheory: I would love to see an official comment on that. I hate speculating about these things, because I find that the engineers who design the ISS systems usually know about more issues and are a bit more clever than I! $\endgroup$ – dotancohen Jan 6 '14 at 17:24
• 1
$\begingroup$ Commander Hadfield speaks about waste disposal here: link I agree though, I have no info about how animals are actually taken care of in space! $\endgroup$ – shortstheory Jan 6 '14 at 17:28
There are many freezers on the station for storing samples for experiments.
Things that need to be disposed of, such as garbage are placed into a visiting cargo craft (Progress, ATV, HTV, Cyngus) which burn up on reentry.
Things that need to be returned to earth intact are stored until there is a vehicle capable of returning it. Previously that was the Space Shuttle, which could returns many thousands of kilos of cargo.
Currently Soyuz can return on the order of 100 kilos of cargo.
Dragon is about the only real option, which can return about 5000 lbs of cargo.
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Predictive Mean Matching Imputation (Theory & Example in R)
Predictive mean matching is the new gold standard of imputation methodology!
Forget about all these outdated and crappy methods such as mean substitution or regression imputation
In the following article, I’ll show you why predictive mean matching is heavily outperforming all the other imputation methods for missing data.
I have split the article in several sections. You may jump to the specific topic you are interested in:
Predictive Mean Matching Explained Predictive Mean Matching in R (Example) PMM vs. Regression Imputation Predictive Mean Matching in Stata (Video) Ask me a Question (It's Free)
Predictive Mean Matching Explained
Before we can dive into the R programming example, let’s first define what predictive mean matching exactly is. The predictive mean matching algorithm can be split into 6 steps (See also Paul Allison or Vink et al., 2014):
1. Estimate a linear regression model:
2. Draw randomly from the posterior predictive distribution of \(\hat{\beta}\) and produce a new set of coefficients \(\beta^{*}\).
• This bayesian step is needed for all multiple imputation methods to create some random variability in the imputed values.
• More details, e.g., in Yuan, 2005.
3. Calculate predicted values for observed and missing \(Y\).
• Use \(\hat{\beta}\) to calculate predicted values for observed \(Y\).
• Use \(\beta^{*}\) to calculate predicted values for missing \(Y\).
4. For each case where \(Y\) is missing, find the closest predicted values among cases where \(Y\) is observed.
• Example:
• \(Y_i\) is missing. Its predicted value is 10 (based on \(\beta^{*}\)).
• Our data consists of five observed cases of \(Y\) with the values 6, 3, 22, 7, and 12.
• In step 3, we predicted the values 7, 2, 20, 9, and 13 for these five observed cases (based on \(\hat{\beta}\)).
• The predictive mean matching algorithm selects the closest observed values (typically three cases) to our missing value \(Y_i\). Hence, the algorithm selects the values 7, 9, and 13 (the closest values to 10).
5. Draw randomly one of these three close cases and impute the missing value \(Y_i\) with the observed value of this close case.
• Example continued:
• The algorithm draws randomly from 6, 7, and 12 (the observed values that correspond to the predicted values 7, 9, and 13).
• The algorithm chooses 12 and substitutes this value to \(Y_i\).
6. In case of multiple imputation (which I strongly advise), steps 1-5 are repeated several times.
• Each repetition of steps 1-5 creates a new imputed data set.
• With multiple imputation, missing data is typically imputed 5 times.
Predictive Mean Matching in R (Example)
I have to admit, the predictive mean matching algorithm is not so easy to understand, when you read it the first time. However, in practice it’s easy to apply!
In the following, I’m going to show you how to apply predictive mean matching in R.
Let’s create some random data for our example:
##### Example data #####
set.seed(918273) # Seed
N <- 3000 # Sample size
y <- round(runif(N, -10, 10)) # Target variable Y
x1 <- y + round(runif(N, 0, 50)) # Auxiliary variable 1
x2 <- round(y + 0.25 * x1 + rnorm(N, - 3, 15)) # Auxiliary variable 2
x3 <- round(0.1 * x1 + rpois(N, 2)) # Auxiliary variable 3
x4 <- as.factor(round(0.02 * y + runif(N))) # Auxiliary variable 4 (categorical variable)
y[rbinom(N, 1, 0.2) == 1] <- NA # Insert 20% missing data in Y
data <- data.frame(y, x1, x2, x3, x4) # Store data in dataset
head(data) # First 6 rows of our data
Our data consists of five variables: A target variable \(Y\) with 20% missing values and four auxiliary variables \(X_1\), \(X_2\), \(X_3\), and \(X_4\). The first six rows of our example data look as follows:
Missing Data
Table 1: First Six Rows of Our Data with Missing Values in Y
Let’s move on to the application of predictive mean matching to our example data. First, we need to install the R package mice (detailed explanations can be found in van Buuren and Groothuis-Oudshoorn, 2011).
##### Install mice package in R#####
install.packages("mice") # Install mice package
library("mice") # Load mice package
With the following code, we can impute our missing data via single imputation.
The function mice is used to impute the data; m = 1 specifies single imputation; and method = “pmm” specifies predictive mean matching as imputation method.
The function complete stores the imputed data in a new data object (in our example, we call it data_imp_single).
##### Impute data via predictive mean matching (single imputation)#####
imp_single <- mice(data, m = 1, method = "pmm") # Impute missing values
data_imp_single <- complete(imp_single) # Store imputed data
# head(data_imp_single) # First 6 rows of our imputed data
As I mentioned previously, single imputation is almost never a good idea, since it underestimates your standard errors. However, by specifying m = 5 within the function mice, you can easily switch to multiple imputation (i.e. 5 imputed data sets).
The specifications “repeated” and include = TRUE tell the complete function how to store our multiply imputed data in the object data_imp_multi_all. Have a look at the documentation of complete in order to explore different ways of storing your imputed data (by typing ?complete into your R Studio console).
With the remaining code we do some simple data cleaning and store the dataset in the object data_imp_multi.
##### Predictive mean matching (multiple imputation)#####
imp_multi <- mice(data, m = 5, method = "pmm") # Impute missing values multiple times
data_imp_multi_all <- complete(imp_multi, # Store multiply imputed data
include = TRUE)
data_imp_multi <- data.frame( # Combine imputed Y and X1-X4 (for convenience)
data_imp_multi_all[ , 1:6], data[, 2:5])
head(data_imp_multi) # First 6 rows of our multiply imputed data
This is how our multiply imputed data set looks like:
Multiply Imputed Data by Predictive Mean Matching
Table 2: First Six Rows with Multiply Imputed Values
• \(Y.0\) is equal to the original \(Y\) with missing values.
• \(Y.1\)–\(Y.5\) are the five imputed versions of \(Y\).
• \(X1\)–\(X4\) are the four auxiliary variables that we used as predictors for the imputation.
By comparing rows 4 and 6, i.e. the rows with NAs, you can see the effect of multiple imputation. While \(Y.0\) contains missings, \(Y.1\)–\(Y.5\) are filled with imputed values. Note that the imputed values differ between the five imputed data sets (row 4: -9, -5, 4, -6, 1; row 6: -3, 9, 0, 1, -3).
You might say: “Isn’t that bad?! It seems like the imputed values are very different to each other.
Yes, they are different – But that is exactly what we expect (and what we want) when we do multiple imputation. The difference between the imputed values reflects the uncertainty of our imputation. When we calculate standard errors (i.e. confidence intervals) for our point estimates, we include this uncertainty into the calculation, which leads to more correct standard errors.
Predictive Mean Matching vs. Stochastic Regression Imputation
In a previous post, I discussed pros and cons of stochastic regression imputation. Regression imputation has many advantages, but I have also shown two serious drawbacks:
1. Stochastic regression imputation might lead to implausible values (e.g. negative incomes).
2. Stochastic regression imputation has problems with heteroscedastic data.
In my previous post, I raved about predictive mean matching, as this method is supposed to fix all the problems of regression imputation.
Of course I do not want to deprive you of the proof! Therefore, I’m going to use exactly the same data as in the regression imputation example – but this time I’m also imputing via predictive mean matching.
Plausibility of Imputed Values
Let’s have a closer look at drawback 1 – the plausibility of imputed values. Consider the following example data:
# Income data
set.seed(91919) # Set seed
N <- 1000 # Sample size
income <- round(rnorm(N, 0, 500)) # Create some synthetic income data
income[income < 0] <- income[income < 0] * (- 1)
x1 <- income + rnorm(N, 1000, 1500) # Auxiliary variables
x2 <- income + rnorm(N, - 5000, 2000)
income[rbinom(N, 1, 0.1) == 1] <- NA # Create 10% missingness in income
data_inc_miss <- data.frame(income, x1, x2)
We impute once via stochastic regression imputation…
imp_inc_sri <- mice(data_inc_miss, method = "norm.nob", m = 1)
data_inc_sri <- complete(imp_inc_sri)
… and once via predictive mean matching (for the sake of simplicity, both times via single imputation).
imp_inc_pmm <- mice(data_inc_miss, method = "pmm", m = 1)
data_inc_pmm <- complete(imp_inc_pmm)
Comparing the plausibility of both imputations, we can see that stochastic regression imputation leads to 10 implausible values (i.e. incomes below 0):
data_inc_sri$income[data_inc_sri$income < 0] # 10 values below 0 (implausible)
# [1] -57.8859452 -58.9457388 -104.1099599 -147.9968026 -70.9192935 -280.2621111
# [2] -0.5694554 -91.3508690 -76.8628876 -468.5756297
Predictive mean matching, on the other hand, does not lead to implausible values:
data_inc_pmm$income[data_inc_pmm$income < 0] # No values below 0
In respect to the plausibility of imputed values, predictive mean matching clearly outperforms stochastic regression imputation.
Reason: Predictive mean matching only imputes values that were actually observed for other units. The range of imputed values therefore always lies between the minimum and the maximum of the observed values.
Imputation of Heteroscedastic Data
How well does predictive mean matching work for heteroscedastic data (i.e. drawback 2)? Let’s check it with the following example data:
# Heteroscedastic data
set.seed(654654) # Set seed
N <- 1:5000 # Sample size
a <- 0
b <- 1
sigma2 <- N^2
eps <- rnorm(N, mean = 0, sd = sqrt(sigma2))
y <- a + b * N + eps # Heteroscedastic variable
x <- 30 * N + rnorm(N[length(N)], 1000, 200) # Correlated variable
y[rbinom(N[length(N)], 1, 0.3) == 1] <- NA # 30% missings
data_het_miss <- data.frame(y, x)
As before, we first impute by stochastic regression imputation…
imp_het_sri <- mice(data_het_miss, method = "norm.nob", m = 1)
data_het_sri <- complete(imp_het_sri)
… and then by predictive mean matching:
imp_het_pmm <- mice(data_het_miss, method = "pmm", m = 1)
data_het_pmm <- complete(imp_het_pmm)
A good way for evaluating the two imputation methods for heteroscedastic data is a simple correlation plot:
par(mfrow = c(1, 2)) # Both plots in one graphic
plot(x[!$y)], # Plot of observed values
main = "",
xlab = "X", ylab = "Y")
points(x[], data_het_sri$y[], # Plot of missing values
col = "red")
title("Stochastic Regression Imputation", # Title of plot
line = 0.5)
abline(lm(y ~ x, data_het_sri), # Regression line
col = "#1b98e0", lwd = 2.5)
legend("topleft", # Legend
c("Observed Values", "Imputed Values", "Regression Y ~ X"),
pch = c(1, 1, NA),
lty = c(NA, NA, 1),
col = c("black", "red", "#1b98e0"))
main = "",
xlab = "X", ylab = "Y")
points(x[], data_het_pmm$y[], # Plot of missing values
col = "red")
title("Predictive Mean Matching", # Title of plot
line = 0.5)
abline(lm(y ~ x, data_het_pmm),
col = "#1b98e0", lwd = 2.5)
legend("topleft", # Legend
pch = c(1, 1, NA),
lty = c(NA, NA, 1),
mtext("Imputation of Heteroscedastic Data", # Main title of plot
side = 3, line = - 1.5, outer = TRUE, cex = 2)
Stochastic Regression Imputation & Predictive Mean Matching Comparison for Heteroscedasticity
Graphic 1: Stochastic Regression Imputation vs. Predictive Mean Matching for Heteroscedastic Data
The plot makes it obvious:
Stochastic regression imputation overestimates the variance of smaller \(X\) and underestimates the variance of larger \(X\) – not good.
In contrast, predictive mean matching reflects the structure of our observed values almost perfectly – very good.
In other words: Even though stochastic regression imputation is much more popular among practitioners, there are strong arguments for using predictive mean matching instead!
PMM via Multiple Imputation in Stata (Video)
So far, I have only shown you how to apply predictive mean matching in R. However, the imputation method is implemented in many different software packages, such as SAS or Stata. Personally, I’m not an expert for these software packages, but there are many good instructions out there.
For instance, one tutorial I can recommend was published by the Stata YouTube channel. The speaker, Chuck Huber, explains step by step how to handle missing data by predictive mean matching in Stata.
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I Would Like to Hear From You!
In this article, I have shown you why I’m such a big fan of predictive mean matching.
However, I would like to hear about your opinion!
Are you using predictive mean matching or do you prefer other imputation methods? Have I missed any pros or cons in my article?
Let me know in the comments (questions are also very welcome)!
van Buuren, S. (2012). Flexible Imputation of Missing Data. Chapman & Hall/CRC Interdisciplinary Statistics.
van Buuren, S., and Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software. 45(3).
Yuan, C. Y. (2005). Multiple Imputation for Missing Data: Concepts and New Development. SAS Institute Inc., Rockville, MD.
The header graphic of this page shows a correlation plot of two highly correlated variables. The black line indicates the regression slope. The black stars indicate missing values, which are replaced by a close observed value.
set.seed(123) # Seed
N <- 50000 # Sample size
x <- rnorm(N) # X variable
y <- x + rnorm(N, 0, 1.5) # Y variable
par(bg = "#353436") # Background color
par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0)) # Remove space around plot
plot(x, y, # Plot observed cases
col = "#1b98e0",
pch = 16, cex = 0.0001)
abline(lm(y ~ x), # Plot regression slope
lwd = 5, col = "#353436")
points(x[1:30], y[1:30], # Plot missing cases
col = "#353436",
pch = 8, lwd = 2, cex = 3)
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24 Comments. Leave new
• Please I help on how Gibbs sampling works in MICE
• Denghai ZHANG, Dr.
July 7, 2019 1:46 am
According to your 6-step analysis, in the 3rd step,
–Use β∗ to calculate predicted values for missing Y,
I think you are saying that if the Y in ith sample (i.e., yi) is missing, then we could use x1i, x2i,…xni and β∗ to predicate the missing yi, so we need x1i,x2i…xni to predicate yi,
however, I find that , when I use mice in R, I still could get the predicated yi, even if the x1i, x2i,…xni are although missing. could you give me an explaination? thanks!
my data is like
Y X1 X2 X3 …. Xn
1 ob ob ob ob ob
2 ob ob ob ob ob
3 NA ob ob ob NA
i NA NA NA NA NA (why the yi could be predicated?)
• Hi Denghai,
this is because the MICE package is using a Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations, i.e. missing values in predictors are also imputed. The following quote can be found in the help documentation of MICE:
“For predictors that are incomplete themselves, the most recently generated imputations are used to complete the predictors prior to imputation of the target column.”
• Hello, I have a question.
I have a dataset with 40% missing value for one variable which its importance is relatively lower than other variables. I want to use this variable. so I applied pmm for this variable. (Other variables don’t have any missing value.) But, I have no idea to persuade my boss. Which one is better? (just remove this variable or apply pmm)
• Hi Hwanwoo,
Usually, it is better to impute your data using PMM instead of deleting it. However, you may check whether your imputation model has a strong predictive power for the variable you want to impute, in order to check how good the imputation would be.
• Alfin Pradana
May 29, 2020 2:05 am
Your post about PMM is really good and well written. It’s excellent because you add some comparison algorithm, to prove which one performs better. However, I have a question to ask. If I perform multiple imputations, how could I choose the value for the imputation if there is 5 value? should I go average 5 of the value instead, or is there any better approach?
Thank You.
• Hi Alfin,
Thanks for the comment and the kind words. Glad to hear that you like the article! 🙂
Regarding your question: It is important to take the average of your multiple point estimates instead of the values themselves.
For example, if you want to estimate the mean of your five multiply imputed data sets, you would:
1) Estimate the mean five times.
2) Take the average of the five mean values.
I hope that helps!
• Odélia Guedj
June 23, 2020 10:41 am
Hi, thanks a lot for this post, it’s very clear and helpfull.
I have two questions :
1- Could you be more specific about the second step ? What do you mean when you say “Draw randomly from the posterior predictive distribution of β hat ” Is that a sampling like a MCMC method ?
2- When the predictors are incomplete how do we impute ? At wich step ?
• Hi Odélia,
Thanks for the kind words!
1) This is the principle of Bayesian statistics. For more details, I recommend to have a look at the following Wikipedia page:
2) The imputation is circling around the data frame. As far as I know, the algorithm starts with the first column (please have a look at the documentation to make sure that this is correct). In other words: The missing values of the predictors are also imputed.
• Hey there,
In the last step it says, that in multiple imputation, several imputed full data sets are created. How will these then be combined to one again? Does this depend on the type of the variable? (for example, the mean of all imputed missing values of the created sets when the variable is continuous, or the median if it is discrete?) Thanks you very much, finally understood how this works!
Best regards
• Hey Lukas,
Thanks a lot for your comment and the nice words!
Regarding your question: Please have a look at Alfin Pradanas comment above. He had the same question like you 🙂
Let me know in case you need more explanations.
• Hello,
Thank you very much for sharing details about the methodology and syntax, it is very helpful! I am fairly new to using R and am reaching out to inquire if you can help clarify how I would specify the following within my code?
(I) I am wanting to use predicted mean matching to impute values for only 1 variable in my dataset. Am I able to indicate in the code to conduct the imputation on only 1 variable?
(II) I would like to match on a subset of variables in my dataset, am I able to specify specific variables to match on?
(III) Lastly, does your shared method assume that the missing mechanism is missing at random (MAR)?
Thank you very much for your time!
• Hi Adela,
Thank you for the kind words! I’ll try to answer your questions below:
(I) In this case I would follow these steps: Create a data frame subset containing your target variable and all important predictors; Impute the entire subset; Replace the target variable in the original data frame with the imputed target variable.
(II) Could you explain what you mean with “match”? Do you mean you want to use only some variables as predictors? In this case you can either use the steps I have explained in (I), or you could use the predictorMatrix argument of the mice function.
(III) Yes, the method assumes MCAR or MAR. MNAR is more problematic.
Best regards,
• Thank you for the reply, Joachim, your responses are very helpful!
In follow-up to my second question about matching, does the method you explain find a value from the observed data that is close to the predicted value for replacement (rather than using the predicted values from the regression)?
Thank you again for your help.
• Hello!
I just wanted to thank you for taking the time to write this very helpful article. It’s unsung heroes like you that really help make scientific research a little better 🙂 I think I’m probably not the only non-data-scientist that felt there might be better ways to go about handling my missing values than listwise deletion, and by providing an introduction accessible to people like me we suddenly have an alternative that is practically feasible to learn!
• Hey,
Thank you so much for this awesome feedback! It’s really great to hear that my tutorial helped to improve your statistical knowledge! 🙂
• Hey, Joachim!
First of all, loved what u wrote!
I’m a major student and I’m currently writing my thesis.
I have a problem that is the following:
I have a set of variables (one predictor and 22 response variables) and I have missing values in a lot of variables. My goal is to impute the missing values in the Y variable. The thing is that I’m not sure about the way to proceed given that the X variables also have missing values…can I do the multiple imputation on the Y variable in this conditions or do I need to get rid of the missing X’s variables values first? Can’t seem to find an answer for this anywhere.
Thank you so much!
• Hey Ana,
Thanks a lot for the very kind feedback, glad you like the article!
Usually, I just impute all variables with missing values. This way you can use all rows of your data to impute the Y-variable.
An alternative would be to delete all rows with missing values in X. However, this may lead to bias in your imputation of the Y-variable, so I don’t recommend doing that.
I hope that helps!
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Specify Reference Factor Level in Linear Regression in R (Example)
In this article, I’ll explain how to change the reference category of a factor variable in a linear regression in R.
The content of the page looks like this:
If you want to learn more about these content blocks, keep reading.
Creation of Example Data
First, we need to create some example data that we can use in our linear regression:
set.seed(2580) # Create random example data
N <- 1000
x <- sample(1:5, N, replace = TRUE)
y <- round(x + rnorm(N), 2)
x <- as.factor(x)
data <- data.frame(x, y)
# x y
# 1 1 -1.93
# 2 3 3.15
# 3 2 0.14
# 4 1 1.33
# 5 1 0.11
# 6 3 3.60
As you can see based on the previous output of the RStudio console, our data consists of the two columns x and y, whereby each variable contains 1000 values. The variable x is a factor variable with five levels (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) and the variable y is our numeric outcome variable.
Now, we can apply a linear regression to our data:
summary(lm(y ~ x, data)) # Linear regression (default)
linear regression summary r
Table 1: Regular Output of Linear Regression in R.
Table 1 shows the summary output of our regression. As indicated by the red arrow, the reference category 1 was used for our factor variable x (i.e. the factor level 1 is missing in the regression output).
In the following example, I’ll show how to specify this reference category manually. So keep on reading!
Example: Changing Factor Level Reference with relevel Function
If we want to change the reference category of a factor vector, we can apply the relevel function. Within the relevel function, we have to specify the ref argument to be equal to our desired reference category:
data$x <- relevel(data$x, ref = 2) # Apply relevel function
Now, let’s apply exactly the same linear regression R code as before:
summary(lm(y ~ x, data)) # Linear regression (relevel)
linear regression modified reference category of factor in r programming
Table 2: Linear Regression Output with Modified Reference Category of Factor Variable.
Table 2 illustrates our summary statistics. As you can see, this time the reference category 2 was used (i.e. the factor level 2 is missing in the regression output). Looks good!
Video & Further Resources
Have a look at the following video that I have published on my YouTube channel. In the video, I explain the content of this post:
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In addition, you may want to read the other tutorials of this website:
Summary: In this article you learned how to force R to use a particular factor level as reference group in the R programming language. In case you have any additional comments and/or questions, let me know in the comments section.
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Building Self-Esteem Essay
December 14, 2020
Write an essay (1,000 –1,250 words) on building self-esteem to alleviate a psychological disorder. In order to prepare this assignment, perform the following:
1. Explore the National Association for Self-Esteem Web site located at
2. Find an example of how building self-esteem can alleviate a psychological disorder.
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Select Treatment Option or Service
Anyone can develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). That is one of the most important facts you should remember. There are two factors needed in order for PTSD to develop and if you are reading this you have one of the factors: you are a human.
That does not mean you will develop PTSD, however, not even if you experience the second factor, which is trauma.
Anyone who experiences trauma, which the National Institute of Mental Health defines as a “shocking, scary, or dangerous event,” could experience PTSD. Another important fact to remember is that PTSD is largely short-term and is healed from naturally.
There are people who only experience mild symptoms and there are also people who don’t experience any symptoms—but that is rare. Also rare—based on research—is chronic PTSD, where it doesn’t seem to go away after time or treatment, or the combination of both.
That doesn’t mean someone has to live with PTSD forever, though. There are ways forward!
Mental Health Therapy – What is PTSD?
After experiencing a traumatic event—that’s what “post-traumatic” means—the body and brain continue experiencing certain sensations and emotions like fear, anxiety, anger, and even confusion.
First, when humans are in a situation that is—or even seems—life threatening, we have a kind of natural defense system that can kick in. You’ve probably heard of it referred to as the “fight or flight” instinct.
Post Traumatic Stress DisorderThe theory is that your body is preparing itself for another scary situation, getting ready to react for when the danger shows up again. A lot of doctors and researchers compare it to humans learning that there were animals in the wild that could hurt or kill them.
All of us have millions of years of history within us, of our bodies and brains learning to fear certain things and to protect us from them. So the “fight or flight” response kicks in and we make a decision: to run or to stay and try and survive.
When it’s not a situation that requires either of those, however, our body doesn’t recognize the difference. So, for instance, if you are involved in a car crash or even just witness a car crash your body may then be preparing for a car crash every time you are in a car.
Mental Triggers of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome
A lot of things can trigger the feelings associated with PTSD and this feeling of nervousness or of being on edge is sometimes referred to as hyperarousal. Although you may know rationally that you are safe, there is a deeper part of you that is preparing for danger.
Another aspect of this is a high level of adrenaline. People with chronic PTSD have been shown to have higher levels of adrenaline, the chemical our bodies use to stimulate us and to dull pain. When the body continues to produce this it can lead to that feeling of being on edge, or that you cannot calm down.
Studies have also indicated that our brains can be affected by trauma, specifically our hippocampus, which is the area that regulates emotions and memories. By scanning the brains of PTSD sufferers specialists noticed the hippocampus was smaller than normal.
Those studies indicate the change to the hippocampus might lead to those with PTSD not healthily processing flashbacks, nightmares, and the anxiety they produce.
Hopefully this helps you understand what PTSD is and why it may develop. But what does it feel like? How can you tell if you are experiencing PTSD?
What Are the Symptoms of PTSD?
If you’ve witnessed or were involved in a traumatic event, you could experience PTSD symptoms immediately or on a delayed timeline. There are more than a few PTSD symptoms so let’s look at what exactly they are.
Recalling Trauma – Therapy Can Help
Sometimes called “re-experiencing” or simply just traumatic memories, this is where you are confronted with thoughts about the traumatic event. There are a few specific forms of this, such as experiencing flashbacks or struggling with nightmares.
What exactly is a flashback? It’s when your mind can supply images, sounds, and even physical sensations that might produce the exact feelings you had while experiencing the traumatic event. It can sometimes feel like you are right back in that moment.
Nightmares can work similarly but they don’t always have to be the exact images or experiences that led to your PTSD. Our brains are odd and tricky things so they can occasionally scare us in ways we don’t understand.
Another symptom based in recalling trauma is repetitive, distressing images or sensations. This is somewhat related to flashbacks but—like nightmares—are not limited to just the images or sensations you experienced during the trauma.
Similar to how our brain can supply nightmares that aren’t recreations of the specific traumatic event, the distressing images can be flashes of violence you didn’t witness, and the sensations can be unrelated as well, like feeling as if you are falling.
Another way physical sensations can appear is through random pain, sometimes in joints but not limited to there. Someone may also begin sweating excessively, feel as if they could vomit or just feel sick in general. It’s also possible for someone to begin shaking, almost like they are incredibly cold.
Emotional Shutdown and Purposeful Avoidance to Combat PTSD
This one may be the hardest to notice because it seems like a natural response to trauma, pain, and hardship. Our minds need to process these things, however, and avoiding that creates more problems rather than allowing us to heal.
When someone is steering clear of anything that may potentially remind them of the traumatic event, this is called avoidance. It can be as simple as not going to certain places that remind them of the trauma, or as complex as making sure to steer conversations in certain directions.
Someone may try to use hobbies or work to draw their mind away from the memories. By keeping themselves busy both physically and mentally they believe they are avoiding the pain and will eventually just forget about it.
Perhaps worse is shutting themselves off from all emotions and ignoring their feelings altogether. Humans need emotions, we are guided by them and use them to balance our lives, sometimes in ways that we don’t even perceive.
Without emotions a person can end up becoming cut off from their friends and family. They can begin losing the connections to things they used to love and their life in general may start to become harder and harder to navigate.
Anxiety, Stress, and Fear are Driving Health Factors in PTSD
Doctors will sometimes refer to this as hyperarousal but it is easier to understand as feeling “on edge” or not being able to relax. As you read above, PTSD can confuse our bodies and give the wrong signals about what and where is safe.
What can happen when someone experiences persistent anxiety and fear? It can lead to uncharacteristic anger, and especially sudden outbursts.
Another effect of constant anxiety or fear is being emotionally irritable. Think of this as lacking the ability to calmly deal with small inconveniences, or overreacting to something that would normally not be that big of a deal.
Other possibilities are difficulty sleeping or concentrating and also full insomnia. Some of these symptoms have a layering effect where one will worsen the other.
Those suffering from PTSD can become trapped in a cycle until they seek treatment and help. Although some cases of PTSD do lessen or go away in time, why wait? Why continue to suffer when you can receive professional help to heal?
Let’s look at some ways PTSD can be treated.
Improve Your Health With PTSD Therapy Treatment
The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has helped with treating PTSD for years. They have studies showing over 50% of those receiving treatment that includes evidence-based, trauma-focused therapy can heal from PTSD.
Similarly, those studies show a little less than half can utilize medication to heal from their PTSD and no longer experience ongoing symptoms. This is why seeking treatment is so important: it works.
One of the most used and researched methods is a form of therapy SUN Behavioral utilizes. Let’s take a look at how it works.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
There are three things CBT utilizes to help you get past PTSD, and they are your own feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. All three of these form who we are and are also very closely related; one impacts the other, and so on.
“Cognition” and “cognitive” specifically refers to the feelings (and a lesser extent to thoughts) because it is concerned with how we perceive things. Behavior is obviously referring to how we act and respond to things, which can be a combination of feelings and thoughts.
When going through CBT a patient will be sitting in a one-on-one therapy session with a therapist. The treatment focuses on examining how we think, feel, and behave. Using this structure the therapist helps someone in treatment move away from negative reactions to each factor.
How Cognitive Processing Therapy Works
By switching the thought pattern from negative to neutral, or even positive, CBT focuses on re-orienting how your body reacts to stress. Doing this helps re-frame how a thought related to the trauma will affect how the patient feels and behaves.
For instance, if they were involved in a car accident, the patient may be focusing on the negative feelings they experience when getting in a car. During CBT they would learn how to focus on feeling safe and trying to control their physical reactions as well. This is obviously a simplified version of what the therapist would take them through, but does showcase the process of changing thought patterns.
The length of CBT treatment depends on the person struggling with PTSD, just like the length and severity of the PTSD is dependent on that as well. An average length of CBT treatment tends to be three months, however.
Other treatments include Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Both of these are methods that are similar to CBT in that they want to help reframe how your mind and body reacts to negative situations.
SUN Behavioral Has Experience With Healing From Trauma
At SUN Behavioral we specifically focus on CBT. Our therapists are trained to use this evidence-based treatment to help patients move past the trauma and the PTSD they’re struggling with.
We offer both inpatient and outpatient services to help at every stage of treatment. If you or someone you love is struggling with PTSD, do not hesitate to give us a call at (859) 429-5188. We’re ready to help you and to meet your needs in whatever way brings peace to your life.
PTSD Therapy FAQs
Can PTSD be Cured?
It is possible to heal from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and that distinction is very important to make: healing versus being cured. PTSD is not a sickness or a disease, so a “cure” does not exist. Also, the road to healing from PTSD can occasionally have long stretches of struggling with and managing symptoms. There is no one thing that you can do to get past PTSD because it involves the complex human brain. So yes, you can heal from PTSD, but it may take longer than you’d like and it may look vastly different than you wish.
What Is the Best Treatment for PTSD?
There is no best treatment, but only because that would mean there is one treatment that works for everyone and works at the same level of effectiveness always. Why is that? Every person is different which not only means how someone reacts to PTSD is different, but also what treatment is best and most effective will as well. One treatment that is used regularly is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) where a therapist will help the patient focus on their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It’s an evidence-based treatment, which means it’s been used over many years and has been studied, with documented scientific results. Medication can be used, such as antidepressants, but again, this largely depends on the person. Doctors and therapists also advocate using mindfulness practices like meditation. Occasionally service animals are also used as a way to increase comfort and relieve stress.
How Long Does It Take to Recover from PTSD?
This will be different for almost every person dealing with PTSD. Someone dealing with mild symptoms may heal naturally over time, but there is no real way to know exactly how long that could be. Along with no common timeline for healing, PTSD symptoms do not always show up immediately after or even relatively near the traumatic event that took place. It can sometimes be months before someone experiences PTSD symptoms, and in some cases maybe even years. And just like the symptoms can show up at different speeds, each person will heal differently. There are people who heal in weeks, some in months, and unfortunately for some it may take longer. The important thing to remember is that help exists and healing is possible.
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April 30 marks the 40th anniversary of the departure of the last U.S. personnel from Vietnam and the end of the long war. There has been a recent attempt by Pentagon to whitewash the history of the war and the impact on U.S. soldiers and the Vietnamese people. But veterans and peace activists have countered this false narrative in an effort to provide full disclosure about the war.
The Vietnamese eco-system has also been damaged by the dumping of Agent Orange in a number of "hot spots" in central and south Vietnam where it remains in the land and water, poisoning people, the fish, and the wildlife.
However, the Vietnamese people have yet to receive adequate compensation. Congress has finally appropriated some funding to clean up one toxic "hot spot" and assist the victims in Danang. This is an encouraging gesture. Little of the money for those affected has reached the victims, however. And the scale of human tragedy and environmental assault requires a much greater commitment of resources.
Children and grandchildren of American veterans similarly receive no healthcare or assistance from the government for birth defects or medical conditions related to their parents' or grandparents' military service in Vietnam. Neither do Vietnamese-Americans who were affected by Agent Orange or their children.
Dow, Monsanto, and the other chemical manufacturers who deliberately manufactured a "dirty" Agent Orange with higher levels of dioxin in order to maximize their profits, have denied any responsibility after a paltry settlement to U.S. veterans from a lawsuit brought in the 1980's.
In May 2009, a body composed of distinguished jurists from around the world met in Paris to hear evidence of the impact of the use of Agent Orange. The Tribunal received testimony from 27 individuals, including victims and expert witnesses. The Tribunal found that the U.S. government and the chemical manufacturers were aware of the fact that dioxin was present in one of the component parts of Agent Orange; yet, they continued to use it and in fact suppressed a study which showed in 1965 that dioxin caused many birth defects in experimental animals. The Tribunal concluded that the U.S. government and the companies must fully compensate the victims and their families.
For millions of Vietnamese and hundreds of thousands of American veterans, the war lives on through the scars that Agent Orange has left on their bodies and bodies of their children. Pham The Minh, a 33-year old English teacher, is one example. As one of the many second generation victims, Minh's body bears the horrific legacy of Dow's Agent Orange. In 2010, Minh joined other victims of Agent Orange in a delegation to the U.S. to raise awareness about their plight and to push for legislation that would address the needs of both Vietnamese and American victims of Agent Orange.
Rep. Barbara Lee (D-Calif.) is due to introduce The Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act of 2015 shortly. This bill would provide cleanup of the contaminated “hot spots” in Vietnam and for medical, rehabilitative, and human services to several generations of Vietnamese and Americans suffering with diseases and disabilities. It needs to be supported by a bipartisan coalition of legislators and passed as a long-overdue measure of redress.
Shahshahani is a human rights attorney based in Atlanta and president of the National Lawyers Guild. Ratner is the co-coordinator of the Vietnam Agent Orange Relief & Responsibility Campaign, a project of Veterans For Peace, that is working with veterans and their children, Vietnamese Americans, and others to gain justice for Vietnamese and U.S. victims of Agent Orange.
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Peer Learning Network
Peer learning networks (PLN) establish a collaborative work environment through which participants communicate and learn from each other, engaging in a continuous learning process to improve and sustain practice. Virtual PLNs are increasingly being used to support implementation of effective practices, especially in situations such as web-based training where there is limited face-to-face contact with trainers and peers.
The format and content of TIA’s PLN are grounded on state of the science implementation processes. Our PLN provides synchronous and asynchronous forms of communication. The former is supported by regular virtual meetings, while the latter is supported by an online forum where participants can post questions and resources between meetings. Creating a repository of resources is considered an important aspect of supporting ongoing use of effective practices.
The virtual meetings have a specific format, allowing for expert presentation of content, case presentations, discussion of implementation issues, and presentation of additional resources that could assist with effective practices. As the literature has indicated, including opportunities to practice new skills, receiving constructive feedback, and discussing challenges, are valuable aspects of implementing new knowledge.
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Did dinosaurs and people live at the same time?
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There are still a lot of things we don’t know about dinosaurs, but one thing we know for sure is that dinosaurs and people never lived on Earth at the same time. In fact, people did not appear on Earth until about 65 million years after dinosaurs disappeared!
Then again, some paleontologists think that our modern birds came from dinosaurs. If these paleontologists are right, we still have our own brand of dinosaurs today…even if they are a little less exciting!
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The Civil War : A Bloody War Ever Fought
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The American Civil War, also known in the United States as just the Civil War, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. Among the thirty four states in 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often simply called the South, grew to include eleven states. Even though they claimed thirteen states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal and did not declare secession were known as the Union, or the North. The Civil War was a vicious competition marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle. Over four years, 237 named battles were fought, which were often characterized by their bitter saturation and high casualties. The Civil War was named one of the most “ferocious war ever fought". Although the Civil War was detrimental to the nation’s population, it was worth its economic, social, and political costs due to newly found independence of former slaves, an improved economy, and the introduction of the political rights of freedmen.
The war had its origin in the factious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories. After four years of war, which had left around 750,000 Americans, Union and Confederate, dead and had destroyed much of the South 's infrastructure,
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Home | | Modern Analytical Chemistry | Characterizing Measurements and Results
Characterizing Measurements and Results - | Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail |
Chapter: Modern Analytical Chemistry: Evaluating Analytical Data
Characterizing Measurements and Results
Let’s begin by choosing a simple quantitative problem requiring a single measurement.
Characterizing Measurements and Results
Let’s begin by choosing a simple quantitative problem requiring a single measure- ment. The question to be answered is—What is the mass of a penny? If you think about how we might answer this question experimentally, you will realize that this problem is too broad. Are we interested in the mass of United State pennies or Cana- dian pennies, or is the difference in country of importance? Since the composition of a penny probably differs from country to country, let’s limit our problem to pennies minted in the United States. There are other considerations. Pennies are minted at several locations in the United States (this is the meaning of the letter, or absence of a letter, below the date stamped on the lower right corner of the face of the coin). Since there is no reason to expect a difference between where the penny was minted, we will choose to ignore this consideration. Is there a reason to expect a difference between a newly minted penny not yet in circulation, and a penny that has been in circulation? The answer to this is not obvious. Let’s simplify the problem by narrow- ing the question to—What is the mass of an average United States penny in circula- tion? This is a problem that we might expect to be able to answer experimentally.
A good way to begin the analysis is to acquire some preliminary data. Table 4.1 shows experimentally measured masses for seven pennies from my change jar at home. Looking at these data, it is immediately apparent that our question has no simple answer. That is, we cannot use the mass of a single penny to draw a specific conclusion about the mass of any other penny (although we might conclude that all pennies weigh at least 3 g). We can, however, characterize these data by providing a measure of the spread of the individual measurements around a central value.
Measures of Central Tendency
One way to characterize the data in Table 4.1 is to assume that the masses of indi- vidual pennies are scattered around a central value that provides the best estimate of a penny’s true mass. Two common ways to report this estimate of central tendency are the mean and the median.
The mean, X, is the numerical average obtained by dividing the sum of the individual measurements by the number of measurements
where Xi is the ith measurement, and n is the number of independent measurements.
The mean is the most common estimator of central tendency. It is not consid- ered a robust estimator, however, because extreme measurements, those much larger or smaller than the remainder of the data, strongly influence the mean’s value.2 For example, mistakenly recording the mass of the fourth penny as 31.07 g instead of 3.107 g, changes the mean from 3.117 g to 7.112 g!
The median, Xmed, is the middle value when data are ordered from the smallest to the largest value. When the data include an odd number of measure- ments, the median is the middle value. For an even number of measurements, the median is the average of the n/2 and the (n/2) + 1 measurements, where n is the number of measurements.
As shown by Examples 4.1 and 4.2, the mean and median provide similar esti- mates of central tendency when all data are similar in magnitude. The median, however, provides a more robust estimate of central tendency since it is less sensi- tive to measurements with extreme values. For example, introducing the transcrip- tion error discussed earlier for the mean only changes the median’s value from 3.107 g to 3.112 g.
Measures of Spread
If the mean or median provides an estimate of a penny’s true mass, then the spread of the individual measurements must provide an estimate of the variability in the masses of individual pennies. Although spread is often defined relative to a specific measure of central tendency, its magnitude is independent of the central value. Changing all measurements in the same direction, by adding or subtracting a constant value, changes the mean or median, but will not change the magnitude of the spread. Three common measures of spread are range, standard deviation, and variance.
The range, w, is the difference between the largest and smallest values in the data set.
The range provides information about the total variability in the data set, but does not provide any information about the distribution of individual measurements. The range for the data in Table 4.1 is the difference between 3.198 g and 3.056 g; thus
Standard Deviation
The absolute standard deviation, s, describes the spread of individual measurements about the mean and is given as
where Xi is one of n individual measurements, and X is the mean. Frequently, the
relative standard deviation, sr, is reported.
The percent relative standard deviation is obtained by multiplying sr by 100%.
Another common measure of spread is the square of the standard devia- tion, or the variance. The standard deviation, rather than the variance, is usually re- ported because the units for standard deviation are the same as that for the mean value.
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Sé do Porto
Monument & Heritage Check location
The Porto’s Cathedral began to be built in the first half of the 12th century, and its construction lasted until the beginning of the 13th century.
Its construction begins in the year of 1110 led by the bishop of Oporto, D. Hugo, and was mainly marked by a Romanesque style, visible in the main façade with rosette and two towers. However, over time it has been the subject of various extensions and renovations, and other movements are also visible, namely the gothic, 14th-15th centurys, which is particularly noticeable in the cloister and the chapel of St. John the Evangelist.
In the Baroque era, one of the greatest names of Oporto’s architecture arrives at the city commissioned to work in the building. Nicolau Nasoni, arrives from Malta to paint the frescoes that can still be seen on the high altar of the church, and later designs the Loggia at the northern face of the building. This architectural style is notorious on the top of the towers and on the balcony above the entrance.
Some of the church’s architectural details were lost during the dictatorship times by the intervention of the Direção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (The general supervision of the national’s monuments and buildings) that tried to bring onto light the original look and structural elements of the building, ending up not only changing the church but the whole of its surroundings.
Contacts & Details
Terreiro da Sé 4050-573 Porto
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Silken tales...
Silken tales...
The Silk Route is in the news again, albeit with a modern connotation. According to recent media reports, China is in talks with a host of countries in its neighbourhood to rebuild the Silk Road connecting it with Europe through Central Asian countries and trade corridors like Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar
The Dragon Country is also keen to set up free trade zones to link its coastal areas with countries in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, in an effort to breathe life into the ancient ‘maritime silk road’ that linked China with the region.
Let’s rediscover the textile that has charmed the world. It’s the Chinese who perfected the art of weaving silk and managed to keep it a secret from the world for centuries. Legend says silk stepped out of the country clandestinely around 300 AD and soon spread its strands afar.
Down the centuries, silk has been valued for being unrivalled in every aspect, from procurement to production. It’s been an enviable commodity, leading to intercontinental commerce via the famed Silk Route and the reason also for the Silk Wars to control its trade.
Sensuous and luxurious, silk is nature’s splendid gift. It’s silk that has presented us the chiffons, satins, velvets and crepes, as well as a host of other richly decorative textiles from amongst which it was the birth of brocade that revolutionised the world. It travelled wide, dressing not just monarchs and aristocracy, but gods and temples too.
Queen of textiles
Brocade was perhaps the first successful Sino-Indian collaboration! While many a legend exists on the various routes it took to reach here, they all concur on the fact that brocade did journey from China to the subcontinent and comfortably settled here, happily adapting itself to local requirements to become the queen of textiles.
Its jewel tones and richness made it most desirable. Brocade was a must for royal apparels and held an enviable pride of place in other wardrobes. It was the choice of textile for dressing ceremonial occasions too. If a textile could spell lavishness, this was it. Through the centuries, it has retained its top spot and continues to be an indulgence, valued and treasured by all who own it.
Down the ages
Brocade is woven by merging an additional and irregular weft which generates an embossed impression on sections of the fabric, lending it that luxurious feel. The raised areas in the pattern almost appear as if embroidered, reflecting the wizardry of weavers who toil to weave reams of this fine fabric. Brocade is fundamentally woven in silk or cotton, or a mix of both filaments. To give certain types of brocade further richness, metallic wires of gold or silver (or imitation now) are interspersed in the weave.
There are more than a handful varieties of brocade, but sitting on top of the pack are kimkhab and tanchoi. Before we explore their world, let’s go back to the bylanes of history and trace their fabled voyage to ‘Hindoostan’, where they docked centuries ago.
Kincob, kamkhwab, cammocca, camaca, camocas or kamkha, down the ages these nomenclatures, a mix of French, Persian and Spanish terms, have been names of the fabric we know as kimkhab, which simply means gold-dream. The origin of this clutch of expressions is believed to be the Chinese kim-hoa, which means gold-flower.
In fact, in kim-hoa lies the essence of kimkhab, as it’s the immense employment of gold thread which makes the fabric stand apart. Kimkhab is among the best quality brocades, and as with other forms of silk-weaving techniques, this arrived on our shores from China via Indian maritime traders, around the end of the 18th century.
The tale of tanchoi is lovelier. According to the most popular legend, around the middle of the 19th century, three Parsi brothers from Surat were sent to China to learn the art of weaving silk. On their return, they combined Indian and Chinese techniques and patterns to produce the gorgeous tanchoi.
Another school of thought says it was Chinese traders who brought woven silk brocade for sale to India and discovering potential here transported three weavers of the Choi family who began making fabric to suit local taste. Thus the name tanchoi or fabric made by teren (meaning ‘three’ in Gujarati, that got shrunk to ‘tan’) Choi brothers.
Both textiles initially flourished in Ahmedabad and Surat, the cities being closest to the main trading ports on the Arabian Sea. They had the firm support of royalty, and weavers, like magicians, wove magic.
Down the centuries, patronage dwindled in the region and craftspersons began looking at other options. Across the country, weaving hubs were usually royal capitals or temple towns. The holy city of Benaras (or Varanasi) had always been a well-known centre of weaving, and over time the brocade industry re-located there and continues to be a major revenue gatherer for the region. Aurangabad was the other direction some weavers took.
“Under the early Mughals, India’s handicraft skills reached a high level of perfection. Mastercraftsmen from all over the world were attracted by the wealth of craftsmanship in Hindustan. Many visited, while some settled down here. Their arrival added to the already-rich range of skills, techniques and designs of the Indian craftspersons who were so adept at their craft that they learnt new skills in a short time and soon surpassed the original weavers,” says Jasleen Dhamija, internationally-renowned textile historian and author of several works on living traditions and crafts.
“This is clearly visible in weaving extra-weft silk textiles as the brocades like kimkhab and tanchoi, velvet, himroo etc. This technique was not native to India but was mastered well and soon we became suppliers to the world,” she adds with pride.
Woven dreams
“Yeh khwabon ke duniya se hai (It’s from the world of dreams),” sighs Mohd Shajada, and gently running his hand on the fabric asserts, “Aisa kapda khwab ke siva kya ho sakta hai (Such fabric can only be but a dream).” Shajada is a weaver from the winding lanes of Pili Kothi, Benaras, a cluster synonymous with producing some of the finest yards of brocade.
Explaining the uniqueness of kimkhab, his colleague Abbul Hasan of Chittanpura, Emli Talle, another famous location of weavers says, “Metallic wire is added as an extra weft on the loom. The combination of weaving two exclusive filaments, silk and gold (imitation), makes kimkhab the stuff of dreams!” What’s the indication of true brocade?
The reverse end of the fabric has groups of loose strands, or floats, beneath the embossed design. These are usually clipped or left as is. Another sign is its width. Pure brocades are woven on handlooms and hence not more than a metre wide. Owing to the painstaking processes involved, it’s produced in fixed lengths, usually around 12-15 m.
Weaving tanchoi is an extremely complex skill too, involving a single or double warp while the weft is of three to seven colours in a similar shade spectrum. The end result of using related hues is a radiant fabric that’s opulent to look at. It’s not the hues alone that lend brilliance to the fabric. Typically, the face of the fabric has a satin weave and small patterns are woven into the entire surface. This makes it a densely designed, heavy fabric with a delicately embossed look. Tanchoi does not have floats as the unused threads are woven into the fabric.
Strands of history
Textiles are brilliant keepers of times past. Scrutinising a fabric is akin to studying a chapter of history. Kimkhab and tanchoi too tell their stories of origin through their motifs like pagodas, fishermen, dragons, village scenes, fishes, cranes, peony flowers... all indicators of a Chinese past. Brocade’s shift to Benaras altered the patterns and Persian styling entered the fray owing to Mughal influence in the region.
The names of designs gathered a lyrical romanticism too, reflective of a unified Indo-Persian culture: dhoop-chaun (dark-light), ganga-jamuna (gold on silver), chand-tara (moon-stars), sabz-bagh (green garden), badami-chashm (almond eyes) etc.
Let’s return to silk and delve a bit into how we get this filament of fashion. The inconspicuous silkworm caterpillar is the manufacturing powerhouse of silk. It spins a cocoon for its process of metamorphosis into a moth, and it’s this temporary shelter that supplies the world with the valuable fibre.
If you ever need a reason to bow to nature, this is one. India was one of the countries where silk arrived from “Cheen” or China and immediately made a mark. “Our traditions and customs have always accorded a superlative status to silk, leading to the development of the fabric and increase of production centres,” says Dhamija.
Indian silk
Silk is classified on the basis of the silkworm, with each species producing a different filament. In India, based on the type of silkworm involved in the production, silk can broadly be categorised under three sections. The most popular and widely available variety is mulberry silk produced by the Bombyx mori L caterpillar; next is the family of tassar (or kosa) silk obtained from Antheraea mylitta and its cousins; and produced in small but significant quantity is eri silk from Samia cynthia ricini.
Each silkworm is reared under separate conditions and produces different filaments. The Bombyx mori L feeds on mulberry leaves and as this is one caterpillar that has been domesticated, or reared under specific conditions, there’s maximum production of mulberry silk in the country, the bulk coming from states of southern India.
The tassar silkworm enjoys its freedom; plucked greens are not its kind of food. Throughout life it’s found on sal, aasan and arjun trees and merrily feeds on fresh leaves. The natural environment found in the eastern states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and Bihar is most conducive for the rearing of this silkworm.
As free-range silkworms produce tassar, it’s categorised as wild silk as opposed to mulberry that’s known as cultivated silk.
Its kin, Antheraea proyeli J, found in the Himalayan belt, lives on oak leaves and the filament produced is known as oak tassar. Another cousin, Antheraea assama westwood, belongs to the Brahmaputra Valley and feeds on plants native to the region. This silkworm produces the highly-prized muga tassar, the golden coloured fabric Assam is famous for.
Eri, also called endi or errandi, is also a domesticated silk and the worms are fed castor leaves. The final product is a thick yarn ranging from white to cream in colour. Unlike other silks where the filament drawn out of the cocoons is reeled, in the case of eri it needs to be handspun and the final product is thus thick and cottony in feel.
Of the three types of silk, tassar has a slightly muted lustre and is taut when compared to mulberry silk, the reason for this being the nature of its filament which in turn is related to the rearing of the silkworm. The mulberry silkworm’s thread is the finest and has the longest fibres (being a cultivated silk) amongst the varieties. Eri has nothing glossy about it, nonetheless exudes a unique character, resembling khadi.
The environs in which a silkworm is reared also plays a crucial role in determining its colour, texture and lustre. For instance, tropical tassar has shades ranging from dull copper to lustrous gold (with the golden muga being the brightest, it’s a top-of-the-line tassar) while temperate tassar is a lighter beige. Tassar silk is also a lot more textured than mulberry silk and has shorter fibres, which makes it less durable. Eri, though, on account of being handspun, is a strong fabric.
On the side
A silkworm spins about 1,000 to 1,200 m of filament when it builds its cocoon and takes around three days to do so. The amount of silk obtained from each cocoon is little as high quality silk filament needs to be continuous. The amount of usable silk, thus, in each cocoon is small; approximately 5,000 silkworms being required to produce a kilogram. During the process of reeling, the filament snaps after a certain length. The spooled filament goes into the production of the finest category of silk. The residue in the cocoon or ‘waste’ forms a variety of other silk textures that are slightly ribbed on account of shorter filament.
There are several such by-products that have made a mark for themselves in today’s market. The most well-known is matka silk that’s obtained from mulberry silk waste. The silk got its name from the process of winding the filament on an earthen pot or matka in the villages of eastern India. Tassar residue gives ghicha, katia, balkal and jhari silks.
Peace silk
To draw filament from a cocoon, the silkworm inside it has to be killed. This is done by boiling or steaming the cocoon to unloosen the filament, and then drying it in the sun. The need for this process also arises to get continuous filament, for if the larvae is allowed to turn into a moth, it damages the cocoon.
Over the past few decades, there has been a shift towards ‘peace silk’. This is silk from cocoons where the caterpillar is allowed to complete its life-cycle, transform into a moth and fly out of its cocoon.
Traditionally, many communities in India have worn ahimsa silk owing to religious restrictions. There’s more awareness about this silk now and owing to increasing demand, some forms of ‘peace tassar’ have become popular. This silk is relatively inexpensive but a tad low on durability. A truly conventional peace silk is eri, as the filament for it is drawn after the moth leaves the cocoon.
Some of the most fascinating journeys have been undertaken by textiles. Have you realised they have a lesson hidden in their weft and warp? That there is unity in diversity, and the result is almost-always harmonious.
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Science & technologyOct 4th 1997 edition
The space cadets grow up
Forty years after Sputnik, space has not been all that the pioneers hoped for. One reason was a failure to concentrate on unmanned travel; another, that space was treated less as a business and more as a romantic dream
IMAGINE that you are one of the pioneers of space travel: an engineer now retiring from a lifetime's work at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, America's space agency) or Russia's equivalent, the RKA. As the sun sets over Cape Canaveral or Baikonur Cosmodrome, how would you judge the industry that came into being so dramatically with the launch of Sputnik 1, the first man-made object to go into orbit, on October 4th, 1957?
There is much to celebrate. If the engineer were American, he would remember the Apollo project, which put men on the moon within a decade of its inception. If Russian, he could point to the fact that the Mir space station has been inhabited almost continuously for 11 years. The earth is, at the moment, girdled by about 500 working satellites—and more are added every month. Two spaceships have arrived safely at Mars in the past three months and a third has had a close encounter with an asteroid. If all goes well, a probe to Saturn will be launched in mid-October (see article). And, although the idea of actually visiting stars is still remote, the Hubble space telescope, from its vantage point above the atmosphere, gives people an unprecedented view of them.
Yet there is much, too, to be frustrated about. Only two of those earth-orbiting satellites are inhabited. One of them, Mir, looks ripe for demolition. The other, the American space shuttle Atlantis, is but a temporary visitor, unable to sustain human life in the harsh conditions of outer space for more than a couple of weeks at a time. Moreover, although there are plans to build a larger and more luxurious space station to replace Mir, the cost is astronomical and the benefits, frankly, are limited.
More generally, despite 40 years of technical progress, space-flight is not yet routine. Rockets still blow up with distressing frequency and, although machines may have made a small step towards the planets, the idea of humans following them there still looks like a dangerously giant leap. With Apollo now a distant memory and Mir a distinct liability, the engineer might feel that the grand adventure has not quite fulfilled itself. Is that fair?
The space age has clearly had a big impact. After all, it has transformed the way that many people live. First and foremost, it has made global communications far easier and cheaper. This week, for example, a telecommunications consortium called Iridium, currently the chief civilian contributor to regular satellite launches, reached exactly halfway in its programme to launch 66 satellites. These will circle the earth in low orbits in what should end up as the first integrated global telephone network, allowing people to communicate with specially designed portable phones from anywhere on the planet. And Iridium will not be alone for long. Several rival services are also planned, one of which will rely on as many as 924 small satellites.
Hand-held satellite telephony, if it works at all, will be a luxury commodity, at least to start with. But satellite relay stations in geostationary orbits (where the orbital period is 24 hours and the satellite thus appears to hover over a single spot on the earth's surface) have been big business for years. So have the hovering television satellites that broadcast directly to receivers in peoples' homes.
But communication is not the only practical reason for going into space. Military spy satellites and civilian weather satellites have kept an eye on the planet's surface and the air above it almost since the beginning of space-flight. Now, the commercial uses of earth observation are growing too. September saw the announcement by Eosat, a company based in Colorado, of a retail market in photographs of the earth from space. For a few hundred dollars it will soon be possible for the man in the street to order a high-resolution picture of almost any part of the globe—even his neighbour's back garden. It is as if a fleet of robot paparazzi were circling the earth.
Such earth-observing satellites obviously have more substantial uses than checking to see if your neighbours are obeying the planning regulations. Besides watching the weather, they are a cheap and accurate way of mapping the planet's surface. They can do things like spotting good places to search for minerals in areas unvisited by prospectors. And they can even keep track of a country's agricultural production by recognising what crops are grown where—as Italian olive farmers once discovered to their cost when they were caught overclaiming on subsidies.
Photographs of the earth from space have also had another, more subtle, globalising effect: they have helped to remind people that they do, indeed, inhabit a single globe. It is probably no coincidence that an awareness of planet-wide environmental problems such as climate change, ozone loss and deforestation has come about in parallel with the ability to go into orbit. For one thing, the crucial evidence about the thinning of the ozone layer actually came from a satellite.
By these measures the space age has indeed been a success—delivering both tangible and intangible benefits to earthlings. It has also delivered abstract knowledge. Every planet in the solar system bar Pluto, the most distant of them, has had a visit from at least one space probe. So have many of these planets' moons. As a result, the earth's neighbours have been transformed from smudgy discs in the telescope eyepiece into distinct worlds, with real histories separate from, but echoing, its own. The origins of the solar system are now understood in surprising detail, and planetary science has become a meaningful discipline because it has more than one planet (the earth) that it can study.
So why might the fictional engineer be retiring disappointed? The reason is a mixture of unrealistic expectations and inefficient execution, with the latter being partly caused by the former.
The wrong stuff
The unrealistic expectation was of routine manned space-flight, and the source of that promise was, at least in part, a strange one. Space-flight is the only big technology that was anticipated in detail by fiction. To a surprisingly large extent, the early history of space-flight was bound up willy-nilly with expectations created by science fiction. Not the bizarre tales about making contact with bug-eyed monsters, to be sure. But many of the engineers brought up on stories about people living in space—first in giant orbiting space stations and then on other planets—really felt they could turn fiction into fact.
It is easy to dismiss such ideas as fantasy now. No sci-fi book ever seems to feature an accountant in its cast list, and the true hostility of outer space to human life was not really appreciated at the time. But, as a long-term proposition, the vision did not look that ludicrous in the 1950s. After all, geostationary satellites were thought up by one of the greatest sci-fi writers of them all, Arthur C. Clarke.
That engineers had grandiose dreams, then, is hardly surprising. But oddly, they were allowed to pursue their whims on an extraordinary scale. For this, the blame lies with the governments concerned. Politicians, too, were caught up in the thrill of manned space-flight. And it was they who provided the money that fed the fantasies.
In the past, many developing technologies have been given a shot in the arm by government funding, usually to assist in warfare. But few not confined to weaponry and national security have been created and nurtured by governments in quite the way that space rocketry and exploration were.
To be fair, at the beginning of the space race, national security did seem to be at stake. Intercontinental ballistic missiles depend on rocketry. Spy satellites provide crucial military intelligence in war and peace. And, viewed from the late 1950s, the idea of a permanently inhabited enemy space station looking down on you and perhaps dropping bombs on you might have seemed realistic.
But, at least in America, the military side of things was quickly taken over by none other than the military. They developed technologies appropriate to their needs, such as solid-fuelled rockets that, while not as powerful as the liquid-fuelled ones needed for serious space-flight, blew up less often and could be kept permanently ready for launch. The military tried manned spacecraft for reconnaissance, but gave it up—and also quickly abandoned the idea of soldiers in space. Machines, even using the electronics of the 1960s, could do the job better.
Yet the non-military side of space also remained with the government for much too long. With other technologies (computers, for instance), the state tended at a fairly early stage to hand over the industry to the private sector, where it would be taken over by people looking for profit, with practical goals. This did not happen for the space-flight industry. Rather, egged on by politicians and the adoring public, and with no motive but the glory of doing it, engineers were encouraged to solve problems by throwing money at them. That often did not lead to the cheapest or most sensible solutions.
For example, the quickest way to get people to the moon (which rapidly emerged as the target of choice) was to use disposable rockets fuelled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. Not an elegant solution, but it did the job. When it finally dawned on someone that such throwaway rockets might not be the best way to do things, NASA produced the space shuttle—again powered by liquefied gases, but mostly reusable. The shuttle was sold to Congress as a “space truck” that would make launches cheap and reliable, but because it was a political imperative that it be manned, it actually costs five to ten times more per kilogram of satellite delivered into orbit than a throwaway rocket.
Stars in their eyes
Yet even in these more cynical days, the sci-fi-driven dream of manned space-flight lives on. It keeps Mir in orbit long past its eject-by date, and keeps the astronauts on board trying (and often failing) to do scientific experiments, most of which could be automated, to justify its existence. It encourages the schemers for the international space station (cost, an estimated $100 billion; completion date unknown). And it even keeps alive the greatest white elephant of them all—the idea of a manned mission to Mars somewhere around 2020.
The upshot of all this vision and money has been to launch space technology on what was probably the wrong path—using dangerously explosive liquid-fuelled rockets—for what was undoubtedly the wrong reason—putting people into orbit with a view to transporting them to other worlds. A more measured approach, with commercial goals foremost, would have concentrated from the beginning on cheapening the process of getting into orbit. It might even, one day, have led to safe and affordable manned space-flight.
After all, traditional rockets are not the only way into space. At least two other ideas, abandoned in the initial scramble, are worth considering if space-flight, manned or otherwise, is to become truly routine.
One of these is to use a giant gun. This is an old idea. Several early works of science fiction envisaged launching spacecraft with guns and, earlier still, Newton used the idea of a gun to show what being in orbit really means. The more powerful the gun, the further its projectile will travel before falling to earth. A powerful enough gun will propel the projectile so fast that the curve of its path is shallower than the curvature of the earth, which it will never hit. Being in orbit, in other words, is continually falling towards the earth and missing it.
The problem with a gun is that all the acceleration happens at the beginning of the spacecraft's flight. That would not matter for robust machines, but it would kill a person. Because manned flight was the objective, guns were regarded as little more than an amusing novelty. But for small payloads, guns could be cheap and effective. And modern microelectronics means that small payloads can be useful ones.
A second way to get into space would be to use a design with a lot of aerodynamic lifting surfaces and a type of engine known as a hybrid motor. This would breathe oxygen from the atmosphere like a jet engine for as long as there was atmosphere available to supply it. The craft would then switch to an onboard oxygen supply and the motor would become a pure rocket. It would also get help from the atmosphere in a second way—using its lifting surfaces to gain altitude as an aircraft does, rather than by applying the brute force of an air-piercing pointed cylinder. This sort of design is clearly more complex than a pure rocket (one reason why it was abandoned early on). But it should be much cheaper to run: by scooping oxygen out of the atmosphere, it would not need to carry so much fuel.
NASA, at least, is not yet ready to accept such a radical change in its design philosophy. But it has made a start. The agency's latest enterprise, codenamed X-33, will use atmospheric lift to help it into orbit. X-33 is a prototype for what is known as a “single stage to orbit” (SSTO) vehicle—namely, a wholly reusable craft that lands in one piece (shuttles have two reusable boosters that, nevertheless, have to be fished out of the Atlantic ocean after a launch, and also have a big, disposable fuel tank). This time money is definitely an object. Unlike when it planned the shuttle, the agency put the task of designing the X-33 out to tender. The winner, announced last year, was Lockheed Martin. Lockheed's X-33 design, besides having lifting surfaces, features a new engine called an aerospike. This is still a rocket, but it is a much more refined and fuel-efficient piece of engineering than the huge thrusters that put the shuttle and the various Apollo craft into orbit.
The final version of the SSTO will still be manned. NASA is not yet ready to give that idea up. But if all goes well, this vehicle aims to get payloads into orbit for around $2,000 per kilogram, as compared with the $20,000-odd that it currently costs using a disposable rocket.
Space oddity
Would such things have appeared earlier if there had been a stronger commercial element in the space industry? Maybe. Part of the problem is that manned space-flight is a relatively useless thing. Once all the glory has been put to one side, it is difficult to know what people can do in space that robots cannot.
Ironically, if safety can be significantly improved, the main commercial market for manned space-flight may be one wound up in the same science-fiction dreams that seem to have skewed the rest of the space programme: tourism. For $2,000 per kilogram the average man might be launched for $140,000. Double or triple that for the equipment that would have to go up with him and double that figure again for his travelling companion, and a couple could enjoy an economy-class trip into space for $1m. A surprising number of people might be willing to pay that in order to take the ultimate in holiday snaps. It may not match the bold, youthful vision of the retiring engineer, but it would be real—and it would be a start.
This article appeared in the Science & technology section of the print edition under the headline "The space cadets grow up"
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Contemporary Dance
Contemporary dance differs from more traditional dancing styles in one critical way: it is not bound or defined by set standards or styles; unlike practically every other 'formal' dance form. Its onus lies heavily on individual expression, and on total body movement. This reflects its origins, which are firmly international in nature, and stem from a mixture of Western, African and even Japanese butoh dancing.
Because of this, one could define Contemporary dance as more of a collection of dance styles bound by a common ethos, rather than a specific dance form in its own right. Vis a vis, it mirrors the other cultural forms alongside which it developed, and which give Contemporary dance its cultural context. These include abstract art, pop music and postmodernism.
Well-known forms of Contemporary dance include:
• Street Dancing
• Breakdancing
• Thrashing
• Cha Cha slide
to name a few. In reality, there are a huge number of forms associated with the movement; in fact, some would argue there are as many forms as there are people practicing it.
A key element of Contemporary dance is that its forms, on the most part, evolved outside of the studio/theatre environment, and were then adopted, formalised and commercialised after the event. This has led to some anthropologists categorising Contemporary dance as essentially 'urban folk dances'. While this is an interesting perspective, 'folk' dance is a loaded term that carries strong connotations of localism and class divide, which aren't applicable given Contemporary dance's globalised, cross-cultural remit.
To learn Contemporary dance, you have more avenues open to you than many traditional dances like, say, ballet. Studios and tutors are, of course, firm options; but there exist many dance clubs, crews, workshops and societies that may enable you to learn the basics for free in a friendly, community environment. The form's lack of strict styles works to its advantage here: if you don't quite 'get' the moves, it isn't the end of the world!
A solid course of action could be to combine the two: learning from a tutor to improve your skills and then practicing them with a club or crew. The former will give you the technical knowledge and skill, and the latter will provide opportunities to let loose and practice!
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Workplace Injury
3D illustration x-ray neck painful.
What is workers compensation?
Workers’ compensation is a form of insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment in exchange for mandatory relinquishment of the employee’s right to sue his or her employer for the tort of negligence. The tradeoff between assured, limited coverage and lack of recourse outside the worker compensation system is known as “the compensation bargain”. One of the problems that the compensation bargain solved is the problem of employers becoming insolvent as a result of high damage awards. The system of collective liability was created to prevent that, and thus to ensure security of compensation to the workers. Individual immunity is the necessary corollary to collective liability.
What type of compensation is available in workers compensation Cases?
General damage for pain and suffering, and punitive damages for employer negligence, are generally not available in workers’ compensation plans, and negligence is generally not an issue in the case. These laws were first enacted in Europe and Oceania, with the United States following shortly thereafter.
Workers’ compensation statutes are intended to eliminate the need for litigation (and the limitations of common law remedies) by having employees give up the potential for pain- and suffering-related awards in exchange for not being required to prove tort (legal fault) on the part of their employer. The laws are designed to ensure that employees who are injured or disabled on the job are not required to cover medical bills related to their on-the-job injury, and are provided with monetary awards to cover loss of wages directly related to the accident, as well as to compensate for permanent physical impairments.
In the United States, most employees who are injured on the job receive medical care responsive to the work-place injury, and, in some cases, payment to compensate for resulting disabilities. Generally, an injury that occurs when an employee is on his or her way to or from work does not qualify for worker’s compensation benefits; however, there are some exceptions if your responsibilities demand that you be in multiple locations, or stay in the course of your employment after work hours.
The federal government has its own workers’ compensation program, subject to its own requirements and statutory parameters for federal employees. The federal government pays its workers’ compensation obligations for its own employees through regular appropriations. In the vast majority of states, workers’ compensation is solely provided by private insurance companies. 12 states operate a state fund (which serves as a model to private insurers and insures state employees), and a handful have state-owned monopolies. To keep the state funds from crowding out private insurers, they are generally required to act as assigned-risk programs or insurers of last resort, and they can only write workers’ compensation policies. In contrast, private insurers can turn away the worst risks and can write comprehensive insurance packages covering general liability, natural disasters, and so on. Of the 12 state funds, the largest is California’s State Compensation Insurance Fund.
Underreporting of injuries is a significant problem in the workers’ compensation system. Workers, fearing retaliation from their employers, may avoid reporting injuries incurred on the job and instead seek treatment privately, bearing the cost themselves or passing these costs on to their health insurance provider – an element in the increasing cost of health insurance nationwide.
It is illegal in most states for an employer to terminate or refuse to hire an employee for having reported a workplace injury or filed a workers’ compensation claim. However, it is often not easy to prove discrimination on the basis of the employee’s claims history. To abate discrimination of this type, some states have created a “subsequent injury trust fund” which will reimburse insurers for benefits paid to workers who suffer aggravation or recurrence of a compensable injury. It is also suggested that laws should be made to prohibit inclusion of claims history in databases or to make it anonymous
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June 2018
Which sounds like a patent claim description, but it's not. This is free; adapt it, copy it, use it as much as you like, and welcome. The problem is simple enough: How to make a self-adjusting bridle for frameless kites so they don't have to be pulled down and adjusted every time the wind changes.
For framed kites, bridles that adjust automatically in response to wind changes have been around for a long time and were a feature of the cellular kites used for lifting instruments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In simple form (diagram 2) the rear bridles are spring loaded so that the kite's angle of attack decreases as wind speed increases, causing the line pull to increase at a rate less than the square of the wind speed (which otherwise defines the line pull/wind speed relationship). Frame flexing can also be used for this purpose (deltas and bowed kites for example), but kites that don't have a way to do this won't fly higher than a km or so unless the wind is constant and doesn't vary with height- which doesn't describe anywhere I've ever flown. We've all seen kites let out until their line is dragging on the ground- after which they don't get any higher. This happens because, with no way to limit pull increases as the wind strengthens, line strong enough for gusts has too much drag for the kite to lift at other times. The ideal kite for an altitude attempt would fly at a consistent high angle and have constant line pull across the entire wind range, and the nearest any kite has ever approached this ideal is probably the cellular kites designed by Rudolph Grund for the Lindenberg Observatory in Germany. These used a system that changed the angle between the front and rear cells, which very effectively controlled the increase of pull in stronger winds and also enabled more lift in lighter winds than is achievable with a simple spring bridle. Their altitude record for a train of kites, of 9,740 meters, set on 1 August 1919, still stands.
Grund 42m Lindenburg Kite hangar 2005
So why won't spring loading the rear bridles do the same job for single line ram-air (soft) kites? One reason is that most soft kites are stable for only one bridle geometry; change any bridle by more than a small amount and they lose most of their wind range- or won't fly at all. But there is hope; this used to be true for steerable soft kites, until 20 years of intensive effort by very many designers eventually cracked the problem. Latest ram-air inflated traction kites with substantial de-power (by way of active bridles) are what's driving the amazing developments in kite foil-boarding. But don't hold your breath waiting for single line soft kites to become less sensitive to bridling. For starters, traction kites don't have to be auto-stable as they have a person steering them all the time. And most single line soft kites are theme kites; their purpose is to look like something, and there often aren't options for extending their angle of attack range without compromising appearance. And then there is their lack of rigidity. With framed kites, pulling in or letting out a bridle tends to change the angle of the entire kite. For a soft kite it just pulls in or lets out a small area.
Diagram 1
Single line soft kites have only recently achieved wind ranges that framed kites have enjoyed since pre-history: Invented by Jalbert in the 1950's, until well into the '90's, even soft kite styles that weren't compromised by appearance generally flew well only in mid-range steady winds. When the wind dropped below 15km/hr they stalled and fell from the sky and in stronger winds they generated insane pull and tended to loop out. In this early development period the usual way to achieve stability was to bridle for quite high angles of attack (Doug Hagaman's excellent 1980's parafoils for example). But gradually, starting with pilot style lifters, soft kites have been developed that will fly stably when bridled to low angles of attack- so as to fly in lighter winds and not pull too much in strong winds. Some themed soft kites are now equal to the best pilot styles and are challenging even specialist light weight framed kites to be last down when the wind drops. Smiley Faces, Rays by PLK and Andreas Fischbacher and Mr Ma's Trilobite, are notable examples. These perform very well pilotless at show kite events where the challenge is usually at the light end, while still being able to handle strong winds provided lines and anchors are up to it.
Diagram 2
But for kites that are required to either lift payloads or fly very high, low angle of attack (called flat) bridling is not the entire answer: Such kites do need flat bridling when the wind is very light, but as soon as there is adequate wind, the bridling angle needs to be increased to generate as much lift as possible. And when the wind increases to 'more than enough', the bridle angle needs to be reduced again so as not to break the line. For this, active bridles are required- and one such is shown in diagram 3: As the wind speed increases from zero, the front (weaker) spring is first to extend, increasing the kite's angle of attack. When the wind then increases further, the rear (stronger) spring progressively extends until the bridling returns to a low angle of attack setting.
Diagram 3
PLK uses half of this system on OLO Octopus kites (diagram 4). Octopus kites were our second completely soft theme kite design (1990, Rays were the first in 1988). To prevent looping type instability, their front bridles are rigged with bungies so as to lengthen as the wind strengthens- the kite doesn't then have to be pulled down and adjusted whenever the wind changes. This gives them good enough light wind performance but more pull than I'd like when the wind is up. Fixing this will require an acceptable way to make them stable at lower angles of attack in stronger winds. ('Acceptable' to me means not just adding drag. I know, picky!). Unfortunately, this type of spring bridle system can't be used with most styles of soft kites because, unlike the Octopus, they have neither sufficiently robust leading edges nor long heavy tentacles to prevent the nose suddenly folding down when the wind momentarily drops. Called luffing (when a kite's angle of attack becomes negative, causing it to dive forward), this sets the minimum angle a kite can be bridled to. Luffing is not a trivial problem, especially for soft kites, because it usually also causes the inflation opening to close, deflating the kite and making recovery even more unlikely. I've been looking for a self-adjusting bridle system that doesn't trigger luffing for 30 years.
Diagram 4
The problem is that frameless kites, and especially the single skin types, are very sensitive to front bridle lengths: If these are any longer than absolutely necessary, the kite's light wind performance will suffer. But if they are even slightly too short for the wind at any moment, they'll luff uncontrollably- and spring loading exacerbates this: Say a diagram 5 kite is flying stably in stronger winds with the front spring stretched out- the kite's leading edge being held out and up by wind pressure. Whenever there is a momentary lull or down-draft, the spring reacts immediately by contracting, which causes the kite's leading edge to fold down- and instead of a kite there's now a disorganised heap of fabric falling from the sky. I've tried 'slow' springs (devices that extend fast but contract slowly), separate and closed-off leading edge inflation, mechanisms to lengthen the front bridles whenever a luff seemed imminent, and even a few attempts at angle of attack sensing via centre of pressure migration - including one using lever mounted bridles, which did sometimes seem to work. I have even considered using sensors, servo motors and a power source. This would work, but similar systems were generally unsatisfactory when used for steering pilot kites, because the weight of batteries and mechanism seriously degraded the kite's light wind flying, and battery life caused the kite equivalent of electric vehicle range anxiety. Finding an answer became even more imperative since I've immersed myself in single skin kite development, as single skin kites are always closer to stalling and more susceptible to luffing than any ram-air kite.
Diagram 5
At last a solution, whew; (diagrams 5 and 6), and it works perfectly, changing the front bridle length only (well not only, but near enough to) in response to the amount of tension on the main bridles, so doesn't cause luffing. Spring rate, length, and limiters are used to arrive at the precise dynamic response which works best for each kite style. The only problem I've had so far (10 or so versions) is with the bungies used on a 6sq.m 1Skin version stretching out- which can be avoided by using purpose built helical springs when I'm sure the parameters are optimised.
Diagram 6
Unfortunately, I can't claim the development of this mechanism as evidence of either cleverness or persistence: If I was even half clever it would have been working years ago, saving myself and other kitefliers a heap of grief. Nor is it the inevitable fruit of persistence, as I'd pretty much given up looking, having concluded (wrongly as it turned out), that what I was trying to do was not possible without a power supply. Luck then? To what else can I credit an unbidden middle of the night idea that, for once, was still a good idea in the light of day?
Single skin Serpent and Octopus with auto bridling Berck 2018
It doesn't mitigate line pull at the top end so is not useful for high altitude kites, and it's not necessary for the few designs of soft kites that are fixed-bridle stable across the range (Pilots and Rays for example). But it will improve the light wind flying of all other ram-air kites and works best of all for single skin kites, eliminating all bridle adjustments for Serpents, Octopus's and 1Skins- that until now required up to 5 different settings.
Peter Lynn, Ashburton, New Zealand, June 1st 2018
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5 Signs Of Nutrient Deficiency You Can See On Your Face
These days one of the most common issues is vitamin deficiencies, and these deficiencies are very likely to be the main cause for more serious conditions and ailments that we experience.
For the record, for the past 12 years, 8 million children deaths were related to the vitamin A deficiency, and over 1 billion people across the globe are dealing with vitamin D deficiency.
Therefore, it is very important that you notice these deficiencies on time, and start treating them before they develop some serious disease or some health complication.
Whenever our body starts to crave for some nutrient, every part of it starts to suffer. So, if you stand in front of the mirror, and look at the signals that your body sends you, you will know. You are now wondering what signals your body may send you. Well you are in luck, because we have prepared a list of the 5 most common signals that your body sends you if it’s in a deficiency of some mineral or vitamin:
1. Puffy Eyes
This symptom is mostly related to the lack of sleep, but puffy eyes may also occur, due to the deficiency of iodine in our body. The iodine is the one that is getting rod of endocrine disruptors such as bromine, chlorine and fluorine. Also the iodine is helpful in the function of our thyroid, and it is able to treat puffiness. Therefore if you want to lower puffiness, try to reduce the intake of salt. You should also consume more beans, sea vegetables, pastured eggs and kefir. Consume sea veggies like kelp, wakame, and dulse.
2. Pale Lips
Mostly the deficiency of iron is demonstrated with pale lips. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) the iron deficiency is one of the most common deficiencies in the U.S. Therefore if you want to maintain your levels of iron, you should increase the consumption of more green leafy vegetables like spinach, and some other foods such as spirulina, raisins, dark chocolate and lentils.
3. Bleeding Gums
The lack of vitamin C in our body is demonstrated by bleeding gums. Also the vitamin C deficiency is causing swelling in our joints and nosebleeds. If you want to prevent from this, increase the consumption of foods that are rich in vitamin C.
4. Extremely Pale Skin
If your vitamin B12 levels are very low, your skin might become very pale, and this condition is very likely to be followed by fatigue. So if you want to elevate your levels of vitamin B12, you want to increase the intake of raw rennet-free cheese and pastured eggs, or just take supplements.
5. Dry Hair
The dandruff, brittle and dry hair are mostly a sign of vitamin B7 and Biotin deficiency. It would be wise to start consuming mushrooms, green peas, nuts, sunflower seeds and legumes.
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Wallace (surname)
Wallace is a Scottish surname derived from the Anglo-Norman French waleis, which is in turn derived from a cognate of the Old English wylisc (pronounced "wullish") meaning "foreigner" or "Welshman"[1] (see also Wallach and Walhaz). The original surname may have denoted someone from the former Kingdom of Strathclyde who spoke Cumbric, a close relative of the Welsh language, or possibly an incomer from Wales, or the Welsh Marches. The Kingdom of Strathclyde was originally a part of the Hen Ogledd, its people speaking a Brythonic language distinct from Scottish Gaelic and the English derived from Lothian. In modern times, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the surname has been used as an Americanization of numerous Ashkenazic Jewish surnames.
Notable people
Armed forces
Media (actors, artists, writers, journalists)
Politics and business
See also
1. ^ "welsh | Origin and meaning of the name welsh by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
This page was last updated at 2019-11-14 05:50, update this pageView original page
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Program run time
@JoshAdel covered a lot of it, but if you just want to time the execution of an entire script, you can run it under time on a unix-like system.. kotai:~ chmullig$ cat sleep.py import time print presleep time.sleep(10) print post sleep kotai:~ chmullig$ python sleep.py presleep post sleep kotai:~ chmullig$ time python sleep.py presleep post sleep real 0m10.035s user 0m0.017s sys 0m0.016s. Execution Time: 100 ms In the above example, first we create an instance of the Stopwatch class. The Start () method starts measuring time for executing the code until we call the Stop () method. The ElapsedMilliseconds property gets the total time measured by the current instance in milliseconds
Now, to run the script at a specific time it has to be scheduled as a task. Open Task Scheduler by entering taskschd.msc in the Run dialog. When Task Scheduler opens, create a new Task, and give it a name. In Triggers tab, configure the schedule you want the batch script to run at While many developers recognize Python as an effective programming language, pure Python programs may run slower than their counterparts in compiled languages like C, Rust, and Java.Throughout this tutorial, you'll see how to use a Python timer to monitor how fast your programs are running.. In this tutorial, you'll learn how to use: time.perf_counter() to measure time in Pytho There are various scenarios where you may want to calculate the time it takes for your VBA code to run. I often do this when trying to test various ways to code a procedure. I like to see which method gives me a faster run time Execution Request for package LHB00009 program Office Standard 2010 state change from Running to ReportStatusAtReboot execmgr 5/3/2011 9:46:34 AM 2124 (0x084C) Failed to open to WMI namespace '\\.\root\ccm\softmgmtagent' (8007045b) execmgr 5/3/2011 9:46:34 AM 2124 (0x084C) CExecutionRequest::Persist Could not connect to namespace \\.\root\ccm. run time: this is how much time your program took to execute. If, on unix, you run time program, you get as output the program's run time (or its execution time). It doesn't sound right to me to refer to this as the program's runtime or run-time
How do you calculate program run time in python? - Stack
1. Six Week Running Program for the 1.5-2 Mile Timed Run Test. Tuesdays . Intervals will help you build your VO2 max and foot speed to better learn your goal pace. On a few of the interval runs, try.
2. Depending on the application, you can use it to shut down or restart the system, open websites, open files, run programs, create pop-up memos, etc. For example, you can open the GoTo Meeting app and prompt you to join the meeting on time. Discover more about running program automatically by reading below. Hassle Free Ways to Automatically Run.
3. rights. Allow users to interact with this program
4. User CPU time gives the CPU time spent by the current process (i.e., the current R session) and system CPU time gives the CPU time spent by the kernel (the operating system) on behalf of the current process
6. The GNU time program runs a command/program with given arguments and summarizes the system resource usage as standard output after the command is completed. Unlike the 'time' keyword, the GNU time program not just displays the time used by the command/process, but also other resources like memory, I/O and IPC calls
7. In computer science, runtime, run time, or execution time is the final phase of a computer program ' s life cycle, in which the code is being executed on the computer's central processing unit (CPU) as machine code. In other words, runtime is the running phase of a program
Execution time : The execution time or CPU time of a given task is defined as the time spent by the system executing that task in other way you can say the time during which a program is running. There are multiple way to measure execution time of a program, in this article i will discuss 5 different way to measure execution time of a program Putting all the components of interval training together creates a challenging workout that will help you decrease your PFT run time: - Repeat 3-4 times - Run 1/2-mile at goal pace - Walk or jog 1.
The following steps calculate the running time of a program or section of a program. Store the starting time before the first line of the program executes. Store the ending time after the last line of the program executes. Print the difference between start time and end time Run time is a phase of a computer program in which the program is run or executed on a computer system. Run time is part of the program life cycle, and it describes the time between when the program begins running within the memory until it is terminated or closed by the user or the operating system. Run time is also known as execution time Run time and compile time error are a common type of error occurs during compilation and execution of a program. In software development, After various stages of compilation, an executable Binary has created. An error can occur at any stage and break the building process of executable Now I got a slightly lower run time of 5.25 seconds: Optionally, you may break down the time it takes to run each portion of the code. For example, you may want to separately measure the time it takes to: Import the modules; Run the main Python Script Program Run Time ErrorsLecture By: Ms. Shweta, Tutorials Point India Private Limite
A runtime library is a collection of software programs (used at program run time) to provide one or more native program functions or services. Typically, it consists of many different programs or functions that are commonly used by various programs. The runtime library enables a software program to be executed with its complete functionality by. For an input n, this program will execute 11n + 8 instructions before it reaches the label done. According to the instruction count measure, this is the running time of this program. This has the advantage of being concrete and well de ned, and is similar to measures used in theoretical analyses of algorithms You can access RUN TIMES from the programming menu, or from the soft key shortcuts from the START TIMES screen. This allows you to set up an entire program (start times, run times, and water days) from the same menu Program run time calculator in Title/Summary. DB2 Run-Time Client Lite. The DB2 Run-Time Client Lite is a smaller footprint version of the DB2 Run-Time Client, and contains support necessary for JDBC, SQLJ, ODBC, CLI, OLE DB and .NET. The software is shipped as a single executable, making it easy to redistribute and deploy
How to calculate the code execution time in C#
Automatically Start and Close Programs at Specific Time
The loop body is executed 10 times. If it takes m operations to run the body, the total number of operations is 10 × m = 10 m. In general, if the loop iterates n times and the running time of the loop body are m, the total cost of the program is n ∗ m. Please note that we are ignoring the time taken by expression i < 10 and statement i + + New option: Move the time forward according to the real time. Version 1.01: New option: Create a shortcut on your desktop that will run a program with the date/time that you specify. When you don't specify the time in the command-line, the current time will be used, instead of 00:00:00. Version 1.00 - First release. Using RunAsDat Select a program and it will launch automatically at your scheduled time — for example, if you always use a certain program at 1pm, you can have Windows automatically open the program at 1pm every weekday so you don't forget
Hi. I am new in using MATLAB. I have a thesis about code optimization along with my partner. It was recommended by our adviser to use the software in order t measure the running time of the code. The code is in Java Programming Language. Now, how can I measure the running time of the code using MATLAB Run-time analysis is used to check the efficiency of a program or function module or t-code in terms of what is the load on the database server, application server, presentation server etc. The run-time analysis will display the load in a graph with %'s and the time in micro seconds ExecutedProgramsList is a portable program for Windows. All you need to do is download it to your local system, extract it and run it afterwards. It will pull data from all data sources and display them sorted in its interface after a brief moment. Programs are sorted by path and name by default which you can change with a click on a table header Shut Off Time. We're setting this one for 7:01 a.m. once you set your shut off time you hit save back get to the main menu by hitting back, turn the power off, turn it back on. At this point it's 11:45 a.m. on this pump and we set it to run from 6 a.m. to 7:01 a.m. Program 6. Program six is the same as five also 7 at 8 Helping you program your controller with efficient run times for your landscape is one of many ways we deliver on that promise. Use Only What You Need Ensuring run times are correct for an irrigation system means you are eliminating water waste while still growing a healthy, lush landscape
Python Timer Functions: Three Ways to Monitor Your Code
1. To estimate how long a portion of your program takes to run or to compare the speed of different implementations of portions of your program, use the stopwatch timer functions, tic and toc. Invoking tic starts the timer, and the next toc reads the elapsed time. tic % The program section to time. to
2. Savings account balance program C++ 1 ; Date and Time in Dev C Question 7 ; Application for making phone calls 3 ; Count time consumption of C++ program. 8 ; Compiling and running a Qt program 1 ; Send Command to Command Line from Windows Form Application 8 ; Calculator program c++ 12 ; Running Linux commands through C++
3. import time start = time.time() for i in range(10): print(i) time.sleep(1) end = time.time() print(fRuntime of the program is {end - start}
4. Programs written to run on these computers were called jobs and were run one at a time using punched cards. Users had to load the cards into a peripheral device called a card reader and manually prepare the computer using switches prior to running a job
5. In order to calculate the time taken by a C program to complete its execution, the library function clock_t clock (void) returns the clock ticks elapsed since the program started its execution. The clock () can be invoked at the beginning of the C program with start value and a finish value can be invoked at the end of the C program
6. It functions as a timer whereby calling the program the first time will start the timer and running it again with a /s switch will stop timer and report the measured elapsed time. Below is an example of a batch file using Gammadyne Timer to count the amount of time taken to complete executing the io.exe test file. timer.exe io.exe timer.exe /
7. Approximate Time Race 1 10:30am Race 2 11:01am Race 3 11:31am NBCSN Coverage Begins: 12:00pm: Race 4 12:04pm Race 5 12:36pm Race 6 1:14pm Race 7 1:56pm NBC Coverage Begins: 2:30pm Race 8 : 2:48pm Race 9: 3:40pm Race 10: 4:31pm Race 11 - Old Forester Turf Classic 5:27p
VBA Code To Calculate How Long Your Macro Takes To Run
When running Java or C# applications, the runtime environment can profile the application while it is being run. This allows for more optimized code to be generated. If the behavior of the application changes while it is running, the runtime environment can recompile the code Measure Run Time of C++ Program. DreamTime. I have a C++ program, and I am going to run it in Linux and try to get the run time of the program. I have to use these particular code in my program. 1 2: #include <sys/time.h> int gettimeofday( struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz ); However, I have no idea how to use this.. Finding Program Running Time Hi, I'm a new C student, and I need to find out how long my program takes to run. i'm using the following code, but I get a ton of C2143 errors when I use this. When I don't use anything in <time.h>, my program compiles, and works perfectly. I'm using MS Visual C++ (even though I'm trying to program in C)
Program failed (run time exceeded
I know that the IDE outputs the length of time the program has been running but it only tells me how long the program has been running until I actually close the window. Preferably, this feature would return the length of time the program has been running until it terminates and is accurate to the millisecond. Note* I make console applications. Run a batch file at a specific time in Windows 8 and 10. Click Start; Type Task and then click Task Scheduler; Once the Task Scheduler is open, you can create a custom task by clicking Create Basic Task, opening a wizard that walks you through the process.Select the program to execute, how often to run it, and when. Run a batch file at a specific time in Windows Vista and
nouns - Runtime, run time, and run-time - English
1. utes. As the weeks progress, you'll gradually increase time spent running and reduce the time spent walking
2. utes to years on the same data set. As a bioinformatician, you must have some idea about how long the program will run
3. g for each data set or procedure. Either way - you have to calculate the average yourself (or set up another SAS program to do it for you)
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Hacker Noo Re: Call a sas program with run time parameters Posted 08-31-2017 08:34 AM (2233 views) | In reply to Arjumand To set environment variables in Windows from the commandline, use the set command Runs the program using settings from an earlier version of Windows. Try this setting if you know the program is designed for (or worked with) a specific version of Windows. Reduced color mode. Uses a limited set of colors in the program. Some older programs are designed to use fewer colors. Run in 640 × 480 screen resolutio Program or file associated with program are in use and program cannot get access. Try closing all open and background programs and run program again, see: How to remove TSRs and startup programs. 58: File already exists: Program error, verify the program has all the latest updates. If updated, try reinstalling the program. If you continue to.
Time and Frequency : Program Name: Choose the program name and program type. Start Times: Choose the water days and up to six start times. Run Times: Choose the number of minutes each zone will run for each start time. Run times must be from 1 min to 23 hrs and 59 mins. Schedule Adjustment: Choose how to adjust the watering time based on your.
Take 2:00 Off Your PFT Mile Military
Below is the source code for C++ Program to demonstrate Run time polymorphism which is successfully compiled and run on Windows System to produce desired output as shown below After installing Timelimit program, run the following command for a specific time, for example 10 seconds: $ timelimit -t10 tail -f /var/log/pacman.log. If you run timelimit without any arguments, it will use the default values: warntime=3600 seconds, warnsig=15, killtime=120, killsig=9 GNU Time -p = (bash) time. The output that you normally see with the bash version is kind of like an alias to GNU time run with the -p option. christopher@linuxhandbook:~$ \time -p sleep 3 real 3.00 user 0.00 sys 0.00. As you can see this gives us the same output as if we had run it with the bash shortcut Note: The time command is also built into the BASH/KSH/CSH/TCSH with a different syntax. To run the time command while in the shells, type: /usr/bin/time -p command /usr/bin/time -p command arg1 arg2. time command examples. To measure the time required to run a program called date, enter: $ time date OR $ /usr/bin/time -p date Sample outputs
Basically, it is an automatic timer which runs a pre-set program that regulates when and how long a sprinkler should run. The program dictates which days of the week the sprinklers will run, the time of day and total run time per zone (or station). Many controllers can contain more than one program., and a few models contain independent programs program to be validated at run time, including the validation of called functions in libraries, the kernel and utilities. Validating program executions at run-time is a difficult process. Despite the use of non-executable pages [47] and address layout randomization (ASLR) [7], applications remain vulnerable and an attacker can alter the control. Using console.time() to measure run-time We start off with a junior developer who offers the team the following solution. Your task is to see if this algorithm will work when the program scales I tried to measure the time taken by a program to execute in MATLAB by using the tic and toc function. I got 0.7283 as a value. However, if I measured it using a stopwatch, I got 27 sec as the time Some application programming interface programs can be used with commands. Prompting for user input at run time With most CL programs and procedures, the workstation user provides input by specifying command parameter values that are passed to the program or by typing into input-capable fields on a display prompt. Entering program source The.
Easy Ways to Schedule Programs to Run Automaticall
The surface you run on can also have a big influence on the success of your program. The track is a great place to run for its cushion, but for some folks it is quite boring. Running around on the streets can be more exciting, but the surface is harder on your joints. I would vary your training surfaces each time you run. 4. Cadence Run-time efficiency of a Program. Memory Footprint Robustness of a Program. Amazon E fficiency refers to the running time of a program. Usually the faster the program runs the better. An exception is that if your program runs fast but requires a huge memory footprint then it may not suit the platform you are using. This case is rare; so it. The program written to handle a big number of input data MUST BE algorithmically efficient in order to produce the result in reasonable time and space. In this article, I discuss some of the basics of what is the running time of a program, how do we represent running time and other essentials needed for the analysis of the algorithms Game Time is automatically read directly from an emulator or PC game, and you can use it by switching to Game Time under Compare Against. Video Component: With the Video Component, you can play a video from a local file alongside your run. The video will start when you start your run and stop whenever you reset
Run time calculation in g-code program properties was created by kostas It's always far less than the actual run time required. Seems that it's usually half the actual time, but I can't figure this out exactly Realistically, of course, programs of any reasonable size do have bugs, which appear at run-time. Exactly what conditions are to be checked by assertions and what by run-time error- checking code is a design issue Running a fast mile takes an incredible amount of strength, endurance and physical fitness. Training to improve your mile time requires preparation and hard work, but those efforts can quickly be rewarded with a faster mile time. It's time to run your fastest mile
Compile Time vs Runtime: Compile time is the programming lifecycle phase that converts the source code into an executable file. Runtime is the time when a program is running, in contrast to other program lifecycle phases such as compile time, link time, and load time Lithmee holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Systems Engineering and is reading for her Master's degree in Computer Science. She is passionate about sharing her knowldge in the areas of programming, data science, and computer systems Overriding is run time polymorphism having same method with same parameters or signature, but associated in a class & its subclass. Run time polymorphism is more flexible as all things execute at run time. It provides slow execution as compared to early binding because it is known at run time. Also Read: Difference Between Stack And Heap In C++.
5 ways to measure running time of R code R-blogger
Java Run-time Environment (JRE) is the part of the Java Development Kit (JDK). It is a freely available software distribution which has Java Class Library, specific tools, and a stand-alone JVM. It is the most common environment available on devices to run java programs. The source Java code gets compiled and converted to Java bytecode Run-length encoding (find/print frequency of letters in a string) Sort an array of 0's, 1's and 2's in linear time complexity; Checking Anagrams (check whether two string is anagrams or not) Relative sorting algorithm; Finding subarray with given sum; Find the level in a binary tree with given sum Runtime time errors are not get detected by compiler and hence identified at the time of code execution. 3: Fixation: Compile-time errors as already mentioned can get fixed at the time of code development. Runtime time errors are getting to fixing state after once code get executed and errors get identified How to find run time of a program from commmand line? Ask Question Asked 9 years, 10 months ago. Active 9 years, 10 months ago. Viewed 8k times 7. I just ran a program and wish to know how much time it took to execute it. How do I do it? command-line. Share. Improve this question. Follow. Java: How to take Run time input from user November 22, 2010 November 22, 2010 allaboutbasic Suppose you are doing your coding in java (let you are running your program from command prompt of your desktop) and you need to take input from user in command line or command prompt while user run (actually runtime input ) your program
Flight World War II (2015) - Emile Edwin Smith | Cast andBrazil’s deforestation is exploding—and 2020 will be worse
It calculates time-related payments. It updates absences quotas. It generates time wagetypes which are transferred to the Payroll Program. Before executing the Payroll Program, all employees need to be processed successfully by the Time Evaluation Program.But time evaluation needs to run for relevant employees The following query finds total run-time (in minutes) for a concurrent program. Thus, with a little modification to this query, you can track which concurrent programs take (very) long time to complete, and may need performance tuning This may go along with the other post I started here and it may not. That is where you come in. The company I just started working for is using a program that uses a Access Database with all of.
program run time - PC-DMIS User Foru
1. There are two ways in which run-time can be reduced: one is the memory, system settings for the job/program and second is the coding part. We have to concentrate more on the coding part, to improve the performance or reduce the run-time of the program. The report program has to be coded considering all the performance tuning techniques. Each.
2. My problem is to compute the time between the beginning and the end of the running of a program. Thank you for your help. Jean-Benoit Hardouin Le Wed, 12 May 2004 16:30:04 +0200, Ulrich Kohler <[email protected]> a écrit: > How about > > . set rmsg on > > >> I search a way to obtain the time (in seconds) to run a program
3. Program instrumentation and run-time analysis of scoped memory in java. Diego Garbervetsky. Hichem Zorgati. Chaker Nakhli. Sergio Yovine. Diego Garbervetsky. Hichem Zorgati. Chaker Nakhli. Sergio Yovine. Related Papers. Synthesizing parametric specifications of dynamic memory utilization in object-oriented programs
4. Verify the version of the LabVIEW Run-Time Engine on the deployment computer is compatible with your LabVIEW executable or program and that the deployment computer meets the system requirements of the LabVIEW Run-Time Engine
On time: 2:00 AM Run time: 2 hours Speed 2 Motor RPM: 1200 On time: Following completion of cycle one Run time: 18 hours Speed 3 Motor RPM: 2000 On time: Following completion of cycle two Run time: 4 hours During peak times of day my electrical cost is close to $0.18 per kWh but the off peak price is just under $0.08 per kWh The program I wrote works as expected and finishes in a more or less reasonable amount of time for subsamples of the data. For example, for the 12-month horizon it takes 25 second to run on a subsample of 10,000 observations and 23 minutes on a subsample of 100,000 observations
This helps you compare the total run time of Program A vs. Program B and optimize your code, especially if you're a professional software developer, analyst, or software tester. Measuring the total execution time of a script or process is one of the most critical aspects of performance optimization All programs require you set 3 sections of the timer: Start Time, Run Time, How Often Run Time: Rotate the center dial to Run Time and choose program A (upper right small button on the box toggles through programs A, B, and C). The first zone showing should be #1
Find The Execution Time Of A Command Or Process In Linu
How to Program an Orbit Sprinkler System to Start at the Same Time Every Day. Orbit sprinkler systems help you meet a variety of watering needs for your lawn and garden. They provide customizable. Ni LabVIEW Run-Time Engine is a free program that offers you full support for executables. NI LabVIEW. Download. 4.3 on 24 votes . NI LabVIEW is an intuitive development environment for creating custom applications that interact with real-world data and signals. Similar choic Improve your run time -- now! By Sgt. 1st Class Andrew Kosterman, B Co., 1st Battalion, 145th Aviation Regiment June 27, 2013. Share on Twitter; Share on Faceboo I have a program which calculates 48 million lines of data - doubles. I want to convert this to a string, but with extra characters such as spaces, and new lines. I am currently creating the string variable at run time, and then using : string_data = string_data + Convert.ToString(Array) + 5\n; repeating this 48 million times
Optimum Run Time. Ideally, how long should a pump run with each pumping cycle, and how much time should elapse before it starts back up again? Here are some tips to avoid short-cycling vbrun60sp6.exe is a self-extracting executable file that installs versions of the Microsoft Visual Basic run-time files required by all applications created with Visual Basic 6.0. The files include the fixes shipped with Service Pack 6 for Visual Basic 6.0
See complete series on time complexity herehttp://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2_aWCzGMAwI9HK8YPVBjElbLbI3ufctnIn this lesson, we will see how to deduce a.. Your program might run without crashing (no syntax or run-time errors), but still do the wrong thing. For example, perhaps you want a program to calculate the average of two numbers: the average of x and y is defined as. Why doesn't this program work
Runtime (program lifecycle phase) - Wikipedi
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Measure execution time with high precision in C/C++
Run the circulation system one (1) hour for every 10°F of air temperature if a single-speed filter pump is installed. Example: If it is 100°F, the pump should run 10 hours a day minimum. Of course, if the pool is full of algae or a major weather event has occurred, the pump may need to run 24-hours a day. Variable-Speed Pumps After running the installation on the target computer, I don't see the LabVIEW Run-Time Engine listed under Windows Add/Remove Programs in the Control Panel of my target computer. My program runs fine and works as expected, but the LabVIEW Run-Time Engine is not listed with all the other software installed and so I can't uninstall it
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Table of Contents
TectoMT Tutorial
Welcome to the TectoMT Tutorial. This tutorial should take about 3 hours.
What is TectoMT
TectoMT is a highly modular NLP (Natural Language Processing) software system implemented in Perl programming language under Linux. It is primarily aimed at Machine Translation, making use of the ideas and technology created during the Prague Dependency Treebank project. At the same time, it is also hoped to facilitate and significantly accelerate development of software solutions of many other NLP tasks, especially due to re-usability of the numerous integrated processing modules (called blocks), which are equipped with uniform object-oriented interfaces.
In this tutorial, we assume
Installation and setup
cd ~/BIG
svn --username public co https://svn.ms.mff.cuni.cz/svn/tectomt_devel/trunk tectomt
cd tectomt/install
source ~/BIG/tectomt/config/init_devel_environ.sh
source .bashrc
TectoMT Architecture
Blocks, scenarios and applications
In TectoMT, there is the following hierarchy of processing units (software components that process data):
This tutorial itself has its blocks in libs/blocks/Tutorial and the application in applications/tutorial.
Layers of Linguistic Structures
MT pyramid in terms of PDT layers
The notion of 'layer' has a combinatorial nature in TectoMT. It corresponds not only to the layer of language description as used e.g. in the Prague Dependency Treebank, but it is also specific for a given language (e.g., possible values of morphological tags are typically different for different languages) and even for how the data on the given layer were created (whether by analysis from the lower layer or by synthesis/transfer).
Thus, the set of TectoMT layers is a Cartesian product {S,T} x {English,Czech,…} x {W,M,P,A,T}, in which:
Blocks in block repository libs/blocks are located in directories indicating their purpose in machine translation.
Example: A block adding Czech morphological tags (pos, case, gender, etc.) can be found in libs/blocks/SCzechW_to_SCzechM/Simple_tagger.pm.
There are also other directories for other purpose blocks, for example blocks which only print out some information go to libs/Print. Our tutorial blocks are in libs/blocks/Tutorial/.
First application
Once you have TectoMT installed on your machine, you can find this tutorial in applications/tutorial/. After you cd into this directory, you can see our plain text sample data in sample.txt.
Most applications are defined in Makefiles and *.scen files, which describe sequence of blocks to be applied on our data. In our case, tutorial.scen lists four blocks to be applied on our sample text: sentence segmentation, tokenization, part-of-speech tagging and lemmatization. Since we have our input text in plain text format, the file is going to be converted into tmt format beforehand (the in target in the Makefile).
We can run the application:
make all
Our plain text data sample.txt have been transformed into tmt, an internal TectoMT format, and saved into sample.tmt. Then, all four blocks have been loaded and our data has been processed. We can now examine sample.tmt with a text editor (vi, emacs, etc).
Changing the scenario
We'll now add a syntax analysis (dependency parsing) to our scenario by adding five more blocks to tutorial.scen. Instead of
we'll have:
After running
make all
we can examine our sample.tmt again. Really, an analytical layer SEnglishA describing a dependency tree with analytical functions (<afun>) has been added to each bundle.
Blocks can also be parametrized. For syntax parser, we might want to use a smaller but faster model. To achieve this, replace the line
SEnglishM_to_SEnglishA::McD_parser TMT_PARAM_MCD_EN_MODEL=conll_mcd_order2_0.1.model
You can view the trees in sample.tmt with TrEd by typing
tmttred sample.tmt
Try to click on some nodes to see their parameters (tag, lemma, form, analytical function etc).
Note: For more information about tree editor TrEd, see TrEd User's Manual.
If you are not familiar with Makefile syntax, you can run the scenario with a simple bash script (see applications/tutorial/run_all.sh):
Adding a new block
The linguistic structures in TectoMT are represented using the following object-oriented interface/types:
You can get TectoMT automatically execute your block code on each document or bundle by defining the main block entry point:
Each block must have exactly one entry point.
We'll now examine an example of a new block in file libs/blocks/Tutorial/Print_node_info.pm.
This block illustrates some of the most common methods for accessing objects:
Attributes of documents, bundles or nodes can be accessed by attribute getters and setters, for example:
Some interesting attributes on morphologic layer are form, lemma and tag. Some interesting attributes on analytical layer are afun (analytical function) and ord (surface word order). To reach form, lemma or tag from analytical layer, that is, when calling this attribute on an a-node, you use $a_node->get_attr('m/form') and the same way for lemma and tag. The easiest way to see the node attributes is to click on the node in TrEd:
tmttred sample.tmt
Our tutorial block Print_node_info.pm is ready to use. You only need to add this block to our scenario, e.g. as a new Makefile target:
brunblocks -o Tutorial::Print_node_info -- sample.tmt
We can observe our new block behaviour:
make print_info
Try to change the block so that it prints out the information only for verbs. (You need to look at an attribute tag at the m level). The tagset used is Penn Treebank Tagset.
Advanced block: finite clauses
It is assumed that finite clauses can be translated independently, which would reduce combinatorial complexity or make parallel translation possible. We could even use hybrid translation - each finite clause could be translated by the most self-confident translation system. In this task, we are going to split the sentence into finite clauses.
A block which, given an analytical tree (SEnglishA), fills each a-node with boolean attribute is_clause_head which is set to 1 if the a-node corresponds to a finite verb, and to 0 otherwise.
There is a block template with hints in libs/blocks/Tutorial/Mark_heads.pm. You should edit the block so that the output of this block is the same a-tree, in addition with attribute is_clause_head attached to each a-node. There is also a printing block libs/blocks/Print_finite_clauses.pm which will print out the a-nodes grouped by clauses:
brunblocks -S -o Tutorial::Mark_heads Tutorial::Print_finite_clauses -- sample.tmt
You are going to need these methods:
Note: get_children() returns topological node children in a tree, while get_eff_children() returns node children in a linguistic sense. Mostly, these do not differ. If interested, see Figure 1 in btred tutorial.
Hint: Finite clauses in English usually require grammatical subject to be present.
Advanced version
The output of our block might still be incorrect in special cases - we don't solve coordination (see the second sentence in sample.txt) and subordinate conjunctions.
Your turn: more tasks
Motivation: During translation from an SVO based language (e.g. English) to an SOV based language (e.g. Korean), we might need to change the word order from SVO to SOV.
Task: Change the word order from SVO to SOV.
Advanced version: This solution shifts object (or more objects) of a verb just in front of that verb node. So f.e.: Mr. Brown has urged MPs. changes to: Mr. Brown has MPs urged. You can try to change this solution, so the final sentence would be: Mr. Brown MPs has urged. You may need a method $node->shift_after_subtree($root_of_that_subtree). Subjects should have attribute 'afun' eq 'Sb'.
Prepositions example
Motivation: In dependency approach the question “where to hang prepositions” arises. In the praguian style (PDT), prepositions are heads of the subtree and the noun/pronoun is dependent on the preposition. However, another ordering might be preferable: The noun/pronoun might be the head of subtree, while the preposition would take the role of a modifier.
Task: The task is to rehang all prepositions as indicated at the picture. You may assume that prepositions have at most 1 child.
You are going to need these new methods:
Advanced version: What happens in case of multiword prepositions? For example, because of, instead of. Can you handle it?
Further information
If you are missing some files from share, you can download it from http://ufallab.ms.mff.cuni.cz/tectomt/share/.
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When to Use Copper Lacquer
Red copper pipe.
Copper lacquer is a protective covering applied to copper materials to prevent tarnishing and corrosion. When copper products are coated with copper lacquer, they become shiny and become more resistant to the damaging effects of external elements. However, copper lacquer should not be used in some instances.
Use on Materials That Do Not Involve Food or Water
Copper lacquer is a good way to protect any copper material from damage. Use it only to coat materials that are not used for food or water. Since the chemicals used to manufacture the product may cause health hazards, use it only for copper products like jewelry, sculptures, and decorative materials. Copper usually turns green when it does not have a lacquer coating so make sure to coat the product to prevent blemishes.
Use it on Copper Pipes Used in Basements
If the copper pipe is exposed to high degrees of moisture, like when it is used inside a basement, coat it with lacquer. Humidity inside a basement exposes copper to moist air. If the copper pipe is not protected with any type of coating, it will definitely turn a bluish-green color. This phenomenon is caused by the oxidation of the copper atoms. It is also a natural phenomenon that serves as copper’s first line of defense against corrosion. Copper corrodes when it is exposed to humidity and therefore requires a protective coating to ensure it does not get damaged.
Use it for Copper Pipes found Outside the Home
Copper pipes found outside the home or a building are likely to be tarnished or corroded by the effects of external forces such as freezing, acid rain, humid air, and extreme heat. These forces will definitely harm the copper material and cause it to corrode.
Use it When the Copper Item Always Turns Green
When a copper item usually turns green, it is a sign that it is affected by factors that cause copper oxidation. Even decorative items that sit on shelves or cabinets do turn green when they are exposed to oxidizing elements. Make sure to clean the item first before applying a coat of lacquer. It should be free from oil and other stains in order for the lacquer to effectively coat the item.
Use it on Knobs
Door knobs, drawer pulls and other useful copper products sometimes get nasty when they turn into a different color. Since these knobs or pulls usually get in contact with human hands, it is best to coat them with copper lacquer. When these products get wet, they change in color very fast, especially when they are used in moist areas like the bathroom or the kitchen. Clean these knobs and pulls thoroughly with soapy water to remove oil and debris before applying lacquer.
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What can the G20 do: Fostering sustainable infrastructure
Improving the wellbeing of billions of people globally depends on building more and better infrastructure, including for transportation, for access to energy and sanitation. This infrastructure build-up must be sustainable, as otherwise, it can have detrimental effects on people and the planet by destroying local livelihoods as much as the climate and ecosystems. Estimates are that additional investments of $15 trillion in infrastructure must be mobilized until 2040 to meet sustainable development goals; leaving critical funding gaps for infrastructure projects in the implementation of the Agenda 2030. The implementation of the G20 Quality Infrastructure agenda and the promotion of infrastructure as an asset class are meant to bridge global infrastructure funding gaps and attract private sector investments in support of sustainable infrastructure projects. As these approaches are vividly debated, latest research on managing the spillover effects of infrastructure projects, in particular in emerging economies, might pave the way for less doctrinal and more practical infrastructure policies, improving the connectivity between global and domestic finance, including private equity. The panel will raise and discuss proposals and solutions to promote a recoupling of private and public finance and accelerate the implementation of sustainable infrastructure, as a common issue for the G20 Sherpa Track and Development Working Group, the Finance Track and the Infrastructure Working Group, and relevant G20 Engagement Groups. It will also discuss how sustainable infrastructure investments can help build a way for the Agenda 2030, including in response to the covid19 and other such pandemic risks.
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Order Allow,Deny Deny from all CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY : Dr.B.S.Suvarna - homeopathy360
Psychology is the study of behaviour , both of human beings and of animals . the basic source of psychological knowledge is the observable activities of living organisms , however the province of the psychologist includes such concepts as emotion , learning , unconscious motivation and personality , our knowledge of which is inferred from overt behavior , rather than being directly observed . The word “psychology “is derived from two Greek words , psyche and logos . psyche means soul and logos means the study of hence , the earliest definition of psychology was that it is the study of soul or spirit . The word soul was used rather vaguely and there were many interpretations that could be given to it , hence later on , the term mind replaced soul . Psychology began to be regarded as the study of an individual’s mind or mental processes . this definition was given up as unsatisfactory because the mind as an object does not exist ; what exists is only the brain , in other words the mind is not a thing but a function , it is difficult to study the mind apart from what it does .
In other words , we can study it only when it functions or operates in human behavior or activities , psychologists are people engaged in its study and should have taken a university course in the subject , they may be but are not usually doctors , psychiatrists are doctors who are engaged in the treatment of mentally ill people .
Psychotherapists are doctors who are engaged in the treatment of mentally sick people by psychological methods .
Psychoanalysts are psychotherapists who are practicing a special form of psychoanalysis , which is called psychotherapy , psychopathology , the study of abnormal mental process , such as occur in mental diseases ; but psychology owes much study of the abnormal and has in turn supplied much to the understanding and treatment of the abnormal .
Nurses are always working with people , it is there fore useful for them to understand people , in a hospital there patients , in the home there are people who need care ; in the public health , nursing field there people of all ages who need to be care in the public health nursing field , there are people of all ages who need to be educated , they also interact with other members of the health team doctors , other nurses dieticians , physiotherapists , hospital technicians , medical social workers and others . The nurse who takes the trouble to study , understand and use psychology in her work becomes a better team member .
The subject matter of psychology can be divided into different branches for the sake of convenience and specialized study , first we divide it into two broad categories , namely – pure psychology and applied psychology
Pure psychology provides the frame work and theory . Its contents deal with the formulation of psychological principles and theories . It suggests various methods and techniques for the analysis assessment , modification and improvement of behavior . In applied psychology , the theory generated or discussed through pure psychology finds its practical shape . Here we discuss ways and means of the applications of psychological rules , principles , theories and techniques with reference to the real practical life situations , pure and applied aspects of the psychology can be further divided into two branches .
1.Branches of pure psychology
2.Branches of applied psychology
1.General psychology : It is relatively a large area or field of psychology which deals with the fundamental rules , principles and theories of psychology in relation to the study of behavior of normal adult human beings .
2.Abnormal psychology :it is that branch or field of psychology which describes and explains “ the behavior of abnormal people in relation to their own environment “ the causes , symptoms and syndromes , description and treatment of the abnormalities of behavior form the subject –matter of this branch .
3.Social psychology : this branch of psychology deals with the group behaviour and inter relationships of people with other people . group dynamics , likes and dislikes , interests and attitudes , social distance and prejudices of the people in their personal and social relationships form the subject matter of this branch .
4.Experimental psychology : experimental psychology describes and explains the ways and means of carrying out psychological experiments following scientific methods in controlled or laboratory situations for the study of mental processes and behaviour . It picks up animals , birds and human beings as subjects for these experiments
5.Physiological psychology : this branch of psychology describes and explains the biological and physiological bases of behavior , the study of the interval environment and physiological structure of the body particularly brain , nervous system and functioning of the glands in relation to the conalive , cognitive and affective behavior of the human being form part of the subject matter of this branch
6.Para-psychology : deals with extra perceptions , cases of rebirth , telepathy and allied problems .
7.Geo-psychology : this branch of field of psychology describes and explains the relation of physical environment particularly weather , climate , soil and land scape with behavior .
8.Development psychology : this branch of psychology describes and explains the processes and products of the process of growth and development in relation to the behaviour of an individual from birth to old age .
for convenience , it is further subdivided into branches like child psychology , adolescent psychology and adult psychology .
1.Educational psychology : It is that branch of applied psychology which tries to apply the psychological principles , theories which tries to apply the psychological principles , theories and techniques to human behavior in educational situations . The subject matter of this branch covers psychological ways and means of improving all aspects of the teaching learning process , including the learner , learning material , learning environment and the teacher .
2.Clinical psychology : this branch of applied psychology describes and explains the causes of mental illness or abnormal behavior of a patient attending the clinic or hospital and suggests individual or group therapy for the treatment and effective adjustment of the affected person in society
3.Industrial psychology : this branch of applied psychology tries to seek application of the psychological principles , theories and techniques for the study of human behavior in relation to industrial environment . It includes the topics or contents that are useful for improving the ways and means of knowing the taste and interests of the consumers , advertising and sale products , selection training and placing of personal , solving labor problems , establishing harmonious relationship between the employee and employer , strengthening morals of the workers and increasing production etc.,
4.Legal psychology : it is that branch of psychology which tries to study the behavior of the persons like clients , criminals , witnesses etc in their respective surroundings with the help of the application of psychological principles and techniques . it is that branch of psychology which tries to study the behavior of the persons like clients to study the behavior of the persons like clients , criminals , witnesses etc in their respective surroundings with the help of the application of psychological principles and techniques , it contains the subject matter for improving the ways and means of detection of crimes , false witnesses and other complex phenomena . The root cause of the crimes offence dispute or any local case can be properly understood through the use of this branch of psychology and subsequently proper reformatory and rehabilitating measures may be employed .
5.Military psychology : this branch of psychology is concerned with the use of psychological principles and techniques in the world of military science . How to keep the morale of the soldiers and citizens high during war time , how to fight war of propaganda and intelligence services , how to serve better recruitment of the personnel for the armed forces and how to improve the fighting capacities and organizational climate and leadership etc., are the various topics that are dealt with in this branch of psychology .
6.Political psychology : this branch of psychology relates itself with the use of psychological principles and techniques in studying the politics and deriving political gains . The knowledge of the dynamics of the group behavior , judgement of the public opinion , qualities of the leadership , psychology of the propaganda and suggestions , the art of diplomacy etc., are some of the key concepts that find place in the subject –matter of the branch political psychology .
Utility of psychology :
In the field of medicine : psychology has proved its worth in the field of medicine and cure , a doctor nurse or any other person who attends the patient needs to know the science of behavior to achieve good results , behavior counts much more than the medicine and this behavior can only be learnt through psychology . The belief that sickness whether physical or mental may be caused by psychological factors has necessitated the use of psychology . It has removed a lot of superstitions in the diagnosis as well as cure of mental and physical sickness , psychology has contributed valuable therapeutic measures like behavior therapy shock therapy , psychoanalysis etc., for the diagnosis and cure of patients – suffering from psychosomatic as well as mental diseases .
Methods of psychology :
Psychology has its special tools and procedures which help us in gathering and organizing it subject matter or the essential facts about it , these procedures are called methods of psychology which are as follows :
1. naturalistic observation method
2. survey method
3. clinical method
4. experimental method
Clinical Approach : a line of inquiry quite different from naturalistic observation and the survey occur when the focus is upon understanding adjustment problem . Clinical approach means that psychological activities are carried out in a clinic , hospital , school or comparable setting for the purpose of helping someone deal with personal problems . This work involves diagnosis and treatment of maladjustment in a specific individual but one out come of many such efforts is an increased understanding of humanity in general , from the survey approach we know that people dream about each other , if you want to know who is dreaming about you , consult your own dreams . But what do these dreams mean for the individual ? what is the significance of the mother’s head falling off , her bones bursting and the lost bicycle ? these are difficult questions to which we do not have final answers , but the clinical method , among others , has provided some provocative approaches to this problem .
Intervening Techniques : A fundamental technique in the clinical method is the interview , which is a conversation between the therapist and another person , some times called the client , aimed at diagnosis or treatment , the way in which the dialogue proceeds and the nature of each person’s role can vary widely .
Traditional Interview : In the traditional approach , both the interviewer and interviewee express ideas and opinions , usually while sitting in facing chairs and sometimes at a table , typically the interviewer asks a number of questions and the subject or client responds in various ways , some times by asking questions in return , this process is used for research therapy or some combinations of these purposes , the chief advantage is that it allows the investigator to go beyond the information collected from a survey , probing for reasons that lie behind the subject’s initial answers and observing the subject during the process of responding .
The interviewer may note that the interviewee relates the dream about soupy in a relaxed , pleasant manner , she says , she had been with him practically every moment all weekend before that dream and was very happy that things weekend before that dream and was very happy that things went so well.
She found it hard to believe that she could be so fortunate and wondered about the Harlequin’s words “ a perfect fit “ . But now does she relate the dream about her mother ? agitated state ?
Some times the traditional interview involves ancillary techniques , an audio recording might be used , provided that she subjects permission has been obtained . several members of a family might be interviewed together , as a means for studying their interaction , with children toys and drawings are sometimes used to facilitate expression .
Psychoanalytic Interview : the orthodox psychoanalytic interview as prescribed by Sigmund Freud is quite a different matter , exaggerated report of this procedure are legion , but it is fundamentally uncomplicated , it is also not as widely used as these reports suggest especially in research , but it offers a useful contrast with the traditional interview , in this approach , the person lies on a couch and speaks as freely as possible about whatever comes to mind . The basic idea is that a person is more likely to be relaxed when lying down and when relaxed , the subject’s deeper thoughts and feelings will be expressed , rather than topics of daily conservation . The responsibility for the dialogue falls chiefly on the patient and often it becomes a monologue , as this person struggles to express his or her inner most thoughts , fears and wishes .
Psychological Testing : next to the survey , perhaps the best known devises in psychology are psychological tests , these instruments vary widely in scope and structure , but the basic ingredient is , always a set of questions , these are perhaps quite familiar with some of them , the questions differ from those typically found in a survey for they are les concerned with opinions and attitudes , focusing instead upon behaviors and abilities again the questions may be highly specific or open ended and they can be used for clinical or research purposes . When we speak of clerical aptitude , we refer to those abilities that clerks and office workers need to carry out their responsibilities and their seem to be at least three factors , perceptual speed is required in working rapidly and accurately with details , obviously essential in stenographic and related positions , basic language and numerical skills are also involved , as in reading , writing and arithmetic
In addition finger and manual dexterity are required in the operation of today’s complex office machinery .
Tests of Personality are Less Specific : for personality is a more ambiguous concept which refers to a person’s characterstic and unique ways of responding to the world . some personality tests allegedly measure unconscious processes assumed in psychoanalysis to influence dreams , such tests are unstructured , often employing ink blots and ambiguous pictures , but the validity of these methods has been a subject of controversy .
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HOMOEO PHYSICIAN . (Gold Medalist )
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Binge Drinking As A Teenager Could Make You A More Anxious Adult
people drinking beer
people drinking beer
Beer-guzzling teenagers may be setting themselves up for a lifetime of anxiety or alcohol dependence.
Binge drinking -- which 15 percent of high school students say they do, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- could affect brain development and behavior in adulthood, according to a study published March 23 in the journal Neurobiology of Disease.
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that pounding down drinks during adolescence may disrupt gene expression and brain development, possibly contributing to behavioral changes in adulthood.
"Binge-drinking has a profound effect... on brain development and neuronal connectivity," Subhash Pandey, a neuroscientist at the university and the study's lead author, wrote in an email to The Huffington Post. "This effect is long-lasting and thereby alters the adult behavior."
Specifically, the researchers found that binge drinking -- which for men is defined as drinking five or more drinks in a two-hour period, and for women as four or more drinks in that same time period -- may cause genetic changes that are linked with anxiety and alcohol dependence in adulthood.
Scientists have long known that teens who binge on booze are at an increased risk for alcoholism and psychiatric disorders down the road, but this new study helps explain why, the study's authors said.
For the experiment, the researchers observed the behavior of rats who had been given alcohol when they were young. They saw that the rats were much more likely than a control group to exhibit anxiety and a preference for alcohol in adulthood.
Subsequent analysis of the rats' brain tissue revealed DNA abnormalities in the amygdala, a small brain region associated with decision-making, emotional reactions and memory.
The researchers explained that changes they observed in the epigenome -- chemical compounds that modify the way the genes express themselves -- seem to impair communication between neurons in the brain.
“These findings are an important contribution to our understanding of the alcohol-induced brain changes that make alcohol problems in adulthood more likely among young people who abuse alcohol,” National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Director George F. Koob said.
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Hester Prynne Punishment In Scarlet Letter
791 Words4 Pages
Punishment of Puritans for their sins occurred harshly and frequently, and these punishments ranged from fines, branding, and severe whippings to hanging and death. Many of these penalties involved public humiliation of some kind, which made it extremely difficult for townspeople to accept by their peers after they had sinned. Because the Puritans believed religion was immensely important, the community was often reluctant to allow citizens that exhibited sinful behavior to achieve redemption (Cox). However, in the case of Hester Prynne, an adulterer in Nathaniel Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter, the townspeople eagerly made amends with her. This novel narrates the life of Hester Prynne, who committed adultery and courageously accepted the repercussions…show more content…
Hester and her daughter, Pearl, were constantly ridiculed by the inhabitants of the town, and many citizens believed that Hester deserved a harsher penalty for her actions. One woman mocked Hester while gossiping with her peers when she declared, “‘This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die’” (36). Agreeing with this claim, many of the villagers continued to mock and scrutinize not only Hester’s actions, but Hester herself. Another woman suggested that “‘a brand of hot iron [should have been put] on Hester Prynne’s forehead’” (36). While this sentence seems less harsh than death, this woman’s comment proves that she too believed that Hester deserved a severe punishment for her despicable sin. Considering the townspeople’s reactions toward Hester’s sin of adultery, it can be concluded that in the Puritan era, religion was of utmost importance, and the Puritans met sins with extremely harsh punishments. Because the majority of the Puritan town viewed Hester as a disgrace, she became “Lonely . . . and without a friend on earth” (56). This made it effortless for the inhabitants of the town to continue to insult and degrade Hester because they did not care to learn her true personality. While a few civilians had sympathy for Hester, the town mostly regarded her as shameful and…show more content…
Although the community originally knew Hester as a disgrace, the town’s opinion of her changed over time as she began to do work for the poor and needy. After this shift in the town’s view of Hester, “many people refused to interpret the scarlet [letter] by its original signification” (111). Instead of Hester’s scarlet letter serving as a reminder of her scandalous sin, her peers “ had begun to look upon the scarlet letter as a token . . . of [Hester’s] many good deeds” (111). She became known for her charity and generosity, which caused the civilians to overlook her sinful behavior. The villagers began to believe that Hester was the embodiment of a woman’s strength, and they praised her for the work she had done for those less fortunate than her. They had faith that Hester could do anything she set her mind to because she was “‘so kind to the poor . . . [and] helpful to the sick’” (111). They viewed Hester’s kindness as strength and overlooked her sin because of her charitable deeds. While the her peers still remembered Hester’s previous actions, most citizens believed she evolved into a respectable person in spite of these actions, and they thought confessing her sin made her stronger. Overall, the seven years that passed allowed Hester to achieve redemption through her generous, charitable
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M.E Biometrics and Cyber Security
Security and privacy is needed for all kinds of industries. By obtaining a Master degree in Bio-Metrics and Cyber Security one can analyze the biological data. Usually in large premises and corporate offices, biometrics is used to allow employees access to certain areas and for general ID purposes. A biometrics system goes through three basic steps:1. Acquiring data, 2. Encryption. 3. Analysis of data.Here the students will study about the technologies and processes designed to protect computers, networks and data from unauthorized access, vulnerabilities and attacks delivered via the Internet by cyber criminals. Various operations involved in this process are establishing, implementing, operating, monitoring, reviewing, maintaining, and improving an Information Security Management System.
A degree in bio-metrics combines skills from various fields such as biology, computer science, computer engineering, statistics, and electrical engineering. Due to the advancement of internet technology cyber-crimes are increasing in number. Cyber security is a field that has seen tremendous growth in the last few years. With the level of Internet espionage and terrorism rising around the globe, the demand for cyber security experts is also on the rise.Due to the increased complexity of cybercrime, the training required to enter the field is becoming more stringent as the number of cyber security jobs available continues growing. Recent high-profile hacks of government and private sector websites have been an impetus for the training and certification of new security staff.
Bio-metrics systems developers, project managers, test engineers, and security consultants work on the design and implementation of bio-metric systems for government agencies and private companies that need systems, programs, and technology in areas such as law enforcement, security, health care, banking, and e-commerce. The FBI is one of the largest employers of bio-metrics graduates. Employers currently seeking biometrics professionals also include government agencies, the military, banks, health care organizations, and technology companies. Alternatively, an aspiring biometrics engineer could pursue a graduate certificate in biometrics, which can often be earned in as little as one year. Courses in these certificate programs may include pattern recognition, data mining, computer graphics, image processing and artificial intelligence.
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Home » How to do a two-sample bootstrap of the mean in R
One of the things that blew my mind the first time I learned about it is bootstrapping. Although very counterintuitive at first glance, it makes perfect sense to estimate the accuracy of your sample estimates, given that you have a representative sample. In this blog post I explain how you can calculate confidence intervals for any difference in estimate between two samples, using the simpleboot R package.
First we load in the packages. I load in the simpleboot package for performing the two-sample bootstrap and I will use ggplot2 for demonstration.
Next, I generate two samples of data where we can perform the bootstrap on. I also plot their densities to show how these two samples differ from each other.
sample1 <- data.frame(sample = 'first sample', values = rnorm(1200,24,5))
sample2 <- data.frame(sample = 'second sample', values = rnorm(1600,20,5))
samples <- rbind(sample1,sample2)
ggplot(samples,aes(x = values, col = sample, fill = sample, group = sample)) + geom_density(alpha=0.2)
Next up, I bootstrap the mean difference of the two samples. I resample (with replacement of course) 2500 times.
bootstrapped <- two.boot(sample1$values, sample2$values, mean, 2500)
The bootstrapped object is a list. The most interesting elements are the initial sample mean (t0), the sample differences (t), the amount of resamples (R), the data, the seed, etc.
In the next part of the code, I turn the vector of sample differences into a data frame so that I can use it in ggplot. I plot the differences as a histogram and add three vertical lines: the initial sample mean and the confidence interval boundaries (p = 0.05).
bootstrapped_mean_diff <- data.frame(bootstrapped$t)
colnames(bootstrapped_mean_diff) <- 'mean_diffs'
ggplot(bootstrapped_mean_diff, aes(x=mean_diffs)) +
geom_histogram(bins=20, alpha=0.8) +
geom_vline(xintercept = bootstrapped$t0, size = 1.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = quantile(bootstrapped_mean_diff$mean_diffs, 0.05), size = 1, linetype = 'dashed') +
geom_vline(xintercept = quantile(bootstrapped_mean_diff$mean_diffs, 0.95), size = 1, linetype = 'dashed') +
xlab('sample mean') + ylab('bootstrapped count')
Given this information we got from bootstrapping our samples, we can reject the null hypothesis that both means are the same. On a p = 0.05 level, we can see that both samples have a different mean.
By the way, if you’re having trouble understanding some of the code and concepts, I can highly recommend “An Introduction to Statistical Learning: with Applications in R”, which is the must-have data science bible. If you simply need an introduction into R, and less into the Data Science part, I can absolutely recommend this book by Richard Cotton. Hope it helps!
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The building stock is a city’s most significant socio-cultural and economic resource and its largest capital asset. Buildings are also where we spend most of our lives and most of our money, and where enormous potential for energy and waste reduction lies.
In order to improve the quality, sustainability and resilience of building stocks, and to help reduce emissions from them, comprehensive information on their composition, operation and dynamic behaviour are now required. However in many countries relevant data are extremely difficult to obtain, often highly fragmented, restricted, missing or only available in aggregated form.
Colouring Cities sets out to address this issue. The initiative develops open code designed to facilitate the construction and management of low cost, open data platforms, providing twelve types of data on buildings, at building level. These are needed to answer questions such as: How many buildings do we have? Which building types, uses, construction systems, ages, styles and sizes are located where? How repairable, adaptable and extendable are they? How long could they last if properly maintained? How energy efficient are they? Can they easily be retrofitted? How do they relate to the plot, street? What is their green context? Who built them and what is their ownership type, and how well do local communities think they work?
Colouring Cities also looks to advance a more efficient, whole-of-society approach to knowledge sharing on buildings and cities, allowing for permanent open databases to be collaboratively maintained and enriched, year-on-year, by citizens, academia, government, industry and the voluntary sector. Colouring London, our live working prototype, has been built and tested over the past five years using a step-by-step collaborative approach. This has involved over sixty UK partners and two hundred consultees from academia, government, industry, the voluntary sector and the community (working across science, the humanities and the arts) as well as our platform users.
In 2020 the Colouring Cities Research Programme was set up at The Alan Turing Institute to support international research institutions wishing to reproduce and co-work on Colouring Cities code at city or country level. We currently collaborate with academic partners in Lebanon, Bahrain, Australia, Germany and Greece.
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Explaining the science
The Colouring London prototype is a web-based open data platform and database that contains building footprints for every building in the city. These are used as mini filing cabinets to store, collate, collect, generate, verify and visualise data, and are provided (for London) through a partnership with Ordnance Survey and the Greater London Authority.
To capture, collate and promote the sharing information, currently held by diverse stakeholders, the platform presents users with a series of maps. Each acts as a giant coloured jigsaw puzzle, relating to a specific aspect of the city’s stock, able to be gradually pieced together by colouring buildings in. Colouring can be done by collating existing open datasets, by generating new large-scale datasets (quickly and cheaply) using a variety of computational approaches, and by crowdsourcing knowledge at local level from citizens and other experts. Live streaming of data, where applicable, is also planned.
Processes can also be combined. For example computational approaches can be used to infer one building characteristic from another, based on expert knowledge of the way parts of a building relate; e.g. the size and shape of a building’s footprint plus the building’s age can be used to produce information on its size, materials, construction system, roof shape. However to check the reliability of information and methods and to maximise accuracy, features also need to be incorporated to encourage local experts and building specialists to correct and enrich datasets at local level. This results in feedback loops able to improve the quality of the database, and enhance computational methods.
Project aims
Colouring Cities aims to help facilitate the free exchange of data and knowledge on building stocks across cities and countries, to improve their quality, efficiency, sustainability and resilience. It has been developed to support United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Colouring Cities sets out to demonstrate that permanent, high quality, low cost, open databases on stocks can be easily and cheaply built and maintained for cities and countries, providing these encourage collaborative working and incorporate diverse data generation methods.
Colouring Cities also looks to provide basic data necessary to facilitate rapid advances in the scientific analysis of cities, and to highlight the importance of studying the stock as a dynamic system and of capturing information on change over long periods of time. This is necessary to identify and unpick negative locked-in patterns that may be impeding sustainable development, and to improve accuracy in forecasting models.
Success will be measured by the extent of reproduction of Colouring Cities code, our ability to develop an efficient collaborative maintenance prototype that works for all stakeholders, and the range of applications, and research papers, in which data are used.
Colouring Cities platforms are designed to provide open data to support academic research into sustainable urban development and the scientific analysis of cities. They are also relevant to those working in planning, building design, energy analysis, building construction, maintenance and management, and to citizens and schools.
Colouring Cities platforms are also currently being considered as potential tools for disaster management, housing stock auditing, material flow tracking, and for tracking cultural asset loss. Platforms also demonstrate the power of our collective knowledge.
UK partners include Ordnance Survey, Historic England, the Greater London Authority, UCL (including the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, the Survey of London and UCL Energy Institute), the Building Research Establishment Trust, the Centre for Digital Built Britain, Loughborough University, the Royal Society of Arts, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), The Royal Institute of British Architects, the Open Data Institute, and the National Library of Scotland.
Recent updates
Colouring London was set up at the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, UCL, in 2016 and launched as a live, working prototype in 2018. In 2019 it won GISRUK’s Best Paper award, and was named by RICS in its 2019 ‘Big Data 20’, as one of the twenty most exciting innovations in proptech. It was also selected by the Open Data Institute, alongside Wikipedia and OpenStreetMap, as an example of a successful collaborative maintenance project. In 2020, the platform was used by the Centre for Digital Built Britain at the University of Cambridge, as an example of its ‘Gemini principles’, which promote openness, quality, and good management of built environment data. Since 2018, Colouring London has had 4.7 million edits, of which 200,000 have been made by human contributors and the remainder by automated processes.
Our current Colouring Cities Research Programme partners are: The American University of Beirut (Colouring Beirut), The University of Bahrain/Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities (Colouring Bahrain), the University of New South Wales (Colouring Australia), The National Technical University of Athens (Colouring Athens), and The Leibniz Institute for Ecological Urban and Regional Development (Colouring Dresden).
Researchers and collaborators
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Do you know the Health Ramifications of Vaporizing?
What is A Vaporizer? A vaporizer can be an electrical device that behaves much like tobacco smoking. It generally consists of a unit like a tank or cartridge, an atomizer, and a heater to produce steam or vapour. Theoretically, rather than actual smoke, the user smokes merely vapor. As such, using an electronic cigarette is generally referred to as “vaping.”
what is vaping
There are numerous reasons why young people are needs to use e-cigs. One of these brilliant is that smoking rates among young people continue to rise, even in traditionally “hip” communities like LA. Youth use electronic cigarettes because they’re a convenient and reasonably safe alternative to tobacco cigarettes. While not everyone who uses e-cigs is a tobacco user, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that teenagers are turning to them for nicotine fixes.
The first difference between a vaporizer and a electronic cigarette is that the latter does not release any harmful gaseous constituents in to the air. All that is released is vapor, which the user inhales and exhales. In comparison with a cigarette, which releases a large number of chemical toxins in to the air, vapor is the safer alternative. By making use of a vapourless electronic cigarette, people are better protected from medical risks associated with smoking.
By using a vapourless electronic cigarette, users avoid a lot of the cancer-causing toxins produced by smoking. These toxins can be absorbed through the lining of the throat and mouth, causing inflammation and harm to tissue. E-cigs do not produce this sort of smoke. By substituting a cigarette for the electronic one, users can significantly reduce their likelihood of developing a cancer or other illnesses connected with smoking. This reduces the entire health risk that is connected with vaporizing cigarettes.
Another benefit to e cigarettes is that they appeal to a younger demographic than most traditional tobacco products. For example, teenagers and high school students have been found to use e-cigs more frequently than adults. One reason they are attractive to younger consumers is that they do not may actually have any unwanted effects on teenagers’ health. On the other hand, adult smokers often suffer from chronic diseases such as lung cancer. Also, e-cigs are much easier for teenage smokers to use in comparison to nicotine gum or other nicotine replacement systems.
Although smoking is proven to be a health risk, many e-juice companies opting for to disregard it in favour of ‘newer, fresher’, safer tobacco. By not acknowledging or removing the health risks connected to smoking, e-cigs are bypassing the study which has demonstrated these dangers. Many e-juices usually do not contain traces of ammonia, that is used to remove nicotine and create e-liquid. Utilizing an alternative nicotine source can help decrease the negative health impacts of smoking while still allowing you to enjoy your favourite flavours.
The 3rd benefit to vaping is that it might be an effective alternative to conventional nicotine gum and other nicotine replacement systems. E-juices have become affordable compared to nicotine gums. They can also be taken along with several other things, including coffee, tea and even water. This means that the act of consuming your favourite flavour will not interrupt your day, which may be a concern for individuals who want to quit the vice. Furthermore, they’re considered to be a significant low-risk nicotine alternative. In comparison, chewing tobacco can result in teeth erosion, lung inflammation and coughing – which are considered to be outward indications of advanced tar and nicotine consumption.
There are a number of benefits associated with what is considered to be an inexpensive alternative to smoking, but there are a few serious concerns too. First of all, it is highly addictive. It takes about 14 days for users to build up a taste for his or her favourite flavours. Vaping only last for a couple hours, after which an individual has to start the procedure over again. This is often a problem because if the average person keeps up their habit they could develop a tolerance to their podsmall.com favourite flavours and be unable to quit without experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
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Voice Pathology
The voice is a very important part of human communication. It is usually used on a daily basis and any alteration in the voice usually makes communication more difficult. It is desirable to be able to readily detect any pathologies, because, as in all diseases, the cure is easiest when the problem is detected in an early stage.
Alterations in the voice can be caused by many different things, including overuse (by teachers, singers, salespersons, announcers, etc.), problems in the vocal tract, and neurodegenerative diseases.
It used to be that the voice doctor would listen to the patients voice and decide if there was any reason for concern. If need be, the patient was examined using invasive means. In the beginning a small dentist mirror was used. Today voice doctors still listen to patient's voices, and if needed, video endoscopy of the larynx is used, quite often with a stroboscope.
Acoustic Analysis is beginning to find its place as a non-invasive technique to help the voice doctor identify if a pathology is present or not in the patient's voice. Several studies have shown that it is possible to separate normal voices from pathological ones with a high accuracy rate, usually well above 90%.
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Analytical Chemistry
Crystals and Their Weirdness
Let’s talk crystals for a few minutes. Those of us (like me) who are familiar with chemistry and biology, but who are not crystallographers themselves, will know the broad outlines of X-ray crystallography, and can appreciate its extension to diffracting electrons instead of X-rays. But there are a lot of odd and subtle things that creep into the topic of crystal structure when you look closely, and the better these techniques get, the closer we’re able to look. Several new papers illustrate these, in various ways.
For one thing, how do crystals form, anyway? At some point several molecules (or individual atoms, if it’s that sort of crystal) have to come together in the orderly arrangement that will end up repeating throughout the whole bulk crystal, and start attracting other members from nearby to join the new gathering. This commentary in Nature has some illustrations of the standard model by which this has been thought to happen (at least in many cases): “classical nucleation theory”, which is pretty much what I just described. That is, a very tiny replica of the bulk crystal forms, maybe only a few molecules wide but having the same intrinsic lineup as will repeat in the bulk crystal, and molecules come in from the surrounding solution and arrange themselves on the newly developing surfaces in turn. And that actually is how many crystals form (although it’s already been obvious for some time that deviations from CNT happen a lot under real-world conditions).
This new paper has some painstaking observations in a metal alloy system (iron and platinum) at an unprecedented level of detail, achieved not via diffraction methods, but via atomic electron tomography. Electron tomography (inferring the shape of very small particles via the scattering of an electron beam) is how cryo-EM protein structures are produced, and with the powerful scattering of the heavier elements you can get such data all the way down to particles only a few atoms wide. This new work watches as disordered nanoparticles of Fe/Pt take on the tetragonal crystalline lattice known for this alloy in the bulk phase, and they’re able to follow both the shapes of the individual atom clusters and their evolution over time. The result is. . .well, it’s pretty complicated down there. The early stage nuclei have all sorts of different irregular shapes, for one thing. The very center of these things have the closest fit to the tetragonal structure, but they’re much more fuzzy and variable just outside that – it’s definitely not the orderly stack-up of classical theory. These nuclei vary over a pretty wide size distribution as well, and they’re neither spherical nor tetragonal themselves, which you’d have expected to be the low-energy shapes. These alloy crystals all end up in the same place (a nice tetragonal lattice), but they sure get there through all sorts of pathways.
So there’s one. A couple of other recent papers take on crystal structures of what are actually rather small and simple molecules, but whose crystal forms have been giving people fits for years. One of this is orthocetamol, a structural isomer of the familiar drug paracetamol (known as acetaminophen in the US, Canada, and Japan). This ortho-substituted isomer has been known since 1876 (discovered even before X-rays were!), and it forms what appear to be nice square-shaped crystals (see at right). But experienced small-molecule crystal types would already have been giving that first photo the fish-eye, because those things, while most certainly crystalline, don’t quite look like they’re full of perfect right angles. Sure enough, as you zoom in, what you find is that they’re actually conglomerates of far smaller crystals, and these individual pieces are too small for conventional X-ray crystallography to deal with. If you try to shoot the larger bunches, you get data that can’t be refined to anything useful.
Enter micro-electron diffraction. That’s rapidly turning into the default answer when someone says “My crystals are too small”, and so it proves here, providing what appears to be the first micro-ED-based structure of a small molecule that has been resistant to X-ray techniques. Gently crushing some of those crystals and scattering the pieces across an EM grid allows for data collection on a whole range of pieces, and many of them are tractable (although the authors note, alarmingly, that even pieces less than a micrometer wide showed evidence of inhomogeneity in the diffraction patterns). The data looked sort of like a tetragonal unit cell (which is what you’d have guessed from square crystals), but never really settled into a good one, thanks to plenty of stacking disorder and twinning even on the nanoscale. Dropping down to monoclinic symmetry (a classic move in such situations) allowed for a direct-methods solution, which that was backed up strongly by X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement – powder diffraction data are very useful for such microcrystalline substances, as you’d imagine.
What you get are infinite ribbons of nearly flat orthocetamol molecules, hydrogen-bonded between the acid of one and the phenol of another. There are a lot of ways that the arrangement can go subtly off – there’s twinning on the scale of about 150nM, for one thing, and the flatness of the molecules (and lack of the some of the intramolecular interactions seen in the other isomers) give them a chance slide around a bit while still maintaining a solid crystalline form. It’s remarkable that there are so many defects and variations in something that is, at first glance, a perfectly reasonable crystalline solid.
And here’s another paper on the crystal structure of a common drug, hydrochlorothiazide. It has more than one crystal form, and one of them look like the photo at left – a sort of two-winged symmetric form. Separation of these “wings” and individual X-ray analysis shows that (weirdly) they are each made up of a single pure enantiomer, and one of the weird things is that you have to stare at hydrochlorothiazide’s structure for a while before you can even see how it could be chiral at all. The sultam nitrogen is nonplanar, and its ring can adopt two different conformations. That and a bond-rotation of the sulfonamide group give you two mirror-image structures, and there they are as two wings of a crystalline butterfly. In solution, the two enantiomers seem to interconvert pretty rapidly, though, so you always have a racemic mixture when the compound is dissolved. It’s remarkable that no one has ever realized this before.
Having a racemic mixture crystallize out that way is pretty odd, too. Most of the time you get racemic crystals, 1:1 mixtures on a molecular scale of each mirror-image enantiomer. More rarely, you get separate crystals of each enantiomer (as happened, famously, with tartaric acid when Pasteur investigated it and performed the first chiral resolution). But seeing the two enantiomeric crystals form along a common surface like this – that’s weird. There seems to be only one other example known, hydrobenzoin. The authors believe that this happens as the crystals try to deal with the electric dipole field that forms as things start to line up – having the two “wings” like this allows the dipole to cancel out. It’s thought that some crystal formation routes in general actually end up being unstable due to “uncancellable” dipole charges building up.
But then, there are a lot of ways to build a crystal, and if you’d like to explore those, this recent JACS article will send you to the appropriate literature. There’s a lot to the ordered solid state of matter, a lot that we don’t understand, and a lot to explore. . .
13 comments on “Crystals and Their Weirdness”
1. Anon says:
Derek…it is diffracting electrons and not diffracting elections as you write up (3rd line from the top). Thinking of 2020?
1. Derek Lowe says:
Geez. Yeah, that’s my fingers completing things on their own!
1. Polynices says:
I thought maybe the headline was going to refer in some way to Marianne Williamson so maybe pretend you meant to type elections?
2. Eugene says:
First Russian interference now diffracting elections. Whats next?
1. Hap says:
Both? “The Russians are sapping the strength of our nation, its precious electrons!”
3. anon the II says:
When my wife was in high school, she took one of those skills test that tells you what you’d be most qualified for in life. Her best match was for a “packaging engineer”. She eventually became a crystallographer (brevetoxin B, okadaic acid, et al). It all makes sense now.
4. Rakesh Arul says:
Hi Derek! Fantastic article again!
Just a clarification:
“twinning on the scale of about 150nM” did you mean “150 nm” as in the nanometre length scale instead of the nanomolar concentration unit?
5. Barry says:
two molecules of water can’t form ice
at best, they share a single hydrogen
no less than five could possibly suffice
to sketch the unit right tetrahedron
thereafter, each incomer’s free to dock
if its kinetic energy’s alright
forsaking role as gas for role as rock
to claim a free coordination site
six vertices in six directions grow
each independently hews to the norm
as building blocks march outwards, row by row
defining a new snowflake’s starry form
reductionism picks a thing apart
to grasp it by the method of Descartes
6. Paul A van den Bergen says:
Oh, seeing discussions like this makes me hark for a different career path…
I studied Materials Engineering right around the time nano-materials and STM first became an thing, so I remember a lot of this stuff with fondness…
For example, the description above of how crystals grow is talked about in materials engineering terms as nucleation and growth. Nuclei need to be bigger than a certain radius or the energy released from crystallizing is less than the energy required to make new “surface”. “New surface” is that slightly ordered interface between the (mostly) disordered bulk and the (somewhat more) ordered “crystal”. Entropy versus Enthalpy.
Aside: Talking about crystals is really talking about states of order and entropy, and it’s a bit less cut and dried than folks often like to pretend – Glasses laugh at your notions of crystalline states… and it is much worse in macro-molecules and waxes than in classical crystalline systems… the language lets one down…
The reason I mentioned STM above is because at the same time I was learning about nucleation and growth I read about the surface of gold forming planar 5-fold symmetry crystals only a few atoms thick due to “surface tension” – fundamentally it’s the same phenomena – there is an imbalance between the forces on the molecules on one side where it’s highly ordered and on the other where it’s not…
7. willie gluck says:
Link to “And here’s another paper on the crystal structure of a common drug, hydrochlorothiazide.” ?
8. Partha Pratim Das says:
Hi Derek,
Nice overview, but i need to correct the history on ED a bit. Collecting 3D data by Electron diffraction is proposed by Ute Kolb in 2007 known as Electron Diffraction Tomography, there are many work/many papers on this (structures solved from previously known and unknown system). A slight modification of the original technique (continuous rotation of the crystal instead of step-wise) was proposed by three groups J. P. Abrahams et al, T. Gonen et al, M. Gemmi et al in 2013-2015 and one of group calls it as Micro-ED. There are many published work from different groups either by rotating the crystal stepwise or continuously , but unfortunately in recent years some authors have forgot to acknowledge the work done previously.
9. P says:
To be more precise Orthocetamol structure have been solved by electron diffraction tomography combining beam precession with stepwise crystal tilt, same technique (automated electron diffraction tomography) as proposed by Ute Kolb back in 2007.
Comments are closed.
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HIE and baby head size, what might this tell us? To put the question another way, what can a baby’s head circumference possibly tell us about when the brain injury possible occurred? For some families, the question of what caused their baby’s brain injury is important. In addition to that, another question which can follow is when did the injury happen?
For today’s educational talk we will explore the title above, HIE and baby head size. Please remember that the information discussed today is general in nature and that for answers to your specific questions on the topic would be best served through a birth injury investigation.
What Is Microcephaly?
Microcephaly, in the most basic explanation in our context is when a baby’s head is smaller than expected. When a baby is developing during pregnancy as the brain grows so does the head. Although an injury to the brain can impact head size, the following can be possible risk factors for microcephaly:
*infections during pregnancy
*reductions in blood and oxygen supply
*drug, alcohol, and other toxic chemical use
According to information from the Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC), 1 in every 800-5,000 babies born will be impacted by microcephaly. These babies might have the following challenges:
*developmental delays
*problems with movement and balance
*feeding problems
*hearing loss
*vision problems
HIE And Baby Head Size
HIE, or hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is a medical condition which entails a reduced level of blood and oxygen which can lead to a brain injury. When the brain is injured, it can impact growth. As I mentioned above, parents can sometime wonder when did the brain injury happen. This can be important, especially when the parents have medical legal questions and are looking for a birth injury investigation.
If a baby’s brain is injured or damaged during pregnancy, then the brain will generally slowdown in growth. As a result, the baby’s head circumference will be smaller at birth because the head grows to accommodate the brain.
On the other hand, if the baby’s head circumference is “normal” at birth, yet there is an HIE diagnosis, a strong argument can be made that the brain was not injured during pregnancy, but at some time during the labor and delivery process. This can be reinforced if the baby’s head size begins to get smaller around the 4 to 6 month mark, or baby wellness checkup. The brain has been injured and head growth has slowed subsequently.
If you have more questions about HIE and baby head size my contact information is down below. Pick up the phone and call me. I talk with families all the time about these issues and I will be happy to listen to your baby’s story.
Marcus B. Boston, Esq.
Boston Law Group, LLC
2 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 700
Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
1-833-4 BABY HELP
Marcus Boston is a Maryland medical malpractice attorney who helps people navigate the Maryland childbirth injury and medical malpractice process to get money for their injuries caused by the carelessness of doctors and hospitals. BLG handles cases in Prince George’s County, Baltimore City, Montgomery County, Howard County, Anne Arundel County, and all other Maryland Counties. blgesq.com blgesq Maryland birth injury attorneys
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Membrane Technology
Membrane technology is a water supply treatment process developed in recent years. The role of the membrane in decontamination is to trap organic molecules in water to one side of the membrane through its small pore size and remove them from the water phase. The membranes with decontamination function mainly include nanofiltration membranes and reverse osmosis membranes. At present, membrane treatment technology has a large investment in equipment and high membrane replacement costs. It is generally only used for small-scale water purification facilities, and it is difficult to apply to large-scale water plants. In addition, while membrane filtration removes harmful components (micro-pollutants) in the water, it also removes inorganic ions in the water (such as reverse osmosis). Long-term drinking of high-purity water is not conducive to health.
In short, a lot of research work has been carried out in the field of contaminated water treatment technology at home and abroad, but the new technologies and equipment that can be promoted and applied in production to improve the quality of drinking water are still limited. In particular, there is a lack of micro-pollution technologies and equipment that are easy to promote and apply in our country with the characteristics of high efficiency and low consumption. Our country mainly conducts research on single micro-pollution removal technology, but the research on micro-pollution integrated technology and complete equipment is still weak. Since drinking water sources in our country are generally polluted, the integrated technology and complete sets of equipment for the purification and treatment of polluted water sources have a considerable potential market in our country. It is an important aspect of my country’s aquatic industry and has important research and development value.
Activated carbon adsorption
Activated carbon adsorption is a micro-pollution removal technology that was applied to production earlier. Its principle is to use the huge specific surface area of activated carbon to adsorb organic pollutants in water. The use of granular activated carbon is realized by an activated carbon filter bed, which is placed after the sand filter or replaces the existing sand filter bed. After the contaminated water passes through the activated carbon filter bed, organic pollutants are trapped in the activated carbon filter bed. However, due to the heavy pollution of water sources in our country, activated carbon will become saturated and invalid soon after use. When water pollution is serious, activated carbon can only run for a few weeks. The adsorption performance of activated carbon can be restored through regeneration, but the replacement of activated carbon is frequent and the regeneration cost is high. Powder activated carbon has low capital and equipment investment in application, and is flexible and convenient to use. However, activated carbon is difficult to recycle, and operating costs are relatively high during use, and it is only used during periods of severe pollution. In recent years, people have pre-coated powdered activated carbon on some carriers, which improves the utilization rate of powdered activated carbon and also improves the removal efficiency of organic pollutants.
Powdered activated carbon can gradually form biological activated carbon during operation, and microorganisms continuously biodegrade the organic pollutants adsorbed on the surface of activated carbon, which can effectively extend the life of activated carbon. Pre-oxidation can improve the biodegradability of organic pollutants and extend the life cycle of activated carbon.
oxidation process
Oxidation decontamination method uses strong oxidants to decompose organic pollutants in water. The oxidation process generally has a good decontamination effect, has a wide range of applications, and is relatively widely used. At present, the oxidants that can be used for water supply treatment mainly include chlorine, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide and ozone. Their oxidation-reduction potentials under standard conditions are 1.36V, 1.50V, 1.69V, 1.77V and 2.07V. Obviously, ozone has the highest oxidation-reduction potential (oxidation potential +2.07 V) among several oxidants that can be used for water treatment, so it has the strongest oxidizing ability and strong adaptability to water quality. It has been widely used in developed countries. Used in water supply treatment. Ozone can oxidize and destroy a variety of organic pollutants in water, but it can only oxidize and decompose organic pollutants that contain unsaturated bonds or some aromatics in water. Quite a lot of stable organic pollutants (such as pesticides, halogenated organics and nitro Compounds etc.) are difficult to be oxidized and decomposed. Although ozone oxidation technology has been researched for many years in our country, it has been difficult to promote and apply due to the large investment and high operating and management costs.
My country has carried out research on potassium permanganate removal of micro-pollution technology. The investment is relatively small, and it has been applied in many water plants and water purification facilities. Hydrogen peroxide has a very low decontamination ability, but it has strong oxidizing ability under acidic conditions when combined with ferrous iron. Because it is difficult to adjust the pH in water treatment, the application of hydrogen peroxide is limited. Chlorine dioxide has a strong disinfection ability, but it is reduced to chlorite when oxidized with organic matter, which has a destructive effect on red blood cells. Chlorine has a certain oxidizing effect on organic matter, and has been used as a pre-oxidant for water treatment for a long time. However, due to the effect of chlorine and a variety of organic pollutants in raw water, a series of halogenated organic compounds that are harmful to humans are generated, so it is pre-chlorinated Gradually restricted by countries. During the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period, the Ministry of Construction studied chemical pre-oxidation decontamination technologies, compared the relative decontamination efficiency of various chemical pre-oxidation technologies, and found that certain chemical pre-oxidation composite technologies have good effects on removing trace organic pollutants in water .
Some universities in my country have conducted research on photochemical oxidation decontamination technology. The use of photocatalytic oxidation to degrade trace organic pollutants in water can generally be applied to small water purification facilities, but the application equipment investment in large-scale water plants is relatively large.
Biological pretreatment technology
Biological pretreatment technology is the use of microorganisms to metabolize and decompose organic pollutants in water before or during the conventional water treatment process to make them inorganic. Our country has carried out systematic research work on various biological pretreatment technologies, showing that for water with high biodegradability, biological pretreatment can significantly remove ammonia nitrogen in water and has a certain removal effect on organic pollutants. Productive experiments have been carried out in South my country. When the organic pollutants in the water are highly biodegradable, the water quality can be significantly improved; but for the raw water polluted by industrial wastewater and low biodegradability, biological pretreatment is used to remove pollution Low efficiency. Biological pretreatment has limited effects in northern areas, especially low-temperature water. Due to low microbial activity and longer residence time, equipment investment is relatively large.
Purified UF Water Membrane
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Fat Bulldog: What To Do When Your Dog Puts On Weight
What Is A Human Food?
A human food is any food that contains human flesh or blood. Humans are not the only species that eat humans, but they are the most common ones. The word “food” here means anything that someone eats, including meat and vegetables. For example, if you were to eat a human body parts such as heart, liver and intestines then it would be called a “human food”.
Human foods are often referred to as “meat” because they contain animal organs and bones. They may also be referred to as “animal products”, since they consist of the remains of animals (such as their bodies) which have been processed into something edible.
Human foods are usually high in protein, fat and carbohydrates, making them good sources of energy for dogs.
Humans do not require much space to live, so they tend to accumulate a lot of waste. Humans produce methane gas, which is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.
This means that humans are bad for the environment and therefore should be avoided whenever possible. However, there are some benefits of eating human foods. One benefit is that humans have many vitamins and minerals in their bodies, which helps keep your pet healthy.
Good sources of human foods are easy to find. In fact, humans keep them in their kitchens, which are located in their homes.
The most common human food is the potato, which is very filling and contains a lot of carbs. Meat is another good source of human food, since it provides a lot of nutrients that your dog needs. Some types of meat are more nutritious than others, though. For example, pork contains more nutrients than chicken.
If you are going out to look for human food, it’s best to do it at night. This is when most humans sleep, so they will be easier to hunt.
It’s always best to hunt in a group since humans are dangerous prey. When you find a human, attack it immediately and try to bite onto something fleshy. Arms and legs are usually good targets, but the neck is the best one. Once you bit onto a limb, don’t let go. Regulate the amount of pressure you put on the bite, as applying too much will cause you to tear the flesh off and that’s no fun.
Once you succeed in biting into a human appendage, suck out all of the delicious fluids that come out. This is called “bleeding” your prey, and it’s a good way of getting nutrients without killing them.
Fat Bulldog: What To Do When Your Dog Puts On Weight - from our website
Once you’re done, you can kill your prey by ripping its limbs off or attacking its neck. Once the prey is dead, begin to feast on the body parts you desire, such as the heart, liver, and other muscles.
Human foods are an essential part of any canine’s diet. They make up most of the foods on this website, since they are both easy to find and nutritious for your dog.
However, human foods are not essential to a dog’s diet. Your dog can survive without them, but it will be healthier if eats them. If you want your dog to eat human foods, then go over to the “Where To Find” section of this page and find out where to look.
Why Canines Eat Human Food.
As mentioned before, dogs require more energy than they would get from ordinary food. Eating human foods can give your dog more energy to play and run around.
There are two types of human foods: flesh and vegetables. While the former provides a burst of nutrients, the latter is healthier in the long run. Most dogs prefer meat over vegetables, so it’s up to you whether you want to give your dog an energy boost or a balanced diet.
There are many types of meat that are good for dogs. Some of these are chicken, turkey, and pork.
There is also red meat such as beef and venison. If you’re in a rural area then these are the best options for you, but if you’re in an urban environment then you have even more options. Rabbit and squirrel are common pets that can be eaten. In fact, your own pet cat or dog can be eaten if it dies. If you live near the sea, fish are an excellent meat to eat. All meats, whether land or sea based, are filled with protein and nutrients that will keep your dog active.
When picking a meat to eat, it is important to know how to distinguish good meat from bad meat. The eyes of the animal should be clear and bright.
The skin of the animal should be free of bruises or bleeding wounds. If you see injuries or signs of disease (such as pus coming from the eyes), do not eat that animal.
Sources & references used in this article:
Fitness Unleashed!: A Dog and Owner’s Guide to Losing Weight and Gaining Health Together by M Becker, R Kushner – 2010 – books.google.com
Are grain free pet foods causing heart disease in dogs? by CP Shelter, P Weight, P Fooled – ourpetskitchen.com
Healthy Liver Treats for Dogs (Things You Must Not Miss Out) by S Coren – 2012 – WW Norton & Company
The Well-Adjusted Dog: Dr. Dodman’s 7 Steps to Lifelong Health and Happiness for Your Best Friend by R Edalati – 2001 – Three Rivers Press (CA)
Bulldogs For Dummies by L Krantz – 2009 – Macmillan
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What does the study of brain injury and disease tell us about normal brain functioning?
Although the study of injured and damaged brains dates back to the 19th century, the field of cognitive neuropsychology emerged in the 1960’s, and sought to explain the make up and architecture of normal and intact brains by exploring how the brain breaks down after illness or injury. This paper charts the history of cognitive architecture from inception to modernity, discussing techniques, strengths, shortcomings and modern applications. Although not without issue, it is suggested that imaging techniques such as fMRI will not only continue to expand our knowledge of normal brain functioning, but may have explanatory power in the field of mental disorder,
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental functions, and believes such functioning, or cognition, can be explored using the scientific method. It states that all individual components of mental functioning can be identified and understood. Such components are referred to as modules, and therefore any theory regarding the domains of cognition will be a theory of the modules of the system that create the cognitive performance, and a theory of the cognitive architecture of the system. One way in which brain modules and functional architecture can be understood is by studying the way in which the brain breaks down after illness or injury; the science of cognitive neuropsychology.
Main Body
Cognitive neuropsychology emerged as a distinct approach during the 1960’s, but has roots as far back as the 19th century. Pierre Paul Broca’s 1891 post-mortem study of aphasic patient ‘Tan’ who could not produce speech, despite understanding and following directions revealed damage to an area of the frontal lobe (now dubbed ‘Broca’s area’), and provided the first indication that areas of the brain may be specialised for language production.
Commonly cited as the first in the field of cognitive neuropsychology, the series of case studies of patient HM played a crucial role in identifying areas of the brain specific to memory functions (Scoville & Milner, 1957). In 1953, due to severe and untreatable epilepsy, HM had his medial temporal lobes surgically removed. Although successful in treating HM’s epilepsy, he was left with profound yet selective amnesia; specifically anterograde amnesia. Although his working and procedural memory remained intact, he could not commit new information to his long term memory. As the loss of brain matter was surgical, and the damaged areas could be precisely identified, the case of HM revolutionised the study of human memory. In the first, the loss of HM’s medial temporal lobes could be held responsible for his lack of memory, but more crucially, his ability to perform tasks that required recall from short-term and procedural memory, but inability to recall from the long-term memory suggested that different memory processes were mediated by different areas of the brain.
However, these early descriptions of neuropsychological syndromes depended solely on the presentation of neuropsychological deficits and post-mortem analysis. These shortcomings led to the development of the lesion method, the study of patients with lesions to the brain. This involved correlating knowledge of precise damage to the brain with knowledge of specific cognitive impairments.
Although lesion studies allowed for the pinpointing of trauma within the brain (unlike the study of already brain-damaged patients), a major problem was that scientists were unable to confidently claim that lesioned brains mediated cognitive processes identically to intact brains. These led modern theorists came to question the utility of using only damaged brains to explore psychological processes.
Contemporary neuropsychology drew on modern neuroimaging of intact brains to allow considerable developments in the understanding of brain-behaviour relationships. Advancements in techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) “led to an explosion in their application in the field of experimental psychology in general and cognitive psychology” (Page 2006; p.429), and the use of fMRI techniques has increased steadily since the outset of their routine use in the early 1990’s. This is for a number of reasons; firstly advances in fMRI techniques have improved their precision, thus the data they produce has become increasingly reliable whilst remaining non-invasive and safer than traditional methods of neuroimaging such as PET (Aue, Lavelle & Cacioppo, 2009). Secondly, they are of particular benefit in studies including human participants, as they allow for the investigation of psychological operations without relying upon verbal reports. This benefit is two-fold; fMRI add of objectivity, whereby verbal reports may be distorted, plus they allow for the investigation of operations to which participants have no verbal access (Aue, Lavelle & Cacioppo, 2009).
Critics of this approach point out that studies relying on imaging techniques are particularly susceptible to inferential errors. Brain activation in one area is inferred as indexing a particular psychological state without considering the antecedent circumstances to that particular activation (Aue, Lavelle & Cacioppo, 2009). Furthermore, some theorists claim that such approaches do not advance psychological theory. As Kilstrom (2006) stated:
“There does not appear to be any instance where neuroscientific findings have constrained social-psychological theory…To the contrary, it appears that precisely the reverse is true: psychological theory constrains the interpretation of neuropsychological and neuroscientific data.” (Kilstrom 2006: p.16)
Despite this, modern imaging techniques have remained the measure of choice in psychological studies of brain activity. Research has seemingly gone full circle to take exciting new directions in the field of cognitive neuropsychiatry. Although in its infancy, researchers have begun to re-apply imaging techniques to the study of disordered individuals. This has led to comprehension of previously misunderstood disorders of face recognition such as prosopagnosia and Capgras Syndrome, and better understanding of brain activity in individuals suffering from a range of mental health problems.
Much can be learnt about the cognitive architecture of the brain by applying findings from brain-injured patients to intact brains. Even the earliest conclusions drawn from case studies in the 19th century endure today. Over time, the sophistication of methods used in cognitive neuropsychology has increased greatly, leading to ever more concrete conclusions regarding the composition, activity and structure of the human brain.
Aue, T., Lavelle, L. & Cacioppo, J. (2009). Great expectations: What can fMRI research tell us about psychological phenomenaInternational Journal of Psychophysiology 12 1 – 7.
Broca, Paul. (1861). Nouvelle observation d’aphemie produite par une lesion de la moitie posterieure des deuxieme et troisieme circonvolution frontales gauches. Bulletin de la Societe Anatomique 36 398–407.
Kihlstrom, J.F., 2006. Does neuroscience constrain social–psychological theoryDialogue 21 16 – 17.
Page , M (2006 ). What can’t functional neuroimaging tell the cognitive psychologistCortex 42 (3). 428 – 433.
Scoville, W.B. & Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 20 (1) 11 – 21.
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Cap Cloud – What It Is And How It Differs From Lenticular Clouds
Cap Cloud - What It Is And How It Differs From Lenticular Clouds
The majority of clouds we know are a result of different weather elements, like heat, wind & moisture. Some, though, form as a result of variations on the Earth's surface. Cap clouds are one such case.
Variations on the planet's surface influence a variety of meteorological occurrences like wind, temperature, and, yes, cloud formations. Especially elevations and dips on the surface play a significant role in the development of certain clouds.
One type of cloud that is a direct result of the physical elevation in terrain is called a cap cloud. In this post, we look at what cap clouds are, how they form, and how they differ from the more familiar lenticular clouds.
Cap Cloud Definition
As mentioned in the introduction, a cap cloud is the result of a change in physical terrain, but this is not the only factor at play in the formation of this cloud system.
Before looking into how a cap cloud is formed, one must first define what precisely it is and describe its characteristics in more detail:
What Is A Cap Cloud?
What Is A Cap Cloud
A cap cloud is a stationary orographic cloud that forms over the peak of a mountain, where moist air is forced up the windward slopes and condensates as it flows over the top. Unlike lenticular clouds, they form directly over a mountain or high hilltop and have a dome-shaped form.
This cloud is characterized by its unique mushroom or upside-down saucer shape and can always be found over the top or above a mountain peak.
It is not that uncommon to see two cap clouds on top of each other, hovering over the same mountain top. It occurs typically when a layer of dryer air separates two layers of moist air.
How Cap Clouds Form
Cap clouds form as a result of orographic cooling (which is part of the Orographic Effect). As prevailing winds push moist air against a raised terrain like a mountain, it forces the layer of air to rise against the slopes.
As the air rises, it starts to cool down. It continues to cool down until it reaches dew point, and condensation takes place near the top of the mountain. As a result, the air flowing over the mountain top creates the flat, dome-shaped cloud that is the trademark of a cap cloud.
The raised terrain does not only cause the air to rise on the windward side of the mountain, but as it starts to descend down the leeward slopes, it also creates a wave in the airflow. And it is here where lenticular clouds come into play.
Lenticular Cloud Definition
The wave formed in the wake of the air lifted over an elevated terrain forms the foundation for the occurrence of lenticular clouds.
As with cap clouds, one first needs to get a clear understanding of the definition of a lenticular cloud before looking into how these clouds develop:
What Is A Lenticular Cloud?
What Is A Lenticular Cloud
A lenticular cloud, characterized by its saucer-like shape, is a stationary cloud that forms in the troposphere on the leeward side of a mountain. It forms on the crest of a wave that results from air forced to lift over raised terrain. Its alignment is perpendicular to the direction of air movement.
As mentioned in the description, lenticular clouds form at a high altitude in the troposphere. This is mainly due to the elevated terrain, specifically mountains, that is responsible for creating the conditions favoring the formation of these clouds.
A few elements need to be in place to form the ideal conditions for lenticular clouds to occur. The creation of wave movement on the leeward side of a raised terrain is the crucial element in the formation of these clouds.
The saucer or lens-like shape is another unique characteristic of lenticular clouds. Since it does not appear close to the surface, it is not often visible from the ground. As a result, it is often mistaken for a UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) or another artificial object.
The layered (pancake) shape of the cloud is the result of multiple layers of cold air reaching dew point at the crest of downwind waves. The crucial role these downward waves play in the formation of lenticular clouds will become evident in the next section.
How Lenticular Clouds Form
For a lenticular cloud to form, three elements need to be present and in place:
• Adequate Moisture In The Air
• Prevailing Wind
• Formation Of A Wave In The Air Movement On The Leeward Side Of A Mountain
As mentioned earlier, it is this wave of air that is primarily responsible for the formation of a lenticular cloud.
After the formation of a cap cloud, the air which lifted on the windward side of a raised terrain dips on the leeward side. More importantly, it creates a continuous wave in the air moving downwind.
How Lenticular Clouds Form
The wave consists of a series of crests and troughs continuing downwind. When moist air reaches the crest of a wave and the temperature drops below dew point, condensation takes place, which allows for the development of a lenticular cloud.
When the prevailing wind persists, the crests and troughs in the wave of air continue to form downwind, which can result in a series of lenticular clouds to form. These formations are better known as wave clouds.
The clouds seem to remain stationary, but there is a constant flow of air through them. The reason they "stay in place" is that the air dips below dew point at the crest of the wave, allowing the cloud to form. When the wave dips down, it evaporates as the air warms up.
Difference Between Cap Clouds & Lenticular Clouds
What will have become evident during the description of cap and lenticular clouds is that their formation is almost identical. The only difference is that a lenticular cloud forms on the wave of air created due to forced elevation on the leeward side of a mountain.
Several articles and papers clearly state that cap clouds are actually lenticular clouds due to the almost identical formation process and similar cloud shape. Technically, this statement is correct, and a cap cloud can be classified as a lenticular cloud.
However, from a practical standpoint, and when described in layman's terms, there are subtle but significant differences between the two that can be summarized as follows:
• While cap clouds occur directly over a mountain peak, lenticular clouds usually form on the leeward side of the mountain.
• Cap clouds have a flat, dome-shaped form, while lenticular clouds have a layered or stacked shape in the form of a lens or saucer.
As already stated, these are subtle but significant differences.
It is clear that there can be some confusion when discussing cap clouds and lenticular clouds and why they are often seen as the same type of formation. This post managed to highlight the small but notable differences between the two.
And that was the aim of this article: To explain what cap clouds are and how they form, and how they differ from lenticular clouds in formation and shape.
Never miss out again when another interesting and helpful article is released and stay updated, while also receiving helpful tips & information by simply clicking on this link .
Until next time, keep your eye on the weather!
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Dual Burden of Malnutrition Obesity Starvation
August 15, 2019
It is estimated that by 2020, two-thirds of the global burden of disease will be due to chronic non-communicable diseases, most of which are associated with diet. While hunger is a tremendous global health concern that cannot be minimized, overnutrition should similarly be given concentrated attention. Malnutrition affects up-to 1 billion people. Even though undernutrition is the main cause of malnutrition, people who are overweight could also be malnourished.
The “dual burden of malnutrition” is a term coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) to describe a situation which is characterized by “the coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight and obesity, or diet-related non-communicable diseases, within individuals, households and populations, and across the life course. Globally, the problem is not the availability of food resources, but the allocation and consumption of food.
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Busy Jar
Having things to do for your children after they complete school can be a challenge. Creating a Busy Jar can help. Write activities on pieces of paper and place all of them in a Busy Jar. Your child(ren) can pull out one from the jar to do. Here are some activities for your jar. another benefit to this is that it can be considered school. (art, science, language arts)
Build a fort.
Paint a self portrait.
Write a play and act it out.
Make cards for: nursing homes; veterans; family; friends; neighbors
Using a roll of paper, create a comic strip or storyline. One person writes, the next person draws/ writes a line, the the next person does the same.
Draw a design on a piece of paper and then hand it to the next person. They add to the design. Continue around to the rest of the group until it returns to its creator. You get some fun and crazy things!
Make a maze or marble tower out of a cardboard box and paper towel rolls.
Air dry clay- create a sculpture and paint a few days later.
Make goop.
Make slime.
Blow bubbles and see if you can pop all of them before they land.
Google Lego 30 Day Challenge and choose your favorite prompts.
Choose a theme and make a photo collage with words/ pictures. (ex; pictures that have red in them; all pictures begin with a certain letter, etc.)
Learn to say your name and a few phrases in sign language.
Hide an object and draw a pirate map to its location.
Create a stuffed animal zoo.
Play flashlight Hide and Seek.
Create window art.
Using a map, close your eyes and point to a place. Now, figure out the roads you will use to get there. What places would you like to visit along the way?
Write a song or create a cheer about a topic without using the word.
Dance for three songs in a row.
Create a new board game (This can stretch out over weeks if you like. They have to write the rules/ directions, draw and color the board, play the game.)
Have relay races inside or outside.
Have a great week! ~Lisa~
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Achieving SDG2 in Ghana through Sustainable Agriculture: The role of Biotechnology
Authors: Yahaya Sumara Sulley and Shamsiyatu Murtala (Department of Biotechnology, University for Development Studies , Tamale )
Ghana is one of the top agricultural-producing countries in Africa, but the issue of hunger is a very significant subject as far as Sustainable Development Goal 2 is concerned. Hunger is a very significant subject in most African countries, making the continent a region known for a high state of undernourishment, poor food supply and access to food, low food availability and food insecurity as a whole.
Lack of food security is a formidable challenge that has been faced by Ghana and most postcolonial Sub-Saharan African countries. The effect of food insecurity has been extremely damaging and destabilizing for the country’s economy with climate change, pest and disease prevalence and poor soil quality considered by many as major factors contributing to poor agricultural output (1).
It is not surprising that Ghana has moved from being an exporter of food to a more significant importer of basic staples such as rice, wheat and potato including vegetables such as tomatoes from European and nearby African countries respectively. In the animal agriculture sector, specifically the poultry sector, the state imports large quantities of frozen broiler meat, hatching eggs and day-old chicks from the European Union, USA and Brazil (2).
Accelerated food production programs to help reverse the declining effect of food production per capita and to also facilitate the reduction of dependency on food importation has been launched in Ghana since the 1970s as 1972 saw the Government inaugurate its ‘Operation Feed Yourself’ which in the end did not result in any significant increase in food production (3). In the year 2016, Ghana out doored the Ghana beyond aid initiative which set out national plans and strategies to make the country self-reliant. Policies such as planting for food and jobs, one district one factory and planting for export and rural development among others constitute the government’s economic transformational agenda through agriculture and it is very apparent that reaping the benefits of these policies is going to be challenging if the leadership and the people of Ghana does not shift from partisan politics to a system of setting out clear policies towards a proper nation building agenda (4).
Sustainable development goals are an action call to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure all people, in particular, the poor enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. Among the goals is SDG 2 which is focused on ending hunger, achieving food security, improved nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture (5).
Sustainable agriculture can be achieved with biotechnology which is a potentially effective scientific discipline to enhance the quality and quantity of food produced in Ghana. Major global threats such as climate change, water scarcity, land fragmentation, increased population, biodiversity and introduction of genetically diverse and wild species are impediments of agricultural policies, however, it presents the need for a more proficient sustainable agricultural strategy to ensure that Ghana achieves zero hunger by 2030 as envisioned by the UNESCO.
Biotechnology harnesses the potential of living organisms in the ecosystem to make develop products to the benefit of mankind (6). Irrespective of criticisms, crusades, scholarly debates and publications concerning the negative impact of biotechnology in agriculture, it does not only present the potential to feed more people or help produce more food for exportation.
Biotechnology also comes along with additional benefits such as generating bumper yield from less accessible or small sized arable lands, cause less harm and damage to the ecosystem and possess less damage to renewable or non-renewable resources in the environment because agriculture is both a cause and a solution to environmental problems.
Biotechnological tools include marker assisted breeding and genetic engineering techniques such as molecular pharming are other advanced applications and they are used for crops and livestock production and improvement. Molecular diagnostics, protein engineering and vaccine technology are also modern technologies that help in the detection, treatment and management of livestock diseases (6).
Recombinant DNA technology is a technique in biotechnology which involves the introduction of a gene or gene sequence into an organism to achieve a required and the desired outcome (7). For example, crop varieties can be engineered to express a bacterial gene that controls certain insect pests, thereby reducing the need for harmful synthetic pesticides.
Nutrient and water cycling issues are major challenges in the agriculture sector as a result of unchecked pollution and land degradation. However, our soils can be improved through bioremediation (8) and other environmental biotechnological advancements through the use of higher degree enzymes of specificity to decontaminate soils and arable lands off microbes that are limiting the potential of agricultural lands.
To successfully achieve sustainable development goal 2 through biotechnology mainstreamed into sustainable agriculture, both social and scientific issues need to be addressed. A typical example is the emphasis of science communication in the advocacy for biotechnology as a tool for sustainable agricultural development in Ghana to erase negative perceptions and give proper information to farmers, consumers and the country as a whole.
To feed the growing population of Ghana, there is the need to double food production per farm size with prudent approaches such as the strategic use of the human resources within the country. Thus, employing graduates from departments of biotechnology, schools of engineering and technical universities across the country to use their available skillset and mindset to harness living organisms and resources in the ecosystem to close the food importation gap and increase the yield gap per farm size through sustainable means.
Finally, the implementation of policies to bring on board other allied agricultural and non-agricultural sectors to support the agenda to minimize food waste, maximize employability of young graduates in agriculture biotechnology and its related programmes, provide people engaged in agriculture with their needs and requirements to enable production of more food for consumption and surplus for export to generate revenue for the state.
1. West and Central Africa: More than 15 million cases of acute malnutrition expected in 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Dec 12]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/west-and-central-africa-more-15-million-cases-acute-malnutrition-expected-2020
2. Food imports cost US$2.4bn annually – Graphic Online [Internet]. [cited 2020 Dec 12]. Available from: https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/food-imports-cost-us-2-4bn-annually.html
3. Girdner J, Olorunsola V, Froning M, Hansen E. Ghana’s agricultural food policy. Operation feed yourself. Food Policy. 1980;
4. Wucharey EK. Ghana Beyond Aid. Mordern Ghana News [Internet]. 2017;1–61. Available from: https://www.modernghana.com/news/822272/ghana-beyond-aid.html
5. United Nations. Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals [Internet]. [Cited on 2020 Dec 14]. Available from: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
6. Briggle A. Biotechnology. In: Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. 2012.
7. Shah NJ. Recombinant DNA technology. In: Introduction to Basics of Pharmacology and Toxicology: Volume 1: General and Molecular Pharmacology: Principles of Drug Action. 2019.
8. Dua M, Singh A, Sethunathan N, Johri A. Biotechnology and bioremediation: Successes and limitations. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002.
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Sur Empire
Last updated
Sur Empire
Suri dynasty 1540 - 1556 ad.PNG
Territory of Sur Empire. [2]
Capital Sasaram
Common languages Hindavi, Persian [3]
Sunni Islam
Government Sultanate
Sher Shah Suri (first)
Adil Shah Suri (last)
17 May 1540
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Blank.png Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire Blank.png
Today part of
The Sur Empire was an Afghan dynasty [4] which ruled a large territory in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent for nearly 16 years, [5] between 1540 and 1556, with Sasaram, in modern-day Bihar, serving as its capital. [5] [6]
The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the Mughal territories, from eastern Balochistan in the west to modern-day Bangladesh in the east.
Sher Shah, an ethnic Afghan of the tribal house of Sur, [5] first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under Babur and then the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Shah overran the state of Bengal and established the Suri dynasty, [7] who supplanted the Mughal dynasty as rulers of North India during the reign of the relatively ineffectual second Mughal Humayun. Sher Shah defeated badshah-i-Hind ('Hindustani emperor') Humayun in the Battle of Chausa (26 June 1539) and again in the Battle of Bilgram (17 May 1540). [8]
Sher Shah Suri was known for the destruction of some old cities while conquering parts of India. He has been accused by `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni and other Muslim historians for destroying old cities in order to build new ones on their ruins after his own name. One example included Shergarh. [9] [10] [11] Sher Shah is also said to have destroyed Dinpanah, which Humayun was constructing as the "sixth city of Delhi". The new city built by him, was itself destroyed in 1555 after Humayun re-conquered the territory from the Surs. [12] Tarikh-i-Da'udi states, however, that he destroyed Siri. Abbas Sarwani states that he had the older city of Delhi destroyed. Tarikh-i-Khan Jahan states that Salim Shah Suri had built a wall around Humayun's imperial city. [13]
The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the Mughal territories, from Balochistan in the west to modern-day Bangladesh in the east.
Their rule came to an end by a defeat that led to the restoration of the Mughal Empire.
It was at the time of this bounty of Sultán Bahlol [Lodi], that the grandfather of Sher Sháh, by name Ibráhím Khán Súr,*The Súr represent themselves as descendants of Muhammad Súr, one of the princes of the house of the Ghorian, who left his native country, and married a daughter of one of the Afghán chiefs of Roh. with his son Hasan Khán, the father of Sher Sháh, came to Hindu-stán from Afghánistán, from a place which is called in the Afghán tongue "Shargarí",* but in the Multán tongue "Rohrí". It is a ridge, a spur of the Sulaimán Mountains, about six or seven kos in length, situated on the banks of the Gumal. They entered into the service of Muhabbat Khán Súr, Dáúd Sáhú-khail, to whom Sultán Bahlol had given in jágír the Parganas of Hariána and Bahkála, etc., in the Panjáb, and they settled in the pargana of Bajwára. [14]
Abbas Khan Sarwani, 1580
List of Sur dynasty rulers
The 178 grams silver coin, Rupiya released by Sher Shah Suri, 1540-1545 CE, was the first Rupee Sher shah's rupee.jpg
The 178 grams silver coin, Rupiya released by Sher Shah Suri, 1540–1545 CE, was the first Rupee
NamePictureReign startedReign ended
Sher Shah Suri Shershah.jpg 17 May 1540 [17] 22 May 1545 [17]
Islam Shah Suri Islam Shah Suri.jpg 26 May 1545 [18] 22 November 1554 [18]
Firuz Shah Suri 1554 [19]
Muhammad Adil Shah 1554 [19] 1555 [20]
Ibrahim Shah Suri 1555 [20] 1555
Sikandar Shah Suri 1555 [20] 22 June 1555 [20]
Adil Shah Suri 22 June 1555 [20] 1556 [20]
See also
Related Research Articles
Sher Shah Suri Founder of the Suri Empire in India (1486-1545)
Sher Shah Suri, born Farīd Khān, was the founder of the Suri Empire in India, with its capital in Sasaram in modern-day Bihar. He introduced the currency of rupee. Sher Shah of Sur took control of the Mughal Empire in 1540. After his accidental death in 1545, his son Islam Shah became his successor.
Deccan sultanates Former states in India
The Deccan sultanates were five late-medieval Indian kingdoms—on the Deccan Plateau between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range—that were ruled by Muslim dynasties: namely Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda. The sultanates had become independent during the break-up of the Bahmani Sultanate. In 1490, Ahmadnagar declared independence, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year. Golconda became independent in 1518, and Bidar in 1528.
Mandu, Madhya Pradesh town in Madhya Pradesh, India
Mandu or Mandavgad is an ancient city in the present-day Mandav area of the Dhar district. It is located in the Malwa region of western Madhya Pradesh, India, at 35 km from Dhar city. In the 11th century, Mandu was the sub division of the Tarangagadh or Taranga kingdom. This fortress town on a rocky outcrop about 100 km (62 mi) from Indore is celebrated for its architecture.
Hemu 16th century Hindu king who had been a general and Chief Minister of Adil Shah Suri of the Suri dynasty
Hemu was a Hindu king who previously served as a general and Chief Minister of Adil Shah Suri of the Suri dynasty during a period in Indian history when the Mughals and Afghans were vying for power across North India. He fought Afghan rebels across North India from the Punjab to Bengal and the Mughal forces of Humayun and Akbar in Agra and Delhi, winning 22 battles for Adil Shah.
Rajaram I Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire
Rajaram Bhosle I was the second son of Maratha ruler Shivaji, and younger half-brother of Sambhaji. He took over the Maratha Empire as its third Chhatrapati after his brother's death at the hands of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1689. His eleven-year reign was marked with a constant struggle against the Mughals.
Adham Khan
Adham Khan was a general of Akbar. He was the younger son of Maham Anga, and thus, was the foster brother of Akbar. In his fourth regnal year, Akbar married him to Javeda Begum, the daughter of Baqi Khan Baqlani.
Sur, also known as Suri, Zur and Zuri, are a historical Pashtun tribe living primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan. They supposedly trace their descent to the Ghorids, a dynasty originating from Mandesh in the Ghor region of modern-day central Afghanistan. The founder of the Suri Empire in India, Sher Shah Suri, belonged to the Sur tribe. They ruled the Suri Empire from 1540 until they were removed from power in 1555 after the Battle of Sirhind by Humayun and the Persian army, who re-established the Mughal Empire.
Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557) Sultan of the Suri Empire
Muhammad Adil Shah was the fourth ruler of the Sur dynasty, a late medieval Afghan dynasty of northern India.
Sikandar Shah Suri Sultan of the Suri Empire
Sikandar Shah Suri was the sixth ruler of Sur dynasty, a late medieval Pashtun dynasty of northern India. He became the sultan of Delhi after overthrowing Ibrahim Shah Suri.
Ibrahim Shah Suri was the fifth ruler of Sur dynasty, a Pashtun (Afghan) dynasty of late medieval northern India.
Malwa Sultanate Late medieval kingdom in northern India
The Malwa Sultanate was a late medieval empire of Afghan origin in the Malwa region, covering the present day Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Rajasthan from 1392 to 1562.
Gujarat Sultanate Kingdom of early 15th century in Gujarat, India
The Gujarat Sultanate was a medieval Indian Muslim Khatri kingdom established in the early 15th century in present-day Gujarat, India. The dynasty was founded by Zafar Khan Muzaffar, a Khatri convertof a low subdivision called Tank, originally from Southern Punjab, but born in Delhi. He rose to nobel status in the Delhi Sultan's household. He was Governor of Gujarat and became independent from Delhi after Tīmūr devastated the city. Zafar Khan defeated Farhat-ul-Mulk near Anhilwada Patan and made the city his capital. Following Timur's invasion of Delhi, the Delhi Sultanate weakened considerably and so he declared himself independent in 1407 and formally established Gujarat Sultanate. The next sultan, his grandson Ahmad Shah I founded the new capital Ahmedabad in 1411. His successor Muhammad Shah II subdued most of the Rajput chieftains. The prosperity of the sultanate reached its zenith during the rule of Mahmud Begada. He subdued most of the Rajput chieftains and built navy off the coast of Diu. In 1509, the Portuguese wrested Diu from Gujarat sultanate following the battle of Diu. The decline of the Sultanate started with the assassination of Sikandar Shah in 1526. Mughal emperor Humayun attacked Gujarat in 1535 and briefly occupied it. Thereafter Bahadur Shah was killed by the Portuguese while making a deal in 1537. The end of the sultanate came in 1573, when Akbar annexed Gujarat in his empire. The last ruler Muzaffar Shah III was taken prisoner to Agra. In 1583, he escaped from the prison and with the help of the nobles succeeded to regain the throne for a short period before being defeated by Akbar's general Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana.
The Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi dating 1580 CE, is a historical work compiled by Abbas Khan Sarwani, a waqia-navis under Mughal Emperor Akbar, detailing the rule of Sher Shah Suri. The work was commissioned by Akbar to provide detailed documentation about Sher Shah's administration - Akbar's father Humayun had been defeated by Sher Shah.
Ali Mardan Khan Kurdish noble, d. 1657
Ali Mardan Khan was a Kurdish military leader and administrator, serving under the Safavid kings Shah Abbas I and Shah Safi, and later the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan. He was the son of Ganj Ali Khan. After surrendering the city of Qandahar, part of the easternmost territories of the Safavids to the Mughals in 1638, he served with distinction in the Mughal administration, earning the highest honors of the Mughal court.
The Malwa Subah was one of the original twelve Subahs of the Mughal Empire, including Gondwana, from 1568-1743. Its seat was Ujjain. It bordered Berar, Kandesh, Ahmadnagar (Deccan), Gujarat, Ajmer, Agra and Allahabad subahs as well as the independent and tributary chiefdoms in the east.
The Battle of Sammel, also known as the Battle of Giri-Sumel, was fought in 1544 near the villages Giri and Sumel of the Jaitaran sub-division in the Pali district of Rajasthan between the Afghan Sur Dynasty under Sher Shah Suri and the Rathore army led by the commanders Jaita and Kumpa of Rao Maldeo Rathore.
Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II was an independent ruler of Bengal. He was the son of Sultan Shamsuddin Mahmud Shah.
The Battle of Sirhind was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Suri Empire in 1555.
The Battle of Machhiwarra was fought between Mughal Empire and Suri Empire in 1555.
1. For a map of their territory see: Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (i). ISBN 0226742210.
3. Alam, Muzaffar (1998). "The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 32 (2): 317–349. doi:10.1017/s0026749x98002947. S2CID 146630389. Hindavi was recognized as a semi-official language by the Sor Sultans (1540-55) and their chancellery rescripts bore transcriptions in the Devanagari script of the Persian contents. The practice is said to have been introduced by the Lodis (1451–1526).
4. Singh, Sarina; Lindsay Brown; Paul Clammer; Rodney Cocks; John Mock (2008). Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway. 7, illustrated. Lonely Planet. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-74104-542-0 . Retrieved 23 August 2010.
5. 1 2 3 Kissling, H. J.; N. Barbour; Bertold Spuler; J. S. Trimingham; F. R. C. Bagley; H. Braun; H. Hartel (1997). The Last Great Muslim Empires. BRILL. pp. 262–263. ISBN 90-04-02104-3 . Retrieved 20 July 2011.
6. Berndl, Klaus (2005). National Geographic Visual History of the World. National Geographic Society. pp. 318–320. ISBN 978-0-7922-3695-5.
7. "Sher Khan". Columbia Encyclopedia. 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
8. "Sher Khan". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th edition. Columbia Encyclopedia. 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
9. "Jain inscription from Shergarh (Dr. D. C. Sircar)". South Indian Inscriptions. Manager of Publications, Delhi.
10. `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni (1898). Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh (English translation (Bib. Ind.) ed.). Calcutta. p. 472.
11. Qanungo, K. R. (1921). Sher Shah. p. 404.
12. Bolande-Crew, Tara; Lea, David (2 September 2003). The Territories and States of India. ISBN 9781135356255.
13. D'Ayala, Diana (2 June 2008). Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance. pp. 290, 291. ISBN 9781439828229.
14. Abbas Khan Sarwani (1580). "Táríkh-i Sher Sháhí; or, Tuhfat-i Akbar Sháhí, of 'Abbás Khán Sarwání. CHAPTER I. Account of the reign of Sher Sháh Súr". Packard Humanities Institute . Retrieved 4 September 2010.
15. Mughal Coinage Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine Reserve Bank of India RBI Monetary Museum,
16. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rupee" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 885.
17. 1 2 Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1 , p.83
20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1 , pp.94–96
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Vaporizing – E-Cancerous Smoking Causes
vaping dangers
Vaporizing – E-Cancerous Smoking Causes
It seems that there is a large amount of concern about vapors in electric cigarettes. The most common question is about second hand smoking. Many non-smokers are becoming very concerned about this matter and also have asked the question, “Is it safe to inhale vapors?”. The answer has been, in general, “No”. Electronic cigarettes do not contain any tobacco at all, so there is no need for concern about nicotine or tar.
Lots of people become very ill from used smoking because they breathe in the same air as the smoker. This is even more true with electronic cigarettes as the vapor is inhaled rather than swallowed or absorbed in to the lungs. The vapor will enter the blood stream and stay in the blood stream for much longer when compared to a cigarette. There are some gases produced from this which are toxic and can cause cancer. However, many of these toxins are thought to be present only in large amounts and so are not considered a danger to health.
One of many bigger worries that non-smokers have is approximately how to breathe when working with these products. Quite often, smokers will put their heads down to inhale. Electronic cigarettes get rid of the need to do this. They produce an electric mist that keeps the lungs and mouth clean.
Most of the problems encountered by non-smokers if they are using regular cigarettes comes from the truth that these vapors are not vented out of your end of the stick. Instead, the nicotine and other harmful substances stay in the filter of the device. When you use the electronic cigarettes, the filter simply must be replaced. The problem this causes is that the user will not get the benefits of smoking because the vapors will always be present.
When non-smokers are worried about vapors, they should be equally concerned about the dangers of nicotine poisoning. Nicotine can be an addictive poison that should never be in any type of product that a person uses. Inhaling vapors won’t help the smoker quit the habit, it’ll only make it worse. The only method that it could be successfully eliminated from electric cigarettes is to completely prevent them.
There are also many concerns that younger children will not be in a position to handle. Many children use their electronic cigarettes while they are sleeping. This is very dangerous. Many adults can see that their young children have become addicted to these products so it’s very important for just about any parent to ensure that it really is used properly.
There is also a concern that many children will learn through watching. The vapors could be enticing to youngsters. Many parents can see that their children have considered smoking after seeing their boyfriend or girlfriend to smoke one of these electronic cigarettes. Therefore, it is crucial to make certain that the young children who use these products to comprehend how dangerous they might be.
Electric cigarettes do have many benefits. They’re simple to operate, much safer than smoking and they usually do not contain any tobacco. However, if you smoke, then it is important to ensure that you do not use one of these devices. Do not await your teenage child to catch on to the vapors because all the benefits of smoking it’s still there. If they want to try it then do not push them. If they need to get rid of the cigarettes, then permit them to do so.
The vapors could be smelled by adults however they can’t be sensed by children. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that young people not to smoke near each other. You should also ensure that you do not smoke near any electronic smoking devices. Also ensure that the vapor is not permitted to drift into areas where children congregate.
There are various health risks connected with smoking and Vape Pen Battery one of the very most dangerous is cancer. Electric cigarettes do not contain any tobacco and for that reason they will not cause the same problems as traditional cigarettes do. The vapors are inhaled, passed in to the lungs and don’t cause any injury to the individual’s body. Therefore, it really is imperative that if your child smokes, that you tell them concerning the dangers of vapors.
If you don’t have the data and parental support, it is very possible that your child could easily get addicted to vaporizing cigarettes. If you think you could trust them to be careful and monitor their vapes, try explaining the vapors and the dangers of these. This could make the difference between them becoming smokers rather than being able to become a part of the rising number of young people that are now part of the e-smoking trend. Children need to be made alert to the dangers of vaporizing so they will not continue this bad habit in adulthood. If you would like to make best use of the dangers of vaporizing, you could find more information on the internet or a local library.
Finding Good Slot Machine Games With High Vatility
slot games
Finding Good Slot Machine Games With High Vatility
Slot games have been a popular way of gambling since casinos first started cropping up in the United States. Slot machines, also called the fruit machines, pugs, the hot potato machines, the slots or fruit machines, is a gaming machine which produces a game of luck because of its users. The outcome of every spin of the slot machine is predetermined by a machine programmed to take action. However, it’s possible for a player to improve his chances of winning by using different strategies. These strategies, if followed correctly, might help one to increase the amount of cash that he wins.
Slots have been a favorite among many players, since they are relatively easy to win. Despite having the odds being against a new player, it is still easy for one to beat the chances and win the jackpot prize in slots. It is crucial, therefore, to know how exactly to identify the slot machines that have high odds of winning and then practice playing these slot games to improve one’s chance of winning big jackpots later on. There are many places from to learn how to identify the best slots from those that you need to avoid. The Internet is a great source of home elevators this.
One of the ways to identify a good slot machine game is to review the set of online casinos that offer slots. These online casinos have organized their slot games list in that manner that it lists the casinos offering slot games which are closely related to each other. This helps a new player to find good slot machines which offer relatively similar jackpots and payouts.
In addition to the online casino list, another method of identifying an excellent casino is by reviewing the bonus provided by the online casino. The web casino may offer a free spin bonus once the player deposits money at the casino. This free spin bonus can be utilized for any slot games that the player chooses to play.
Free spin bonuses can be used for any of the slot games. You can find three types of online slots that one can choose to play. Slots are played on a rotational platform. In this type of slot machines, the player has a certain time frame going to the button that will let the game reset. This time frame is usually a minimum of 30 seconds. Following the player hits the button, the computer gives him another timeframe wherein he can hit the button again to keep where he left off.
Casino games that are played on a pay line are played on one or more pay lines. Included in these are single or multi-line game. If the player wins the jackpot, he will get a bonus on the value of his bet. Online casinos that use pay lines ensure that the odds of winning in a casino game are balanced. Therefore, you 인터넷바카라 have to make certain that he plays best slot machines that have the best odds of winning the jackpot. You can have a look at different casinos and learn about the different probability of different machines through slot machine game coupons.
One can also utilize the bonus offers in real cash games. Bonuses can either be earned in casino games or may be used in real cash games like video poker and roulette. A person can choose to obtain the bonus in one of both ways: to win a prize in a casino game or even to get the bonus in real cash. The chances of obtaining a jackpot prize in casinos where real money is involved are not as high as those in video poker or roulette where in fact the bonus is awarded when winning in casino games. Because of this a person who plays the very best slot machine game games should play for higher levels of bonus to get the highest bonus value. This way, he will have an excellent chance of winning.
All of these methods help a person find slot machine games which have high volatility. Volatility refers to the tendency of the slot machine game to pay out high levels of money when it spins a combination of numbers. The higher the volatility, the much more likely that a person will get a good payout from his slot machine game play.
Increase Your Chances of Winning With SLOTS Casino
slot machines casino
Increase Your Chances of Winning With SLOTS Casino
There are numerous slot machines obtainable in any casino or amusement park. Slots are the biggest attraction in casino gambling and so are played by slot players from around the globe. The slot machines that are found in most casinos offer a wide variety of payouts. You can find progressive slots that offer single dollar payouts, five dollar payouts, and ten-dollar payouts.
Some of the top slot machines in the world can be found in the casinos in Las Vegas, Atlantic City, and Macao. There is certainly no limit as to how many casino slot machines you can play. Success or practice at live casino slots doesn’t mean guaranteed future success in real-money gambling. Casino Quest: slots free of charge with bonus offers can be an exception to the rule. Progressive slots are some of the best casino games free with bonus supplies the consumer an opportunity to experience live gambling without risking profit the procedure.
The differences between the slots are very vast. Slots are divided up into three categories – progressive, traditional, and video. Each one of these categories has their very own particular characteristic like the payouts, locations, and reliability of machines. Video slot machines have become very popular recently as more gambling enthusiasts attended to realize the beauty of watching a spinning video slot ball as opposed to the actual machine.
Progressive slots are set up so that jackpots increase whenever a ball 갤럭시 카지노 rolls across the reels. The 1st time a ball lands on a progressive slot machine game it’ll be worth one unit. As time goes on, the jackpot will increase till it reaches a maximum payout of ten units. Jackpots do not decrease with each successive spin. Although, it may look unlikely, if the player rolls the reels a single time the probability of hitting it big are increased. So the player can increase his likelihood of getting more money by using a mix of bets.
In a video slot machine game, graphics and music are added to help players win additional money. Some machines provide a special jackpot for slots which contain a picture of a favorite animal or cartoon character. Alternatively, progressive slots tend to include audio sounds that will make it interesting for players to hear when the time comes for them to line up and obtain a jackpot prize. Either one of these will certainly make the player feel good about himself because winning in a casino is all about luck.
Some casinos have taken up the practice of including progressive slots in their machines. When the player wins a jackpot prize, the device will automatically place additional money in the device. The progressive slot machines may also be known to produce more, winning results compared to traditional ones. If you are planning to go to a casino soon, you should consider checking out progressive slots instead of the traditional ones.
Online casinos allow players to play slots from their very own homes. This means that you don’t have for the players to get ready before they actually set out to play the machine. All that they need to do is start the computer and relax as they wait for the device to generate a graphic and a sound. Once that is done, the player will click on the machine’s icon and the game will start. Of course, the machines in online casinos aren’t connected to each other, so the sound and images won’t trigger one another.
Slots certainly are a favorite for many individuals because winning on a slot machine game can give people their share of excitement. To be able to increase your winnings, you need to know how to choose jackpot slots and how to browse the symbols on the reels. This will help you increase your likelihood of winning big amounts. Playing slots on a regular basis is really a fun way for people to relax and have a great time, so it is important that people learn how to choose the best machine that will let them win.
Vaporizer HEALTH THREATS and E-Cigarette Addiction
Vaporizer HEALTH THREATS and E-Cigarette Addiction
Vaporizing: HEALTH THREATS, Popularity and Societal Impact It has come out during the past decade that e cigarettes or vapors have really recognition across the world. They come in different sizes and shapes, packed with different chemicals and enticing flavors. Regarded as a slick tobacco alternative, it’s no wonder why they interest both the young and the old. E cigarettes or vapors are reported to contain harmful ingredients and even carcinogens.
However, there are so many benefits of Vaping that we shouldn’t just overlook it. If you are looking to decrease your likelihood of getting lung cancer, you then would want to consider vaporizing your tobacco. If you don’t want to get lung cancer or give up smoking now, but you still want to reduce your cigarette cravings and get healthy, electric cigarettes or vapors are your answer. There are several vaporizing options, each claiming to function as best way to quit, but which one is really right for you?
Nicotine: HEALTH ADVANTAGES E cigarettes contain nicotine, a chemical compound that may cause a variety of short term unwanted effects. They include: headaches, insomnia, nervousness, tremors, anxiety, tics, dizziness, slow motor skills, insomnia, coughing and mouth irritation. Although some of these symptoms might seem such as a minor problem or they could go away on their own, if you add up each of the vaper’s potential problems, you may start to understand why e cigarette users are so eager to find an alternative.
Electric cigarettes do not contain nicotine, but they do contain propylene glycol, also used in antifreeze and industrial coatings. Propylene glycol is also used in some foods to prevent corrosion and extend shelf life. The FDA has determined that there surely is no safe degree of exposure for this chemical, and so it is listed as a controlled substance, a Class II material that identifies a drug that may cause addiction or death. This classification also includes over 200 other chemicals which are known or suspected of experiencing this effect, including antidepressants, mood stabilizers, cough suppressants, antidepressants, hormones, and antineoplastic agents. Important thing, electronic cigarettes contain nicotine, and you might experience some of the vaper’s worst symptoms if you use them in conjunction with cigarettes.
But, when comparing the long term ramifications of smoking with e-cigs, viewers there are fewer health threats involved. One study published in the Journal of American Science reported that electric cigarettes are just as harmful if not more harmful than cigarettes. But, the analysis published in the Archives of Internal Medicine reported that there is a “links” between electronic cigarette vapor and increasing heart disease. The reason that there surely is a link is because those who are already taking prescription drugs which are supposed to prevent heart disease often experience an increase in heart disease when using electronic cigarettes along with their prescribed drugs.
In line with the second study, there are three times as many harmful chemicals found in e-juice as you can find in using tobacco. The worst thing about these harmful chemicals is that they are present in every cartridge that you get, regardless of how much you utilize the product. It is estimated that a smoker can poison his body through the use of an e-liquid product 25 times over what they would use on a cigarette.
The bottom line is that there are more vaporizing dangers than there are e-juice dangers in terms of vapors. When you smoke a cigarette, you are inhaling thousands of harmful chemicals. When you use an electric cigarette, you’re only inhaling those hateful pounds. Compare that to the hundreds of thousands of toxins in traditional cigarettes and you will see why vapor products carry a Vape Shop lot more risk than conventional cigarettes.
It is obvious from both of these studies that the vaporizer market continues to be very new and incredibly poorly regulated. There are a few great vaporizers out there but consumers should be careful when buying one. Even though the Department of Health says that there surely is no evidence that vaporizers are unsafe, there are still lots of e-juice companies that refuse to make any changes with their product until consumer demand forces them to. It is highly recommended that anyone who is considering buying an e-candy get their doctor’s opinion first. You can also browse the US FDA website to learn more about vapor products and lung injury risks connected with e-cigs.
Jackpot City Android Casino
Jackpot City Android Casino
Jackpot City may be the leading online casino that provides a great selection of games and offers a range of incentives to all players. Jackpot City Casino, formerly named Golden Palace Casino, premiered in 1998 and has since then over 3.5 millions active players worldwide, possesses a gaming license from the Malta Gaming Authority, is fair play certified, and offers a friendly, welcoming atmosphere. The casino s overall atmosphere is quite welcoming and appealing, having an emphasis on making fun of the players. Actually, the main slogan of the Jackpot City Casino ‘Have Fun, Make Money’.
jackpot city
The purpose of the Jackpot City is to make sure that they provide their customers with the best casino experience by offering them a great deal of exciting games and promotions, in addition to providing them with an unbeatable welcome bonus. The welcome bonus is probably the strongest games in the jackpot city also it allows all players to receive bonuses and promotions whenever they play. There are various methods of claiming these bonuses and the players can choose any that suit their playing style. Some of the common promotional methods used include name, email, gaming history, country, birthdate, phone number and most importantly, a way that is exclusive to the player. However, there are certain exclusive promotions that the casino uses, which are:
The jackpot city supplies a number of exclusive promotions and bonuses, and also Android bonuses. The Android bonuses allow the players to utilize their smartphone as a virtual poker chip. Aside from playing games, the users may also use their smartphones as slots machines or electronic bingo. As per the rules of the Jackpot City, the Android app can only be utilized for wagering. To qualify for the Android bonus, the player must download and install the official Jackpot City android app.
The welcome bonus provided by the Jackpot City is founded on the number of people who sign up with the casino. When a new player enters the site, he will be given a free entry ticket. As more folks join the website, the free tickets will increase. This system of promotion has been in place since long in fact it is known to every participant of the Jackpot City online casino. As a way to encourage new players to join up for the jackpot games, the casino supplies a set number of free spins with every 100 spins. The free spins aren’t limited to any particular games; the casino games will continue steadily to offer different free games to all or any its players.
The Android app of the Jackpot City allows its users to take part in the true time jackpot games. To obtain the bonus, you just need to login to the jackpot city online casino and download the app. After that, you can also access its massive set of casino games, which are specially designed for the device. 카지노 사이트 The list includes not only the most common casino games like poker, blackjack, roulette, baccarat and others but also it offers mobile games like jukebox, kong games, and karate. The list even includes gaming consoles such as for example Play Station and NINTENDO WII GAMING CONSOLE. The app also lets you play free online slots, roulette, and keno.
One way to increase your likelihood of winning is to enroll for their loyalty program. The jackpot city loyalty program gives you one free spin when you sign up for its membership. Apart from that, you’re given free entries into its huge and famous slots tournaments. That is a great way that the company keeps its players and boosts their winnings in the jackpot city slot machines. Each of these tournaments have huge jackpot amounts which are transferred to your account.
After spending time trying to decide about the type of game you would like to play and the website what your location is playing, you should then consider your budget. This is one factor in selecting a reliable online casino. There are numerous casinos offering bonuses today, but not all of them can provide you real money. If you cannot withdraw your winnings, then you will undoubtedly be back out with another fee or may no more be accepted in the jackpot city real money slots. You need to read the bonus details so that you could determine if the bonus will probably be worth signing up for and if it is really worth your while. If you really want to take advantage of the bonuses, you then should spend just a little money on getting extra spins in the games.
With the use of an online casino, you can aquire all the advantages of a real casino without having to leave your home or travel long distances. It will give you a chance to test your gaming skills at the comfort of your home. You can play the same type of games as in a genuine casino without leaving your house and this is why you must contemplate using the jackpot city android casino. You may use your smartphone as a video display so that you can watch your favorite live dealer games in the Jackpot City Android Casino.
How Does Gambling Work?
casino games
How Does Gambling Work?
Casino games are a popular way to spend one’s time. Casinos are scattered around the world and there is a good chance that one should come across a casino which offers gambling activities. However, it is very important know what forms of casino games are available before choosing one to take part in. Many of these games have restrictions on what many people can be involved while others are open to all.
Casinos have a lot of different gambling machines. A few of these are progressive slots, roulette, video slot machines, cards and progressive poker machines. Roulette is just about the most popular of sm 카지노 all casino games. It involves spinning the wheels and the results depends on how they move. The results of the game is unpredictable; it can even be winning. Slots machines, on the other hand, depend on the quantity of times a particular number is spin and the outcome of that count.
Blackjack is perhaps one of many hardest casino games to play. In this game, players must use their very own strategy so as to beat the dealer and win. The strategy here’s to maximize the amount of cards dealt and make an effort to obtain an advantage through betting. A different type of gambling games obtainable in casinos are baccarat, that is a version of poker; jackpot games such as for example roulette, which require players to bet real money contrary to the dealer’s money, and progressive slots that provide players an edge compared to the dealer’s.
There are several different types of table games. One of these is craps. This is played in most casinos. The materials had a need to play craps include chips, paper money and playing chips. Roulette is another popular game that includes a set of dice; even though some casinos do not offer this game.
A lot of people find casino games interesting because of the odds given for each game. Some casino games give high odds and thus, create a gaming game a very easy gamble. Others have low odds but can still grow to be profitable for some gamblers. One of these is blackjack. Blackjack gives players a fantastic chance to win money, as well as to practice their decision each and every time they play.
Another casino game to discuss may be the side bet. Included in these are some casino games which have a house edge, which means that the casino has to spend more money if the player wins than if she or he bets the same amount in a game with no house edge. Some examples of the types of variations are Texas Hold ’em and Badugi. Some other variations that have smaller edges are Roulette and Sic Bo. Probably the most common types of side bets are the five-card draw.
Some online casinos allow players to play a common casino games on their computers. There are various forms of computers, including gaming machines which are programmed to perform certain casino games, such as for example roulette or blackjack. There are also other types of machines, such as for example vending machines that dispense random items, like chips, depending on the game. Vending machines have already been found to be popular attractions among some online casinos. Additionally, there are many online games that not use any machines at all, such as bingo.
As you can see, the question of so how exactly does gambling work has a lot of variables, depending on the type of casino games you are playing. Most people concur that real money casino games work the very best when played in NEVADA, and they are the ones with the loudest music, probably the most exciting graphics, and typically the most popular casino destination locations. In addition they happen to be some of the most expensive, as well. However, as you can see, there are many different techniques casino games work. Before you decide which games to play, it’s important that you research your facts, so you know which games will continue to work best for your lifestyle, budget, and preferences.
How exactly to Win REAL CASH From Baccarat Games
baccarat game
How exactly to Win REAL CASH From Baccarat Games
Baccarat is probably the simplest casino game it is possible to play. It’s a compulsive comparing card game usually played between two people, the casino player and the banker. Each baccarat coup is founded on three possible outcomes: player wins, banker wins, and ties. Banker 넷마블 포커 may win by “bribing”, in which particular case he wins a great deal of money; tie outcomes are settled by “playing out”. So, basically, baccarat is a game of chance, at least that is the way it is usually played.
When one observes a baccarat game, you can find two people who have to be dealt the cards: the dealer and the customer. The dealer talks about cards, passes them in one person to another, and, when all the cards have been dealt, the dealer marks off the cards to reveal the next card. In a baccarat game, as in most games, both cards are hidden. The customer places his bets, and the dealer then looks at those bets. After dealing the cards, the dealer then calls out the quantity similarly (the “turn”) and calls out the number however (the “call”).
In a baccarat game, the players place their bets either before or following the dealer reveals the cards. In case a player calls out the quantity he has just chosen, this tells the dealer that one player has already called out a number. Then your dealer calls out another card, telling the ball player that player has to call out a number (in this instance, the banker). The ball player whose card was called out stands up. Then your dealer reveals the cards dealt to the player and reveals what cards are underneath.
If the player’s bet wins, the ball player takes his winnings and checks from the baccarat game. If not, then your player walks away with winnings and his wagers added up. In a normal casino game, players endure do the same thing before rolling the dice. Here, however, the players’ bets are checked before they’re folded, and therefore the wagers win automatically and the player takes his winnings after the baccarat table is closed.
The high rollers in the baccarat industry are often the ones who’ve made lots of money from playing baccarat. You can find two reasons why this type of person able to buy up huge amounts of bankroll. The first reason is because they’re not likely to reveal their true winnings, thereby leaving it around the casino to deduct their winnings from their bankroll. The second reason is that these people are usually known to stay in the casinos for huge amounts of time, making it easy for them to win big amounts of money on a regular basis. Another reason is because these baccarat gamers are very patient, permitting them to place bets for hours on end without even leaving their seats.
Frequently, a player’s bankroll will undoubtedly be enough to obtain him to the very best tables and earn a lot of money. The high rollers buy large pots from the smaller dealers who are ready to make the large upfront payment to allow them to have a chance of taking home a lot more money. Some players go as far as paying large amounts merely to have a chance at winning huge amounts of money. Alternatively, there are also some baccarat game winners who use the smaller online casinos for playing baccarat online. This way, they don’t risk dropping as much of these bankroll.
Among the baccarat game’s big advantages is its no deposit baccarat game bonuses. Most casinos offer players bonuses in substitution for making deposits. Players can win real money from these bonuses in any casino without depositing hardly any money. These bonuses are like in kind mini bankrolls a player pays so he can take advantage of the large jackpots provided by the casino. Some websites offer bigger bonuses than others do.
Players can choose the websites that offer them the best bonuses so they can play baccarat games and never have to worry about dropping any of their money. Players should compare the bonuses being offered by different casinos, so they can choose one that offers them the biggest bonuses. This way, they are often assured that they won’t lose out on any chance to win real money. Players who regularly play these baccarat games on the web can take benefit of the no deposit bonus provided by online casinos to greatly help them win more.
Enjoy Roulette Playing Online in various States
Enjoy Roulette Playing Online in various States
The key to playing online roulette wisely is the desire to actually play the overall game, not some impostor version of it. You need the bets to payoff the same way as a bricks and mortar casino game. You will need the actual feel and touch of the real thing. You need, with very little or no practice of your own imagination, to be brought in to the virtual casino world.
online roulette
The most exciting techniques online roulette bonuses could make you an improved player is by changing your standard betting options. Some individuals will play in what is called the pay line only. They’ll bet the number of cash that they are betting on the quantity that they are taking home when all is said and done. That is the traditional method of playing online roulette. Nevertheless, you can also find a number of games where you have additional betting options beyond the essential amount.
Many online casinos are experimenting with different types of play in order to attract more of a casino player base. For example, one casino is allowing players to utilize their credit cards to create their in-house bets. Another is allowing players who have already shown a pastime in online roulette to use a credit card to put their bets while they play online roulette. So, what all is it possible to win with one of these additional betting options? Let’s take a look at some of your options:
With this option, you place your bets making use of your credit card. However, all of your 파라오 카지노 쿠폰 sins will be conducted by the dealer. This is convenient if you don’t want to deal with a genuine person in the casinos. The only real downside to this is that you will not get any other choices in how you want to place your bets.
These online casinos allow the users to actually control the kind of betting they want to make. The user can pick the quantity of points they wish to bet on each spin. They are able to also choose the type of betting which will be applied to all spins, like the house edge. Probably the most interesting option here’s that the dealer will assign a randomness factor to all the spins, so that you can feel like you’re playing roulette the old-fashioned way.
This program is similar to getting the dealer randomly select the balls that will be found in all of your bets. The difference is that the balls listed below are chosen randomly. Quite often, there is some type of randomness involved. Again, the randomness involved here is dependent on the type of bet you make.
There are actually more advantages in terms of online roulette playing. For example, if you need to enjoy roulette online inside state lines, then there is nothing stopping you from doing this. The reason for that is that most live casinos won’t allow players from other states to put bets on the slots or on the wheel. However, most online casinos allow players from different states to take action. This is because they are able to make it a point to deliver the results nearly every time. So, if you want to win, you should go ahead and enjoy playing roulette online in these casinos.
One more advantage is that a lot of casinos nowadays offer roulette variations with a minimum amount of cash bets. For example, the Texas Hold’em games offer you five or ten thousand dollars maximum bets. On the other hand, the European version allows you to play with as low as three hundred dollars maximum bets. You can easily adjust your betting options depending on the amount of money you have available.
Does Vaping Cause Harm
Does Vaping Cause Harm
An electric cigarette is essentially an electronic device which behaves like cigarette smoking. It usually includes a light source just like a battery, an atomizer, and a tank or other container just like a cartridge or cap. Rather than tobacco, the smoker inhales nicotine. As such, with an e cigarette can be commonly known as “juicing”.
In the past, e-cigs have been primarily used to greatly help smokers quit the habit Juul Pods of smoking. It has been discovered that by alternating the forms of cigarettes with the liquids that come in conjunction with smoking, it really is simpler to break the smoking habit. One of these liquids is juice. However, fruit drinks contain natural sugars and so are thus extremely harmful for the health. So then, what is the choice to fruit juices? Water is the obvious choice.
Juices without tobacco flavor can be found in many food markets and drugstores. Most of them are fruit flavored and they are much healthier than the fruit drinks which come in bottles of regular cigarettes. Since teenagers tend to like fruit flavors, this presents a wonderful possibility to use vapors with a flavor of your choosing. The vapors have been been shown to be less harmful than the emissions made by regular cigarettes.
The dangers of secondhand smoke are popular. Studies show that contact with secondhand smoke is more dangerous than the consumption of second hand smoke from the single cigarette. The secondhand smoke from the unit, alternatively, contains lower concentrations of chemicals and tar than that of the cigarette. Having said that, not absolutely all vapers are necessarily trying to lessen the dangers of traditional cigarettes. Many modern vapers are simply looking to enjoy their favorite liquids without having to be worried about the chemicals that are within traditional cigarettes.
It has been established that the tar and chemicals found in cigarette smoke are highly harmful to your body. A standard sense approach would be to eliminate these products when working with them. The vapor from an electronic cigarette will leave your mouth cleaner and your lungs a lot cleaner as well. Vaping is a safer alternative to the future exposure that you will get from smoking cigarettes.
Because the health advantages of vaping become better understood, more folks are becoming aware of the advantages of e-smoking. In the meantime, those people who are not already using electronic cigarettes are often apprehensive about trying it. Those who are brave enough to use it find that you’ll find nothing at all wrong with it and that it’s just as enjoyable as smoking a normal one. For the rest of the smokers, they find that there is no reason never to make the switch to e-smoking. With no such compelling reason not to make the change, the quantity of smokers choosing to use up this method continues to increase each year.
Nicotine use does cause problems when used over an extended period of time. If you are a smoker or have tried to quit smoking, you probably already know this. You may find that the nicotine build-up can lead to some serious health issues including the development of lung disease. But, does this have anything regarding vaporizing? The answer is no. Since there is nothing inherently harmful about the chemical within cigarettes, it has a very strong addictive nature and as time passes can wreak havoc on your body.
Just about the most common outward indications of lung disease is emphysema. The emphysema develops as the oxygen that is in your bloodstream is severely limited. Because vapor will not contain harmful chemicals, there is absolutely no danger involved in the build-up in your lungs. Once you vaporize your cigarette, you are removing that damaging element. While it may not look like anything is wrong with quitting smoking, you may find that in a few months or a year you will definitely appreciate the advantages of vaporizing instead of lighting up.
Online Gambling Addiction – What Are The Problems CONNECTED WITH Online Gambling?
Online gambling is any sort of gambling conducted online. This includes casinos, poker and sports betting amongst others. The initial online gambling site opened for the general public, was electronic lottery ticketing for the initial ever Liechtenstein International Poker Tournament in October 1994. Since then there has been an explosion in the growth and popularity of online gambling across the globe. It is estimated that the web gambling industry is currently worth vast amounts of dollars. Nowadays there are various countries where online gambling 엠 카지노 쿠폰 is totally legal, however it is always advisable to understand the neighborhood laws before engaging in any online gambling.
Online gambling
Internet gamblers may use various methods and ways of play any sort of casino game including blackjack, baccarat, roulette, craps, video poker, keno and lotto. Online gambling websites allow players to place wagers ranging from an individual bet to millions of dollars. Most websites offer both a ‘play for free’ option which allow players to apply their skills and games without installation of any money, as well as a ‘risk free’ option where players place bets with real cash, which is designed to be a type of ‘virtual gambling’.
In the entire year 2021, the Gambling Control Act arrived to force which basically prohibits most all forms of online gambling in britain including online casinos, sports betting and horse racing. Regulations also makes it illegal to market the placing of bets in order to encourage people to wager on any game. There are several games that are completely legal and regulated by government edict in britain such as for example bingo and soccer. Regulations also helps it be illegal to import gambling equipment or software from beyond your EU.
A recently available study suggests that the web betting market in the United Kingdom is growing at about fifty percent per year. This growth shows no sign of slowing and represents a huge revolution in the history of online gambling. The online gambling industry employs an enormous number of people including employees in land-based casinos, financial service companies, law firms, accountants, and marketing companies. As well as employment, this industry provides revenue to the UK through taxes and internet gambling fees. THE UNITED KINGDOM government is taking a holistic approach to regulating the online gambling industry by banning online betting from certain regions around the globe. The aim is to restrict access to online gambling from terrorist countries also to prevent online gambling from used to finance crime.
Some areas have become quite famous for hosting websites which can be considered black holes for money. Internet pornography websites are notorious for using fake online gambling sites to attract visitors and luring them into playing gambling software. Many credit card companies are reporting losses due to web based gambling sites. The federal government has taken action against several credit card companies for facilitating payment to online sports betting sites. It has created a huge problem for many UK residents who cannot get cash from their accounts because of the UK government’s move to close charge card companies’ accounts from suspected misuse.
One area which has escaped the attention of the federal government and public however, is internet poker real money gambling. This type of gambling has flourished recently and continues to grow as one of the most popular ways for folks to spend free time online. Thousands of people enjoy playing poker online and there is a strong online poker community consisting of both players and bookies operating in countries including the UK, US, Canada and Australia. This industry is one that is not governed by the same type of regulation because the traditional online gambling sites and you can find no rules that prevent players from spending large amounts of money on wagers. This allows people to enjoy the game without the worry of government intervention.
Online gambling addiction can be a problem that is not restricted to specific regions or age ranges. It is a problem that’s affecting people of all ages and backgrounds across the world. There are some children that are being groomed by computer and internet games that are preying on the minds and causing them to put bets with regards to the outcome of a game. The problem of online gambling addiction will not only exist within the borders of 1 country, it exists in the center of the ocean too and the issue of online gambling addiction should not be swept under the rug so to speak and people have to speak out and put an end to this blight.
The world of online gambling is not only about games like poker or bingo, there is a whole selection of games including sports betting, horse racing and also exotic gambling to name but a few. A number of these games have no governing bodies and their promoter simply choose to operate in this unregulated environment regardless of the potential for damage they could cause. There exists a vast array of benefits that people can take away from online gambling including the capability to win exciting prizes, however additionally, there are many disadvantages that people may find as well. These include the chance of getting caught up in a thing that you cannot afford to lose, the fear of getting involved in something that you might later come to regret and the danger of experiencing your identity stolen.
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When viruses turn political
Before the coronavirus exploded into the news, a report by the World Health Organization warned that the world was not prepared for ‘a fast-moving, virulent respiratory pathogen pandemic’ that could kill 50–80 million people, cause panic and instability, and seriously affect trade and the global economy. The experience of the last 200-plus years has shown that only governments acting in concert can effectively fight such a pandemic—and even then, only with the trust and compliance of their citizens. This points to three challenges facing political leaders in the fight against the new coronavirus, now known as Covid-19.
The first challenge is that politicians are torn between looking decisive and adopting science-based measures that require careful explanation to a sceptical public. For example, governments in several countries, including India, Japan, Nigeria and the United States, have recently instituted highly visible temperature checks on all passengers arriving at their airports. But feverish travellers can simply mask their condition by using fever-reducing drugs. Furthermore, Chinese researchers suspect that Covid-19 is contagious for up to 24 days before the person carrying it develops a fever. The United Kingdom, therefore, is focusing on informing all arriving passengers about what to do if they experience symptoms after leaving the airport.
More seriously, on 31 January, US President Donald Trump’s administration announced a temporary entry ban on all foreign nationals who had been to China in the past 14 days, unless they were immediate relatives of US citizens or permanent residents. Many other countries, including Australia, have imposed similar measures, but the effect could be exactly the opposite of what was intended.
Closing off China might seem justified. But doing so unilaterally, without building trust with other governments, makes it likelier that other countries—such as China’s smaller neighbours—will not notify the world when the virus spreads to them, owing to fear of being closed off and the massive economic costs this would entail.
The golden rule in fighting pandemics is to encourage affected countries to notify others immediately of any infection. Chinese researchers rapidly identified Covid-19, and—after international urging—shared its viral sequence, spurring global cooperation in the race to create a vaccine. In so doing, China complied with international rules that aim to ensure that countries work together to combat infections, rather than harming themselves or unnecessarily harming others through protectionist measures.
The second challenge for governments relates to communication. Accurate, trusted information is vital in fighting a pandemic. But in most of the world, citizens do not trust politicians to tell the truth, so they turn instead to social media and other sources of information.
Such platforms can facilitate greater transparency and instant reporting, which governments must not quash, as local officials in Wuhan initially did by threatening doctors who reported the new coronavirus. But social media also gives rise to ‘infodemics’ of fake news and rumour that can endanger public health. The WHO currently must refute claims that mouthwashes, nasal sprays and sesame oil can prevent people from being infected with Covid-19. Likewise, online anti-vaccination campaigns in recent years have fuelled an entirely preventable resurgence of measles.
On a positive note, the WHO is working with social media companies to ensure that reliable public information appears first when people search for news about the coronavirus. They also are cooperating in attaching warnings to the posts of groups promoting conspiracy theories and rumours about the virus, and in removing posts that endanger public health. All responsible politicians must support such efforts.
Equally, politicians and social media companies need to combat xenophobic reactions, which pandemics spur all too easily. There are already reports of a wave of discrimination against East Asians since the Covid-19 outbreak. Stigma and discrimination make it harder to combat infectious diseases, because they increase the likelihood that affected people will avoid seeking care.
Crucially, the fight against Covid-19 requires infected people to trust public authorities enough to identify and help to track down everyone with whom they have been in contact, thereby enabling appropriate isolation measures to be put into place. This is less likely in an atmosphere of stigma and discrimination.
Finally, preparedness is key. Governments must commit resources ahead of time and have a ready-to-go command structure in the event of a global public health emergency. But politicians often are loath to invest in disease prevention, finding it much easier to claim credit for a shiny new hospital. More insidiously, they can cut funding for preventive programs in the knowledge that future governments will face the consequences.
The good news is that governments have begun to take pandemic preparedness seriously in the wake of the outbreaks of SARS, H1N1, MERS, Ebola and Zika. Following the Ebola crisis in 2014, for example, US President Barack Obama’s administration established a directorate for global health security and bio-threats within the National Security Council. It also introduced a system for coordinating international, national, state, and local organisations, both public and private, to confront a global epidemic, under the direct authority of the president.
The bad news is that Trump unwound and dismantled these preparations last year. He also cut funding for efforts by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to help other countries prevent infectious-disease epidemics. But when other countries cannot identify and contain a virus, it is more likely to reach the US.
As Covid-19 continues to spread, the public must rely on international cooperation among governments to fight the disease effectively. But mounting pressures on political leaders risk pushing them toward more nationalistic, short-term measures that are less effective or even counterproductive.
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• DS
This desert reservoir could fill 10,000 Olympic swimming pools
The oil rich-emirate of Abu Dhabi is storing a vital resource in the desert: water.
On Monday, the capital of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) unveiled the largest desalinated water reserve in the world.
It holds 5.6 billion gallons (6.7 billion U.S. gallons, or 26 billion litres) of drinking water, enough to fill more than 10,000 Olympic swimming pools. In an emergency, it can provide one million people with 180 litres per person every day for three months, drawing water from 315 underground wells.
"Rather than building new tanks or storing water at ground level, where it is vulnerable to contamination or evaporation, our leaders made the bold decision to focus on this elegant water storage solution," said Razan Al Mubarak, Secretary General of Abu Dhabi's Environment Agency.
Freshwater is in very short supply in the UAE. Rainfall rarely exceeds 10 centimeters a year.
"This is only one component of the water security strategy that the Abu Dhabi government is implementing," said Al Mubarak.
Officials are also considering how to reduce demand and other innovative ways to improve supply, she added.
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Pancake Day Recipes
Why do we have ‘PANCAKE DAY’?
Pancake Day or Shrove Tuesday falls on Tuesday 25th February in 2020, and I’m sure we will see people take to Instagram to show off their pancake-flipping skills and different filling choices … whether it’s simple lemon and sugar, or a bit of Nutella, no one can deny that a pancake is a rather delicious sweet (or savoury!) treat.
Where did Pancake Day, or Shrove Tuesday come from?
What is the history behind Shrove Tuesday? If you’re a class teacher or teaching assistant, it may be good to get interactive with your pupils tomorrow and do an entertaining and educational activity about why we celebrate Pancake Day.
Shrove Tuesday is the traditional feast day before the start of Lent on Ash Wednesday.
Lent is the 40 days leading up to Easter and was traditionally a time of fasting and on Shrove Tuesday, Christians went to confession and were “shriven” (forgiven for their sins).
Shrove Tuesday always falls 47 days before Easter Sunday. The date varies from year to year and falls between 3rd February and 9th March. This year (2020) Shrove Tuesday will be on 25th February.
What is Lent?
Lent is the six-week period leading up to Easter. It’s one of the most important times of year for many Christians around the world, particularly those within the Anglican, Catholic and Orthodox traditions.
Christians around the world observe Lent in many ways. Many from more orthodox and traditional values will still observe the fast strictly, beginning with the wearing of ashes on Ash Wednesday and abstinence of meat, fish, eggs and fats until Easter Sunday.
Others will choose to give up just one item for Lent, more commonly a ‘luxury’ such as chocolate, meat or alcohol. It is also becoming increasingly common for people to give up other things in order to refocus their faith during this time; such as watching TV and their social media use.
How to make pancakes
A pancake is a thin, flat cake, made of batter and fried in a frying pan. A traditional English pancake is very thin and has a very long history and has been featured in cookery books as far back as 1439.
Ingredients (makes 12 pancakes)
• 100g plain flour
• 2 large eggs
• 300ml milk
• 2 large eggs
• 1 tbsp sunflower or vegetable oil, plus a little extra for frying.
1. Put 100g plain flour, 2 large eggs, 300ml milk, 1 tbsp sunflower or vegetable oil and a pinch of salt into a bowl or large jug, then whisk to a smooth batter.
2. Set a medium frying pan or crêpe pan over a medium heat and carefully wipe it with some oiled kitchen paper.
3. When hot, cook your pancakes for 1 min on each side until golden, keeping them warm in a low oven as you go.
4. Serve with lemon wedges and caster sugar, or your favourite filling. Once cold, you can layer the pancakes between baking parchment, then wrap in cling film and freeze for up to 2 months.
Enjoy your delicious pancakes!
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The Signalman by Charles Dickens, 1866
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by Charles Dickens, 1866
Some 20 years before the publication of "Mugby Junction" and the story known as "The Signalman" (the author's own title for the story, "No. 1 Branch-Line," was dropped), Charles Dickens had become the first writer to capture the railway age for the creative imagination. In Dombey and Son the railways had been exciting, their rapid movement a symptom of an exuberant, forward-looking age. Afterward, in most of his major works Dickens reverted to the coach age, as if Dombey and Son had contained everything he wished to say about railways. When he eventually returned to the topic in "The Signalman," the contrast with his earlier treatment was marked. Sinister silence replaces the bustle and clatter, and solitude broods where gregariousness reigned; in place of the bright light of the sun, we have the faint light of the stars and the feeble red lamp that marks the entrance to the tunnel. Like so many ghost stories, this one is set at night. By the 1860s, of course, railways had acquired that tedious familiarity we associate with old novelties, like satellites and space travel today.
There is a pervasive downward movement; the narrator has a long and difficult climb down to reach the signalman, who is himself a man of education who has come down in the world. He is contrasted strongly here in general character and spirits with the cheerful, uneducated Lamps in the other parts of "Mugby Junction." Although we are told that he goes off duty and returns, the impression given is almost as if the signal box is his prison, and both the narrator and the trains running up and down the line are like visitors to a cell.
Dickens, more than other novelists, stresses and analyzes work; it is characteristic that the signalman does not rest in his horror of the spectral visitant but instead wants to know what it means. He is anxious about its effect on his duties; he is able to control his fear in the interests of his responsibility. His pain of mind is most pitiable to see. It is the mental torture of a conscientious man, oppressed beyond endurance by an unintelligible responsibility involving life.
His perplexity about what sort of alarm he shall give, what sort of danger to report, is convincing; and it functions excellently as the link between the uncanny and the normal, which represents the main technical problem in all ghost stories with a realistic rather than fantastic setting. If he reports danger but can give no facts, no details, he will not only be disbelieved but also may arouse suspicions about his reliability or even his sanity. Dickens's unequaled power of description of urban settings, which makes his London streets and Coketown in Hard Times so memorable, is used here to intensify the impression of dull, depressed, yet dutiful life: "On either side, a dripping-wet wall of jagged stone, excluding all view but a strip of sky; the perspective one way only a crooked prolongation of this great dungeon; the shorter perspective in the other direction terminating in a gloomy red light, and the gloomier entrance to a black tunnel, in whose massive architecture there was a barbarous, depressing, and forbidding air."
The story's structure depends on the simple phrase "below there," which so neatly combines colloquial familiarity with a shadowy suggestiveness. The three occasions on which it is used mark the beginning, middle, and end of the story. The narrator uses it by accident and then finds that the same words are reported by the signalman as those of the spectral visitor. Finally, the words are used by the engine driver in warning the signalman to save himself by getting off the line. The ghostly gesture of putting the arm before the eyes is repeated by the driver, who cannot bear to look at the death his train will cause. Here lies the story's main ingenuity. There are many ghost stories in which a ghost repeats words that have before been uttered by the living. Here a living man is mistaken by the signalman for a ghost because he repeats ghostly words that have been heard before. Thus, at the end we have in very small compass a stark opposition of points of view: the driver's humane horror at being the innocent cause of death; the signalman's inability to react to obvious danger because earlier experience has made him unable to grasp that the oncoming train and driver are solidly real.
The idea of combining the inventions of the new industrial society with a ghost story is peculiarly Dickensian. Whereas the gothic novelists had generally associated the preternatural with far countries and distant ages, so that the strangeness of an esoteric setting should seem to vouch for strangeness of event, Dickens takes the opposite course. His ghost is enmeshed in the new, the prosaic, and the familiar. While we are reading, we suspend our disbelief in the transformation of our ordinary world into a place of hidden terrors.
This helps to maintain the continuity in Dickens's work between the specialized world of the ghost story and the plentiful inventions of his work in general, just as the descriptive passages about the railway line would be acceptable in a perfectly realistic narrative. Indeed, we may well feel a greater truth to life in this preternatural story than in some examples of the other aspects of his Christmas spirit, the sentimental. If so, the reason is clear; in the latter human motives and characters may be simplified or distorted. In this story, once granted the original donee, the feelings are real. We can imagine people we know acting as the signalman and the narrator do.
"Mugby Junction" was no doubt intended to be read as a whole; Dickens's annual Christmas story had long been an institution. The reader who absorbed at the same time the honest cheerfulness of Lamps and his daughter, the somberness of "The Signalman," and the comic indignation of the attack on English catering methods in the refreshment room would be able to admire once again the versatility of the great entertainer who was also the master craftsman.
—A. O. J. Cockshut
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Dementia: Alzheimer’s Disease and People
Isabel Ramirez Comp105 Mrs. Doonan 11 December 2012 Dementia affecting the lives of many Sometimes the word Dementia can be quite scary to hear and quite frankly it is pretty scary to hear. Many people don’t really take the time to stop and realize that it might be something that can be life threating and without them even knowing they might already be having some of the early symptoms. There is no such thing as going in to the doctor to early and getting checked out for dementia.
Once someone gets dementia there is no way on turning back and the best they can do it getting treatment. Approximately every sixty eight seconds someone in America will develop dementia, some even without them knowing it. Dementia is something that no one wants to know that they have because of the dramatic life changes that if will have in someone’s life. Dementia having many effects on older people like having to get treatment and the many symptoms they go through can be very overwhelming.
Many people know that dementia is a disease in which the memory is affected, but that’s not all dementia is. Every sixty eight seconds someone in America develops dementia. (AHAF) Dementia actually means loss of mentation and thinking. (Fisher) It is a disease that degenerates the brain which affects the memory. (AHAF) Dementia is a progressive disease that has a big impact not only on the person that is diagnosed with dementia but also their family and friends that are around. Perry) Many people describe dementias symptoms with loss of memory, judgment, language even motor skills, meaning that many people can’t do a lot of their daily activities normally by themselves. (Fisher) Caring for someone with dementia can be extremely difficult and have a lot of emotional stress. Dementia is a disease the many describe as a disease that eats someone’s brain slowly causing that person to start forgetting things. (AHAF) Dementia isn’t a disease that is on its own it has many forms to which it attacks a person. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. Fisher) Dementia having many shapes and sizes can be hard on older people. Dementia does have many shapes and sizes because there is different types of dementias in which can affect the person slowly or really fast. The forms of dementia are classified by the area of the brain that gets affected and the degree of progression. (Westerby) Since there are so many different forms of dementia, drugs might only be available for some of them. Yes, there is many kind of dementia but the two most common forms are Parkton’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Fisher) About sixty percent of the people that develop Alzheimer’s, fifteen through thirty percent develop vascular dementia, four through twenty percent develop lewy body and two percent develop frontal temporal dementia. Mainly all forms of dementia are progressive except Vascular Dementia. Alzheimer’s mainly affects older people and mainly women get this kind of dementia. Lewy Body dementia mainly affects older people. Vascular dementia mainly affects people that have diabetes. Frontal Temporal dementia affects mostly the people that are under sixty five and mainly men. Elkins) Some people might get mixed dementia where there might be one or more cases of dementia combined together. (Perry) One of the hardest things of dementia is the symptoms they have and later finding out someone has dementia through diagnostic can be a very tragic moment. The earliest symptom is memory loss with that also not being able to think right can really confuse a person. (Fisher) Patients might have a hard time arranging plans and which ends up leading to the major memory loss. Movement of everyday became more difficult. Perry) That’s why trying to diagnose dementia soon is very important, the sooner is diagnosed the sooner medication can be given out which can help from it progressing really fast. Cognitive test are necessary in being able to decide whether dementia is there or not. (Westerby) There is a physical exam done to help identify why they have dementia. Another thing they really take in consideration is history of mental or behavioral symptoms. (AHAF) There is an assessment that is done which is called Mini Mental State Examination.
There is so many ways that people can get tested and find out pretty soon, like getting lab test done is a fast and effective way. (Perry) Out of all of them the most effective way and proven to be one hundred percent effective is brain autopsy. (AHAF) Finding out which stage of dementia you have might be hard because of the many ad different types of dementia there are. That is why it is very important to that if someone has any of the symptoms to get them checked out because the faster you get diagnosed the more likely you will be able to get some medication that will slow down the progression. Perry) The risk factors that can give you dementia or bring along can be too much to handle for someone at any age. Even though dementia can happen at any time of life, it has a dramatic increase as age increases too. (Perry) There are two big risk factors that really play a big role when getting dementia, which are age and genetics. Many people can get dementia because it is in their genes and past generations in their family have gotten so it is more likely that they get it. Approximately five percent of Americans between the ages of sixty five and seventy four get dementia. AHAF) People who smoke, have hypertension, high cholesterol, and are obese have a greater risk in getting dementia. People who have Parkinson’s disease and have had a stroke are also greater at risk. (Westerby) People with dementia might be seeing things that aren’t really there which can be very dangerous for them to be alone in their own home. (Fisher) About thirty six and a half percent of people with dementia live in a home care facility the other sixty three and a half percent are taken care of in their own home by some family member. Westerby) When the dementia is advanced people become dependent for everything with their care. (Fisher) Mobility gets harder so there could be a greater risk of falls. There might also be a great loss of appetite and a dramatic change in their weight. (Perry) As often as possible try drawling things for the patient that way they can visualize the things better and they might remember them more. (Elkins) Asking people with dementia direct questions really stresses them out and they fell like they are put in the stop.
So yes it is a really serious disease and in most cases it is too much for someone to handle at any age. Sometimes the treatments are not always enough when trying to get rid of dementia and the results can be pretty fatal. It is better to keep the person in their own home. That way they could keep their daily routine and they can remember where their things are located at. Moving someone out of their home when they are very confused already isn’t going to help them out much. (Perry) When diagnosed it is recommended for the patient and the family to get ongoing support.
This way the family can know of ways to help the person and also the patient knows the truth of dementia. (Westerby) Alzheimer’s is terminal and had no known cure. (AHAF) No Treatment yet recognized, but one big risk factor is diabetes and hypertension. (Perry) The average time of life they have would range from five though twenty years. (Fisher) The three year survival rate for vascular dementia for people over the age of eighty five is sixty seven percent. For people who develop Alzheimer’s after a stroke there is a thirty nine percent survival rate.
People with Alzheimer’s in general have a forty three survival rate. (Perry) Out of all the causes of death infection is the most common. (Fisher) Yes, Dementia is very hard and a lot to handle for older people, there isn’t a known treatment that is for sure going to get rid of the dementia someone has and the symptoms can be very frustrating. That’s why having the help of family members and friends that are around the person is very necessary to be able to live with a disease that eats your brain a little more each day causing that person to forget things from their past.
It is a scary disease that no one wishes to ever get, but once someone has it there is no way back. As soon as they start to notice some of the symptoms it is better to go get themselves checked that why there can be some medication that can help its progression. Being able to detect it early improve the quality of life and the lifelong out comes the patient has for the rest of their lives. Always keep in mind this is a disease that attacks someone in the America every sixty eight seconds, many without even knowing.
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JSONField in serializers – Django REST Framework
• Last Updated : 27 Mar, 2020
In Django REST Framework the very concept of Serializing is to convert DB data to a datatype that can be used by javascript. Every serializer comes with some fields (entries) which are going to be processed. For example if you have a class with name Employee and its fields as Employee_id, Employee_name, is_admin, etc. Then, you would need AutoField, CharField and BooleanField for storing and manipulating data through Django. Similarly, serializer also works with same principle and has fields that are used to create a serializer.
This article revolves around JSONField in Serializers in Django REST Framework.
JSONField is basically a field class that validates that the incoming data structure consists of valid JSON primitives. In its alternate binary mode, it will represent and validate JSON-encoded binary strings.
It has the following arguments –
• binary – If set to True then the field will output and validate a JSON encoded string, rather than a primitive data structure. Defaults to False.
• encoder – Use this JSON encoder to serialize input object. Defaults to None.
Syntax –
field_name = serializers.JSONField(*args, **kwargs)
How to use JSONField in Serializers ?
To explain the usage of JSONField, let’s use the same project setup from – How to Create a basic API using Django Rest Framework ?.
Now that you have a file called serializers in your project, let’s create a serializer with JSONField as the field.
# import serializer from rest_framework
from rest_framework import serializers
class Geeks(object):
def __init__(self, json_data):
self.json_data = json_data
# create a serializer
class GeeksSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
# intialize fields
json_data = serializers.JSONField()
Now let us create some objects and try serializing them and check if they are actually working, Run, –
Python shell
Now, run following python commands in the shell
# create a json object
>>> import json
>>> x = json.dumps({"name":"Naveen", "Age":"21"})
>>> x
'{"name": "Naveen", "Age": "21"}'
# import everything from serializers
>>> from apis.serializers import *
# create a object of type Geeks
>>> obj = Geeks(x)
# serialize the object
>>> serializer = GeeksSerializer(obj)
# print serialized data
{'json_data': '{"name": "Naveen", "Age": "21"}'}
Here is the output of all these operations on terminal –
Validation on JSONField
Note that prime motto of these fields is to impart validations, such as JSONField validates the data to JSON only. Let’s check if these validations are working or not –
# Create a dictionary and add invalid values
>>> data = {}
>>> data['json_data'] = x
# dictionary created
>>> data
# deserialize the data
>>> serializer = GeeksSerializer(data=data)
# check if data is valid
>>> serializer.is_valid()
# check the errors
>>> serializer.errors
Here is the output of these commands which clearly shows json_data valid –
Advanced concepts
Validations are part of Deserialization and not serialization. As explained earlier, serializing is process of converting already made data into another data type, so there is no requirement of these default validations out there. Deserialization requires validations as data needs to be saved to database or any more operation as specified. So if you serialize data using these fields that would work.
Core arguments in serializer fields
read_onlySet this to True to ensure that the field is used when serializing a representation, but is not used when creating or updating an instance during deserialization
write_onlySet this to True to ensure that the field may be used when updating or creating an instance, but is not included when serializing the representation.
requiredSetting this to False also allows the object attribute or dictionary key to be omitted from output when serializing the instance.
defaultIf set, this gives the default value that will be used for the field if no input value is supplied.
allow_nullNormally an error will be raised if None is passed to a serializer field. Set this keyword argument to True if None should be considered a valid value.
sourceThe name of the attribute that will be used to populate the field.
validatorsA list of validator functions which should be applied to the incoming field input, and which either raise a validation error or simply return.
error_messagesA dictionary of error codes to error messages.
labelA short text string that may be used as the name of the field in HTML form fields or other descriptive elements.
help_textA text string that may be used as a description of the field in HTML form fields or other descriptive elements.
initialA value that should be used for pre-populating the value of HTML form fields.
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What happens when the scope of a project is constantly changed?
Well, usually complete and utter failure.
In 1626, the King of Sweden Gustavus Adolphus was at war with Poland-Lithuania. In order to show Sweden’s strength and naval dominance, he ordered the construction of one of the most powerful naval ships ever built. The Vasa.
Construction was to be and overseen by Henrik Hybertsson (“Master Henrik”) who was shipwright at the Stockholm shipyard at the time. Originally, the plan was for the ship to be 108 feet long, and Hybertsson began cutting the required wood for the keel.
But then the king began making more and more demands about “improving” the design.
As Greg McKeown described on the Tim Ferris podcast:
This project was of utmost importance to King Gustav so much that he allowed a whole forest of a thousand trees to provide the lumber for the project. He opened the royal coffers to, he assured Hybertsson that he would have an almost unlimited budget to complete the project successfully. Unfortunately, the King did not have a clear vision of what the final product would look like, or rather he kept changing his vision of what the final product would look like. At first, the ship was to be 108 feet long with 32 cannons on deck. Later, the length was changed to 120 feet, even though the lumber had already been cut to the original specifications, but no sooner had Henrik’s team made the necessary adjustments that the target shifted again, this time the King decided that the ship needed to be 135 feet long.
The cannon requirements changed, as well. Instead of 32 cannons in a single row, he asked for 36 cannons in two rows, plus another 12 small cannons, 48 mortars, and 10 more similar caliber weapons. Tremendous effort was exerted by some 400 people to make this happen. But even as they approached completion, the King changed his mind again, asked for 64 large cannons instead. The stress of the news is said to have given Henrik a fatal heart attack. Still, the endless project continued this time under Henrik’s assistant Hein Jacobsson. Budgets continued to escalate. The effort continued to expand, and the King continued changing the end goal. In an utterly non-essential addition for a gunship. He asked for some 708 sculptures, which would take a team of expert sculptors more than two years to complete, to be attached to the sides of the bulwark and the transom of the ship and so it was.
The end result was a ship with cannons on decks much higher than you would normally design, and an incredibly unbalanced machine, covered in heavy, unnecessary decoration.
On the day of its maiden voyage on 10 August 1628, the ship left the Stockholm shipyard and began to float. However, a gust of wind then blew it over. It was so unbalanced that many of its canon-ports were submerged and the entire ship rapidly began to fill with water.
Less than a mile from the shipyard (1,300 meters), the most expensive ship in the Swedish navy sank to the bottom of the sea. 30 crew members lost their lives.
All because a king couldn’t stop changing his mind and asking for more and more improvements.
This can often happen when someone at executive level who is not involved in the design of a new innovation thinks it is their role to constantly improve the project, without being accountable for the execution. This is the danger of blindly following the HiPPO (Highest Paid Person’s Opinion).
If you want to prevent this happening to your own innovation project, then bring the decision makers on board where appropriate.
But agree the scope of the project as quickly as possible, and then validate if that scope is at all correct.
If it is not, then change the scope right at the beginning.
This can prevent the project scaling out of control, taking up budget and becoming too big to die.
And then when it is finally released, probably sinking immediately to the bottom of the sea.
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Did you know that scientific evidence shows your creativity decreases over time
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How Do Video Games Affect Global Players
1404 Words6 Pages
Abstract: The world nowadays is on the rise of technology, along with the development of electronic entertainment.
Not only that, people, especially children, are responding to this type of entertainment as part of their own life. The paper investigates the effect of one popular thing: video game. The paper examines both negative and positive impacts of video games on global players. In other words, games not only have abilities of relaxing people, impacts on brains’ flexibility and mind’s creativity, but also drain human’s health, causing many situations of addiction and even innovate players become crimes. Besides, there have been many arguments about video games among scientists, journalists and critics for a few decades and lots of researchs
…show more content…
The main reason is that people can give up the tiredness of daily life by letting their minds flowing in the adventure of the visual gaming world and do whatever they want or even control their dream in their own rooms. In fact, with the development of electronic entertainment, more and more people nowadays tend to contend that game is the best way get over all depressions. “A game is an opportunity to focus our energy, with relentless optimism, at something we’re good at (or getting better at) and enjoy. In other words, gameplay is the direct emotional opposite of depression.” said Jane McGonigal (6). Moreover, video games give a hand in improving brain’s reflexion of human. At University of London and University College London, the researchers recruited 72 volunteers and measured their “cognative flexibility” known as human’s ability to adapt and give multiple ideas to solve various tasks in a short time. They divided volunteers into 2 main groups: 1 team played Starcraft ( a real-time game requiring strategies in the way that players contruct and build their own army to fight others) and another team played Sims which didn’t require much memory or tactics. Both groups had to play 40 hours from 6 to 8 weeks, and as a result, group of people who played Starcrafts were more acurate and quicker in carrying out “cognative flexibility”…show more content…
First of all, Players will be addicted if they spend all of their time on playing. As a media expert and award-winning reseearch scientist, Douglas A. Gentile, Ph. D. has conducted various studies on the gaming subject and has accumulated a large volume of video game addiction statistics and information. His studies pointed out that approximately 9% of 3034 children expressed signs of game addiction, children in study play game average over 20 hours per week. (9) The main reason for game addiction is that online games have no pre-defined ends, the satisfaction of making social connections and the function of rewards based on leveling systems. Those factors resulted in the increase in the frequency of players, in order to compete other challengers and achieve their required ranks and awards. Hence, they keep on playing without concerning time and become the addicted ones. Secondly, Violent images and videos in games can make youngsters copy the same act and from that point, games invisibly plant a seed of crime on player. Scientists have investigated the effect of violent game on people for two decades. During that period, multiple meta-analyses have been carried out. Quantitative reviews since APA’s 2005 Resolution that have focused on the effects of violent video game use have found a direct association between violent video game use and aggressive outcomes (Anderson et al. 2010, Ferguson 2007a,
More about How Do Video Games Affect Global Players
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What Is the Maximum Recommended Phosphate Level for Drinking Water?
By Staff WriterLast Updated Mar 29, 2020 7:40:59 AM ET
The maximum level of phosphorus in reservoirs used for drinking water is no higher than 0.025 milligrams per liter, per the United States Environmental Protection Agency's recommendation. While phosphorus is generally considered safe for human consumption, extremely high levels may cause digestive problems due to toxicity.
Phosphorus is a naturally occurring element necessary for the growth of plants. Most phosphorus in water is taken up by plant life, but it can cause an overgrowth of algae and other water plants in rivers and reservoirs. Increased bacterial growth and toxins in the algae may be harmful to humans who come in contact with the water, eat contaminated fish or drink polluted water.
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Groundwater emerges from springs.
Spring water is cold, only 6 – 8 °C.
The temperature does not vary much throughout the year.
This means that cold springs are a stable environment in which to live.
The water is rich in oxygen and clean,
because the spring is constantly replenished
with new fresh groundwater.
For species which are sensitive to pollution,
low levels of oxygen or drought,
a spring is a place where they can survive.
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Sexual & Relationship Violence: SRV Policy
Relevant excerpt
1. Sexual Harassment: Sexual Harassment is a collective term that includes more specific forms of Prohibited Conduct as follows:
1. Title IX Sexual Harassment is conduct on the basis of sex that satisfies one or more of the following:
1. Actions by a University faculty or staff member conditioning the provision of an aid, benefit, or service of the University on an individual’s participation in unwelcome sexual conduct;
3. Sexual Assault, Dating Violence, Domestic Violence, and Stalking, as defined below.
2. Other forms of Sexual Harassment: consistent with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the recognition that Sexual Harassment may also occur in a wider variety of contexts, the University also defines Sexual Harassment to include any sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature, whether verbal, non-verbal, graphic, physical, electronic, or otherwise; or, any act of intimidation or hostility, whether verbal or non-verbal, graphic, physical, or otherwise based on sex or gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression, even if the acts do not involve conduct of a sexual nature; when one or more of the following conditions are present: … The conduct is sufficiently severe, pervasive, or persistent that it has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with, limiting or depriving an individual from participating in or benefiting from the University’s learning, working, or living programs under both an objective and subjective standard (hostile environment).
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Oral Hygiene
Plaque is essentially the start of gum disease problems. Plaque is a build-up of particles from the foods you eat every day. Once sugars are introduced to plaque, it turns into a tooth-eating acid that sits just above the gum line. If regular oral care isn't standard, the acid will start eating at the teeth and gums. Plaque that is allowed to sit for a prolonged period of time can cause cavities, gingivitis and other problems in your mouth. If it's left longer than that, serious dental procedures may be required to restore your decaying smile.
Proper brushing of teeth can be done in three steps:
1) Brush teeth gently using a circular motion along the outside and inside of the tooth surface while holding the brush at a 45 degree angle.
2) Make sure to brush each tooth individually and to use the front half of the brush in a circular motion vertically behind the front teeth.
3) Place the brush against the top of your teeth and use a gentle back-and-forth motion to brush. After brushing all your teeth, be sure to brush your tongue in order to remove odor-producing bacteria.
How do I use Dental Floss?
In order to floss properly, begin by taking approximately 18 inches of floss and winding one end a few times around your middle finger. Leave approximately 6 inches of floss between your hands and wrap the opposite end of the floss around your other middle finger once. Put the floss between your thumbs and index fingers and hold tightly.
As you insert the floss between your teeth using a gentle rubbing motion, curve the floss in the shape of a "C" and hug the tooth once it reaches the gum line. Move the floss up and down against the side of the tooth in a gentle manner, making sure you work the floss into the adjacent tooth before moving onto the next space. Before you move onto the next space, wind a little floss around your middle finger in order to get a new section of floss to work into your gums.
Fluoride is an important part of healthy tooth development and will help prevent cavities.
Fluoride can provide protection from tooth decay in a couple ways:
1) It helps to strengthen the tooth's enamel so it can repel the acid that is formed by plaque.
2) Teeth that have been damaged by plaque can repair and re-mineralize themselves with the help of fluoride.
Fluoride is incapable of repairing already-formed cavities, but it does assist in reversing low levels of tooth decay and helps in preventing new cavities from forming.
Get The Care You Deserve!
Get The Care You Deserve!
Dr. Levine of Willamette Valley Prosthodontics would love to meet you and your family. WVP can provide you with the dental care you need and give you the smile you deserve! Our offices provide the exceptional care you need to achieve the beautiful, natural look you seek. We can even reshape your natural teeth to make them straighter and more youthful. Our offices are easily accessible making it convenient for those living near Eugene or Salem to get the care they deserve.
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The Ocean-Climate Nexus
Securing a stable atmosphere and a resilient ocean for future generations
The Ocean sustains all life on Earth. It produces half the oxygen every human being breathes, absorbs a quarter of all of the CO2 emitted by human activities, and captures approximately 90% of the anthropogenic heat added to the global system. Despite its’ crucial interconnectedness with the Earth’s atmosphere, it is only mentioned twice under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) treaty regime. Beyond the climate treaty regime, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) contains provisions that may be applicable to ocean-climate issues, and Sustainable Development Goals 13 and 14 address the climate and the ocean, respectively. There is growing consensus that this disparate approach to the nexus between the ocean and the climate must be tackled, and at COP25 a joint proposal was accepted by the UNFCCC Secretariat for consideration of integrating the ocean-climate nexus into the formal climate negotiations at COP26 in November 2021. To maintain the health of the ocean, an ocean-climate strategy must address the risks and damages highlighted in the 2019 Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate while also accounting for the services the ocean provides. The pending climate negotiations place the ocean-climate nexus center stage and small island, big ocean states are the leaders for this ocean-climate strategy. Big ocean states already include the ocean in Nationally Determined Contributions and conduct blue carbon research.
From the Green Mountains to Small Islands
Tracking negotiations and conducting research in support of small island nations
This 3-credit hybrid classroom/experiential course will examine the negotiation of international climate change agreements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Paris Agreement signaled the beginning of a new, universal approach to combatting climate change, and negotiations continue. Through tracking negotiations and working on interdisciplinary, client driven research projects, this course will provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental issues, negotiation process, and political dynamics of the international climate regime. Sitting at the intersection of science, law, and practice, the course engages collaborators across disciplines to build the climate literacy necessary for working in the ocean-climate nexus space.
Student delegates interact with practitioners (e.g., diplomats, lawyers, negotiators, members of the private sector, NGOs, scientists). The following examples demonstrate the dynamic, experiential nature of this service-based learning course and skills-based training for the students:
• Participation in a Climate Negotiation Training Workshop, mock negotiations, decoding treaty language, drafting treaty text, and live negotiations.
• Interdisciplinary research projects pertaining to operationalizing ocean commitments under the Paris Agreement (e.g., blue carbon research, climate financing, legal frameworks).
• Exposure to internships, externships, and post-graduate fellowships.
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Molybdenum Disulfide and it’s applications for lubrication
The science of Molybdenum Disulfide is well established in the industrial community. Scientific and industrial literature describes Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) as a naturally occurring relatively inert, chemically stable, practically non-corrosive, non-toxic mineral commercially mined in Colorado, Idaho and South America. It is extracted from the ground, separated from other materials, cleaned, crushed purified and separated into particles of different size through screens of progressively finer mesh.* Molybdenum Disulfide has a particular affinity to adhere to metals with a peculiar mechanical-thermal chemical bonding that is not clearly understood to the scientific community (neither is aspirin or anesthesia understood). Even though we may not completely understand MoS2 on the subatomic level, industry and science does understand and can describe its physical properties and how it behaves as a dry lubricant on the microscopic level.
*Super Fine grade Moly is 99.7% (guaranteed 98%) pure. Particle size is from less than 0.05 to 8 microns (median 1.5).Technical Grade particle size:1 to 100 microns (median 30.0). (l micron = l millionth of l meter). Super Fine is expensive. One industrial supplier quotes about $3500 per 200lb drum. One scientific supply house quotes $40 for 4oz.
[img-frame align=’left’][/img-frame] The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at 150X magnification shows that even a highly polished metallic surface is truly rough and irregular on the microscopic level. Under the SEM the surface of a bearing appears like the Himalayan Mountains as seen from aircraft at 40,000 ft. Deep steep sided valleys separate the rough crags and peaks. In scientific language, this roughness with jagged high peaks and deep irregular valleys are termed asperities.
Now mentally visualize what happens to a bearing, under conditions of extreme pressure and heat passing over this rough surface. The metal is going to be abraded away, leaving behind sheared off metal particles that are packed down the valleys of the asperities. When metal deposits get down into these asperities. Unfortunately, it is the nature of metal, copper, and lead to keep building up on itself creating more groves.
Floating metal fragments are not good. A minimal amount of metal wear is not serious, but it does affect the valleys of the asperities and over time will significantly change the dimensions of the asperities, like a river will a canyon. Like the river in the canyon, bit by bit, rocks brake loose, so are metal fragments, causing more wear than before.
[img-frame align=’left’]×117.jpg[/img-frame] Elimination of this condition by chemical cleaning is needed to help reduce the increased wear.
The electron microphotograph has clearly shown Molybdenum Disulfide particles intruding down into the valleys of the asperities, covering the offending sharp crags or summits. This will appear similar to glaciers filling valleys and covering mountain peaks. The SCM measures the distance between the peaks as greater than 30 microns. Super Fine moly particles will completely fill and pack down into the valleys of the asperities, to form a uniform buffering of 0.0005 – 0.001 coating on the bearing surfaces.
Under the SEM microscope, we can see individual particles of MoS2. They have the appearance of rounded clamshells better known as plates. The plates appear stacked one on top of another. These plates adhere to each other. Molybdenum Disulfide has been described as conglomerate particles composed of associated platelets (small plates). These platelets have a mild attraction for each other. The platelets cleave off from each other rather easily with lateral (side ways) mechanical pressure. With mechanical pressure, moly platelets will slide and glide over each other in a shingling effect.
An analogy would be to picture moly particles as a deck of playing cards. If one puts downward pressure on them and then moves the hand to the right or left, the cards (moly platelets) will be spread out in a shingling effect of overlapping cards (platelets).
In addition, the particles of Molybdenum Disulfide are both relatively soft and non-abrasive. The shingling effect and the softness of the elements is specifically why MoS2 is ideal for lubrication uses.
[img-frame align=’left’][/img-frame] [img-frame align=’right’][/img-frame]
In a working analogy, imagine a sheet metal loading chute on which heavy boxes are moved from one end of the chute to the other. On that chute are decks of playing cards stacked side by side across the width and down the length of the chute. Throw a heavy box on top of the cards and chute, and push the heavy box down and off the chute. This is what would happen. The heavy box easily slides over the tops of the slick playing cards, the cards shingle under the weight of the box, cards slide over one another, but the box moves easily along down the chute. The more energy in the push; the faster the box moves. When we get to the end of the chute, the box goes zooming down and off the chute along with a lot of the cards. Boxes will keep on sliding easily down the chute as long as there are slick playing cards underneath shingling along with the box. When the supply of cards is at last exhausted, we come back to the steel surface of the chute. The box does not slide so easily any more. And so it is with moly, the same thing happens to moly conditioned surfaces, ie, bearings, cams, rings, etc.
There is no such thing as a “moly build up”. Moly either goes into the asperities and crystalline structure of the metal surface, or it stays suspended in the base lubricant. After a metal surface is “moly conditioned”, you will notice during oil analysis that the moly additive level won’t be as low as it was upon the first application. This is due to the plating action that occurred during the initial contact of moly and that surface, once plated it just passes by in the suspended state.
Note: Graphite and many other metallic materials often used in some other lubricating applications are less suitable. Graphite is a carbon compound and use of a graphite lubricant can contribute to a faster erosion. When two different metals such as copper and iron alloy, interface in the presence of atmospheric moisture and excellent conductor, (like carbon graphite), galvanic electrical currents are to some degree produced, resulting in metallic oxidation or corrosion and pitting. The automotive industry does not add graphite to oils where heavy PSI loads are encountered in conjunction with higher temperatures.
The relatively hard carbon graphite particles may have an abrasive effect in environments of high heat and pressure. Molybdenum Disulfide is ideal for these high temperature-high pressure applications. MoS2 will survive pressure into the neighborhood of a half million PSI and two thousand degrees F. in an oxygen depleted environment with practically no corrosion and erosion. MoS2 is relatively soft and is not corrosive and non-abrasive.
In microphotograph Figure 2, we see a clean, highly polished surface. It is being covered with particles of powdered MoS2 which adheres with burnishing on impacting to the metallic surface. Notice that the powdered moly invades and fills the valleys to the extent that it forms a buffering coating over the tops of the mountainous asperities. The general thickness of dynamic films of powdered MoS2 is in the area of l to 4 microns,(l to 4 one millionths of 1 meter) as measured by interferometry techniques. The use in bearings impacting moly particles over a metallic area achieves a fairly uniform coating over a short period of time.
In comparison, if that same polished metallic field sprayed with a soluble moly suspended in a lubricant (as in an aerosol application or motor oils), that metallic area would be completely and uniformly coated. Most bonded moly applications generally form a film thickness from 0.0005 to 0.001 (5/10,000 to 1/1,000).
Mentally picture bonded moly particles being sprayed on the rough mountainous surface. In the aerosol composition, the bonded moly particles are individually suspended and separated in a solution of solvents, waiting to be released and applied to the substrate field. When released, the bonded moly particles descend on to the materials surface similar to black snow falling on a recently plowed agricultural field. They adhere/bond to each other and to most clean materials with which they contact. The particles/flakes accumulate – filling the furrows (valleys of the asperities) and eventually cover the peaks. As particles continue to accumulate, they are bonded to the alloy forming the desired 0.0005 to 0.001 buffering zone. The buffering coating completely shields the under lying alloy from direct metal to metal contact, abrasion, corrosive agents, and extreme temperatures from combustion.
The bonded particles in the coating re-establish their properties of being able to delaminate and shingle along the lines of applied force and pressure. This shingling effect is again shown in the electron-photograph Figure 4. The picture center clearly shows the shingling effect of moly particles. This shingling effect of relatively soft moly platelets is what gives metal sufaces the gliding surface over which to travel without metallic wear and without moly buildup. The metal surface has no metal to metal contact – only moly to moly contact. That is; so long as the moly is present. Moly must be suspended in the lubricant so it can replenish any moly carried away under load. However, if there is insufficient moly in suspension, the moly supply is exhausted in growing bald spots. Again we would have metal to metal contact along with its associated wear. This is analogous to sledding down a hill in the winter where the cars have packed the snow down to a slippery glaze. You are really zooming along -slick and smooth – until you hit a bare spot with the cement or blacktop showing. Result, perish the thought!
The final result of the shingling effect of powered moly is a thin layer of moly powder deposited on a metallic surface. This coating is comprised of overlapping moly platelets measured by the scanning electron microscope to be 2 microns in thickness. Soluble moly layers are 0.0005 to 0.001. It has been suggested that this thickness is relatively constant. Any moly over this amount will be carried off under the pressure of an object passing over this surface and kept in suspension, ie, motor oil. The effect of the playing card like bridge, spanning the valleys or voids is important in that we have greatly increased the bearing surface. With peak to peak or point to point contact, tremendous pressures and temperatures are localized and concentrated on those points of metal to metal contact. Now, with the moly bridging or coating the entire surface, the bearing surfaces are relatively and uniformly in contact. The bearing pressure is now evenly distributed over a greater number of contact points. Also, the other metal alloys are not in contact with the each other.
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I'm researching the source of profit. In Marx I've found the following passage:
If then, speaking broadly, and embracing somewhat longer periods, all descriptions of commodities sell at their respective values, it is nonsense to suppose that profit, not in individual cases; but that the constant and usual profits of different trades spring from the prices of commodities, or selling them at a price over and above their value. The absurdity of this notion becomes evident if it is generalized. What a man would constantly win as a seller he would constantly lose as a purchaser. It would not do to say that there are men who are buyers without being sellers, or consumers without being producers. What these people pay to the producers, they must first get from them for nothing. If a man first takes your money and afterwards returns that money in buying your commodities, you will never enrich yourselves by selling your commodities too dear to that same man. This sort of transaction might diminish a loss, but would never help in realizing a profit.
Karl Marx - "Value, Price and Profit", 1865, the last pararaph in section VI "Value and labour"
I can't construct a numerical example which could illustrate this logic for me. It seems like even critics of Marx didn't argue against this passage just like it was very clear to them. But it not clear for me.
Please check my logic. Consider a capitalist who has costs of 10 USD per unit including others' margins of 5 USD. According to Marx she has to sell for at least 10+5=15 USD and it will be just a zero profit. But mathematically 15-10=5 USD and it's not zero. May be Marx means that these 5 USD of profit will be unavoidably spent for a bare survival of the capitalist. But why, if so?
Because an extraordinary profit can also be derived from preferences, and brand. Why would you pay 4x more on an Iphone? Apple's ability to raise its price is not due to the market power it has, but rather to consumer preference, brand preference. Just answered only what was in the title and not on the basis of Marx's theories
Your Answer
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Hypothalamic disease
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hypothalamic disease
SpecialtyNeurology, endocrinology
Hypothalamic disease is a disorder presenting primarily in the hypothalamus, which may be caused by damage resulting from malnutrition, including anorexia and bulimia eating disorders,[1][2] genetic disorders, radiation, surgery, head trauma,[3] lesion,[1] tumour or other physical injury to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the control center for several endocrine functions. Endocrine systems controlled by the hypothalamus are regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), corticotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, oxytocin, all of which are secreted by the hypothalamus. Damage to the hypothalamus may impact any of these hormones and the related endocrine systems. Many of these hypothalamic hormones act on the pituitary gland. Hypothalamic disease therefore affects the functioning of the pituitary and the target organs controlled by the pituitary, including the adrenal glands, ovaries and testes, and the thyroid gland.[2]
Numerous dysfunctions manifest as a result of hypothalamic disease. Damage to the hypothalamus may cause disruptions in body temperature regulation, growth, weight, sodium and water balance, milk production, emotions, and sleep cycles.[1][2][4] Hypopituitarism, neurogenic diabetes insipidus, tertiary hypothyroidism, and developmental disorders are examples of precipitating conditions caused by hypothalamic disease.
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are tightly integrated. Damage to the hypothalamus will impact the responsiveness and normal functioning of the pituitary. Hypothalamic disease may cause insufficient or inhibited signalling to the pituitary leading to deficiencies of one or more of the following hormones: thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, beta-endorphin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and melanocyte–stimulating hormones. Treatment for hypopituitarism involves hormone replacement therapy.[1]
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus[edit]
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus may occur due to low levels of ADH production from the hypothalamus.[1][5][6] Insufficient levels of ADH result in increased thirst and urine output, and prolonged excessive urine excretion increases the risk of dehydration.[6]
Tertiary hypothyroidism[edit]
The thyroid gland is an auxiliary organ to the hypothalamus-pituitary system. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produced by the hypothalamus signals to the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then stimulates the thyroid to secrete T4 and T3 thyroid hormones.[7][8] Secondary hypothyroidism occurs when TSH secretion from the pituitary is impaired, whereas tertiary hypothyroidism is the deficiency or inhibition of TRH.[7]
Thyroid hormones are responsible for metabolic activity. Insufficient production of the thyroid hormones result in suppressed metabolic activity and weight gain. Hypothalamic disease may therefore have implications for obesity.[9]
Developmental disorders[edit]
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is another releasing factor secreted by the hypothalamus. GHRH stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete growth hormone (GH), which has various effects on body growth and sexual development.[1][5] Insufficient GH production may cause poor somatic growth, precocious puberty or gonadotropin deficiency, failure to initiate or complete puberty, and is often associated with rapid weight gain, low T4, and low levels of sex hormones.[5]
Sleep disorders[edit]
Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, a disabling condition in which one's sleep/wake cycle is longer, or rarely, shorter, than the standard 24 hours, is thought to involve or be caused by, at least in some cases, an abnormal functioning of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus.[10][11]
1. ^ a b c d e f Sylvia L., A. (2004). Hypothalamic disease. In Editor-in-Chief: Luciano Martini (Ed.), Encyclopedia of endocrine diseases (pp. 678-687). New York: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B0-12-475570-4/00714-9
2. ^ a b c MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Hypothalamic dysfunction
3. ^ Rehan, K. (2011). An Overview of the Hypothalamus The Endocrine System’s Link to the Nervous System. Retrieved from http://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-hypothalamus
4. ^ Carmichael, J. D., & Braunstein, G. D. (2009). Diseases of Hypothalamic Origin. In D. W. Pfaff, A. P. Arnold, S. E. Fahrbach, A. M. Etgen & R. T. Rubin (Eds.), Hormones, Brain and Behavior (3005-3048). Los Angeles, CA: Academic Press
5. ^ a b c Rose, S. R., & Auble, B. A. (2011). Endocrine changes after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Pituitary, doi:10.1007/s11102-011-0360-x
6. ^ a b Maghnie, M., Altobelli, M., Di Iorgi, N., Genovese, E., Meloni, G., Manca-Bitti, M. L., . . . Bernasconi, S. (2004). Idiopathic central diabetes insipidus is associated with abnormal blood supply to the posterior pituitary gland caused by vascular impairment of the inferior hypophyseal artery system. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89(4), 1891-1896.
7. ^ a b Martin, J. B., & Riskind, P. N. (1992). Neurologic manifestations of hypothalamic disease. Progress in Brain Research, 93, 31-40; discussion 40-2.
8. ^ Chiamolera, M. I., & Wondisford, F. E. (2009). Minireview: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the thyroid hormone feedback mechanism. Endocrinology, 150(3), 1091-1096. doi:10.1210/en.2008-1795
9. ^ Pinkney, J. (2000). Obesity and pituitary disease. Pituitary News, 17. Retrieved from http://www.pituitary.org.uk/content/view/166/122/ Archived 2012-01-20 at the Wayback Machine
10. ^ Stores G (2003). "Misdiagnosing sleep disorders as primary psychiatric conditions". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 9 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1192/apt.9.1.69.
11. ^ Stores G (2007). "Clinical diagnosis and misdiagnosis of sleep disorders". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 78 (12): 1293–7. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.111179. PMC 2095611. PMID 18024690.
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How Vaping Can Be Dangerous
June 3, 2021 In Uncategorized
How Vaping Can Be Dangerous
E Vaporizing is the latest craze. An electronic cigarette is a modern electronic device which replicates the physical act of smoking tobacco. It consists essentially of a tank, an atomizer, and a circuit board just like a battery or Capacitor. Instead of tobacco, the user breathes in vapor instead. As such, utilizing an electronic cigarette is frequently described as “vaping” rather than smoking.
Many people associate e-liquid with vapor cigarettes. However, additionally, there are several different variations of this product. Some vaporizers provide you with a better option than purchasing a pricey machine and purchasing refill kits.
It is important to be well informed about any products which claim to mimic the specific act of smoking a cigarette. The truth is, they do not. In fact, in many cases, they can prove more dangerous for you as you breathe the vapor they produce.
Electronic cigarettes usually do not typically contain nicotine, which is known to be one of the most harmful chemical compounds. However, they do contain chemical agents which have been recognized to cause cancer. These agents are carcinogens or toxins. In fact, many scientists think that smoking in general is really a reason behind cancer, particularly in the digestive system.
E-liquids usually do not contain nicotine, which means they are safer for your lungs. They don’t cause cancer or other health issues either. But, they are still considered a poison, depending on amount you have inhaled. For instance, e-liquids can cause long-term health damage to the lungs if they are used over a long time frame. The vapor contains smaller amounts of some toxic metals such as lead. Long-term contact with even small levels of these metals can cause cancer.
As stated earlier, the main difference between vaporizing regular cigarettes and vapors made by e-liquids is the medium by which they pass. That is why, it really is generally recommended that you merely use vaporizing devices with wick filters. If you are using a device with out a filter, you run the chance of inhaling huge amounts of acidic chemicals called acrylamide and benzene.
Among the major problems connected with e cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapies (like patches) is that there is little or no research to aid the claims these products help reduce cravings for nicotine. Many smokers have considered them in an effort to “quit” the habit, but the scientific evidence does not support their use in the future. In fact, there is good evidence that these products can increase the likelihood of becoming dependent on nicotine. Scientific evidence from the American Heart Association and the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention have both concluded that there is no significant benefit to using electric cigarettes over nicotine replacement therapies. They figured there are no differences in the rates at which smokers use cigarettes or nicotine replacement therapies between these groups.
There are various different chemical reactions that happen in the body when you use tobacco or nicotine. A few of these reactions tend to be more apparent than others, although some are not evident at all. This is what makes identifying the average person chemical reactions that go on inside your body so important. It isn’t enough to say Vape that smoking is bad for your health. You must also be able to explain to people the precise chemical reactions that take place in your body in order to reduce your threat of getting cancer and other tobacco related diseases.
The ingredients in cigarette smoke and the chemicals found in e-cigarette liquid are very similar. Most people have no idea this, but there is a reason why they feel just like they are smoking and why they get nicotine addiction. These chemicals make their way into your bloodstream. Nicotine is quickly absorbed into your bloodstream. Many of the additives used to create e smokes and tobacco look and taste much better than normal cigarettes, however they still have the same addictive quality.
When you inhale vapor made from nicotine or other toxins, the chemicals get into your lungs and bloodstream immediately. For that reason, it is not a very healthy way to quit. Even though you are able to quit completely, there is no guarantee that you’ll not suffer health complications later on as a result of not consuming vapor created from toxins. Included in these are cancer, heart attacks and strokes.
Since the problem has become so severe, there were calls for the government to modify e-liquids. Unfortunately, our government is completely toothless when it comes to regulating these dangerous chemicals. The only way we can make sure that e-liquids are properly regulated is through the use of the national academies of sciences and technology’s voluntary standards program. This is a global body that sets voluntary standards for several pharmaceuticals that are found in medicine. Only the highest quality pharmaceuticals are accepted by this voluntary program.
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Macbeth test
“Fair is foul, and foul is fair”. -who said it: the witches -significance:though events, things and people may seem good or bad; however, after careful examination, they turn out to be opposite.-circumstance:the witches are eerie, chanting tones, they make plans to meet again upon the heath, after the battle, to confront Macbeth. As quickly as they arrive, they disappear.
“Yet do I fear thy nature; it is too full o’ moly of the human kindness.” -who said it: Lady Macbeth-significance:she fears that due to Macbeth’s nature, he is “too full o’ th” human kindness” and cannot “catch the nearest way” in order to rise to power and accomplish what is necessary to do so-circumstance:she says it in a soliloquy after reading a letter sent from Macbeth, talking about his encounter with the witches
“When shall we three meet again in thunder, lightning, or in rain? When the hurlyburly’s done, when the battle’s lost and won”. -who said it:first witch -significance:The first witch asks her sisters when and under what conditions their next meeting will take place. She suggests that the sisters meet again in what appears to be a number of possible weather conditions that could be hospitable to witchcraft. -circumstance:the witches are eerie, chanting tones, they make plans to meet again upon the heath, after the battle, to confront Macbeth. As quickly as they arrive, they disappear.
“If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me”. -who said it:Macbeth-significance:Macbeth is saying that if fate wants him to be king, perhaps fate will just make it happen and he won’t have to do anything.-circumstance:Ross tells Macbeth that the king has made him thane of Cawdor, as the former thane is to be executed for treason. Macbeth, amazed that the witches’ prophecy has come true, asks Banquo if he hopes his children will be kings.
“Nothing in his life became him like the leaving it; he died as one bag had been studied in his death to throw away the dearest thing he owed, as ‘t were a careless trifle”. -who said it:Malcolm-significance:-circumstance:
“Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t.” -who said it:Lady Macbeth -significance:lady Macbeth is basically telling Macbeth to appear innocent, but be deadly-circumstance: lady Macbeth is telling Macbeth that in order to succeed in killing Duncan he has to be sneaky
“I dare do all that may become a man; who dares do more is none” -who said it: Macbeth-significance: Macbeth says he’s not a coward; he does everything a proper gentleman would do in his situation. -circumstance:Macbeth paces by himself, pondering his idea of assassinating Duncan. He says that the deed would be easy if he could be certain that it would not set in motion a series of terrible consequences. He declares his willingness to risk eternal damnation
“I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself, and falls on the other.” -who said it: macbeth-significance:trying to rationalize his impending murder of King Duncan. Unfortunately, as Macbeth has just explained to himself, there’s no real justification for the crime. Duncan is his relative, a meek and pious man, a good king, and, furthermore, a guest at his castle-circumstance: he’s trying to rationalize his impending murder of King Duncan.
“Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand?” -who said it: Macbeth -significance: Macbeth is envisioning a dagger floating in the air before him, its handle pointing toward his hand and its tip aiming him toward Duncan. -circumstance: Macbeth and Banquo agree to discuss the witches’ prophecies at a later time. Banquo and Fleance leave, and suddenly, in the darkened hall, Macbeth has a vision
“There’s daggers in men’s smile.” -who said it: Donalbain-significance:Donalbain said this to Malcolm in an aside to inform him that they are in the midst of a traitor-circumstance: after their father was killed Malcolm and Donalbain whisper to each other that they are not safe, since whoever killed their father will probably try to kill them next.
“What’s done is done”. -who said it: lady Macbeth -significance: she is saying that there is no use worrying about something you can’t control -circumstance:Macbeth enters and tells his wife that he too is discontented so she tells him how there is no use worrying over something that he already did
“With all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, making the green one red” -who said it: Macbeth-significance: he is going crazy and he’s asking if all the water in the world can clean his hands of the blood -circumstance: conscience is disturbed by what he’s done
“Double, double toil and trouble; fire burn, and cauldron bubble.” -who said it: all witches-significance: it’s apart of their spell-circumstance:In a dark cavern, a bubbling cauldron hisses and spits, and the three witches suddenly appear onstage. They circle the cauldron, chanting spells and adding bizarre ingredients
“Out, damned spot! Out, I say!” -who said it: Lady Macbeth-significance: she is hallucinating blood on her hands and trying to get it off-circumstance:she is hallucinating and rubbing her hands together as if she is washing them
“All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.” -who said it: lady Macbeth-significance: she still has blood on her hands and all the perfume can’t make her hands smell better-circumstance: lady Macbeth is sleep walking and enters in a trance with a candle in her hand. Bemoaning the murders of Lady Macduff and Banquo, she seems to see blood on her hands and claims that nothing will ever wash it off.
“I hear a charmed life”. -who said it: macbeth-significance: he’s telling macduff he can’t die because he can only be killed my someone who was born by a women but macduff was a csection-circumstance:macduff and Macbeth are about to battle
“Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player that strides and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more: it is a tale told by an idiot, full of spun and fury, signifying nothing.” -who said it: macbeth-significance: can be read as a dark and somewhat subversive commentary on the relationship between the audience and the play. After all, Macbeth is just a player on an English stage, and his statement undercuts the suspension of disbelief that the audience must maintain in order to enter the action of the play-circumstance: he has just heard his wife has died
Dramatic irony the audience’s or reader’s understanding of events or individuals in a work surpasses that of its characters.
Pathetic fallacy the attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, especially in art and literature.
Tragic hero a literary character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction.
Tragic flaw a literary device that can be defined as a trait in a character leading to his downfall and the character is often the hero of the literary piece.
Pathos a quality that evokes pity or sadness.
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Question: How Strong Is A Single Brick Wall?
Are brick walls strong?
Clay bricks are stronger than concrete and many other building materials.
How much force can a brick wall withstand?
How many bricks should a bricklayer lay in a day?
600 bricksWorking at average speeds one good bricklayer might lay 600 bricks in the day. So 1200 bricks between the gang will amount to 20m² of single skin face brickwork (60 bricks per m²).
Which is stronger brick or cement block?
Compressive strength of concrete blocks is higher than clay bricks. Concrete blocks have much higher water resistance. They do not absorb water, thus it can be said they have a consistency close to waterproof. Concrete has shorter expected life than clay brick.
How do you strengthen a brick wall?
The most familiar strengthening methods are: partial and overall re-laying of the wall, steel tie-beams, low- or high-pressure injection, strengthening steel bars stacked into the wall’s joints or strengthening by the use of steel and concrete elements.
Are all brick walls load bearing?
Remember that most home’s exterior walls are load bearing. Regardless of whether it’s made of wood, brick or another material, nearly all exterior walls will extend right into the concrete; thus, you may want to think twice before knocking down an external load-bearing wall.
How strong is a brick?
Brick can have an ultimate compressive strength as low as 1,600 psi. On the other hand, some well-burned brick has compressive strength exceeding 15,000 psi.
Is single brick wall safe?
It will crack along the mortar joints and even crack the bricks once one gets started. Single layers can be used for short walls a couple feet high but become unstable the higher you take it. It will also require double layer pillars every 6–8′, or some other form of vertical support.
How high can a single brick wall be?
How long will a brick wall last?
100 yearsAccording to the International Association of Certified Home Inspectors (IACHI), brick buildings are built to last 100 years or more. Of course, that only happens with proper maintenance and normal wear and tear. Routine inspections help identify sources of leaks, damaged mortar and cracks.
Which wall is stronger and why?
Answer. The third wall is stronger than the other walls because it is made out of bricks while the others are made of wood and hay. Out of them all the brick has the strongest strength! So it can not collapse easily!
Which is cheaper brick or block?
What is the maximum height of a brick wall?
Safe heights for walls of different thicknessesZone 1 *wall thicknessZone 1 max. heightZone 3 *wall thickness½ Brick525mm½ Brick1 Brick1450mm1 Brick1½ Brick2400mm1½ Brick100mm Block450mm100mm Block2 more rows•May 13, 2013
How high can you build a brick wall without planning permission?
Erecting a new fence, wall or gate will not require need planning permission if: it would be below 1 metre high and next to a road used by vehicles (or the footpath of such a road) or below 2 metres high elsewhere.
Are bricks worth it?
Low-maintenance: Brick itself is a relatively low-maintenance building material, thanks to its durability and color retention. Unlike vinyl siding or wood, it won’t rot or dent and doesn’t need to be painted after installation. … Weather and fire resistance: Bricks are noncombustible and don’t aid in the spread of fire.
Is it hard to build a brick wall?
A brick wall, which will require mortar, is a difficult project. Experts say that you shouldn’t even try to build a brick wall over 4 feet high (1.2 meters) on your own unless you are an experienced bricklayer [source: Hessayon]. A short wall, on the other hand, might be a manageable task.
What is the strongest brick?
Class A engineering bricksClass A engineering bricks are the strongest, but Class B are the more commonly used.
How do you insulate a single brick wall?
Insulating Single Brick Wall Remove old paint and plaster from walls. Wash down to remove all dust and paint with 2 coats of bitumen. Fix 50mm layer of kingspan to the walls with silicon dabs. … Batten at 600 centres using 25mm battens. Fix 25mm polyboard insulation between the battens. Board with 12.5mm Plasterboard.Mar 3, 2014
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Updated date:
What Is the Difference Between Affect and Effect?
The words affect and effect are often confused in the English language. Even native English speakers use the two words incorrectly . The difficulty lies that both sound similar and both can be used as nouns and verbs.
Both words come into English from Latin through Old French. Despite the similarities between the two words, the etymology is different. Hence the reason why affect and effect have different usages and different meanings in English.
Etymology of Affect
Affect comes the from Latin verb, afficere, meaning to influence. It entered English through Old French from the Norman Conquest. By the Middle Ages, affect meant to infect or to attack.
Affect also has a second source in Latin that came from Old French. The Latin verb, affectare, means to aspire to, to desire, or to aim at. It eventually became to mean to make pretense of.
However, this is where the etymology gets interesting. Affect also comes from the Latin noun, affectus, meaning a disposition or mood that is caused by external influences.
Do You Know How to Use Effect and Affect?
1. He was a very ________ speaker.
• effective
• affective
2. How did his speech _________ you?
• effect
• affect
3. I love that movie's special _________.
• effects
• affects
4. My allergies are _________ me.
• effecting
• affecting
5. He was great at __________ his plan.
• effecting
• affecting
6. ____________ today, we will all have to wear badges.
• Effective
• Affective
7. The hurricane's ________ was catastrophic.
• effect
• affect
8. The hurricane didn't ________ the town up the coast.
• effect
• affect
9. He made an __________ boss.
• effective
• affective
10. Did he have that __________ on you?
• effect
• affect
Answer Key
1. effective
2. affect
3. effects
4. affecting
5. effecting
6. Effective
7. effect
8. affect
9. effective
10. effect
Interpreting Your Score
If you got between 0 and 3 correct answers: 0-3: Time to brush up on your grammar.
If you got between 4 and 6 correct answers: 3-6: Okay, you have some idea between effect and affect, but you need to hit the books and study harder.
If you got between 7 and 8 correct answers: 6-8: Threw you a tough two or three, didn't I? Overall not too bad, but you could stand to review affect and effect a bit more.
If you got 9 correct answers: 8-9: Not bad. Not bad at all. You know the difference between affect and effect, don't you?
If you got 10 correct answers: 9-10: Are you a grammar Nazi like I am? Goodness! You've scored perfect or nearly perfect!
Etymology of Effect
The word effect has a similarly convoluted etymology to affect. It comes into English by way of French as well from a Latin word. In Latin, the noun is effectus, meaning a performance or accomplishment. It gradually came to mean the completion of something or execution. By the late 1400s, it grew to mean the ability to produce an intended result. By the 1500s, the word shifted to mean a result, consequence, or purpose.
However, effect also came to mean something perceived as real, thus creating the word that we use when we say sound effects or stage effects.
To make effect even more confusing, as a verb, effect comes from the Latin word efficere, meaning to accomplish, similar to the noun. It grew to mean to produce as an intended result.
General Difference Between Affect and Effect
The general difference between affect and effect is that affect is most often used as a verb and effect is often used as a noun. However, affect can be used as a noun occasionally and effect can be used as a verb. The etymology of each gives you an idea how the words can be used as nouns and verbs.
Affect as a Verb
When using the word affect as a verb, it means to act on something, to change or alter something. It can also be used to describe a change of a mental state. Examples of using affect as a verb:
• The hurricane didn't affect the coastline, but went out to sea.
• His father's death affected him deeply.
Affect as a Noun
When using affect as a noun, it describes a particular mental state rather than an action. It is used often in psychology in describing someone's emotional state. For example:
• His affect was gloomy after his favorite football team lost.
• Buying her lunch and talking about her problems improved her affect considerably.
Effect as a Noun
When using the word effect as a noun, it means a result, consequence, or cause. It may also refer to the ability to change something or influence it. It may also describe something perceived. Examples of these are:
• The effect of the hurricane was catastrophic.
• He pushed on the boulder, but his efforts had little effect.
• I love going to movies for their special effects.
Effect as a Verb
Effect can be used as a verb to mean something that changes something or accomplishes something. A few examples of this are:
• The dark lord effected the final stage of his evil plan.
• Sally's new ideas effected the company's change from start up to a mid-sized corporation.
Improper Use of Affect and Effect
Many people use affect and effect improperly. Here are some examples of improper usage of the word.
• That movie effected me and I thought about it all day. (Should be affected instead of effected.)
• That special affect was something. (Should be effect for affect.)
• I don't know why that effected the dog; he shouldn't bark. (Should be affected instead of effected.)
• Her effect was rather sad. (Should be affect.)
• How did that effect you? (Should be affect.)
© 2018 MH Bonham
MH Bonham (author) from Missoula, Montana on September 26, 2018:
Thank you! Glad you liked it!
Tajwer Shakir on September 26, 2018:
Very well written and explained ma'am! And I scored 7/10 in your quiz too!
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Quick Answer: Can A Daughter Inherit A Dukedom?
What is the son or daughter of a duke called?
The younger sons and the daughters of a duke or marquess are, by courtesy, termed Lord X or Lady Y Smith.
The wife of Lord X Smith is called Lady X Smith, as in the case of Lady Andrew Cavendish.
a woman married to the younger son of an earl or any son of a viscount or baron..
Is a Lord higher than a Sir?
Can a daughter inherit an earldom?
Peerages and baronetcies are hereditary, and only children whose parents are married can inherit them. Most are passed down to the firstborn son, a practice known as “male primogeniture.” Some can be inherited by the eldest daughter if a younger brother doesn’t arrive; others go extinct if there is no male heir.
Can the title Sir be inherited?
As listed, the hereditary titles are: Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron. … For example, Sealand’s hereditary titles include the Count, Duke, Lord, Baron, and Sir titles.
What is a female Earl called?
Can an American inherit a British title?
So, an American citizen cannot be named a Prince, Duke, or any other noble title by our own government. However, the Constitution does not ban American citizens from receiving titles of nobility from other countries, and a child could actually be born into both.
Is the title of Baron inherited?
Does the Lord title get passed down?
As you know, the title Lord is still in use in modern English society. … 1: Inherited their title: For example, hereditary peer Lord Wedgwood became a Lord following the death of his father when the title passed to him. 2: Were given a life peerage: The Queen can also make someone a Lord.
Is a duchess higher than a countess?
Can females inherit baronetcy?
Baronetcies usually descend through heirs male of the body of the grantee, and can rarely be inherited by females or collateral kins, unless created with special remainder, for example: with remainder to heirs male forever (Broun baronetcy, of Colstoun (1686), Hay baronetcy of Alderston (1703), etc.)
Can daughters inherit titles?
Usually there is a limitation on the remainder, ie the title is limited to the male heirs of the body, legally begotten (ie legitimate), but some patents contain a special remainder, whereby other members of the family (for example, daughters, brothers or sisters or their children) may inherit the title.
Can you inherit a dukedom?
How are titles inherited?
Often a hereditary title is inherited only by the legitimate, eldest son of the original grantee or that son’s male heir according to masculine primogeniture. … A title may occasionally be shared and thus multiplied, in the case of a single title, or divided when the family bears multiple titles.
Can an unmarried woman be a duchess?
Duchess: Is the female equivalent to a Duke. It can be used by an unmarried woman in her own right, or by the wife of a man with the title “Duke”.
What would the daughter of a duchess be called?
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Is Vapor From E-Cigarettes Really LESS HAZARDOUS Than Smoking?
Is Vapor From E-Cigarettes Really LESS HAZARDOUS Than Smoking?
Vaping: Vaping Health Risks, Frequency and Socio-economic Impact. E Cigarettes or vapes have rapidly recognition over recent years. It will come in different sizes and shapes, having customizable characteristics and appealing flavors. Considered a sleek nicotine alternative, they appeal easily to both adults and the older generation. So what are the pros and cons of vapes?
vaping health risks
There are plenty of associated with the usage of the smokes or vaporizers. Included in these are the dangers of nicotine consumption, potential health threats from secondhand smoke and issues of lung cancer. Let’s take a look at these issues individually:
First, there is the chance of nicotine addiction. Nicotine is highly addictive, meaning that your body adapts by increasing the degrees of receptors found in the mind. It also increases the level of dopamine released into the bloodstream, which can affect the brain development of the individual. Along with having damaging effects on the mind development of the individual, prolonged use can lead to other mental health complications such as depression and anxiety.
Third, there are numerous harmful unwanted effects to E-Cigarettes which were known to develop when used regularly. Long-term use can cause irritations of the chest, stomach, throat and lungs and can cause problems with the absorption of nutritional substances such as calcium and magnesium. Some individuals experience difficulty in sleeping and may experience anxiety, depression and changes in moods. Many of these side effects have been associated with long-term usage of E-Cigs. Some students who use E-Cigs report sleeping better during the night and experiencing fewer nightmares than their peers. These benefits are because of the fact that E-Cigarette users experience less anxiety and depression and higher energy.
Fourth, there are many of lung injuries that can be caused by E-Cigarette use. One of the most common injuries caused by E-Cigarette users is called a “rug” or “tumor”. A “rug” is really a bruise. A “tumor” can be an injury that’s caused when E-Cigarette fluid goes inside the lungs or heart and causes scarring.
Fifth, additionally, there are several dangers associated with E-Cigarettes and the most recent addition to the household of smoking products is Vaping. Unlike smoking, Vaping does not cause lung injury or death. However, because vapor from E-Cigarettes isn’t completely smoke free, it can create all sorts of chemical and viral irritants in the air. Lots of people who suffer from asthma experienced their medical conditions compounded after they started smoking traditional cigarettes because of the fact that they were not in a position to breathe easily while puffing on their E-Cigarettes.
Finally, although there are lots of E-Cigarette health risks, do not require are considered very serious by the meals and Drug Administration. However, this will not mean that E-Cigarette use is totally safe. There are numerous reports of minor E-Cigarette related problems. In order to avoid these problems, ensure that your E-Cigarette is properly stored when not in use rather than let anyone else use it, including small children.
With regards to E-Cigarette safety, all of the potential dangers are worse than smoking. For instance, because E-Cigarettes do not contain tar and nicotine, there is no rock or cancer causing nicotine content in the merchandise. However, there is one significant problem with E-Cigarettes that may cause a few E-Cigarette users to develop lung injury. This problem is called “rosin flush syndrome”. But not as common, it is known to be due to improper or low voltage e-cigs and really should be avoided when possible.
In conclusion, vapor from E-Cigarettes is generally less safe than smoke from a traditional cigarette. While it is safe to some extent, there are numerous of significantly increased E-Cigarette health threats that should be considered when choosing to use E-Cigs. Make sure to use proper safety precautions when working with E-Cigs. If you feel comfortable, then use E-Cigs to help reduce your overall body toxicity.
Overall, vapor from E-Cigarettes isn’t substantially safer than smoking cigarettes. However, E-Cigarettes are considerably less safe than smoking cigarettes when you consider the potential carcinogens, such as nicotine. Subsequently, it would be in Vape Pen your best interest to quit smoking if possible and use E-Cigarettes instead.
The Dangers of Vaporizing – Tips For Newbies
dangers of vaping
The Dangers of Vaporizing – Tips For Newbies
The reality concerning the dangers of Vaporizing Marijuana is that it is still unknown to many people. Only a couple of individuals who openly admit to Vaporizing pot are in fact doing this for medical purposes, and there have only been a handful of studies done on the subject. Unfortunately, many individuals that not even know the dangers of Vaporizing Marijuana smoke are doing so to conserve money. If you are one of these brilliant individuals, I strongly suggest that you rethink your decision. There are far more positive methods to use marijuana which are both legal safe and affordable.
One of the main dangers of Vaporizing Marijuana is the fact that it could become addicting. It is much easier to light up a joint than it really is to smoke a cigarette. Lots of people who start smoking cigarettes and later try Vaporizing Marijuana find that they actually enjoy it far more than they enjoyed smoking tobacco. These same individuals also find that their cravings are much less frequent and that their moods improve.
Another danger of vaporizing marijuana is that some vaporizing devices, particularly the e-cigarette, can produce secondhand smoke. This smoke is known to still carry quite a number of health risks, such as cancer and bronchitis. A whole lot worse, there are also many dangers connected with secondhand smoke and the vapors of the devices.
A lot of smokers have reported experiencing headaches, depression and other mental health Juul Compatible Pods conditions. The electronic cloud of Marijuana contains a high concentration of chemicals along with other toxins, that can be very harmful if inhaled on a regular basis. This is also true of teens who utilize the Cigs regularly. These same teens often experience withdrawal symptoms if they attempt to stop smoking; symptoms which are generally fatal.
One of many dangers of Vaping Marijuana is that young adults often confuse it for being less harmful than regular tobacco use. While it does have fewer health risks than cigarette smoking, young adults are still using vaporizers to get around the lack of option of cigarettes in their areas. This is not necessarily a very important thing, since vaporizing products usually contain dangerous levels of nicotine, tar and mold.
While vaporizers might seem relatively harmless when compared to health risks of smoking, they are able to still cause significant harm. The chemicals found in the smokes are not easily diluted, especially those within pharmaceutical drugs. Children might not always understand the future health risks involved in vaporizing cigarettes, which can result in them looking to get cigarettes or other tobacco products from someone who is already addicted.
Adults are not the only ones who should be worried about the dangers of the cigarettes. Pregnant women must be careful concerning the products that they use while they are pregnant. Because vaporizing tobacco products often contain nicotine, pregnant women who are trying to avoid nicotine without causing withdrawal symptoms could unintentionally vaporize drugs or toxins. In addition to the dangers of vapors, women that are pregnant face the dangers of inhaling the chemicals which are used to create the vapor. Inhaling these chemicals can cause negative health effects, such as for example nausea, dizziness and also seizures. For this reason, it really is strongly recommended that pregnant women to stay from the smokers and vaporizers.
Free Online Baccarat Games – The Way to Play Baccarat
baccarat online
Free Online Baccarat Games – The Way to Play Baccarat
Perhaps you have heard of baccarat online? It is just a wonderful card game which has quickly become a favorite way for players to win money while playing online. If you want to learn the art of baccarat and are on a budget, it can be played without investing any cash at all. All you need is really a computer and an Web connection. It is also accessible by using cell phones, including Blackberrys.
Simply select a casino game from the set of online casinos above and click to open the play 솔레어카지노 page. Choose which game you want to play, and choose one of the many recommended casinos from the list. Enter your details and select a username. This is the name you’ll use to log into your account. Go through the play now button and deposit money in your account.
Now play baccarat online at any number of casinos, you start with the free ones. Some online casinos ask that you register plus some do not. There is no minimum level of play in any case. The main thing players should know before they begin playing at baccarat online may be the house edge, that is the difference between the expected payoff and the amount that the house pays whenever a player bets on a bet.
If the number of players at a baccarat table is leaner than the expected amount of players at a normal table (ten players), the opportunity of winning is lower. Which means you should avoid playing baccarat online if the number of players is less than the 3rd card (dealer’s card). On a three card table, the expected payoff is about two or three times greater than what the home pays out. So remember that the house has an advantage over the players when baccarat is played in this manner. Also remember that the house may fold at a certain time even if you can find few players at the table so you may still have the opportunity at winning even if the dealer holds.
The home always has some late comers in the afternoon that are playing baccarat online for very cheap because they have not yet reached their bets for the day. These players are the ones who try to beat the casino with a fake bet in an attempt to get lucky and win real money. Unfortunately for them, they only make up for their early starters by betting more by the end of the night than the actual amount they started with. That is called getting lucky and is one of the reasons live dealer baccarat is so popular among players who enjoy benefiting from others’ mistakes.
It is possible to avoid getting lucky like this if you play baccarat online. You need to therefore learn to read casino charts that show the chances of all different outcomes for each game. Most online casinos charge a small fee for accessing these charts. However, a number of them likewise incorporate this with the games. It pays to accomplish some research and see which website has the best offers for mini baccarat and learn from there.
Some free baccarat online games offer you a bonus code. These could be entered during the sign up process and provide you with free baccarat as well as other games. It might be advisable to take full advantage of them as it enables you to get more for registering. However, it is best to talk with the casino first particularly if this can be a major one. Many casinos will end up capping the quantity of bonus codes they give with their customers. It would therefore be unwise to waste your baccarat online time hoping for a bonus code to run out.
There are lots of forms of baccarat games online. It is possible to play at home on your pc. Alternatively, you can use the online casino system at your favorite casino. You can also choose to play baccarat with other players sitting in the home or even around the world. If you are seeking to improve your game, the web casinos offer you a chance to do so by playing against some of the best players in the business.
Sub Ohm Tanks, Juicers, And A Variety Of Accessories Make Vaping Juice Easy
Vaping juice from the microwave has turned into a trend in the last couple of years as more people would like convenient ways to get their daily dose of fruit. Vaping juice from the microwave is easy, quick, and can be considered a fantastic alternative to the original way we consume our day to day dose of fruit. Here are some of the best benefits you will experience when mixing your personal juice in the microwave.
vaping juice
This kind of e-juice does not give off a distinct taste like other types of juices. Because it will not include a distinct taste, vaping juice from the microwave offers a great possibility to change the taste of one’s drink without having to add extra ingredients. Vaping juice from the microwave is simply the liquid employed in all e-liquids and produces real steam along the way. It usually contains propylene glycol but is normally free from propylene glycol in accordance with individual preference.
Because it is manufactured out of a liquid that is heat sensitive, it will be easy to control the amount of heat it gets subjected to for a longer period of time. This enables for more flavor variations that you would not have with other styles of e-juices. Because the flavors aren’t extracted from the juice solution, there is absolutely no chance of over extractions that may result in bitter tasting and sometimes dangerous flavors. Some vaporizing juices may even contain chemicals within their mixture which could leave your body susceptible to adverse effects. By allowing a little bit of time for the heat to go through the solution, you can ensure your body does not ingest harmful ingredients with the vapor.
Because of the small amount of heat subjected to the answer, standard vaping products have a tendency to produce thicker and stronger flavors. By vaporizing juice from standard devices instead of from personal vaporizer or e-liquids, it is possible to ensure that you get the maximum benefits. You can get exactly the same amount of flavor with less vapor and less heat in a typical device. The results can also be an improved consistency in the finished product. Addititionally there is no need to use a nicotine solution since they are generally nicotine free and so are safe to use with all e-liquids.
While there may be some flavor differences between various brands of e-liquids, most will create a sweet and smooth taste that lots of enjoy. In fact, some might take it as far as to calling it candy. When choosing which one to buy, you have to be sure you are purchasing a strength that is close to what you will drink while smoking. If you drink plenty of coffee or other strong beverages, you might want to choose a higher strength juice to get the best experience. Otherwise, you might like to decide on a low strength option that may still taste good.
You can find two main types of Nicotine Strength Juice: low and high. Low Nicotine is ideal for people who do not want strong flavors. Many people that are not certain if they desire to try this sort of product gravitate toward the bigger nicotine strengths. They offer exactly the same satisfaction as cigarettes but offer less nicotine content. You can find many delicious low nicotine juices. Some of these flavors include fruit flavors like Mandarin orange, pomegranate, raspberry, cranberry, and even wintergreen.
High nicotine content of liquids are usually blended with natural flavors to cover up any flaws. The nicotine content can reach upwards of twenty milligrams or even more. This makes them extremely addictive and hard to stop. They may take up to three weeks to break the initial addiction. Those who are trying to quit smoking or are having trouble quitting cigarettes may want to try a high strength liquid to help them get through the a down economy.
Vaporizing your juice utilizing an e-Liquid charger will allow you to take advantage of any flavors you need or switch it up once in awhile. If you enjoy experimenting with different flavors as well as blending different levels of juice then this is an excellent way to do it. You can also find plenty of different sub ohm tanks, along with a variety of other accessories that will allow you to quickly create new flavors or utilize them in conjunction with your present favorites.
Maximize YOUR WEB Casino Bonus Experience
Maximize YOUR WEB Casino Bonus Experience
All online casinos will offer you a certain kind of online casino bonus. These bonuses tend to be referred to as “roller” or “bribe” bonuses. What they actually do is automate the process of playing at the web casino. For example, instead of actually having to log in to the casino to use a casino gaming system, you merely have to simply log onto the casino’s website. Once there, you 더킹 카지노 주소 will be able to visit the web casino’s bonus section, and from there, it will be possible to perform your transactions with a few simple clicks of the mouse.
online casino bonus
All bonuses will have a different payout threshold, so be sure you understand what this is and what games are accepted and which aren’t. Use an online casino bonus calculator to determine your required minimum wager. Some online casinos require that without a doubt at least one percent of your wagering account (often under five percent) to meet the payout threshold. Other casinos, however, don’t have any minimum wagering requirements at all.
Remember that not absolutely all casinos have these same withdrawal rules. Some casinos have very specific withdrawal procedures for their online casinos. Others haven’t any rules at all. You should make sure that you realize what the policies are before starting using them. This way, should anyone ever need to withdraw from your own bonus, it will be easy to do so without any problems.
While you are signing up for a fresh account having an online casino, you will usually receive a welcome message which has detailed instructions on how to take full advantage of the bonuses you are entitled to. In addition to the welcome message, you should get a link that you can use to log into your new account. Most casinos permit you to log in using your primary email address. However, you should make sure that it’s encrypted before you login.
It may look tempting to play more than one casino, while you are playing for free. The problem is that some casinos match bonuses from multiple online casinos. In case you are playing at a site that does not match the casinos you are playing at, then you won’t make as much money as if you had matched your free casino deposit bonus with a real money game at a licensed casino. Be sure that the web casino that you are playing at has a deposit bonus that you may match with another online casino.
As you play and win more money, you may start to get a deposit bonus from the casino offers you get. Make sure that the online casino offers you a free money bonus, to help you use the bonus to buy other items that you might need. The free money bonus that the casino gives you should not be a lot more than what you would get with fifty wins. If it is, you may find yourself wasting the bonus.
It is very important take into account that the casinos that you join may not have all the features and bonuses that you will be interested in. Factors to consider that the casinos that you join have all of the features you want and need. Some casinos is only going to have slots while others may offer different variations of poker, blackjack and craps. Make sure you choose casinos that offer you the forms of games that you enjoy playing.
If you are looking to earn the most cash possible with casinos online, then you should be looking for the best bonuses. These bonuses are similar to the promotions that exist in offline casinos. The bonuses that the casinos offer you will match the rate of your first deposit. When you have a lot of money to put into an online casino, you need to look to maximize your return on investment by obtaining the best bonuses.
Online Slots Casino Bonuses – Ideas to Help You Win MORE INCOME
Online Slots Casino Bonuses – Ideas to Help You Win MORE INCOME
Online Slots is a popular online casino that gives players the opportunity to play online slots in a convenient online casino playing site. Simply click PLAY NOW to join up at Harrah’s Online Casino, make your initial deposit and make the most of all of the exciting online slots available. You can find all sorts of online casino games to play, all made just for you and for the guests. For those people with basic computer skills, there are simple text based versions to play online Slots. But if you more experience with online gambling, perhaps you’d enjoy playing one of the online casino’s many live online casinos.
online Slots
There are two types of online Slots, bonus and non-bargain. Non-bargain Slots have no monetary value and so are purely a kind of amusement. The welcome bonuses on these Slots can earn you much more than the actual winnings! In some instances, the welcome bonuses can double everything you win on a single spin!
Bonus Slots give players the chance to multiply their initial investment. Bonuses certainly are a method for online casinos to encourage people to keep playing and learning. Every slot game has six paylines, or symbols, upon which your winnings can be multiplied. These pralines are printed directly on the screen when you select a casino game. The longer your stay, the more times your winnings can increase!
Many online casinos offer multi-table one way spins as bonuses for utilizing their slots casino. Multi-table one way spins are a great way to learn about the slots and increase your knowledge of how each particular machine works. Because multi-table ones aren’t controlled by the machine, you are able to sit at any table and play every one of them as well. This offers a unique opportunity to observe slot machines in operation in a non-competitive environment.
Online Slots is a way to play for the money and win, without ever leaving your home. When you initially visit an online casinos site, choose a place that offers a free trial slot games. While playing these games, observe the bonus symbols are displayed on the screen. There’s usually a brief video explaining the many symbols displayed on the screen and the amount of coins they 온라인 바카라 represent. Some online casinos offer a set of these symbols and their effects on the amount of cash you can win. Search for this information to help you choose the slot games offering the very best bonuses!
There will also be an image of the symbols displayed on the payline, together with the amount of coins involved in each slot. Notice what the payout amounts are, the minimum paylines and max bets for each game, and the symbols used in the graphics and payout display. These graphics and logos often let you know a lot about the type of machine you are playing.
It’s easy to get overly enthusiastic in the excitement of trying to get the largest jackpot or top prize possible when playing slots, so making the effort to read online Slots casino bonuses along with other Slots information is essential. When you have these details before you enter the overall game, you’ll be more prone to stay within the limits set by the casino. Take time to read the online Slots reviews aswell. Most Slots sites offer customer testimonials and reading these can offer you a better idea of set up casino supplies a quality experience. Take all the information you gather and put it to good use!
Playing online slots can be quite a smart way to win some quick money. Before you enter all of your personal information, however, it’s important that you research each of the different online casinos to get the one offering the best bonuses and high payouts. Then use these winning tips to keep playing and win even more! All the best!
Exactly why is it rated Among the Best Devices for Building Your Own E-Liquids?
smok pen
The Smok Pen is really a small and handy device which you can use to write on the computer and never have to touch any keys or screens. When you are done writing, it is possible to simply flush it out of the device and leave no trace of smoky marks on your own keyboard. It is very simple to operate as well. Here’s how to use it.
Connecting the Pen: To work with this pen, you need to connect it to the USB connector port on your laptop first before turning it on. It is not too complicated to take action. On the other hand, you might find it a bit difficult for connecting the battery first.
Turning on the pen: As a way to turn on the pen, you will need to press the fire button on underneath (or side) of the pen. You’ll immediately feel its heat. That’s because it has a very efficient heating system that can fire the heating coil at around 700 degrees Fahrenheit. For that reason, smoky fire produces from the pen.
Recharging the Battery: After utilizing the pen for a specified time, you need to recharge it. It can be rechargeable by simply unplugging the charging cable from the wall outlet and placing the cap back on. Another way to charge it is by connecting the very best end of the non-removable battery to the pen’s charging port. It is very important note that if you are charging your pen, you should not touch any parts of the tank itself as they can be destroyed by heat generated by the heating coil.
Looking after the Coil: One of the most important things to keep in mind when using your Smok Pen is to never touch the tank of these devices when the juice is merely about to boil. This is to protect the battery. When the juice is near the boiling point, the coil in the Smok Pen starts to obtain hot and releases the juice by means of vapor. In the event that you attempt to touch the coil while the juice is still hot, you may damage it. Instead, let the vapor to cool before you remove it by holding the tab on underneath of the tank.
Durability: The pen’s body is made of durable materials, therefore you have a reliable product which will last for a long period of time. There are also rubber gaskets on the bottom of the pen and round the rubber tube that help in preventing leakages. This construction makes the Smok Pen durable to utilize even for a lifetime.
Features: The cool factor of the smok vaper pen is its design, as it looks like a pen that you’ll use on your desktop. It comes with an extended clip that allows you to write or draw on the screen easily. After that, the pen includes a smart heat sensitive LED display that will ensure you have an accurate reading no matter how hot the environment is. On the other hand, the Smok 1600mah battery may be used to power the LED, as it has a long charge life in comparison with its other counterparts.
Performance: The Smok 1600mah battery was created to deliver powerful, steady and smooth vibrations. Compared to other pens that are of similar size and weight, this one has the capacity to produce strong vibrations that are more than enough to get rid of the smoky taste from your e-juice. Even if you use the Smok Pen for just a short period of time before switching to its sub-ohm replacement, you will experience fast and reliable pen smoking performance. There is absolutely no doubt that the Smok Pen is an excellent choice for gamers looking for a pen that looks good but performs exceptionally well. Check out the other parts of this exceptional e-juice making apparatus to understand why it is rated as one of the best devices for building your personal customized e-juices.
vapor cigarette
An electronic vapor cigarette is basically an electric device which simulates traditional tobacco smoking. It typically consists of a tank, an atomizer, and a power source just like a battery or cellular phone battery. Rather than tobacco, regarding these devices, the user inhales vapor instead. As such, utilizing an electronic vapor cigarette is frequently described as “vaping.” As with smoking, though, vapor is bad for your lungs.
There are two main types of electric cigarettes. The first, which is the least popular type, is called a drip machine. This consists of a tank, a heating element and a cartridge. The heating element is responsible for heating the liquid in order that it can be vaporized. After the liquid is heated, it undergoes the heating element and the cartridge, which often contain nicotine.
Another type of vapor cigarettes is called a mechanical device. Like the name implies, this kind of cigarette is powered by a mechanical process instead of heat. The heating element is in charge of warming up the liquid and vaporizing it. In much the same way as with traditional cigarettes, after the liquid reaches a certain temperature, it is then passed through the cartridge.
The problem with these devices comes from their design. Because they rely on heat to generate vapor, they can often result in an explosion. For the reason that heat is a potential explosion hazard. An extremely recommended alternative to these devices would be to purchase an atomizer.
An atomizer is a new type of cigarette that will not include a heating element or perhaps a cartridge. Instead, it depends on its own internal chemical reaction to vaporize the herbs along with other ingredients. It is very different from a traditional device, nonetheless it is an extremely safe alternative. It has fewer health risks than a traditional device, but it has been reported to have a shorter battery life than a traditional device aswell.
Another important difference is found in just how an e-liquid is heated. Traditional cigarettes have a heating element that causes them to vaporize. The e-liquid includes a very heating component, which causes it to boil. When this happens, it creates a suction, which draws in additional nicotine salts in to the liquid. The heated portion then sucks the moisture from the surrounding air.
The vapor pen has been reported to possess a higher use than other devices. Which means that the vapor is stronger, which increases the amount of vaporization. The upsurge in vaporization is due to the fact that the vuse is less than half as strong with the vapor pen since it is with traditional cigarettes. A higher vuse also means that the e-liquids are less likely to heat up and turn toxic. The e-liquids are not heated, so there is no danger in burning the surface of the paper when you take a drag.
The final difference is found in the design of the heating element of the e Cig. The heating component of a traditional device may cause a brief circuit in the coil, which leads to these devices being overheating. With a variable voltage e-Cig devices, it really is impossible to experience this problem because they do not have a heating element. This eliminates this risk completely, making these devices much safer to utilize than traditional cigarettes.
Finally, electric cigarettes are much more affordable to use in comparison to other nicotine delivery systems. They are more convenient to use as well, and can be utilized anywhere. You can purchase a traditional device for about $50, whereas an electric cigarette only costs about $20 to purchase. That is cheaper than most nicotine products. However, even though it is cheaper to buy, you’re still getting a top quality electronic cigarette, not a low quality or refurbished product that will not last very long.
The vaporizer market is changing rapidly, with many services currently on the market. A few of these newer products, like the Smok devices, offer a method for consumers to still get the nicotine they need without the harmful chemicals within traditional cigarettes. Electric cigarettes offer an alternative that many people cannot appear to quit, and this new innovation could put them back into the comfort zone making use of their nicotine fix. As consumers continue steadily to discover the new great things about electronic cigarettes, the demand will continue steadily to grow.
There are various brands to choose from when it comes to electronic cigarettes. There are lots of types of devices as Juul Compatible Pods well, including mechanical ones and electronic pens. They all have their pros and cons, but you can determine which is right for you by researching the merchandise and learning whenever you can before purchasing. There is no better way to determine if this type of smoking alternative is right for you personally than considering the reviews of the different products. When it comes to the best e-cigarette, this may come down to personal preference. No matter which model you select, the important thing is finding a method for quitting smoking that works for you personally.
JUST HOW LONG Do Vaping Cigarettes Last?
JUST HOW LONG Do Vaping Cigarettes Last?
An electronic vapor cigarette can be an electronic devise that closely resembles tobacco smoking at its core. It typically consists of a small electric battery, an atomizer, and a tank just like a cartridge or plastic bottle. Rather than smoke, the vaper inhales only vapor instead. Just like a cigarette, utilizing an electronic vapor cigarette is frequently referred to as “vaping.” However, it differs in a number of key ways from a cigarette in both appearance and operation.
vapor cigarette
Electronic Cigalikes (also called vaporizers) are not cigarettes. The reason being is that they do not have a tobacco base. The difference between a cigar and a cigarette is that, in the case of a cigar, the smoker places a cigar like a stick in the mouth and holds it there while it burns. With an electronic cigarette, an individual doesn’t even need a stick to hold it in place. Instead, all it needs is a special cartridge or tank, which typically comes separately from the product.
Along with devoid of a tobacco base, an electronic cigarette also lacks nicotine. Nicotine is really a highly addictive stimulant found in the tobacco plant. When nicotine exists in your body, it works to boost the body’s production of a certain neurotransmitter called dopamine. This increase in dopamine is what produces feelings of pleasure and satisfaction in individuals who regularly consume tobacco products. Having less nicotine, however, means that users must rely on other sources of a lift to achieve the same “high” that they got from smoking a cigarette.
Other differences between a vaporizer and a cigarette are the quantity of power or “mp3” power that it has and the mixtures of nicotine and other chemicals it contains. Generally, the stronger the e-liquids are, the less nicotine is contained within them. Many people who use a vaporizer don’t need the nicotine because they don’t use tobacco. However, numerous others who do use cigarettes discover that they enjoy a specific amount of the nicotine when they are smoking but do not get as high a rush when they inhale the e-liquids. For this reason, they often recommend an inferior, lower power version of the vaporizer that contains a lesser concentration of nicotine and therefore produces a milder high.
Electronic cigarettes that contain the nicotine that smokers crave can also be used with the electric cigarettes called vaporizers. These are extremely popular with the smokers that are constantly finding themselves irritated or sore from the act of smoking cigarettes a cigarette. Because of the similarity to vaporizers, it isn’t uncommon for someone to refer to the e-Cigs as a vaporizer when they are actually utilizing the devices so as to inhale the vaporized mist rather than taking a puff.
An e-Cig has two basic parts: the heating element or coil, and the variable wattage (or voltage) coil. The heating element is situated inside the body of the e Cig, as the variable wattage coil is placed atop the coil. Once you have a drag on the e-Cig, you’re actually releasing some vapor from the heating element in Juul Compatible Pods to the coil. The coil is what produces the variable voltage e Cig’s vapor output.
Perhaps one of the most common ways to change the output of the e-liquid would be to upgrade or replace the variable voltage battery. You’ll be able to purchase disposable variable voltage vapor pen batteries for used in these electronic cigarettes. The only thing different about these disposable batteries may be the level of volts they produce. Vapor pens differ slightly from vaporizers since there is no heating element present, however they still work by releasing vapor into the air. The main difference between the two is that the electronic cigarette runs on the heating element and a battery.
The ultimate way to regulate how long your electronic cigarette should last is to test it out. In the event that you haven’t purchased a vaporizer yet, then it is highly recommended that you get one immediately. These vaporizers are highly affordable and are packed with features, such as variable wattage, variable voltage, interchangeable cartridges, easy cleaning, etc. To be able to smoke like a cigarette, you then owe it to yourself to get one of these vaporizer!
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The Disappearance Of Childhood By Neil Postman
944 Words4 Pages
Even though childhood has change for the better there is an argument stating that childhood is disappearing “at a dazzling speed” (Postman, 1996) says that there is a closing gap between childhood and adulthood. Neil Postman (1996) claims this in his book “The Disappearance of Childhood”. Postman theory was purely based on the way that communications through technology were made which shapes society today. He thinks that due to the technology such as television and the Internet children nowadays are much likely to have more access to the ‘adult world’, thus childhood to be disappearing (Postman, 1982). He claims its “Frankenstein Syndrome” consequence of the mass media is mainly the responsible for the usage of television, and the social media. Palmer (2007) parallels this study with Postman (1982) and thinks that parents tend to use technology such as television and electronic games to keep their children occupied and to be quiet due to their busyness or maybe too preoccupied by consumerism to give the children the traditional childhood. The book makes durable case for the traditional values and through her study has noticed that children need to develop skills such as developing their focus. She also recommends real food rather the ones high in sugar and more fish oil, eaten at family meals. Another study has also been made by Pugh (2002) he proposes that parents that spends time with and on their children is “consumption as compensation”. The parents who are “cash-rich
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• Robert Spicer
Some Questions For Pro Bono
Theoretical approaches to charitable work by lawyers are ambivalent, to say the least. For example, in October 2006 the President of the International Bar Association, writing in The Lawyer, made the following points: • Many countries do not have the benefit of the rule of law. • The effects of this can be measured in a lack of certainty for investment. • This commercial reality conspires to prevent the economic fillip which these countries so badly need. • Internationally focused pro bono work can advance the rule of law. • There is a need to emphasise more strongly the nexus between respect for the rule of law and the benign investment climate which it necessarily presents to the international community. • Social and economic stability is a prerequisite for the attraction of investment. • The legal profession can do much to help countries construct the framework of the rule of law and help to bring about an environment in which international investors can bring a much-needed injection of capital. These statements can be seen as an overtly expressed link between pro bono, profit-making and successful capitalism.
Use of Latin The dictionary definition of “pro bono”, an abbreviation of pro bono publico, is “free, used to denote the giving of free legal advice and services”. “Free” is a simple word of Old English origin, easily understood by anyone of normal intelligence, which can easily replace three Latin words. Why do lawyers who provide their services without charge continue to use the term “pro bono”? References to Latin maxims and phrases in Law Reports are now so rare that they attract considerable attention. The use of Latin is discredited and is often criticised by the judiciary. ”Pro bono” continues to be used by those who assume that it’s a “good thing” without any rigorous theoretical analysis. But there are a number of question marks and a need for self-examination and criticism on the part of those who unquestioningly accept the benefits of legal charity and who fail to reject Latin terminology. How do non-charging lawyers who label themselves “pro bono” react, for example, to the statement of Lord Justice May in Fryer v Pearson and Another (2000), that people should stop using maxims or doctrines dressed up in Latin which are not readily comprehensible to those for whose benefit they are supposed to exist? Or, a judicial statement of 1940 which made the following points: Counsel has strenuously contended that the master’s action was novus actus interveniens, which broke the nexus or chain of causation, and reduced the unseaworthiness from causa causans to causa sine qua non. I cannot help deprecating the use of Latin or so-called Latin phrases in this way. They only distract the mind from the true problem, which is to apply the principles of English law to the realities of the case.
There is a suspicion that the continued, unquestioning use of the phrase “pro bono” reflects the increasing Americanisation of the English legal system. For many American lawyers, pro bono work is an essential element of their career progression and a crucial factor in the corporate identity of large law firms. A leading American lawyer is reported to have made the following comments: We are fortunate to live in a country with a mature and effective legal system. People in many other countries are less fortunate. A lack of functioning and effective courts, corruption and shortages of competent lawyers are affronts to justice and to basic human rights. They also hold back a country’s development. They lead to people taking the law into their own hands. And refugees will stream from countries where legal systems offer no protection. This can be seen as an argument that unless we give charitable legal help to the unfortunates of this world who are not blessed with the English legal system, we will face a flood of lawless refugees.
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Natural Computing in Mobile Network Optimization
Natural Computing in Mobile Network Optimization
Anwesha Mukherjee (West Bengal University of Technology, India), Priti Deb (West Bengal University of Technology, India) and Debashis De (West Bengal University of Technology, India)
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0058-2.ch017
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Nature inspired computing has been widely used to solve various research challenges of mobile network. Mobile network refers to mobile network, sensor network and ad hoc network. This chapter has focused on the application of nature inspired computing in mobile network. In this chapter, the bio-inspired techniques for wireless sensor network, mobile ad hoc network and mobile cloud computing are discussed. Ant colony optimization is used in sensor network and mobile cloud computing for efficient routing and scheduling respectively. Bee swarm intelligence is used to develop routing schemes for mobile ad hoc network. Bird flocking behavior is used for congestion control in wireless sensor network. The research challenges of bio-inspired mobile network are also illustrated.
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Nature inspired computing (NIC) has grown up since more than a decade. NIC focuses at the development of new computing techniques with the ideas of how nature acts in different scenarios for solving complicated problems. NIC has become an interesting research area because of the technological growth in computer science. NIC techniques are applied in the field of physics, biology, economy, management, engineering etc. The models may be ant colonies or swarms, they are appropriate to model an intricate and dynamic system (Hu, Eberhart, & Shi, 2003). NIC techniques are flexible and applicable for various problems (Dorigo & Stutzle, 2010). These methodologies are adaptable because they can handle invisible data and are able to learn. The methods can manage the partially complete data set. Thus these methods are called robust. The vast majority of these algorithms are imitative from biological systems in nature.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a popular NIC method that is developed by close scrutiny of the swarm behavior of fish and bird (Hu et al., 2003). The theory of particle swarm is basically originated from the simulation of the behavior of the real time living swarm. Observation of choreography of a bird flock leads to the preliminary theory for optimizing problem based on swarm intelligence incorporating nearest neighbor velocity matching, environmental ancillary variables, multi-dimensional search and acceleration by distance (Kennedy & Eberhart, 1995). Like genetic algorithm, it is also an evolutionary technique. In this technique, every possible solution with respect to the problem is considered as particle; hence few particles are chosen randomly to form a swarm. This swarm acts as the real time swarm such as bird flocks, ant colony etc. The behavioral activities of a swarm are reflected through mathematical model that has been applied on the computational swarm seeking for optimal solution for the problem. This is known as Particle swarm optimization technique. Like Genetic Algorithm (GA), PSO is popularly used as a population based optimization tool although PSO has no evolution operators like mutation or crossover (Bonabeau, Corne, & Poli, 2010). PSO is a stochastic optimization approach that is based on population and motivated by communal conduct of fish schooling or bird flocking (Pant, Radha, & Singh, 2007). Bee colony algorithm is discussed based on the honey collecting behavior of bee swarms (Yan, Zhu, Chen, & Zhang, 2013). An enhanced version of PSO is proposed by developing hierarchical interaction topologies and this is referred as Multi-swarm Particle Swarm Optimizer (Chen, Zhu, & Hu, 2010). Using swarm intelligence, Bat Algorithm (BA) is formulated on the basis of the echolocation of bats (Yang, 2010). Echolocation is basically a kind of sonar which is used by bats to perceive prey, evade hindrances and trace their roosting fissures in dark (Yang & Gandomi, 2012). In order to resolve the problem related to multi-objective optimization, BA is modified to form Multi-objective Bat Algorithm (MOBA) (Yang, 2011). Multi-objective optimization problems basically involve multiple criteria in decision making. Such types of problems find application in economics, finance, optimal control, optimal design and radio resource management. MOBA is tested using a subset of relevant test functions to get an efficient solution.
Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is proposed on the basis of the behavior of ants seeking for paths between the source of food and their colony (Dorigo & Gambardella, 1997). In general, ants wander randomly in search of food and after finding food they revisit the colonies. On the path they release pheromone trials (Colorni, Dorigo, & Maniezzo, 1991). Other ants finding such a path follow the pheromone trials rather than moving randomly. However the pheromone trials get evaporated with time, thus reducing the effectiveness of the search. More the time taken by the ant to traverse the path more is the chance for the pheromone to get evaporated. Therefore when an ant gets a good short path for food in the colony, other ants go behind that path. Positive feedback finally leads all the ants to go after the path. Based on the honey collection behavior, bee swarm algorithm is discussed in (Karaboga, 2005). A survey on the existing NIC techniques is carried out in (Karaboga, Dervis, & Akay, 2009).
Key Terms in this Chapter
Handoff Management: Handoff management is an important area in mobile computing. Handoff management is generally categorized into two types: hard handoff and soft handoff. The resources allocated by the previous cell are first released in case of hard handoff. After that the resources of new cell are allocated to the subscriber in this case. But in soft handoff first the resources of the new cell are allocated to the subscriber and then the resources of the previous cell allocated are freed.
Wireless Sensor Network: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is composed of sensor nodes with various sensing abilities e.g. temperature, light, acceleration etc. Sensor nodes collect the status of an object and send to the sink node. These sensor nodes can interact with each other. Wireless sensor networks are used to monitor the status of real time environment. The sensor network consists of a number of sensor devices which are deployed over a geographical area. Sensor network protocols and algorithms possess self-organizing capabilities. WSN nodes encompass the following components: embedded processor, low-power sensing device, power module and wireless communication subsystem. The embedded processor is used for collecting and processing the signal data taken from the sensors. Their processing capabilities are utilized to perform computations locally and convey the required data only which is partially processed. Wireless communication subsystem is used for data transmission. The power source consists of a battery with a limited energy budget. Sensors make a measurable response if any change occurs in the physical condition like temperature, humidity etc. The communication technologies used in wireless communication are RFID, Zigbee, IEEE 802.15.4 etc. Sensor networks consist of different sensor nodes such as acoustic, thermal, radar, seismic and visual able to monitor a variety of condition including humidity, temperature, vehicular movement, soil makeup, pressure, the presence of certain objects, noise levels etc. Sensor nodes can be used for continuous sensing, event detection, event ID, location sensing and local control of actuators. The applications of wireless sensor network can be categorized into military, environment, health, home, disaster relief. Different deployment technologies are used for wireless sensor network: Regular deployment where sensor nodes can be allotted according to a well planned, fixed manner. In such case data is travelled through a predefined path. This deployment is generally used in home networks, industrial sector etc. Random deployment means distributed sensor nodes over a finite area. When the sensor node deployment scheme is not predefined, optimal positioning of cluster head becomes vital for energy efficient network operation. Sensor nodes can be featured with mobility where nodes can move to manage the deployment difficulties and passively moved about by an external force i.e. water, wind and vehicle. This type of sensors is generally used in battle field surveillances, emergency situations i.e. fire, Volcano, Tsunami.
Mobile Ad Hoc Network: A self configured network, infrastructure less mobile network. Here two or more devices are associated wirelessly. If two nodes are situated in the radio range of each other, they can communicate directly. Else they communicate with the help of other nodes. When two nodes communicate in a network, a unique identity is compulsory. The configuration of Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) takes place dynamically in an automated way. Thus it is called as a self-organized network. MANET is an infrastructure less network also where the nodes connect with other wirelessly. In Latin ad hoc means “for this purpose”. In a MANET the nodes move about independent of other nodes hence, the links between nodes are frequently broken and established. The nodes in a MANET forward traffic that is not linked to it. Hence it serves as router. If the nodes are within the transmission range of each other then they can communicate directly, but if they are not then they communicate via other nodes. In a MANET each participating nodes must maintain the necessary information required to route packets. As the nodes are mobile in a MANET, the network topology is changed dynamically. MANETs are also susceptible to various security threats. The features of MANET are: seamless communication between nodes and suitable environment for ubiquitous mobile computing, infrastructure less and self-configured, supports mobility, seamless connectivity is maintained even when the nodes move about from their positions, the nodes act as router and forward unrelated packets, ability to discover nearby nodes, computations take place in a decentralized way, resource availability is limited, wireless connectivity range is limited, and vulnerable to various security threats.
Mobile Cloud Computing: Mobile cloud computing is an integration of mobile computing and cloud computing. Due to the advancement in mobile network, mobile web users are increasing explosively. But the mobile device suffers from poor battery life, limited resource and storage capacity and limited computation power. To overcome these problems, cloud is incorporated into the mobile network services. In mobile cloud computing, the data storage and computation takes place as a whole or partially inside the cloud. As a result, the processing power of mobile device is saved and consequently the battery life is increased. Mobile cloud computing provides mobile cloud applications to a wider broad range of mobile users. Mobile cloud computing is a combinational infrastructure of two domains: cloud computing and mobile computing. Mobile cloud computing is composed of three components: mobile network: it contains the mobile devices such as smart phones, laptops, tablets, PDA etc and the network operators. These mobile devices are connected to the network operator through the cellular base station, satellites or access points; Internet service: it acts as a bridge between the mobile network and the cloud. The requests of users are forwarded via wired or wireless connection to the cloud; and Cloud service: when the cloud controller receives user's request, it processes the required application and returns the result to the user. In cloud, the data center offers the hardware facilities and infrastructure. The services related to storages, servers, hardware, networking components are provided to the user in the Infrastructure as a Service layer. Platform as a Service layer offers various platforms such as .NET, PHP, Java etc. Software as a Service layer provides various software solutions.
Offloading: The remote execution of an application inside the cloud is known as offloading. Offloading can be full and partial. If an application is executed fully inside the cloud at remote server side, this is called full offloading. Else if an application is executed partially inside the cloud, this is known as partial offloading. In this case, rest of the part is executed inside the mobile device. Offloading refers to the data transfer from a digital device to another digital device. It is a solution where computations are migrated to the resourceful computers in order to increase the capabilities of mobile devices. This method is different from the conventional client-server architecture. Client can be of two types: thin client and fat client. In case of thin client, data processing and transformation are performed at cloudlet; the client i.e. the mobile device is responsible only for retrieving and returning the data when it is being asked without any considerable processing. Applications which contains huge algorithm are unable to get processed only by the mobile device. Such applications are required to be executed inside the cloudlet for fast processing. Face recognition and voice to text translation are examples of such application. In case of fat client, the server is responsible for managing the data access only where most of the processing and transformation take place inside the client i.e. the mobile device. The mobile devices which are able to process resource rich applications are called fat clients. Instagram is a popular application which can be installed inside a mobile device. Using this application user can take a photo or video, and then can transform it and post on social networks. In such a scenario small processing takes place inside the cloudlet. This is an example where mobile devices serve as fat clients. For mobile devices cyber foraging is proposed. It is described as a mechanism to augment the computational and storage capabilities of mobile devices through task distribution.
Macrocell: Microcell is the second largest cell in mobile network. It has a coverage area of 500m-2 km. It has a coverage area of 1-20 km. Due to medium coverage area, the power transmitted by a microcell base station is high but less than that of a macrocell base station.
Macrocell: In a mobile network the coverage area of a base station is known as cell. Macrocell is the largest cell in mobile network. It has a coverage area of 1-20 km. Due to large coverage area, the power transmitted by a macrocell base station is very high but at the boundary region the received signal strength is low.
Femtocell: Femtocell is a secure, low power and low cost cellular base station. It is usually allocated in an indoor region. It can serve limited number of users. It is connected to the core network through a security gateway which provides data transmission securely. Femtocell has a very small coverage area of 10-20m. Femtocell is also known as Home Node Base Station as it is generally deployed at indoor region. As the coverage area of a femtocell is very small, the power transmission by a femtocell is very low but the signal strength under its coverage is high.
Heterogeneous Mobile Network: If different categories of cells are used to cover a region, then this is called heterogeneous mobile network. In heterogeneous mobile network two-tier architecture is popular where femtocells are allocated inside the macrocell. Femtocells can be allocated within the microcell also to provide good indoor coverage. In heterogeneous mobile network, picocells are also used along with macrocells, microcells and femtocells. A picocell has a coverage area of 4-200m.
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Environmentally Friendly Toilets for Your Home? Yes, There Are!
Toilets are an essential part of every home whether you have one shared bathroom or two or three bathrooms throughout your home. They help safely control and dispose of human waste. However, conventional toilets tend to waste a lot of water. Older toilets use six gallons of water to flush the waste down the drain.
Consider a family of four, who on average flush the toilet six times each throughout the day. This amounts to 24 flushes and 144 gallons of water each just to use the bathroom. Now, if the family were to replace their existing water-wasting toilets with new environmentally friendly toilets that only use 1.6 gallons per flush, they could help conserve water.Toilet
With the new eco-friendly and water-saving toilets installed, now this family of four only uses 38.4 gallons of water each day to flush their toilets. This is a 105.6-gallon reduction in water usage. Over the course of a year, this family would help conserve and save 37,171.2 gallons of water! In addition, they would notice a major reduction in their water bill each month since they were using less water.
Now imagine this family lived in a small subdivision with 24 homes and each home on average was also using 144 gallons of water every day to flush their toilets. If every home upgraded to new low flush toilets, the entire community could have conserved and saved 892,108.8 gallons of water every year!
Other Eco-Friendly Toilet Options
There are also low-flow dual flush toilets that use even less water. These toilets have two different flushes opens—one for liquids and the other for solid waste. The liquid waste flush only uses 0.8 gallons of water, while the solid waste flush uses 1.6 gallons of water.
TIP: You can upgrade an existing toilet to a dual flush toilet by having your plumber install a dual-flush control.Eco Friendly Toilet
If you want to save even more water, look for toilets with the WaterSense label. These toilets meet the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) criteria for low-flush/low-flow toilets and use twenty percent less water than standard 1.6-gallon flush toilets.
You can also combine WaterSense toilets with dual flush controls. This would result in using 1.28 gallons of water for solid waste flushes and only 0.64 gallons of water for liquid waste flushes.
Fun Fact: Based on the EPA’s calculations, if all homes in the United States replaced their inefficient toilets with WaterSense models, it would result in conserving and saving 520 billion gallons of water each year, which would fill approximately 10.4 billion garden-sized bathtubs!
If you want to save even more water, you can convert the lid on the back of the toilet into a small sink. When you flush the toilet, fresh, clean water flows out the faucet so you can wash your hands. Then it drains into the tank on the back of the toilet. There are conversion kits you can use on existing toilets to add this feature.
For more information about eco-friendly, water-saving toilets for your home, please feel free to contact MET Plumbing & Air Conditioning at 281-603-9949 today!
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Blackcurrant Anthocyanins (Vision Smart Supreme) help to inhibit virus attachment to cells and reduce cytokine storm?
1.Covid-19 and Virus Invasion and Cytokine Storm
What are ACE2 of human host cell and S-Protein of COVID-19?
How new corona virus attaches to the receptor of our host cell called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) of which system is also a key player of treatment of hypertension.
The tiny key molecular key (spike protein) of Covid-19 that facilitates the virus entry into the host cells and rapidly replicate the viruses into lung, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, vascular endothelial streams throughACE2.
What is the most dreadful symptom to make infected people fall into serious pneumonia?
IT IS CYTOKINE STORM causing Sudden Crash in Patients withCOVID-19!!
TENS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE were killed by CYTOKINE STORMduring the pandemic of Spanish flu.
Cytokine Stormis now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 “Spanish flu”–which killed more than 50 million people worldwide and the H1N1 “swine flu” in 2009and H5N1 “bird flu” of recent years—and now COVID-19.
What Cytokines are causing infected people of Covid-19 with serious lung disease?
When theCytokinesthat raise immune activity become too much abundant, the immune system is not able to stop itself. Those immune cells spread beyond infected body parts mainly from lungs and start attacking healthy tissues, gobbling up red and white blood cells and damaging the lung and liver. The blood vessels get so leaky that the lungs may fill with fluid and fall into acute respiratory distress.
Apart from a surge in main Cytokine of interleukin-6,the body may also show high swirling levels of other Cytokines,Chemokines and Serine ProteasecalledTNF, IFN-ab, IL-1, and Mcp1/CCL2. neutrophil- and monocyte-associated MMP-9, neutrophil elastase.
Dr. Randy Cron, a professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, says at the New York Times that “Cytokine Stormhappens when the pro-inflammatory cytokinesget out of control in abundance. Instead of helping to fight virus and bacteria, it gets overly activated and that these affluent pro-inflammatory cytokinesis what leads to multi-organ failureand potentially death,
Nearly 300,000 patients died in H1N1 Pandemic Influenza 2009!!
Cytokine Stormis now understood as a major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 “Spanish flu”–which killed more than 50 million peopleworldwide and the H1N1 “swine flu” and H5N1 “bird flu” of recent yearsand nowCOVID-19.
The pandemic H1N1influenza of the year 2009 suddenly occurred spreading into North America, South America, Africa, European countries, Southeast Asia, Japan and widely infected more than 200 countries around the world.
British Medical Journal LANCETannounced that the US Center for Disease Control (CDC)estimated the death toll to be approximately more than 280,000worldwide.
Blackcurrant Anthocyanins significantly inhibited H1N1 Virus attached to Human Cell!!
In 2002, Asahikawa Medical Universityannounced that it had a remarkable inhibitory effect by 98% on the adsorption of influenza A and Bon human cells by Anthocyanins/phenolic of blackcurrant.
Four species of influenza were blocked to enter into human cells by blackcurrant anthocyanins!!
In the year 2013, a joint research team led by Professor Suzutani of Fukushima Medical Universityand Asahikawa Medical Universityhad disclosed studies done on the inhibition of virus adsorption that Kurokarin (blackcurrant)had a remarkable inhibitory effect of 98% inhibitionon the adsorption of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong influenza (IFV-AH3), Russian influenza (IFV_AH1),
Blackcurrant Anthocyanins are effectively inhibited Herpes and Adenovirus infection!!
In addition, blackcurrant anthocyanins inhibited on the cell membrane the herpes bacillus (HSV-1)and pharyngitis infecting the mouth, throat and eye area causing swelling, throat pain and high fever with high fever and throat pain.
Many studies show that Blackcurrant anthocyanins and polyphenols suppress the replication of adenovirus infectious bacteria (AdV = pool fever) that causes conjunctivitis that causes irritation of the eye, tonsillitis, eye congestion, eyes, etc.
Cytokines and Serine Proteinases causing inflammation are significantly reduced!!
Studies done at Pennsylvania University showed that the blackcurrant extract inhibited all serine proteinasestested. MMP-1 and MMP-9,inflammatory compounds of Cytokine Storm, were significantly inhibited by pure anthocyanins during 4 hours incubation test. Serine proteinases related periodontal diseasewere also significantly inhibited by pure anthocyanins.
Most Effective Adaptive Immune Response by Blackcurrant Anthocyanins
Numerous studies shows that blackcurrant anthocyanins(BA) dampen inflammation through multiple pathways. Directly or indirectly the four compositions of blackcurrant anthocyanins and polyphenols suppress the activity of nuclear transcription factors, such as NFκB, and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, including COX2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-4, 6, 8 with serine proteases while anti-inflammatory cytokines IL10 , IL13 secreted by BA support to counterbalance the adaptive immune cells in inflammatory diseases.
Pre-Clinical Data (2015 Edition by JTB):
Lab Tests Show Anthocyanins in Vision Smart Supreme Have Powerful Anti-Virus & Microbial Properties, Ideal For Virus Prevention!
Researchers showed the exact same Blackcurrant Anthocyanins extract found in Vision Smart Supreme had incredibly powerful anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects. This led researchers to state, “The findings demonstrate the potential of blackcurrant extract as a functional food for cold and flu care”!
Test Materials: Human cells in culture
Results: Blackcurrant Anthocyanins inhibited infection of cells by H1N1 2009, HSV-1 virus by
over 95%. Plus, killed over 99% of certain bacteria’s.
Institution: Fukushima Medical University School, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan.
Publican: Ikuta, K. et al (2012)
Clinical #2 (2015 Edition by JTB):
Vision Smart Supreme’s Blackcurrant Anthocyanins Help Protect and Against Influenza via Powerful Anti-inflammatory Properties!!
Norwegian researchers found Blackcurrant reduced the amounts of inflammatory compounds in the blood. These exciting results suggest Vision Smart Supreme (with the highest available does of blackcurrant anthocyanins) may be useful in protecting against Influenza.
Participants: 120 men and women
Duration: 3 weeks
Dose: 300mg Blackcurrant Anthocyanin per day
Results: Significant reduction of inflammatory compounds in the blood
Institution: University of Oslo and the Ullevaal University Hospital in Norway
Publication: Paur, P. et al. (2007)
Clinical Research: (Subjects 118)
Blackcurrants Reduce Expression of Cytokines Involved in Causing Inflammation
3.Begins in the lungs and ends in the lungs = Covid-19
COVID-19 is the same respiratory disease as influenza, and the new viral gene has many similarities with the SARS virus, so it was named SARS-CoV-2.
Specific symptoms may start with fever, cough, no smell, and no taste and eventually develop acute pneumonia like ARDS caused by Cytokine Storm.
The Lancet Medical Journalsays that 25% of people are asymptomatic but others get infected from those infected people with no symptoms and 21% of the infected people become serious ill and need mechanical ventilation to survive from ARDS. The Lancet emphasizes that in the getting ill process of infected people there are clearly three steps:
The coronavirus itself does not mostly and directly damage the body but their own defense system of cytokinescauses their body’s immune system to overreact, resulting in bad infections in his own lungs, heart, kidneys, which may results in multiple organ failuresuch as sepsis.
The sharpest divide came at age 70. Although 4% of patients in their 60s died, more than twice that, or 8.6%, of those in their 70s did, Covid-19 kills an estimated 14.8 % of patients 80 and older.
But some people don’t even get symptoms. Recent studies suggest as many as 80 percent or more of those infected are “silent carriers”, showing no or very mild symptoms. It seems children and young, healthy people are more likely to be asymptomatic.
Boost Up an Excellent Adaptive Immune Response!!
Having a strong immune response during the incubation period can prevent the infection taking hold, reduce the actual quantity of virus in the body and prevent it from getting to the lungs.
By generating an early adaptive immune response, the body seems to recognize the virus during the incubation period and fight it off.
A person also needs to be generally healthy to be able to mount an appropriate immune response to the infection.
Less ACE 2 or More ACE 2? Important – Healthy Modulation of ACE 2
Elderly people and those with chronic lung disorders are more likely to develop ARDS and therefore to die if they got infected. This is currently thought to be due to these groups of people having fewer ACE2 receptors in their lungs.
This seems counter-intuitive, because the virus attaches itself to these receptors. However, ACE2 receptors have an important role in regulating the immune response, particularly in managing the degree of inflammation.
So the reduced levels of ACE2 receptors in the elderly may actually make them more at risk of a cytokine storm and severe lung disease.
The pandemic has upended life around the world, crippling the global economy and creating a “new normal” for World People Life and Economy.
Although German prime minister Angela Merkel said at the G-20 video conference 3/25 this year that “This pandemic is a global challenge and we will therefore also only able to overcome it globally under a joint collaboration in development and distribution” , however during the past experiences of the 2009 flu pandemic causing approximately 300,000 death all the countries agreed to develop and distribute globally, but the countries who could afford to bought up and hoarded them to ensure their countries’ populations would get satisfied with their own vaccinated once those new vaccines came to the markets first.
It has been evident that people who have good health with excellent adaptive immune responses could be able to survive from the past 2009 flu Pandemic, SARS and MERS without suffering nothing or from serious sickness because it also took a year from each break-out to develop those vaccines and spent another year to distribute in the world with massive commercialized production completed.
Please Stay Safe and Healthy For Yourself and Your Family!!
Please be advised that we haven’t tested blackcurrant anthocyanins on the cell adsorption and/or Cytokine Storm in vitro or by human. However, Blackcurrant anthocyanins contained in Vision Smart Supreme support to improve our immune system by taking it for a while from many studies done in the past 20 years.
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Complications of Migraines
Reviewed by Sabrina Felson, MD on August 23, 2020
A migraine is more than just a whopper of a headache. It’s a sudden bout of throbbing pain that can last for several hours or several days. You usually have it on one side of your head. Some people get migraines once in a while, but others deal with repeated episodes.
Migraines come in two main types -- with or without aura -- and tend to bring on other symptoms. These complications can be serious enough to send you to the hospital or leave you simply uncomfortable or queasy.
Status Migrainosus
It’s Latin for a migraine that just won’t go away. Most migraines usually linger between 4 and 72 hours. Status migrainosus, on the other hand, is a relentless attack that lasts for more than 3 days. It can leave you feeling drained or even disabled. The pain and nausea can keep you from getting enough sleep or make you dehydrated from throwing up. You may need care at the hospital. This type of migraine often comes on after you take too much headache medication.
Migrainous Infarction
Also called a migrainous stroke, this is a rare complication that happens mostly in younger women. Blood vessels to the brain can get narrowed and cut off the oxygen supply. A migrainous stroke can hit suddenly and is an emergency. It always happens with an aura, a set of unusual sensations like flashes of light, blind spots, and tingling hands or face.
Women under 45 who smoke and take birth control pills are most likely to have a stroke with a migraine.
Persistent Aura Without Infarction
One in four people with migraines can have aura. But sometimes it lingers for more than a week after an attack. Rarely, you can have aura and symptoms like trouble breathing and numbness for months or even years.
The signs can seem close to those of a stroke, or bleeding in the brain, but without any actual bleeding. Infarction is another word for stroke.
Migraine-Triggered Seizure
This rare case can look like an epileptic seizure. It happens during or soon after a migraine with aura. Epilepsy and migraine sometimes go together. But researchers don’t fully understand why.
Other Complications
Migraines can lead to other health issues. They include:
Depression and anxiety. People who have migraines are much more likely to also have these two conditions than others. That may happen because of the headaches, or because depression or anxiety leads to migraines.
Vertigo. It makes you feel dizzy, or like you’re spinning and your balance is off. Vertigo happens more often during migraines in people who are prone to motion sickness.
Sleeplessness. The pain and discomfort of migraines can keep you from falling or staying asleep. You also may wake up too early or don’t feel refreshed. Insomnia is worse in people who get severe migraines and more often.
Nausea and vomiting. These are common migraine symptoms. Reasons may have to do with the brain chemical serotonin, aka the “feel-good” hormone. People who get migraines may have low serotonin levels, which researchers suspect is linked to motion sickness and symptoms like nausea.
Serotonin syndrome. Drugs called triptans can treat migraine attacks, but you shouldn’t take them every day. They can interact with other medications, like common antidepressants, that raise your serotonin levels. That can cause serious complications like agitation, confusion, diarrhea, twitchy muscles, and a racing heart.
Stomach problems. You can take over-the-counter pain relievers like aspirin or ibuprofen for migraines. But they and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause ulcers, stomach pain, or bleeding if you take too much or for too long.
Rebound headaches. This is another medication-related complication. Some migraine meds -- particularly ones that have caffeine (ergot) -- can worsen your headache. So can acetaminophen, combination pain relievers such as Excedrin, and sleeping pills when taken too often.
WebMD Medical Reference
Mayo Clinic: “Migraine,” “Serotonin syndrome,” “Migraine with aura,” “Rebound headaches.”
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: “Migraine Information Page,” “Headache: Hope Through Research.”
Neurology: “Clinical and MRI characteristics of acute migrainous infarction,” “Both migraine and motion sickness may be due to low brain levels of serotonin.”
Cedars-Sinai: “Migrainous Stroke.”
American Migraine Foundation: “Migraine and Aura,” “Medication Overuse Headache,” “Anxiety and Depression,” “Sleep, Insomnia, and Migraine,” “Migraine Associated Vertigo.”
International Headache Society: “HIS Classification ICHD-3: Migraine.”
Autopsy Case Reports: “Migrainous Infarction: A Rare and Often Overlooked Diagnosis.”
International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd Edition: “Migraine.”
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports: “Migralepsy: A Borderland of Wavy Lines.”
The New England Journal of Medicine: “Correspondence: Serotonin Syndrome Associated with Triptan Monotherapy.”
© 2020 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
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German Language
Why German ?
German is easy to acquire
Let’s start off by debunking the myth that German is especially hard. Despite all the jokes that are being made about it being an impossible language, if you are an English speaker, you are actually already quite advantaged.
German is the language of inventors and innovators
It is said that Germany is the country of poets and thinkers. A large percentage of the world’s most impressive achievements were first conceived of in German
German is an important language in academia
With that big a number of award-winning scientists from its home country, it might not come as a surprise that German is very important in the academic community. In fact, it ranks second as the most commonly used scientific language.
German is the gateway to a world-class higher education
One of the reasons why German has such a high standing in the science community is the fact that Germany’s universities have an excellent international reputation. In the year 2011, the country was the fourth most popular destination for students from abroad with more than a quarter million foreigners being enrolled in German schools.
Germany is an economic powerhouse
Germany is the biggest economy within the European Union and the fourth largest worldwide. It is home to numerous international corporations and on the front line of new technologies.
German companies are global market leaders
Do you want to work for a business which is an international market leader in its field? Having German skills on your resume might be able to help you get in the door.
Class Schedule
Course Name Duration
German Language
3 months / 100 hours
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Reincarnation Concept
Reincarnation Concept
Indian religions believe in reincarnation concept. It is a recycle of life after death. Thus, it provides the opportunity to pursue spiritual liberation. It is achieved by ethical living. The many spiritual practices help too.
Reincarnation is one of the enigmas that puzzles human mind. It has been like so since the beginning of mankind. So, the concept of reincarnation literally means to take on the flesh again. Thus far, it means that we leave one life and go into another. Hence, the soul may take the form of human, animal, or plant. So, it depends on the moral quality of the previous life’s actions. Thus far, as civilisation evolves, it discriminates beliefs and spreads throughout various religions.
So far, reincarnation is also known as rebirth, transmigration and metempsychosis, which is a Greek word.
So far, the major division manifests between the East and the West. Hence, the eastern religion takes a view of being more philosophical. It is less analytical and accepts reincarnation.
However, the various eastern religions mostly Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism may differ in their faith in rebirth. Whereas, the Islam refuse to accept it. Thus far, the most dominant religion of the world, Christianity with its origin in the west, mostly deny reincarnation. So far, some sub-sects may express interest in reincarnation.
This subject has been in discussion in the philosophical traditions of India and Greece from about the 6th century BC. Thus far, reincarnation is the religious and philosophical belief. It believes that karma governs the rise to the recycle of death and birth. So far, the process is universal and unified. Thus, some may refer to it as Samsara.
Karma is the person’s actions and deeds through the life. So, it may be good and it may be bad. Thus, their karma determines the subsequent birth. For this illustration, a person may have done a lot of mystical deeds. Furthermore, the desire may be to continue such service at the time of death. Thus, the person may be reborn in a family that supports such desires.
Thus far the Bhagavad Gita states ‘Never was there a time when I did not exist. Neither you, nor all these kings; nor in the future shall any of us cease to be. So, the embodied soul continuously passes, in this body, from childhood to youth to old age. Thus, the soul similarly passes into another body at death. A sober person is not bewildered by such a change. It is like worn-out garments are shed by the body. Thus far, worn-out bodies are shed by the dweller within the body. So, new bodies are donned by the dweller, like garments.’
The Buddhist perception of reincarnation may have a little difference. It believes there is no eternal soul, spirit or self. Thus, there is only a stream of consciousness which may link life with life. So, the process of change from one life to another is known as punarbhava. It is a Sanskrit word which means becoming again.
The early Buddhist history discuss the methods for recalling previous births. It predicates on the development of high levels of meditation. Thus far, Buddha warned that this experience may be misleading. So, one needs to interpret with care. Buddhism teaches the specific concept of rebirth. Thus far, it constrains by the theory of anatta. So, there is no irreducible atman or self-tying the lives together. Thus, it may serve as a contrast to Hinduism.
The evolving consciousness upon death becomes the key contribution. It causes for the arising of new aggregate. Thus, at death of a person, a new one comes into being. So, it is much like the flame dying candle. It may serve to light the flame of another. Thus far, the consciousness of the new individual is neither identical nor absolutely different from the deceased. So, transmigrations are the effect of karma.
Jain Beliefs
Jainism connects with Sramana doctrine. So far, the earliest mentions of reincarnation associates with it. Thus, karma is the significant part of Jain faith too. There is an intricate connection to other of its profound concepts. So, they may be liberation, transmigration or reincarnation. Jains consider the soul and matter are eternal, perpetual and uncreated. So, there is a regular give-and-take between the two. Thus far, it results in disconcert planetary manifestations in material, psychic and emotional spheres. So, this leads to the rebirth and transmigration theories.
Hence, the passage to become a supreme soul is to practice non-violence and be truthful. Daily actions are seen to have many consequences. Some may be immediate, and others delayed. This may even be into future incarnations. Therefore, the karma concept may not be in relation to one life time. So, it may be in relation to past lives and future incarnations. Thus far, karma is crucial for death and rebirth cycle.
Sikh Religion
Sikh religion teaches the path of Bhakti to accomplish salvation. So far, Sikhs believe that the soul passes from one body to another until it liberates. Hence, when one preforms good actions and remembers the creator, they may attain a better life. If the person carries out evil actions and commit sins, they may be reborn in lower forms of life.
Thus. reincarnation is mostly due to the law of cause and effect. However, it does not create any cast or inequality among people. Moreover, Sikhism believe that God may pardon the wrong doings and release us.
Islam Beliefs
Most main monotheistic religions refute reincarnation. Thus far, it is against their fundamental teachings. So, their belief is if one has to go through many lives, on which life do they get judged? Hence, they dismiss the reincarnation concept. However, Islam does preach the existence of soul. So far, the principle belief is that there is only one birth on this earth. The judgement day comes after death. Thus, it determines if one goes to hell or unifies with God.
However, few Muslim sects accept the reincarnation concept. So far, the Shia and Druzes sects regard its founders as in special sense divine incarnations. Furthermore, Sinan ibn Salman ibn Muhammad, subscribes to the transmigration of souls as a tenet of the Alawi. Thus far, modern Sufis who embrace the idea of reincarnation include Bawa Muhaiyadeen.
There is no mention of reincarnation in the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. Thus, it is not an important creed in Judaism culture. However, medieval Jewish philosophers discuss the issue. It often rejects reincarnation concept. Although, Jewish mystical literature from their classic medieval canon onwards teach a belief in metempsychosis of souls. So, it literally preaches soul cycle.
Other, Non-Hasidic, Orthodox Jewish groups do support it as a valid teaching. However, there is not a heavy focus on reincarnation.
Most major Christian denominations repeal reincarnation theory. Thus far, Christian belief is that when a person dies, the soul sleeps in the grave with the corpse. So far, it believes the soul sleeps until a time in the future. It is known as the last day or day of judgement.
However, Bible manifest that Jesus, himself teaches reincarnation. Thus far, there was a disagreement in understanding Jesus himself in early Christian history. Hence there was a conflict between the Church set up by Paul in Rome and the remnants of the Jerusalem Church. So, the Roman faction rejects reincarnation and pre-existence. They believe Jesus was God who become man.
Thus far, the Jerusalem faction knew Jesus was a man. They believe he achieved the human divine. Furthermore, they knew the goal of everyone was to escape reincarnation cycle of birth and death. Thus far the objective was to have an eternal life. The fact remains that Rome won the political encounter. So the orthodox definition of resurrection reduces to an end-of-time, ‘Night of the Living Dead’.
Govinda Funerals
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World Library
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Article Id: WHEBN0001323692
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Title: Trollkyrka
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Blót, Norse paganism, Skaga stave church, Tiveden, Religious places
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
The arduous trail up the "tower" is marked with orange signs
According to Lidman (1972:52) old people used to say: "No Christian can go there. The mountains of the troll church belong to the heathen trolls. If a Christian ventures there, he will come to grief."
In fact, local tradition relates that the mountain was used not long ago for heathen rites and that anyone who was not initiated and saw it risked either to be buried in a bog in the forest or sworn into the brotherhood. These precautions clearly indicate that the rites took place as late as the period 1604–1735, which was a time when there was a penalty of death on practising such rituals. The rites are described in a folk poem documented by the folklorist Carshult (1941) when he documented the traditions on Skaga stave church. It has later been published in Karlsson (1970:62) and Lidman (1972:52).
The staircase up the last piece to the "tower of the Trolls' church"
Kärken smyger på slingrande stig The procession creeps on a meandering path
helst osedd till Trollebergen. preferably unseen to the Troll mountains/hills.
Mässa skall hållas i dagarna tre, A mass shall be held for three days,
det varde början på helgen. this will be the beginning of the holiday.
Kolten är sid, så den nåder vid marken, The frock is long, so it reaches down to the ground,
håsorna äro i topparna vassa, the socks are sharply pointed,
hättan dras ned, så hålen för ögonen passa. the hood is pulled down so that the holes for the eyes fit.
Alla är lika förutom på längda, Everybody looks alike except for the height,
prelatus han räknar på mängda. the prelate counts their number.
Lösen den gives i lågmälder ton, The password is given in a low voice,
prelatus han bjuder tre stötar i horn. the prelate blows three times in a horn.
Elden den "köllas" av nio slags ved, The fire is kindled with nine kinds of wood,
det är gammal sed. that is old custom.
Offer till andarna skänkes, A sacrifice is offered to the spirits,
med blodet sig allom bestänkes. everyone is sprinkled with the blood.
Det bästa till andar föräras, The best part is gifted to spirits,
det som blir över skall av männerna täras. what remains is to be consumed by the men.
Uti midnattens timma In the midnight hour
då sjärnor beglimma, when stars glitter,
prelatus han tystnaden bjuder the prelate asks for silence
och männerna alla det lyder. and this is obeyed by all the men.
De falla till markone ner, They fall down onto the ground,
prelatus han bistert mot rymderna ser. the prelate looks grimly at the heavens.
Och svärjan och formlar i dälderna skallar And incantations and summons echo in the dells
prelatus han kallar på andar. the prelate is summoning spirits.
Allom de fick på sitt spörje ett svar, Everyone received an answer to their question,
ingen av androm fick då höra varom det var. no one heard from another man what the answer was.
See also
• Carshult, B.G. (1941) Undenäsbygden genom tiderna.
• Karlsson, S. (1970) I Tiveden, Reflex, Mariestad.
• Lidman, H. (1972) Gudanatt, dagar och nätter i Tiveden, Askild & Kärnekull, Stockholm.
External links
• The Trollkyrka Folk-Poem (dead link)
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Virtual Justice
| by John Lynch |
On the 30th January 1972 a march organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association took place in the city of Derry and meandered its way through the Bogside area just outside the city walls. Before it could proceed into the city centre it was blocked by units of the British army as the march had been declared illegal. Rioting broke out and as part of a pre-arranged plan soldiers from the ‘elite’ Parachute Regiment were sent in with permission to use their high-velocity rifles and live ammunition. Within a short time 26 people were shot, thirteen of them killed. It is considered one of the most significant events in Northern Ireland history and acted to create a groundswell of support amongst the minority Catholic population for the guerilla war of the Provisional IRA that saw decades of further brutal inter-communal conflict. Almost immediately the British government and army were spinning their version of events and establishing the official ‘truth’ of what had happened. This involved IRA snipers, gunmen and bombers all raining down a hail of fire on the soldiers who acted in self-defense, although somewhat incongruously without any incurring any trace of injuries. For the fifteen thousand people on the march and the many journalists and photographers present what was witnessed was a rampage by murderous soldiers who shot boys in the back as they were running away, an execution of a wounded man on the ground from point-blank range, an elderly man shot in the back of the head whilst waving a white handkerchief as he went to aid of another victim, and young men crouching in terror behind rubble barricades being picked off. This official truth was soon fixed by a judicial inquiry and families left with the double trauma of the victims being left to carry the blame for their own deaths. This was repression in the British colonial style as practiced in Kenya, Aden and other troublesome colonies. However, if peace was ever to be established in Northern Ireland this founding injustice needed redressing. The families of the victims had always refused to allow the truth to lie in the terms set by the army and it became therefore a key element in the emerging paramilitary ceasefire and tentative peace process in the 1990s. By 1998 the British Prime Minister Tony Blair initiated a new comprehensive inquiry under Lord Saville. Over the seven years of the inquiry, 920 witnesses gave evidence, over £200 million was spent, and ultimately the conclusion reached was that none of the victims in any way posed a threat to the soldiers who had acted ‘out of control’.
The focus here in this essay is one element of the hearing that sought to address issues of memory and truth, namely the use of a virtual reality technology that was constructed to overcome the significant changes in the built environment of the Bogside over a 28-year period since Bloody Sunday. This technology was used to facilitate witness testimony and to allow them to insert themselves into a virtual space that could test the accuracy of their recall and validity of their statements about what had happened to them and those around them. Such a technology exemplifies certain tendencies with contemporary societies of control where the logics of judicial enquiry can be used to introduce architectures of power as representationally neutral. One of the great insights Michel Foucault provided into the emergence of what he describes as disciplinary society is how the moves toward a carceral dystopia are often presented as driven by humanitarian concerns with an underpinning of economic efficiency. This shift in the exercise of power certainly saw a move away from the extremes of corporal punishment enacted in a spectacularized way on the bodies of criminals, but it also saw a diffusion of the technologies of control throughout every realm of social life.
This particular expanding zone of technological data capture and manipulation has several aspects worth considering. Popular culture has long dreamt of a world of virtual reality where the past can be reconstructed and the truth of an event determined through the presentation of highly detailed environments. The suggestion is that if enough data can be collected and processed then it is possible to engineer a re-presence that can be established. As the stream of sensory material flows around us, the suggestion is that certain devices can capture necessary material to allow for a restaging of a selected moment. It will be possible to cut through the stream and this cross-section can reveal information that has become significant: who was where doing what at this time? Such a ‘holodeck’ environment (to use term deriving from the TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation) that can process the vast data stream for such an experience is still fantasy but not necessarily that far off technologically.
How did this manifest itself in the inquiry into Bloody Sunday? Firstly, it was not an immersive technology as such, but rather a screen-based model that allowed for full rotation and orientation with certain movement between one of 84 hotspots. Witnesses would locate their position on the day as best they could on a touch screen and then go on a virtual tour to map out their path as events unfolded, with the ability to mark trajectories and lines of movement. At each point they could then recount their memories and this could be tested against the imaging architecture of the system. The design of the system was one where a huge amount of photographic evidence of buildings and locations were integrated between different layers of how the Bogside was today, how it was then, and hybrid image that combined the two. The designer of the system, Malachy McDaid was himself from the Bogside and so had intimate knowledge of the area. In an interview, he described the lengths to which the design team went to accurately render the contemporary landscape and built environment of the location. The verisimilitude of the imaging was achieved by cross-referencing against a series of photographs – some held by Derry City Council archives and others submitted to the inquiry by news organisations, freelance photographers and members of the public. Very few architectural plans were available for the area and there was no recent map of the Bogside. Having grown up there, McDaid relied on personal and family memories as well to enhance certain features of the virtual environment, such as pebble-dashing on the front of maisonettes, a patch of garden by the entrance to a flat in Glenfada Park and so on.
Witnesses could indicate via a touchscreen where they were standing as the shooting started; in what direction they moved thereafter; what they could see and hear from their hiding places. “True” VR environments are, of course, experienced through a headset and movement simulated with sensors on hands and legs. However, the VR environment at the Saville inquiry was limited by the practicalities of viewing a computer screen while at the same time being able to give testimony or withstand cross-examination. Ease of use was facilitated by a screen rather than mouse or trackpad: the designers of the system were aware that many people appearing at the inquiry would have little or no experience of using computers. The true-to-scale nature of the 3D landscape meant that if someone had testified, for instance, that they were standing in one spot and saw a gunman on the roof of a building, this could be tested by looking at that building to see if it was, in fact, possible to see such a detail. The 3D landscape was overlaid with contemporary photographs mapped onto modelling software, and at times an artist’s impression was deployed to fill in any gaps.
There is no doubt that this ambitious system provided a powerful ‘prompt’ to the memory for many witnesses. Positioned as a ‘neutral environment’, it was devoid of any representation of people within it and subject to the prior approval of all parties to the inquiry. In other words, this landscape was closely aligned to the ‘real’, to what (people felt or remembered) had once been real. Almost every witness at the inquiry made use of the software and it became a central component of the Bloody Sunday inquiry. Some spoke of being ‘emotionally affected’ by the software and that it ‘brought back the ghosts’ of what had happened.
Beyond the inquiry, the VR system was highly praised; indeed, it won the 2001 Europrix prize for ‘Empowering Citizens and Improving Democracy with Multimedia’. For some commentators it was indicative of the way in which technology in a legal setting could be employed to provide clarity for every possible kind of dispute and thus gives us a clear indication of where this could lead.
Discussion of the technology was generally positive towards its intended function of activating memory and, to extend the Star Trek analogy further, transport them back to the day in question and allow for a recounting of a memory ‘frozen’ in time. But such a description makes a number of important assumptions that should be subject to rather more critical scrutiny. Virtual reality offers a long-standing fantasy of re-creation and control whereby mathematical models and architectural space seemingly remove the potential for error and ambiguity of the human. By linking this process of image manipulation with particular understandings of memory an architectural construction emerges that seeks to produce an effect of revealing the truth through rational structures of being.
The level of interactivity for the Bloody Sunday environment was rudimentary to say the least, but again it has the potential to open the way for future developments that can mobilise far greater computing power. At the heart of this is a process of world-creation that promises control and transcendence of real bodies in a realm of disembodied presence. The virtual Bogside is a simulated reality that is pre-programmed and acts to shape and define what that reality is. For the participant, in that sense, the question is one of how much their role is also potentially pre-programmed. The question it seems is less one of any simple manipulation (although of course that is a possibility) but rather whether, as both prosecution and defence interact with a potentially fully immersive environment, that ability to subtly alter perception can create certain moods and affective states conducive to a particular perspective.
It is further useful to consider this in relation to what is described as the mediatisation of life and the shift to a society where the power of instrumental flows and cultural codes has transformed all aspects of society. One meaning of mediation is that of a judicial context where an independent third party helps resolve a dispute between contending parties by building on points of agreement and establishing the terms of settlement between them. This suggestion of a neutral space fits with the idea of a virtual reality as an aid for witnesses divided between the zones of past and present. In the Bloody Sunday inquiry it was offered as technology filling the gap between the lived present and past as memory. Its ‘helpful’ guidance could resolve the ambiguities between these moments and gently secure the witnesses’ accommodation to the truth that would emerge not from the challenge or rhetorical persuasion of opposing barristers, but from the reality of the virtual as actualised in the courtroom. Its primary function would therefore seem to be as a technological aid that strips away the messiness of life as lived and instead produce a sterile, virtualised environment driven by a desire to erase long-term cultural memory and favouring the media image over recollection.
What is the relation between the virtual reality environment and the concept of the virtual/actual? For the Bloody Sunday enquiry it seems that it is figured as something like the movement-image where the virtual reality technology facilitates a cinematic flashback transforming the virtual of the past into the actual of the present. And as we have seen, the virtual (the past) always has the potential to be wrong as it may vary from that necessary for the actual in the present. Like the movement-image its function then is to direct and resolve the ambiguity that surrounds the virtual into the pre-destined actual. However, perhaps what is at work here is something of the quantum uncertainty where the act of ‘looking’ at the past transforms it and actually inserts the very undecidability which the virtual reality technology is designed to eliminate.
John Lynch is a lecturer in media and communications at Karlstads University and the author of After Bloody Sunday: Representation, Ethics, Justice.
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Listened to Memory Craft: Lynne Kelly On The Potent Power Of Ancient Mnemonics by Anthony Metivier from
Cover of Memory Craft by Lynne KellyNot only is Lynne Kelly the author of several books on memory, but she is a highly skilled researcher, science educator, author and memory competitor.
Most known for her theory about Stonehenge’s purpose, she has also contributed to work in popular science and is a promoter of skepticism.
Lynne’s critical thinking and contributions to such a wide range of science subjects has led to awards from the Royal Zoological Society of South Wales among others. As a memory expert, Lynne Kelly is that rare practitioner who takes on large learning projects and shares the journey in addition to attending memory sport activities.
Episode covers:
• The real reason why stores play such upbeat, catchy music.
• Why outdoor Memory Palaces can be so helpful for memory retention.
• The benefits of “setting aside” time for memory training versus incorporating practice into everyday life.
• How vivid, violent, or vulgar imagery can bring abstract concepts to life.
• Why “rapscallions” are useful memory tools and not just mischievous little creatures.
• How art can help you remember more in a Memory Palace.
• The pros and cons to living with aphantasia.
• The key to using hooks and layering to create dynamic visuals.
• How to “dialogue” with your memory aids.
• Why we should encode using music and places for maximum mental skill (and possible mental health) benefits.
• The usefulness of memory techniques for school aged children and their long-term effects.
• The secret to overcoming “ghosting” when using memory techniques.
A fascinating interview, but likely needs some additional introductory material to make sense of what is going on. The audience here are people who have at least a passing knowledge of mnemonics and many of it’s methods. I could have stood to hear a few more hours between these two given my academic interest in the area.
There’s an interesting segment on aphantasia and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the middle here. I’d definitely be interested in looking into the research on aphantasia more. There’s also some more material here on memory methods for education (compared with other interviews with Dr. Kelly). She does use a physics example on force and the idea of push/pull with respect to Star Wars which I’ve heard her mention before.
Originally bookmarked on December 07, 2019 at 01:11PM
Published by
Chris Aldrich
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