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Bride provider, traditionally portrayed in the anthropology literature simply because that service rendered by the bride’s dad to the bride’s family within the dowry or bride selling price, has been depicted during anthropological writings as a great often harsh minster-ministerly minsterly ritual. Bride service in many areas of the globe is depicted by this representational price paid by the dad of the star of the wedding to the bride. It is often the price most closely linked to the bride; being a mark of respect just for the bride-to-be, it often includes an exchange of goods or services. The bride’s father is usually essential to achieve part of any economic network, the bride’s family can be involved in. The bride’s dad is seen as a mature man that has responsibility to get his daughter’s welfare and desires. The bride’s father is customarily not an respected figure inside the family, but the older brother or uncle who desires the bride’s réflexion and facilitates her financially and literally through her future husband. In some societies woman services require no payment of money to the bride’s people, but rather a dowry given by a friend or relative towards the bride’s home for the bride. The dowry are often used to purchase a dowry maid or maybe a dowry lady, or may possibly simply be a symbol of friendship which denotes the bride’s relation to one more woman. Consist of societies bride prices happen to be paid by bride’s tourists to the bride’s groom to complete wedding contract. In the Islamic countries bride prices happen to be paid by bride’s young families to the groom’s families because payment for his or her services throughout the wedding ceremony. In some other communities bride cost is paid simply by both the woman and the groom’s individuals to accomplish the marriage deal. Some of these repayment systems of bride offerings in anthropological and sociological literatures show traditional cost arrangements to get a bride, which can vary significantly from one region to the next. Sometimes, the transaction processing system is based on the landed home of one bride-to-be to the partner’s; sometimes the bride has no dowry to supply as well as the groom makes up the young families by offering gift ideas or other forms of repayment. This variant of the traditional bridewealth system additional enables the bride to push freely to a married talk about without having to please cultural best practice rules that consumption a bride to her family. × Live help on WhatsApp
Alternative Uses for Car Batteries by Jon Sanders dead battery image by Katrina Miller from Car batteries can serve many different purposes besides just starting your car. With a little imagination, some ingenuity and a little extra wire, car batteries can provide you with an alternative energy supply. Green Energy 12 volt car batteries are an excellent source of green energy. They can be used to run small appliances and recharged with small solar cell panels. Emergency power supply Car batteries can be useful in situations when you experience a loss of power at home. They are an excellent source for emergency power for things such as small lamps or small refrigerators for a short amount of time. Once a car battery is no longer usable in your car, it needs to be recycled. Car batteries are made up of several different types of heavy metals, such as lead. When they are recycled, the old batteries are crushed and separated, and the lead is removed to be used in new car batteries. More Articles
Perseid Meteor Shower \| Prairie Public Broadcasting Perseid Meteor Shower Aug 8, 2020 If you have been seeing some falling stars in the last few days it is probably because we are into perhaps the best meteor shower of the year. The earth is passing through the debris field of comet Swift-Tuttle from about July 17 to August 24. Independently discovered by Lewis Swift and Horace Parnell Tuttle in 1862, comet Swift-Tuttle is one of the oldest known comets, with records dating back to China around 26 AD. It has an orbit that brought it near the earth in 1862 and then again in 1992 when it put on a rather unspectacular show. If you missed the 1992 show, you will have to wait until 2126 for the next pass through. Comets are mixtures of ice, rock, and dust. Think of them as dirty snowballs a few miles in diameter. When comets pass near the sun, the heat causes the comet to shed ice and particles. These mostly sand-sized pieces of ice and rock create a “debris field” in outer space. When the earth passes through these debris fields, the pieces collide with the atmosphere and become glowing hot. Viewed from earth, they are “falling stars.” But of course we now know that they are meteors. A lot of “falling stars” make a meteor shower. There are eight major meteor showers associated with comets each year. Even though the meteors in this shower originate from the comet Swift-Tuttle, the meteor shower is called the Perseids because the meteors are seen radiating out of the constellation Perseus. We will see the Orionids in October which appear to originate within the constellation Orion and are caused by debris from Halley’s Comet. The meteor shower should increase in intensity until it peaks the night of August 11th and early morning of the 12th with upwards of 60 meteors per hour. Look to the northeast after midnight. A second quarter moon will detract from the viewing a bit. But even at that, the show could be well worth staying up for. So make a point of getting out and observing the Perseids. If you are really lucky you may “catch a falling star.” If not, maybe you could pass the time singing that Perry Como hit from the '50s. -Chuck Lura
Sapphire, a rural town, is 280 km west of Rockhampton and 40 km west of Emerald. It has been the main town in the Anakie Gemfields, an arc of mining country west of Emerald which includes Willows and Rubyvale. In the early 1870s sapphires were found at Retreat Creek, a watercourse between Sapphire and Emerald that flows into the Nogoa River. Mining at Retreat Creek began in about 1890 and a population centre developed. A provisional school, named Sapphire, was opened in 1904, and henceforth the locality was known by that name. There was already a hotel there, the Kitchener Hotel, having been removed from Comet in 1903. Basic amenities were established, a first aid station, a hall, a cemetery and a racecourse. During the 1920s the population fell by nearly three-quarters, and recovery did not occur until the 1960s and 1970s. Casual fossickers, tourist fossickers and, in some cases, squatter fossickers, brought about a resurgence of mining. As well as Sapphire, similar developments occurred throughout the arc of gemfield country extending from Middle Ridge and through Rubyvale, Sapphire, Anakie and Glenalva to Willows. A local historian described Sapphire in 1979 as 'today more a tourist centre than a serious mining proposition'. Anakie emerged as the gemfields' civic centre, with the primary school, multi-purpose centre (1994) and a basic medical service. Population growth, however, required the connection of electricity to Sapphire (1977) and reticulated water (1998), despite some residents being contentedly self-sufficient. Sapphire had the gemfields information centre, no longer operating. The town has accommodation for tourists and fossickers and a jewellery manufacturer. Census DatePopulation Marie Reid, A history of Emerald: a place of importance, Rockhampton, Central Queensland University Press, 2001 John Rolfe, Emerald and the gemfields centenary 1879-1979, Emerald, Emerald Centenary Committee, 1978 Rubyvale entry UQ Logo
See allHide authors and affiliations Science 11 Feb 2011: Vol. 331, Issue 6018, pp. 721-725 DOI: 10.1126/science.1201765 The growth of electronic publication and informatics archives makes it possible to harvest vast quantities of knowledge about knowledge, or “metaknowledge.” We review the expanding scope of metaknowledge research, which uncovers regularities in scientific claims and infers the beliefs, preferences, research tools, and strategies behind those regularities. Metaknowledge research also investigates the effect of knowledge context on content. Teams and collaboration networks, institutional prestige, and new technologies all shape the substance and direction of research. We argue that as metaknowledge grows in breadth and quality, it will enable researchers to reshape science—to identify areas in need of reexamination, reweight former certainties, and point out new paths that cut across revealed assumptions, heuristics, and disciplinary boundaries. What knowledge is contained in a scientific article? The results, of course; a description of the methods; and references that locate its findings in a specific scientific discourse. As an artifact, however, the article contains much more. Figure 1 highlights many of the latent pieces of data we consider when we read a paper in a familiar field, such as the status and history of the authors and their institutions, the focus and audience of the journal, and idioms (in text, figures, and equations) that index a broader context of ideas, scientists, and disciplines. This context suggests how to read the paper and assess its importance. The scope of such knowledge about knowledge, or “metaknowledge,” is illustrated by comparing the summary information a first-year graduate student might glean from reading a collection of scientific articles with the insight accessible to a leading scientist in the field. Now consider the perspective that could be gained by a computer trained to extract and systematically analyze information across millions of scientific articles (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Readers vary in the information they extract from an article. A new graduate student perceives a tiny fraction of available information, focusing on familiar authors, terms, references, and institutions. Her evaluation is limited to categorical classification (e.g., of the authors) into known and unknown (“important” and “unimportant”). For comparison she has the small collection of papers she has read. A leading scientist perceives a wealth of latent data, assembling individuals into mentorship relations and locating terms, as well as graphical and mathematical idioms, in historical and theoretical context. His evaluations generate rank orders based on his experience in the field. He can compare a paper to thousands, and searches a large literature efficiently. An appropriately trained computer would complement this expertise with quantification and scale. It can rapidly access quantitative and relational information about authors, terms, and institutions, and order these items along a range of measures. For comparison it can already access a large fraction of the scientific literature—millions of articles and an increasing pool of digitized books; in the future it will scrape further data from Web pages, online databases, video records of conferences, etc. Metaknowledge results from the critical scrutiny of what is known, how, and by whom. It can now be obtained on large scales, enabled by a concurrent informatics revolution. Over the past 20 years, scientists in fields as diverse as molecular biology and astrophysics have drawn on the power of information technology to manage the growing deluge of published findings. Using informatics archives spanning the scientific process, from data and preprints to publications and citations, researchers can now track knowledge claims across topics, tools, outcomes, and institutions (13). Such investigations yield metaknowledge about the explicit content of science, but also expose implicit content—beliefs, preferences, and research strategies that shape the direction, pace, and substance of scientific discovery. Metaknowledge research further explores the interaction of knowledge content with knowledge context, from features of the scientific system such as multi-institutional collaboration (4) to global trends and forces such as the growth of the Internet (5). The quantitative study of metaknowledge builds on a large and growing corpus of qualitative investigations into the conduct of science from history, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, psychology, and interdisciplinary studies of science. Such investigations reveal the existence of many intriguing processes in the production of scientific knowledge. Here, we review quantitative assessments of metaknowledge that trace the distribution of such processes at large scales. We argue that these distributional assessments, by characterizing the interaction and relative importance of competing processes, will not only provide new insight into the nature of science but will create novel opportunities to improve it. Patterns of Scientific Content The analysis of explicit knowledge content has a long history. Content analysis, or assessment of the frequency and co-appearance of words, phrases, and concepts throughout a text, has been pursued since the late 1600s, ranging from efforts in 18th-century Sweden to quantify the heretical content of a Moravian hymnal (6) to mid–20th-century studies of mass media content in totalitarian regimes. Contemporary approaches focus on the computational identification of “topics” in a corpus of texts. These can be tracked over time, as in a recent study of the news cycle (7). “Culturomics” projects now follow topics over hundreds of years, using texts digitized in the Google Books project (3). Topics can also be used to identify similarities between documents, as in topic modeling, which represents documents statistically as unstructured collections of “topics” or phrases (8). With the rise of the Internet and computing power, statistical methods have also become central to natural language processing (NLP), including information extraction, information retrieval, automatic summarization, and machine reading. Advances in NLP have made it one of the most rapidly growing fields of artificial intelligence. Now that the vast majority of scientific publications are produced electronically (5), they are natural objects for topic modeling (9) and NLP. Some recent work, for example, uses computational parsing to extract relational claims about genes and proteins, and then compares these claims across hundreds of thousands of papers to reconcile contradictory results (10) and identify likely “missing” elements from molecular pathways (11). In such fields as biomedicine, electronic publications are further enriched with structured metadata (e.g., keywords) organized into hierarchical ontologies to enhance search (12). Citations have long been used in “scientometric” investigations to explore dependencies among claims, authors, institutions, and fields (13). Search data produce another trace that can be analyzed (14). In public health, the changing tally of influenza-related Google searches has been used to predict emerging flu epidemics faster than can be accomplished by public health surveillance (15). Similar analysis could predict emerging research topics and fields. The rise in scientific review articles and the concomitant explosion of scientific publications over the past century trace a growing supply and demand for the focused assessment and synthesis of research claims. As the number of analyses investigating a particular claim has become unmanageable [e.g., the efficacy of extrasensory perception (16); the influence of class size on student achievement (17); the role of β-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease (18)], researchers have increasingly engaged in meta-analysis—counting, weighting, and statistically analyzing a census of published findings on the topic (19, 20). Whereas “the combination of observations” had been the central focus of 19th-century statistics (21), the combination of findings across articles was first formulated by Karl Pearson (22) regarding the efficacy of inoculation and later by Ronald Fisher in agricultural research (23). By the mid-20th century, with burgeoning scientific literatures, meta-analysis rapidly entered medicine, public health, psychology, and education. Scientists performing meta-analyses were forced to confront the “file-drawer problem”: Negative and unpublishable findings never leave the “file drawer” (19, 24). Indeed, all approaches to the analysis of explicit knowledge content aim to discover heretofore hidden regularities such as the file-drawer problem. These regularities in turn reveal the effects of implicit scientific content: detectable but inexplicit beliefs and practices. Implicit Preferences, Heuristics, and Assumptions Such implicit content includes a range of factors, from unstated preferences, tastes, and beliefs to the social processes of communication and citation. The file-drawer problem, for example, is driven by the well-attested preference for publishing positive results (18, 25) and statistical findings that exceed arbitrary, field-specific thresholds (26). Such preferences may lead to a massive duplication of scientific effort through retesting doomed hypotheses. Magnifying their effect is a trend toward agreement with earlier results, which leads scientists to censor or reinterpret their data to be consistent with the past. Early results thus fossilize into facts through a cascade of positive citation, forming “microparadigms” (27, 28). In choosing what parts of past knowledge to certify through positive citation, scientists are likely to accept authors with a history of success more readily. Scientific training further disciplines researchers to focus on established hubs of knowledge (29), with most articles shunning novelty to examine popular topics with popular methods. Even high-impact journals prefer publications on “hot topics”—albeit those using less popular methods (30). Somewhat mitigating the trend toward assent and convergence, scientists often attempt to counter or extend high-profile research. This is particularly true for research staking novel claims and can lead to the rapid alternation of conflicting findings known as the “Proteus” phenomenon (31). High-profile research attracts “more eyeballs,” and a reliable negation of its findings will often attract considerable interest (32). Indeed, the individual incentive to publish in prestigious journals may itself be a distorting preference, potentially leading to higher incidence of overstated results (25, 33). The foregoing discussion of implicit content traces the essential tension (34) between tradition and originality. Rather than assuming that these forces always and everywhere resolve in equilibrium, metaknowledge investigations have begun to model their relative strength in different fields and recalibrate scientific certainty in those findings. By making this implicit content available to researchers, metaknowledge could inform individual strategies about research investment, pointing out overgrazed fields where crowding leads to diminishing returns and forgotten opportunities where premature certainty has halted promising investigation. These studies use simple analysis of explicit content to infer preferences and biases. More powerful methods of natural language processing and statistical analysis will be essential for revealing subtle content. Scientific documents will likely demonstrate a range of cognitive short cuts, such as the availability heuristic, in which data and hypotheses are weighted on the basis of how easily they come to mind (35, 36). Although such heuristics are individually “irrational” because they violate normative theories of probability and decision-making, they can be beneficial to science overall. For example, the vast majority (91%) of geologists who had worked on Southern Hemisphere samples supported the theory of continental drift, versus 48% of geologists who had not. Because Southern Hemisphere data supporting drift were more available to them, these geologists “irrationally” overweighted these data and hence became the core community that went on to build the case for plate tectonics (36). Identifying the distribution of these heuristics across scientific investigations will allow consideration of their consequences, expose possible bias, and recalibrate scientific certainty in particular propositions (10). Moreover, subtle but systematic regularities across articles within a scientific domain may signal the presence of “ghost theories”: unstated assumptions, theories, or disciplinary paradigms that shape the type of reasoning and evidence deemed acceptable (37). For example, because it is widely supposed that most human psychological properties are universal, results from “typical” experimental participants (American undergraduates, in 67% of studies published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) are often extended to the entire species (38). A recent meta-analysis (38) demonstrated that this assumption is false in several domains, including fundamental ones such as perception, and recommends expensive changes in sampling to correct for the resulting bias. Cognitive anthropologists (39), feminists (40), and ethnic studies scholars (41) have also pointed to examples of knowledge and ways of knowing that are distinct to social groups. Computation can assist in the large-scale hunt for regularities (such as the frequent appearance of “undergraduate” in participant descriptions) that signal the presence of ghost theories, even when untied to pre-identifiable groups, and could eventually help to identify these unwritten axioms, opening them up to public debate and systematic testing. Knowledge Context Scientific documents contain both explicit and implicit content, both of which interact powerfully with the context of their production (42). For example, the reliability of a result increases if it is produced in several disparate labs rather than a few linked by shared methods or shared mentorship. Scientific training likely places a long-lasting stamp on a researcher (43). This suggests that tracing knowledge transmission from teacher to student could reveal much about the spread and entrenchment of ideas and practices. The changing organization of research also shapes research content, with teams increasingly producing the most highly cited research (44). Studies of the structure of collaboration networks (4547) reveal intriguing disciplinary differences, but researchers are just beginning to explore the impact of teams and larger networks on the creation, diffusion, and diversity of knowledge content. Historians have documented instances in which research dynasties and larger institutions influence scientific knowledge (4850), but the extraction of metaknowledge on the distribution of these influences would enable estimation of their aggregate capacity to channel the next generation of research. Figure 2 hints at the importance of understanding the relationship between social and scientific structures by showing how chemists and biologists whose collaborations bridge scientific subgroups tend to investigate reactions that themselves bridge distinct clusters of molecules. Investigation of this phenomenon should simultaneously explore the degree to which chemical structure shapes the social structure of investigation, and vice versa. Fig. 2 Research dynamics as manifest in collaboration networks. The graphic represents the network of researchers who were co-authors of papers concerning the two largest biochemical clusters in PubMed—critical organic molecules (e.g., calcium, potassium, ATP) and neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine)—during the period 1995 to 2000. Researchers are connected by a link if they have collaborated on at least one article; core researchers (shown here) have 25+ collaborators. Magenta nodes correspond to researchers who were primarily authors of papers concerning biochemicals within the largest cluster (critical organic molecules) and green nodes to authors primarily publishing in the second largest cluster (neurotransmitters). All other clusters are ignored. Dark blue nodes denote researchers, the majority of whose articles link the two chemical clusters. Light blue nodes are extreme “innovators” who publish mostly on new chemicals. The graphic is laid out using the Fruchterman-Reingold algorithm (63), which treats the network as a physical system, minimizing the energy if nodes are programmed to repel one another and links to draw them together like springs. The magenta and green nodes form relatively tight groups, indicating densely interlinked collaboration, whereas most interdisciplinary researchers occupy the boundary region between them. Extreme innovators (e.g., in the lower right) are marginal. This illustrates a suggestive homology between the semantic and social structure of science. The figure does not attempt to disentangle the relative primacy of social or semantic structure. Teams and collaboration networks are embedded in larger institutional structures. Peer review, for example, is central to scientific evaluation and reward. Theoretical work on peer review, however, suggests potential inefficiencies and occasions for knowledge distortion (51, 52). Research also occurs in specific physical settings: universities, institutes, and companies that vary in prestige, access to resources, and cultures of scientific practice. Institutional reputations likely color the acceptance of research findings. Indeed, recent work on multi-institutional collaboration demonstrates that institutions tend to collaborate with others of similar prestige, potentially exacerbating this effect (4). One underexplored issue regards the influence of shared resources—databases, accelerators, telescopes—on the organization of related research and the pace of advance. Given the capital intensity of much contemporary science, this question is critical for science policy. It also underscores the broader role of funding in the direction and success of research programs. For example, can focused investment unleash sudden breakthroughs, or is the slow development of community, shared culture and a toolkit more important to nurture a flow of discoveries? And what of private patronage? There is evidence from metaknowledge that embedding research in the private or public sector modulates its path. Company projects tend to eschew dogma in an impatient hunt for commercial breakthroughs, leading to rapid but unsystematic accumulation of knowledge, whereas public research focuses on the careful accumulation of consistent results (53). The production of scientific knowledge is embedded in a broader social and technological context. A wealth of intriguing results suggests that this is a fruitful direction for further metaknowledge work. In biomedical research, for example, social inequalities and differences in media exposure (54) partially determine research priorities. Organized and well-connected groups lobby for increased investment in certain diseases, drawing resources away from maladies that disproportionately affect the poor and those in impoverished countries. The dearth of biomedical knowledge relevant to poorer countries is likely exacerbated by lack of access to science, as revealed by decreased citations to commercial access publications in poor countries (55). The long-term impact of the Internet and related technologies on scientific production remains unclear. Early results indicate that online availability not only allows researchers to discover more diverse scientific content, but also makes visible other scientists’ choices about what is important. This feedback leads to faster convergence on a shrinking subset of “superstar” articles (5). The Web also hosts radical experiments in the dissemination of scientific practices, such as myExperiment (56). It has fostered “open source” approaches to collaborative research, such as the Polymath project (57) and Zooniverse (58), and the provision of real-time knowledge services, such as the computational knowledge engine WolframAlpha (59). Online projects create novel opportunities to generate collaborations and data, but digital storage may also render their results more ephemeral (60). Understanding how social context and emerging media interact with scientific content will enable reevaluation not only of the science, but of the strengths and liabilities these new technologies hold for public knowledge. Why Metaknowledge? Why Now? The ecology of modern scientific knowledge constitutes a complex system: apparently complicated, involving strong interaction between components, and predisposed to unexpected collective outcomes (61). Although science has ever been so, the growing number of global scientists, increasingly connected via multiple channels—international conferences, online publications, e-mail, and science blogs—has increased this complexity. Rising complexity in turn makes the changing focus of research and the resolution of consensus less predictable. The informatics turn in the sciences offers a unique opportunity to mine existing knowledge for metaknowledge in order to identify and measure the complex processes of knowledge production and consumption. As such, metaknowledge research provides a high-throughput complement to existing work in social and historical studies of science by tracing the distribution and relative influence of distinct social, behavioral, and cognitive processes on science. Metaknowledge investigations will miss subtle regularities accessible to deep, interpretive analysis, and should draw on such work for direction. We argue, however, that some regularities will only be identifiable in the aggregate, especially those involving interrelations between competing processes. Once identified, these could become fruitful subjects for interpretive investigation. Successfully executing the more ambitious parts of the metaknowledge program will require further improvements in machine reading and inference technologies. Systematic analysis of some elements of scientific production will remain out of reach (62). Nonetheless, as metaknowledge grows in sophistication and reliability, it will provide new opportunities to recursively shape science—to use measured biases, revealed assumptions, and previously unconsidered research paths to revise our confidence in bodies of knowledge and particular claims, and to suggest novel hypotheses. The computational production and consumption of metaknowledge will allow researchers and policy-makers to leverage more scientific knowledge—explicit, implicit, contextual—in their efforts to advance science. This will become essential in an era when so many investigations are linked in so many ways. References and Notes 1. myExperiment, 2. The Polymath Blog, 3. Zooniverse, 4. WolframAlpha, 5. This research benefited from NSF grant 0915730 and responses at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Institute for Computing in Science (ICiS) workshop “Integrating, Representing, and Reasoning over Human Knowledge: A Computational Grand Challenge for the 21st Century.” We thank K. Brown, E. A. Cartmill, M. Cartmill, and two anonymous reviewers for their detailed and constructive comments on this essay. View Abstract Stay Connected to Science Navigate This Article
Yahoo Web Search 1. France in the Middle Ages - Wikipedia Charles I of Hungary (1301): scion of the Capetian House of Anjou, King of Hungary and Croatia Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor : became a vassal of Philip IV of France while Count of Luxembourg. Philip IV advanced the candidacy of his brother Charles of Valois for the imperial throne, but the German electors were unwilling to expand French influence even further. 2. Charles I of Anjou - Wikipedia,_King_of_Sicily From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Charles I (early 1226/1227 – 7 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou. He was Count of Provence (1246–85) and Forcalquier (1246–48, 1256–85) in the Holy Roman Empire, Count of Anjou and Maine (1246–85) in France; he was also King of Sicily (1266–85) and Prince of Achaea (1278–85). • 5 January 1266 • Manfred 3. House of Bourbon - Wikipedia The name House of Bourbon was then used to describe the entire House of France, officially since 29 June 1768, date of death of Hélène de Courtenay (1689–1768), with which was extinguished the Capetian House of Courtenay, extinction which made the House of France the only branch dynasty resulting from the dukes of Bourbon. 4. Louis of Toulouse - Wikipedia Louis of Toulouse (9 February 1274 – 19 August 1297) was a Neapolitan prince of the Capetian House of Anjou and a Catholic bishop • 19 August • April 7, 1317 by John XXII 5. Capetian House of Anjou - Unionpedia, the concept map The Capetian House of Anjou was a royal house and cadet branch of the direct French House of Capet, part of the Capetian dynasty. 135 relations. 6. Charles I of Anjou \| Military Wiki \| Fandom • Early Life • Wider Ambitions • Mediterranean Empire • Collapse • Family • Legacy Charles was the youngest child of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile. The date of his birth was not recorded, but he was most probably a posthumous son, born in early 1227.[note 1] Charles was Louis's only surviving son to be "born in the purple" (after his father's coronation), as he often emphasized it in his youth, according to Matthew Paris. He was the first Capet to be named for Charlemagne. Louis willed that his youngest sons were to be prepared for a career in the Roman Cathol... Provence and Anjou Raymond Berengar V of Provence died in August 1245. He bequeathed Provence and Forcalquier to his youngest daughter, Beatrice, because he had allegedly given generous dowries to her three sisters. The dowries were actually not fully discharged, or at least her two sisters, Margaret (Louis IX's wife) and Eleanor (the wife of Henry III of England), thought that they were unlawfully disinherited. Their mother, Beatrice of Savoy, claimed that Raymond Berengar had willed the usufructof Provence to... Seventh Crusade Louis IX had taken a vow to lead a crusade in December 1244. Ignoring their mother's strong opposition, his three brothers—Robert, Alphonse and Charles—also took the Cross. Preparations for the crusade lasted for years, thus the crusaders embarked at Aigues-Mortes on 25 August 1248. After spending several months in Cyprus, they invaded Egypt on 5 June 1249. They captured Damietta and decided to attack Cairo in November. During their advance, Jean de Joinville noticed Charles' personal courage... Conflicts and consolidation During Charles' absence, rebellions had broken out in Provence. He applied both diplomacy and military force to deal with them. The archbishop of Arles and the bishop of Digne ceded their secular rights in the two towns to Charles in 1250. He received military assistance from his brother, Alphonse. Arles was the first town to surrender to them in April 1251. In May, they forced Avignon to acknowledge their joint rule. A month later, Barral of Baux also capitulated. Marseilles was the only tow... Conquest of the Regno Louis IX decided to support Charles' military campaign to Italy in May 1263. Pope Urban IV promised to proclaim a crusade against Manfred, while Charles pledged that he would not accept any offices in the Italian towns. Manfred staged a coup in Rome, but the Guelphs balked his plan and elected Charles senator.He accepted the office, for which a group of cardinals requested the pope to revoke the agreement with him; the pope, being defenseless against Manfred, could not break with Charles. In... Charles was lenient with Manfred's supporters, but they did not believe that this conciliatory policy could last. They knew that he had promised to return estates to the Guelph lords expelled from the Regno. Neither could Charles achieve the commoners' loyalty, especially because he continued levying an irksome tax, the subventio generalis, although the popes had declared it an illegal charge. He introduced a ban on the use of foreign currency in large transaction and made a profit of the com... The widowed Charles married Margaret of Nevers in November 1268. She was co-heiress to her father, Odo, the eldest son of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy. Pope Clement died on 29 November 1268.The vacancy lasted for three years, which strengthened Charles' authority in Italy, but it also deprived him of the ecclesiastic support that only a pope could provide to him. Charles returned to Lucera to personally direct its siege in April 1269. The Saracens and the Ghibellins who had escaped to the town r... Eighth Crusade Louis IX never abandoned the idea of the liberation of Jerusalem, but he decided to begin his new crusade with a military campaign against Tunis. According to his confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, Louis was convinced that al-Mustansir of Tunis was ready to convert to Christianity. The 13th-century historian Saba Malaspinastated that Charles persuaded Louis to attack Tunis, because he wanted to secure the payment of the tribute that the rulers of Tunis had paid to the Sicilian monarchs until Ma... Attempts to expansion Charles accompanied Philip III as far as Viterbo in March 1271. Here they could not convince the cardinals to elect a new pope. Charles' brother, Alphonse of Poitiers, fell ill. Charles sent his best doctors to cure him, but Alphonse died. He claimed the major part of Alphonse inheritance, including the Marquisate of Provence and the County of Poitiers, because he was Alphonse's nearest kin. After Philip III refuted, he took the case to the Parlement of Paris.In 1284, the court ruled that app... Sicilian Vespers Always in need of funds, Charles could not cancel the subventio generalis, although it had been the most unpopular tax in the Regno. Instead, he granted exemptions to individuals and communities, especially to the French and Provençal colonists, which increased the burdens of those who did not enjoy such privileges. The yearly or occasionally more frequent obligatory exchange of the deniers—the coins almost exclusively used in local transactions—was also an important (and unpopular) source of... War with Aragon Peter III of Aragon's envoy, William of Castelnou, started negotiations with the rebels' leaders in Palermo. Realizing that they could not resist without foreign support, they acknowledged Peter and Constance as their king and queen. They appointed envoys to accompany Castelnou to Collo where the Aragonese fleet was assembling. After a short hesitation, Peter decided to intervene on the rebels' behalf and sailed to Sicily. He was declared king of Sicily in Palermo on 4 September. Thereafter t... Charles went to Brindisi and made preparations for a campaign against Sicily in the new year. He dispatched orders to his officials ordering the collection of the subventio generalis. However, he fell seriously ill before moving to Foggia on 30 December.He made his last will on 6 January 1285, making Robert II of Artois regent for his grandson, Charles Martel, who was to rule his realms until Charles of Salerno was released. He died in the morning of 7 January. He was buried in a marble sepul... All records show that Charles was a faithful husband and a caring father. His first wife, Beatrice of Provence, gave birth to at least six children. According to contemporaneous gossips, she persuaded Charles to claim the Regno, because she wanted to wear a crown like his sisters. Before she died in July 1267,she had willed the usufruct of Provence to Charles. The eldest daughter of Charles and Beatrice, Blanche, became the wife of Robert of Béthune in 1265, but she died four years later. Her younger sister, Isabelle, was given in marriage to the future Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1269, but Ladislaus preferred his mistresses to her. Charles' youngest daughter, Beatrice, married Philip, the titular Latin Emperor, in 1273. Charles granted the Principality of Salerno to his eldest son and namesake in 1272. Charles the Lame (as he was called) and his wife, Maria of Hungary, had thirteen children, which secured the survival of the Capetian House of Anjou. Charles and Beatrice's next son,... The works of Bartholomaeus of Neocastro and Saba Malaspina strongly influenced modern views about Charles, although they were biased. The former described Charles as a tyrant to justify the Sicilian Vespers, the latter argued for the cancellation of the crusade against Aragon in 1285. Actually, Charles continued his Hohenstaufen predecessors' policies in several fields, including coinage, taxation, and the employment of unpopular officials from Amalfi. Nevertheless, the monarchy underwent a "Frenchification" or "Provençalistion" during his reign. He donated estates to about 700 noblemen from France or Provence in the Regno. He did not adopt the rich ceremonial robes, inspired by Byzantine and Islamic art, of earlier Sicilian kings, and dressed like other Western European monarchs,or rather as "a simple knight", as it was observed by Thomas Tuscus in 1267. Around 1310, Giovanni Villani stated that Charles had been the most powerful Christian monarch in the late 1270s. Luchetto Gattil... 7. France - Wikipedia 8. Francis II of France - Wikipediaçois_II 9. Henry IV of France - Wikipedia 10. REYLADERAeuropehistory: CAPETIAN KINGS May 30, 2016 · (9) Louis lX also called st.louis 1214-1270 the only king of france to be canonised..the most popular of capetian monarchs he led th 7th crusade to the holy land and died on another at Tunisia....his body was brought back to france via the alps italy lyon and cluny and crowds gathered and knelt as the procession passed...his mother blanche had watched over his education and had selected his ... 11. People also search for
<![CDATA[My Site - Blog]]>Sun, 21 Jun 2020 15:01:31 -0700Weebly<![CDATA[Writing a Literary Analytical Essay]]>Sun, 19 Apr 2020 05:44:43 GMThttps://thesiswritingservice446.weebly.com/blog/writing-a-literary-analytical-essay Writing a Literary Analytical EssayLiterary analytical essays are a powerful and effective way to educate and inform others about certain issues. Analytical essays often deal with subjects like history, politics, and current events and can be very enlightening and educational for those who take time to read them. As such, there are many different ways that you can go about writing such an essay, but one of the most popular ways is to use literary analysis as the basis for your essay. The first step to writing such an essay is to analyze a particular piece of literature or art and come up with a question that you want to answer. You will want to come up with a particular question for each topic that you write about. For example, if you are writing about what happened to civil rights during the 1960s, then you would want to find a way to answer that question by focusing on each different moment in time. In order to do this, you must learn as much as you can about the issues that you will be writing about and then you must look at the various individuals that were involved in the different events that you will be discussing. Once you know as much as you can about the important people that were involved in the different events that took place, you will then be able to write a proper essay on the subject matter. In addition to studying about different topics and individuals that were involved in the events of the past, you will also want to research the artists that created the different pieces of art. For example, if you want to write an essay about how certain artists and musicians influenced their time, then you will want to make sure that you understand the different artistic movements of the time period that you are writing about. As you delve deeper into the different literary movements of the time period that you are studying, you will also want to learn as much as you can about the different music genres that were prevalent at the time period that you are studying. With the different literary, analytical essay topics that you will be dealing with, you will also want to consider how important it is to analyze each piece of art in order to properly understand the major themes that are reflected within the piece. Many times, it is not enough to just consider the subject matter of the piece itself. As you read through the pieces of art that you have studied, you will want to try to figure out what the main themes of the piece are. When you have completed the analysis for each piece of art, you will want to write a conclusion to the essay that will explain why the piece was chosen as a possible inspiration for the writer and why they decided to write the piece in the first place. One of the best ways to do this is to discuss what the piece of art represents in relation to the main theme of the essay. Additionally, you may want to discuss how these themes influence your personal life and the lives of others. Finally, when you finally reach the end of the essay that you have written, you will want to outline what the various individuals involved in the piece did to affect the themes of the piece and to influence their own lives. You will want to highlight what the artist did to effect the piece and what the musician did to affect the theme of the piece. The writer will also want to highlight how each of these individuals had personal lives that were affected by the topics that were discussed. Once you have completed your literary, analytical essay topics, you will want to make sure that you are fully prepared to present your work to others. If you are looking for ways to publish your writing online, you will want to make sure that you find the best possible website to publish your work on. There are many different things that you will want to focus on in order to make sure that you are getting the best possible exposure for your work.
Weight Of Boeing 747 Boeing 747 The Boeing 747 started life in 1970 by Pan Am and went on to enjoy huge success as the queen of the skies. Pan Am noticed that congestion was getting too much at airports and increasing the number of planes was not the answer. That is when they asked Boeing to create a supersized plane. So, how much does a Boeing 747 weigh? It’s big and it’s heavy. A Boeing 747-400 will weigh 403,500 pounds (183,024 kg) when empty. Fully loaded, it weighs around 875,000 pounds (396,893 kg). The Boeing 747 was to be twice the size of its predecessor, the 707, and it was to become the world’s first double-decker plane. From start to finish, it took 50,000 employees and 29 months to complete the first 747. The very first flight was in 1969. This airplane is so popular that it has currently flown more than 3.5 billion people to date. It will have 2 pilots, 20 crew, carry 568 passengers and a range of 8,380 miles with a top speed of 628 mph. 16 million parts make up the Boeing 747-400, and its height is as tall as a six-story building. ~ Fun Fact ~ The wing of the 747-400 is 5,600 square feet. That’s big enough to hold 47 small cars! Scroll to Top
What is the chart of accounts? The chart of accounts is a listing of the general ledger accounts to which amounts can be posted. The chart of accounts is a helpful tool for identifying the best account for recording a transaction. In some accounting software the chart of accounts may be the means to open new general ledger accounts and to control their position in the financial statements. Usually the chart of accounts begins with the balance sheet accounts followed by the income statement accounts. The accounts will usually be in the same order as they are presented on the two financial statements. Free Debits and Credits Cheat Sheet Error: You have unsubscribed from this list. Step 2: Please check your email.
Related Questions Alliteration- Food fish Onomatopoeia- "Tchaaak!" (When Brian releases the old air from his lungs after looking for his hatchet.) Hyperbole- I don't know... But the hatchet missed, sailed into the wall where it hit the rocks with a shower of sparks, and his leg was instantly torn with pain, as if a hundred needles had been driven into it.Besides, he had probably swallowed a ton of it while he was swimming out of the plane and getting to shore. "Hatchet" is a children's book by Gary Paulsen. Examples of metaphors in this book are ".....a brown wall of fur" that describes a moose and "And now a jolt took him like a hammer blow" to describe a heart attack." ex 1:on a starry winter night the sky it was called Hatchet because Brian had to survive without anything but a Hatchet I dont really know but if anybody finds out let me know. -Gary Paulsen a hatchet is a type of ax The cast of Molly Hatchet - 2007 includes: Molly Hatchet as Molly Hatchet the tone in hatchet is hungry I don't have that worksheet. Perhaps you could ask me some of the examples you're having trouble with. Brian was sleeping when a porcupine wandered in.It was dark,and Brian couldn't see what it was,so he threw his hatchet,missed,and hit the hatchet on the rocky wall of his shelter,causing a nick in his hatchet. The year that Hatchet was first published was in 1987. it is hard to cut down a tree with a hatchet. (a hatchet is a smaller version of an axe) where was the book hatchet published Gary Paulsen wrote 'Hatchet.' There are 19 chapters in Hatchet I want to kill someone with a hatchet a hatchet is a inclined plane He got it from his mom when they were leaving because he gets Gaven the hatchet by the pilot and the hatchet keeps him alive and teaches him how to live in the wild. Without his hatchet he never would of been able to make a fire, make tools, or make weapons hatchet was going to crash some of the themes of hatchet are hardship and perseverence
Science Behind Sitting History has shown that transitioning from a standing to a sitting position has traded one set of physical aches and pains for another, with many careers ending far too early from severe low back pain and other musculoskeletal disorders. To minimize the detrimental effects of static sitting we must turn to the science underlying both the principles of sitting and the surfaces on which we sit. Science Behind Sitting: Disc Pressures, Lumbar Lordosis, and Ischial Contact Pressure As discussed in Practice in Motion: Part I, disc pressures in sitting far exceed those in standing.15 An increase in the spinal load from sitting causes an increase in disc pressure, reduces the disc heights and decreases the lumbar lordosis, contributing to pain and disc degeneration.16,17 The decreased lumbar lordosis associated with sitting as compared to standing16,18 has been associated with low back pain18,19 and degenerative disc disease at the L5 S1 segment.20 Increasing the lumbar lordosis can be accomplished in three ways. First, clinicians can actively rotate their pelvis forward by raising the tailbone up. Second, a lumbar support that supports them into a lordotic curve, like that in standing, will work. Finally, tilting the angle of the seat downward will rotate the pelvis forward and create more lordosis in the lumbar spine. chat Let's get started!
What is a camera shutter How does a camera shutter work? In photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period, exposing photographic film or a photosensitive digital sensor to light in order to capture a permanent image of a scene. What is shutter speed on camera? What is shutter in mobile camera? An electronic shutter works by switching the mobile camera’s sensor on and off for a period of exposure. The lack of mechanical parts makes this sensor completely silent. The clicking sound your phone’s camera makes when taking a picture is just a sound effect that doesn’t come from the shutter. What are the two types of camera shutters? There are two basic types of shutters: 1) between the lens shutter, and 2) focal plane shutter. The focal plane shutter is built into the camera body. The focal plane shutter allows faster shutter speeds but is less accurate in timing. How long does a camera shutter last? 5 years Do Smartphone cameras have shutters? Instead, they use what’s called an electronic shutter (E-shutter) to expose your photos. Essentially, your smartphone will tell the sensor to record your scene for a given time, recorded from top to bottom.8 мая 2017 г. You might be interested: What is the latest nikon camera Whats a good shutter speed? A good shutter speed for this sort of thing is usually around 1/15 second, unless you’re dealing with extreme movement (like motor racing). If you’re planning to use this effect, though, it’s worth testing out a few different shutter speeds to find the one you like the most. Shutter speed: 1/10 second. Is ISO Shutter Speed? How is shutter speed calculated? Why is shutter speed important? One of the three most important settings in photography is Shutter Speed, the other two being Aperture and ISO. Shutter speed is responsible for two particular things: changing the brightness of your photo, and creating dramatic effects by either freezing action or blurring motion. How does shutter count affect camera? You might be interested: What kind of camera prints pictures instantly How does shutter speed affect a photo? Shutter speed also can affect the amount of light that comes into the camera by controlling how long the camera shutter remains open. The longer the camera shutter is left open, the more light that is allowed to enter the camera; this is achieved by using slower shutter speeds (such as 1/60). Why do cameras have shutters? Which cameras have leaf shutters? The brand new Hasselblad X1D (or was it 1DX or D1X? ) comes to mind. This is the worlds first mirrorless MF camera system, and in every lens there is a leaf shutter. Leave a Reply
HealthPartners home About Contact Care Insurance Pharmacy Careers Blog Most of us look forward to springtime, but not to losing the hour of sleep when clocks spring forward. March 14 kicks off daylight saving time and clocks will be turned ahead one hour. Losing that one hour of sleep can affect productivity, concentration, and both physical and mental health. Fortunately, our sleep experts have some simple tips we can use to help us adjust to the time change. And that can help us minimize the accidents and health problems that are linked to it. Even though the clock will say 8 a.m., your body will think it's 7 a.m. This can leave you feeling groggy for several days, especially in the morning. How to cope with daylight savings time? It's important to keep sleeping patterns the same during the change to daylight saving time. Here are a few tips for doing that: 1. Start getting to bed earlier. You can ease your body into the time change by starting your nighttime routine 15 minutes earlier in the days leading up to the start of daylight saving time. This can be especially helpful for small children, who often feel the effects of the time change more than adults. Then, turn your clocks forward Saturday morning instead of Sunday morning. Live your day based on that schedule. Allowing two days, rather than a single day before the start of the week can ease the biological transition (your circadian rhythm) to the new time. 2. Be consistent. Wake up at the same time each morning to keep your sleep cycle more regular. This means even on weekends! Although sleeping in can help you feel more rested in the short-term, it causes difficulties falling asleep and waking up during the week. In fact, getting out of bed at the same time every morning is the single best way to improve sleep and wake functioning. A consistent sleep schedule based on a single pre-determined rise time will help you feel more rested throughout the entire year. Getting up at the same time is far more important than going to bed at the same time, though consistency on bedtime is certainly also important. On the first Sunday of daylight saving time, get up at your regular time whether you had a good night's sleep or not. And avoid taking a nap if it’s not part of your typical routine. 3. Enjoy the longer evenings. One great perk about spring and daylight saving time is that there is more sunlight in the evenings. Enjoy the natural lighting outside or indoors with your curtains open. Sunlight helps naturally reset your body clock. Letting natural light come into your bedroom in the morning also aids in greater alertness upon awakening. 4. Exercise. Being physically active is good for your health and it can help you sleep better, too. Go for a walk or run outdoors during daylight where you are exposed to natural sunlight. But try to avoid working out too close to your bedtime. It’s best if you can allow at least two hours to "cool down" from exercise before going to bed. 5. Be mindful of what and when you eat and drink. Eat dinner earlier in the evening to help your body prepare for bedtime. Try to avoid spicy or fatty foods, especially as bedtime is approaching. They can lead to indigestion and insomnia. Avoid caffeine and alcohol later in the day so you fall asleep more easily. 6. Reduce screen time. Television, tablets and phones may help you unwind for the evening, but they can stimulate your brain and actually make it harder to fall asleep. Try avoiding hand-held screens and computer displays at least two hours before bed, and avoid television at least an hour before bedtime. Related posts
JWST has its Eyes to the Universe Installed JWST MIRI Installation JWST MIRI Installation As one of NASA’s most expensive missions it’s high-stakes surgery that has taken years of preparation. This science instrument must fit precisely into the ISIM, or Integrated Science Instrument Module (the black frame on the right to which they install the MIRI), so that it is installed exactly where it needs to be within the width of a thin human hair. This intricate process involves a tremendous amount of work from the engineering team to make sure the instrument is settled and installed just right. The MIRI itself weighs 181 pounds (82 kg) and is being held by a crane (on the left of the photo), which is being maneuvered by the engineer at the base of the ladder. Each engineer has a role in the process that must be done as delicately as possible so as not to disturb anything, said Jason Hylan, the engineer responsible for the operation from start to finish. Disturbing MIRI would cost the mission the critical science that will help shape our knowledge of the universe, and push the boundaries of scientific discoveries. For that reason, precise engineering is key and that can put some of the engineers in awkward positions, literally. “Because we are trying to put so much stuff into such a small space, we always run into problems related to access,” Hylan said. “This is somewhat akin to working on a car under the hood – some things are easy to get to because they are on the outside of where you are working. Other parts are buried and are very difficult to get to. Much of what we have to integrate is on the ‘inside’ and so access is very difficult. During the operation, we need to access multiple things at the same time and one person may only be able to access one area, so we need multiple people all around doing the same thing at the same time. It is a very coordinated operation.” Hylan said that, like watching the new World Trade Center being built in New York right now, the process is tedious, but the end result is something significant that will leave its mark on a generation.
Why drinking enough water isn’t going to change your skin Why drinking enough water isn’t going to change your skin Skin is the largest organ in the human body and has many functions: acting as a barrier to protect your body from water, germs and damage from UV light; regulating temperature and water loss; synthesizing hormones including essential Vitamin D; enabling sensation to touch, heat, cold, and pain; storing water, fat and metabolic products; and is the first site of immunological defense. Although drinking water in abundance is often referred to as ‘the secret to good skin’ by celebrities and beauty magazines, it’s long been scientifically unfounded that a direct correlation exists. This is due to doubts over whether ingesting water can reach the skin with significant visible impact, despite water’s role in flushing toxins from the body and aiding blood flow that carries nutrients to the skin. However, a recent study made initial findings to suggest that higher water inputs in our diet might positively affect skin physiology, especially for those of us who aren’t meeting our daily requirements. Drinking water can only get us so far though since it reaches many other organs first, and so for those of us who are already gulping down water to survive 2020’s heat waves without any hydrating benefits to our skin, it’s stated that “the use of topical emollients will improve skin barrier function and improve the look and feel of dry skin”. The skin contains approximately 30% water, which contributes to plumpness, elasticity, and resiliency. Beyond aesthetic appeal, keeping skin healthy and hydrated is essential as “the skin is important for maintaining body water levels and preventing water loss into the environment.” Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is the measurement of the water loss from a body that passes through the skin epidermis through diffusion, which then evaporates. Reduction of TEWL (i.e. lower TEWL readings) indicates that the skin barrier is more effective in retaining moisture in the skin, allowing it to feel more moisturised. While dry skin is a skin type inherited from genetics where the skin is lacking in oils known as lipids, dehydrated skin is a skin condition which can affect anyone and be caused by external factors such as hard or hot water, air-conditioning or central heating, ageing or insufficient skincare. Our new all-in-one serum THE PILL combats dry and dehydrated skin through a blend of four humectants—a category of skincare ingredients that are hygroscopic—meaning they draw moisture from their surroundings. These are Glycerin, Hyaluronic Acid, Galactoarabinan (GA / Larch Extract) and Sodium PCA, which boost the skin’s NMF (natural moisturizing factor), working in combination to hydrate the skin while helping it to repair long-term by protecting the skin’s lipid barrier. Galactoarabinan (GA) has been shown to reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as well as increase skin cell turnover. One study conducted across 21 subjects which measured TEWL after one application of a product containing 2% GA as against a placebo showed a statistically significant reduction in TEWL levels after only 2 and 4 hours, indicating that GA successfully helped to maintain skin barrier function. In addition to being a humectant, Hyaluronic Acid is also a glycosaminoglycan, a naturally-occurring substance that is part of the skin’s youth-supporting matrix. Studies have shown that Hyaluronic Acid can improve the appearance of fine lines and improve skin hydration within 15 minutes of application, and after 6-8 weeks can significantly improve skin hydration and elasticity. Shop THE PILL all-in-one serum now.
New clue to cocaine addicts' quirky behavior Researchers working with rats have zeroed in on the brain circuitry mechanism whose disruption contributes to the impulsive behavior seen in users of cocaine as well as other psychostimulant drugs. The same circuitry has been implicated in such disorders as schizophrenia, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, wrote the researchers. Yukiori Goto and Anthony A. Grace of the University of Pittsburgh described their findings in the July 21, 2005, issue of Neuron. In their studies, they sought to understand the effects of cocaine sensitization on the connections between two higher brain regions--the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus--and the nucleus accumbens, which is the region in the limbic system involved in processing reward behavior. The prefrontal cortex is involved in processing information, and the hippocampus is involved in learning and memory. The connections to the nucleus accumbens seem to be bidirectional, said the researchers, and the interactions with the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus could affect the "plasticity" of connections in the neurons of the nucleus accumbens. This means that disruptions to the normal connections could affect behavior. The researchers' electrophysiological studies of the effects of cocaine on this circuitry demonstrated that the drug did disrupt this normal plasticity. They found that the cocaine induced abnormal enhancement of neuronal connections--a phenomenon called long-term potentiation (LTP). The researchers also performed behavioral studies on the cocaine-sensitized rats, to explore the behavioral effects of this disruption. In these studies, they placed the rats in a plus-shaped maze. The rats were taught that in response to a visual cue they should turn left or right toward one arm or the other of the maze to obtain a piece of cereal. Goto and Grace found that, while the cocaine-sensitized rats learned the correct response strategy faster than normal rats, they we Contact: Heidi Hardman Cell Press Page: 1 2 Related biology news : 1. Prenatal cocaines lasting cellular effects 2. Scientists design simple dipstick test for cocaine, other drugs 3. High-tech research shows cocaine changes proteins and brain function 4. New data hint at oncoming cocaine epidemic 5. Researchers identify key step in cocaine-induced heart enlargement, sudden death 6. Genetically altered mice no longer like cocaine 7. High resolution snapshots detail dynamics of a cocaine antibody 8. New study finds common herbal supplement helps to reduce cocaine cravings 9. UT Southwestern researchers find alterations in brains circuitry caused by cocaine 10. Delving deeper into the machinery of cocaine addiction 11. The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure Post Your Comments: Breaking Biology News(10 mins): Breaking Biology Technology: Cached News:
As art of making cheese spread from Egypt toward north, Greece and Rome became birthplaces of many more types of cheese, where lower temperature enabled But with a trail of clues pointing to the Alps, it’s possible that macaroni cheese’s origins may in fact trace back to Switzerland. It’s not made here now, nor was it at any point in its 135-year history. The origins of cheese predate recorded history. By. Jan. 16, 2020, 9:48 PM UTC / Source: TODAY. Did you know that cream cheese was first invented in 1872? Cheese is placed on a hot patty and its heat melts the cheese. Mass production of cheese didn't occur until 1815 in Switzerland when the first cheese factory was built. However, they faced a variety of challenges while trying to prepare mac and cheese in different countries. According to legend, the historical restaurant wanted to make their burger sandwich more exciting, so they threw some cheese on it, just as they might any other sandwich. If you've always assumed that … ANSWER: Other restaurants also claim to have invented the cheeseburger. However, people who lived in the European region quickly got to know about it. Who Invented The Cheese Grater. Philadelphia Cream Cheese was invented in New York in 1872, according to the Kraft Heinz Co., and got its name in 1880 as part of a marketing strategy to associate the product with the high-quality food and dairy farming for which the Philadelphia area was known at the time. … The chefs returned to Naples and improvised by adding cheese and other ingredients and formed today’s pizza. © 2020 - History of Cheese \| Privacy Policy \| Contact. Cheese has long been a staple of many diets around the world. American Grilled Cheese Sandwich History The modern American grilled cheese sandwich is a more recent invention. According to Nick Rogers, who has researched the history of cheese dip, the dish was invented by Blackie Donnely, the original owner of Mexico Chiquito restaurants. Pasteurization made soft cheeses safer, reducing the risk of spreading tuberculosis, salmonellosis, listeriosis, and brucellosis. Where was cheese invented? The first cheese may have been made by people in the Middle East or by nomadic Turkic tribes in Central Asia. There is no conclusive evidence indicating where cheese-making originated. The Mexico Chiquito chain, which now has multiple locations in central Arkansas, was opened by Donnely and his wife in North Little Rock in 1935. However, it may have originated either in Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, or the Sahara. Was pizza invented by the Chinese? Injuries, sometimes serious, are common. They enjoyed a wide variety of cheeses, and cheese making was already considered an art form. The earliest tools found date to 5500 BCE, in what is now Kujawe, Poland. Derek Cooper Photography Inc / Getty Images. They provided hard cheese for the Roman legions. lovers. Bloomberg via Getty Images. Cheese is as old as modern mankind, with clues about its existence reaching all the way back to 8,000 BC when first sheep and goats were domesticated by trading routes – Cheddar around 1200 and Parmesan in late 1590s. It was the pilgrims who brought cheese and … Throughout much of his life, Traisman was focused on the processes of how to eliminate E. … After the introduction, the manufacture of cheese in America moved from east to west mostly in the northern part of the nation. She also holds a nutritional science degree. can be used for creation of medium and hard cheeses. Around the sixth century BCE, the soldiers of Persian King Darius the First would create flatbreads topped with dates and cheese. Cheese is as old as modern mankind, with clues about its existence reaching all the way back to 8,000 BC when first sheep and goats were domesticated by our ancestors. It’s generally believed that cheese first appeared in the Middle East, perhaps as far back as 6,000 BC. More than a century later, Philly is again considered a food mecca, and the iconic brand has endured. Cheeseburgers were invented by Lionel Sternberger in 1924. Although it is unknown where cheese production was first discovered, evidence of early cheesemaking is prevalent in the Middle East, Europe, and Central Asia. This was done because the average temperature in those The oldest archeological proofs of cheese existence date back to 5,500 BC, with first It was made with fresh, hand-cut pasta which was sandwiched between a mixture of melted butter and cheese. For centuries, cheese has been made in a variety of sizes. With less salt and preservatives, European cheeses were much more pleasant tasting and quickly many formed assembly line cheese factory in USA in 1851. During the reign of Rome, cheese was used as everyday food by both rich and poor, with cheese making becoming a certified art that was praised by food With the American industrial food, a revolution came in the invention of processed cheese. Marc Zorn - August 30, 2014. Nobody is quite sure where it originated, but we do know, thanks to Pliny the Elder, that cheese was a sophisticated enterprise by the time the Roman Empire came about. Processed cheese combines natural cheese with milk, emulsifiers, stabilizers, flavoring, and coloring. The word cheese comes from the Latin word caseus, the root of which is traced back to the proto-Indo-European root kwat, meaning to ferment or become sour. In modern times, factory production of cheese vastly surpasses home production, although many most respected cheeses are made using centuries old recipes likely very salty and strong tasting and crumbly, similar to the modern Feta and cottage cheese. Who invented cheese? It’s orange and today is sold in Venezuela, Mexico, Canada, and the Philippines in addition to the US. Organized production of cheese When was cheese invented? Tweet on Twitter. Surviving records about their way of life showed us that they used animal skins and inflated internal organs as storage mediums, leading to The 16-year-old fry cook "experimentally dropped a slab of American cheese on a sizzling hamburger" while working at his father's sandwich shop in Pasadena, California. Where was cheese invented? While they had plenty of other culinary talents, the Native Americans were not a cheese-making people. In the millennia before refrigeration, cheese became a way to preserve milk. The recipe given (in Middle English) was: Take and make a thynne foyle of dowh. He was working as a fry cook at his father's Pasadena, California sandwich shop, "The Rite Spot", and "experimentally dropped a slab of American cheese on a sizzling hamburger." Without refrigeration, warm summer heat in combination with residual rennet in the stomach lining would have naturally curdled the milk to produce the earliest forms of cheese. Many other came in 17th and 18th century. The leak-proof stomachs and other bladder-like organs of animals were often put to use to store and transport milk and other liquids. This inexpensive cheese product melts easily and consistently and has become an American favorite. Handmade artisan cheese is making a comeback in a major way. 0. What is pizza called in America? The Romans, in turn, introduced cheesemaking to England. Share on Facebook. These milk curds were strained, and salt was added for extra preservation, giving birth to what we now know as "cheese." that require careful manual handling of all cheese making processes. This made cheeses from individual countries many more diverse, with France, Italy and England leading These cooler climates also saw the invention of aged, ripened, and blue cheeses. In the years after Sternberger's grilling, other restaurants made the claim they invented the cheeseburger. the cheese (all) has been here a millennium before the written word - Hence the many names Photo credit. During the Middle Ages-from the decline of the Roman Empire until the discovery of America-cheese was made and improved by … Soon after, scientists discovered how to mass-produce rennet and industrial cheese production spread like wildfire. Production of processed cheese products skyrocketed during the World War II era. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Where was catsup invented? Specialty cheese shops, which were once dominated by imported artisan cheese, are now filling up with locally made and handcrafted cheeses. The first cheese may have been made by people in the Middle East … Sadly after the fall of Roman Empire, trade routes all around the Europe collapsed, preventing easy sharing of information and goods, bringing back cheese Many of today’s popular cheeses were made before the arrival of Renaissance and establishment of new Kraft bought a mule, purchased cheese wholesale, and then sold it to local grocers. heard of Cheese before (not counting India, which had long history with cheese), and same was the case with Americas. Examples of cheese made in such time in Egypt and Middle East was most It originated through the transportation of milk in bladders made of ruminants' stomachs due to their inherent supply of rennet. Murals of ancient Egypt going back 2,000 BC show people making cheese and storing them in skin bags. cheese makers to experiment not only with rennet and other acidic agents that can transform milk into cheese, but also many other types of bacteria that Classic cheesemaking methods are being adopted by small farmers and creameries across the United States. Outbreaks still occur from raw milk cheeses, and pregnant women are warned not to eat soft-ripened cheeses and blue-veined cheeses. For example, Kaelin's Restaurant in Louisville, Kentucky, said it invented the cheeseburger in 1934. The Best Cheese Subscription Boxes of 2020, The History of Dia de los Muertos Sugar Skulls, The Vegetarian Diet: What It Is and What You Can Eat. distinct aromas were made popular. As cheesemaking spread to the cooler climates of Northern Europe, less salt was needed for preservation, which led to creamier, milder varieties of cheese. Lionel Sternberger is reputed to have introduced the cheeseburger in 1926 at the age of 16. These skin bags were made from animals’ stomachs. Whether or not Donnely’s cheese dip was the first is hard to say, but his restaurant is indeed famous … conclusion that the first discovery of making cheese was probably accidental. AS with the hamburger, we don’t know for sure who invented the cheeseburger. In 1997, 33 people were treated with injuries ranging … One year later, a trademark for the name "cheeseburger" was awarded to Louis Ballast of the Humpty Dumpty Drive-In in Denver, 8903. In fact, cheese was made in many parts of the Roman Empire when it was at its height. A cheese and pasta casserole known as makerouns was recorded in the 14th century medieval English cookbook, the Forme of Cury. making into a highly competitive local production. Cheese has been produced in America since early in the 17th century when English Puritan dairy farmers brought their knowledge of dairy farming and cheesemaking with them from the Old World to the New English colonies. Invented is a poor word - discovered might be better - then of course the marketing . Since this time, Americans have consistently consumed more processed cheese than natural cheeses. The invention of this food product is credited to a food scientist named Edwin Traisman. Italian and French archaeologists operating in Sardinia found evidence of bread baked around 7000 years ago, and the evidence suggests that the bread was leavened. Historian records from that time remain today, describing ancient ways of making many types of cheese that were made all over the Roman Empire. Philadelphia Cream Cheese is not from Philadelphia. where was cheese invented Plumber Jobs In Germany, How To Texture Paint Walls With A Roller, Used Fender Mustang Bass For Sale, Uw Neighborhood Clinic, Shawl In A Ball Patterns, Chinese Arithmetic Problems, Fine Meaning In Tamil, Dog Anatomy For Artists,
Hindu Funeral Traditions Within Hinduism there are a number of sects, subsects, and regional variations with differing beliefs. Generally, Hindus believe that life and death are part of the concept of samsara, or rebirth. The ultimate goal for many Hindus is to become free from desire, thereby escaping samsara and attaining moksha, the transcendent state of salvation. Once moksha is attained, the soul will be absorbed into Brahman, the divine force and ultimate reality.When Death Is ImminentWhen a Hindu is approaching death, a priest should be contacted and the priest and the family should gather to be with the dying person. Those present should chant mantras or play a recording of mantras being chanted. When death seems imminent, the body should, if possible, be transferred to a grass mat on the floor. A small amount of water from the Ganges River should be placed in the dying person’s mouth. If this is not possible before death, then these actions should take place immediately following the death.After Death Has OccurredAs soon as death occurs, those gathered will avoid unnecessary touching of the body, as it is seen as impure. When To Hold A Hindu Funeral Preparations for the funeral begin immediately. The funeral should take place as soon as possible—traditionally, by the next dusk or dawn, whichever occurs first. A priest should be contacted and can help guide in the decision-making process and direct the family to a Hindu-friendly funeral home. Organ Donation Organ donation is acceptable for Hindus, as there are no Hindu laws prohibiting organ or tissue donation. Embalming is acceptable in Hinduism. Preparing The Body Traditionally, the body is washed by family members and close friends. Many Hindu funeral homes recognize the importance of the family washing the body and will allow the family to prepare the body. If this is not possible, the funeral home may wash and dress the body. For the ritual washing, the deceased’s head should be facing southward. A lighted oil lamp as well as a picture of the deceased’s favorite deity should be kept by the deceased’s head. Traditionally, for the “abhisegam” (holy bath), the body is washed in a mixture of milk, yogurt, ghee (clarified butter), and honey. The body may also be washed in purified water. While the body is being washed, those washing should recite mantras. Once the body is sufficiently cleaned, the big toes should be tied together, the hands should be placed palm-to-palm in a position of prayer, and the body should be shrouded in a plain white sheet. If the person who died was a married woman who died before her husband, she should be dressed in red. Viewing, Wake, Or Visitation Before A Hindu Funeral Hindus generally hold a brief wake before cremation. The body should be displayed in a simple, inexpensive casket. “Vibuti” (ash) or “chandanam” (sandalwood) should be applied to the forehead of a man, and turmeric should be applied to the forehead of a woman. A garland of flowers should be placed around the neck, and holy basil should be placed in the casket. During the wake, family and friends gather around the casket and may recite hymns or mantras. At the end of the wake, before the body is removed for cremation, many Hindus place “pinda” (rice balls) near the casket. At the end of the wake, the casket is removed feet-first and brought to the place of cremation. Traditionally, the casket is carried on a stretcher and walked to the cremation site, though it is acceptable to transport the body in a vehicle. If a vehicle, such as a hearse, is used for transportation, the eldest male relative (known as “karta”) and another male family elder should accompany the casket. It is customary that only men attend the cremation. Historically, Hindu cremations take place on the Ganges River in India. The family builds a pyre and places the body on the pyre. The karta will circle the body three times, walking counter-clockwise so that the body stays on his left, and sprinkling holy water on the pyre. Then the karta will set the pyre on fire and those gathered will stay until the body is entirely burned. For Hindus living outside of India, there are companies that will arrange for the shipment of the body to India and hold a traditional cremation with a proxy karta. In the United States, only crematories may cremate bodies. However, most crematories will allow for ceremonies before the cremation and will allow for guests to be present at the cremation itself. Thus, most of the rituals may still be observed. The body should be brought into the crematorium feet-first, ideally with the feet facing south. Those gathered may pray, and then the karta will perform the ritual circling of the body. At this point, the body is ready for cremation, and should be placed into the incinerator feet-first. When the body has been fully cremated, those gathered will return home. Post-Funeral Reception Upon returning home, all family members will bathe and change into fresh clothes. Then the family will gather for a meal. A priest may visit the family at home and purify the house with incense. Hindu Mourning Period And Memorial Events One year after the death, the family will observe a memorial event called “sraddha,” which pays homage to the deceased. The karta will invite Brahmins, members of the highest caste, to the home and provide them with an elaborate meal, treating them as he would his own parents.
文章来源：山东成考网2020-06-23 17:00:08 学习交流群+ 加入微信公众号+ 关注 During recent years we have heard much about“race”：how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and soon.Yet,the 1 phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications. We judge race usually 2 the colouring of the skin:a white race,a brown race,a yellow race and a black race.But 3 you were to remove the skin you could not 4 anything about the race to which the individual belonged.There is 5 in physical structure.The brain or the internal organs to 6 a difference. There are four types of blood.7 types are found in every race,and no type is distinct to any race.Human brains are the 8.No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged.Brains will 9 in size,but this occurs within every race.10 does size have anything to do with intelligence.The largest brain 11 examined belonged to a person of weak 12.On the other hand,some of our most distinguished people have had 13 brains. Mental tests which are reasonably 14 show no differences in intelligence between races.High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race.15 equal educational advantages,there will be no difference in average standings,either on account of race or geographical location. Individuals of every race 16 civilization to go backward or forward.Training and education can change the response of a group of people,17 enable them to behave in a 18 way. The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances,but they can always go back or go on to something new 19 is better and higher than anything 20 the past. 1.A.complete B.full C.total D.whole 2.A.in B.from C.at D.on 3.A.since B.if C.as D.while 4.A.speak B.talk C.tell D.mention 5.A.something B.everything C.nothing D.anything 6.A.display B.indicate C.demonstrate D.appear 7.A.All B.Most C.No D.Some 8.A.same B.identical C.similar D.alike 9.A.remain B.increase C.decrease D.vary 10.A.Only B.Or C.Nor D.So 11.A.ever B.then C.never D.once 12.A.health B.body C.mind D.thought 13.A.big B.small C.minor D.major 14.A.true B.exact C.certain D.accurate 15.A.Provided B.Concerning C.Given D.Following 16.A.make B.cause C.move D.turn 17.A.and B.but C.though D.so 18.A.ordinary B.peculiar C.usual D.common 19.A.that B.what C.whichever D.whatever 20.A.for B.to C.within D.in 1~5 DBBCC 6~10 BAADC 11~15 ACBDC 16~20 BABAD 版权保护: 本文由山东成考网提供，转载请保留链接: http://www.jyhz.org/xwyy/1024.html
Four Examples of Necessary Equipment for Medical Facilities In order to be prepared for any situation that may arise, a clinic or hospital needs to have certain types of equipment on hand. Comprehensive care requires many different ways to measure the activities of the body and administer various treatments. There are some basics that should always be included. There are two types of pumps- syringe and infusion pumps. An infusion type is meant to deliver fluids such as blood, drugs and nutrients to patients in controlled amounts. They can be used for patient care or live research. An example of this type is a b braun perfusor space. Syringe pumps are slightly more precise, but are meant to be used in laboratories for pure research purposes. They are typically used for much smaller amounts. They are usually battery operated and may last you up to 10 years. This is a device that sends electrical currents to the heart in order to treat life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias by shocking the heart into momentary stillness, so that it can regroup and begin again. It is usually employed in emergency situations, so it is designed to be portable and easy to carry. External defibrillators can be mono- or biphasic, meaning they can send one or two electrical shocks. Some modern machines even have a video screen in full color. Still others even integrate CPR rate advisors. One of the most important aspects of a medical center is its hygiene. It is not sufficient to simply wash surgical tools and equipment with soap. Autoclave sterilizers use pressurized steam to kill every kind of microbe. Medical waste sometimes needs to be autoclaved, as well. They come in many sizes, the largest being taller than a person. If your budget is a concern, you can also purchase refurbished sterilizers. This is a required piece of equipment for any facility. EKG Machines One of the most stereotypical pieces of machinery in a hospital is an EKG, or an electrocardiogram. This device allows staff to monitor the rhythm of the heart by recording its electrical activity. If you want heart rate readings or to be alerted of abnormalities, you will need one of these. They can also read blood pressure and pulse rate. They can even be small enough to fit in the palm of your hand, and are extremely portable. They feature digital readouts and a rechargeable battery, as well. Stocking your clinic can be a difficult task, with the wide range of medical products that exist today. Don’t forget to cover the essentials before moving on to more advanced machinery. Related posts
Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information system Español Contact Genus: Lonchopisthus, Jawfishes All Families: All Genera: All Species: C very long, pointed top jaw end concave + notch/hook cheeks scaled Elongate, compressed, tapering body; large bulbous head, eye large, high on side of head; mouth opens at front, large, extends to rear of eye; jaw teeth slender, straight; top jaw with rear end concave, a blunt notch or hook on underside at rear; dorsal fin X-XI, not notched; dorsal and anal fins with long bases; pelvic fins I, 5, outer 2 rays stout and unbranched, inner 3 rays weaker and branched, fin base before the pectoral; tail fin much longer than head, sharply pointed; lateral line on front half of body only, high; cheeks scaled. A neotropical genus with 5 species; the four species found in our region include 2 W Atlantic species and 2 endemics.
Skip to main content Fine-scale genetic mapping of a hybrid sterility factor between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana: the varied and elusive functions of "speciation genes" Hybrid male sterility (HMS) is a usual outcome of hybridization between closely related animal species. It arises because interactions between alleles that are functional within one species may be disrupted in hybrids. The identification of genes leading to hybrid sterility is of great interest for understanding the evolutionary process of speciation. In the current work we used marked P-element insertions as dominant markers to efficiently locate one genetic factor causing a severe reduction in fertility in hybrid males of Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana. Our mapping effort identified a region of 9 kb on chromosome 3, containing three complete and one partial coding sequences. Within this region, two annotated genes are suggested as candidates for the HMS factor, based on the comparative molecular characterization and public-source information. Gene Taf1 is partially contained in the region, but yet shows high polymorphism with four fixed non-synonymous substitutions between the two species. Its molecular functions involve sequence-specific DNA binding and transcription factor activity. Gene agt is a small, intronless gene, whose molecular function is annotated as methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine S-methyltransferase activity. High polymorphism and one fixed non-synonymous substitution suggest this is a fast evolving gene. The gene trees of both genes perfectly separate D. simulans and D. mauritiana into monophyletic groups. Analysis of gene expression using microarray revealed trends that were similar to those previously found in comparisons between whole-genome hybrids and parental species. The identification following confirmation of the HMS candidate gene will add another case study leading to understanding the evolutionary process of hybrid incompatibility. Reproductive isolation is a hallmark of speciation in sexual organisms. When genetically isolated populations have accumulated enough divergence, the hybrid progeny may be sterile due to the disruption of gametogenesis caused by functional incompatibility between factors evolved independently within each population. This scenario characterizes post-zygotic isolation, which is frequently found in pairs of species sharing a recent common ancestor. However, the timing at which reproductive isolation evolves during the process of speciation is somewhat unclear. An evolutionary scenario of speciation was theorized many decades ago [1, 2], but a modern understanding of the speciation process on the molecular level--identifying the so-called "speciation genes"--has just begun to become realistic. A number of studies have succeeded in identifying, at the molecular level, a few genes that may be involved in speciation (in Drosophila: OdsH [3, 4], Nup98 [5], Nup160 [6], Hmr [7], Zhr [8], Ovd [9]; in Mus: Prdm9 [10], in Xiphophorus: Xmrk-2 [11]). These recent data together provide needed insight into the evolution of reproductive isolation, and they largely confirm the traditional view of speciation as an evolutionary process involving multiple genes [12, 13]. Moreover, the results imply that speciation is a continuous process that progresses from the occurrence of hybridization with viable hybrids, to hybrid sterility, and ultimately to complete pre-zygotic reproductive isolation. Thus, the existence of multiple reproductive barriers that have accumulated over time is expected [12]. According to the Dobzhansky-Muller model [1, 2], genetic incompatibilities arise from negative epistatic interactions between alleles that have appeared within each population and encountered each other for the first time in the hybrid. Thus, sequence differences within at least two loci between two closely related species is a prerequisite for genetic incompatibility. Indeed, the bigger the differences in gene sequence between species, the higher the likelihood that an incompatible sequence variant may have arisen. In this sense, every gene showing rapid evolution might potentially be responsible for generating the incompatibilities in the hybrid of two closely related species. The abundance of complex epistatic interactions involved in HMS has been recently shown [1416]. For instance, previous work on the same D. simulans/D. mauritiana system used here uncovered several complex epistatic interactions between HMS factors, even though the analysis was restricted to small introgressions in a single background. This limited the results to interactions between factors located not too distant from each other [16]. Nevertheless, the number of genes usually involved and the nature of the epistatic interactions are yet to be resolved. Although hybrid inviability and/or sterility are the usual outcomes of the disruption of allelic interactions, the sparse data so far accumulated indicate that the underlying nature of the disruptions may vary. The question of whether certain classes of genes are more prone to evolve incompatibilities is still open. Further studies are therefore likely to bring new insights to the topic of speciation. The number and variety of genomic regions found to be involved in some degree of hybrid incompatibility suggest that most of the divergence between species may have accumulated after the rise of reproductive barriers [13, 17, 18], and indeed several studies have observed an increase in the number of incompatibilities with divergence time [19, 20]. Genes causing hybrid inviability may have important housekeeping, developmental, or regulatory functions, whereas genes leading to sterility in hybrids would likely be involved in some aspect of reproduction. Among the genes described so far, three are DNA or chromatin-binding proteins (OdsH, Lhr and Hmr), two are nuclear pore proteins (Nup96, Nup160), one is a gene transposition (JYalpha), and one is likely to be a small regulatory RNA that suppresses sex-ratio distortion (Nmy). As pointed out by Presgraves [21], genomes are not impervious to invasion by selfish elements, and substitutions generated by these leave the same signatures in the genome as beneficial substitutions. Therefore, an alternative to the hypothesis of adaptive evolution is that most of these genes may have evolved as a compensatory response to the effects of deleterious mutations and selfish genes. In the current work we focus on locating one hybrid-male-sterility (HMS) factor between D. simulans and D. mauritiana and investigating the nature of the disruption behind it. The HMS factor 1 was previously identified by Tao et al. [16] as being in a region of 1.4 Mb on chromosome 3 (between molecular markers Rga and Antp). This is only one of ten factors in chromosome 3 possibly causing hybrid incompatibilities in this pair of species, whose hybrid males are always sterile and females are fertile. Our results show that a fertility shift from quasi-sterile male to a fertile male is associated with a region of 9 kb, in which three complete genes and a portion of one gene are contained. We analyzed the DNA sequence across this interval and found no duplication, deletion, or rearrangement between the two species. However, we observed a handful of divergent sites in the coding sequences of gene CG17603 (Taf1) and the intronless 576 bp gene CG1303 (agt), as well as indels present in the 5' UTR of the later and in the intergenic region immediately upstream of its coding sequence. Gene agt shows a higher number of non-synonymous (NSS) than synonymous (SS) substitutions, one of the NSS being fixed between D. simulans and D. mauritiana; the gene also shows a reciprocally monophyletic gene tree. Likewise, the gene tree of Taf1, built from the portion of coding sequence included in the mapped interval, unambiguously separates the two species. The other two genes in the region are much more evolutionary conserved and have gene trees that do not differentiate the two species. Mapping of the HMS factor to a 9 kb genomic region Crosses of 2P-cis females with simB-males generated 536 recombinant males. This number was reached after three runs of crosses, genotyping, and phenotyping. As shown in Figure 1 recombinant males are recognized from the eye color corresponding to P32-insert and each bears either the original introgression or one of smaller size that may have been generated by recombination in the mother. In principle, the sizes of the introgressions were not known, and all males were tested by crossing to P45.6 (tester stock) and by scoring the fertility of their 2P sons (which carry both P-elements and introgressions). Figure 1 Mapping design and crosses performed. Cross scheme used to generate recombinants between two P-elements. The second chromosome, marked with nt is not shown. Females from 2P line 32-33 (see True et al. 1996a for P-element nomenclature) were crossed to simB males and recombinants were selected by eye color. Recombinants carrying P33 had eye color very similar to non-recombinants, which made the selection difficult. Thus, we decided to select only recombinants carrying P32 for the fertility tests. The D. mauritiana introgression did not cause sterility when heterozygous; so the recombinant lines were crossed to 1P line 45.6, whose introgression covers the region where the location of factor 1 was predicted. Ten males carrying P32 and P45.6 from each cross, i.e. homozygotes for the introgression, were selected by eye color and individually crossed to 3 females w; e. Fertility was assayed by counting the offspring from each cross up to the 20th day. The screening of the first set of recombinants reduced the region of factor 1 from 1.26 Mb (between markers Rga and Antp) to 372 kb (between markers CG15179 and Antp) and to chromosomal location 84A1. In the second run, we first genotyped recombinants using the ASO markers on the edge of factor 1's region (CG15179 and Antp) in order to select for the informative lines and exclude the lines with break points outside of the 372 kb interval. This new effort reduced the region to 170 kb (between markers CG15179 and Dfd). Finally, the third run helped us locating factor 1 within an interval of 20 kb, with four informative recombinant lines within it. The smallest interval between the fertile line P32.433 and the quasi-sterile line P32.456 is 9 kb (Figure 2 and Additional file 1). Figure 2 Scheme showing the final reduction in the region bearing factor 1. Summary of results pairing genotype to phenotype. Genotype on each marker site is represented by "M" for D. mauritiana and "S" for D. simulans. Phenotype was divided in two categories: quasi-sterile gave 9.0 offspring on average (± 2.32) and fertile gave 215.4 offspring on average (± 24.51). The clear-cut localization of factor 1 ranges in between markers pos5279 and pos14460, a region of approximately 9 kb. The phenotype corresponding to each genotype class is shown in Figure 2. We summarize the difference in phenotype by showing the mean progeny number for fertile recombinants (215.4 ± 24.51) and quasi-sterile recombinants (9.0 ± 2.32). This represents a reduction of 24-fold in fertility when the 9 kb region of D. mauritiana is present in homozygous condition. The 9 kb region contains three annotated genes: CG1307, CG2358 (Spase 18-21) and CG1303 (agt). A fragment of gene CG17603 (Taf1, 3' end representing 44% of the gene and 23% of the transcript) is also included in the region. Additional file 2 shows the genes in the mapped interval. Gene Taf1 has molecular functions described as: sequence-specific DNA binding, general RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, histone serine kinase activity, protein kinase activity, transcription factor activity, and zinc ion binding. Gene CG1307 has molecular function described as aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase activity. Spase 18-21 has molecular function described as serine-type peptidase activity. Finally, agt has molecular function described as methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine S-methyltransferase activity. DNA sequencing of the 9 kb region for D. simulans and D. mauritiana revealed no large duplication, deletion, or chromosomal rearrangement between the species. Across the region we see an even distribution of SNPs and indels, with a clearly higher conservation observed within coding regions (see Additional file 3). Gene Taf1 has seven of 16 exons included in the region, CG1307 and CG2358 have three exons each, and agt (CG1303) has one single exon. Single-nucleotide differences between species are spread across the whole region, but are especially seen in introns and intergenic regions. Comparing the coding sequences of the genes, both genes Taf1 and agt show a high density of single-nucleotide differences, whereas no indels were found within exons. The highest divergence between simB and mau12 is seen at the upstream region of gene agt. Within a range of 500 bp from the 5' UTR of gene agt, we see four small indels, with simB missing a total of 54 bp in relation to mau12 (see Additional file 2). Molecular characterization of the candidate interval A count of the number of substitutions occurring in exons of the four genes for D. simulans and D. mauritiana allowed an informative analysis of the candidate interval. The results are summarized in Table 1. Genes CG1307 and CG2358 can be immediately excluded as candidates for the HMS phenotype, as they show no significant variation between species. Gene CG1307 shows a total of nine polymorphic sites and one silent substitution fixed between species. We performed a McDonald-Kreitman test, which takes into account a neutral null hypothesis to test whether the ratio of synonymous to non-synonymous substitutions that are fixed between species is consistent with that segregating within species. Fisher's exact test was not significant (one-tailed P = 0.5). Gene CG2358 (Spase 18-21) is very conserved, showing silent polymorphism, but no fixed differences between species (Table 1). Thus, the McDonald-Kreitman test could not be performed. Moreover, the gene trees for CG1307 and CG2358 do not separate the two species into monophyletic groups (Figure 3B,C). Table 1 Molecular characterization of the candidate interval Figure 3 Phylogenetic trees reconstructed for each gene present in the candidate interval. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed for each gene present in the candidate interval. For genes (A) Taf1, (B) CG1307, (C) CG2358, and (D) agt we analyzed the coding sequence of a number of populations of D. simulans and D. mauritiana. The species D. yakuba was taken as outgroup. The trees for genes Taf1 and agt showed unambiguous grouping of populations in clades. Contrary to CG1307 and CG2358, the number of substitutions seen for gene Taf1 is noticeable. In the relatively small portion of Taf1's coding sequence included in the region (23% of 6.4 kb), we find four non-synonymous substitutions that are fixed between species, in addition to the occurrence of 22 polymorphic sites (Table 1). The gene tree constructed for Taf1 unambiguously separates the species D. simulans and D. mauritiana (Figure 3A). Even though the sequence analysis and gene tree suggest that Taf1 may be under rapid evolution, and hence be a good candidate for the hybrid incompatibility, this is a gene that shows relatively high conservation across species of the D. melanogaster group (see Additional file 3). Moreover, from among 23 loss-of-function mutations found in a genetic screen of Taf1, three were identified as causing female sterility without affecting the fertility of males [22]. The other alleles cause lesions in a variety of structures, including bristles, wings and male terminalia, and some may be lethal. The other candidate for factor 1, the gene agt, also shows a high density of single-nucleotide substitutions (Table 1), including 15 that are non-synonymous. Also, the 5' UTR and upstream intergenic region of agt show the highest divergence between species, mostly in the form of indels. Conservation in this particular region (D. simulans 3R: 2517094-2518594) is low across species of the melanogaster subgroup (see Additional file 3) and even between the sister species D. simulans and D. mauritiana. Gene agt is only 576 bp long (191 amino acids) and has no introns. The protein O-6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase is involved in the repair of O-6-alkylguanine and O-4-alkylthymine in DNA, and in most organisms it attenuates the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of certain classes of alkylating agents. Between D. simulans and D. mauritiana the coding region of gene agt shows a higher number of non-synonymous (NSS) than synonymous (SS) substitutions: D. simulans has 13 segregating sites with seven NSS, whereas D. mauritiana has 12 segregating sites with eight NSS. It is important to highlight that one non-synonymous substitution is fixed between species (Table 1). However, Fisher's exact test was not significant (one-tailed P = 0.078). In addition to its degree of sequence divergence, agt's gene tree is perfectly consistent with the separation of D. simulans and D. mauritiana into monophyletic groups (Figure 3D), in contrast to the gene trees of CG1307 and CG2358. In fact, it is expected that genes involved in speciation will reflect more accurately the phylogenetic history of closely related species [23, 24], and this indeed has been shown to be the case for another gene causing hybrid sterility, OdsH [25]. The non-silent difference between species at position 361 of agt's coding region is also a variable site when other pairs of species are considered (Table 2). D. erecta and D. yakuba have GAT (aspartic acid) in position 361, D. melanogaster has CAT (histidine), D. sechelia has TAT (tyrosine), D. mauritiana has AAT (asparagine), and D. simulans has GAT (aspartic acid) like the outgroup D. yakuba. This specific change may suggest a precise location for the origin of the hybrid incompatibility. Table 2 Amino acid replacement in position 361 of the candidate gene agt Our results point to genes Taf1 and agt as good candidates for the hybrid male incompatibility factor 1 mapped to the 9 kb region herein reported. However, the fact that gene Taf1 is not entirely represented in the mapped interval and, in D. melanogaster, affects the fertility of females and not males when disrupted, makes this gene a less attractive candidate for causing the male-sterile phenotype than it might otherwise be. Complex epistasis between HMS and the genomic background We have tested whether the HMS factor1 was similarly expressed in three different genomic backgrounds. We find that significant variation in fertility is observed when other strains of D. simulans are used. In order to establish stocks for this experiment, males from recombinant lines P32.75 and P32.110, as well as males from the tester stock P45.6, were crossed to females from three different strains of D. simulans: w501, w; e, and ywf. Male progeny with colored eyes were backcrossed to virgin females from the respective D. simulans strain for five more generations. Because no recombination happens in males of most species of Drosophila, at this point we expected that each original recombinant chromosome would be intact, whereas the rest of the genome would have been largely replaced by the background strain. Females from each background were then crossed to males from the corresponding P45.6 line and the 2P male progeny tested for fertility. The fertility tests were done as described in Material and Methods: each male 2P was crossed to three females w; e and the progeny were counted. The results are shown in Figure 4. The w; e background gives a 30-fold difference in fertility between the fertile line P32.75 (factor 1 absent) and the quasi-sterile line P32.110 (factor 1 present in homozygosis). The smallest effect of factor 1 was seen in the w501 background (2-fold), even though the difference in progeny size is still highly significant (P < 0.01). Figure 4 Interaction of factor 1 with different genetic backgrounds of D. simulans. Progeny size resulting from the presence of two copies of D. mauritiana introgression P32.75 (black columns) and P32.110 (white columns) in different D. simulans backgrounds. The HMS factor 1 is present in homozygous condition in P32.110 and clearly causes a reduction in fertility for every background tested. Vertical bars indicate the standard errors. Gene expression analysis Patterns of gene expression may also give clues as to the molecular nature of factor 1. For this, we began by investigating the tissue-specificity of the four genes contained within the introgressed region using publicly available data for D. melanogaster (FlyAtlas [26]). Gene Taf1 is expressed at low and similar levels in all tissues; expression level in testes is basal and reported to be half that for ovaries. Gene CG1307 has a developmentally homogeneous expression pattern that appears to be restricted to tubule and hindgut tissues. Taken together with its lack of evolutionary variability, this pattern appears sufficient to rule it out as the cause of the HMS herein observed. Gene CG2358 is ubiquitously expressed although levels vary greatly across tissues. Its highest expression level is in salivary glands. Moreover, its high sequence conservation across species allows us to rule it out as a cause for HMS. Finally, gene agt is expressed at low levels and just above the detection limit in various tissues. Importantly, in the male accessory gland, agt is expressed in levels at least two times higher than most of the other tissues. Male accessory glands are required for sperm storage and male fertility. Microarray analysis helped identifying the molecular correlates of the hybrid male sterility and showed a substantial number of gene expression differences associated with the non-fertile phenotype relative to the fertile phenotype (Figure 5). First, we found 932 genes whose expression varies between the fertile and non-fertile lines (P < 0.01, FDR < 0.10, see Additional file 4). Furthermore, we found that 157 genes (FDR < 0.05) show concordant gene expression differences in all four non-fertile lines relative to the fertile line (see Additional file 5), with 124 genes similarly down-regulated in all four non-fertile lines and only 33 genes similarly up-regulated in the same lines - see also Figure 5. Importantly, the genes affected are randomly scattered throughout the genome with only 5 down-regulated targets contained within the introgressed segment. Altogether, the genes differentially expressed between lines underscore the regulatory networks that are disrupted by factor 1 or other divergent elements in the mapped region. Interestingly, while the genes detected show a broad distribution of functional classes, we detected a statistically significant enrichment for genes whose functions are associated with spermatogenesis (P = 0.002, Fisher's exact test). Accordingly, we observed 19 downregulated genes and 11 upregulated genes in non-fertile lines and belonging to the gene ontology category of "spermatogenesis". Figure 5 Average gene expression differences between one fertile and 4 non-fertile lines. (A) Average number of genes down regulated in non-fertile lines when compared to one fertile line. (B) Average number of genes up regulated in non-fertile lines when compared to one fertile line. Dark gray bars indicated the number of genes expected in each class of comparison and light gray bars indicate the observed numbers. The history of divergence of D. simulans and D. mauritiana from a common ancestor dates from ~0.3 million years ago [27] and likely happened through the common mechanism of allopatric speciation [28]. The distribution of the two species overlapped recently, at some point around 24,000 years ago, as evidenced by an introgression of D. simulans mtDNA into D. mauritiana [29]. The rise of reproductive isolation in this system has been the object of several studies. Hybrid male sterility (HMS) loci have been found mainly on the X chromosome (reviewed in Wu & Hollocher [30]), but Tao et al. [16] have described the occurrence on the 3rd chromosome of 10 HMS factors by genetic mapping, among a total of 19 quantitative trait loci (QTL) in this chromosome that may be involved in hybrid incompatibilities. The use of QTL mapping to identify the genomic region responsible for the expression of a complex phenotype has been extensive in several organisms. Because hybrid sterility as a complex trait may result from disruptions in varied genes and genetic interactions, the use of a mapping approach that mixes two genomes in equal proportions is very likely to give no fertile individuals. Nevertheless, the use of introgressions of one species in the genomic background of another species has been effective in the search for the molecular basis of HMS. Since introgressions vary in size and represent a very small proportion of the hybrid genome, they may or may not cover the factor responsible for the disruption and a range of fertility phenotypes results. For this reason, introgressions have been classically used in the mapping of HMS [16, 3032]. On the other hand, the mapping through introgressions may not detect small HMS sites when complex epistasis is present. Another limitation is that genetic rearrangements may show incompatibilities that do not really exist, for instance, when an event of transposition involving the introgression happens, we may lose an essential gene in one of the species and this can generate sterility or inviability that is not associated with hybrid incompatibilities [33]. In our case the use of introgressions was facilitated by the fact that previous work had already established the parental lines. In addition, QTL mapping had been previously done in the same region [16]. HMS expression depends on genomic background In previous work, two of the HMS factors located on chromosome 3 were fine-mapped and characterized at the molecular level [16, 34, 35]. These factors have a large effect on HMS, but several other factors of small effect may be acting additively [36] or epistatically [15, 37] in generating the hybrid incompatibility. These results support the view that that HMS is often a polygenic trait. The polygenic nature of the hybrid sterility also accounts for the incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypic expression in each background. We tested three different backgrounds besides the stock simB used for the mapping. We find the same qualitative result, a reduction in fertility due to the presence of two D. mauritiana alleles of factor 1. However, the magnitude of this difference varies according to the background. In the background of line w; e, the presence of factor 1 when homozygous causes fertility to drop 30 fold, whereas in the w501 background fertility drops only twofold (Figure 4). This contrast indicates that there may be a complex network of negative epistatic interactions causing HMS. Thus, the effect of hybridization may depend on several factors that frequently vary among different lines of each species. Regulatory effects of HMS Information on gene expression is provided by the FlyAtlas [26] and refers to expression in different tissues of D. melanogaster. All genes contained in our interval are available in the dataset. Gene CG2358 (Spase 18-21) shows enrichment in salivary glands, male accessory glands, and larval salivary gland. Expression of this gene is up regulated in these tissues. Among the other three genes, agt shows a twofold enrichment in male accessory glands. Recent studies of gene expression in hybrids have found that the misexpression of genes involved in spermatogenesis may cause sterility in hybrids [38, 39]. Most of these genes are underexpressed in the hybrids relative to the parental species [20, 40], and this finding might reflect a disruption of gene interactions that are particular to each species. These results come from work where whole-genome hybrids were compared to both parental species, which is a situation different than our study. Here we used lines that bear a hybrid region considerably smaller (3R: 1,468,434..7,938,322), in the background of D. simulans (more specifically line simB). Most importantly, the segment that differs between the fertile and non-fertile lines is only ~1.4 Mb and contains only 174 known protein coding genes. Yet we find results qualitatively similar: the average number of down regulated genes in hybrids was more than double the average number of up regulated genes and both values were much greater than expected (Figure 5). Importantly, genes belonging to the Gene Ontology category of spermatogenesis are preferentially affected, with 30 targets showing differential expression. Artieri et al. [41] showed that underexpressed genes in hybrids appear to evolve more rapidly than genes expressed normally in hybrids. This fact contributes to the idea that rapid evolution reduces gene similarity and potentially causes genetic incompatibilities. Molecular evolution of HMS The fine mapping described here defined a region as small as 9 kb that includes the candidate causing the great reduction in fertility in hybrid males of D. simulans and D. mauritiana. None of the genes present in this region are clearly involved in spermatogenesis, although signals of rapid evolution are present and help to suggest a candidate for factor 1. Gene agt is a small gene (576 bp) with high polymorphism within species and a number of nucleotide substitutions between species (Table 1). Among the fixed substitutions, four are synonymous and one is non-synonymous. Moreover, the region where agt is present shows very low conservation. Similarly to agt, the gene Ovd (GA19777), recently described by Phadnis and Orr [9], lacked strong evidence of non-neutral evolution but proved to be the best candidate for the hybrid incompatibilities between the subspecies D. pseudobscura pseudobscura and D. pseudobscura bogotana. The authors found that this gene is involved in causing both segregation distortion in the F1 and hybrid male sterility. Identifying the normal function of a candidate gene within the parental species is of great interest when investigating the basis of hybrid incompatibilities. So far, no particular function can be attributed to genes involved in speciation. Some are enzymes, some are transcription factors, and others are structural proteins [42]. One possible explanation for the involvement of these varied classes of genes in reproductive isolation is that genetic substitutions accumulate over time, ultimately leading to enough divergence to cause genetic incompatibilities [7, 21]. Nevertheless, the most common characteristics of genes involved in hybrid male sterility are signals of rapid evolution and positive selection within species [12, 42]. One candidate for factor 1 in our study, gene agt, is reported as being involved in the repair and attenuation of the toxic and mutagenic effects of certain alkylating agents. Kooistra et al. [43] showed that the expression of agt suppresses transition mutations (G:C to A:T and vice-versa) in vivo. At the molecular level, agt is involved in methyltransferase activity. Apparently, this function does not have any clear association with reproduction for its disruption to lead to male sterility. Nevertheless, the gene may have as yet unidentified functions, or its enzymatic function may be deployed in some manner essential to hybrid male fertility. In the mouse, the recently identified speciation gene Prdm9 is known to encode a meiotic histone H3 methyltransferase [10, 44]. In the parental species, Prdm9 activates genes essential for meiosis and thus is essential for reproduction. The disruption of this function in hybrids of Mus m. musculus and Mus m. domesticus leads to male sterility, similarly to the phenotype of the Prdm9-/- mutants. Similarly to Prdm9 and Ovd, the earlier identified HMS gene (OdsH) was recently reported to also encode a protein with putative DNA binding domain [45]. Thus, proteins that bind to chromatin and have possible regulatory roles may represent the most common class of factors whose disruption leads to hybrid incompatibilities. The gene Taf1 also functions as sequence-specific DNA binding protein and shows transcription factor activity. The fact that Taf1's function corresponds to what is described for most of the genes involved in hybrid male sterility may, per se, suggest this as a plausible candidate gene for factor 1. Across the Drosophila phylogeny, agt has undergone substitutions more often than other functional genes in the candidate region we mapped. Strikingly, substitutions in position 361, cited in the previous section, occurred in every clade since the split of D. melanogaster, and all lead to amino acid substitution. This information may indicate that agt is evolving rapidly and systematically changing with every branching event. Substitutions in position 361 are fixed within species and may be the key difference leading to the drop in fertility seen in hybrid males. Another observation is that agt shows unambiguous sorting of the three species of the simulans clade (Figure 3), as also observed for OdsH, another gene involved in hybrid incompatibility between D. simulans and D. mauritiana [25]. Ongoing experiments focus on confirming the role of genes Taf1 or agt in causing the HMS via germ-line transformation rescue. Our results suggest two candidate genes possibly leading to HMS between D. simulans and D. mauritiana. The mapping of such a complex phenotype down to a 9 kb region and to identifying candidate genes is an important achievement for the field and contributes to the knowledge of what classes of genes may cause HMS when disrupted in hybrids. Further experiments will investigate the functional role of Taf1 and agt in causing the decrease in fertility. D. simulans: (1) simB: w; nt; III (white; net; third chromosome homozygous and isogenic to that of line 13w 1 × 1JJ). The construction of 13w 1 × 1JJ and simB was described earlier [34, 46]; (2) sim w; e (white; ebony). All the stocks were provided by J. Coyne and maintained in the laboratory for several generations. D. mauritiana: w (white); P[w+], lines with independent P-element insertions on the third chromosome [47]. The P[w+] inserts are semi-dominant markers with position effect, i.e., the wild form of white carried in the P-element produces an eye color between yellow and red, depending on the location of the P-insert. The choice of lines to use for the mapping of factor 1 was based on the work of Tao et al. [16, 34]. In that study hybrid lines between D. simulans and D. mauritiana were constructed. After several generations of backcrossing to the simB line (described above) and selecting for the colored-eye progeny, a piece of D. mauritiana's 3rd chromosome of varying size was introgressed into the genome of D. simulans. A total of 231 introgression lines were created from a set of 28 D. mauritiana lines bearing one copy of P[w+] independently inserted in the 3rd chromosome. Details of the introgression scheme are in Tao et al. [[34], Figure 4], as well as the names given for the introgression lines. Three lines composed of a simB background and one P[w+]-tagged D. mauritiana introgression on the third chromosome were used for the mapping. The creation of these lines is described elsewhere [34, 47]. Genetic mapping Lines P32.8 (yellow eye) and P33.3 (red eye) were chosen for having P-element inserts flanking factor 1 [47, 48]. Two generations were necessary to construct a heterozygote line with both P-inserts in cis: P32.8 females and P33.3 males generated a proportion of offspring with both P-inserts in trans, which could be distinguished from the others by their dark-red eyes. Females with inserts in trans were crossed to simB males, and the darker-eye offspring selected again as bearing P32 and P33 inserts in cis (Figure 1). The 2P construct carries a D. mauritiana introgression that covers the region where factor 1 had previously been located [31]. Other two factors identified as possible HMS (#9 and #10 - [16]) were previously located in regions covered by the 2P construct we generated. However, the existence of these factors is not a source of influence on our results, as factor #9 is always present in every P32 recombinant line used here and factor #10 is never included in the fine mapping (i.e. when we focused on recombinant lines bearing small introgressions). Thus, only the presence or absence of factor 1 may be associated to fertility or sterility. The cross of 2P females to simB males generates single-P recombinants, which can be recognized by an eye color that is lighter than in the original P lines; these carry D. mauritiana pieces of different sizes (Figure 1). The ideal 2P design uses recombinant lines having either of the P-inserts from the parental lines, thus flanking factor 1 from both sides. However, in the present case, a reliable separation of P33 recombinants from 2P non-recombinants based on eye color was not possible. We thus decided to establish lines only from P32 recombinants. Each recombinant male was crossed to five females of simB in order to establish recombinant lines bearing heterozygous D. mauritiana introgressions. Because a single copy of the introgression does not harm male fertility, these lines were maintained through males × simB females in every generation. Moreover, since Drosophila males do not have recombination, the transmission through males assures the integrity of introgressions, and hence the perpetuation of the recombinant line. Males from stable recombinant lines were then taken for genotyping (assessment of introgression length) and fertility tests. Fertility assay Although the lack of recombination in Drosophila males can be very convenient for designing genetic experiments, it allows spontaneous mutations to accumulate through Muller's ratchet. Some of these mutations may cause sterility when in homozygosity. The frequency of spontaneous sterility was estimated as ~1.5% [34, 49] which is capable of blurring the fertility tests. In order to circumvent this concern and bring factor 1 to a homozygote state, we generated trans-heterozygote males from two independently raised P[w+] stocks, i.e., males from P32 recombinant lines were crossed to females from P45.6 (named the tester stock), and the male offspring with this combination of P-inserts (dark-red eyes) were selected for fertility tests (Figure 1). In this way, no spontaneous mutation occurring in the original P32.8 or P45.6 will be homozygous, whereas factor 1 may or may not be homozygous depending on the size of the introgression in each case. Ten trans-heterozygote males were selected from each cross for the fertility tests. The typical fertility analysis used in previous work is based on the number of motile sperm present in seminal vesicles [50]. Here we follow the assay by Tao et al. [31, 34], which is based on counting viable offspring derived from trans-heterozygote males. This is a more quantitative method that allows us to separate by sex (in order to investigate the occurrence of sex-ratio distortion) and eye color. Each of 10 trans-heterozygote males was crossed to three virgin females of D. simulans w; e for seven days. After this period, females were discarded and males were collected for single-fly genotyping. Offspring were counted up to the 20th day and males classified as fertile or quasi-sterile. We observed that two copies of factor 1 cause either a severe drop in fertility or complete sterility. Recombinant lines were classified as quasi-sterile when their trans-heterozygote males had on average zero to 30 offspring. This range was empirically chosen, as outside this range the fertility jumps to an average of 120 offspring or more. A negligible number of males had progeny numbers between these two categories and were removed from the analysis. Single-fly genotyping After the seven-day mating period with w; e females, trans-heterozygote males were collected and placed one in each well of 96-well plates. Grinding solution was added in each well (40 μl of 10 mM Tris pH 8.2, 1 mM EDTA, 25 mM NaCl, 0.2 mg/ml Proteinase K) and flies were homogenized. The plates were incubated in 65° for 30 min, 95° for 2 min and chilled on ice briefly before being stored at -20°. The genotyping made use of molecular markers from various sources. First, allele-specific oligonucleotide markers previously developed (ASO [51]) were used as external markers in order to delimitate the region. We then designed additional ASO markers as the genetic dissection of the HMS region progressed. The ASO probes are pairs of 15-mers that recognize the same sequence, but carry one or more SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) between D. simulans and D. mauritiana. The steps for designing ASO probes are described in detail by Tao et al. [34]. In their work, primers were designed using the genome of D. melanogaster as template. However, in the present work we could take advantage of the genome project completed for D. simulans, as well as some regions of D. mauritiana obtained from 454 Life Sciences sequencing carried out at the Genome Center at Washington University in St. Louis. Other markers were based on PCR success/failure using species-specific primers and PCR products with species-specific sizes. In the first case, triads of primers were designed in order to have one of them, either forward or reverse, annealing perfectly to both species, and a pair showing species-specific annealing. Additional file 6 lists the molecular markers used, as well as the primers, probes, and experimental conditions for their use. All oligonucleotides were designed using the online tool of Primer 3 During the final mapping step, we sequenced 20 kb spanning the region bearing factor 1 for simB, mau12, and w; e. The 20 kb region was split into seven ~3 kb-pieces in order to facilitate PCR reaction and downstream methods. We extracted DNA from ~10 flies of each stock using DNeasy (QIAgen). PCR reaction was performed using TaKaRa LA Taq (Takara Bio Inc.) and the protocol: 94° for 1 minute; 30 cycles of 94° for 15 seconds, 55° for 30 seconds, 68° for 5 minutes and extension in 72° for 10 minutes. PCR products were cleaned with ExoSAP-it (USB). In total, 36 pairs of primers were used to sequence the seven pieces. This coverage provided a complete set of SNPs and indels and served as a reliable and straightforward source for genotyping. Molecular characterization of the candidate interval We sequenced the 20 kb extent of the candidate region for the lines simB, w; e, and mau12. For a length of 1 kb encompassing the coding and flanking regions of gene agt (CG1303), an additional 15 strains of D. simulans from different locations across Africa and the Americas, and 17 strains of D. mauritiana collected in 2006 (kindly provided by Dr. Maria Margarita Ramos), were sequenced. Regions of 2.2 kb (Taf1), 3 kb (CG1307) and 2.4 kb (CG2358) were sequenced for a subset of 8 strains of D. simulans and 8 of D. mauritiana. Contig assembly was performed with Sequencher 3.0 (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and alignment was performed using ClustalW software [52]. Molecular genetic analyses, including the McDonald-Kreitman test, were performed with DnaSP [53]. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction was performed for each gene's coding region separately, using maximum likelihood with phyML software [54], after running jModelTest [55] to determine the best fitting model to each alignment. The phylogeny obtained for each gene was used in the detection of positive selection with the software PAML [56]. Gene expression analysis Genome-wide microarray analyses of gene expression of fertile and non-fertile lines were performed. The lines used in this essay were recombinant lines generated from an early step of the mapping process, when introgressions were covering a large region of chromosome 3R. Five recombinant lines were chosen and crossed to the tester stock P45.6 in order to bring factor 1 to a homozygous condition. Lines #96 and #102 were completely sterile, but were genotyped as having introgression of same size as quasi-sterile lines #143 and #188. For this reason, these lines were merged in the same group, non-fertile, and compared to the only normally fertile line #225 (Figure 6A). Line #225 bears a smaller introgression generated by recombination in the mother. The breakpoint excluding factor 1 from this line was located in between markers Antp and CG31195, but not precisely determined at this early step of the mapping. Thus, the introgressions present in these lines are identical at their 3' end but differ at the 5' end. Except for these differences in the amount of introgressed material and the consequential presence or absence of factor 1 and other elements within the introgressed region, these lines are genetically identical. Figure 6 Microarray design comparing fertile and non-fertile lines. (A) Design for the microarray experiment comparing gene expression in one fertile and four non-fertile lines. The fertile line bears an introgression that may or may not include the light-gray region, but definitely excludes the portion where factor 1 is located (83B4-84B1). Black arrows indicate inversion previously known in D. simulans and D. mauritiana, in relation to D. melanogaster. (B) Microarray design showing all the comparisons among lines. In our design, four independently obtained lines with non-fertile phenotypes were compared with a fertile reference. These lines only differ in the presence of a small segment of D. mauritiana where factor 1 is present. In the fertile line this segment is present in heterozygosity with the homologous segment from D. simulans, whereas the segment is homozygous D. mauritiana/D. mauritiana in the four non-fertile lines. Microarrays were ~18,000-feature cDNA arrays spotted with D. melanogaster cDNA PCR products. Total RNA was extracted from whole flies using TRIzol (Life Technologies) and microarray analyses were performed with standard protocols previously described [57]. Using RNA from testis would focus the results on the specific effects of factor 1 on spermatogenesis, but on the other hand, would not give any information about the effects of factor 1 on genes that are exclusively expressed in other tissues. The microarray design implemented in this study is shown in Figure 6B. The cDNA synthesis, the labelling with fluorescent dyes (Cy3 and Cy5), and the hybridization reactions were carried out using 3DNA protocols and reagents (Genisphere). Slides were scanned using an Axon 4000B scanner (Axon Instruments) and GenePix Pro 6.0 software. Foreground Fluorescence of dye intensities was normalized by the Loess method in the R Limma library. Stringent quality-control criteria were used to ensure reliability of foreground intensity reads for both Cy5 and Cy3 channels. These conservative criteria were the following: (([F635Median - B635] > 4[B635 SD] OR [F532 Median - B532] > 4[B532 SD]) AND ([% > B635+2SD] > 70 OR [% > B532+2SD] > 70) AND ([F635 % Sat.] < 45 AND [F532 % Sat.] < 45) AND ([B532 Median] < 4[B635 Median] AND [B635 Median] < 4[B532 Median]) AND ([Sum of Medians (635/532)] > 100) AND ([SNR 635] > 2 AND [SNR 532] > 2) AND ([Rgn R2 (635/532)] > 0.5) AND ([Circularity] > 0.45)), where F532 and F635 denote the foreground fluorescence intensities, B532 and B635 denote the background fluorescence intensities, SNR 532 and SNR 635 denote signal to noise ratio for Cy3 and Cy5, respectively. Rgn R2 and circularity denote the spot specific coefficient of determination and spot specific circularity as calculated by the GenePix software. The significance of variation in gene expression due to the introgressed segment causing HMS was assessed with linear models in Limma and with the Bayesian Analysis of Gene Expression Levels (BAGEL). 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Author information Corresponding author Correspondence to Luciana O Araripe. Additional information Authors' contributions LOA carried out the design of the study, genetic crosses, analysis of phenotype and genotype, and drafted the manuscript. HM performed the experiment in different genetic backgrounds, helped with analyses, and gave suggestions on the draft. BL designed, performed and analyzed the microarray experiment, and helped to draft the manuscript. DLH participated in the design and coordination of the study, and gave suggestions on the draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Electronic supplementary material Recombinant lines and phenotypes at the final step of mapping Additional file 1: factor 1. Detailed localization of factor 1 according to four recombinant males showing introgression of similar sizes and different phenotypes. Only one chromosome is shown for each male. Recombinant break points were identified based on SNPs within genes (large font) or in the intergenic region (small font). Phenotype is given by the mean progeny size and standard error below each chromosome. The mean is based on 10 homozygous males from each recombinant line (see Methods). Finally, we show the position of factor 1 according to the annotated D. simulans genome. (PDF 348 KB) Graphic scheme of the region where Additional file 2: factor 1 is located. (A) Graphic scheme showing the 9 kb mapped region and the genes found within it (gene span and mRNA). Note that only seven of Taf1's 16 exons are contained in the region. The arrows show approximate location and relative size of indels found in the upstream region of gene agt. (B) alignment of a portion of the upstream region of gene agt for different populations of D. simulans and D. mauritiana. (PDF 8 MB) Inter-species conservation across the mapped region Additional file 3: . Graph from UCSC alignments showing the degree of conservation across species in D. melanogaster group and close species. The reference sequence represents the species D. melanogaster. A range of 20 kb is shown. Coding regions show much higher conservation than introns and intergenic regions. However, the coding region of gene agt shows low conservation across species (yellow stripe). (PDF 2 MB) Additional file 4: List of genes showing misexpression in at least one of the non-fertile lines. (PDF 35 KB) Additional file 5: List of genes with misexpression congruent in all four non-fertile lines. Negative values mean that genes were down regulated in the non-fertile lines in relation to the fertile one and positive values mean up regulation in the non-fertile lines. The 5 down regulated genes contained within the introgressed segment are shown in red. (PDF 26 KB) Additional file 6: List of molecular markers used for mapping factor 1. (PDF 64 KB) Authors’ original submitted files for images Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Cite this article Araripe, L.O., Montenegro, H., Lemos, B. et al. Fine-scale genetic mapping of a hybrid sterility factor between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana: the varied and elusive functions of "speciation genes". BMC Evol Biol 10, 385 (2010). Download citation • Hybrid Sterility • Recombinant Line • Fertile Line • Gene CG1307 • Male Accessory Gland
In many cases an activation function is notated as g (e.g. Andrew Ng's Course courses), especially if it doesn't refer to any specific activation function such as sigmoid. However, where does this convention come from? And for what reason did g start to be used? • 1 $\begingroup$ It’s just a notation. You can call it whatever you want. a BC d $\endgroup$ – Vivek Khetan Nov 3 '17 at 12:25 • $\begingroup$ Yes but what is the reason? That is the point of my question. $\endgroup$ – Blaszard Nov 3 '17 at 13:12 • $\begingroup$ Read some linear algebra. $\endgroup$ – Vivek Khetan Nov 3 '17 at 13:30 • 2 $\begingroup$ That is not an answer. $\endgroup$ – Blaszard Nov 6 '17 at 10:03 • $\begingroup$ ESL uses $\sigma(.)$. This is a dumb question. $\endgroup$ – generic_user Nov 6 '17 at 21:37 The addition of the activation layer creates a composition of two functions. "A general function, to be defined for a particular context, is usually denoted by a single letter, most often the lower-case letters f, g, h." So it comes down to the reason that he uses the hypothesis representation h(x)=wX+b which is a function, and that is wrapped by an activation function denoted as g. The choice of g seems to be purely alphabetical. • $\begingroup$ He didn't write the hypothesis function as h; he used z. So it was not intuitive for me why he used g... $\endgroup$ – Blaszard Nov 9 '17 at 19:28 Your Answer
Praça do Comércio The Praça do Comércio (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpɾasɐ du kuˈmɛɾsju]; English: Commerce Square) is a large, harbour-facing square in Portugal's capital, Lisbon. Praça do Comércio Terreiro do Paço Lisbon main square (36622604910).jpg Terreiro do Paço Approx. Size35.000 m2 ParishesSanta Maria Maior Facing, south, the Tagus (Tejo), the city square is still commonly known as Terreiro do Paço ([tɨˈʁɐjɾu du ˈpasu]; English: Palace Yard),[1] as hosted the Paços da Ribeira (Royal Ribeira Palace) until it was destroyed by the great 1755 Lisbon earthquake. After the earthquake, the square was completely remodeled as part of the rebuilding of the Pombaline Downtown, ordered by Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, who was (chief) Minister of Portugal from 1750 to 1777, during the reign of Dom José I, King of Portugal.[2] Statue of King José I, by Machado de Castro (1775). The king on his horse is symbolically crushing snakes on his path. Terreiro do Paço in 1575 Terreiro do Paço in 1662, by Dirk Stoop Urban development of the banks of the Tagus river (the Ribeira) was given firm impulse in the early 16th century, when King Manuel I built a new royal residence – the Ribeira Palace – by the river, outside the city walls. The area was further developed with the building of a port, shipbuilding facilities (the Ribeira das Naus), the Casa da Índia and other administrative buildings that regulated the commerce between Portugal and other parts of Europe and its colonies in Africa, Asia and the Americas. On 1 November 1755, during the reign of King Dom José I, a great earthquake followed by a tsunami and fire destroyed most of Lisbon, including the Ribeira Palace and other buildings by the river. José I's Prime Minister, the Marquis of Pombal, coordinated a massive rebuilding effort led by Portuguese architect Eugénio dos Santos. He designed a large, rectangular square in the shape of a "U", open towards the Tagus.[2] The buildings have galleries on their ground floors, and the arms of the "U" end in two large towers, reminiscent of the monumental tower of the destroyed Ribeira Palace, still vivid in the architectural memory of the city. His plan was realised almost completely, although decorative details were changed and the east tower of the square and the Augusta Street Arch were only finished in the 19th century.[3] This triumphal arch was designed by the Portuguese architect Santos de Carvalho and was completed in 1873. The top section includes statues representing important Portuguese figures such as Vasco da Gama and the Marquis of Pombal.[4] The square was named Praça do Comércio, the Square of Commerce, to indicate its new function in the economy of Lisbon. The symmetrical buildings of the square were filled with government bureaux regulating customs and port activities. The centrepiece of the ensemble was the equestrian statue of King José I, inaugurated in 1775 in the centre of the square. This bronze statue, the first monumental statue dedicated to a king in Lisbon, was designed by Joaquim Machado de Castro, Portugal's foremost sculptor of the time.[3] Lisbon Arco Triunfal da Rua Augusta panoramic view from Praça do Comércio Areas covered by arches at both sides of the square include vendors, restaurants and offices Opening towards Augusta Street, which links the square with the other traditional Lisbon square, the Rossio, the original project by Eugénio dos Santos planned a triumphal arch,[2] only realised in 1875. This arch, usually called the Arco da Rua Augusta, was designed by Veríssimo da Costa.[3] It has a clock and statues of Glory, Ingenuity and Valor (by the French sculptor Calmels) and those of Viriatus, Nuno Álvares Pereira, Vasco da Gama and, of course, the Marquis of Pombal.[3] On 1 February 1908, the square was the scene of the assassination of Carlos I, the penultimate King of Portugal. On their way back from the palace of Vila Viçosa to the royal palace in Lisbon, the carriage containing Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paço. While crossing the square, shots were fired from the crowd by at least two men: Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buiça. The king died immediately, his heir Luís Filipe was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The assassins were shot on the spot by police[5] and later recognized as members of the Republican Party – which two years later overthrew the Portuguese monarchy. The wealth of Portugal was channeled through this plaza and port. It serves as not only a transportation hub but also as a hub for commercial businesses, having two main directions of travel, west and south. The northern side tram leads to the district of Belem and the southern port is a ferry that goes across the River Tagus. The destruction of the palace led to the loss of the greatest archive of Portuguese literature. The library housed over 200,000 thousand books. The reconstruction took around a century to go from plans to finished construction. View from the São Jorge Castle, including the Praça do Comércio At the southern end of the plaza at the water's edge was a grand marble staircase meant for the arrival of royal dignitaries.[6] These steps date to before the 1755 earthquake and would have led straight into the royal palace. On June 10, the day of Portugal, the plaza is full of military and residents who celebrate the day.[7] The plaza is home to the oldest café in the city, Martinho da Arcada (established 1782). It also houses the monumental Pousada Hotel.[8] Commerce Square has been classified as a National Monument of Portugal since 1910.[2][3] Praça do Comércio 2017 The western tower of the squares houses the Baixa's location of the Museum of Lisbon. See alsoEdit 1. ^ Itinerario Lisbonense (in Portuguese). 1818 [1804]. 2. ^ a b c d "Praça do Comércio". (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-04-20. 3. ^ a b c d e "Commerce Square". (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-04-20. 4. ^, Commerce Square 5. ^ Newitt, Malyn. The Braganzas. pp. 283–284. ISBN 978-1-78914-125-2. 6. ^ "The Praça do Comercio, Lisbon". 7. ^ Correio da Manhã, Commerce Square Full For June 10, Lisbon June 10th 2016, 1. 8. ^ • França, José-Augusto (1980). Lisboa: Arquitectura e Urbanismo. Biblioteca Breve (in Portuguese). Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa (ICALP). External linksEdit Coordinates: 38°42′27″N 9°8′11″W / 38.70750°N 9.13639°W / 38.70750; -9.13639
Why do Russian radars detect ‘invisible’ US fighters? 0 7,070 US poachers can be detected by Russian anti-aircraft radars. A military expert has explained why Russian systems can “see” the so-called “invisible planes.” Modern Russian radars are equipped with active electronic systems, analyst Aleskei Leonkov told Russian channel Zvezda. This not only enhances the power and sensitivity of the equipment, but also enables it to detect multiple targets and process signals to eliminate interference. “The most important feature of these radars is the ability to control the area in different frequency bands at the same time,” said the specialist. That is, US stealth aircraft are designed to be invulnerable to the most modern ground-based radars installed on airplanes, which use the X-band of the electromagnetic spectrum. In turn, older radars used the L-band radio frequency. Now in Russia, there are also radars that use both bands and therefore some radars easily record “invisible” aircraft. In addition, Russian radars are equipped with optoelectronic systems. Therefore, they can still detect targets either in the visible optical range or in the infrared and ultraviolet spectrum. - Advertisement - “Information that the Russians have no problem spotting the stealth aircraft in the sky caught the Americans by surprise, they have already manufactured 195 F-22 units, 21 B-2 bombers and 305 F-35 fighters, spending in total more than US $ 170 billion,” said Leonkov. In addition, the analyst added that Russian defense systems can also identify US tanks and stealth vessels. Meanwhile, according to the American magazine Popular Mechanics, Russian engineers have managed to create one of the world’s most deadly precision rifles. This is the last modification of the MTs-116M, compatible with silent cartridges of 12.7 mm. The unique peculiarity of the weapon is due to its high capacity of penetration, while being completely silent. In its basic version, the rifle, destined to special units for combat in urban conditions, was elaborated still in 1997, being compatible with cartridges of 7.62 mm and having an effective range of shot of up to 800 meters. Subscribe to our newsletter Get real time updates directly on you device, subscribe now.
WebSocket Protocol The creation of the WebSocket protocol marks the beginning of the Living web. It is often referred to as the first major upgrade in the history of web communications. As the Web itself ordinary did, WebSocket enables entirely new kinds of applications. This protocol allowed for us that during correspondence, exchanging messages with friends takes place in real time; to have a better user experience when playing games; to follow live the change of data in the economic market, sports events, but also in all other spheres, etc. 1. Definition The official Request For Comments (RFC) describes the WebSocket protocol as follows: The security model used for this is the origin-based security model commonly used by web browsers. The protocol consists of an opening handshake followed by basic message framing, HTTP connections. 2. The WebSocket handshake The WebSocket protocol was to be released in an already existing web infrastructure. Therefore, it has been designed to be backward-compatible. Before a WebSocket communication can start, an HTTP connection must be initiated. The browser sends an Upgrade header to the server to inform him he wants to start a WebSocket connection. Switching from the HTTP protocol to the WebSocket protocol is referred to as a handshake. GET ws://websocket.example.com/ HTTP/1.1 Origin: http://example.com Connection: Upgrade Host: websocket.example.com Upgrade: websocket If the server supports the WebSocket protocol, it sends the following header in response. HTTP/1.1 101 WebSocket Protocol Handshake Date: Wed, 5 May 2014 04:04:22 GMT Connection: Upgrade Upgrade: WebSocket After the completion of the handshake the WebSocket connection is active and either the client or the server can send data. The data is contained in frames, each frame is pre-fixed with a 4-12 bytes to ensure the message can be reconstructed. Once the server and the browser have agreed on beginning a WebSocket communication. A first request is made to begin an ethernet communication followed by a request to make an TCP/IP 3. Transport layer protocol The internet is based on two transport layer protocols, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Both use the network layer service provided by the internet protocol (IP). TCP is a reliable transmission protocol. The data is buffered byte by byte in segments and transmitted according to specific timers. This flow control ensure the consistency of the data. TCP is said to be a stream oriented because the data is sent in independent segments. UDP is unreliable but fast. The protocol offers no guaranty the data will be delivered in its integrality nor duplicated. It works on the best effort strategy with no flow control. Each segments are received independently, it is a message oriented protocol. Websocket is build over TCP because of its reliability. Browser enabled games are the perfect example of WebSockets use cases. They require low latency and have a high rate of update. To achive low latency, the communication protocol must make sure not to drop any packets. Otherwise, the exchange takes two times longer. As can be inferred from the previous text, the websocket protocol relies on a few other protocols. Namely, HTTP to initialize the communication, ethernet, TCP/IP and finally TLS in case a secure connection is required.
Plate tectonics are an ever-changing fact of life on earth. They’ve given us beautiful mountains, striking coastlines, and even brought countries together. Fascinating — until your home is ripped apart by a giant rift, as happened recently to a region in Kenya. The Mai Mahiu-Narok road west of the capital city Nairobi was ripped apart by a crack that, at its furthest points, reaches 65 feet wide and 50 feet deep. The region received a dose of heavy rainfall last month, sending mud and debris through a filled-in crevasse and washing way much of what was in its path. One resident lost his home in the incident, and was barely able to vacate the area in time, he told a video crew from National Geographic. Residents from the Middle East down through much of Eastern Africa are familiar with what is known as the Great Rift Valley, which is comprised of a number of rifts including the East African Rift where the recent exposure took place. The crack had likely been filled with volcanic ash that was washed away by recent heavy rainfall, Geologist David Adede told local news outlet the Daily Nation. As rain washed in, the rift opened quickly and swiftly, barely allowing Eliud Njoroge Mbugua to grab his belongings and vacate his home before it was swallowed up, according to a report in Reuters. The island of Madagascar, off Africa’s east coast, may eventually have some additional neighbors. Rifts of the magnitude seen in East Africa may cause the Nubian plate to pull away from the Somali plate. No need to add an additional stop to your off-coast itinerary just yet, however. It will likely be about 50 million years before this happens.
Inspire U: The Podcast The rumored diagnosis of Whitney Houston with emphysema proves that anyone can contract the disease. Emphysema is a long-lasting (chronic) disease of the lungs associated with breathlessness, chronic cough, excessive sputum and progressive loss of use of lung function. Whitney Houston Battling Emphysema? How do you get Emphysema? Symptoms of Emphysema • Shortness of breath (dyspnea) is the number one symptom of emphysema. • A chronic cough that may or may not be productive(producing sputum) • Wheezing Additionally, the following symptoms could be associated with emphysema: • Anxiety • Unintentional loss of weight • Feet and ankle swelling • Fatigue A person with emphysema may develop a barrel chest in which the distance from the chest to the back is more pronounced due to trapped air within the lungs. Emphysema is slow to progress. This lung disease develops very gradually over a period of many years, and often goes unnoticed until a person begins having difficulty with breathing on mild exertion. The effects of emphysema are permanent and irreversible. Bad Memories Can Be Erased With A Pill
Please ensure Javascript is enabled for purposes of website accessibility Jaw pain is often described as a throbbing, uncomfortable pain. It can happen all of a sudden, or it can start off mild and become more intense over time. However, the exact symptoms will vary depending on the root cause. Identifying the underlying issue is the first step in treating this condition. Here are a few causes to look out for. Teeth Grinding Grinding can cause severe damage to your teeth and is one of the leading jaw pain causes. It is the process of clenching the teeth, that is not associated with chewing. Some people grind their teeth when they feel stressed, but a lot of people grind their teeth while sleeping, they just aren’t aware of it. If left untreated, it can potentially lead to a number of other dental issues. Practicing stress-relieving exercises or wearing a mouthguard at night are just some of the ways to stop grinding. Osteomyelitis is an infection that travels through the body’s bloodstream affecting an individual’s bones and any surrounding tissues. When an individual experiences osteomyelitis of the jaw, the temporomandibular joint, or TMJ, is impacted, causing jaw pain, fever, and facial swelling. Fortunately, this condition is generally curable with a series of antibiotics or a surgical procedure to remove the areas of the bone that have died from the infection. Temporomandibular Disorder Temporomandibular disorder, also known as TMD, affects the temporomandibular joint of the jaw. In addition to pain, this disorder can cause the jaw to make a clicking sound when opening the mouth or chewing. In severe cases, the disorder can even cause the jaw to become permanently stuck in an open or closed position. Dental Conditions Other jaw pain causes can include gum disease, cavities, or abscess. Although many of these issues don’t directly affect the jaw, the pain can radiate into the jaw area. Additionally, individuals who have gaps in between their teeth or teeth that are severely damaged may also experience jaw pain when stress is put on their jaw, such as biting or chewing. Practicing a good oral health care regimen at home and visiting the dentist can help reduce your risk of developing any of these conditions. Abscessed Tooth An abscessed tooth is the result of the dental pulp, or nerve, that has become infected. It generally occurs when a dental cavity has been left untreated for an extended period. When the bacteria from the infection begin to spread from the root of the tooth, it can also affect any surrounding bone tissues, causing significant jaw pain. Having regular dental exams and treating any dental cavities promptly, is the best way to avoid this issue. Only a qualified dental professional can help you determine the root cause of your jaw pain.
Beignet History and Recipe Beignet History: Beignets have been associated with Mardi Gras in France since at least the 16th century, and many recipes for beignets appear in French works around the same time. According to Food Historian Cathy Kaufman in her article, Where does the New Orleans’ Mardi Gras Beignet Come From? in the February 2009 Prandial Post: There is more circumstantial evidence supporting an Andalusian introduction of beignets into Mediterranean France. The Spanish name for yeasted fritters is “buelos,” and while I have not traced the etymology of the Spanish term, I would be surprised if it did not share a common root with the Provenl bugne. Moreover, pets de nonne, deep-fried balls of airy choux paste, were known as “Spanish beignets” in the late Middle Ages, again associating deep-fried dough with Spain. Keeping in mind that Andalusia was under Islamic rule from the eighth until the end of the fifteenth century, many Islamic foods had ample opportunity to be integrated into what has evolved into Spanish cuisine. Another reason to believe that beignets may have migrated from the Islamic to the Christian worlds is that the deep-frying used to prepare beignets is a relatively expensive technique, requiring a profligate use of fat and preferring metal pans to clay to withstand the high temperatures that the hot fat reaches. Deep-frying thus would have been more typically practiced at the elite end of the spectrum, so that recipes for fritters likely were distributed at the courtly level, only later to be diffused downwards. The French colonists of the 18th century brought the recipe and custom of making beignets to New Orleans. Some historians believe that the Ursuline Nuns of France, who came to Louisiana in 1727, brought this simple pastry to New Orleans, but this is not based on any facts. According to the 1902 Picayune Creole Cook Book, published by “The Picayune,” a leading New Orleans newspaper: The ancient French colonist brought the custom of serving sweet entrements and eatres, such as Beignets, Compotes, Souffles, Gelees, etc., from the old mother country to Louisiana. The Creoles applied these to the various delightful and refreshing fruits, which abound in Louisiana . . . The custom of serving these sweet entrements spread from New Orleans to other portions of the United States, till now no fastidious chef would think of keeping a fashionable hotel or restaurant with including some of these in the daily bill of fare. Beignets were most often enjoyed with cafau lait. In New Orleans, cafau lait is strong dark roast coffee and chicory, served with equal part hot milk. In the early history of Louisiana, chicory was added to coffee to stretch dwindling supplies. It was found that, in addition to stretching supplies, the chicory also created a smoother, richer brew. The addition of hot milk to strong coffee and chicory created one of the oldest and greatest coffee traditions in the world. Cafe du Monde, New Orleans The original Cafe du Monde coffee stand was established in the New Orleans French Market in 1862 and still operates today. The cafe is considered a New Orleans landmark that’s open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In fact, it is traditional to there for dark coasted coffee with chicory and beignets when visiting the city. At Cafdu Monde, there is only one food item you can order – beignets. The store is called a coffee stand, but it’s very large, with dozens of tables outside under the trademark green-and-white striped canopy, and more inside. On every table are plates of rapidly disappearing beignets. Cafdu Monde serves beignets in orders of three, and since that’s the only food item on the menu, you do not have to say what it is you are ordering. You simply say, “I’ll have an order and a cafau lait.” Expect a wait in line if you arrive during peak hours (even longer if you want a table). In 1986, beignets became the Louisiana State Doughnut. French Quarter Beignets - New Orleans Beignets Recipe: Prep Time 25 mins Cook Time 25 mins Total Time 50 mins Course: Dessert Cuisine: Creole Keyword: French Quarter Beignets Recipe Servings: 18 beignets 1. Stand-Up Mixer: Using a mixer with a dough hook, place water, sugar, salt, egg, butter, evaporated milk, flour, and yeast in the bowl. Beat until smooth. Remove dough from bowl and turn out onto a lightly-oiled surface. Form dough into an oval, place in a lightly-greased bowl, cover with plastic wrap, and refrigerate until well chilled (3 to 4 hours) or overnight. 2. Bread Machine: Using a bread machine, add the ingredient (listed above) in the order given to the bread machine. Select Dough Setting and press Start. When dough cycle has finished, remove dough from pan and turn out onto a lightly-oiled surface. Form dough into an oval, place in a lightly greased bowl, cover with plastic wrap, and refrigerate until well chilled (3 to 4 hours) or overnight. 3. Food Processor: Using a food processor, place water, sugar, salt, egg, butter, evaporated milk, flour, and yeast in the bowl of the processor. Pulse just until smooth. Remove dough from bowl and turn out onto a lightly-oiled surface. Form dough into an oval, place in a lightly greased bowl, cover with plastic wrap, and refrigerate until well chilled (3 to 4 hours) or overnight. 4. Making the Beignets: Remove the prepared dough from the refrigerator and roll out on a lightly-floured board to 1/2-inch thickness. Using a sharp knife, cut dough into approximately 3-inch squares, triangles, or circles (your choice); set aside. 6. Slide the dough pieces slowly into the hot oil(this is to avoid splattering) and fry the beignets (2 or 3 at a time) approximately 2 to 3 minutes or until they are puffed and golden brown on both sides; turning them in the oil with tongs once or twice to get them evenly brown. The beignets will rise to the surface of the oil as soon as they begin to puff. NOTE: If the beignets don't rise to the top immediately when dropped into the oil, the oil is not hot enough. Remove from oil and drain on paper towels. 7. While the beignets are still warm, sprinkle heavily with powdered sugar. An easy way to coat the hot beignets in powdered sugar is to place the powdered sugar an a clean bag. Add the beignets to the bag, hold bag close and shake to coat evenly. 8. Serve while still warm. Grab yourself a steaming cup of Cafe au Lait or your favorite hot coffee and enjoy! 9. The dough can be kept for up to 1 week in the refrigerator - it actually improves with age; just punch down when it rises. Dough can also be frozen; cut and roll, or shape doughnuts before freezing.) 10. Makes approximately 18 to 24 beignets. beignet and coffee Recipe Notes * Use just enough vegetable oil to completely cover beignets while frying - approximately 2 inches deep in the pan. Sponsored Content Food HIstory Fried Bread Mardi Gras Pastries South Central Comments and Reviews 7 Responses to “Beignet History and Recipe” 1. Linda Gabbert Very interesting recipes. I wish you would send me recipes. 2. Violet Which yeast that I have to use? The one that I have to mix with water or the one that I just add to the dry ingredients. • Linda Stradley In this recipe, I use Instant Dry Yeast. Using this yeast, you just add to the dry ingredients per the recipe. 3. Mayra You make reference to the Spanish equivalent for beignets S “buelos.” The actual Spanish word should be buñuelos. 4. Charlene This was very tasty and turned out very close to the cafe du monde beignets we love. However, mine were just a bit more dense. To make them lighter, is it better to use all purpose or bread flour? Would it make a difference to proof the yeast mixture first before combining all the ingredients in the kitchen aid mixer to help with my density issue? Thanks so much for this recipe! 5. Jo-Ann F. would I be able to replace the flour with coconut or almond flour Leave a Reply
4 Reasons Lead to Shorter Distance of Electric Bicycles In many cases, the distance of china electric bike is shortened, not because of the quality of the car, but because of the “man-made” or objective conditions. For example, the unscientific operation and riding habits such as zero start, sudden braking and electrification, uphill headwind and other overloaded passengers will result in a short continuous kilometer. Long-distance high-speed driving will also result in a short continuation of the journey. On the same road, under the same conditions, some electric vehicles turn to the proper low speed driving to run, while all the high speed driving may not be able to run. Lower temperatures will also result in shorter journeys. Usually riding at 25 ℃ and 0 ℃, the former is twice as long as the latter; His old car’s old battery must be shorter than the new one. This is a matter of physical performance.
IVF may bring northern white rhinos back from the brink of extinction SUDAN, the last male northern white rhinoceros on Earth, died in March. He is survived by two females, Najin and her daughter Fatu, who live in a conservancy in Kenya. This pair (pictured) are thus the only remaining members of the world’s most endangered subspecies of mammal. But all might not yet be lost. Thomas Hildebrandt of the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, in Berlin, in collaboration with Avantea, a biotechnology company in Cremona, Italy, is proposing heroic measures to keep the subspecies alive. In a paper just published in Nature, he and his colleagues say that they have created, by in vitro fertilisation (IVF), apparently viable hybrid embryos of northern white rhinos and their cousins from the south. This, they hope, will pave the way for the creation of pure northern-white embryos. IVF seems the last hope for the northern white rhino. Though stored sperm from Sudan and several other males are available, both Najin and Fatu now seem unable to conceive. This means, if the subspecies is to be preserved, that one or both of them will have to have some eggs removed from their ovaries and combined with stored sperm in a Petri dish. Extracting rhinoceros eggs is hard. The animals’ ovaries are over a metre deep inside them, meaning that the extraction procedure, which employs a probe with a sharp needle attached to it to suck the eggs out, is hazardous. But practice makes perfect, so the team started by obtaining instead some eggs from a southern white rhino, the northern’s close cousin. They combined these with some of their cache of northern sperm and coaxed seven of the resulting zygotes through the early stages of embryonic development, to the point where they could be implanted in the uterus of a southern white, who would act as a surrogate mother, with a reasonable hope of success. That has not yet happened. The seven embryos are now in a freezer awaiting the results of research on how best to transfer them to surrogates. In the meantime, having proved their technique with these hybrids, Dr Hildebrandt and his colleagues now hope to create more embryos, this time using eggs from the two remaining female northern whites. Even if they succeed, though, it will be a long haul back for the northern white rhino. Members of any new generation resulting from IVF will have then to be bred with each other to create subsequent generations—with all the risks of reduced biological fitness which such incest entails. It is not so much a gene pool that Dr Hildebrandt is working with as a gene puddle. Then there is the question of what to do with the resulting animals. Analysis of other rhinoceros species, both in Africa and Asia, points to a viable population in the wild needing to be at least 500 strong. Even if such a group could be created, and not collapse from lack of genetic diversity, releasing it into the tender mercies of what remains of Kenya’s savannah would be risky. The reason the northern white has come so close to extinction—poaching—is unlikely to go away anytime soon. Dr Hildebrandt’s work is thus a half step along what is likely to be a very long road indeed. Charismatic megafauna rhinoceroses may be. But whether that charisma can sustain enough effort for long enough to save the northern white is about to be tested.
U.S. Energy Information Administration logo Skip to sub-navigation Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) What are greenhouse gases and how do they affect the climate? The major greenhouse gases emitted by the United States as a result of human activity, and their percentage share of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions of 6,676.6 million metric tons in 2018 were1 • Carbon dioxide (CO2)—81.3% • Methane (CH4)—9.5% • Nitrous oxide (N2O)—6.5% • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)—2.6% • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen triflouride (NF3) combined—0.2% There are other greenhouse gases that are not counted in United States or international greenhouse gas inventories: • Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Most scientists believe that water vapor produced directly by human activity contributes very little to the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) does not estimate emissions of water vapor. Research conducted by NASA suggests a stronger impact from the indirect human effects on water vapor concentrations in the atmosphere. • Ozone is technically a greenhouse gas because it has an effect on global temperature. However, at higher elevations in the atmosphere (stratosphere), where it occurs naturally, ozone is needed to block harmful ultraviolet light. At lower elevations of the atmosphere (troposphere), ozone is harmful to human health and is a pollutant regulated independently of its warming effects. Greenhouse gases are transparent to incoming (short-wave) radiation from the sun but block infrared (long-wave) radiation from leaving the earth's atmosphere. This greenhouse effect traps radiation from the sun and warms the planet's surface. As concentrations of these gases increase, more warming occurs than would happen naturally. 1 Based on global warming potential. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2018, Executive Summary, April 2020 Learn more: Energy and the Environment—Greenhouse Gases Most recent monthly and annual estimates for U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption Last updated: May 17, 2020 Other FAQs about Environment
Close button Close Menu What Are Gel Mattresses? The 'Cool' New Material in Your Mattress Last updated on August 19, 2020 Gel is most often touted in mattresses for its cooling qualities, but it can offer several other characteristics, such as enhanced pressure relief, unique support characteristics, and extended durability. From a scientific standpoint, gel is a material that falls somewhere between a solid and a liquid. Known as a 'viscous semi-rigid solid,' gel chemically resembles a liquid but exhibits no 'flow' when in a steady state. This means it has the ability to be stretched, squished and pulled, but will always return to its original shape. Gel is similar to rubber, but it tends to be heavier and have more of a delayed resiliency than rubber. Because of these qualities, gel is a great material for shock absorption and pressure relief in mattresses. What is the Difference Between a Gel Mattress and a Memory Foam Mattress? Gel and memory foam are two different materials. However, they can be, and often are, combined. Both can have pressure relieving properties, depending on how they are used in a mattress. There are three gel construction types most commonly seen in mattresses today: Gel-infused memory foam. The most prevalent usage of gel in today’s mattresses is gel-infused foam. Requiring a lower amount of gel than other gel mattress construction types, this approach involves mixing small flecks of gel into a layer of foam. Technically, this can be done with any kind of foam, however it is most often seen with open-cell foams such visco-elastic foam (resulting in gel memory foam) or Talalay latex (resulting in gel latex). The use of open cell foams creates additional ventilation around the gel, which works in concert with the cooling effect of the gel. Below: Gel flecks are visible in the top layer of memory foam Collapsible column (or “honeycomb”) construction. Some mattresses (significantly Purple) utilize a layer of collapsible gel columns in their beds. In this approach, thin vertical 'walls' of gel are inter-connected in a square or hexagonal pattern across the bed, so that when viewed from above, this layer resembles a grid or honeycomb. This structure is most well-known for its unique support characteristics. In order to maintain proper spinal alignment, a mattress needs to allow our curvy parts to sink deeper into the bed (but not too deep!), while still providing adequate support for the rest of our body. Collapsible gel columns have a unique property known as non-linear resistance – meaning that once a certain amount pressure is applied, the columns stop providing resistance and completely collapse. This allows our heavy or protruding parts, such as the hips and shoulders, to sink down to the bottom of this layer, while our lighter or more concave parts are still supported on top. For maximum spinal alignment, a layer of collapsible column gel is typically about 2 inches tall, which is the average amount of 'curve' that our bodies have between our hips and our waist. Below: 'Honeycomb' gel layer of a Purple mattress Solid gel layer. Perhaps the most recent innovation in gel mattresses is the use of a solid layer of gel at or near the top of the mattress, or on top of a pillow. Given the weight and density of gel, this layer is usually less than 1" thick. That said, depending on the softness of the gel, a solid gel layer can give the mattress or pillow a very unique yet familiar feel – similar to a gel bicycle seat or gel insoles. For those that tend to sleep hot, a solid layer of gel offers the maximum gel surface area, so the cooling effects of the gel should feel very pronounced. This style of gel mattress tends to use the most gel (by weight), so the coolness of the gel can last longer into the night. Below: Thin layer of solid gel on top of a pillow Do Gel Mattresses Keep You Cool? Gel is most commonly promoted by mattress companies as a solution for "sleeping hot." So, is gel really "cooler" than other materials? Well, technically no – but it does feel cooler. The reason is that gel is a conductor, like water or metal. Because our bodies are generally much warmer than the ambient temperature of our bedroom, the gel's conductive properties act to 'pull' this excess heat away from our bodies, making us feel cooler. To better understand what this means and how it works, think first about sitting in a bedroom that is room temperature (~72° F). Now think about sitting in a swimming pool that is 72° F. Which one feels cooler? Of course, the pool feels much cooler!! This is because our body temperature is much warmer than 72° F (the surface of our bodies is normally ~90° F), and the water (an excellent conductor) allows this excess heat to travel away from our bodies very efficiently, making us feel cooler. How much cooling do you really get from a gel mattress? The amount of cooling provided by the gel depends mostly on three key factors: • How close the gel is to your body. The cooling power of the gel is based on its conductive properties, so layers of other materials between you and the gel tend to act like insulators, reducing the transfer of heat from your body to the gel. This means that minimizing such layers – e.g., additional padding above the gel, mattress protector, thick sheets, and even pajamas! – will maximize the cooling effect of the gel. • How much gel there is. The more gel there is, the longer it will take your body to warm the gel from room temperature to body temperature, after which the gel will cease to feel cool. Beds with less gel are generally designed to remain cool for 15-30 minutes – long enough for you to fall asleep, but perhaps not long enough to remain cool throughout the entire night. Beds with thick layers of gel (e.g., 50-100 pounds of gel in a queen-size mattress) are designed to remain cool for several hours or more. • How the gel is constructed. Because gel itself does not allow air to flow through it, layers of gel in a mattress are often structured in such a way as to enable or create air flow. With gel-infused foam, an open-cell foam is typically used to create added ventilation. With collapsible columns, the hollow columns allow plenty of air circulation. And with solid gel, channels are typically carved in the gel (giving the gel a waffle iron appearance) to enable air flow along the gel’s surface. How Long Do Gel Mattresses Last? In general, gel is considered to be among the most durable materials used in mattresses today. As a semi-rigid solid, it should not lose its shape or its flexibility over time. That being said, the gel used in mattresses can be made from either polyurethane or plastic. Because plastics are known to become brittle with age, polyurethane-based gels are more desirable from a durability perspective. It should also be noted that in the case of gel-infused foams, the gel represents a relatively small portion of that material. As such, the durability of that type of material will have much more to do with the quality of the foam that is used than with the gel that is mixed into the foam. Gel Mattress Brands Thanks in large part to the breakout popularity of the iComfort mattress line from Serta, including the iComfort Blue 100, there are now many manufacturers that have either created a special line of gel mattresses or added gel as a feature to their existing lines. In addition, there are several smaller manufacturers that specialize entirely in gel mattresses, some of which have been working with gel as a mattress material for decades. Purple is the best known example. GoodBed has reviewed the original Purple mattress, as well as the Purple 2/3/4 line, all of which use a wide layer of honeycomb gel. Most commonly, you will see gel incorporated into memory foam and used as one of the comfort layers of a mattress. Examples include the Bear mattress, the GhostBed Luxe bed, and the Lull mattress. Find the Right Bed Let's start… Select your preferred sleeping position: — Sara in Phoenix, AZ What size of bed are you looking for? Not sure? Go to Mattress Size Guide
Introduction to Worldbuilding Introduction to Worldbuilding It's not just for fantasy writers. May 7, 2020 Worldbuilding isn't just for fantasy writers. Every character lives somewhere and travels through the world. • When you think about the floor plan for a character's home or school, you're worldbuilding. • When you decide if he can walk to his friend's house or needs to get an adult to drive him, you're worldbuilding. • When you decide if your main character has a yard or lives in an apartment or rides a school bus, you're engaged in worldbuilding. All the decisions you make about the world of your story or novel will fall under the heading of worldbuilding, and it is important to keep those decisions straight so your character doesn't head upstairs to his bedroom in chapter one and then later describe his home as squat and narrow like a shot gun in chapter five. The decisions you make will help the story feel real, but they must be made carefully, or they can just as easily throw the reader out of the story. Ease In With Your Characters The first thing to keep in mind as you write within this newly created world, is that you don't need to present all your worldbuilding to your reader in the opening. Long information dumps about the world will bore readers and remind them that there are other things they could be doing. We never want that to happen. In real life, we experience the world as we move through it and interact with it. That is the best way for your readers to experience it as well: through the characters and their actions, observations and reactions. Get one-on-one instruction to improve your writing. Click here. Let your character set the perspective and response to the world of the story. A grumpy old woman in a nursing home is going to experience that place very differently from the caregiver who helps her or the teenager who visits her. So think about your character as you build your world and let that person's attitude affect the way you present your worldbuilding. Keep in mind that we rarely notice the things that are around us all the time. You may have a ceramic kitty on your windowsill but if it's been there for years, you're only going to notice it if you have a really good reason to notice it. For instance, if I need my character to look at that kitty, it may be because she sees a ladybug crawling on the kitty's ear so she puts out a finger for the ladybug to crawl onto and takes the bug outside, and in doing so, she might think something about the kitty figurine. Know More Than You Share If you don't need it, don't include it. You might be one of the writers who just loves making maps, so you've made an extensive map of the character's neighborhood, noting where everyone lives and where the park is located and where shops are. That's great, but those items should only creep into the story if they serve the story. Some of us really like to do a lot of thinking about the world our characters inhabit, but not everything we might imagine is going to work on the page. This may mean you will know things about the world that you never share with the reader. That's okay, actually. Don't force it (and it if helps, you could always imagine those unexplored bits are being saved for the sequel after the book becomes wildly popular). Understand that worldbuilding is part of every stage of the writing: first during prewriting when you're imagining your characters and the world they inhabit, again when you're writing and you move the characters through that world, and still more during revision, when you consider every bit of the worldbuilding and ask yourself how to make it better, more sensory, more engaging, and more natural. Worldbuilding is fun and when handled well, it's fun for the reader as well. Add Comment Sign up for our weekly tips & market leads. Writing for adults? Sign up for the IFW newsletter.
Do Men Have More Mitzvot than Women? This week’s parasha, Tazria, begins by describing the rituals that a mother must perform upon giving birth to a new child. If the child is male, the mother is considered “impure” for seven days following her delivery, and then spends an additional 33 days in purification. For a female child, the durations are doubled, with the mother “impure” for 14 days, and purifying for another 66 days. Why is the duration of purification for a female doubly longer than a male? ‘Garden of Eden’, by Thomas Cole The apocryphal Book of Jubilees (3:8) suggests an interesting idea: Adam was made on the Sixth Day of Creation but, apparently, Eve wasn’t made until a whole week after. This is why a mother of a male child is impure for a week, but a mother of a female child for two weeks! Jubilees also holds that Adam was only brought into Eden forty days after being created, while Eve was brought in after eighty days. This is why a mother of a male child needs a total of forty days to purify, and a mother of a female child needs eighty days. Of course, Rabbinic tradition rejects the Book of Jubilees, and it is accepted that Adam and Eve were both created on the Sixth Day, and were in Eden from the beginning. Commenting on this week’s parasha, the Zohar (III, 43b) states that it takes a soul 33 days to settle in the body. This is primarily referring to the new soul that enters a newborn baby, as it takes time for the ethereal soul to get used to its descent into a physical world. The Zohar doesn’t add too much more on this, but we might assume that, based on the words of the Torah, it takes a male soul 33 days to settle, and a female soul 66 days to settle. At the same time, the Zohar may be referring to the soul of the mother, too, as she is the one that spends 33 or 66 days in purification. As we’ve explained in the past, the severing of the mother’s direct connection to her child distresses her soul for 33 or 66 days following childbirth. Whatever the case, the implication is that a female soul is somehow greater than a male soul. It has more spiritual power, taking longer to settle. The notion that female souls are greater is found throughout Jewish texts, especially mystical ones. Sefer HaBahir, one of the most ancient Kabbalistic texts, states that the female soul is the most beautiful of all, and an aspect of the Shekhinah, the Divine Presence (chs. 173-175). It explicitly makes clear that life on Earth would be impossible without the life-giving mother, who in this regard is much closer to God. On that note, it has been said that God created the world sequentially from simple to complex, starting with the basic elements: light, air, water, earth; progressing to plants, then simple animals, then mammals, then man, and finally woman. The woman is the last of God’s creation, and therefore the most intricate and the most refined. It may be because of this that the Arizal taught that while male souls typically reincarnate to rectify themselves, female souls rarely if ever reincarnate at all (Sha’ar HaGilgulim, ch. 9). It is important to mention here that we are speaking of female souls, not necessary to all women. The Arizal (as well as the Zohar cited above) speak of the possibility of female souls in male bodies, or male souls in female bodies. And it should also be mentioned that this does not necessarily affect the body’s sexuality. A “female” soul in a male body can still very much be a heterosexual male, and vice versa. (For more on this, see Rav Yitzchak Ginsburgh’s lecture here on the female soul of the forefather Isaac, as well as the prophets Samuel, Jonah, and Habakkuk.) There are a number of consequences to the greater souls of females. For one, it gives them binah yeterah, an “extra understanding” sometimes referred to as “women’s intuition” (Niddah 45b). This is one reason why the women of the Exodus generation, for example, did not participate in the sin of the Golden Calf, nor the sin of the Spies. In fact, the Kli Yakar (Rabbi Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz, 1550-1619, on Numbers 13:2) states that, had Moses sent female spies, there would have been no problem at all! On the other hand, a more elevated soul and an extra depth of understanding means a greater sensitivity to the world, which makes women generally less prone to violence and drug abuse, but significantly more prone to depression and anxiety. The greater female soul has the amazing potential to bring life, yet simultaneously (to balance the equation) the potential for severe destruction, “more bitter than death”, to borrow from King Solomon in Kohelet 7:26. This is symbolically reflected in the menstrual cycle, where a lack of conception of life necessarily results in the shedding of blood, a “minor death” that is then rectified in the living waters of the mikveh. Finally, a greater soul means that women require slightly less mitzvot than men. After all, the “mitzvot were given only in order that human beings might be purified by them… their purpose is to refine…” (Beresheet Rabbah 44:1) A more refined female soul does not need the same mitzvot that a male soul does. Unfortunately, this has sometimes been a point of contention in modern times. Yet, upon closer examination, we see that the differences in mitzvot between men and women are actually minimal and, contrary to the general belief, there is a perfect balance between those mitzvot done exclusively by men and those done exclusively by women. “Time-Bound” Mitzvot? The general rule is that, at least in principle, women are exempt from any mitzvah that can only be done at a particular time. This includes mitzvot like prayer, tefillin, and tzitzit. However, in practical terms we see that this “rule” isn’t really a thing, and there are many time-bound mitzvot that women are obligated in. For example, 2 thoughts on “Do Men Have More Mitzvot than Women? 1. Pingback: Eye-Openers from the Book of Jubilees \| Mayim Achronim 2. Pingback: On That Controversial Blessing of “Not Making Me a Woman” \| Mayim Achronim Comments are closed.
Trending: impeach Lookups spiked 11,500% on January 13, 2021 Why are people looking up impeach? Impeach spiked in lookups on January 13th, 2021, as Donald Trump became the first U.S. President to be the direct object of this transitive verb twice. Trump Impeached Again — (headline) The New York Times, 13 Jan. 2021 What does impeach mean? We define impeach as “to charge with a crime or misdemeanor; specifically, to charge (a public official) before a competent tribunal with misconduct in office.” The word has an additional sense, which may be defined as “to cast doubt on; especially, to challenge the credibility or validity of.” What is notable about this use of impeach? The word has been in English since the middle of the 16th century, and so obviously had use predating U.S. presidents. There have been three such office-holders who have been impeached; in addition to Trump, Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton were each impeached once. Impeachment does not necessarily lead to removal from office. In the United States a president is impeached by the members of the House of Representatives. Once this body has drawn up charges and had them approved by a majority of House members, the Senate holds a trial. If a two-thirds majority of the Senate votes to convict, then the president may be removed from office. Test Your Vocabulary Words of Snow and Ice Quiz • image1037863653 True or False Test your knowledge - and maybe learn something along the way. Anagram puzzles meet word search. Love words? Need even more definitions?
A Refugee Story June 19, 2018 This year, for World Refugee Day, we are sharing perspectives from people who have seen the refugee crisis up close. One of them is Jyoti Gurung, a refugee from Bhutan. Read on to see her response to the question, “What does world refugee day mean to you?” Jyoti, Refugee from Bhutan “What does World Refugee Day mean to you?” To me, the World Refugee Day means there are people who care about refugees — people who were forcibly displaced from their home. I have heard so many definitions of a refugee. Some say, a refugee is someone who’s refused or rejected from their home, and others say a refugee is someone who’s taking a refuge under other entity. I have also heard that a refugee is someone who steals jobs and is a terrorist. According to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), “A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence.” I say refugees are human beings, who have lost their home. Home … that gives us the sense of belonging, identity, and safety. Human beings who have been separated from their family and loved ones. Human beings who are traumatized. Human beings who do not get a chance to live like all humans should. I was a six month old baby when I became a refugee and my only fault was that I belonged to an ethnic minority group in Bhutan. My family had to flee Bhutan, leave the rest of my family members behind, and move to a refugee camp in Nepal. The journey was filled with darkness, tragedy, uncertainty, and fear. I grew up in a refugee camp, and was finally resettled in the U.S. after 15 years of just existing without any identity or any human rights. This is just my story, one in 22.5 million refugee stories—a happy ending unlike millions of other refugees who are still in need of a home and support. How can we solve today’s world refugee crisis? In a perfect world, we would all realize that we are all humans despite the differences in our culture, skin color, religion, etc. We would have a better understanding that borders, territories, racial and ethnic categories are man made. But the truth is, we don’t live in a perfect world. So for the world we live in today, as a person who grew up in a refugee camp, as a person who had to grow up as nobody, as a person who was a refugee, I ask you to listen to their stories, learn, be aware, volunteer, advocate, support local and international organizations who are helping refugees in any way they can. I was a refugee. I stand with refugees. Do you?
New Nationalism Tomas Rafa's (Rafavideoart) documentary film archive Loading images... “Polish Independence Day” 11.11.2012 in Warsaw Warsaw, Poland, 11.11.2012 Riot police used tear gas and truncheons to disperse far-right activists in Warsaw as Poland marked its Independence Day. Two officers were reportedly injured in the clashes. Violence broke out as police attempted to disperse crowds of nationalist protesters in an attempt to prevent a confrontation with anti-fascist groups during Poland’s National Day march in the country’s capital. Right-wing extremists pelted officers with firecrackers and rocks as they tried to breach police cordons and reach a gathering of anti-fascist activists. Two officers were reportedly injured, and several rioters were detained. Thousands of officers were deployed to the streets of Warsaw earlier in the day to prevent the rival groups from confronting each other. Polish nationalists and radical left-wing groups often use National Day as a pretext to fight each other. Right-wingers advocate a religious and Slav-dominated Poland, conservative and immune to foreign influence. Leftist groups espouse various different anarchist and socialist ideologies, but are united by an opposition to white nationalism. text source Tagged as: , , , , , , ,
According to aging experts , senior consumer behaviours are highly variable, meaning that as a group they have more reasons for buying something than teenagers. No, you aren’t necessarily directionally challenged. Communities are eager to find ways to help small businesses weather the…, As a small business owner, you probably have plenty of questions on…, It may seem like all you need is a business idea and…. In addition to culture, there may also be social factors, such as family or church roles, at play in a product’s success. On the other hand, a person with low income and savings will purchase inexpensive products. This is why it’s worth understanding what makes your target customer tick. • Culture Essentially, culture is the share of each company and is the major cause of the person who wants and behavior. To buy both, they have to walk ar… Such as an individual belonging to the upper class buy those products or services that advocate his status while the lower class people buy those products which satisfy their basic needs. Grocery stores frequently place bread and milk products on the opposite ends of the stores because people often need both types of products. Thank you for your valuable time and effort. That need may be driven by a variety of factors. Factors Influencing Consumer Behaviour: Consumer behaviour is affected by a number of factors. Culture and social factors can play a major role in the popularity of a product. Each of the factors listed above can be tied back to ways a small business can leverage its storefront or website to increase the probability of a sale. support, pricing, and service options subject to change without notice. A survey was conducted on 1400 people from the different parts of Turkey. A consumer buying behavior is influenced by social, cultural, personal and psychological factors. Please try again. Do they shop every day or only occasionally? For example a marketing manager of an organization will try to purchase business suits, whereas a low level worker in the same organization will purchase rugged work clothes. The aim of this questionnaire is to investigate the factors that affect the consumer buying behavior. Here we should note that social class is not only determined by income but there are various other factors as well such as: wealth, education, occupation etc. It lives at the foundation of a consumer's world view. Be it the north or the south, be it one country or another, the effect of culture on consumer behavior is observed most on the basis of social class of the individual. The more..., Understanding Consumer Behaviour: The Four Factors, cultural, social, personal and psychological, When and How to File a Record of Employment, How to Calculate the True Cost of a New Employee, How to Set Up Your Small Business for Gift Card Sales, A Guide to Finance & Accounting for Small Business Owners. Therefore her buying decisions will be influenced by her role and status. Additionally, consumers that connect emotionally go beyond price when making a purchase decision. Understanding what type of consumer your business targets can help to understand their buying behaviour. set of values and ideologies of a particular community or group of individuals Culture Basically, culture is the part of every society and is the important cause of person wants and behavior. The poor, the affluent, and the white-collar middle class are examples of material subcultures. Copyright © 2018. The environmental factors affecting consumer buying behaviour are explained below. Subscribe to get our latest content by email. Each financial situation is different, the advice provided is intended to be general. What a consumer is "taught" can vary greatly in different parts of the world. Culture is mostly a learned behavior, being constructed by the society a consumer grows up in. Marketers can change the beliefs and attitudes of customers by launching special campaigns in this regard. There are different processes involved in the consumer behavior. You want to attract as many customers as possible without offending anyone. The nature of the needs is that, some of them are most pressing while others are least pressing. The way your target customer perceives the world or learns about your product, whether online or in person, can also influence behaviour. Since such beliefs and attitudes make up brand image and affect consumer buying behavior therefore marketers are interested in them. Association of International Product Marketing & Management Consumer buying behavior eventually refers to the buying behavior of an individual. Another cultural factor is the social class that can affect the consumer buying behavior in different parts of the world. Family life-cycle consists of different stages such young singles, married couples, unmarried couples etc which help marketers to develop appropriate products for each stage. Success! "Culture" is the most basic source of a consumer's wants and behavior. In addition to cultural and social factors, personal factors also influence consumer behaviour. Now she is playing two roles, one of finance manager and other of mother. (A) Cultural Factors: Cultural factors have the broadest and deepest impact on consumer behaviour. © 2019 Intuit Inc. All rights reserved. What drives their behaviour? Industry groups spend a lot of money trying to influence popular opinion because they know how influential culture can be on industry sales. Intuit and QuickBooks are registered trademarks of Intuit Inc. What he wears, what he drives or rides, how he carries himself, which product he needsor does not need… Be mindful of culture and social factors when creating your marketing. Whereas, in case of selective distortion, customers try to interpret the information in a way that will support what the customers already believe. Please contact your financial or legal advisors for information specific to your situation. There was an error submitting your subscription. Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by cultural factors such as: buyer culture, subculture, and social class. • Subculture Each culture has different subcultures, such as religions, nationalities, ge… For example a woman is working in an organization as finance manager. Some of the important personal factors that influence the buying behavior are: lifestyle, economic situation, occupation, age, personality and self concept. If this is your target market, it’s important to know what those reasons are. Social Factors- Image Source: Have you ever been in a department story and couldn’t find your way out? It has different characteristics such as: dominance, aggressiveness, self-confidence etc which can be useful to determine the consumer behavior for particular product or service. As the change comes in these factors, consumer behaviour also changes. To find a lot more on marketing, management, supply chain, finance and other core subjects of business administration please visit the sites: and, Article Source:, (i) Family- The family has a great influence in … If the consumer belongs to a higher social class, he has to buy a mercedesto show his social class. By Basically, culture is the part of every society and is the important cause of person wants and behavior. Motivation. Reference groups have potential in forming a person attitude or behavior. Each person possesses different roles and status in the society depending upon the groups, clubs, family, organization etc. Tastes change over time. These factors impact whether or not your target customer buys your product. Cultural Influences. They are cultural, social, personal and psychological. Customer possesses specific belief and attitude towards various products. It affects the style a person loves to the music he prefers and even the literature he reads. Understanding how to motivate your customer is a powerful tool. Marketing professionals take physical factors such as a store’s design and layout into account when they are designing their facilities. Therefore it can greatly influence the buying behavior of customers. The demographic factors which affect consumer behavior are: (1) age (2) sex (3) marital status (4) income (5) family background (6) education (7) occupation (8) family size (9) geographic factors (10) psychological factors. Social class influences many different aspects of a consumer. The impact of reference groups varies across products and brands. According to aging experts, senior consumer behaviours are highly variable, meaning that as a group they have more reasons for buying something than teenagers. Five of the most important factors that create subcultures are: Material culture – People with similar income may create a subculture. Grow profitability by understanding the four factors of consumer behaviour: Cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Consumer Behaviour – Cultural factors. Information may be abridged and therefore incomplete. Culture exerts different levels of influence on members. The important social factors are: reference groups, family, role and status. For example, in the western world, both the lower class and upper might show the same buying behavior. For example, some people learn best visually. There are three different perceptual processes which are selective attention, selective distortion and selective retention. Such as personal, cultural, psychological and social factors. There are four important psychological factors affecting the consumer buying behavior. Cultural factors: Kotler observed that human behaviour is largely the result of a learning process and … The 3 Secrets to Staying Ahead of the Competition, Growth Hackers Conference: Lessons Learned, The Heart And Core Of Super Customer Experience. Social factors also impact the buying behavior of consumers. The occupation of a person has significant impact on his buying behavior. We won't send you spam. In this study, the affect of cultural factors on consumer buying behaviour is investigated. Lastly, the consumer analyzes the prevailing prices of commodities and takes the decision about the commodities he should consume. When they make a decision about your product, they’re thinking about solving a need. The more you understand what drives your customer to make a purchase, the more you understand how to connect with them emotionally on your website or through your storefront. An individual can get affected by the environment in which he lives, his culture, his social class, his psychology and his personality. … If the income and savings of a customer is high then he will purchase more expensive products. A plethora of research has accumulated that shows a strong relationship between culture and consumer behavior. Every society possesses some form of social class which is important to the marketers because the buying behavior of people in a given social class is similar. Do they do a lot of research or are they impulse buyers? Where and when a person is born often defines his culture, and these perceptions are passed down through generations. Motivation speaks to the internal needs of the consumer. Personal factors can also affect the consumer behavior. Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by cultural factors such as: buyer culture, subculture, and social class. They also provide excellent referrals to friends and family. Here we should note that buying roles change with change in consumer lifestyles. Lifestyle refers to the way a person lives in a society and is expressed by the things in his/her surroundings. That society "teaches" the consumer basic values, perceptions, wants and behaviors. After selecting the commodities, the consumer makes an estimate of the available money which he can spend. It is determined by customer interests, opinions, activities etc and shapes his whole pattern of acting and interacting in the world. This explains why pictures and images are so important for marketing. Lifestyle. The current study aims to examine the cultural factors which influence consumer buying behavior in Sunyani-Ghana. Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by cultural factors, such as buyer’s culture, subculture and social class. Marketers can use these groups by segmenting the market into various small portions. Creating Effective Competitive Sales Tools for Your... Do you make these mistakes in advertising. Age and family status … How can you use that knowledge to increase your profitability? For example if the product is visible such as dress, shoes, car etc then the influence of reference groups will be high. The influence of culture on the purchasing behavior varies from country to country, therefore sellers have to be very careful in the analysis of the culture of different groups, regions or even countries. Selecting, organizing and interpreting information in a way to produce a meaningful experience of the world is called perception. The influence of cultural factors on consumer buying behaviour has been widely debated and studies at different points in time. Social Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior Definition: The Social Factors are the factors that are prevalent in the society where a consumer live in. Many factors can place an individual in one or several subcultures. Figure 2 shows an outline of factors affecting consumer behaviour. Young people may not adopt cultural practices that are common for adults, and may develop practices unique to … Professional pictures and images of your product or service can communicate a thousand words regardless of belief system. Terms and conditions, features, Unsubscribe at any time. Culture plays a very vital role in the determining consumer … The Importance of the Product Requirements Document. QuickBooks Canada Team. Therefore a need becomes a motive when it is more pressing to direct the person to seek satisfaction. This is particularly the case for payment methods. The information acquired from the results are analyzed and interpreted by the computer packet programs. The explanation of these factors is given below. As a result, the buying behaviour of one economic class can be very different from another. A customer's fundamental drives. As we mentioned earlier in the chapter, consumer behavior is influenced by many things, including environmental and marketing factors, the situation, personal and psychological factors, family, and culture. 7 Business Development Marketing Tips For Social Media,, characteristics influencing consumer behavior. In case of selective attention, marketers try to attract the customer attention. But others are more subtle. Presumably, the longer you wander around a facility, the more you will spend. Class impacts education level, background, occupation, and health. What type of consumer is your target customer? 1.To understand the cultural content of consumer behaviour in an increasingly globalise marketplace 2.To learn the factors which determine consumers’ purchases in Nigeria 3.To establish, if, consumers in Nigeria experience instantaneous, overpowering and persistent desire to buy certain products. Cultural behaviours, such as household size or the role of women in managing households, also influence who buys certain products or in what size. If the buying decision of a particular product is influenced by wife then the marketers will try to target the women in their advertisement. Lifestyle of customers is another import factor affecting the consumer buying behavior. Age, language, ethnicity, gender and education level all affect which consumer behaviors a member of a given culture demonstrates. In addition to cultural and social factors, personal factors also influence consumer behaviour. This survey will take 5 minutes from your time, feel free to express your opinion. Similarly, in case of selective retention, marketers try to retain information that supports their beliefs. For example, a customer who plays video games in … Age and Life Cycle: The activities of individuals and families vary over time. Consumers make purchase decisions every day. These are some of the cultural factors that influence the individual buying behavior due to his membership in the group where … For … Actually, Personality is not what one wears; rather it is the totality of behavior of a man in different circumstances. These loyal customers don’t mind spending more for your product. On the other hand, a consumer of the low social class will be happy with a bicycle too. Every person has different needs such as physiological needs, biological needs, social needs etc. But in other countries like India upper class have a tendency to buy luxury cars, gadgets, and personal care products. Initially the consumer tries to find what commodities he would like to consume, then he selects only those commodities that promise greater utility. McCarthy, O’Reilly and De-Boer (2004), while studying the factors influencing consumption of pork and poultry in the Irish market, found that for poultry, It is obvious that the consumers change the purchase of goods and services with the passage of time. Within a main culture, there are subcultures and social classes. These are: perception, motivation, learning, beliefs and attitudes. For example, the “youth culture” or “club culture” has quite distinct values and buying characteristics from the much older “gray generation” Similarly, differences in social class can create customer groups. After the cultural factors in the study of consumer behaviour, the Social factors also affect the consumer behaviour. Cultural prohibitions against consuming products such as alcohol or meat, or cultural preferences for styles of clothing, make it easy to understand some buying patterns. This document/information does not constitute, and should not be considered a substitute for, legal or financial advice. to which he belongs. It is defined as a complex sum total of knowledge, belief, traditions, customs, art, moral law or … For example marketers can design products according to the needs of a particular geographic group. Buyer behavior is strongly influenced by the member of a family. Lifestyle, a term proposed by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in 1929, refers to the way … Consumer behavior refers to the selection, purchase and consumption of … Culture is an important force that has a deep impact on several things in people’s lives from their taste to their wisdom and basic choices. However, some factors are more effective, while others have negligible effect on consumer behaviour. Culture may be described as how society contributes to a person's basic values, ideals, behaviors and attitudes. This study investigates how cultural factors affect consumer behaviors in Turkey with the participation of 1286 people in the provinces through interviews. Turkey has seven regions. Reference groups also include opinion leader (a person who influences other because of his special skill, knowledge or other characteristics). Keep these factors in mind when designing your marking materials. Meanwhile, there are various other factors influencing the purchases of consumer such as social, cultural, personal and psychological. The level of motivation also affects the buying behavior of customers. An individual has his own choice and mindset. The more people that have access, the better. In this way marketing activities could be tailored according to different social classes. Tastes change over time. You want to make sure everyone in your target audience has access to your product regardless of age or economic class. How Much Is A Hog Roast, Lg Dryer Power Button Stuck, Lesson 27- Amphibian Alert, Grilled Apples And Chicken, Glacial Indifference Font, Dog Ate Frozen Salmon, Vintage Crutchfield Catalog, Winter In Chile, Iranian Journal Of Psychology, Node Js Class Diagram Generator, Luxury Apartments Stoughton, Ma, Guitar Wood Weight Chart, Leave a Reply
When some people hear the word engineer, they have a very vague idea of what it engineer does. They have the basic idea that an engineer designs things. In many cases, this is true. Below are a couple of examples of engineer specialities and the job opportunities available for engineers. An aerospace engineer studies everything related to air and spacecrafts, including design, development, and production. The vehicles used for space and air travel are complex. They require work from individuals who understand computer engineering as well as mechanical and electrical engineering. An agricultural engineer has a thorough understanding of biological engineering and grasps basic ideas in the farming and forestry industry. They look for optimal food processing methods, find ways to develop biofuels, and look for the best designs for the environments animals live in. In some cases, agricultural engineers may work from a desk in an office, or they may work outdoors, perhaps traveling to many job sites. A biomedical engineer has a thorough understanding of medicine, biology, and engineering. They would be familiar with things like microscopic machines used for surgery and artificial organs. Chemical engineers work in a variety of fields, including computing and energy storage. They are key leaders in a variety of fields. They understand the physical world and how to manipulate molecules and atoms. They have a thorough understanding of thermal evaporation and a variety of other scientific processes. These are just a few of the different engineer positions that are currently available today. The field of engineering is constantly growing. Computer engineering, mechanical engineering, petroleum engineering, software engineering, and a variety of other engineering positions are seeing a lot of new opportunities and possibilities for growth. Something that many engineers have found is that not only are they able to find reliable jobs with good pay, but many of them work in environments that they find to be truly satisfying. In many cases, they are working toward the good of others. Having stable income and a satisfying job has led many engineers to enjoy a happy and successful life.
The Observed Coyote Becomes A Co-Observer! Not only do I observe coyotes, but I also observe what interests coyotes. Of prime interest to them is the dogs in the parks. I watch for which dogs attract a coyote’s attention the most, and try to figure out why. There appears to be a vast difference between the way a mother/dominant coyote sees certain dogs as opposed to the way all the other coyotes see them. So, a few days ago I watched a coyote youth stop to watch dogs between hunting bouts — it was very casual observation from off the trail — the dogs were on a path very far away and I could tell that none was aware of the coyote. Then, one dog I had not seen before caught my attention, so I went right up to the ledge and squatted down to observe, making myself very unobtrusive behind some plants. The dog was about 400 feet away, so I pointed my camera, which serves as binoculars when I need it to, and observed this new dog and walker for a few moments. As I turned my head a little, I saw that the coyote had approached and was imitating me! It had come right to the ledge also, right behind some growth to watch what I was watching. We were both looking together!! He was curious. My own behavior was something it must have wanted to account for. The coyote wanted to know what I was doing, what had my attention. It had used my behavior as a cue as to where its own attention maybe should be focused. So we became co-observers for a few moments. When I stood up and faced the coyote, it bounded off again into the distance. This same coyote has used the behavior of dogs and, now it seems, humans to gather information for itself. I saw this same coyote observe a dog as it dug furiously, at a gopher hole. When the dog departed, this coyote went up to the same spot to dig, taking the dog’s cue that something was there. It also has “looked up to” its mother and sibling for cues/clues about the danger of a situation. This coyote is a year-old juvenile, which may help explain its behavior a little bit: using indirect evidence for information. I’m wondering if an aspect of a coyote’s “following” a dog and walker might include gathering information for the coyote’s use, such as “can you lead me to a food source?” Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Why does the Torah mention the hail and the fire separately, and in the following Pasuk, add that the fire was contained inside the hail? Oznayim la'Torah: Because Hashem first sent a regular hail-storm accompanied by thunder, 1 and the fire that was caused by the thunder reached the ground independently; and it was only when Par'oh did not doTeshuvah that the fore and water made peace to form a plague. Oznayim la'Torah: To encourage Par'oh to do Teshuvah. Sefer: Perek: Pasuk: Month: Day: Year: Month: Day: Year: KIH Logo D.A.F. Home Page
Top 10 most Popular Dangerous Animals In The World 1-Cape buffalo: Cape buffalo is among the dangerous animals found on the earth. They are mostly living in Saharan Africa. These species are relatively mild when left alone. They graze together. And also they are watering together in a place. When someone hurt one of them. They attack together on the hunters and kill the hunters. If the road comes on the way they pass they don’t see any vehicle. Just hit the vehicles on road. Mess with them is too dangerous. Cape buffalo: 2-Golden poison dart frog: This is the animal related to reptiles or amphibian groups. They have slavery glands full of poison. The inner body glands are full of poison. This poison is very harmful to humans. These frogs live in North America. The poison of one frog kills 10 growing men. They are too dangerous. Their color is too bright. The place where they live rain percentage is very low. Due to this, these are endangered. They are also killed by deforestation. If you are on hiking in areas they have remained away from them. They are very low in number in the world. Golden poison dart frog: It is the surprising thing that we are also animals. Animals are too much better than us. We are killing people for 10000 years. There are many weapons on earth made by humans and attacks each other. In every era, peoples kill each other. The world is suffering due to our deeds. Death rates of people due to war are about in billions. Global warming and deforestation are also done by humans. Humans make the world dangerous. In this list of dangerous animals on earth. Humans are easily on number one. Mosquitos are about 0.1 inches in size. They are also a very dangerous animal on the planet earth. They are in every region of the earth except Antarctica. There are many diseases spread by mosquitos all over the world. They belong to genera Aedes, Culex, and anopheles. There are about 725,000 peoples kill by mosquitos in the year. WHO gives research that half of the people on the earth have a risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Pests are attracted by CO2 which we exhale and body temperature. Pufferfish is the most dangerous vertebrate on earth. They are found around the whole world in the tropical regions. Pufferfish are the most dangerous animals on earth. They are the second-most poisonous vertebrates on planet earth. This fish is made only by master chefs in Japan. Most people in Japan killed by eating this fish. 6-Tsetse fly: It is a very small animal like a mosquito. Its size is about 0.7 inches. It is found in sub-Saharan countries. This fly sucks blood from the body. It causes disease which is still no name. It affects the whole body and causes behavioral changes. And also have many symptoms. They are found in Angola and Congo republic. This fly is macroscopic. If this disease is not treated. Then it leads to death. These flies attracted by smooth and bright colors. So avoid wearing bright suits in a warm environment. Tesetse fly 7-Salt water crocodile: The alligators are very scary. They kill many peoples throughout the whole year. They have the capacity to swim in salt and freshwater. Saltwater alligators are too long in size and weigh heavily. They become a dangerous animal on planet earth. This category of crocodile kill many peoples but responsible is the whole population of alligators. They are good swimmers of high-pressure water. They are very scary animals. Salt water crocodile: 8-Cone snail: Cone snail lives in warm water. It is very good in color. It is very good at looking. But if someone, unfortunately, touches it. Then this is very dangerous. In his body, there is a dangerous venom present. This is a harmful specie of water. It lives in the depth of the sea. Cone snail is about six inches long. It also includes dangerous animals on earth. 9-Black mamba: The black mamba is also called black cobra. It is a too dangerous animal on planet earth. The black mamba is very long in size. They are found in Africa and some Rocky areas. It covers a distance of 12.5 mph. Its only attack on people’s when they are threatened. If it bites it enters enough venom in the body which block arteries. If it bites than the specie which is threatened is died in 20 minutes. The bites are 100 percent fatal. 10-Box jellyfish: This is the transparent intervertebral. Box jellyfish are in the upper level of oceans. This is moving 5 miles per hour. It is a very dangerous animal. Jellyfish is an aquatic animal that is very fast in speed. It is full of venom in it. It is venomous marine animals. Jellyfish have thousands of stinging cells. The stinging cells in it called nematocysts. The toxin present in it can directly attack the heart. It also affects the nervous system. If it bites very fewer chances to survive for 10 to 15 minutes.
First 100 Days: Actions on the Department of Education and the Every Student Succeeds Act May 19, 2017 To reflect on the new administration’s first 100 days, we released the 100 Day Report: The Trump Administration’s Actions on Student Health and Wellness. At its core, the report tries to answer the question: How has the Trump administration acted on the opportunity to help create a better future for our children and our nation by improving health in schools? The role of the U.S. Department of Education (ED) in supporting student health and school wellness through education policies and programs is key to promoting learning and academic success. The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), the first major overhaul of our national education law since 2001, recognizes the importance of supporting the whole child and ensuring that all students have access to a safe and supportive school environment. The implementation of ESSA at the federal level under the direction of ED, and compliance with the new law by states and school districts, provides an opportunity to more fully integrate health and wellness into education policy and practice, thereby supporting both health and academic success. In the first 100 days, the administration made small and large changes with respect to ED and ESSA that cause concern about their commitment to student health and wellness. For instance, Congress repealed ESSA regulations around accountability and professional development, and Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos released new guidance on ESSA that scales back requirements on issues such as stakeholder engagement. In addition, the administration’s budget blueprint, both in the version released in March and the version that is likely to be released next week, indicates cuts to programs that are essential to supporting student health and wellness. For instance, the budget eliminates the Supporting Effective Instruction program to recruit, support and train educators on topics including chronic absenteeism and mental health; eliminates the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program that played a key role for many districts in coordinating wraparound services for students such as essential behavioral and primary healthcare services; and eliminates the funding for Title IV Student Support and Academic Enrichment grants, which could specifically be used to support student mental and behavioral health services, nutrition education, physical activity and other programs to support safe and healthy students. We are concerned that the actions of this administration in its first 100 days indicate a lack of regard for the value of school health. These actions have in some cases put important supports for health and learning in jeopardy, including supports for our nation’s most vulnerable children. In this context, your advocacy and leadership are more important than ever. These first 100 days show that it’s up to us—parents, teachers, advocates, elected officials and all who care about children’s health and learning—to carry on the work of ensuring every school can provide a safe and healthy learning environment for our nation’s children. Read the full report to learn more about the specific actions the administration has taken and what the impacts might be. We have also developed a template letter that you can send to the White House to show the President that you care about student health and wellness and his administration should, too!
When Does Bermuda Grass Come Out of Dormancy? Bermuda grass or bermudagrass (Cynodon spp) is a dense, warm-season turfgrass that is extremely heat and drought tolerant. It provides an attractive, thin-bladed, fine-textured lawn that establishes rapidly and is competitive against weeds. But that doesn't mean it is a carefree choice when it comes to putting in a front or backyard lawn. Every type of turfgrass has its benefits and detriments, and bermudagrass is no exception. While common in the South, bermudagrass cannot be grown in all regions in the country and it is not an exaggeration to call it high maintenance. Bermudagrass care can be difficult. In addition, it has a long winter dormancy period that can prove a problem for some homeowners. That makes it important to get the facts about bermudagrass before planting it. Bermudagrass comes out of dormancy when winter ends and the weather warms. What Is Bermudagrass? Bermudagrass is a popular turfgrass that is known to be both tough and resilient. As a warm-season turfgrass, it is happy when it's warm outside and less happy when it's cool. In fact, bermudagrass grows best during the peak heat of a hot summer. It shrugs off extreme heat and drought, and tolerates heavy foot traffic. That makes it a top choice for homeowners in the Deep South as well as those in the southern part of the nation from coast to coast. Reputed to have originated as a weed in the hottest areas of Africa and India, it arrived in the United States from Bermuda, from which it takes its common name. As early as 1807, this was among the most common grasses in the South. It is a perennial grass which means that it lasts many years, growing actively during the warm months, then entering dormancy during the cold months, according to the University of Maryland Extension. Tough and Resilient As a warm-season grass, bermudagrass thrives in springs and summers, growing best in the hottest conditions. bermudagrass is a perennial warm-season grass, meaning it comes back every year and grows most actively from late spring through hot summer months. Bermudagrass spreads quickly and readily, according to North Carolina State Extension. It is equipped with both stolons (above-ground stems) and rhizomes (below-ground stems), and the combination makes it the fastest growing warm-season grass. This aggressive growth rate has caused several states to classify bermudagrass as invasive, and when it escapes cultivation, it is difficult to check. On the other hand, this toughness allows a bermudagrass lawn to tolerate heavy use and recover quickly from damage. It is no coincidence that it is a top grass choice for athletic fields and golf courses in southern states. Bermudagrass and Dormancy As noted, warm-season grasses thrive in summer heat and go dormant when the temperature drops. In frost-free climates, bermudagrass can stay green all year, but this is not usually the case. It is typical for bermudagrass to enter dormancy in the fall and to stay dormant all winter long according to Pennington. What does it mean when a turfgrass goes dormant? It means that, when resources are scarce, the plant stops growing its above-ground stems and leaves. Instead, it gives all its water and nutrients to its roots to keep them alive. While some of this turfgrass will only have roots that descend 6 inches or so into the soil, those roots can sink as deep as 6 feet, which makes the grass very resilient against environmental stresses, including heat and drought. During dormancy, bermudagrass turns brown and looks dead, but after the period of environmental stress ends, the grass turns green again. Bermudagrass dormancy tends to last longer than other popular warm-season options like zoysia and bahiagrass. Homeowners who dislike the brown lawn in winter overseed their bermudagrass with a cool-season grass that stays green in winter. Types of Bermudagrass The traditional bermudagrass is termed common bermudagrass, but a range of hybrids and cultivars has been developed with attributes that make them more popular. Common bermudagrass is thicker than other types, lighter in color and with a lower blade density. It is still used in roadside areas to prevent erosion, often in combination with other turfgrasses. According to Clemson University Extension, improved seeded bermudagrass cultivars are available and offer darker, more slender grass blades that create a somewhat denser turf than common bermudagrass. These are available with or without the hull. Hulled seed is more expensive but is said to sprout faster, while unhulled seeds are tougher and survive cool weather if necessary before germinating. This type of bermudagrass is often used for golf course roughs and sports turf. A few to consider include Princess 77, Yukon, Riviera, LaPaloma and Sahara. The hybrid bermudagrass varieties (including GN-1, Midway, Tiflawn, TifGrand, TifSport, Tifway and Tifway II) are usually not available in seed form but must be propagated through sprigging, sodding or plugging. These hybrid varieties create high quality, low-disease lawns but require considerably more maintenance. Dwarf varieties are used for golf course greens, and these require even more maintenance. Growing Bermudagrass Bermudagrass is sensitive to cold weather, which limits its use in the northern states. Think of the continental United States as divided roughly into three sections, the northern third, the southern third and the middle third or "transition zone." Bermudagrass is the leading lawn choice in the southern third. It can be planted in the transition zone as well, but the grass cannot thrive in the northern third. Even within those warm growing zones, bermudagrass doesn't belong in every landscape. It can only grow well in sites with direct sun most of the day and excellent drainage. It does not thrive in the shade of trees or buildings. And, according to The Scotts Company, bermudagrass care isn't easy. Given its rapid growth rate, bermudagrass requires more maintenance than many other turfgrasses. This maintenance can be time-consuming and costly. It includes mowing the grass frequently. The recommended height for bermudagrass for home lawns is 1 inch or 1 1/2 inches. That may mean that the lawn will need mowing twice a week during the rapid growth season. It may also be necessary to provide the grass with monthly nitrogen fertilization while it is shooting upwards. Set up a bermudagrass fertilizer schedule and stick to it. What about irrigation? Although bermudagrass can survive drought, it really isn't a good idea to withhold water. The grass will go dormant during periods of extended drought unless it gets 1 to 1 1/2 inches of water a week. If your rainfall is sufficient, that's fine; if not, provide supplemental irrigation or the lawn will go brown in summer. In addition to this, bermudagrass may require insect control treatments, disease control protections and thatch removal. It's also important to apply weed control at two different times every year: preemergence herbicides in late winter and early spring and postemergence herbicides in late spring.
How Fibocom’s 5G IoT Modules Ensures Effective Emergency Response By Fibocom, a leading global provider of IoT (Internet of Things) wireless solution and wireless communication modules. In recent years, global warming and crustal activities have intensified the occurrence of natural disasters; coupled with man-made crises such as fires, chemical hazard spillovers and gas leaks, disasters have claimed thousands and millions of lives and tremendously harmed the local economy. To mitigate the effects of disastrous events and prevent further loss of life and property, well-conceived on-site emergency response plan must be implemented to make rescue measures more effective and efficient. emergency response to disaster situation But an effective emergency response always encompasses a range of complex measures dependent upon local circumstances and involves multiple rescue teams from different governmental/social institutions. First responders will risk sacrifices due to lake of environmental information or ineffective on-site communication. How to collect accurate on-site environmental data and how to enable real-time communication between cooperative rescue teams are the obstacles to achieving a successful post-disaster rescue. Thanks to the arrival of 5G communication technology, which features high transmission rate and ultra-low latency, various modern IoT solutions now can be applied in disaster-affected areas where signal coverage is weak and on-site communication is difficult. The Use of 5G Drones Without understanding the on-site environment, blindly sending rescue teams to explore or perform rescue operations is likely to cause unnecessary sacrifices. Drones, equipped with 5G IoT modules, can replace the exploratory team to collect accurate on-site data by sharing real-time video through a high-definition camera from the sky, helping the command center and rescue teams implement their measures with informed details. Besides collecting visual information, drones with various sensors can aggregate on-site environmental parameters and share simultaneously with the command center, which will help strategy makers formulate appropriate and effective rescue strategies accordingly. Learning the on-site environment can also keep the rescue team from unknown dangers such as low oxygen levels and toxic gases. Besides, drones with heat sensors also make remarkable contributions in searching survivors, especially in dense smoke areas where visibility is limited. drone with camera flying Highly Efficient Command Center Time is everything in emergency response, and there must be a standardized communication platform on site to ensure that everything is carried out in a highly efficient and orderly manner. Especially after a major disaster like floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes, rescue teams from different specialized institutions will work cooperatively to support on-site rescue operations. By establishing a temporary 5G IoT command center, real-time audio or video conferences can be conducted between the command center and different rescue teams. And data collected from multiple sources can be organized and shared simultaneously with the command center and different rescue teams. Although rescue teams usually work distantly from each other, they can collaborate more efficiently through a systematic 5G IoT communication platform. 5G Telemedicine Support Disasters are often accompanied by casualties, but the on-site staffing and the experience of the medical rescue team are often insufficient to cope with the medical needs at the scene. By supporting telemedicine, the 5G IoT solution can greatly reduce the pressure brought by the shortage of medical staff and allow the survivors to receive the best treatment possible. Through empowering the wireless communication capabilities of on-site medical equipment (such as biochemical analyzers, ventilators, ultrasonic scanners, etc.), the vital signs of the survivors can be shared and synchronized with the database of medical institutions outside the affected areas. Understanding the historical medical records of the survivors enables the first responders to implement more appropriate treatments. With the support of high-speed and low-latency 5G technology, the on-site medical teams can also conduct 4K/8K real-time video calls with experts outside the affected areas. Through the visual information learned from the video and the vital signs collected from the scene, experts can provide professional medical guidance to the first responders on the spot, allowing survivors to receive expert-level medical treatment. 5G Makes Emergency Response Securer and More Efficient Due to the lack of information sharing and timely communication, conventional measures often lead to inefficient rescue and unnecessary casualties. Fibocom’s 5G wireless communication module capacitates on-site equipment to perform real-time 5G wireless data transmission with the command center and rescue teams. In mission critical scenarios, where time is the most important resource, multimedia and multi-channel real-time information sharing can effectively assist first responders to collect on-site information, allocate and organize rescuers and tasks, as well as provide medical assistance to survivors in a securer and more efficient way. 3G has changed the way people communicate, 4G has changed the way people live, and 5G will bring the true Internet of Everything to various industries, and revolutionize the way we interact with everyone and everything. Fibocom 5g modules FG150 and FM150 Fibocom FG150 (W)/FM150 (W) 5G modules were launched in 2019 globally. Supporting 5G standalone network (SA) and non-standalone network (NSA) network architectures. It supports the 5G Sub 6 and mmwave bands, and is also compatible with LTE and WCDMA standards. This allows customers to quickly launch their 5g applications for commercial purposes in different network condition without concerning investment in the initial stages of 5G construction. Fibocom’s 5G modules have already been applied in various scenarios like 4K/8K HD live streaming, cloud office, Industrial 4.0, C-V2X, smart grid, smart security and other innovative applications, such as 5G mobile network PC, 5G HD video communication terminals, 5G electric power terminals, 5G connected devices and systems (wireless gateways, routers, CPE, SD-WAN), 5G smart dressing mirrors, 5G drones, 5G robots, 5G AR/VR, 5G cloud gaming terminals, 5G HD digital signage, and more. Related posts
Back to blog Data management Data privacy & security Written by Published September 23, 2019 · Updated March 17, 2020 The more data the better, right? User data is the information that helps you make decisions about your online marketing ventures, but not all data is equal. Data comes from different parties: first party is the stuff you collect yourself with analytics, CRM, and other tools. Second party is someone else’s first party data that’s been sold or traded. Finally you have third-party: data from sources who collect it externally from websites. We’ll be talking about third-party data in this post. What is third-party data? Third-party data is: • collected from users by one website while they are visiting another (for example, while you’re visiting “” a cookie sends data to “” about your actions) • data that you use in your marketing efforts that is not directly from your sources (like data you buy from other sources) Any data that is collected/distributed by entities other than the website being visited is third-party data. In most cases, this kind of data is related to user behavior (web pages visited, purchases made, links clicked, etc.) and demographics (age, location, sex, etc.) data. This information will be very useful later for retargeting users with advertisements. Data is collected from millions of users across different websites. Third-party data providers offer targeted advertising opportunities for marketers. Imagine being able to say “You’ve got a camping equipment store. How would you like to display advertisements only to people who have shown an interest in camping?” This in a nutshell is the strategy of implementing third-party data for serving ads or selling ad space. Where does it come from? Third-party data is collected using cookies from ad serving services like DoubleClick by Google, OpenX, or Epom. When added to a website, cookies track users’ behavior and then employ this information to retarget them on different domains. Find out more about cookies and how they work here: First-Party vs Third-Party Cookies: Why First-Party Is the Way to Go When you visit a webpage that uses third-party cookies, it records your actions: products you browsed, articles you read, social media buttons, etc. This is then sent to an ad serving service where it’s used to recognize you on other websites and retarget you with ads from the first site. How first, second, and third-party data is collected. To offer ad placement, the ad service needs to track people on websites that have established a partnership with them. The wider the scope of data, the better. It allows ad services to make pairings more accurate and serve advertisements more strategically. How is third-party data used? Third-party data is used within an ad network to sell advertising opportunities targeting specific audiences. Here’s an example: A company selling supplements and a men’s health site both have the same third-party cookie from an ad service. You go to the supplement website, browse multivitamins, then leave. Later that day you visit the health site. This site has ad space to sell, and the advertising service recognizes you from the supplement shop. You are served ads for the same multivitamins that you looked at on the previous site. There are three main parties involved: • Advertisers looking to retarget potential customers • Publishers wanting to sell ad space • Ad serving services that connect the first two parties Things are, of course, a bit more complicated. Websites don’t need to use the same ad service to “match” and serve an ad. There is a massive ad network comprised of supply-side platforms (SSP) and demand-side platforms (DSP) and an ad exchange all running programmatic advertising. If you’re looking for information about how ad networks work read this Clearcode’s post: What Is an Ad Network and How Does It Work? Third-party data is also used by marketers to extend the reach of their outbound efforts. You can take observations from analysis of your super accurate first-party data and then apply them to remarketing campaigns taking advantage of the huge scope of third-party data. Here’s a quick example: After an analysis of your (first-party) analytics data you build several audiences, each with accompanying strategies. You discover that audience A is most likely to buy product A, while audience B usually leans towards product B, etc. By exporting these audiences into ad platforms and setting up retargeting campaigns, you can provide audience A with ads for product A, and audience B with ads for product B, instead of a blanket marketing campaign with the same ads for everyone. Benefits of third-party data The biggest advantage third-party data has over first-party is its scope in both information and the number of touchpoints across the web. Third-party data is also segmented in advance for categories such as demographics and behavior, saving you time and money that you would spend analyzing and organizing data. Companies can use ad services to easily and cheaply retarget users on the web. The system isn’t perfect (see next section), but marketers can feel reasonably secure that their ads will land in the right place thanks to the huge amounts of data that ad networks share. Your first-party data can only tell you about people who have already visited your website. This is effective for optimizing your customer experience and setting up audiences, but it’s not as useful for outbound efforts. It’s great to use first-party and third-party data together – for example, in learning about your website users’ demographic characteristics to improve your third-party ad campaigns. Due to the huge scale of third-party data collection, marketers can find and retarget existing visitors as they navigate through different domains as well as target new visitors that fit into their existing audiences. Privacy concerns and other downsides The ethicality of third-party data collection has recently been called into question. Public outcry claiming these tracking methods are intrusive has led to responses from both governments and tech communities. Third-party data and privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation, ePrivacy Directive, Brazilian General Data Protection Law (LGPD), India Personal Data Protection Bill, and other regulations around the world aren’t perfectly coordinated. Websites that want to be compliant need to obtain user consent to use third-party tracking cookies. If someone doesn’t consent, then third-party cookies cannot legally be used. More and more web browsers block third-party cookies by default, implement anti-tracking measures (see: Safari’s Intelligent Tracking Prevention), and allow users to easily disable third-party cookies. Efforts to limit third-party tracking have seriously reduced the value and effectiveness of ad services. Another negative aspect of third-party data is the lack of exclusivity. The data used to serve your advertisements is accessible to your competitors as well. The playing field is level and you gain no advantage over your competition. In addition to saturation, there’s the issue of reliability. You have no way of verifying where the information came from and how old or accurate it is. There’s no way to confirm that your ads are being served to relevant users. For example, someone looking for a picture of running shoes on the internet may not be interested in running or buying shoes, but they will still be served an ad for your website’s running shoes. It’s a popular opinion that third-party data-based advertising has gone as far as it can and is now in decline. With the migration of a large segment of internet users to mobile, some would even argue that the age of cookie tracking has ended. While it may not be what it once was, retargeting using third-party services still has its place in a well-blended marketing strategy. Third-party data is best when used to enrich first-party data you’ve gathered from your website. It’s crucial that you can confirm third-party data has been obtained in compliance with global privacy regulations and that consent was given from users providing this data. If you need more information about third-party data or how you can use it in your efforts, reach out to us! Peter Curac-Dahl Content Marketer Dog petting Wikipedia peruser bound by the universal laws of coffee. Consumer of all info tech and business related. Producing useful insights with concise thought-provoking material. See more posts by this author
in , DNA is Like an Essay Test By Cheri Fields I ran into this analogy recently, but can’t remember who to credit. Here it is in my own words: The name DNA stands for something called DeoxyriboNucleic Acid. Aren’t you glad they called it DNA for short? Every living cell has this stuff inside to tell the rest of the cell what to make and do next. You can learn how complicated it is in my FBI post. Advertisement Below: Now, we’re going to compare it to the ink and paper a teacher hands out for an essay test. Imagine you’re at a school in the 1700s: no pencils, no cartridges. You have to dip your quill in a bottle of ink and paper is expensive. In order for you to pass the test, you must prove to the teacher you remember most of what was covered in each area from the last semester. No fill-in-the-blanks, no multiple choice: just the paper, your pen and ink, and your memory! Any score less than an A+ means you flunk. That’s scary just to think about. What if you can’t remember a thing? If you just take the ink and splash it around on the page, are you going to pass? Is there any way on the planet the teacher will be impressed with your amazing abilities? Not a chance. You’d flunk, and so would DNA. Advertisement Below: Random collections of fancy acid can never tell a cell how to make anything. So there’s Abiogenesis out the window, because without every piece in place, a cell can’t live. What if you want to get from a “simple” cell to a many-celled animal? Maybe you remember part of what the teacher covered. After scratching away at the paper, carefully writing every detail that pops in your head, you stop dead. Not another thing comes to mind. So what do you do? Randomly rearrange what is already on the paper to form new sentences and wow the teacher? Not without a massive bribe you don’t! DNA can’t be randomly recombined from other genes to form brand new functioning instructions. To have a different function, you have to plug in new information. Only someone who knows the material can add information to produce something new. This bit is completely my idea. Advertisement Below: What if you trade papers with the kid next to you and add his information to yours. You would do better on the test if you aren’t caught. But if neither of you had remembered anything there would have been no information to share. You still have to start with a smart person to have anything understandable on the test. Some bacteria and other creatures add information by combining original DNA together. But did they Evolve? Not in the way Evolutionists need them to. Yes, their children are different and have more DNA, but they still only have information that was already there. It’s been spread around differently, but it isn’t something completely new. For a self-writing test to work… Do I need to go on? For Biological Evolution to be true, you have to have DNA, lots of it, from the very first cell. Then, you have to have it expand into new functions millions of times. All without any guidance or knowledge. Or, you could start out with a super smart Creator God who can make everything “very good” from the very beginning! I will praise you; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made: your works are marvelous; and my soul knows that for sure. Psalm 139:14 Written by Cheri Fields Advertisement Below: Leave a Reply Advertisement Below: Advertisement Below: Fall Down – David Rives Official Lyric Video An Ape of A Hoax
Is Red Meat Okay to Eat? Red meat gets a bad rap for being an unhealthy protein source that increases your risk of heart disease, prompting many individuals to remove it from their diet altogether. While eating red meat in high quantities on a daily basis is not the healthiest option, it does not necessarily need to be removed entirely from the diet. Below are a few benefits of red meat and ways in which it can eaten in a healthy manner that will have you considering adding it back to your diet in moderation. Portion Control The average adult should strive to have between 5-6 ounces of meat in their diet per day. However, eating red meat it is often served as an oversized steak or hamburger, which is well over your daily serving of meat (let alone your protein, calorie, fat, or cholesterol serving size per meal). While indulging on occasion is okay, it is not a good daily habit. If you are going to indulge in a larger portion of your favorite red meat, ensure that the rest of your daily diet is on the healthier side. Lean Red Meat Recent studies have found that if you opt for a lean red meat that has less than 10 g of fat, no more than 4.5 g of saturated fat, and less than 95 mg of cholesterol fat per serving, then it is no different than eating lean poultry meat like chicken or turkey. Lean red meat will also give you the substantial vitamins and nutrients you require such as iron, zinc, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. Processed Red Meat Another thought to keep in mind when eating red meat is that processed red meat, often found at a fast food restaurants, is vastly different from the red meat available in a grocery store’s meat department. The difference is so drastic that unprocessed red meat can be eaten up to 100 grams per day, (approximately the size of the deck of cards) compared to only 50 g per day if it’s been processed. Easy Ways to Reduce Your Red Meat Consumption If you are a red meat lover looking for ways to reduce your red meat consumption, or swap some of your red meat for other protein sources without sacrificing the recipes you enjoy, then consider some of the ideas below: Ground Turkey: Lean ground turkey is an excellent alternative for any type of recipe that asks for ground beef. This can be anything from meatloaf, burgers, pastas, or packed peppers. Seafood: Your favored shrimp as well as seafood can be exchanged in most of your preferred recipes. This could include foods such as kebabs, soups, stews, and also mix fry. Meatless Healthy protein: Meatless protein is not simply for vegetarians and also vegans, in fact there are several meatless protein dish concepts that are surprisingly savory. These meals might vary from eggplant parmesan, a Portobello mushroom hamburger, to a passionate but meatless three-bean soup. By making use of the tips over you can reintroduce red meat into your diet, even in small amounts on a daily basis. When you want to spend lavishly and also consume your red meat over, you can select meatless protein choices the remainder of the day, or eat various other lean meats. Leave a Reply
Saturday, 19 December 2020 A Farewell to the Arecibo Observatory On December 1, 2020, Arecibo's long history came came to an end when it crashed and collapsed. It collapsed some time after it was scheduled to be dismantled. This monumental observatory served a lot of years. It has made many fantastic discoveries over the last 60 years. After suffering damage in recent months, the Arecibo Observatory radio telescope in Puerto Rico really collapsed on December 1. Cables that suspended a platform of scientific instruments above the dish snapped, causing the platform to fall into the dish. The Arecibo Observatory is also known as the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC). This is an observatory in Arecibo, Puerto Rico owned by the US National Science Foundation (NSF). The observatory's main instrument was the Arecibo Telescope, a 305 m (1,000 ft) spherical reflector dish built into a natural sinkhole, with a cable-mount steerable receiver and several radar transmitters for emitting signals mounted 150 m (492 ft) above the dish. Completed in 1963, it was the world's largest single-aperture telescope for 53 years, impressively surpassed in July 2016 by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in China. After the 2 cable breaks supporting the receiver platform in the prior months, the NSF stated on November 19, 2020 that it was decommissioning the telescope due to safety concerns. On December 1, 2020 the main telescope collapsed before any controlled demolition could be conducted. The impressive space observatory also includes a radio telescope, a LIDAR facility, and a visitor center, all which are expected to remain operational after the damage from the main telescope collapse is assessed. LIDAR (sometimes also written as "LiDAR", "Lidar", or "LADAR") is used in a wide range of various land management and planning efforts, including hazard assessment (including lava flows, landslides, tsunamis, and floods), forestry, agriculture, geologic mapping, and watershed and river surveys. Lidar is a method for measuring distances by illuminating the target with laser light and measuring the reflection with a sensor. Differences in laser return times and wavelengths can then be used to make digital 3-D representations of the target. It has terrestrial, airborne, and mobile applications. You might have thought about what is the biggest observatory in the world: Gran Telescopio Canarias. Located 2,267 metres (7,438ft) above sea level in La Palma, Canary Islands, the Gran Telescopio Canarias is currently the world's impressive largest single aperture telescope. Bonus yang diberikan NagaQQ : * Bonus rollingan 0.5%,setiap senin di bagikannya * Bonus Refferal 10% + 10%,seumur hidup * Bonus Jackpot, yang dapat anda dapatkan dengan mudah * Minimal Depo 15.000 * Minimal WD 20.000 * Deposit via Pulsa TELKOMSEL & XL Memegang Gelar atau title sebagai AGEN POKER ONLINE Terbaik di masanya Games Yang di Hadirkan NagaQQ : * Poker Online * BandarQ * Domino99 * Bandar Poker * Bandar66 * Sakong * Capsa Susun * AduQ * Perang Bacarrat (New Game) Info Lebih lanjut Kunjungi : Website : NAGAQQ Facebook : NagaQQ official WHATSAPP : +855977509035 Line : Cs_nagaQQ TELEGRAM :+855967014811 Winner NagaQQ Daftar NagaQQ berita viral 2. Mau Dapatkan Uang Dengan Mudah... Buruan Daftar Disini >>> Daftar Rajabandarq Klik Disini : Situs BandarQ Klik Disini : Poker Online Baca juga : - Blogger : 24berita harian - Blogger : Kisahselebindo - Blogger : myrenew22 - Blogger : Panduan Bermain Game Judi Online - Blogger : Seputar Dunia - Wordpress: Cerita 69
Skip to main content What Did Ancient Egyptians Really Eat? diet, health, egyptian nutrition Comparing carbon atoms among mummies reveals vegetarian diets. (Image: © Anonymous Egyptian tomb artist(s) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons) (ISNS) -- Did the ancient Egyptians eat like us? If you're a vegetarian, tucking in along the Nile thousands of years ago would have felt just like home. Although previous sources found the ancient Egyptians to be pretty much vegetarians, until this new research it wasn't possible to find out the relative amounts of the different foods they ate. Was their daily bread really daily? Did they binge on eggplants and garlic? Why didn't someone spear a fish? A French research team figured out that by looking at the carbon atoms in mummies that had lived in Egypt between 3500 B.C. and 600 A.D. you could find out what they ate. The mummies that the French researchers studied were the remains of 45 people that had been shipped to two museums in Lyon, France during the 19th century. "We had an approach that was a little different," explained Alexandra Touzeau, who led the research team at the University of Lyon. "We worked a lot with bones and teeth, while most researchers study hair, collagen and proteins. We also worked on many different periods, with not many individuals for each period, so we could cover a very long time span." But there were a few surprises. "We found that the diet was constant over time; we had expected changes," said Touzeau. This showed that the ancient Egyptians adapted well to the environment while the Nile region became increasingly arid between 3500 B.C. and 600 A.D. To Kate Spence, an archeologist and specialist in ancient Egypt at the U.K.'s University of Cambridge, this could be expected: "Although the area is very arid, they were cultivating crops along the river just by managing irrigation, which is very effective," she said. When the level of the Nile decreased, farmers just came closer to the river and kept on cultivating in the same way. "There is abundant evidence for fishing in Egyptian wall reliefs and models (both spear and net fishing), and fish shows up in offering lists. There is also a lot of archeological evidence for fish consumption from sites such as Gaza and Amama," said Spence, who added that some texts indicated that a few fish species were not consumed due to religious associations. "All this makes it a bit surprising that the isotopes should suggest that fish was not widely consumed." Inside Science News Service is supported by the American Institute of Physics. Alexander Hellemans is a freelance science writer who has written for Science, Nature, Scientific American, and many others.
What information does the English translation of Higden’s Polychronicon provides about the development of English One of the remarkable translations of the period is that of Higden’s polychronicon (Latin) by a priest John of Trevisa about the year 1387. The prose style is awkward sentences long tortuous, and the dialect used is south west archaic and difficult to understand. However, the work is important as it tells us much about the state of the English language at the time. It tells us that English had become the language of the schools and was fast developing. Web Analytics Made Easy -
Massa's guidebook castello_massa.jpg Together with the nearby Carrara, Massa is the northernmost province of Tuscany. Bordering Liguria and Emilia-Romagna, it is situated just in the heart of a narrow plain which develops between the Ligurian coast west and the steep slopes of the Apuan Alps east. This narrow strip of land was the stage of fierce fighting among peoples from Pisa, Florence and Lucca, who alternatively wielded their power here up to the mid fifteenth century. The city began experiencing political and administrative stability starting from 1442, under the domination of the Malaspina family. In the XV century, the Malaspina family chose the Castle, an ancient fortress situated on the top of the local hill, as its residence. A visit of the castle gives tourists the possibility to admire a well-preserved example of a Renaissance court. Under the domination of the Malaspina family and the powerful Cybo family from Genoa, the city experienced utmost splendour and prosperity. The urban patterns which characterized the new Massa Cybea turned it into a modern and fine city. The fine marble from the nearby quarries, which has been considered the most precious treasure of this land since the Roman Age, was employed to build fountains, gates of aristocratic residences, new palaces and extensions of existing buildings. Piazza Aranci hosts one of the most representative examples of the architectural style ofduomo_massa.jpg Massa Cybea, the Ducal Palace, which was rebuilt over the foundations of a former residence of the Malaspina family which was subsequently turned into the official residence of the Dukes of Massa. Renovation works started in 1557 and continued for over a century. The Ducal Palace is able to catch the visitors' attention for its harmonious appareance and the fine architectural extensions realized by the acclaimed architect Alessandro Bergamini in the early eighteenth century. Bergamini also realized the Chapel, the inner open gallery known as “portico of one hundred columns”, the marble staircase, the upper loggia, the impressive red facade, the Grotesque-Baroque Neptune Cave situated in the inner courtyard and the wonderful alcove of Duke Carlo II, which is provided with outstanding marble decorations realized by the greatest sculptors from Massa and Carrara. In the seventeenth century, an ancient Franciscan monastery was enlarged and embellished and subsequently turned into the Duomo of the city. The new Duomo, which is situated a short distance from Piazza Aranci, offers visitors an outstanding example of the architectural elegance which characterized the Cybea family. It hosts important sculptures, such as the high altar by Bergamini, the fascinating Cybeo-Malaspina cemetery and an underground chapel which cherishes the funerary urns of the Dukes of Massa. Other important masterpieces realized for the Duomo are currently hosted in the nearby Diocesan Museum of Sacred Art. piazzaAranci_massa.jpgApart from the Duomo, other important religious buildings in Massa are the Parish Church of St. Vitale in Mirteto, which hosts marble sculptures dating back to the XV century, and the small church of St. Leonardo al Frigido, which, notwithstanding the numerous restoration works it underwent, retained its simple Medieval structure and, up to the post-war period, the wonderful XII-century gate by Biduino, which is currently hosted in the Metropolitan Museum of New York. Another interesting tourist itinerary is the tour of the Ducal Villas. Not to be missed is Villa Massoni, which is situated a short distance from the Fortress and was almost fully restored by Bergamini, and Villa Rinchiosa, which features an outstanding portico, impressive red and white facades and a large park which make it an appreciated residence. Under Napoleon, the town layout experienced many variations, such as the demolition of the ancient Parish Church of St. Pietro and the building of Piazza Aranci, the major symbol of the city. The square was designed to provide a wider and more spectacular background to the Ducal Palace and was named after the two rows of orange trees planted in the three free sides of the square. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Piazza Aranci was enriched with an obelisk and the big marble sculptures featuring lions which were realized by Lodovico Isola.
Nature and the diversity of animals and plants is in free fall. Fewer insects which have led to fewer birds and who knows what other consequences. A tipping point has been reached where Government has been forced to act. Biodiversity has been declining for decades had has seen a 68% decline in global wildlife populations since 1970. One third of the UK’s bee population has disappeared over the past decade declining at a faster rate than other wildlife populations. Studies in the USA show a 60% reduction in bee hives since 1947. Only Government action can help reverse this trend. As from the end of September 2020 UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson pledges to increase the area of protected land like National Parks to allow plants and animals to establish themselves again. Why are things at a tipping point? Experts are concerned that certain farming practices and other activities are meddling with the food chain and could have far reaching consequences. People sit at the top of the food chain, but that’s because people are clever. For the same reason it’s important that Governments lead the way to prevent the success of people from becoming detrimental to all other living plants and creatures on the planet. Walking in National parks in the height of summer it is striking that there are so few insects and birds. Even within National Parks the sky is eerily quite and plants that depend on insect pollinators are few and far between. How can this be? Population growth and economic growth are peas in the same pod. Often Government seeks economic growth in part through population growth. Growing populations require support through ample food supply. As Government has a constitutional role (those that have a written or implicit constitution) in protecting and regulating food supply it’s Governments that have allowed the the process of getting food from field to home to get distorted. Distorted by a desire to increase productivity gains (a well meaning pursuit of modern economic planing) by goosing farming yields through the use of certain farming practices. Consumers have turned a blind eye to this because ‘the masses’ get affordable produce at supermarkets helping to keep price inflation under control. For those wanting to pin a label to this phenomenon may want to use the words corporate nationalism as a possible cause, whereby, members of a political culture raise the importance of companies, commercial enterprise, and economic planning. Economic planning encourages farmers to increase productivity through using pesticides and herbicides purchased from corporations: in the interest of the national good. Providing ample food supplies at an affordable price where the consumer is king. If it wasn’t for the negative consequences for nature this would be great. What’s this got to do with honey bees? Honey bees are an important part of insect pollinators who fly untiringly from plant to plant in search of nectar and pollen to make honey as a means of keeping the bee hive alive. Pollen sacks on the honey bees crammed to the top with pollen is flown from one flower to the next. Pollen is rubbed off onto other plants which then get pollinated allowing them to reproduce. Doing no harm to farms what so ever. Other insects, however, are the sworn enemy of farmers due to the devastating affects they have on harvests and farmers’ income. Farmers as a group have solved the problems of pests using a solution promoted by corporations facilitated by Government. Let us use Imidacloprid as an example. Yes difficult to pronounce, but, it is the most widely used insecticide in the world. Primary manufactured by Bayer CropScience, Imidacloprid, is a insect neurotoxin in a class of chemicals known as neonics (or Neonicotinoids for the long name). Neonics has become a victim of their own success, because they work better than alternative pesticides that have direct negative affects on birds and they break down in the environment. As a result of it’s positive characteristics neonics have been used more and more. Neonics easily travel in water through the plants’ equivalent of a vascular system entering the nectar and pollen of plants. Honey Bees are polluted by Neonics in ways still being studied and have been identified as the cause of devastating ecological effects such as honey-bee colony collapse disorder. So far no negative consequences have been reported for humans. Action is being taken against Neonics but this group of chemicals is big business and forms a small part of the tool kit available to farmers to help increase yields. Actions include restricting the use of certain Neonics and changing farming practices. What does the recent announcement from the Government actually mean? ScrummyHoney believes it’s another step in the right direction and shows Government is listening and starting to take action. UK Government and others will need to strike a fine balance between changing farming practices on one hand and the role played by Government at all levels in helping get a variety of food from field to home at an affordable price. More information is needed to describe how increasing the area of protected land will increase biodiversity and there isn’t much information explaining what being protected actually means or what the guidelines are for National Parks. No doubt it’s difficult to persuade large land owners and large farms to change their farming practices when it squeezes profit margins. Take Beeswax Dyson Farming limited as an example. Yes, this huge farming enterprise is owned by Sir James Dyson, the inventor of the Dyson vacuum cleaner. Money made from this successful invention has been invested in consolidating farmland. That is to say buying up farms, making the fields bigger, and focusing on fewer crops and juicing production by using herbicides and insecticides. Oil seed rape is the UK’s third largest crop. Marketed as a healthier cooking oil, used in animal feed and used for bio-diesel (marketed as being a more environmentally friendly fuel). Beeswax Dyson Farming limited is one of the UK’s largest farmers of rapeseed because it produces such high yields (the amount of crop per area of land) and there is always demand. Dyson Farms are reducing production of oil seed rape due to the devastating effects of cabbage stem flea beetle on crop yields. Treatment of rapeseed using neonicatinoid dressing has recently been banned which has caused the resurgence of cabbage stem flea beetle made worse by having mega fields full of oil seed rape. An example of where the pursuit of profit margin has a negative impact on farming practice and consequently on biodiversity. Mr Dyson will not be earning as much from his oil seed rape crop moving forward and may be pulling out of oil seed rape all together. Mr Dyson is a multi Billionaire and his farming operations are valued at £500m or slightly less after the decreased crop yields resulting from the ban on nicotinoid dressing of crop seeds. Supporters of big business such as Mr Dyson’s should not worry because he has received over £5 million in European farming subsidies for landholdings since the 2016 referendum. Mr Dyson is also one of the UK’s largest land owners through his farming enterprise. Other major beneficiaries of EU farming subsidies include The National Trust and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Perhaps more of these funds should be used to diversity farming practices away from mega fields, hedge row depletion, and over use of chemicals, for which the knock on affects are only starting to be investigated. More transparency is required about what large landowners are doing to help balance the negative affects of intensive farming practice. How can people help? We’re in a free market economy so buying organic may help. Demand should encourage more supply. You’ll notice there’s not a lot of British organic honey available. Support organisations which promote organic farming like the Soil association. Support organisations that have a solid tree planting policy like The National Trust or Friends of the Earth. Join pressure groups to persuade large landowners to improve their environmental policies. Tree planting will have multiple benefits including helping transform habitats and help the UK meet it’s ambitious carbon emissions targets. Add plants and flowers in the garden that bees love. Get the children involved. %d bloggers like this:
Home Page Activities during closure Hi Mulberry Class, I hope you are all well and aren't too bored yet! Come back here every day and check for a new activity to keep you busy smiley I would love to know what you get up to so I would love it if you could keep a diary each day - can you write in it what you have done that day and something that you feel proud of (did you help Mum make some lunch or did you learn your 3 times tables? It could be anything!). I am going to keep one too and can't wait for us to share them blush Stay safe and keep washing your hands! Miss Shaw Some top tips to keep you busy.... - Read a book for 30 minutes a day. - Get some fresh air outside. - Complete an activity on Purple Mash. - Practise your Times Tables. - Complete a Gig on Times Table Rockstars - Fill out your daily diary - Draw a picture Baking with Miss Shaw! Still image for this video Come and make some Rocky Road, just like Miss Shaw! Week 9 Mental Health Awareness Week This week is is Mental Health Awareness week and the theme this year is Kindness. Every day this week I will be setting you a challenge to do something kind to help put a smile on someone else's face and help make them feel happier, because we all know that life is better when we're feeling happy! Your first task of the week is to think about how you can be kind to yourself - what can you do to help you feel positive? Remember, it's so important to be kind to yourself, before you can be kind to somebody else. Watch the video below to help you understand why our Mental health is so important and then think about how you can keep a positive mental health and be kind to yourself! Kindness Matters - Mental Health Foundation - Mental Health Awareness Week 2020 Day 2 Today I want you to think about how other people have been kind to you, what have people said and done that was kind? Use the question prompts below to think about acts of kindness that you have witnessed - was it a member of your family or friend? Make a note of them to remember even the smallest acts of kindness because they can go a long way! Day 3 It is a really tough time for everyone at the moment, and there is a lot of people who will be spending a lot of time on their own. Why not design and write your own post card to send to a neighbour or family member to spread some kindness and make them smile? Day 3 Today I want you to think about the small acts of kindness that you do every day, being kind doesn't have to be a HUGE gesture, it could just be something really small that someone really appreciates. Look at the list below - how many have you already done? What others could you try to do today. See how many you can tick off! Day 1 Can you hide your favourite toy somewhere in your house or garden? Draw a map and write some clues to help guide someone to find it! Day 2 Can you draw/paint a picture of your family or friends? Try to sketch it first before you add colour. Day 3 Make the most of the lovely weather outside and spend some time in the outdoors. Can you go on a mini beast hunt in your garden? Make a note of the different creatures you find and where you find them (were they in the grass, under a rock, on a plant?) Day 4 Make the most of the sunshine and create your own shadow drawing. Place your favourite toys on a piece of paper in the sun and trace over the shadow. Day 5 Can you think of your favourite animal and write a riddle about it to see if anyone can guess what you are describing? Read mine below......can you guess the animal? I am a clever African my memory’s very long I like it living in my herd I’m beautiful and strong I like the leaves on tops of trees they’re clean and very sweet I like fresh grass untrampled on I do not care for meat. My trunk is very special it is a sort of nose I use it for so many things it’s like a garden hose. Week 2 Day 1 Have you got a favourite book at home? Can you read it and then write a book review to let others know why they should read it? Book Review Questions • Title and Author of book • Who are the characters? • Who is your favourite character and why? • What are the main points of the story? • Does this book share any similar themes with another book you have read? • What is your favourite part and why? • Would you recommend this book to others? Why/why not? Day 2 Spend some time outside and create your own collage using the things you find - you could use leaves, grass, flowers and twigs etc. How many different pictures can you create? Day 3 Can you go on a book scavenger hunt? Look through your books/magazines at home and see if you can find each thing on the list! Day 4 Can you go on a number hunt around your house? See how many things you can find with numbers on them and make a list. Use the numbers you have found to create your own maths problems for either you or somebody else to solve! Day 5 I hope you have all being the Joe Wicks workout on a morning (I have!). Can you design your own workout? You could write down a list of exercises or draw diagrams to show them. Try it out yourself tomorrow morning! Week 3 Day 1 Can you write your fantastic imagination and write your own story? Here are some suggestions that you could try to include: • The story is set in a forest. • You meet a talking animal along the way. • You find mysterious footprints. • You hear a strange noise. But what will happen? It's up to you! I can't wait to read some! Day 2 Do you have any paper plates (if not, you could just cut a circle out of some paper/card). Create your own picture using it - look at the ideas below! Day 3 Watch the video below to see how to draw your very own Easter Bunny! How to Draw an Easter Bunny - Easy Drawings Step by Step How to Draw an Easter Bunny holding an EGG Subscribe to our channel here You can also find us on: FACEBOOK Day 4 Today it is Maundy Thursday, meaning it is Good Friday tomorrow and Easter Sunday on Sunday. Can you research the Easter story and find out what happened? Create your own storyboard to show what happened. Use the video below to help you! The Christian Story of Easter \| Religions of the World Suitable for teaching 5 to 7s. An animated clip narrating the Christian story of Easter. Subscribe for more Religious Studies clips from BBC Teach on Monday ... Day 5 It's nearly Easter, so today would be the perfect time to create your own Easter card for someone. Have a look at some ideas below or use your fantastic imagination to create your own! Week 4 Day 1 Create your own Blossom Tree collage! Day 2 Can you go on a 3D shape hunt around your house/garden? See how many shapes you can find - can you remember their names? Think about their properties - how many faces, edges or vertices do they have? Day 3 Have a go at one of these quizzes on the BBC website! You could even write your own afterwards and test your family! Day 4 You have probably seen on the news that Captain Tom Moore (aged 99), has just completed 100 lengths of his garden to raise money for the NHS. He has raised over 12million pounds which is incredible! This is a huge achievement! Make a list of things that you would like to achieve and see how many you can tick off. I'm going to do the same! Day 5 Are you stuck for something to do today? Why not design, make and then play your own board game? Week 5 Day 1 Have fun creating some paper origami - what different things can you create? Day 2 Why not try some Yoga today to help keep you feeling positive or give you a break from your other school work! They are specifically designed for children and there are even some themed ones like Harry Potter or Star Wars! Harry Potter and The Philosopher's Stone \| A Cosmic Kids Yoga Adventure! Episode 28 \| A Cosmic Kids Yoga Adventure based on JK Rowling's Harry Potter and The Philosopher's Stone Join Jaime on a fun kids yoga adventure for kids age... Day 3 Have you run out of books to read or do you just want to keep improving your reading skills? Reading Eggs is a great online resource where your challenge is to make your way through the different levels along the map, where you can play different games, practise your spellings and visit the 'library' to choose a book! There is a 30 day trial offer for parents to sign up to - so what are you waiting for?! Follow the link below! Day 4 Make your own film! Have you got a mobile phone or a tablet? Why don't you use the camera to film your own mini film! You and your family could be the stars or you could use your favourite soft toys! Day 5 Do you have an old pair of socks? Instead of throwing them away, why don't you make your own sock puppet? Click on the link below to follow step-by-step instructions on how to make your own sock puppet dog! Week 6 Day 1 Why not practise your drawing and sketching skills? Find something around the house or a picture of your favourite book/TV character and have a go at sketching it. It could be something simple like a piece of fruit, or more complicated like an animal! Remember to take your time and not to press too hard with your pencil! Day 2 Why not practise a little bit of Maths today and focus on data handling? You could do this activity inside or outside! Decide on some things you want to try and find - if you do it outside it could be collecting sticks, leaves etc. Create a table and add each of the things you are going to try and find. Each time you find one of the things in your table, create a tally mark to show the amount found and then at the end, add up your tallies and write the total number. You could then use this information to create a bar chart or line graph. What did you find the most of? What did you find the least of? Day 3 Spend today practising your times tables - complete an activity on Times Table Rockstars, or see how many questions you can answer within a minute - can you beat your score? If you're struggling, watch this video and use the songs to help you remember! Times Tables Songs 1-12 for Kids \| 23 Minute Compilation from Silly School Songs! NEW INTERACTIVE LEARNING COURSES!!!👀👀👀 ************FLASHCARDS PRACTICE************* http://sillyschoo... Day 4 Why not get creative and create your own bookmark? Choose some coloured card and decorate it with your favourite things! You can then use it in your favourite book! Day 5 It's Friday so let's have some fun! Why not make your own playdough? Here is the recipe: How to make your own playdough You will need: 2 cups plain flour (all purpose), 2 tablespoons vegetable oil, ½ cup salt, up to 1.5 cups boiling water (adding bit by bit until it feels just right), food colouring (optional – this really can get messy!). You might also want to use some household items like child-friendly cookie cutters and rolling pins to make shapes with the playdough. What to do: 1. Mix the flour, salt and oil in a large bowl. If you’re using food colouring, add it to the boiling water then pour into the flour mixture. 2. Stir until it forms a sticky dough. 3. Allow it to cool down then take out of the bowl and knead it for a couple of minutes until all of the stickiness has gone. 4. Keep kneading until it’s the perfect consistency! If it’s still sticky add a little more flour until just right. What will you make? Week 7 Day 1 'May the fourth be with you!' Today is Star Wars Day! Try out some of these Star Wars activities! Day 2 Why not build your own den? Curl up inside with your favourite book and chill! Day 3 On Friday we have a bank holiday to celebrate VE day - can you find out what it is and why we are celebrating it? Display your information in a creative way - it could be a poster or a video! Day 4 Tomorrow is VE day, why not have an afternoon tea to celebrate? You could bake some cupcakes for you and your family. Follow the recipe below: • 110g softened butter • 110g golden caster sugar • 2 large eggs • ½ tsp vanilla extract • 110g self-raising flour For the buttercream • 150g softened butter • 300g icing sugar • 1 tsp vanilla extract • 3 tbsp milk • food colouring paste of your choice (optional) 1. Heat oven to 180C/160C fan/gas 4 and fill a 12 cupcake tray with cases. 2. Using an electric whisk beat 110g softened butter and 110g golden caster sugar together until pale and fluffy then whisk in 2 large eggs, one at a time, scraping down the sides of the bowl after each addition. 3. Add ½ tsp vanilla extract, 110g self-raising flour and a pinch of salt, whisk until just combined then spoon the mixture into the cupcake cases. 4. Bake for 15 mins until golden brown and a skewer inserted into the middle of each cake comes out clean. Leave to cool completely on a wire rack. 5. To make the buttercream, whisk 150g softened butter until super soft then add 300g icing sugar, 1 tsp vanilla extract and a pinch of salt. 6. Whisk together until smooth (start off slowly to avoid an icing sugar cloud) then beat in 3 tbsp milk. 7. If wanting to colour, stir in the food colouring now. Spoon or pipe onto the cooled cupcakes. Week 8 Day 1 Why not do some Science today and see how much you can remember about our topic - electricity? Watch the video below and see how much you can find out! You could show off what you have learnt by making a leaflet to educate other people. Day 2 Why not write your own story today? Remember to use the story mountain to help you: -What happens at the beginning of the story? Who are the characters? Where is it set? -What happens in the middle of your story? What is the problem? -What happens at the end of your story? How is the problem resolved? Day 3 Use the BBC website to help you with some Maths today! Practice using column method to help you add and subtract! Day 4 Imagine you were able to interview your favourite film star, what questions would you like to ask them? Write a list of the things you'd love to know! I'm a secret Marvel fan so would love to interview Thor - I wonder if he'd let me try and lift his hammer? Day 5 It's's nearly the weekend! Since I told you yesterday that I'm a huge Marvel fan, why not design one of the characters something new to wear? You could design a new suit for Captain America or Iron Man? I can't wait to see your designs!
Home > Exhibition > Content Method for reducing wire breakage rate of wire drawing machine Aug 20, 2019 Through the variable frequency drive and tension sensor feedback control, the running frequency of the main machine is taken as the main given frequency of the slave, and the output of the tension control PID regulator corrects the main given frequency so that the feedback tension does not deviate from the given tension. The output signal of the tension sensor is used as the PID feedback, and the PID reference is set to the desired tension value by the number. The running signal of the host is used as the start and stop signal of the winding inverter. 1. The winding part of the winding is well controlled. The pendulum bar reflects the consistency of the simultaneous running of the stretched portion and the wound portion and the stability of the tension on the wire. Generally, when the winding speed is faster than the stretching speed, the swing lever will be upturned, and the swing lever will sag. It can solve the swing of the pendulum due to the change of the winding diameter of the winding reel. The utility model also has the advantages of fast torque response of the frequency converter and high speed precision. It ensures that no matter the current position of the pendulum at the start, it can reach the equilibrium position without oscillation at one time; the swing bar is stable and has no oscillation regardless of the current speed during operation. 2. The operation is smooth when jogging. Before starting the whole machine, the front end of the raw material must be polished by hand and passed through the mold step by step. Since the machine needs to be frequently jogged during the die-cutting, the stretching motor is repeatedly switched in a state of stationary, acceleration, low-speed operation, deceleration, and stationary. The vector inverter has large torque and stable running speed at start-up and low-speed operation, and the motor does not reverse when the speed is reduced. 3. Multiple sets of relay outputs. The low-frequency brake output is output when the system is decelerating to stop, and the winding motor is braked at a low speed. For the disconnection fault alarm output, the control circuit design is simple and convenient, and the safety and continuity of the parking operation system caused by the abnormality are guaranteed. The successful transformation of the application program of the double-frequency converter wire drawing machine reduces the system cost, speeds up the system response speed, makes the operation simpler and more convenient, and the work efficiency is obviously improved. The highly stable operating state reduces the wire breakage rate and improves product quality.
Home > News > Content Hand Lay-up Method Of Glass Steel Mold Jun 29, 2020 FRP molds generally use hand lay-up molding method, and the molding circuit should be designed before production. Steps for making hand-layed glass fiber reinforced plastic sculpture Due to the advantages of flexible molding, short production and development cycle, good manufacturability, wear resistance, and long service life, FRP sculptures have been widely used in the sculpture industry, especially the production process of FRP handicraft sculptures based on hand lay-up molding technology has developed more rapidly . Sculpture pasting molding is also called hand lay molding or contact molding. First apply a layer of glue on the mold, then lay a cloth, soak the fiber in the glue and remove the air bubbles, then continue to mount it layer by layer until the layer is finished, and the finished product will be obtained after curing. There are two types of resin commonly used in sculpture: unsaturated resin and epoxy resin. ①Unsaturated resin molding preparation method: 190# resin 100 parts, cyclohexanone peroxide 4 parts; cobalt naphthenate solution 1-4 parts, appropriate amount of color paste. If it is prepared according to the production conditions by flow-through operation, put 100 kg of resin in the enamel basin, then add 4 kg of cyclohexanone oxide paste, stir well, then add an appropriate amount of titanium green paste, and the color can meet the required requirements. , And set aside. The advantage of unsaturated resins is that they are cheap. ②The advantage of epoxy resin is that it has low curing shrinkage rate and excellent electrical insulation performance. It is stable to various acids and alkalis and organic solvents. The tensile strength can reach 45MPa-70MPa and the bending strength can reach 90MPa-120MPa. The matching curing agent can use epoxy resin normal temperature E-999 curing agent. The thinner is acetone (or propylene oxide butyl ether). The mold gel coat adopts the mold gel coat which is resistant to high temperature, high hardness and good toughness. The produced fiber reinforced material uses 33g/m2 alkali-free chopped mat and 0.2mm glass fiber checkered cloth. Brush release agent: Before the FRP sculpture hand lay-up, first clean the cavity surface of the female mold; at the same time, cut the glass fiber mat into a shape similar to the shape of the cavity. If the cavity shape is complex, it can be cut into Several pieces of simple shapes are then put together when hand lay up. Apply a mold release agent to the surface of the mold cavity to facilitate smooth release of the molded product. When applying the mold release agent on the prototype and parting surface, it must be applied evenly and thoroughly. It must be applied 2-3 times. After the mold release agent applied in the previous pass is dried, the next pass can be applied. There are many types of mold release agent, one is kerosene (gasoline, etc.) plus floor wax; there is also a petroleum jelly plus engine oil; no matter how useful the paint is. Brushing the gel coat layer: After the release agent is completely dried, apply the special gel coat with a brush twice, the coating should be even, and the second layer should be applied after the first layer is initially set. It should be noted here that the gel coat should not be applied too thick to prevent surface cracks and wrinkles. The thickness of the gel coat layer is generally 0.5~0.8mm. The gel coat itself is a kind of resin. This kind of resin is very important when making FRP products by hand. It can not only play the role of a protective layer on the surface of the FRP, but also can play a decorative effect on the surface. Just add color paste to the gel coat. The surface of the product will have a corresponding color. Due to the different use environment and requirements of FRP products, different types of gel coat resins must be selected according to the actual situation. The current grades are: TM-33, TM-35, S-739, gel coat 33, etc. The gel coat can be applied to the mold cavity with a brush, or it can be sprayed onto it with a pneumatic spray gun. The spray gun is more uniform than the brush. The effect is better. At present, the spray coat is generally applied to the gel coat. The natural curing of the gel coat generally takes about half an hour. You can use an oven to speed up the curing time. When the sprayed gel coat is dry, you can start to paste the resin and glass fiber. Resin glue preparation of resin: First of all, it should be evenly mixed with the curing agent at a certain ratio to accelerate the curing time of the product. The grade of unsaturated resin is generally 191 and 196# resins. If you are using epoxy resin. According to the viscosity of the room temperature resin, it can be properly preheated. Then mix 100 parts of WSP6101 epoxy resin and 8-10 parts (mass ratio) of acetone (or propylene oxide butyl ether) in a clean container. After stirring well, add 20 to 25 parts of curing agent ( The amount of curing agent added should be appropriately increased or decreased according to the on-site temperature), stir quickly, and perform vacuum defoaming for 1min~3min to remove bubbles in the resin glue, and then it can be used. Glass fiber layer-by-layer paste: When the gel coat is initially set and the hand feels soft but not sticky, apply the prepared resin glue to the gel coat, then spread a layer of chopped felt, and use a brush to apply the cloth Laminate compaction to make the glue content uniform and discharge air bubbles. In some cases, you need to use a sharp object to lift the bubbles. The second layer of chopped strand mat must be laid after the first layer of resin glue has set. After that, it can be pasted layer by layer in the form of a cloth and a felt. After pasting 2 to 3 layers each time, after the peak of resin curing and exotherm has passed (that is, when the resin glue is viscous, it is generally at 20 ℃ 60min) before the next layer of paste can be processed until the desired thickness. When pasting, the glass fiber cloth must be flat, the seams between the glass cloths should be staggered from each other, and try not to overlap at the corners. To strictly control the amount of resin glue in each layer, it is necessary to fully infiltrate the fiber and not excessively. The content of glue is high, the bubbles are not easy to be eliminated, and the curing exotherm is large and the shrinkage rate is large. Low glue content, easy to layer. Then brush the resin on the glass fiber mat, so that the resin is immersed in the glass fiber mat. After the entire layer of fiber mat is impregnated with resin, you need to use a brush to brush on the surface of the fiber to drive all the gas between the resin and the fiber mat, otherwise it will affect the quality and appearance of the FRP product. The next step is to repeat the above steps. Lay a layer of fiberglass felt and a layer of resin. The number of layers of glass fiber mat determines the thickness of the product. The thickness of glass fiber mat generally has specifications such as 0.2mm and 0.4mm. The thickness of gel coat plus the thickness of fiber mat multiplied by the number of fiber mat layers is basically equal to the thickness of the product. One or two more layers of fiber mat can be added at the corner because of strength requirements. In some places where deformation and strength need to be prevented, a layer of fiberglass cloth of high-strength material can be added. There are two ways to prevent waste of brushes. One is to soak the brush in resin after it is used up, and the brush can also be washed with acetone, so that the brush can be reused next time. After the resin and glass fiber are pasted on the mold, the product is cured. The curing time is related to the proportion of the curing agent added to the resin and the temperature. In order to have higher productivity, it is more appropriate to control the curing time within 1 to 2 hours. This requires adding more curing agent, but it will Affecting the quality of the product, the solution is to put it in an oven at about 60℃, which can reduce the proportion of curing agent and increase the curing time. The sculpture product can be demolded after curing in the mold. After demolding, the product needs to be cured naturally for about an hour, which is very helpful for the reduction of the size of the product after trimming. The trimming of glass fiber reinforced plastic products generally draws lines according to the required size, and then cuts the material along the line with an electric cutting machine while leaving a margin of 2~3mm, and then uses electric grinding wheels to polish and correct. At this point, the product is finished. Stripping and trimming: sculptures made at room temperature (about 20℃) are generally cured and set in 48 hours, that is, they can be demolded. For a complete FRP sculpture product, the subsequent process after molding is still very necessary. After some sculpture products are demoulded, the surface is a little scratched or the docking is not in place. This requires the use of resins of the same brand to stick and repair, and then polish and correct after curing. If it is a sculpture with high finish requirements, generally use 400#～1200# water sandpaper to polish the surface of the sculpture in turn, and use a polishing machine to polish the surface of the sculpture. Some sculpture edges are matched with other parts, and the thickness needs to be ensured. The excessive thickness should be polished on the back of the product to achieve the required thickness. Many FRP sculpture products need to be embedded with other products by embedding sheet metal parts. To embed these sheet metal parts, first put the product and sheet metal parts into the master (the master is a shelf, the product and the The embedded sheet metal parts can be fixed on the position of the required dimensional relationship on it, and then the sheet metal parts are embedded on the product like a paste product through resin and fiberglass felt. These processes will directly affect the quality of the product.
Difference between revisions of "What's in a Name? The Etymology of Armenian Surnames" From armeniapedia.org Jump to: navigation, search (Created page with "Back some time ago, I was struck by how many Armenians didn’t know the meaning of their names. It was a pleasure to conduct research and then pass on the results. I felt gra...") Line 186: Line 186: 11. Publicly thank the Committee, Bandazian, DerBedrosian, and all those who have been helpful in sharing their knowledge with me. Note: This lecture was delivered on the following dates, at the given locations: St. Thomas 2001 AAhpo 2003 APCLG 2004 ACAA 2006 HMLG 2006 AASCO 2008 St. Leon 2007 Revision as of 17:49, 10 June 2012 I should qualify that by acknowledging the level of interest contained in the names of some of our “odar” spouses. In reviewing the passenger list, I noticed some very interesting non-Armenian names, and I have tried to decipher some of them. So, those of you in attendance who possess non-Armenian names, don’t hesitate to fill out the form if you would like me to tackle them. If I don’t already know, I’ll do my best to find out and communicate the results to you. Now for my lecture -- What's in a Name? (The Etymology of Armenian Surnames) Intro- Non-expert (Linguist, Philologist) on names/ languages. 25 years ago started collecting names from church directories and donor lists as a hobby. Manually. Then personal computer. 7000 names collected to date. Task of collecting names has been made easier by publication of Yellow pages in CA. Daughter –dictionaries. Cesar Chekijian - book on Armenian names from Armenia. Indo-European language tree. (Slide #1) – Mother Tongue (Slide #2) – Indo-European Branch (Slide #3) – Anatolia International language-Esperanto/English? (Slide #4) -- Ough – bough, cough, dough, rough, through (Slide #5) -- Ghoti = fish (Shaw) (Slide #6) -- M. Mead, Sol Tax, anthropologists. Interaction among languages is quite common in history. French, Italian and Spanish are derived from Latin. English is Teutonic in structure, while its vocabulary is 75% French- Latin. Persian influence on English can be seen in the following: Cummerbund = kamarband (waistband) Orange = Naranj Checkmate = Shahmat (The king is dead). (Persian/Arabic) Arabic influence on English can be seen in the following: Algebra = al jabra = reduction of parts to a whole Cipher = zero = sifr, (Roman vs. Arabic numerals) Divide/Multiply (enemies/conquests) Admiral = Amir al bahr = Lord of the sea. (Admirable?) Armenian has likewise been influenced by interaction with Persian and Arabic. Armenian use of Persian vocabulary – (English – Persian dictionary) - List anginar, azad, bakht, bulbul, dard, dushvar, dumbak, gav, haiwan, jins, jan, lubiyah, mard, nishan, pishgir, parishan, panir, pambah, paiman, turshi,, tut, yar. Krikor Pidedjian = Aryan languages. Mardig Soghomian - Shah of Iran to scholars Persian names also end in IAN - Rezvanian 5. Armenian use of Turkish vocabulary - Preponderance of Armenian surnames possess a Turkish root: (Lt. Col. H. Sachaklian, [Peynir, sheker] Hagop Kasbarian) The Armenians and the Jews Trade: Dulgerian, Doghramajian, Marangozian, Najarian, Hiusenian (carpenter) Demirjian, Nalbandian, Tarpinian, Chilingirian, Vosgerichian, Kalayjian, Haddad (smith) Kuyumjian, Jafargian (Javahirjian), Koharian (jeweler) Darakjian vs. Sandrakordzian (comb-maker) Tutunjian vs. Tombekjian (tobacconist): common tobacco vs. Persian tobaccot for nargile (water-pipe) Deirmenjian vs. Chaghatsbanian (miller) Geographic location: Lachinian, Marashian, Shamlian, Terjanian, Stamboulian, Bolsetsian. Detective work: Name changes - Bohajian, Kahaumjian. Kerbeykian: Kur = grey, buyuk = moustache Akim Tamiroff - (Hakim Tamirian) - judge/builder, mender, (tamirji = repairman) Inchighoulian = what a giant! vs. inji + goul = pearl rose vs. inji + oghoul = pearl + son. Shareshian <ar;,;an = black silk , according to Nicholas Shareshian ipek = (T.) silk m;taqs (medaks) = (Arm.) silk (from Greek: metaxi) apri,oum (abrishoom) = (T.) sewing silk (from Arab: ibrishim) ipri,im (ibrishim) = (Arab.) silk thread (from Persian: abrishum) ,;ram (sheram) = (Arm.) silkworm ,;ramabou/oujiun (sheramapoodzootiun) = (Arm.) sericulture ,arma[ (sharmagh) = (Arm.) silk-sieve Prof. Hagopian, Anatolia College, Merzifoun, turkey Spelling and Country of Origin (Slide #7) Keshishian vs. Kechichian Harutunian vs. Arutunian (yan) Ohanesian vs. Oganesian (yan) (Hopak vs. Gopak; Horowitx vs. Gorovetz) Vapurdjian vs. Vapurciyan Intermission (Q & A) Other interesting or unusual names: Adjeledjian: (T) Someone always in a hurry Altiparmakian (T) One with six fingers Arkun (T/A) According to Aram Arkun, currently the editor of AGBU’s Literary Quarterly ARARAT, this is his reply to my question about the derivation and meaning of his surname: “My Sepastatsi grandfather’s name was originally Yesai Karageuzian. He is said to have traced his genealogy back 400 years to Van, with clergy in the family tree. Unfortunately, the information is lost to us. My grandfather was a physician in the Turkish army during WW I. For obvious reasons he changed his name to Ismail Shevket. His last name was probably formally changed during the name law in the 1930s to Arkun.. My grandfather was an amateur philologist, and I perceive a correlation between Shevket and Arkun, which latter can be construed as both Armenian and Turkish. Shevket, in Turkish, means majesty, pomp. Arkun, in Armenian, is a form of arka, a term used to describe a king or royalty. Thus, Arkun (or Arkuni) would mean, of the royal court, or, belonging to the king. In Turkish, as far as I know, Arkun has two meanings: soft, gentle; the name of a Mongol Ilkhanid ruler Arghun (the gh sound changed to k in modern Turkish.) For the foregoing reasons, there is only one family group with the name Arkun. As an interesting aside, I would mention that during the 1930s name change law, those who had changed their names earlier now had to register their names. Others were forced to take on new names. For example, a couple on my mother’s side went together to the same registry official. One was given the name Karabulut, black cloud, and the other Siyahbulut, also black cloud, siyah having been borrowed from Persian. The official was apparently playing a cruel joke on the couple by assiging different last names with the same meaning. They had a great deal of difficulty in trying to get the same last name for both husband and wife.” Arnavoudian (Al) Eddie Arnavoudian, who is a regular contributor to “Groung” on the Internet, has the following to say about his family name as it was handed down to him: My dad’s side of the family were from an area around Istanbul called Arnavoudkoy or something like that. The area was named after it was settled by emigrants from European Albania called Arnavouds. The Arnavouds were divided in their religion, one part Christian, the other Muslim. How they became Armenianised or why our family adopted this name if they were not actually Arnavouds will remain an eternal mystery. Bajaksuzian; (T) Legless; short man Boynubouroukian (T) One with a twisted neck Chekijian Relative of Puzant Granian. Chekich vs. cheki (500 lbs for measuring firewood – a horseload). Chukhasuzian: (T) Without a winter overcoat Dilimetin (T) Firm, strong tongue; Trustworthy Geuzugeutchugian (T) Small or deep-set eyes Hajian (Mecca) vs. Mukhsian, Mahdesian, Mahdesi, Maqdis-y (Jerusalem) Iguidbashian (T) Iguid: Var.of Yighit: brave. Bash: head; leader of brave men; (formerly) man responsible for carrying out the regulations of a guild. Jafargian: (T) From Javahirji: Jeweler, gemologist Jingabedoghlu (T) A certain family migrated to the U.S.A. from Istanbul, Turkey with this unique name. The original name of the family was Mgrdichian. However, the grandfather, who had a given name of Garabed, earned the name of Jin-Garabed because he was shrewdly intelligent; jinni in Arabian folklore being related to genius. Jin-Garabed was, in time, abbreviated to Jin-Gabed, and thus the family name became Jingabedoghlu, or son of Jingabed. Kantzian (A) Treasure. However, really Khantzian (T) Native of village of Khan to Sepastia Kanayan (T) blood. From Khudaverdi in the Lake urmia region came 5 brothers to Igdir. They were a rough crowd, and became land barons; then became respectable.(Mardig Kanayan, son of General Dro.) Kavazanjian (A/T/A): Stick, staff, cane.P-gav + asa –prod/urge cow on path to meadow (Nasreddin Khoja - baby cow) Kiledjian (T) (Kile: measure of capacity just over a bushel) –Weighmaster. Mghtsavanchian (A) Nightmare.(Family in Florida per Angel Manoogian) Oulouhojian (Wolohojian) (T) ulu: high, great; Hoja: Moslem teacher, priest (Avak Kahana) Soghanyemezian (T) One who does not eat onions Tazian – Greyhound (Retriever for Turkish hunters.) Terlemezian: (T) One who does not sweat. Dajad-assignment-no sweat. Legend has it that an invading shah of Persia taxed the citizens of Van so severely that when they met evry fresh demand of his he was prompted to say, “Don’t these people sweat?”(Arpi Haroutunian)- Terlemezian is a Turkification of Talamazi: those with long-hair in the current sense of intellectual, who were also guards of the Armenian rulers of former times Tololian- Corruption of Tel Volor (thread spinner), a name bestowed on the great great grandmother of . Khachig Totolian, professor of history at Wesleyan U., and the son of Minas Teoleolian, former editor of the Hairenik Daily. Before that, the family name was Sarkisyan. Totolian is a name unique to that family and Khachig is the last of the line. Vapurciyan: Vapur = steamship, vapurji = S.S. builder, owner, operator, crewmember. Hajakian: (As told to me by Yeghishe Hajakian) Once there lived a man named Hagop who was a supervisor at the stable of the Padishah of the land. His jovial disposition and assiduous attitude for his work had earned him an unswerving trust of his employer, his master, his king. The people around him, the Turks, could not pronounce his Armenian name Hagop, instead they called him AKUH. I’m reminded of a story in this regard: Jack Beshigtashlian vs. Joe 10. I have not published anything on Armenian names, but my daughter, Lucine, has a few pages on names in her book. (Slide #8) Available in Hairenik Bookstore aboard vessel. See Lena Guebenlian. St. Thomas 2001 AAhpo 2003 APCLG 2004 ACAA 2006 HMLG 2006 AASCO 2008 St. Leon 2007
The different parts of a great apa paper:Here are fundamental things every APA paper requirements 1 utilize APA design to cite sources in social solutions jobs Offer citations and information that is additional APA endnotes and footnotes Procedures such as for instance therapy, medical, company, and so many more make use of the APA structure. Composing in a style that is distinctive as it will help readers follow your opinions more effortlessly and find certain information in the document. It will help show your credibility by showing you realize the extensive research carried out. 2 Don’t consist of original research in literary works reviews Describe research collected from others utilizing a literature review that is detailed The 2 most frequent forms of APA papers would be the literary works review together with report that is experimental. Literature reviews try not to provide brand new research. They simply recap the research other specialists have actually carried out and their findings. Format your document into six primary elements: title page, abstract, introduction, primary content, summary, and sources. The literature review’s name web web page includes name, running name, writer’s information, and affiliation that is institutional. Abstracts retain the purpose, thesis, summary, and guidelines. Your paper’s largest section will likely be the primary content, divided in to a few subsections. 3 utilize experimental reports to show pursuit Conduct original research utilizing an experimental report describing your methodology An experimental report outlines and describes your very own initial research considering an test you created and conducted. It frequently includes the exact same sections that are main in the literary works review plus supplemental information describing your outcomes. Sections in a experimental report. 1. Title web page 2. Abstract 3. Introduction 4. Principal human anatomy 5. Summary 6. Sources 7. Appendices 8. Tables/figures Experimental reports utilize the standard APA structure such as the six mentioned before parts, appendices, tables and numbers, content records, and copyright declaration if you utilize a lot more than the allotted terms or content from a source that is outside. 4 APA documents are often systematic in nature Utilize the method that is scientific conduct experiments and review literary works Since APA documents are utilized into the sciences that are social these are generally inherently medical in the wild and need specific thinking and types of interaction. Utilize the method that is scientific composing your quest. An excellent guideline would be to make reference to the systematic technique whenever composing any project. It helps you treat it with a structure that is methodically sound. The method that is scientific helps you produce the methodology for the main research. 5 APA documents utilize particular and language that is concise Prevent descriptive sentences, and make use of precise language while maintaining the information succinct Being extremely descriptive or making use of language that is poetic confuse your visitors. The target with APA to create correctly and accurately without overloading your document with a lot of terms. • Avoid adjectives, and adverbs • Never utilize clichйs or slang • Condense your paper to share just the many details that are important but be certain never to lose quality • APA papers require available readability • Make use of specific APA terminology Concentrate on preciseness in your writing. Topics can be explained as an inside or component that is external the test. Individuals or participants are interior elements. The meaning. “Participants” and “Respondents,” in the place of “Subjects” “The proof shows . ” or “Our research shows . ” in the place of “Proof” 6 just use facts in your APA paper Prevent opinionated language and compose through the researcher’s viewpoint Voice and perspective are very important in APA writing. You need to use the first-person perspective whenever referring to your own personal research, but should primarily concentrate on the research it self and never the researcher. Write all sentences within the voice that is active. 7 Review your paper settings and quantity usage Follow APA guidelines that are formatting upgrade term settings before starting composing APA documents follow certain formatting directions. They must be keyed in a font that is clear as occasions brand brand New Roman and double-spaced on standard-sized paper with one-inch margins on all edges. • Occasions brand brand New Roman Font set at 12pts • One-inch margins • 8.5″ x 11″ document size The structure that is basic an APA style paper includes a name web web web page, abstract, introduction, primary body, summary, sources, appendices, and tables/figures. The body that is main of APA paper is dependent upon its kind as well as the project instructions. Abstracts, appendices, and tables/figures are not necessarily necessary, therefore make sure to make clear if they are expected for the paper. Leave a Reply
Here’s How You Can Be a Better Storyteller You won’t instantly notice it but humans are actually frequent storytellers. We tell our friends, relatives, and co-workers stories and they do the same. In some situations (like making a presentation at work), being a good storyteller can matter a lot. So, here are some things you should know! Listen to others tell their stories You’ll always have that one co-worker or friend who’s just really good at telling stories. So, try to observe and listen to them whenever you can. Sometimes you can learn a thing or two about what they do and you also get to know how it feels to be on the receiving end as an audience. There are also many great sources online where you can listen to people tell their stories. Listening to others first can be an excellent way to start improving your storytelling skills. Write it down first Whenever you experience something that you think can build into a great story, always remember to write it down. Our brains always play tricks on us and it won’t do any good to just trust your memory. Write down every thought that comes to mind and slowly create your story from there. By writing everything down, you can visualize the story a lot more clearly. You can be sure that it will be easier for you to tell the story if you organize it well on paper and include even the minor (yet relevant) details. Avoid giving too much background When telling a story, you’ll usually have to give some background information so that the audience can understand the context. Even so, that doesn’t mean you’ll have to give every detail about why the story happened in the first place. This is a mistake many people make when it comes to introducing their stories. You’ll only end up boring your audience before you even start! If you think this your problem, just remember to tell your audience only what they need to know. Keep things concise but don’t rush it as well Speaking of boring your audience, you don’t want to stand there telling a story that seems like it’s not going to end. It’s important to keep it concise because you’re essentially giving the major details while still keeping the audience engaged and interested. Although keeping concise is important, you should remember not to rush with your story. You’ll get tempted to breeze through everything especially if you’re new to storytelling. But try your best to slow down and just have fun in front. Make sure to include dialogue Another great addition to any story is dialogue. Think of it this way, dialogue in storytelling is just like the pictures in children’s books! It adds more color to the story and can even summarize the story as a whole. You can tell, for example, about that one time you were walking around Singapore and interacting with an auntie at a hawker center. There are really many real-life dialogues we can use to tie up our stories. 6 Effective Strategies that can Help You Improve Your Persuasion Skills Persuasion is one of the most important skills, not only at work but also in many aspects of life. Want to convince your mother to cook some chicken rice for you? Haggling with an auntie at the flea market? Trying to persuade your boss to give you a raise? Persuasion can help us live well and there are many ways to persuade someone. Be confident This one is already pretty obvious. Displaying an aura of confidence helps convince your audience that you know what you are doing and you are sure that you’re going to get what you want. The ones in the receiving end of your persuading will pick up in that confidence and will eventually learn to trust you. Highlight the benefits How will you even persuade someone if you mention nothing about the benefits right? But you shouldn’t only point out the benefits, remember to highlight how the result can benefit them. If you want to convince your father to play golf with you, point out all the benefits he can get from playing. Keep things simple If you want to persuade someone effectively, keep your words and ideas simple and easy to understand. This comes from the idea that people confuse easily. When we are faced with complex arguments that we do not understand immediately, we tend not to trust them because we think there might be hidden agendas. So, keep things simple and direct. Choose the right words The simple explanation for this is to use words that appeal to your audience. There are certain words old people use that don’t appeal to younger ones. There are words you can use when talking to your workmates but not to your boss, same with ones you can use with friends and not your parents. If you do choose the right words, you show your audience respect and they will be able to relate to you better. Add a dash of flattery This is another common strategy that many people use to persuade others. These days though, there are also people who easily notice flattery and therefore is not easily influenced by it. So instead of saying compliments directly, try to keep it subtle and mostly indirect. Learn to Concede If the argument is not going your way, learn to step down for a while. There is usually a benefit to taking a break and reconsidering the things you want. There are even times when you might benefit more from not having convinced the other person in the end. Just a quick note. Although this article is about persuasion, you should never use any of these to take advantage of other people. Never try to influence them into doing something that can harm their health, safety, and dignity. Let’s all be good men and women for others! Why Having A Hobby is Important In such a busy world, it just seems that we don’t have enough time in a day. But hobbies are there to remind us to unwind and enjoy once in a while. Aside from giving us a time to take a break and have fun, hobbies can also give us many benefits. The best part about it is that you don’t really have to limit yourself to one hobby. You can try to learn as many as you want! Stress relief A hobby is defined as an activity that is mainly done for enjoyment, usually during one’s leisure time. With that definition, it is obvious how hobbies can be great mediums of stress relief. Doing something you enjoy can take your mind off the stress and give it some time to refresh. You may engage in physical activities that can help promote good hormones or maybe indulge in a different world through a book. Bring you knowledge When you’re starting to learn a hobby, obviously you gain more knowledge about it. You learn new techniques, ideas, and values that you can use not only with it but also with life in general. Additionally, not only will you be developing your skills in these certain hobbies, you’ll be surprised that having hobbies will also teach you a lot of life skills. Enhance your social life Having a hobby means you are involved in a community. It is something that you can usually enjoy with the company of others. You meet people who share the same interests with you, and maybe even learn to get better at your hobbies together. You might have a hobby of model building and have a friend who also does so. Together, you might be able to make a business out of the models you create and meet a lot of people who might be interested in buying them. A way to earn Hobbies aren’t necessarily only for leisure. Like what was said earlier, you might be able to earn money from your hobbies. Painting, perfume making, photography, knitting, almost any hobby can be turned into a business if you want to. Hobbies also help you earn better in your job, indirectly. It has been found that those who have hobbies can do better at work because they develop the habit of not wasting time. Depending on your situation, there can be a lot of hobbies to try out. Whether you like to keep moving, or want to stay at the comforts of your home, there are a million things you can try. Hobbies that get you moving: Drone Racing Rock Climbing Martial Arts Hobbies that teach patience: Others you can try: Playing online games How to Land Your Dream Job Okay, let’s say that you’ve just graduated college and have a rather average record, what do you do? Maybe your classmates who performed at the top of the class were already getting letters of different companies trying to get them even before they graduated college. Maybe you’ve been working for a while but want to get into a better position that has a really competitive hiring system. How do you land a job when the competition is not just steep but also crazy? Although these tops might not be able to help you a hundred percent, at least it’ll get you one foot in the door. Here are a few ways you can do to increase your chances of getting hired: 1. Tweak your resume Okay, let’s face it. Not everything on your resume is useful. Unless of course, you don’t have one yet. Well, then maybe it’s time for you to tweak your resume a bit. A great way to improve your resume is to show your involvement with events surrounding your field. For example, if you’re going after a managerial position, being part of some sort of event or seminar that is about leadership would be a great thing to put on your resume! There are so many other things you can do. You can apply for certification courses offered online that have an amazing impact on your resume. 2. Do your research Research is very important, let’s say that the company likes your resume and calls you for an interview. You have to know everything about them! From the previous CEOs to previous achievements or maybe even future plans, the more you know, the better the impression you’ll make on them. It really helps to know someone inside the company no matter what position. This way, you’ll be able to ask tons of amazing questions that could really boost your chances. 3. Clear up your social media Oh no! Maybe you have a bit of stench on your social media. We’re not saying you shouldn’t post things you like. We’re just saying that maybe that not-so-in-control picture from last 2014 might surface up and your employer might see it! It’s better to be safe than sorry. Sometimes the employer tends to do a background check on the people they plan to hire and you better make sure that they are going to like the contents of your social media. 4. Brand yourself The thing about work is that it’s not just them choosing you, it’s also you choosing them. Branding is very important. The moment you step in, you do not want them to think that you are going to be just another employee because of the similarities you have with them. You want to stand out! In fact, you want them to realize what they’re missing. Sell yourself! How to Know if You Communicate Effectively? Have you considered yourself an effective communicator? Here are some indicators of one. Shows confidence An effective communicator has confidence to talk to different people. How can you even talk to other people if you think that they will not talk to you back? Or think that they will not believe on what you are saying? It will all start with the certainty in yourself that you can create a good conversation with anyone whoever and whatever he or she is. Knows how to pay attention An effective communicator knows how to give his or her focus to the one who he or she is talking to. It’s so hard to have a good conversation with someone who plays around and looks around while you are talking. Make the other person feel that you are interested in his and her story. Knows a variety of things An effective communicator knows a lot of things from the current events to what’s happening to the entertainment industry, I mean he or she is updated with lots of things that’s why he or she is good in starting a conversation. And of course you can’t talk if you don’t know what will say. Knows how to deeper the conversation An effective communicator makes the other person feel the security to open up his or her deeper story. Have you experienced a person who you are not close with but it’s easier for you to tell him or her your problems that anyone else? It’s because they make you feel that they are willingly want to listen to you.
A Definition Of Cholera Source: Adapted from the National Institutes of Health What does the term “cholera” mean? The term “cholera” refers to watery diarrhea caused by drinking water or eating food that’s con-taminated with vibrio cholere. the disease is spread through the stools of infected persons. To find out more about this term, please search the news section of this website for related articles and information.
How Drones are Changing the World selective focus photography of DJI Phantom 3 Professional quadcopter drone Drones are becoming popular worldwide, not just for use in industry and by government organisations, but as a pleasurable pastime for the hobbyist. We shall explore their many uses to understand whether we should consider them as a good thing or a bad thing. What is a Drone? By strict definition, a drone is an aircraft that is unmanned and can fly autonomously. This means that the aircraft can fly without the aid of a human. However, that only means that there is no human inside it. This is because it will not be large enough to house them. As far as its controls go, there will, of course, be someone controlling the device from the ground. Directing it to where they want it to go. This could be a highly skilled operator from industry, or a hobbyist honing their skills every time that they practise with their new toy. With regards to the smallest drones, named UAVs, or nano-unmanned aerial vehicle systems, they measure just 6.6 inches across and weigh no more than 33 grams. They have a range of 1.24 miles and can reach speeds of 13.3 mph. These types of drones will fly for 25 minutes on a single charge. Thinking larger, Boeing produced the prototype for a cargo drone capable of transporting an impressive 500 pounds of cargo. The DJI Agras MG-1, the largest of the consumer drones at the time of writing, could transport up to 22 pounds. This demonstrates that the capabilities are there to develop drones to reach all kinds of technological heights. If you are looking for a drone for yourself, or your company, then there are companies on the internet, such as DJI, who can supply them. What Can A Drone Be Used For? Drones have a variety of uses. They can be used to perform aerial photography for use in film and journalism, reaching previously inaccessible places beyond the range of the zoom lens. For example, for filming wildlife high up on a mountain crag. They can be used by criminal justice departments for surveillance. Drones can be sent to the site of a disaster to gather valuable information where it may not yet be safe for humans to tread. They can have thermal sensors fitted to them and prove invaluable for search and rescue teams in determining if there is human life under a collapsed heap of rubble. Drones can be used in gas, oil, and mineral exploration, and in the construction industry. Increasingly, delivery firms are using drones to fulfil their promise of express shipping and delivery. For more information on how drones can be used for delivery, there is an article that you can read. From a purely fun point of view, you could join a drone racing circuit. Are Drones Really Changing the World for The Better? So, if they can save lives, drones must be a good thing. A lifesaver, even. If they can bring us photographs that we would not otherwise have, they can bring us closer to nature or the latest news in real-time. By delivering our parcels, they will not add to the stream of delivery lorries on the road. So, what started as a hobby for some, may at some time in our lives become our job. Drones may, in the future, be the tool that help us to do it. Government agencies and industry are certainly making use of drone technology already. It must then now be difficult to think of a life, a world, without drones. Many might not have heard of a drone until they received one for Christmas but can now surely see the benefits that they can make to our everyday lives, if they have not already done so. On that basis, we really cannot do without drones. Don't Miss
When you hear a popping sound coming from your water heater, it is a sign that something is not right with your tank. Failure to take care of the problem only leads to further problems for you as a homeowner, so taking care of it in a timely manner is crucial to saving money. When your water heater starts popping, it means that it is time for a full tank flushing in order to remove the debris and sediment build-up inside. Why Is This Happening? When the minerals in the water settle to the bottom of the tank, there will be a layer of build up on the heating elements on the interior of your water heater tank. If you have a gas water heater, then the sediment will fall directly on the heating elements and your water will no longer heat properly. The more sediment on the tank, the more likely you are to have the steel deteriorate and a leak to happen. How To Fix the Problem? To fix the problem, you need to flush the entire tank to get rid of all build up. The first step is to turn off the gas or the electricity operating your water heater. If your tank is a gas unit, turn the switch to pilot mode. Once the power is off, you need to turn the water entering the tank off as well. Turn the cold inlet valve to the off position. The next step is to connect a garden hose to the drain valve on the water heater tank and put the other end of the hose outside of the garage or into a bucket. Open the pressure relief valve to allow the water to drain out of the hose and into a bucket or away from the water heater tank (this water will be hot, so proceed with caution). When the water is completely drained from the tank, be sure to allow cold water in to help flush out any remaining sediment. Once you have done this you can remove the garden hose, turn the water supply back on, and turn the power back onto the unit. Always give the tank a few minutes to warm back up before you go to use your hot water inside the house. How Often Do I Flush the Tank? Depending on the area where you live, you might need to flush the water heater tank once or twice a year. Your local plumber in Tyler, TX can help identify the amount of minerals in your water and help you know exactly how often this needs to take place. Comment Here
Locomotion in Complex Media Fluid-structure interactions in viscoelastic fluids For eukaryotic flagella, swimming results from an interplay of hydrodynamic forces and flagellar forces. The altered hydrodynamic forces in a viscoelastic fluid can change the beating patterns of flagella. These shape changes are as important as nonlinear viscoelastic effects in determining swimming properties. (Published in Phys. Rev. Lett. [pdf] and Phys. Rev. E. [pdf] Right image captions: Sperm have different beating patterns and swimming trajectories in Newtonian (left) and viscoelastic (right) media. (Ho and Suarez, Reprod. Dom. Anim. 2003.) 3-Network-BCLow Reynolds-number swimming in gels Microorganisms also swim through viscoelastic gels, such as mucus, which are solid rather than fluid. For example, Spirochetes have been observed to swim faster in gels than Newtonian fluids. What does it mean to swim through a solid? The simplest model swimmer is the Taylor sheet, an infinite two dimensional surface with traveling waves. For the Taylor sheet in continuum models of gels, microscopic heterogeneity affects boundary conditions and the elastic phase can lead to enhanced swimming speeds. (preprint Image caption: A sheet swimming through a gel. The network density determines whether the swimmer pushes directly against the network (top) or has solvent-mediated interactions with the network. 4-FiniteSwimmerNonlinear viscoelastic effects Even for a fixed, prescribed swimming stroke, nonlinear viscoelasticity affects swimming speeds. In Newtonian fluids, kinematic reversibility in the low Reynolds number limit restricts effective swimming motions to those that do not appear the same going forward and backward in time. Additional swimming motions become available to microorganisms in nonlinearly viscoelastic fluids. (Published in Physics of Fluids [pdf].) Nonlinear effects are also important for swimming in gels. Image caption: In a nonlinearly viscoelastic fluid the swimming speed depends on the difference between displacement amplitudes of the end spheres. 5-microstructureFinite-length swimmer in a nonlinearly viscoelastic fluid Finite-size swimmers may behave differently than infinite sheets or cylinders in viscoelastic fluids. Using a boundary-perturbation analysis, we find the swimming speed of the simple Golestanian three-sphere swimmer in an Oldroyd-B fluid. The effect of viscoelasticity depends on swimming stroke asymmetry, a feature not present in infinite swimmers. Can similar methods be used to efficiently investigate swimmers with more complex geometries in viscoelastic fluids? [Funded by NSF CBET-CAREER-1252182] Image caption: Sperm amongst the mucin fibers comprising the microstructure of cervical mucus. Fiber and mesh sizes are comparable to sperm size. (Ruttlant et al., Reprod. Dom. Anim. 2005) 6-HpyloriSwimming through heterogeneous environments Cervical mucus is made of a network of glycoprotein fibers, and has a microstructure with features on the same scale as the sperm which swim through it. To the sperm, these features appear as random (possibly compliant) obstacles. How are swimmers affected by random media? More generally, swimming in a random environment is relevant not only to swimming in gels, but also to the spread of microbes through soil, fractures, or porous media. [Funded by NSF CBET-CAREER-1252182] Image caption: H. pylori secretes chemicals to de-gel the surrounding gastric mucus. Image from Bansil et al, National Science Foundation. 7-ConfinedSheetSwimming confined by complex media In complex media, some microorganisms alter the nearby rheology as they swim through. For example, rotating flagella may mechanically deplete polymers nearby in polymeric solutions, while Helicobacter pylori neutralizes stomach acidity in its vicinity, which de-gels nearby gastric mucus. We examine the simplest model of such a scenario by considering a Taylor sheet swimming through a layer of Newtonian fluid bounded by a Brinkman medium. We calculate swimming velocities for constant stroke as well as constant power generation. For the case of H. pylori, by coupling to diffusion we consider how the bacteria self-generates its confined environment and find estimates for the size of the de-gelled “hole” in gastric mucus induced by H pylori. Image caption: Swimming sheet in a layer of Newtonian fluid bounded by a Brinkman medium. 8-wormVisualization of burrowing forces in granular media Organisms burrowing through granular environments such as sand or soil generate forces to rearrange the medium. Quantifying the magnitudes and spatial distributions of these forces may help understand the efficacy of different burrowing strategies. Using gelatin spheres, we have developed a photoelastic granular medium which allows the visualization of the extremely small forces exerted by small burrowing organisms, and plan to use it to investigate their burrowing mechanisms. Image caption: Worm moving in granular media composed of photoelastic gelatin. Intensity of signal of gelatin spheres is correlated with force exerted on sphere.
"A complex function is analytic at a point z if z is an interior point of some region where the function is analytic.". There is a requirement that the point be inside a region in which the function is analytic. Why isn't it enough for the function to be continuous in that region (except at that point)? Why does it have to be derivable? Moreover, what about the boundary points of that region? They may not be interior points of any other region, so how can they be analytic according to the definition above? One more question, I'm reading the Arfken mathematical methods for physicist and came to definition of an entire function: "If f(z) is analytic everywhere in the (finite) complex plane , we call it an entire function.". I don't understand the "finite" in the parenthesis. Why does the complex plane need to be finite here? • 1 $\begingroup$ I can only comment on your second question. Forget about the "finite". There is also the extended complex plane where you add the point infinity to it (Riemannian sphere). So, "finite" here simply means $\mathbb C$. $\endgroup$ – Friedrich Philipp Mar 26 '16 at 7:13 • $\begingroup$ I think restricting our definition of analyticity to interior points here is quite natural; The notion of differential at boundary points by requiring the existence of the limit of quotient is often not quite useful and often requiring an extention of the original function to larger domain which it is differentiable in the original sense is preferable. $\endgroup$ – cjackal Mar 26 '16 at 7:21 • $\begingroup$ And I think the open condition for analyticity here is just the author's preference or convention; Usually one wants to develope the 1-1 correspondence between complex differentiability and analyticity(i.e, existence of local power series expansion), and only the point-differentiability does not guarantee such correspondence. $\endgroup$ – cjackal Mar 26 '16 at 7:25 Definitions are made to give strength to the concepts or theorems they help in establishing. It turns out that continuity in the real line is not very different from continuity in the complex plane. What's interesting is that just by adding differentiability, you get the following without assuming anything else (you have to prove them, but they will follow from the properties of the complex plane): 1) The derivative so defined is a continuous function (Goursat's theorem) 2) There is a power series expansion of the function around every point in the domain,implying that the function is infinitely differentiable, and each derivative is continuous. 3) The function is zero if and only if there is one point at which all the derivatives are zero. 4)Liouville's theorem: All bounded entire functions are constants. 5)Little Picard' theorem: Every entire function is onto on $\mathbb{C}$ except for atmost one point. 6)Rouche's theorem, the fundamental proof assistant for irreducibility criteria of polynomials. 7) A quite unbelievable proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra in a few lines. I'm not aware of what the finite in brackets means, but the strength that just differentiablitity gives you make it a must-want: Analytic functions are so much more "analytic" than continuous functions because of the few above properties coming by just adding differentiability in $\mathbb{C}$. Analyticity applies only on open domains, because as you say, closed domains have boundary points which cannot be approached from certain directions, hence differentiability is not defined in such places. Furthermore, you can see that from the definition of power series: every power series converges in an open set (unless it is a constant), so it has got to be defined in a ball around some point for every point, so your domain has to be open. Differentiability in closed domains is dealt with using manifolds: That is a different subject altogether, and adds a whole new flavor to complex analysis. Your Answer
What Is Equipment Reliability And How Do You Improve It? 2 Min Read What Is Equipment Reliability? Equipment reliability is the predicted measure of time that a piece of equipment will correctly function. The reliability of equipment is measured based on the time the equipment runs without failure. If a piece of equipment is meant to last 9,000 hours (approximately 12 months) of continuous operation, the machine must run correctly for a minimum 9,000 hours if it is to be regarded as 100% reliable. If it runs for less than this time, the reliability score will suffer. If it continues running after this time but with the occasional failure, the reliability score will be moderated accordingly. If you are running a tight ship organization, equipment failure can result in unplanned downtime that interferes with your schedule. Understanding machine reliability can help you improve the efficiency of your operation. Why Is ERM Important? Equipment reliability and maintenance (ERM) is directly linked to three important elements of competitiveness – cost, quality, and production lead time. Reliable machines work more effectively which leads to consistently higher-quality products. ERM also reduces production costs by increasing uptime and decreasing the need for spare parts and retooling. Repair time often exhausts both funds and employees. By integrating a system to enhance ERM, the average time between equipment failure can be significantly increased. The Strategy For Higher Reliability Improving ERM requires investing in a long-term maintenance strategy. This strategy works to maximize the time between failures by taking actionable steps to reduce the risks associated with failure. This involves ensuring the local operating conditions are optimized and that the parts and components of the machine operate with low-stress. If you can reduce external factors that cause failure, you can increase the time your equipment operates at full capacity. Ways To Improve ERM Ultimately, the important question is how you can make positive changes in your maintenance organization to improve reliability. We have listed some of the key actions you can take below. Use Data To Drive Business Decisions The best maintenance practices use data to drive business decisions. Root cause analysis, for example, enables you to identify why a machine failed and prevent the failure from reoccurring in the future. In addition to root cause analysis, data that indicates the time spent on repairs, how downtime has impacted product losses, and how the machine’s reliability compares to other equipment, can all help you determine what actions to take. Work With Precision Precision maintenance has a direct impact on reliability. Assembling equipment with the proper tools and hardware improves performance and reduces the risk of reliability issues. Comparatively, equipment that is assembled using precision tools experiences fewer failures than equipment where precision tools were not yet. Accurately Record Maintenance History It is the responsibility of your maintenance technicians to accurately record maintenance history. Accurately recording failure history not only allows you to implement efficient failure modes, but it also allows you to identify the areas you can improve if you want to impact plant reliability. Understand Your Employee’s Limitations Often, managers overestimate the maturity of the company’s reliability effort. It is important that you properly assess your employees so you can be sure they understand what proper maintenance planning entails. You can do this with a simple internal self-assessment. If there are employees who are not up to scratch on their knowledge of failure mechanisms and maintenance planning, it is your job as a managing director to ensure they receive proper training. Work Closely With Maintenance Technicians Your reliability engineers should work closely with maintenance technicians to resolve rotating equipment issues. It is the job of operations managers to ensure that the technicians are using proper precision techniques and are familiar with the core performance indicators. This involves demonstrating the difference between a precision-aligned asset and one that has not been aligned. Helping your maintenance technicians understand the importance of reliability will make a difference in how they perform routine maintenance. Measurements To Track ERM Performance Measuring and monitoring the activities of each department is essential for managers if they want to understand how each component of the operation affects the company’s performance. The most commonly used measurements managers use to determine performance are: mean time to repair (MTTR), mean time between failure (MTBF), and availability. These measurements are all crucial components of the reliability of equipment. This means that each measurement has an impact on the cost-efficiency of the company. MTTR is the measure of the department’s ability to perform maintenance that restores equipment to the desired condition. This measurement is expressed in hours and is calculated by the total repair time spent on a machine divided by the number of times repairs have been needed. When calculating MTTR, it is important to clarify whether the R stands for repair, respond, recovery, or resolve. Although these terms are similar, it is important that everyone is in agreement about what specifically is being measured. How to calculate MTTR? To calculate MTTR, add up the total time spent on repairs for a specific machine. This includes every minute spent on repairs before the machine is fully functioning. Next, divide the total time spent on repairs by the number of repairs that have been carried out. For example, if a machine malfunctions five times in a month and 500 minutes are spent on repair, the MTTR is 100 minutes. The MTBF is the average time between repairable failures of a piece of equipment. The more reliable a system is, the more time will pass between failures. Obviously, the aim is to keep the MTBF as high as possible. The more hours you can put between issues, the more uptime you can exploit. How to calculate MTBF? To calculate MTBF, you must first define the period of time you want to calculate i.e. six months or a year etc. You then divide the operational time of that period by the total number of failures. MTBF does not factor in scheduled maintenance, only unpredicted issues. For example, if a machine breaks down five times over five months, the MTBF is one month. In reliability engineering, the term “availability” usually refers to one of two things: • The degree to which a system or piece of equipment is in a specified operable condition at the start of an operation. • The probability that a system or piece of equipment will operate as expected at a given point in time when used under the right conditions. High availability systems are typically specified as 99.98% or above. When a piece of equipment is critical, high availability is essential. As reliability increases and maintenance downtime decreases, availability increases. How to calculate availability? System availability is calculated by dividing the equipment’s total uptime by the sum of uptime and downtime combined. For example, if a piece of equipment runs properly for 1,000 hours but spends 20 hours in repair, you would divide 1,000 by 1,020. This gives you a total of 98.039%. World-class availability is considered to be 90% or above while high-availability is considered to be 95% or above. In this case, our hypothetical piece of equipment passes on both accounts. Scroll to Top
What Are The Disadvantages Of Limited Company? What are the limitations of a company? What are the advantages of a Ltd company? Easier access to finance. The separate legal entity of a limited company may make it slightly easier to secure finance than sole traders. Also, companies can raise capital by issuing new shares to shareholders and new investors – to anyone, really, except Joe Public (only public limited companies can do that). Is it worth having a limited company? Who controls a Ltd? Private limited companies are owned by individual people, trusts, associations and/or other companies. The owners of a company limited by shares are known as ‘shareholders’ because they each own at least one share in the company. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being a limited company? The advantages and disadvantages of a limited companyTax efficient. … Limited liability. … Separate entity. … Professional status. … Company pension. … Maximising tax-free income. … Complicated to set up. … Complex accounts.More items…• Why is limited company better than sole trader? How does a corporation raise money? Corporations raise money by selling stocks, which are shares of equity, or by issuing bonds, that are repayable loans, that investors can buy and sell… What are examples of limitations? The definition of a limitation is a restriction or a defect, or the act of imposing restrictions. When you are only allowed to walk to the end of the block, this is an example of a limitation. When there are certain things you are not good at doing, these are examples of limitations. What are the disadvantages of ownership? What are the pros and cons of a private limited company? Pros and Cons of a Private Limited CompanyLimited Liability. … Ease in Ownership and Share Transfer. … Attracts Investors. … Strict Regulations. … Difficult to Liquidate. … Complex Accounting and Auditing Requirements. … Necessary Employees. What are the pros and cons of a public limited company? Advantages and disadvantages of a public limited company1 Raising capital through public issue of shares. … 2 Widening the shareholder base and spreading risk. … 3 Other finance opportunities. … 4 Growth and expansion opportunities. … 5 Prestigious profile and confidence. … 6 Transferability of shares. … 7 Exit Strategy. … 1 More regulatory requirements.More items…• Who actually owns a corporation? Why is a corporation good? What are the limitations of joint stock company? Disadvantages of Joint Stock CompanyCostly and difficult to form: Number of legal formalities must be observed by the promoters of the company. … Scope for dishonest and unscrupulous management: The directors manage the company with the help of paid officers. … Management oligarchy: A few rich persons may secure control over the affairs of the company.More items… What are the disadvantages of private limited company? One of the main disadvantages of a Private Limited Company is that it restricts the transfer ability of shares by its articles. In a Private Limited Company the number of shareholders in any case cannot exceed 50. Another disadvantage of Private Limited Company is that it cannot issue prospectus to public. What are 3 disadvantages of a corporation? What is the advantage of private company? One of the most important advantages of being a private company is limited liability exposure. This type of limited liability refers to the liability for directors and officers of the company to only lose up to the amount that they invested in the company.
Visitors Views Downloads Data augmentation-based conditional Wasserstein generative adversarial network-gradient penalty for XSS attack detection system View article PeerJ Computer Science Over the last decade, the worldwide web has grown exponentially, and web applications are increasingly being deployed to provide sustainable and accessible services to the public. These have attracted the attention of governments, companies, and individuals. Similarly, cyberattacks on web applications are increasing; consequently, increasing the severity of web applications and users’ risks. Cross-site scripting (XSS) attack is one of the prevalent and growing attacks on web applications. Successful XSS attacks lead to various degrees of consequences for users, governments, and businesses. For the user, XSS attacks can be used to steal sensitive user information such as user credentials and session tokens or impersonate the user to carry out authorized actions on behalf of the user. For businesses and governments, XSS attacks can be used to change the appearance or behavior of target websites and steal confidential information. These authorities may face dire consequences, including loss of reputation, legal battles, and financial losses (Deepa & Thilagam, 2016). Cybercriminals exploit security vulnerabilities within web applications often caused by several factors, including the level of application programmers’ experience in security and inheriting vulnerabilities from open-source and third-party packages. These security vulnerabilities could allow cybercriminals to inject malicious content into the HTML trusted pages displayed to end-users (Sarmah, Bhattacharyya & Kalita, 2018). State-of-the-art XSS attack detection systems are applied on the server-side, client-side, or both. The analysis methods used to distinguish between malignant and benign payload could be static, dynamic, or hybrid (Sarmah, Bhattacharyya & Kalita, 2018). However, these methods have limitations, such as low detection rate (DR), high false positive (FP)/negative rates, and often not scalable over time (Mitropoulos & Spinellis, 2017). Therefore, they are inefficient, especially with emerging techniques and evolving forms of XSS payloads developed continuously by cybercriminals (Lekies et al., 2017; Zhou & Wang, 2019). In 2019, XSS attacks became the most widespread attack vectors. Approximately 40% of cyberattacks have been attributed to XSS attacks, according to Precise Security research (Precise Security, 2020), which is expected to increase in the future significantly. Furthermore, the overall number of new XSS vulnerabilities in 2019 (2,023) increased by 79.20% compared with that in 2017 (1,129) as per the National Vulnerabilities Database (National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2020). Additionally, there are various reports and warnings from information security experts in Industrial Control Systems Vulnerabilities Statistics (Andreeva et al., 2016). Many studies in related literature used FP as metrics to measure model accuracy instead of DR, which reveals the effect of unbalanced data and can be expensive in the cybersecurity domain (Elkan, 2001). Technically, the DR represents the effective detection of attacks and is a critical factor in detection systems. When the DR is not clearly defined, it raises concerns about the cybersecurity system’s effectiveness. Consequently, there is an increase in the number of major risks unidentified by various tools/models (Deepa & Thilagam, 2016; Lekies et al., 2017). Existing machine learning (ML) techniques are proven to be highly efficient in handling security challenges. The algorithms are trained using data of previously known behaviors (supervised learning), and each class of behavior is recognized to be either anomalous or legitimate. However, web pages are a mixture of multiple languages such as JavaScript and HTML, which were formally unstandardized, enabling the use of various coding techniques that are susceptible to attacks. Therefore, XSS attacks have peculiar and irregular characteristics; further, the volume of labeled data on XSS attacks with up-to-date cases is limited and highly unbalanced (Obimbo, Ali & Mohamed, 2017; Nunan et al., 2012; Mokbal et al., 2019). Consequently, applying most standard ML algorithms to XSS data in the straightforward are unsuitable and challenging compared with other well-developed clean data domains (Vluymans, 2019; Mokbal et al., 2019). To our best knowledge, the limited and unbalanced data of XSS cyber-attack based on ML learning have not been addressed in the literature, which is worth to study. The detection system is invariably affected by the class imbalances problem. Specifically, ML algorithms focus on maximizing accuracy, which technically means that all misclassified errors are handled equally and uniformly, implying that the algorithms do not handle unbalanced datasets even if they are accurate and clean (Vluymans, 2019). A learning algorithm may discard instances of the minority class in the dataset in such a problem. The attack samples are often of the minority class and handled as noise while recognizing only samples of the majority class (Buda, Maki & Mazurowsk, 2018). Therefore, the ML-based model design should consider the dataset’s weight and evaluation criteria (Vluymans, 2019). The traditional methods for addressing the challenges of limited and unbalanced data that could be used are oversampling the minority class or undersampling the majority class. Yet, each method has its limitations. Oversampling can lead to overfitting, whereas undersampling may discard useful data, which subsequently leads to loss of information (Vluymans, 2019). To mitigate the challenges of limited and highly unbalanced XSS attack dataset, we proposed a data augmentation method based on the conditional GAN and Wasserstein GAN with a gradient penalty (C-WGAN-GP). Our proposed method aims to achieve the minority class’s oversampling using a more robust generative approach to rebalancing the training dataset by adding identical and valid samples to the minority class. Samples generated based on the minority class’s overall distribution are generalized using the C-WGAN-GP generative network instead of local information as the traditional methods do. The generative adversarial network (GAN) (Goodfellow et al., 2014) is considered a potential solution to the challenges described above. It is a type of a deep generative model that aims to learn the joint probability distribution of samples and labels from training data, which can be further used for several applications such as predictor training, classifier, and data augmentations (Pan et al., 2019). The main contributions of this study can be summarized as the following: • We proposed the WGAN-based adversarial training with conditional minority class (attack labels) to generate valid and indistinguishable samples of real XSS attack data. To preserve various features covering the data space range and enable the generator to learn the original data space distribution, we pass the upper and lower data space to the conditional generator. Furthermore, the augmented data are not added to the real training data arbitrarily; the process is performed only if the generated sample x ̃ satisfies the critic. Thus, it ensures that the added samples are identical to the real data and improving the training data. • We further propose a boosting classification model using the XGBoost algorithm trained on the augmented training dataset generated by C-WGAN-GP, which significantly improved the attack detection efficiency. • The proposed method is evaluated with two real and large unbalance XSS attack datasets. Experiments show that our proposed augmentation framework generates valid samples indistinguishable from real XSS data and outperformed state-of-the-art methods with XSS attacks detection. Although we presented the proposed framework formally for XSS attack detection, it can be generalized and extended to other applications areas. The rest of this study is presented as follows: In ‘Related Work’, we gave the most related literature. In ‘Proposal and experimental methodology’, we introduced the model design and the methodology of experiments. We presented the results and discussion in ‘Results and Discussion’. ‘Conclusions’ is the conclusion and future work. Related Work Web applications have become part of our everyday lives and have achieved significant success and substantial financial gains for organizations; consequently, ML-based XSS attacks detection has gained much attention from the research community. However, there are challenges in using ML-based methods, including finding or designing an adequate, accurate, and balanced dataset designed for ML algorithms usage. Unfortunately, there is no public and standard dataset intended for this purpose (Obimbo, Ali & Mohamed, 2017; Nunan et al., 2012; Mokbal et al., 2019), where researchers can create their datasets based on their requirements and orientation. The authors (Rathore, Sharma & Park, 2017) proposed a classifier model against XSS attacks for social sites using their dataset, which consists of 100 samples collected from XSSed, Alexa, and Elgg. They applied multiple algorithms and achieved the best results by using the random forest algorithm. However, the dataset used to train the algorithm is small, possibly selective, and may not reflect the real attacks. Moreover, the DR score of 0.949 was considered inadequate. Wang et al. (2017) proposed a hybrid analysis method to detect malicious web pages by extracting and using three sets of features: URL, HTML, and JavaScript. The reported DR was 88.20%, implying that the method fails to detect 11.80% of real threats. Another research work (Wang, Cai & Wei, 2016) proposed a deep learning model (stacked denoising autoencoder) to detect malicious codes. They used sparse random projections to reduce the dimensions of the data. Despite the model’s complexity, the DR score was 0.9480, which is inadequate for detecting malicious attacks. Moreover, the model has a high FP rate of 4.20% with a high computational cost. Wang et al. (2014) used an ensemble learning method (ADTree and AdaBoost) to detect XSS attacks. However, the DR score of 0.941 is inadequate, with a high FP rate of 4.20%. Mokbal et al. (2019) proposed a scheme based on dynamic feature extraction and deep neural network to detect XSS attacks. Using their developed dataset, they achieved an estimated DR of 98.35%. However, the model is a deep neural network, which has potential high computational costs. Multiple studies (López et al., 2013; Haixiang et al., 2017) have thoroughly investigated the problem of unbalanced data. The problem can be mitigated at two levels: first, at the model level, by modifying existing algorithms to focus more on the minority class, such as embedding cost-sensitive methods with an ensemble learning algorithm, and second, at the data level, by preprocessing data before it is fed into the algorithm (López et al., 2013). The data-level approach uses either the undersampling or the oversampling method. Undersampling mitigates class imbalance by randomly removing some samples from the majority class in the training dataset. Conversely, oversampling mitigates the class imbalance by duplicating some minority class samples in the training dataset. However, these methods can result in the loss of important information and overfitting, respectively. Kovács et al. (2002) proposed the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) as an oversampling method for the minority class. However, this method generates an equal number of synthetic samples for each real sample from the minority class without considering neighbor samples. Consequently, the overlap between class increases with the potential generation of noisy samples (Vluymans, 2019). Adaptive versions of SMOTE have been proposed, including borderline SMOTE and DBSMOTE. Borderline SMOTE (Han, Wang & Mao, 2002) concentrates synthetic samples along the borderline within classes. Cluster-based algorithm DBSMOTE (Bunkhumpornpat, Sinapiromsaran & Lursinsap, 2012) assembles data samples into clusters using DBSCAN clustering and adaptive synthetic sampling (He et al., 2008). However, these methods are based on local information instead of on the overall-minority class distribution (Douzas & Bacao, 2018). Proposal and Experimental Methodology This section presents the different generative networks, including GAN, CGAN, WGAN, and WGAN-GP, in addition to our proposed model. The model architecture, experimental methodology design, XGBoost attack detector, and datasets are also presented as follows. GAN is recently introduced as a novel approach to train a generative model, which has achieved success in different fields, including images and natural language processing (Goodfellow et al., 2014). The network comprises two adversarial models: first, the generative model G for learning the distribution of data and, second, the discriminator D, which estimates the probability that a sample is from the real training data instead of G. Both models G and D in the network compete to outsmart the other where G and D can be a nonlinear mapping function, such as a multilayer perceptron. The generator G learns the distribution pg over data x and constructs a mapping function from noise space of uniform dimension pz(z) to data space as G(zθg). The discriminator D(xθd) returns a single scalar to estimate the probability that an instance x came from the real data distribution rather than pg. Both G and D are trained together, such that the parameters for G are adjusting to minimize log(1 − D(G(z))) and parameters for D are adjusting to minimize logD(X), similarly to the two-player minimax game accompanied by value function V(GD) as in Eq. (1). min G max D V G , D = E x P r l o g D x + E x P g l o g 1 D G z A CGAN extends GAN by adding space y to both the G and D to control data generation. The additional space y could be supplied from real data (class label) or data from other sources (Mirza & Osindero, 2014). The training phase of both CGAN and GAN is similar, and the minimax objective function of D and G is as shown in Eq. (2). min G max D V G , D = E x P r l o g D x \| y + E x P g l o g 1 D G z \| y , y where pr is the real data distribution and pg is the CGAN model distribution implicitly defined as x ̃ = z , y , z p z , y p y , where y and noise z are combined as input to the hidden layer. The CGAN and GAN use Jensen–Shannon (JS) divergence shown in Eq. (3) to measure generative samples. J S p r , p g = K L p r \| \| p m + K L p g \| \| p m , k l i s u l l b a c k L e i b l e r d i v e r g e n c e p m = p r + p g 2 However, both GAN and CGAN have unstable training (vanishing gradients) and mode collapse problems (Pan et al., 2019). To overcome these problems, the WGAN optimizes the original GAN objective using Wasserstein-1 distance, also known as the earth-mover distance (EMD) instead of JS (Arjovsky, Chintala & Bottou, 2017), where EMD measures the distance between the actual distribution of the data and the distribution of the generative model as in Eq. (4). W p r , p g = i n f γ p r , p g E x , y γ x y where ∏(prpg) represents all possible joint distribution sets (xy) of pr and pg of real and generated data distribution, respectively. Such that, for each feasible joint distribution γ, a real instance x and a generated instance y can be sampled, and the instance distance [\|\|x − y\|\|] is calculated. Therefore, the expected value γ E x , y γ \| \| x y \| \| of the instance to the distance under the joint distribution γ can be calculated. The value function of WGAN was obtained by utilizing Kantorovich–Rubinstein duality (Villani, 2009), as shown in Eq. (5). min G max D F V G , D = E x p r D x E x p g D x where F is the set of 1-Lipschitz functions restricted by k, F x F y k x y \| , and pgi is the model distribution. The value function is minimized concerning G determined by x ̃ = G z , z p z . Therefore, the discriminator called a critic minimizes the W(prpg). Nevertheless, the WGAN still faces gradient extinction or gradient explosion because of weight clipping in the discriminator. The gradient penalty (GP) was added to the total loss function in the WGAN distance discriminator to achieve training stability (Gulrajani et al., 2017). The new objective value function is adjusted, as shown in Eq. (6). min G max D V G , D = E x p r D x E x p g D x λ E x ˆ p x ˆ x ˆ D x ˆ \| \| 2 1 2 where x ˆ = ε x + 1 ε , x ̃ is a convex function combination of real data distribution pr(x) and the model data distribution pg(z), ε u n f o r m 0 , 1 , whereas λ is the gradient penalty parameter. C-WGAN-GP model This study proposes using data augmentation based on a GAN that takes real samples as inputs and outputs adversarial samples. The learning algorithm of our proposed model is based on CGAN (Mirza & Osindero, 2014) and WGAN-GP (Gulrajani et al., 2017), where both networks are integrated. Precisely, we used the WGAN-GP optimization approach to optimize CGAN. The integrated generative network is called C-WGAN-GP. Our goal is to generate synthetic samples of attack class (minority) with identical distribution to real XSS attack scenarios. The primary idea is to use the learning of the joint probability distribution over x samples and y labels from the training data to perform data augmentation only if the generated sample x ̃ satisfy the critic. The problem of unbalanced data can be mitigated by using an augmented data in the classification tasks, therefore improving the robustness and performance of the XSS attack detection for unbalanced data. A well-trained generator with joint distributions set (xy) of pr and pg of real and generated data distribution optimized using GP should be able to generate x ̃ , y samples within the tolerated latent space and identical to the original data of (xy), therefore providing valuable information to the detector as additional training data. To ensure that only useful instances are added to augment the training dataset, only generated cases that satisfy the critic are added to the original data. The y labels of the minority class, which are XSS attacks in our case, are used as a conditional parameter. Passing the upper and lower real data space to the generator provides the generator with additional auxiliary information to define the latent space. The latent space establishes the scope of samples in the data variance. Therefore, the generator using the auxiliary latent space generates samples within the tolerated latent space identical to the real data. Consequently, the discriminator distinguishes the synthetic samples as real within small feedback loops needed to train the generator, reducing computational cost while providing high-quality generated data. In the discriminator D, the pr and pg are linked with y in a joint hidden layer representation, whereas in generator G, the y is combined with p(z) in the same manner. The objective minimax function of models D and G is as shown in Eq. (7), whereas Eqs. (8) and (9) represent the loss reduction functions of D and G, respectively. min G max D F V G , D = E x p r D x \| y E x p g D x \| y λ E x ˆ p x ˆ x ˆ D x ˆ \| y \| \| 2 1 2 min L D = E x p g D x \| y E x p r D x \| y + λ . E x ˆ p x ˆ x ˆ D x ˆ \| y \| \| 2 1 2 min L G = E x p g D x \| y Generative model design Generative networks have gained popularity in image data; however, we are interested in digital datasets. Therefore, the technique used is similar but differs in design and implementation. In our model, we did not apply convolutional layers. In the generator model G, the concatenate input layer equal to (z + c), where z is the vectors of noise set within the range of batch size and data dimension. The c is the conditioning variable’s dimension that equals 1. The model has three hidden layers of the neural network—the number of units in hidden layers equal to 128, 256, and 512, respectively. The output layer equal to z and the concatenate layer is equal to the input layer (z + c). In the discriminator (critic) D, the same architecture is used but in descending order of hidden layers, which equal to 512, 256, 128, respectively. The third layer is a linear activation function that equals to 1. The batch size and numbers of epochs for the network are 128 and 4000, respectively. The activation function used for the generator and discriminator is the rectified linear unit. The C-WGAN-GP is fitted using Adam optimizer with α, β1, and β2 parameters calibrated to le-4, 0.5, and 0.99, respectively. The alpha or (α) for short refers to the learning rate, while beta1 (β1) and beta2 (β2) refer to the exponential decay rate for the first-moment and second-moment estimates, respectively. The value of the GP coefficient λ for C-WGAN-GP is set to 10. The parameter k of D is tuned to 4, whereas k of G is tuned to 1. A conditional critic neural network is trained to approximate the EMD using the minority class for control mode up to 4000 training steps. Note that the parameters are defined empirically, whereas the performance reduces significantly by changing the parameters. The other different hyperparameters not mentioned are consistent with those originally reported. During the testing phase, the generated samples added to the real dataset are the samples approved by the critic. Algorithm 1 presents the generative approach for XSS attack data. Note that the other generator network architectures are similar, with negligible differences, which may be necessary for the implementation. Experimental methodology This study proposed generative model C-WGAN-GP, an oversampling solution of minority class to solve unbalanced XSS attack data. We trained the detector (XGBoost) using the real training dataset and test it using the test dataset before without augmented data, and then the results were recorded for comparison. Subsequently, we trained each of the GANs models using real training dataset to generate synthetic data. We repeated the training of the detector using the augmented data and test it using the test dataset. The results of each model were recorded for comparison. Similarly, traditional oversampling methods were trained and tested. The C-WGAN-GP generator performance was evaluated in two directions. First, we assessed the performance of the C-WGAN-GP generative adversarial network against the other four GANs. Second, we compared our C-WGAN-GP model with two traditional oversampling methods include SMOTE (Han, Wang & Mao, 2002) and adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) (Bunkhumpornpat, Sinapiromsaran & Lursinsap, 2012). The systemic flowchart of the proposal is shown in Fig. 1. We use an external model to evaluate the quality of the data generated by our proposed method and other methods. The XGBoost boosting model was used for all experiments to assess the augmented data’s quality on XSS attack detection performance. The XGBoost is a state-of-the-art boosting algorithm that is simple to apply and interpret, is highly efficient, does not require advanced data preparation, and has many advanced functions (Chen & Guestrin, 2016). The algorithm’s learning rate, tree size, and tree number hyperparameters tuned to 0.3, 4, and 100, respectively. To our knowledge, there is only one public dataset for intrusion detection that includes XSS attacks that we were able to find called CICIDS2017 designed by the Canadian Institute of Cybersecurity (Sharafaldin, HabibiLashkari & Ghorbani, 2018). The released CICIDS2017 dataset contains 80 features that include regular traffic and recent common attacks. To provide attack features, we used a CICFlowMeter tool to extract features from PCAPs files and used Selenium with Damn Vulnerable Web Application to run automatic XSS attacks. However, there are only 652 XSS attacks traffic, and over 140,008 regular traffic, making it a highly unbalanced dataset. Systemic flowchart of C-WGAN-GP. Figure 1: Systemic flowchart of C-WGAN-GP. We have added another dataset proposed in our previous work (Mokbal et al., 2019). The dataset includes 67 features with labels that are categorized based on three groups, including HTML, JavaScript, and URL. We extracted 1,000 XSS attack samples and 100,000 benign samples as a second dataset. We applied data preprocessing to each dataset. In both datasets, all samples have two classes, XSS attack and benign, which are set to [1, 0], respectively. The two datasets were split randomly into training and test sets with a 70% and 30% ratio, respectively, where data augmentation was performed only on the training dataset. Missing and infinite values in CICIDS2017 were updated using their features’ mean values, whereas the zero features and duplicate rows were omitted. The number of features with clean data in the CICIDS2017 dataset is 78, and the number of features with clean data in the second dataset is 67. Subsequently, the data’s scale within the range [0, 1] was applied using the minimax function for both datasets. The class-level distribution of datasets is shown in Table 1. The datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13046138.v4. Table 1: The class-level distribution of the datasets. ID Dataset #Samples #Attributes Minority class Majority class #Minority samples #Majority samples 1 CICIDS2017 (Sharafaldin, HabibiLashkari & Ghorbani, 2018) 140,660 77 Attack Benign 652 140,008 2 MLPXSS (Mokbal et al., 2019) 101,000 67 Attack Benign 1000 100,000 DOI: 10.7717/peerjcs.328/table-1 Performance evaluation criteria Although many performance metrics have been introduced, GANs do not have an objective measure of the generator model, as there is no consensus on the best metric that captures the strength/limitations of the model and should be used for a fair comparison between models (Borji, 2019). We used precision, d e t e c t i o n R a t e D R / recall, and F1 − score, which are proven and widely adopted methods for quantitatively estimating the quality of discriminative models suggested by Google Brain research (Lucic et al., 2018). Precision measures the generated instances similarity to the real ones on average. Whenever the instances generated are similar to the real instances, the precision is high. In GANs, the recall (detection rate) measures diversity. A high recall indicates the generator can generate any instances found in the training dataset. For cybersecurity detection sys, the recall/detection rate denotes the ability of sys to detect the real attacks. The F-score reflects the harmonic mean of precision and recall. Further, the area under the curve (AUC) measure that demonstrates a detector’s ability to distinguish between classes and summarizes the detector’s performance is also collected. The measurements are defined as follows. P r e c i s i o n = T P T P + F P D R = T P T P + F N F S c o r e = 2 R e c a l l × P r e c i s i o n R e c a l l + P r e c i s i o n A U C = 1 2 T P T P + F N + T N T N + F P Results and Discussion The C-WGAN-GP-based data augmentation approach was implemented in Python 3.7 using the TensorFlow framework on Linux operating system. The proposed method was implemented alongside four other GAN-based generative methods and two traditional generative methods (SMOTE and ADASYN). All the methods were validated using 10-fold cross-validation. To demonstrate how the attack DR decreased as the gap between normal and malicious classes increased, we injected different ratios of the majority class in the training data to train the XGBoost detector model using AUC and DR criteria. The model tested on the fixed test dataset size of 30% each time. During the attack detection test, the results show that DR decreased from 96.59% with an injected ratio of 2% of the majority class to approximately 91.00% with an injected ratio of 100% of the majority class. These results are shown in Table 2. Using our generative approach, we injected the generated data into a real training dataset to create a new augmented training dataset. The augmented data were used to train the XSS attack detector, which is different from the generative framework to judge the data quality. The detector was tested using the real test dataset. This experiment mechanism was applied to all of the methods we used, and results were reported for each scenario. The average results reported in each trial on the CICIDS2017 dataset are shown in Table 3 (Sharafaldin, HabibiLashkari & Ghorbani, 2018). Using the same mechanism, we repeated the experiments using the dataset extracted from our previous work (Mokbal et al., 2019), and the results are shown in Table 4. Notably, using augmented data generated by the proposed method significantly improved the XSS attacks detection compared with state-of-the-art baseline methods. The results in Tables 3 and 4 show that the DR increased up to 98.95% in the CICIDS2017 dataset and up to 96.67% in the second dataset. That is, our generative model able to generate any sample found in the XSS attack training dataset. The precision measure is also high, which equals 0.99333 on the first dataset and 0.989761 on the second dataset. The precision results imply that the proposed generative model generated samples look similar to the real XSS attack samples on average. Concerning F-Score, the proposed generative model was superior to other generative methods. It achieved the result score of 0.990382 in the first data set and the score of 0.978078 in the second dataset. The AUC measure of the proposed generative model is also continued to be outperformed the other methods in both datasets with a significant margin. The results for ADASYN, WGAN-GP, WGAN, SMOTE, and CGAN showed improved DR performance, respectively, with varying proportions. The effects of the additional samples on the XSS attack DR under the condition of acceptance by the discriminator on the CICIDS2017 dataset are shown in Fig. 2 along with standard deviation. The standard deviation of the C-WGAN-GP is overall small compared to other methods; it also decreases as training steps increase. While the standard deviation of CGAN and WGAN is not smooth and shows more variation. The standard deviation of WGAN-GP was smoother than GAN and WGAN but less smooth and more varied than C-WGAN-GP. This fact indicates the stability of C-WGAN-GP training to some extent. The results suggest that the C-WGAN-GP significantly outperformed CGAN, WGAN and WGAN-GP. Table 2: The collapse of the detection rate as the unbalanced classes’ gap increased. Ratio Train-auc mean Train-auc std Train-recall mean Train-recall std Test-auc mean Test-auc std Test-recall mean Test-recall std 2% 0.998624 0.000345 0.976264 0.004189 0.995596 0.004673 0.965895 0.008869 5% 0.997947 0.001006 0.966985 0.003804 0.994683 0.001888 0.954185 0.007851 14% 0.991259 0.004218 0.946233 0.003984 0.985622 0.009439 0.937748 0.023061 40% 0.966395 0.002146 0.927482 0.003458 0.965025 0.010199 0.922232 0.022333 100% 0.965471 0.001782 0.923503 0.005247 0.965422 0.007108 0.910094 0.011817 DOI: 10.7717/peerjcs.328/table-2 Table 3: Detection results using data augmented generated through different methods on the CICIDS2017 dataset. DR (sensitivity) 0.883333 0.98667 0.96000 0.92667 0.96333 0.97333 0.97833 0.987452 Specificity 0.929967 0.99983 0.99980 0.99993 0.99993 0.99987 0.99996 0.99993 Precision 0.90513 0.98339 0.97959 0.99286 0.99313 0.98649 0.98949 0.99333 F-score 0.894099 0.98502 0.96970 0.95862 0.97800 0.97987 0.983878 0.990382 AUC 0.917548 0.99325 0.97990 0.9633 0.98163 0.9866 0.989148 0.993691 DOI: 10.7717/peerjcs.328/table-3 Table 4: Detection results using data augmented generated through different methods on the second dataset. DR (sensitivity) 0.873333 0.956667 0.943343 0.932983 0.933333 0.94667 0.951211 0.966667 Specificity 0.979967 0.999833 0.999933 0.989867 0.999867 0.99973 0.999933 0.9999 Precision 0.956198 0.982877 0.992982 0.985915 0.985915 0.97260 0.977864 0.989761 F-score 0.912889 0.969595 0.967527 0.958719 0.958904 0.95945 0.964353 0.978078 AUC 0.92665 0.97825 0.970138 0.961425 0.9666 0.9732 0.975572 0.983283 DOI: 10.7717/peerjcs.328/table-4 Effects of the data augmentation on the XSS attack detection rate over the baseline for GAN, WGAN, WGAN-GP, and C-WGAN-GP. (A) CGAN detection rate, (B) WGAN detection rate, (C) WGAN-GP detection rate, and (D) C-WGAN-GP detection rate. The red horizontal dashed line indicates the baseline estimate of each generative model. The superiority of the C-WGAN-GP over the rest of the GANs is due to the fact that the model is enhanced with the characteristics of two generative networks, CGAN and WGAN-GP. The C-WGAN-GP used minority class labels that act as an extension to the latent space z to generate and discriminate instances well, which inspired from CGAN. Consequently, the model can learn a multi-modes mapping from inputs to outputs by feeding it with different contextual auxiliary information. The C-WGAN-GP optimized using Wasserstein distance with gradient penalty inspired by WGAN-GP. The training process is more stable and less sensitive to model design and configurations of hyperparameter. Further, the loss of the critic is related to the quality of instances created by the generator. Precisely, the lower the critic’s loss when evaluating the instances generated, the higher the expected quality of the instances generated. This criterion is crucial because unlike other GANs that seek stability by finding a balance between two models, WGAN seeks convergence and minimizes generator loss. Furthermore, adding the generated samples of CGAN, WGAN, and WGAN-GP that satisfied the discriminator’s acceptance condition (critic) adds value to the augmented training dataset, which increases detector ability and efficiency. The loss of generated data for C-WGAN-GP compared with that of the other four GAN methods is shown in Fig. 3. It is quite clear that the loss curve of C-WGAN-GP decreased regularly and continuously compared to all other generative methods. The loss curves of GAN and CGAN are unstable, and the models went to collapse mode during the generating phase. The WGAN and WGAN–GP loss curves decreased regularly; however, it is high compared with C-WGAN-GP. Note that GAN and CGAN are using JS divergence, whereas WGAN and C-WAN-GP are using the Wasserstein distance or EMD. The loss of generated data. Figure 3: The loss of generated data. Similarly, in the loss curve of real data, the GAN and CGAN face difficulty learning the training data distribution. In contrast, the WGAN and WGAN–GP losses decreased regularly; however, it is high compared with C-WGAN-GP. The C-WGAN-GP seems to learn the training data distribution better than all other generative methods, as shown in Fig. 4. The loss of real data. Figure 4: The loss of real data. To estimate the proposed method’s generalization ability, we investigated the Wasserstein critic, in which the distance between actual and generated data losses is calculated. This estimate demonstrates how much the data generated by the proposed model and real data are identical. The difference in distance between the real and generated data distribution of WGAN, WGAN-GP, and C-WGAN-GP that generative models learn to minimize is shown in Fig. 5. The distance between generated and real data of C-WGAN-GP is close to zero. That is, The C-WGAN-GP generated samples that are identical to real data distribution; further, the training stability of the proposed generative model is adequate. Difference between critic (EM distance estimate) loss on generated and real samples. Figure 5: Difference between critic (EM distance estimate) loss on generated and real samples. For further clarification, the XGBoost classification accuracy trained on the five different generative methods’ data is shown in Fig. 6. The XGBoost accuracy curve of C-WGAN-GP data is higher than that of other models, which indicates the quality of the data generated by the proposed model. Figure 7 shows a general visualization example of the data quality generated by C-WGAN-GP compared with other generative methods and displays the collapse mode of GAN and CGAN between 2500 and 4000 of training steps in the second dataset. In addition to the beginning of the gradient extinction of WGAN at 4000 of training steps. The detector loss function over various generated data. Figure 6: The detector loss function over various generated data. (A-PP) General visualization of sample generation for C-WGAN-GP compared to other generative methods. Figure 7: (A-PP) General visualization of sample generation for C-WGAN-GP compared to other generative methods. This study proposed a conditional critic neural network with a gradient penalty called C-WGAN-GP to improve the XSS attack detection on unbalanced datasets. The C-WGAN-GP is trained to approximate the EM distance with an auxiliary of minority class for control mode to generate valid and reliable synthetic samples with identical distribution to real XSS attack scenarios. We trained a new boosting model using the augmented dataset to improve the XSS attack detection system and mitigate an unbalanced dataset problem. We conducted experiments to compare the proposed method with GAN, CGAN, WGAN, WGAN-GP, SMOTE, and ADASYN using two real-world XSS attack datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed method can train a generator model with improved training stability. The proposed method enhanced the detection of XSS attacks and prevented adversarial examples that have been widely used to target AI cyber defense systems. Furthermore, the C-WGAN-GP method can be extended to other forms of attacks and other fields, including the medical field, where datasets are highly unbalanced. For future work, we will investigate network training stability to generate data using various designs over different network architectures. It is a significant problem worthy of further research. Supplemental Information Preprocessing data in CSV format DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.328/supp-2 Preprocessing data (pickle format, Use Pickle from Python to open) DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.328/supp-3
importance of historical sites Paul Syms (2010) states that any developer or planning officer should be extremely cautious of a site investigation report that does not contain a historical study. Firstly, heritage sites reflect the anthropological, historical, and cultural values of a people (De la Torre 2013). Importance Of Historical Monuments. History is a great educator, and coming to know the history of a community and its historical sites fosters an individual’s sense of belonging and community pride. Some will have relics you can buy. Taking Your Business to Greater Heights: Practices to Drop ASAP, learn about a place is through its culture. It’s a form of recycling to preserve these buildings. Everyone likes to experience the “spirit” of the place, which most often is represented through architecture. Top 10 Historical Sites to Visit in France. Historic districts can positively impact the local economy through tourism. They can develop a deep respect for a place or a tradition through immersion trips. The Importance of Historic Preservation. Full list of Historic Sites in Greece. Cheap... […] Did you like this article? This can help to reduce the waste from new construction. 2. It’s a blessing if the remaining ancient places will remain intact and have people care for them. For example, they can learn how to respect other cultures after their visit. You can also help to keep such buildings from getting demolished. Historical places create jobs. Monuments take us to the path of knowing our past and connecting it with the future. Let that be a reminder to connect with the past and learn something from it. They are the symbols of social culture heritage to the society concern past human tools,rock,paints etc. History is about the human stories of everything around us, and those voices of the past need to be listened to, deserve to be listened to. Well there are many reasons why I go to these sites. Still, they are not simply two spellings for the same word, so you should know when to use which. You won’t get this feeling when you visit modern buildings. Europe, France. There are still people who understand the value of these places. Some have pictures to show too. Wheal Coates: Is Wheal Coates used in Poldark? Let’s take a look at some of them: Historical sites are precious assets. 5 Ways Technology Can Grow Your Business. Society can build upon past accomplishments, and it also helps us to speculate the future. Visiting a heritage place can take you back to a past era. Log in. It connects people with their past, and with one another. Hopefully, you see the importance of historical travel with children. All of these are UNESCO World Heritage. Historical sites representing the lives of indigenous peoples, European settlers, Vikings and even dinosaurs are open to the public and are excellent venues for discovering the country's rich past. Required fields are marked *, National Trust Lodge Park: a grandstand of a historical place, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin: a historical travel guide, Trinity College Dublin tour – 10 things you’ll learn, Pendennis Castle – how Henry VIII kept England safe for 400 years, St Michael’s Mount – Cornwall’s jewel in the crown. Migration west came later. Our Jamaican heritage is a patchwork of different cultures that have influenced the nation over several eras. Preservation of historical places give people a glimpse of the past. Historical context is an important part of life and literature, and without it, memories, stories, and characters have less meaning. That’s 102,000 more visits than the previous year . Historical sources, at the same time, are the It is also environmental and practical, basically large scale recycling. You can learn a lot of things about a place because of these places rich in heritage and history. Without history one would have no idea about his origin and the struggle done by the freedom fighters and various other people for freedom and other human rights. Log in. Travelers visit a location to be able to see historic locations up close. Many historically significant buildings, like the Obecni Dum, are architecturally important as well, but they don’t have to be. These can be theme parks with the old west ambiance. Accommodate Life Safety and Security Needs—The accommodation of new functions, changes in technology, and improved standards of protection provide challenges to the reuse of historic buildings and sites. It became a museum in 1962, and it is a UNESCO World Heritage Centre for its historical reflection of the Renaissance period and its documentation of the military innovations of the 15th and 16th centuries. Simply put, historic means old and worth the trouble. For a number of social groups, especially for children, importance is awareness of historical and cultural value of their own "the small Homeland", pride from its popularity in country and the world. 5. They might visit different attractions but they will often include heritage locations. FUNCTIONS OF HISTORICAL SITES. Historic site or heritage site is an official location where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Old buildings are of their time, and often they are quite extraordinary. May 25, 2018. History enables us to understand how man has been working on his environment 2. Things to do: Cultural Tourism, Historical Sites, Museum and Monuments. Heritage buildings like the historic theater in MN are must-see tourist attractions. You can learn how things were at that time. A recent survey showed that over 50% of respondents polled agreed that history and culture are strong influences on their choice of holiday destination. Monuments take us to the path of knowing our past and connecting it with the future. Architectural monuments are great attractors of tourists. Historical sites add to cultural identity, and also contributes to an area or country’s sense of place in the world. As these buildings are fairly common to most of us, we forget to incorporate the work of our prehistoric man that gave us the foundation of early architecture. Historical Monuments When thinking about architecture, many visual images come to mind. They speak a thousand words about the place, its traditions, and historical significance. Cultural tourism is increasingly important in the Czech Republic. You already know big name destinations like the Great Pyramids, Stonehenge, the Great Barrier Reef, Machu Pichu, and the Taj Mahal. Join now. There’s a different feeling when you visit a place that have withstood the test of time. The conservation of heritage sites presents immense significance to a country no wonder almost every country around the world are laying down strategies to accomplish such an enormous task. You contribute to more job openings by patronizing places like these. Every country comprises many historical monuments. School visits to historical sites in the UK are becoming increasingly important to teachers like me who want to bring history lessons to life for the class, and enable pupils to develop a deeper understanding of the people and places that have shaped society today. Other historic … If we allow the destruction of an historic temple, farmstead, theatre, or market, even a house, we are losing yet another piece of our collective history. There are heritage places that have slide shows or plaques that tell about that place. The first body paragraph clearly deals with the first aspect of the question, explaining the reasons why tourists prefer to attend museums and historical sites than local people. The essay on museums and historical places begins well by introducing the topic and then explaining in the thesis statement the purpose of the essay.. Old, bygone cultures can also bring a new perspective to visitors. Cairo is known for the pyramids, and Paris is known for the Eiffel tower, while London is known for the Big Ben and etc. Importance of Preserving Historical Buildings In most cities, there are several landmarks that might not be utilized, but simply cannot be replaced. Historical and archeological sites, protected urban historical sites, monuments, ruins, tumulus, mosques, churches make up cultural heritage and these elements should be under protection by laws (Doğaner, 2003). Historical significance usually has to do with a link between the element and a particular historical event or series of events. This was one of the Seven Wonders of the World in 2007. There’s a different feeling when you visit a place that have withstood the test of time. Heritage, whether it be national, cultural, or family is an endowment of unique sets of historical knowledge; but foremost, heritage is your history. Two reasons are given for this. Importance of Historical Monuments – Essay. While some are on the verge of getting destroyed, … There is less use of tools and equipment which can help the environment. There is an impressive variety of ways to look at the many ways that the conservation of heritage buildings helps us all. Historical context is an important part of life and literature, and without it, memories, stories, and characters have less meaning. Some old buildings are extraordinary works of architecture that couldn’t be remade today. Here’s why heritage places can still play an important role in society. The main factor is the different motivations of tourists and local people. Importance of Historical Monuments – Essay. by Ron Eisenman. It brings the right people together to stake out a vision that preserves Austin's historical character but recognizes the needs of a growing 21st century city. It reduces the need for new materials and the other costs of demolition. Historic sites are usually protected by law, and many have been recognized with the official national historic site status. Southern California Hospital Networks, Vornado Sr Pedestal Fan, Egd Pat 2020 Grade 12 Pdf, Trader Joe's Lavash Bread, Cyber Monday Yarn Sale, Ashen Estus Ring, Afterglow Lvl 7, Santa Maria City, Yerba Mate Bluephoria - Case, Edible Nz Seaweed, Cerave Hydrating Vs Foaming Cleanser, How To Make Crostini Ahead Of Time, Ibanez S Series Review, Hp 17-x115dx Memory Upgrade, Leave a Reply
Burning Candle at Both Ends Harmful? By on August 12, 2010 THURSDAY, Aug. 12Less than four hours of sleep on five consecutive nights may affect the brain in a way similar to that of acute total sleep deprivation, a new study suggests. She and her colleagues studied the brain waves of rats who were kept awake 20 hours a day over five days. Specifically, they focused on slow-wave activity (SWA), which reveals an individual’s need to sleep as well as the intensity of sleep that follows a period of wakefulness. “It was an indirect but powerful indication of how sleepy the animals actually were,” Cirelli said in a university news release. “Instead of going to bed when they are tired, like they should, people watch TV and want to have an active social life,” Curelli said. “People count on catching up on their sleep on the weekends, but it may not be enough.” “Even relatively mild sleep restriction for several nights can affect an individual’s ability to perform cognitive tasks,” she concluded. “For instance, recent studies in humans have shown that five days with only four hours of sleep/night result in cumulative deficits in vigilance and cognition, and these deficits do not fully recover after one night of sleep, even if 10 hours in bed are allowed. Sleep restriction can also increase resistance to insulin, leading to a risk of diabetes.” More information Source: HealthDay Leave a Reply
Scientist Stephanie Kwolek, inventor of Kevlar, is to be inducted into the US National Women's Hall of Fame on Saturday. DuPont's aramid fibre is used in everything from running shoes to bullet-proof vests but cyclists can thank her for keeping them flat-free... Tyres wouldn’t be the same without her Kwolek, 80, of Wilmington, Delaware, will join 11 other women in the class of 2003. Since the Hall’s founding 35 years ago, only 195 women have been inducted. DuPont Kevlar is an organic fiber in the aromatic polyamide (aramid) family that combines high strength with light weight, and comfort with protection. It is famously five times stronger than steel on an equal weight basis. Kwolek joined DuPont in 1946 as a laboratory chemist in Buffalo, N.Y. Having just graduated from what is now Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania, she said she originally intended to work for DuPont for only a few years – just long enough to save enough money for medical school. "I became so enamored of my work that I forgot about medical school and instead continued to work for DuPont," said Kwolek, who spent most of her 40-year career with DuPont at the Experimental Station in Wilmington. "And the reason I think I continued was because I had a great deal of freedom, and there was a tremendous amount of excitement because we were constantly making inventions of one sort or another." Her groundbreaking discoveries in the 1960s in the area of liquid crystalline polymer solutions formed the basis for the commercial preparation of Kevlar aramid fiber. In other news...
Where the Heart Is Erin Staff Image The word “home” means many different things to different people. To answer the question of what home means to you, think about these questions. Where is your home? Home can be a city or town, a neighborhood or a particular address, current or past. Home for some is in the city, for others the country. Maybe both the city and country for those who live on the road. What is your home? The physical structure of home might be a house, an apartment building, an igloo, a mobile home or a boat. For our animal friends, home might be a nest, a web, a shell, an ocean, a forest, a desert. The following books about houses and homes show how people and animals all around the world live. In If You Lived Here: Houses of the World by Giles Laroche learn about different types of houses like a dogtrot log house. If you lived in one, you’d have to walk outside to get from your bedroom to the kitchen. Would you like to catch fish from your bedroom window? If you lived in a palafito, you’d be able to! Listen to Our World by Bill Martin Jr. and Michael Sampson shows how various animals define their home or their world. For example, for a family of elephants, the grassland is their world. Who finds home in a giant cactus? The House in the Night by Susan Marie Swanson is a quiet cumulative narrative that begins with a key to a house and ends with a home full of light. Perfect for a gentle ending to the day through a bedtime story. Home by Carson Ellis features beautiful illustrations of homes, both fanciful (a shoe) and realistic (an artist’s studio). He asks the reader “Where is your home? Where are you?” No matter where we live, one thing that we all have in common is that home can always be found wherever our favorite people, family, or friends are gathering. It’s where our heart is. The House in the Night If You Lived Here Features detailed, bas-relief collage spreads of dwellings in other world regions and historical times to explain how different people live and have lived, from a village house in South Africa to a floating green house in the Netherlands. Listen to Our World Youngsters awaken in the morning with the belief that they are the greatest little ones in the world, whether they are children in their mothers’ arms, eagles soaring above mountains, whales swimming in the ocean, or other animals in their domains.
Home » Articles » Tooth Infection Tooth Infection What is a tooth infection? One of the most common reasons for having toothache, is an underlying dental infection. If you’re having persistent pain in one of your teeth, which does not go away with pain-killers, then it is a sign that the teeth is infected and it requires immediate dental treatment. Depending upon the location and severity of the problem, dental infections can be classified into various types. Dental caries Commonly known as “teeth cavities”, dental caries are one of the most common type of infections which dentists come across in their daily practice. If left untreated, a tooth cavity starts a chain of destructive events which ultimately lead to an irreversible infection, or even loss of the tooth. What causes teeth cavities? Healthy teeth are protected externally by a hard, mineralized layer known as the dental enamel. The enamel protects the internal dentin and pulp layers, which are highly sensitive to changes in oral temperature and pressure. When regular oral hygiene is ignored for prolonged durations, plaque and tartar deposits on the teeth, which harbors and promotes the replication of bacteria which destroy the tooth enamel. When these bacteria are allowed to grow, they remove the mineral component from the enamel and expose the underlying soft dentin and pulp tissues. As a result, there is a sharp pain in the tooth after taking hot or cold drinks. Are dental caries treatable? The effects of dental caries can be reversed in early stages of infection. However, in the advanced stages, the loss of mineral component of the tooth is so great that there is no alternative other than to remove the carious tooth structure and restore it with a suitable filling material. How to prevent teeth cavities? Fortunately, it is very easy to prevent the development of teeth cavities. Simply make sure that you brush and floss your teeth at least twice a day, and visit your dentist regularly for a dental checkup, and you’re good to go! If teeth cavities are not restored in time, infection tends to get deeper down into the tooth and an inflammation of the pulp tissue is seen. In the early stages, pulpitis is usually reversible by seeking immediate dental intervention. However, prolonged delay in treatment results in an irreversible inflammation of the pulp, a condition known as irreversible pulpitis. What are the symptoms of pulpitis? • Continuous pain: One of the most common symptoms of pulpitis is the presence of continuous pain which is not relieved through any medication. The pain is typically triggered by taking hot or cold beverages, and tends to last for hours. • Swelling and pus discharge: In advanced stages of pulpitis, an abscess forms around the tooth root, which can result in swelling and pus discharge from the affected region. How to treat irreversible pulpitis and dental abscess? Early stage pulpitis can be easily treated by restoring the tooth with a filling material. For treating irreversible pulpitis and abscesses, a root canal procedure is required. During this procedure, access is gained inside the tooth structure, followed by completely removing the infected pulp, cleaning and shaping the root canals, and filling them with an inert material which prevents future re-infection. Your dentist may also prescribe anti-biotics during treatment to accelerate the healing process. A video about tooth abscess. Duration: 4:21 Periodontitis refers to an inflammation of the supporting structures of the tooth, such as the gums and the jaw bones. The condition starts with a reversible inflammation of the gums known as gingivitis. Typical symptoms of gingivitis include: • swelling • redness of the gums • tenderness of the gums • gums bleed easily when brusing or flossing • bad breath If gum inflammation is left untreated, it tends to involve the underlying jaw bones and the fibers that attach the teeth to the gums and bones. This condition is known as periodontitis. Periodontitis marks the irreversible destruction of the gum and periodontal tissues. The gums start receding from their normal position and an accelerated resorption of bone around the tooth is observed. This results in loosening of the tooth, which gradually increases until the tooth comes out of its socket. How is Periodontitis Treated? Treatment of advanced stage gum and periodontal disease requires removing the plaque and tartar deposits from the tooth with the help of ultrasonic scaling and polishing. Dentists use a scaler which vibrates at ultrasonic speeds to shred-off adherent calculus on the tooth. If a tooth is lost due to infection, it needs to be replaced with a denture, bridge or an implant-supported prosthesis. Pericoronitis refers to an inflammation of the soft tissue around a partially or completely impacted (erupted) tooth. The third molars, or the wisdom teeth, are one of the most commonly impacted teeth inside the oral cavity. However, impaction of other teeth is also possible. What are the symptoms of pericoronitis? Typical symptoms of peri-coronitis include: • pain in the affected region • limited mouth opening • foul odor, bad breath The soft tissue around the impacted tooth appears be swollen and reddish. How to prevent pericoronitis? Dentists usually delay treatment until the active phase of inflammation has subsided. When you have pericoronitis, strict oral hygiene measures should be followed. Rinsing the oral cavity with warm saline water also helps in quick recovery of the problem. Once the inflammation has reduced, dentists remove the impacted tooth to prevent re-infection. However, sometimes, if sufficient space is available inside the jaw, dentists force the impacted tooth into normal occlusion by using orthodontic treatment. The common factor in all types of dental infections are the plaque and tartar deposits which promote bacterial adhesion and growth. Therefore, most dental infections can be easily prevented by maintaining an impeccable oral hygiene through regular brushing and flossing. You should also visit your dentist for regular checkups. This is because most types of dental infections are not visible to the naked eye, and can only be diagnosed in x-ray images that are taken at the dentist’s office. Advice on how to manage pericoronitis - pain from partially erupted wisdom teeth. Duration: 3:24
Ladies, What Depression Does to Your Body? Please share this one! According to statistics worldwide, depression is more common in women, though it can also affect men [reference]. You may think that it is only about emotional problem. But did you know that it can result in your body physically? In fact, it’s also associated with a number of physical problems! This mood disorder is not only able to affect you physically, it may also cause other health conditions. Or if you have certain health problem, depression may also worsen your illness. In turn, certain diseases (especially for chronic conditions) may make depression and anxiety more likely. Depression and PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder) Most menstruating women experience PMS /premenstrual syndrome. About 3 out of 4 women have PMS during menstrual period. Premenstrual syndrome is a disorder marked by some physical and emotional changes that can fluctuate in intensity. A severe form of PMS is often called PMDD. It is commonly characterized by more highly emotional & physical symptoms that typically get worse several days before menstruation! About 3-5 percent of menstruating women have PMDD, according to WebMD. While the scientific evidence for the link between depression, PMS, and PMDD is still not clear, fluctuating levels of hormone and chemical changes in the brain are thought to have contribution! Depression and pregnancy Several years ago, pregnancy was viewed as a natural barrier to protect the body from psychiatric disorders. But today the number of pregnant women with depression is probably almost equal to the number of non-pregnant women who have depression. It’s still unclear whether pregnancy has a direct contribution to trigger depression. But some experts believe that the following conditions may increase the risk of depression during pregnancy: 1. Uncertainty issues associated with pregnancy. For example – If you are trying to get pregnant, but you often find negative result from your pregnancy home test kit, this situation may put you at higher chance of having depression. 2. Having poor social support. 3. Having poor communication with others. For instance, you live alone, having few friends, etc. 4. Having marital conflict. 5. The age of when you are being pregnant – the younger of your age when pregnant, the higher risk that you have of developing depression. 6. Personal history of PMDD. 7. Personal history of depression or other mood disorders. How does depression affect pregnancy? Depression during pregnancy should be concerned as well. Once it relapses during pregnancy, this may increase the risk of some pregnancy complications. The potential impact of this mood disorder for pregnant women may include: 1. It may interfere with the ability of a pregnant woman to care for her body! As a result, she may be less able or even not able to follow and do the medical recommendations, such as how to eat properly during pregnancy and how to have plenty of rest & sleep a day, etc. 2. Sometimes it may also encourage a depressed pregnant woman to abuse alcohol and tobacco. 3. Some studies found that depression also can affect the bonding between the mother and baby. On the other hand, pregnancy may also cause the following problems in depressed women: 1. As well we know that the efforts to get pregnant and the pregnancy itself may cause additional stress. And if you have had depression before, this stress may trigger for the depression to reoccur and get worse. 2. Having this mood disorder during pregnancy may increase the risk of having another depression after giving birth (this type often called as postpartum depression). Physical problems with depression Many people think that this mood disorder is only associated with emotional changes – but in fact, it can be much more than you think. The following are some common physical problems that may have to do with depression: 1. Sleeping problems – such as lack of good sleep (particularly deep sleep), insomnia, or the opposite occurs (oversleeping). 2. Poor interest in hobbies and even sex. About half of depressed people have lack interest in sex. 3. Loss of appetite, which then can cause weight changes (particularly weight loss). 4. Chronic or excessive fatigue. 5. Increased pain and aches. What are the reasons for these physical depression symptoms? Changes that occur in the brain can affect some body’s systems. For instance, if there is low levels of neurotransmitters (a kind of brain massager, such as serotonin), this may alter the threshold of pain that you feel. As a result, you then will be more sensitive to the pain (e.g back pain). In addition, serotonin also has crucial function to regulate your sleep cycle and the level of your sex drive. What’s more? Please Leave a Few Words
• Camelia Brande The history of Dildos🍆 Dildos, unexpectedly, have been around this planet for longer than we would have thought. As humans are sexual beings by nature, the need of pleasure and satisfying needs resulted in some pretty interesting tools to achieve these desires. From ancient times to current days, let’s take a dive into the history of dildos. Dildos and sex toys are known as one of many ways to take self pleasure in one’s own hands. We also have to acknowledge that it is more than this. Sexual toys have different purposes: • Bringing diversity into monogamous relationships • Increasing sexual arousal, pleasure and sexual drive • Providing assistance for older patients or patients in chronic pain • Battling sexual aversion disorder (mental disorder that is defined as the aversion or the avoidance of having intercourse with a partner, resulting in distress and interpersonal difficulty) • People who experienced sexual abuse and would like to get used to the feeling of penetration again A little bit of history The term “Dildo” comes from the Italian word “diletto” which means “to delight”. So we have to thank the Italians for the amusing wordplay. Researcher claim that the oldest “sex toy” discovered, dates back 28’000 years. This phallus shaped object was found in Germany. During the excavation, many phalluses of different materials and shapes were found. The oldest ones were made from stone, wood or leather. Historical reports claim that Egyptians and Greeks were using unripe bananas and camel feces coated in resin as sexual tools. In Greece, these ancient sex toys appeared around the third century. There, merchants were seling “olisbos” (phallus shaped objects), that would keep women company while their husbands were away. A similar approach was used by Chinese sailors. As they were often at sea to hunt whales, they would give dildos to their wives in order to keep them satisfied and avoid infidelity. Fast forward to the 17th century, when the use of dildos was considered medical. In the beginning it was used as a medical treatment for women suffering from hysteria. The term “hysteria” comes from the Greek term “hysterika”, meaning uterus. The symptoms associated with this “condition” were irritability, excessive vaginal secretion, fantasies and “heavy uterus”. In the 17th century, hysteria was considered to be the second most common diagnosis in women after fever. The doctor would massage the patient's clitoris with a penis shaped device, until orgasm (known before as “paroxysm”) was reached. In this period, dildos started to be openly seen as viable sex tools. Made out of rubber, the trust into them increased. In the early 1900s vibrators were invented: they claimed to cure every disease and were applied to both women and men. Dildos and vibrators have been advertised in magazines for women as a tool to gain relaxation and content; the toys would be described as an aid and were called “he’s-at-home” tools. The ads did not write anything about masturbation when using vibrators but they were using suggestive language. As masturbation was considered to be something shameful, vibrators could not be advertised publicly as sexual products. On the contrary, non-sexual characteristics such as weight loss device and beauty aids were advertised. In the 1960s, culture was changing and so did the views on using birth control pill, having sex before marriage and masturbation. In 1970s, the Hitachi Magic Wand vibrator became the most popular sex toy. Sex educator Betty Dodson used it in her workshops on masturbation. She encouraged women to masturbate in order to regain their own sexual self-knowledge, which was oppressed by society. In the 1980s the US sex toys market exploded due to imported products from Japan. In Japan sex toys were considered obscene and hard to promote. Therefore, Japanese companies would develop vibrators in bright colors and animal shapes to evade the obscenity laws. From all the animal shaped vibrators, the Rabbit vibrator became widely famous as it appeared in the TV series Sex and the City. Nowadays, sex toys have expanded their horizons. Anyone can find something that suits them. Whether you want a simple dildo, a vibrator, a butt plug, or some remote controlling vibrating panties, the world is your oyster. From stone phalluses to super high tech devices, the development on sex toys never ceases to amaze us. Stay tuned 🌺🐝! Missed out on (c)Lit sex education? Sign up for our monthly newsletter
Why business and force donâ€™t mix First Published: 2016-06-19 My recent post on the Pope’s misguided accusation of business for exploiting workers has received some reactions that indicate a misunderstanding of the role of business and the proper role of government. I will focus on these two related issues here. First, it must be clarified that business firms do not have the power to force workers to accept low wages, no more that they have the power to force workers to work as slaves. Exploitation of workers or others is only possible through the initiation of physical force (including fraud). Only government can make such initiation of force possible. There are, of course, a myriad of ways that governments themselves in mixed economies initiate physical force and thereby enable businesses to do the same. Government uses force to limit or eliminate competition among businesses, for example, by granting monopolies (utilities, the postal service) and subsidies to ‘critical’ or ‘strategic’ businesses (the Canadian airplane and train manufacturer Bombardier and the now defunct telecom company Nortel are prime examples), and through taxation. Such government use of force—which prevents some businesses from entering markets and boosts others with money extracted from individual and corporate tax payers—distorts the price system of the markets. By initiating force, the government allows some companies to ignore market prices, those set by undistorted supply and demand, and pay lower (or higher) than market prices, including wages. Only in markets distorted by government use of force—in statist economies—can workers be paid lower (or higher, as I discuss below) wages than the value of their productive effort in free markets. Absent government initiation of force, companies would be free to set their prices. If they tried to set their wages too low, workers would leave to work for competitors. Absent government use of force, there would be opportunities to create value for customers and shareholders, and therefore, competing companies—and employment opportunities. When government does not use force to interfere with markets, the demand for employees’ labor would determine their pay level. The higher their productivity, the higher their pay. If companies tried to keep wages artificially low in a vain attempt to maximize their profits, they would lose their most productive employees and therefore their ability to deliver value to their customers and shareholders, undermining their long-term profitability. Therefore, it is not in a company’s self-interest to pay artificially low wages in a free market where competitors are eager to hire productive employees and pay them what they are worth. A profitable business needs productive, content, and loyal employees—such as Costco Wholesale that compensates its employees according to productivity and therefore incentivizes higher productivity and avoids costly worker turnover. Government use of force can also distort employee compensation to be higher than what their productivity would warrant in free markets. Companies that are ‘protected’ from competition by government-granted monopoly status, subsidies or bailouts or other government coercion, may pay their employees (including executives) more than they are worth. Minimum wage laws also force companies pay what government deems to be a ‘decent’ or ‘living’ wage. However, government bureaucrats or politicians are poor substitutes for setting appropriate wage levels. The free market—where the prices represent the summary of the judgments of all those thousands, millions, or billions of individuals and companies trading in it—does it much better, continually adjusting it to supply and demand and rewarding higher productivity with higher pay. Minimum wage laws don’t lead to ‘decent’ wages but to unemployment, particularly among the young, unskilled, and those wanting to work part time, thus taking away opportunities to learn, improve their skills and increase their income levels. By producing and trading material values, from food and life-saving medicines to productivity-enhancing equipment, insurance policies, and entertainment, businesses enhance our survival and well-being. They are a force for good. Those ‘businesses,’ despite calling themselves that, who exploit others by initiating physical force, do not produce and trade values and therefore do not deserve the title of ‘business.’ They are able to exploit others only because government makes it possible by its own initiation of force or by neglecting to perform its only proper role: protecting individual rights against the initiation of force. If we want to prevent exploitation by ‘business’ and to protect life-enhancing value creation by legitimate business, we must recognize their cause and demand government to stop initiating physical force, free the markets, and protect individual rights of business—its freedom to pursue profits without initiating physical force against others. Visit Dr. Woiceshyn’s Archive Here… Help support The Nassau Institute
550 Years Since Niccolo Machiavelli Was Born—How to Check How Machiavellian You Are Niccolo Machiavelli A portrait of Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), Florentine statesman and diplomat, author of "Il Principe" (The Prince). Imagno/Getty Images While many political philosophies are doomed to be consigned to history, over five centuries since Niccolò Machiavelli was born, his vision of a ruthless, manipulative leader is as relevant as ever. Born on May 3, 1469, the 16th-century Florentine statesman and political philosopher is best known for his 1513 work The Prince, in which he argued that new princes shouldn't be afraid of being ruthless in order to achieve their aims. In the centuries following his death, Machiavelli's name became synonymous with the ideas outlined in The Prince, and by the mid-20th century psychologists had used his enduring theories as the basis for a test named after him. You can take the Machiavellianism test here. To find out more about how Machiavelli influenced political theory, Newsweek spoke to Dr. Loren Abell, a psychology lecturer at Nottingham Trent University. Abell is an expert in Machiavellianism in social behavior and relationships, including aggression and emotional manipulation. What is a Machiavellian personality characterized by? Machiavellianism is characterized by emotional detachment, cynicism, lack of concern with morality and the manipulation of others. Individuals higher on Machiavellianism are focused on strategic behavior that enables them to achieve their goals. When did psychologists first explore the idea of the Machiavellian personality? Although a historical figure, Machiavelli's work was used as a model to characterize individuals who manipulated others, and this was explored as a personality construct by professor Richard Christie [a social psychologist at Columbia University] and Dr. Florence L. Geis [a psychologist at the University of Delaware] in the seminal book Studies in Machiavellianism, published in 1970. Christie and Geis developed the Mach IV, a questionnaire that contained statements that were based on Machiavelli's The Prince or congruent with Machiavelli's ideas, enabling measurement and subsequent investigation of how this personality construct may influence people's behavior. Is this personality type wholly bad, or can it be useful in some ways? It is not a "bad" personality to have, but an adaptive response. The developmental literature suggests individuals who are higher on Machiavellianism may have had a more stressful childhood, such as poor attachment with parents. Machiavellianism is then an adaptive personality trait which enables those individuals to protect themselves from getting exploited or manipulated by others. Indeed, research has shown that individuals higher on Machiavellianism are sensitive to rejection, and being emotionally detached from others may help to protect them from being exploited or manipulated by other people. Ultimately, individuals higher on Machiavellianism are strategic and focused on achieving long-term goals, and manipulating others may be a way to achieve that goal. Is there any association between Machiavellianism and intelligence? The Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis suggests that those who can manipulate others (i.e. individuals higher on Machiavellianism) are at an advantage in comparison to people who cannot skilfully manipulate others (i.e. lower on Machiavellianism). Indeed, being able to strategize (rather than being impulsive like people higher on [the] psychopathy [scale]) allows selective manipulation of others to achieve long-term goals and success. Importantly, individuals who are higher in Machiavellianism can manipulate others using strategies which are more covert and less likely to be found out. This may be methods such as getting other people to self-disclose information, or using strategies such making someone feel ashamed or embarrassed, or using gossip or rumors. In this light, Machiavellianism is seen as a form of social intelligence. Research often focuses on Machiavellianism and the relationship to emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence refers to how we perceive, regulate and use our emotions, and how we do this with regard to the emotions of others. Research has found that Machiavellianism is negatively related to emotional intelligence, though Machiavellianism is related to using emotional manipulation (i.e. making another person feel embarrassed, ashamed or feel guilty). However, emotional intelligence is often associated with pro-social behavior. Therefore, people with Machiavellianism may use a "darker" aspect of emotional intelligence to manipulate others for their own gain. Niccolo Machiavelli Are there any world leaders who are particularly Machiavellian? I imagine there's a few! But unless we get them to complete a measure on Machiavellianism, we will never know. However, some research has been conducted using experts' rating leaders' personalities, which found that ratings for Hillary Clinton were consistent with Machiavellianism, and ratings for Donald Trump were consistent with narcissism and psychopathy. What is the Dark Triad, and where does Machiavellianism sit in this theory? The Dark Triad is a constellation of three "socially aversive" personality traits (Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism), coined the Dark Triad in 2002 by [Professor Delroy L.] Paulhus and Dr. Kevin M. Williams [both of the University of British Columbia at the time]. Before this paper, researchers focused on investigating the personality traits separately. Psychopathy is characterized by lack of empathy, impulsivity and charm. Narcissism is characterized by attention-seeking, grandiosity, and entitlement. They are (largely) viewed as separate constructs but overlap in some characteristics and behaviors. Machiavellianism is more closely related to psychopathy than narcissism. These three personality traits allow the exploration of darker or more negative interactions that occur in human behavior. Why is it useful for psychologists to understand these types of behaviors? Often, researchers focus on the more positive side of human interaction and behaviors and the factors that predict these. However, it is also important to explore all aspects of human behavior, including the more negative behavior or interactions that may take place in our everyday lives and social interactions. These personality traits allow us to see how human behavior and social interactions and relationships may be influenced by individuals who are more cynical, distrustful and emotionally detached from others. Importantly, the role of well-being in relation to Machiavellianism/the Dark Triad is now being explored. What is the consensus in the academic community on the importance of Machiavellianism, and how is the debate changing? There is debate about the similarity of psychopathy and Machiavellianism and whether Machiavellianism is essentially the "less dark" or "brighter" part of psychopathy. The most important debate in the literature at the moment is about the Dark Triad. Research is discussing more whether rather than having these three separate dark traits they are actually just low levels of honesty-humility (i.e. being low on modesty, sincerity, fairness, cooperation). Additionally, researchers are debating whether the Dark Triad is too simplistic, and criticizing that much of the research looking at the Dark Triad is focused on undergraduate students (often psychology students), which makes results hard to generalize. What is the best way to deal with a Machiavellian person? Someone who is higher on Machiavellianism is not a bad person. They are using strategies them help to protect themselves and achieve their goals. However, individuals higher on Machiavellianism are more likely to use more indirect strategies, which may be getting other people to reveal information (which they can use to their benefit) or manipulate others so they may feel ashamed or guilty. Therefore, it may be helpful to be aware of these strategies—although it's always good to be aware of these strategies that people may use in social relationships and to try and protect yourself from being manipulated, whether the person is higher in Machiavellianism or not.
The only free and comprehensive online etymological dictionary of the Spanish language castellano (Adjective, Noun) "Castilian" From Medieval Latin castellanus "(inhabitant) of Castile." See Castilla for a continued etymology. Also the origin of towns named Castellanos in Burgos, Palencia, Valldolid, Leon, Zamora, Salamanca, Avila, Soria, Orense,and Pontevedra; all named between the 9th and 12th centuries. Asturian castellanu Castilla f. (Toponym) "Castile" From Medieval Latin castella "forts," plural of Latin castellum (see castillo). On the reasoning for the name of the region, Roberts (2014) writes: "[S]o called from the many forts built by the Christians along the southern border of this region as a defense against the Moors." Asturian castiella, Portuguese castela, Galician castela, Catalan castella, French Castille, Italian castella castillo m. (Noun) "castle" 10th cent. From Latin castellum 'id.' From castrum "fort" (see castro (1)) and diminutive suffix -ellum (see -elo). Castillo is behind the name of numerous toponyms. Also the origin of the surnames Castillo, del Castillo. Asturian castiellu, Portuguese castelo, Galician castelo, Catalan castell, French château, Italian castello Castillo y León. The united kingdoms of Castile and León, formally joined under the Crown of Castile in 1301. The kingdoms were primary actors in the Reconquista. Also the name for "heads or tails" / "cross or pile," as Medieval coins depicted a castle and a lion on each face. castro (1) m. (Noun) "Roman fort;" (Galician) "Roman ruins," (Asturian) "pre-Roman ruins" 14th cent. From Latin castrum "fort." From Proto-Italic kastro- "part." Developed in the sense of "the walled part (of a place)." From Proto-Indo-European ḱs-tro- 'id.' From a root ḱes- "to cut." Interestingly, in Proto-Indo-European there were two other roots meaning "to cut": kers- and sek- (cf. carmenar and señal). Also the origin of the surname Castro. Asturian castru, Portuguese castro, Galician castro, Romanian castru Oscan castrous "of the estate," Umbrian castruo "field" castro (2) m. (Noun) (Cantabria, Palencia, Zamora and León dialects) "hopscotch" Called so because the lines resemble a castle's fortification. The game dates back to the Roman Empire. causa f. (Noun) "cause" 13th cent. Borrowed from Latin causa 'id.' The natively inherited word in Spanish is cosa. cayo m. (Noun) (especially regarding islands in the Antilles) "cay" 16th cent. Also attested are earlier forms cay, caic, caico. Borrowed from Antilles Taino cayo 'id.' As a surname, found in Cayo, Caio, and San Cayo; also in Sephardic Callo. -c, -ce Latin suffix indicating deixis, akin to "here" or "there." Not productive in Spanish. From Proto-Italic ke "here." From Proto-Indo-European ḱe, meaning "this," "here." Paelignian -c, Oscan -k, Marrucinian -c, Umbrian -c Gothic hi- 'id.' Lithuanian šìs 'id.,' Old Prussian schis 'id.,' Old Church Slavonic 'id.' Ancient Greek -κε "this," cebolla f. (Noun) "onion" 13th cent. From Late Latin cepulla "little onion," diminutive of Latin cepa "onion," which survives in a smattering of surnames (see below). Of unknown origin. A potential cognate in Ancient Greek hints that the word was a loan. Also the origin of the surnames Cebolla, Cebollo, and the conservative surnames Cebo, Cebe, Cebey, and Cebiel. probably given to onion farmers in older times. Catalan ceba, French cive, Aromanian tseapã, Romanian ceapă Ancient Greek καπια "onions" Basque tipula "onion," (Bizkaian) kipula 'id.' (borrowed from Late Latin) ceder (Verb) "to cede" 16th cent. Borrowed from Latin cedere "to yield," but originally "to proceed." From Proto-Italic kesd-e/o- "to go away." From Proto-Indo-European *ḱi̯es-dh- "to drive away." Sanskrit sedhati "to drive away," Old Avestan siiazdat̃
Climate Change \| Teen Ink Climate Change March 17, 2014 By ashtheunicorn SILVER, Chesterfield, New Jersey ashtheunicorn SILVER, Chesterfield, New Jersey 6 articles 29 photos 3 comments Favorite Quote: Who is the criminal behind climate change? Who do we blame? You and all of the humans on Earth! We are the source of this international anomaly, since as early as the 1900s. As stated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, our global surface temperature has been increasing steadily and has not been average temperature since 1985, due to human effects. When we burn fossil fuels and have changes in land use, massive amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. When this happens, the greenhouse gases act like a blanket and trap in heat. That heat then gets sent back to the atmosphere, resulting in much warmer temperatures than normal. However, the US has had extremely cold temperatures this past year too. Products such as aerosols can interact with clouds, and change their cloud properties like their reflectivity and precipitation rates. This contributes to global cooling by trapping outgoing heat. What can we do to lower the levels of greenhouse gases? In September, the Obama administration, for the first time ever, proposed limits on power-plant emissions of carbon dioxide, which makes up nearly 40% of national greenhouse gases. Even though Congress has virtually no interest whatsoever in handling global warming, President Obama is marching ahead and promising climate changes by June. Although these limits will only affect existing power plants, long-term results will be powerful. According to the NY Times, emissions are predicted to reduce by 17% from the 2005 levels in 2020, and the United States is already halfway there). However, in the rest of the world, climate change is causing rising sea levels, brutal weather events, ongoing droughts, and increasing carbon dioxide levels. Perhaps the United States is the first of many countries to propose limits - it would be greatly beneficial for nations to take charge together. As Eliot Spitzer says, “"Global warming threatens our health, our economy, our natural resources, and our children's future. It is clear we must act." If the world does not start taking charge of climate change, we could be facing serious consequences, from intense heat waves and fires; to having to give up typical activities because of the humidity and extreme temperatures; and decreases in crop production. The Unites States’ strange weather this past season is just one of the countless effects of climate change. Without everyone joining in to help, the future is unclear and could be hazardous to life as we know it. The author's comments: An essay about the causes and possible effects of climate change. Similar Articles This article has 1 comment. 08515 said... on Apr. 8 2014 at 11:11 am Good Arcticle! its high time that lawmakers throughout the world take collective strict actions to prevent global warming.
The Purusha Sukta - Sanskrit text with English commentary by BVK Aiyar The Purusha Sukta is a most commonly used Vedic Sanskrit hymn. It is recited in almost all Vedic rituals and ceremonies. It is often used during the worship of the Deity of Vishnu or Narayana in the temple, installation and fire ceremonies, or during the daily recitation of Sanskrit literature or for one's meditation. The Purusha Sukta is an important part of the Rig-veda ( It also appears in the Taittiriya Aranyaka (3.12,13), the Vajasaneyi Samhita (31.1-6), the Sama-veda Samhita (6.4), and the Atharva-veda Samhita (19.6). An explanation of parts of it can also be found in the Shatapatha Brahman, the Taittiriya Brahmana, and the Shvetashvatara Upanishad. The Mudgalopanishad gives a nice summary of the entire Purusha Sukta. The contents of the Sukta have also been reflected and elaborated in the Bhagavata Purana (2.5.35 to 2.6.1-29) and in the Mahabharata (Mokshadharma Parva 351 and 352). The most commonly used portion of the Sukta contains 24 mantras or stanzas. The first 18 mantras are designated as the Purvanarayana, and the rest as the Uttaranarayana. Sometimes 6 more mantras are added. This part is called the Vaishnavanuvaka since it has been taken from another well known hymn called the Vishnusukta, a part of the Rig-veda Samhita. Though the mantras of the Uttaranarayana and the Vaishnavanuvaka do not seem to have any coherence with the 16 mantras of the Rig-veda Samhita, tradition has somehow tied them together. The Purusha Sukta is a rather difficult text to explain in a modern way. This is primarily because of the archaic language that cannot always lend itself to interpretations based on the classical Sanskrit, and that many of the words can be taken in several different ways, both literal and symbolic. Nonetheless, the Purusha Sukta gives us the essence of the philosophy of Vedanta, the Vedic tradition, as well as the Bhagavad-gita and Bhagavat Purana. It incorporates the principles of meditation (upasana), knowledge (jnana), devotion (bhakti), and rituals and duties (dharma and karma). This is why it is highly regarded and extensively used today as much as thousands of years ago. (Introduction to Purusha Sukta with Courtsey from: http://www.stephen-knapp.com/) 0/Post a Comment/Comments नया पेज पुराने
Chapters ▾ 2nd Edition 7.5 Git Tools - Searching With just about any size codebase, you’ll often need to find where a function is called or defined, or display the history of a method. Git provides a couple of useful tools for looking through the code and commits stored in its database quickly and easily. We’ll go through a few of them. Git Grep Git ships with a command called grep that allows you to easily search through any committed tree, the working directory, or even the index for a string or regular expression. For the examples that follow, we’ll search through the source code for Git itself. By default, git grep will look through the files in your working directory. As a first variation, you can use either of the -n or --line-number options to print out the line numbers where Git has found matches: $ git grep -n gmtime_r compat/gmtime.c:3:#undef gmtime_r compat/gmtime.c:8: return git_gmtime_r(timep, &result); compat/gmtime.c:11:struct tm git_gmtime_r(const time_t timep, struct tm result) compat/gmtime.c:16: ret = gmtime_r(timep, result); compat/mingw.c:826:struct tm gmtime_r(const time_t timep, struct tm result) compat/mingw.h:206:struct tm gmtime_r(const time_t timep, struct tm result); date.c:482: if (gmtime_r(&now, &now_tm)) date.c:545: if (gmtime_r(&time, tm)) { date.c:758: / gmtime_r() in match_digit() may have clobbered it / git-compat-util.h:1138:struct tm git_gmtime_r(const time_t , struct tm ); git-compat-util.h:1140:#define gmtime_r git_gmtime_r In addition to the basic search shown above, git grep supports a plethora of other interesting options. For instance, instead of printing all of the matches, you can ask git grep to summarize the output by showing you only which files contained the search string and how many matches there were in each file with the -c or --count option: $ git grep --count gmtime_r If you’re interested in the context of a search string, you can display the enclosing method or function for each matching string with either of the -p or --show-function options: $ git grep -p gmtime_r .c date.c=static int match_multi_number(timestamp_t num, char c, const char date, date.c: if (gmtime_r(&now, &now_tm)) date.c=static int match_digit(const char date, struct tm tm, int offset, int tm_gmt) date.c: if (gmtime_r(&time, tm)) { date.c=int parse_date_basic(const char date, timestamp_t timestamp, int offset) date.c: / gmtime_r() in match_digit() may have clobbered it / As you can see, the gmtime_r routine is called from both the match_multi_number and match_digit functions in the date.c file (the third match displayed represents just the string appearing in a comment). You can also search for complex combinations of strings with the --and flag, which ensures that multiple matches must occur in the same line of text. For instance, let’s look for any lines that define a constant whose name contains either of the substrings “LINK” or “BUF_MAX”, specifically in an older version of the Git codebase represented by the tag v1.8.0 (we’ll throw in the --break and --heading options which help split up the output into a more readable format): $ git grep --break --heading \ -n -e '#define' --and $ -e LINK -e BUF_MAX $ v1.8.0 62:#define FLAG_LINK (1u<<20) 73:#define S_IFGITLINK 0160000 74:#define S_ISGITLINK(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFGITLINK) 53:#define FL_SYMLINK (1 << 2) 30:/ #define ZLIB_BUF_MAX ((uInt)-1) / 31:#define ZLIB_BUF_MAX ((uInt) 1024 1024 * 1024) /* 1GB / The git grep command has a few advantages over normal searching commands like grep and ack. The first is that it’s really fast, the second is that you can search through any tree in Git, not just the working directory. As we saw in the above example, we looked for terms in an older version of the Git source code, not the version that was currently checked out. Git Log Searching Perhaps you’re looking not for where a term exists, but when it existed or was introduced. The git log command has a number of powerful tools for finding specific commits by the content of their messages or even the content of the diff they introduce. If, for example, we want to find out when the ZLIB_BUF_MAX constant was originally introduced, we can use the -S option (colloquially referred to as the Git “pickaxe” option) to tell Git to show us only those commits that changed the number of occurrences of that string. $ git log -S ZLIB_BUF_MAX --oneline e01503b zlib: allow feeding more than 4GB in one go ef49a7a zlib: zlib can only process 4GB at a time If we look at the diff of those commits, we can see that in ef49a7a the constant was introduced and in e01503b it was modified. If you need to be more specific, you can provide a regular expression to search for with the -G option. Another fairly advanced log search that is insanely useful is the line history search. Simply run git log with the -L option, and it will show you the history of a function or line of code in your codebase. For example, if we wanted to see every change made to the function git_deflate_bound in the zlib.c file, we could run git log -L :git_deflate_bound:zlib.c. This will try to figure out what the bounds of that function are and then look through the history and show us every change that was made to the function as a series of patches back to when the function was first created. $ git log -L :git_deflate_bound:zlib.c commit ef49a7a0126d64359c974b4b3b71d7ad42ee3bca Author: Junio C Hamano <> Date: Fri Jun 10 11:52:15 2011 -0700 zlib: zlib can only process 4GB at a time diff --git a/zlib.c b/zlib.c --- a/zlib.c +++ b/zlib.c @@ -85,5 +130,5 @@ -unsigned long git_deflate_bound(z_streamp strm, unsigned long size) +unsigned long git_deflate_bound(git_zstream strm, unsigned long size) - return deflateBound(strm, size); + return deflateBound(&strm->z, size); commit 225a6f1068f71723a910e8565db4e252b3ca21fa Author: Junio C Hamano <> Date: Fri Jun 10 11:18:17 2011 -0700 zlib: wrap deflateBound() too diff --git a/zlib.c b/zlib.c --- a/zlib.c +++ b/zlib.c @@ -81,0 +85,5 @@ +unsigned long git_deflate_bound(z_streamp strm, unsigned long size) + return deflateBound(strm, size); If Git can’t figure out how to match a function or method in your programming language, you can also provide it with a regular expression (or regex). For example, this would have done the same thing as the example above: git log -L '/unsigned long git_deflate_bound/',/^}/:zlib.c. You could also give it a range of lines or a single line number and you’ll get the same sort of output.
What does padding mean in WordPress? Padding is the space that’s inside the element between the element and the border. Padding goes around all four sides of the content and you can target and change the padding for each side (just like a margin). What is padding and margin in WordPress? If you look at the top Heading box, Padding is the space between the text in the box and the outside of the box. Margin determines how much space there is between the box and the elements surrounding it, which in this case are the borders. Is it better to use margin or padding? With this in mind, a good rule of thumb is to use margin when you want to space an element in relationship to other elements on the wall, and padding when you’re adjusting the appearance of the element itself. Margin won’t change the size of the element, but padding will make the element bigger1. What is text padding? The padding property in CSS defines the innermost portion of the box model, creating space around an element’s content, inside of any defined margins and/or borders. Padding values are set using lengths or percentages, and cannot accept negative values. The initial, or default, value for all padding properties is 0 . IT IS INTERESTING: Can I host my WordPress site somewhere else? What is difference margin and padding? What’s the Difference Between Margin and Padding in CSS? Basically, a margin is the space around an element and padding refers to the space between an element and the content inside it. The margin falls outside two adjacent elements. Each side of the element has a margin size you can change individually. How do I get rid of padding in WordPress? Removing blank space 1Go to the page where you have the blank space. 2Click on the pencil icon first in the Page Section shortcode of the page and set these options: Set Padding Top to 0. Set Padding Bottom to 0. What is padding in networking? 0-9. Bits or characters that fill up unused portions of a data structure, such as a field, packet or frame. Typically, padding is done at the end of the structure to fill it up with data, with the padding usually consisting of 1 bits, blank characters or null characters. See null and bit stuffing. Why is padding used? The CSS padding properties are used to generate space around an element’s content, inside of any defined borders. With CSS, you have full control over the padding. There are properties for setting the padding for each side of an element (top, right, bottom, and left). Why do we need padding? There are couple of reasons padding is important: It’s easier to design networks if we preserve the height and width and don’t have to worry too much about tensor dimensions when going from one layer to another because dimensions will just “work”. … Without padding, reduction in volume size would reduce too quickly. IT IS INTERESTING: How do I change my WordPress from static to dynamic? Can padding be negative? No. Padding only takes positive values. Negatives are ignored or treated as 0, which would have the same effect: none. Margins can have negative values, as can other position related properties, but not padding. What do you mean by padding? A cushioning or protective material is padding. … Sometimes padding is simply used to make something seem bigger, and from this meaning comes the sense of padding meaning “unnecessary extra material,” especially superfluous words in a speech or a book. How do I set up auto padding? auto is not a valid value for padding property, the only thing you can do is take out padding: 0; from the * declaration, else simply assign padding to respective property block. You should just scope your * selector to the specific areas that need the reset. . legacy * { } , etc. How do you do padding? When one value is specified, it applies the same padding to all four sides. When two values are specified, the first padding applies to the top and bottom, the second to the left and right. When three values are specified, the first padding applies to the top, the second to the right and left, the third to the bottom. What is menu padding? The padding for your menus refers to the space around the outside of your menu. Use the padding controls to increase the separation between your menu and other elements in the header or footer. How do I change the padding in WordPress? To add padding, you would have to use your theme’s stylesheet and add custom CSS to it. Child themes like asterbird suggests are cool because you can store all of your site customization code there. However, for simple CSS changes, you could instead use the current theme’s Additional CSS panel in the customizer. IT IS INTERESTING: How can I get WordPress for free? What is the difference between padding and margin in Android? Be it web development or Android development, margin and padding is standard parameters to position and style User interface elements. Both provides extra space/gap inside or outside the container. … In simple words, margin means to push outside, whereas padding means to push inside. Make a website
HOME - all posts about Elsa interviews speaker Elsa's Blog Rosa Parks and Tommy Robinson. Shared: a passion for justice. But she was applauded. He is reviled, for speaking out against rape/grooming gangs. I'm writing because Rosa Parks came to mind - Rosa Parks, a woman who broke the law, and was applauded for it. Rosa Parks Rosa Parks Broke the Law In fact, Rosa Parks knowingly and deliberately broke the law. She sat in the front of the bus, because of her deep conviction that the law was wrong. She was arrested and jailed. July 4 and 5 - No Justice Tommy Robinson Did All He Could NOT to Break the Law Tommy Robinson, on the other hand, was very careful not to break any law. To the best of his ability, he spoke the truth, reported the truth, while NOT breaking any law. He gave no information that was not already publicly available. He verified that there were no reporting restrictions by asking in the court house, and by checking the notice boards where all such restrictions need to be posted. He even took photos of the notice boards to prove there were no restrictions posted. All the same, he was arrested, did not enter a guilty plea, yet within 5 hours was sentenced to a 13-month prison term, and jailed. His story was misreported worldwide: he had endangered a trial, he had pleaded guilty. Recently he was re-tried. The two judges were given all the above information. Further, a court house employee verified that the reporting restrictions were not posted, and apologized for the omission. There is much more to the case, over and over establishing that, according to all precedents, Tommy Robinson had no intention of breaking any law, should not be found guilty, should not receive any prison sentence, and as this was a civil case, should definitely not be sent to a prison with violent offenders. Like Rosa, Tommy acted because he cared passionately about an injustice - in his case, the rape on a massive scale of vulnerable girls by "grooming" gangs. A difference is that the requirement for blacks to sit in the back of the bus was easy for all to see. The existence of the "grooming" gangs, comprised overwhelmingly of Islamic males, was generally denied by all levels of the mainstream. Martin Luther King Jr Martin Luther King Jr Spoke Out for Rosa Parks Martin Luther King Jr spoke out for Rosa Parks, and the mainstream media spoke up for Rosa Parks. Her story went worldwide. The worldwide verdict: the law was unjust. I agree, of course. The law was unjust and needed to be changed. Victoria Sharp Rt. Hon. Dame Victoria Sharp, DBE, president of the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court of England and Wales Sentenced Tommy Robinson to 6 Months, plus 3 Months, in Prison On July 11, 2019, Rt. Hon. Dame Victoria Sharp, DBE, president of the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court of England and Wales, sentenced Tommy Robinson to 6 months plus a further 3 months by reactivating a suspended sentence. Due to time served, etc, it will mean, almost certainly, 66 days in solitary confinement at a dangerous prison. Prison - a very dangerous place for Tommy Robinson, where he had previously almost been killed, and where he needed solitary confinement (damaging for his mental health) to increase his chances of surviving. She also mandated that Tommy Robinson pay the legal costs of the trial - approximately 25,000 pounds - while the trials of rape gang members are borne by the state. The mainstream media supports her verdict. This time, I obviously do not agree. What Do We Do? The evidence is overwhelming regarding the stark contrast between the early 1960s and the present - regarding huge areas of increasing injustice in the West. What are the best next steps to take at present, when injustice is rampant? When top judges are manifestly unjust? When the mainstream media is complicit? Some people believe the only recourse will be violence. That is not what Tommy advocates. I will end with answers given by Tommy. He advocates increasing awareness of the truth, proving the truth, spreading awareness, and political involvement. Two days before his sentencing, he also appealed to Donald Trump for political asylum in the US. In other words, at some point it may be best to take care of one's own safety. I heard of no answer from Trump or his administration. For speaking out, Martin Luther King Jr was hailed by the mainstream media. Now we have truth-tellers generally vilified by the mainstream - alternative media people like Ezra Levant, Avi Yemini, Alex Jones, Dennis Prager, Harry Richardson, Pamela Geller, Robert Spencer, and also of course Tommy. Tommy made plans for his mission to continue during his imprisonment, for truth-telling news reports to continue from TR.news. He urged all people to subscribe and for those with enough funds, to donate, both to his legal costs and his news channel: Funding the alternative options is crucial - from alternative news sources, to alternative social media like Gab and MeWe. As for political involvement, Tommy himself recently ran as an EU candidate. Clearly, at every level, people need to be active, to vote, to be involved in every way they can. I think back to the time - only 15 years ago! - when I didn't have any idea regarding what was brewing with Islam and other anti-freedom forces. And now, this strange new world - and at the same time, the same vision of a world where we can flourish fully, a world with truth, justice, human rights and freedoms, and safety. But while my vision is the same, I have learned a huge amount over the past 15 years, especially regarding what we need to create such a world. I'll write more of that another time. Here I'll just say that the people concerned with personal development have virtually all ignored the importance of social involvement: Now, as always, all the best to all who care and do what we can, PS. To share this sendout, here is the online link: For lots more, come explore July 15, 2019 Rosa Parks and Tommy Robinson. Shared: a passion for justice. But she was applauded. He is reviled, for speaking out against rape/grooming gangs. Elsa's Blog top of page energy swirl Terms of Service Privacy Policy copyright © Elsa, 2012-2020 - all rights reserved copyright © ElsasBlog.com, 2012-2020 - all rights reserved All content of this website is copyrighted. To republish, you must include the link to the webpage. For any further information, please contact.
science education resource For K-12 Students • Educators • Homeschool Families • Naturalists Anemone (Giant Green) Anthopleura xanthogrammica Anemone (Giant Green) They are found from Alaska to South America (Panama). They live in tidal pools on sandy and rocky shorelines, in areas where they are covered with water most of the time. Body Traits Their body is shaped like a column and is bright green in the sunlight. They can grow 6" wide (17 cm) and a foot tall (30 cm) with a 10-inch wide (25 cm) crown of tentacles. Tentacles grow in rows around the crown, often 6 or more rows. The tentacles have stinging cells called “cnidocytes” or “nematocytes” for paralyzing its prey. In the center of the tentacles is the “mouth” where food is taken in and wastes are pushed out. They can move, though usually stay anchored to the rocks by their basal disk. They eat mussels, sea urchins, small fish and crabs. First the animal happens by and is stung by the tentacles. The sting paralyzes it. Then it is pulled into the anemone’s “mouth,” at the center of all the tentacles. Males and females release sperm and eggs into the water where fertilization occurs. Their eggs hatch into larvae that spread out and float around, settling into places where food can be found, like a mussel bed. Then they anchor and become adults. Anemone (Giant Green) Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Subphylum: -- Class: Anthozoa/Subclass: Hexacorallia Order: Actiniaria Suborder: Nyantheae/Infraorder: Thenaria Family: Actiniidae Genus: Anthopleura Species: A. xanthogrammica Citing Research References When citing a WEBSITE the general format is as follows. Here is an example of citing this page: Amsel, Sheri. "Anemone (Giant Green)" Exploring Nature Educational Resource ©2005-2021. June 24, 2021
HOME \| Auroplasty How does ear lobe split? Split ear lobe happens because of continuously wearing heavy earrings that lead to a widening of piercing hole. Also, people who do not have an ear pierced, when they wear clip-on earrings that are too tight that it restricts blood flow of the ear lobe, leading to necrosis of part of the ear lobe, causing to split of the ear lobe. Sometimes, some ear holes are purposely stretched to accommodate large gauge earrings, leading to split ear lobes. How is split ear lobe treated? The steps included in the split earlobe repair are: • Step 1: The plastic surgeon cleans the split area with an antiseptic lotion or cream. • Step 2: Then the area is numbed with local anaesthesia. • Step 3: After that, the small amount of skin around the split or hole is cut out and then re-stitched back together. Different types of ear transplant Receiving a hair transplant helps in boosting confidence and self-awareness. A person undergoes hair transplant when they start experiencing thinning of hair, hair lost because of burn or scalp injury or male pattern baldness in men. What happens after the surgury? The split ear lobe surgery being quick and fast. You might be asked to go home immediately. Also, depending on the type of suture material being used, you might be asked to visit again for its removal. You might be asked to keep the wound dry for next single or two days. After that daily wound care might be recommended and also applying cream or ointment might be recommended to avoid the risk of infection or scars. Choosing a surgeon To repair the split earlobes, you might choose a surgeon who is a certified plastic surgeon and also has proper experience in doing so. You should openly discuss everything with your surgeon, for instance, your preference of wearing earrings post-surgery so that the doctor can use the proper technique for the same. So, contact Dr. Harkirandeep Singh at Golden Aesthetics to get satisfactory results for your split earlobe repair in India or Auroplasty.
globalization is making the world “flat.” 1. Some people argue that globalization is making the world “flat.” Others say it is making the world more “lumpy.” Explain the difference between these two perspectives. 2. Explain how the Bretton Woods agreement has contributed to globalization. 3. Has the Demographic Transitional Model outlived its usefulness? 4. Explain how the production and consumption of vegetables, fruit, and/or grains can be linked to the four forces discussed in Geography 1050. Do not discuss meat or dairy products. The post globalization is making the world “flat.” appeared first on Scholar Writers. Source link Chat with us on WhatsApp %d bloggers like this:
Definition of Biome: 1. Large, wel defined, and balanced complex of biologic communities (animals, insects, and plants) characteristic of, and maintained by, the climate of a geographic region such as a coral atoll, desert, marsh, prairie, woodland, or tundra. 2. A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra. How to use Biome in a sentence? 1. What about selection among communities, ecosystems, biomes, planets, star systems, galaxies?. Meaning of Biome & Biome Definition
Quick Answer: What Religion Did The Ottomans Follow? What religions were practiced in the Ottoman Empire? Sunni Islam was the official religion of the Ottoman Empire. Where are Ottomans now? What is the main Turkish religion? Who lived in Turkey before the Ottomans? Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). Its inhabitants were of varied ethnicities, including Turks, Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, Greeks, Frenchs, and Italians (particularly from Genoa and Venice). How did Islam come to Turkey? The established presence of Islam in the region that now constitutes modern Turkey dates back to the later half of the 11th century, when the Seljuks started expanding into eastern Anatolia. … Most Muslims in Turkey are Sunnis, forming about 85% of the overall Muslim denominations. What is the religion of Istanbul? The most populous major religion is Islam. The first mosque in Istanbul was built in Kadıköy (ancient Chalcedon) on the Asian side of the city, which was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1353, a full century before the conquest of Constantinople across the Bosphorus, on the European side. What do Shia Muslims believe? Why do Sunni and Shia differ? After the death of Prophet Muhammad, Muslims had a disagreement. Sunnis believed that Muhammad’s successor should be Abu Bakr and Omar, and the Shias believed that his successor should be Ali. Who destroyed the Ottoman Empire? The Turks fought fiercely and successfully defended the Gallipoli Peninsula against a massive Allied invasion in 1915-1916, but by 1918 defeat by invading British and Russian forces and an Arab revolt had combined to destroy the Ottoman economy and devastate its land, leaving some six million people dead and millions … What is the Ottoman Empire called today? Why did Ottomans side with Germany? What are Turkish people like? Turkish people are extremely hospitable and hot-blooded. Even if you are meeting someone for the first time, you may be invited to fancy dinner or lunch to his or her home. Is Saudi Arabia Sunni or Shia majority? According to official statistics 90% of Saudi Arabian citizens are Sunni Muslims, 10% are Shia. (More than 30% of the population is made up of foreign workers who are predominantly but not entirely Muslim.) Were the Ottomans Shia or Sunni Muslims? Though the Ottomans had been Sunnis from the very beginning, they were rather indifferent to questions of orthodoxy and heterodoxy in the early stages of their history. Due to their rivalry with the Shi’i state of the Safavids in Iran, however, Ottoman rulers and ‘ulama’ became clearly aware of their Sunni identity. Did the Ottoman Empire tolerate other religions? The Ottoman Empire and Other Religions Most scholars agree that the Ottoman Turk rulers were tolerant of other religions. Those who weren’t Muslim were categorized by the millet system, a community structure that gave minority groups a limited amount of power to control their own affairs while still under Ottoman rule. Are Turks Arabs? Turkish Arabs (Turkish: Türkiye Arapları, Arabic: عرب تركيا‎) refers to the 1.5-2 million citizens and residents of Turkey who are ethnically of Arab descent. They are the second-largest minority in the country after the Kurds, and are concentrated in the south. Did Ottoman Empire destroy churches? The majority of churches were destroyed or converted over time by the Ottoman Empire. Some others – notably the Hagia Sophia, Chora Church, Rotonda, and Hagios Demetrios – were converted into mosques (this was the majority). Where do Turks come from? Turkish people or the Turks (Turkish: Türkler), also known as Anatolian Turks (Turkish: Anadolu Türkleri), are a Turkic ethnic group and nation, who mainly live in Turkey and speak Turkish, the most widely spoken Turkic language. Is Christianity allowed in Turkey? Christianity in Turkey has had a long history dating back to the 1st-century AD. In modern times the percentage of Christians in Turkey has declined from 20 to 25 percent in 1914 to 3–5.5 percent in 1927, to 0.3–0.4% today roughly translating to 200,000–320,000 devotees. Add a comment
How does a Kanban work? How does a Kanban system work? Kanban cards are usually placed on the Kanban task board in accordance with the stage of their performance. As the task runs into the process of manufacturing, it enters the first column of the task board. After that it moves through all columns until it is finished. Then it is placed in the column “done”. What is the Kanban method? The Kanban Method is a means to design, manage, and improve flow systems for knowledge work. The method also allows organizations to start with their existing workflow and drive evolutionary change. They can do this by visualizing their flow of work, limit work in progress (WIP) and stop starting and start finishing. What are the 6 rules of kanban? The Six Rules of Kanban • Never Pass Defective Products. … • Take Only What’s Needed. … • Produce the Exact Quantity Required. … • Level the Production. … • Fine-tune the Production or Process Optimization. … • Stabilize and Rationalize the Process. How does Agile Kanban work? Agile is a structured and iterative approach to project management and product development. … Kanban teams focus on reducing the time it takes to take a project(or user story) from start to finish. They do this by using a kanban board and continuously improving their flow of work. IT IS INTERESTING: Are there milestones in Agile? When should Kanban be used? One of the first principles of kanban is to make small incremental changes to existing processes. Teams that want to start a new approach to project management without turning existing processes upside down will naturally find a good fit with the kanban methodology. What is Kanban with example? Work-in-process, or WIP, limits are another key Kanban concept that can help all teams, including development teams, actively manage the flow of work through their system. In this Kanban board example, the team is using WIP limits to limit the number of work items that can exist in any given step at any given time. Is Kanban a methodology? Kanban is a framework that falls under the Agile methodology. It was developed in the late 1940s by a Japanese engineer named Taiichi Ohno. Agile Kanban Framework focuses on visualizing the entire project on boards in order to increase project transparency and collaboration between team members. Where is kanban used? How do I start a kanban? There are five main steps to implementing a Kanban system: Visualize your current workflow. Apply Work-in-Process (WIP) limits. Make policies explicit. Let’s look at each step in turn. 1. Visualize your workflow. … 2. Apply WIP constraints. … 3. Make Policies Explicit. … 4. Measure and Manage Flow. … 5. Optimize Using The Scientific Method. What is the first rule of Kanban replenishment? No items are made or moved without a Kanban. A Kanban should accompany each item, every time. Defects and incorrect amounts are never sent to the next downstream process. The number of Kanbans is reduced carefully to lower inventories and to reveal problems. IT IS INTERESTING: What is the initiative in Agile Wipro called? What companies use Kanban system? Can kanban have sprints? Which is better Scrum or Kanban? Improve your work processes and get better visibility across tasks with Kanban boards. Switch to ProofHub now! What is Scrum? Kanban vs Scrum. Kanban Scrum Every iteration comes with a different duration of time Based on time-based iterations Changes can be made mid-stream Changes during the sprint are strongly discouraged Is Kanban Lean or Agile? Is Kanban the same as agile? Kanban is an agile methodology that is not necessarily iterative. … Despite this, Kanban is an example of an agile methodology because it fulfils all twelve of the principles behind the Agile manifesto, because whilst it is not iterative, it is incremental. Manager's blog
vitamin d What Are Symptoms Of Vitamin D Deficiency There aren’t many reliable symptoms of this deficiency. So ask your doctor about annual blood tests as you get older or if you fit into any of the risky categories. what are symptoms of vitamin d deficiency Here are some things you can look for: If you are tired all day, ask your doctor to monitor your blood levels (although there are other conditions that cause tiredness). However, this can be one of the signs of vitamin D deficiency. Muscle aches and cramps In a scientific study, 71% of patients with chronic pain were vitamin D deficient. The vitamin D receptor is located in certain cells called nociceptors that feel pain. A study in rats showed that vitamin D deficiency caused pain and tenderness. Some human studies have shown that taking vitamin D supplements has helped people with chronic pain. Remember, pain is the way your body signals that something is wrong. Bone and lower back pain Very low back pain is the result of a great deal of calcium loss from bone tissue, which is slow to develop.Contact your doctor immediately. Getting frequent infections Vitamin D interacts directly with cells in your body that are responsible for fighting infections. Scientific studies have shown a link between low vitamin D levels and respiratory infections such as colds, bronchitis, influenza, and pneumonia. If you get sick frequently, ask your doctor to check your vitamin D levels. Slow wound healing Studies suggest that vitamin D increases the levels of compounds in your body that are responsible for the formation of new skin during wound healing. If you find that you are not healing well after an injury or surgery, ask your doctor to do a blood test and check your vitamin D levels. Mood changes like depression Scientists don’t exactly know why vitamin D is associated with depression, but there are many depressed patients who also have low vitamin D levels. The good news is that once the deficiency is corrected, depression also eases a bit. Hair loss Hair loss in women has been linked to low levels of vitamin D, but little scientific research has been done on this. An autoimmune disease called alopecia areata causes severe hair loss on the head and other parts of the body. This disease is linked to rickets, which we said earlier is a symptom of severe vitamin D deficiency in children. Vitamin D levels can be a risk factor for the disease. Ask your doctor to monitor your condition if you are losing hair and check for Vitamin D deficiency. Support By Sharing:
From Rust Community Wiki Jump to navigation Jump to search Note: 🚧 This page is a work in progress 🚧 A module is a unit of Rust code that encapsulates its content. Modules form a hierarchy (the module tree) within a crate. A module can correspond to a file or a part of a file. Submodules are usually grouped together in a directory, although that is not a necessity. Inline modules[edit \| edit source] Modules can be declared with a mod block, these can be arbitrarily nested: mod a { mod b {} mod c {} mod d {} Modules are usually written in the global scope (outside of other items), but they can also be declared within a function: fn main() { mod hello { pub fn world() { println!("Hello world!"); A mod block creates a new global scope. This means that it can contain items, but no statements or expressions: mod a { let x = 5; // error error: expected item, found keyword `let` Visibility[edit \| edit source] Main article: Visibility Items can have a visibility modifier (e.g. pub), which controls access from other modules. Example: // this struct is "private", it can only // be accessed in the current module: struct Foo; // this struct is visible in the entire crate: pub(crate) struct Baz; // this struct is "public", it can be accessed // anywhere, even in different crates: pub struct Bar; Possible visibility modifiers[edit \| edit source] • No modifier: The item is only visible in the current module • pub(self): Equivalent to no modifier • pub(super): The item is only visible in the parent module • pub(crate): The item is only visible in the current crate • pub(in path): The item is only visible in the specified path. Any path can be specified, e.g. pub(in crate::foo::bar), as long as it refers to an ancestor of the current module. • pub: The item is visible everywhere Module paths[edit \| edit source] To access items in a different module, paths are used. A path is a sequence of path segments, separated by ::. Relative paths begin in the current module. Absolute paths, which start with the crate keyword, begin at the crate root. The parent module can be referred to with the super keyword: // root module const ANSWER: u32 = 42; mod inner { mod inner2 { fn answer() -> u32 { Root modules[edit \| edit source] The root module of a crate is the module that contains all other modules. If the crate is a binary, it also contains the main function (the entry point for the application). In library crates, the root module resides in src/ by default. In binary crates, the default location is src/ This can be overridden. If a crate has multiple targets, it also has multiple module trees. The module root of other crates is usually referenced with their crate name (substituting - with _): // import items from `async-std`: use async_std::{main, test}; If there is both a binary target and a library target, the library can be referenced from the binary in the same way: // src/ // crate `my-project` pub fn hello_world() { println!("Hello world!"); // src/ fn main() {
How virtual reality is preparing West Aussie paramedics Credit: CC0 Public Domain A bus driver has a heart attack, veering off the road and crashing into a building site. Many passengers are injured, and the clock is ticking. Who should you treat first? That's a mass casualty scenario the next wave of WA paramedics will face in a new virtual reality (VR) program developed by ECU. Mass casualty incidents can have , like an earthquake, or man-made, like a terrorist attack. Either way, they're stressful for first responders. Textbooks can't really prepare paramedics for these kinds of events, which is where immersive simulations come into play. Preparing for the worst, virtually Traditionally, student paramedics undertake live simulations treating actors with gory but fake injuries. Dr. Brennen Mills is a lecturer at ECU who says realistic blood and wounds and screaming can be confronting but is important for real-world preparation. "It really ups that cognitive burden, and your cognitive processing starts to go out the window," says Brennen. The cost of these exercises means they're only offered once or twice a year, but new VR programs are making authentic learning experiences more accessible. An early version of the Mass Casualty Virtual Reality Simulation developed with the School of Medical and Health Science using motion capture. Credit: ECU Turning to virtual technology A multidisciplinary team of researchers from ECU created the Mass Casualty Triage VR Simulator. "[The VR ] allows students to practice those skills … then they can consolidate that learning when they're put into the more realistic event," Brennen says. "The risk is that, if you throw them straight into [the real-life simulation], they're going to be so overwhelmed they're not going to learn anything." Virtual triage While VR has its drawbacks, such as users not being able to physically touch their patients, the benefit is practicing triage. Triage refers to the assessment of patient casualties to decide their order of treatment. In the VR simulation, users assess and categorize patients then get feedback on their speed and skill. Users are often surprised by the simulation's authenticity and realism. Jess Watson, a motion capture technician at ECU, helped with the project. It featured Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts students performing scenarios and motion capture technology. "Players felt immersed enough that they were having real conversations with the virtual patients, saying things like, 'It's OK, I'm going to come back,'" says Jess. Inciting innovation The simulator won the Most Transformative Impact in Education category of the 2019 INCITE Awards and the ECU Vice-Chancellor's Inspirational Team Award. Jess credits this success to the collaborative approach across many disciplines. It's also received interest from across the health and medical industry. "We have aspirations to continually add to the program and create more scenarios and assets," Brennen says. "This will make it even more relevant to other health and medical organizations." Explore further Virtual reality may help foster learning and collaboration across health professions Provided by Particle Citation: How virtual reality is preparing West Aussie paramedics (2019, November 19) retrieved 23 June 2021 from https://techxplore.com/news/2019-11-virtual-reality-west-aussie-paramedics.html Feedback to editors User comments
Children and adolescents get aches and pains too. By the time they reach twenty years old, up to 75% of children will have had back or neck pain.1 For one in five, this back pain will become chronic.2 One in three teens deal with knee pain.3 4 The numbers are similar for other areas of musculoskeletal pain.4 Not only are these kids dealing with pain day-to-day, but their pain also has an impact. Some children miss school, stop participating in physical activity, they seek health care and use pain medication.5-7 These behaviours can continue into adulthood and have a ripple effect leading to wider health and well-being concerns. Such as obesity, depressed mood, poor sleep, lower academic achievement and the list goes on.8 9 My research is working towards a deeper understanding of the factors that lead to pain chronicity and greater pain impact in children and adolescents. With this knowledge we’ll be better able to manage pain and prevent pain from becoming problematic. Leading to happier and healthier lives for our children and adolescents all the way into adulthood. Laura is currently studying a PhD at Sydney University examining pain in children and adolescence. If you’d like to know more you can book online with Laura here or give her a call on 0419 272 629 References; 1. Jeffries et al 2007, 2. King et al 2011, 3. Rathleff et al 2019, 4. Rathleff et al 2013, 5. Manchikanti L et al 2009, 6. O’Sullivan et al 2017, 7. Gobina et al 2015, 8. Williams et al 2018, 9. Blyth et al 2019.
A genetic clue on RNA virus tissue tropism (selection by ZAP) Contributed by Cory Schlesener It is useful to apply known biological concepts to empower bioinformatics to make the most out of analyzing genetic sequences (in proper context). Here is an example of a simple genetic analysis that can carry a lot of meaning when applied in a specific context. Zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is part of the innate immune response mediated by interferon, and is expressed at different levels by tissue type in mammals. The protein’s RNA binding domain specifically targets CpG sites in the viral RNA genome. This leads to selection against having CpG dinucleotide sequences in viral genomes. Indexing the relative deficiency of CpG sites, from what would be expected by GC content, indicates a selective pressure (likely by ZAP). The difference in CpG deficiencies between strains has been observed to correlate with host tissue tropism (e.g. between respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts) where ZAP levels differ. In a recent analysis, SARS-CoV-2 was observed to have a much greater deficiency in CpG sites than other beta-coronaviruses. This indicates much of the genome’s sequence is showing a history of replication in higher ZAP level cellular environments, likely in the gastrointestinal tract of bats. Xuhua Xia (April 2020) Molecular Biology and Evolution Leave Comment
kidzsearch.com > wiki Coesfeld (district) KidzSearch Safe Wikipedia for Kids. (Redirected from Coesfeld Rural District) Jump to: navigation, search Flag of Coesfeld Coat of arms of Coesfeld Coat of arms North rhine w coe.png Country Germany StateNorth Rhine-Westphalia Adm. regionMünster • Total1.109,79 km2 (0.42849 sq mi) • Total217.632 • Density196.1020/km2 (507.902/sq mi) Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Vehicle registrationCOE Coesfeld (IPA: [ˈkoːsfɛlt]) is a Kreis (district) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, west of the city of Münster. Coat of arms Coat of arms The coat of arms shows a bishop, a goose and a bell. The bishop is Saint Liudger, the first bishop of Münster. The goose is from a popular story about Liudger finding water during a drought. The bells of Lüdinghausen were said to chime by themselves, whenever Liudger entered the town. The left side is from the former coat of arms of the old district Lüdinghausen, while the right side comes from the old district Coesfeld. The coat of arms were granted in 1979. Towns and municipalities 1. Billerbeck 2. Coesfeld 3. Dülmen 4. Lüdinghausen 5. Olfen 1. Ascheberg 2. Havixbeck 3. Nordkirchen 4. Nottuln 5. Rosendahl 6. Senden Other websites
Tophet - Biblical Cyclopedia To'phet (Heb. To'pheth, תֹּפֶת spittle, as in Job 17:6; i.e. abominable, or, perhaps, place of burning; Jeremiah 7:'32 second time]; 19:11, 12; with the art., 2Ki 23:10 ["Topheth"]; Jer 7:31-32; Jer 19:6,13-14; once Tophteh', תָּפַתֵּה, Isa 30:33; Sept. Τωφέθ, Ταθέθ, and θοφθά, Vulg, Tophet, Topheth), a place near Jerusalem, where the ancient Canaanites, and afterwards the apostate Israelites, made their children to pass through the fire to Moloch (comp. Ps 106:38; Jer 7:31). It is first mentioned, in the order of time, by Isaiah, who alludes to it as deep and large and having an abundance of fuel (Jer 30:24). He here evidently calls the place where Sennacherib's army was destroyed Tophet, by a metonymy; for it was probably overthrown at a greater distance from Jerusalem, and quite on the opposite side of it, since Nob is mentioned as the last station from which the king of Assyria should threaten Jerusalem (Jer 10:25), where the prophet seems to have given a very exact chorographical description of his march in order to attack the city (Lowth's Transl. notes on 30:33). In the reformation of religion by king Josiah, he. caused Topheth to be defiled in order to suppress idolatry (2Ki 23:10). The means he adopted for this purpose are not specified, whether by' throwing all manner of filth into it, as well as by overthrowing the altars, etc., as the Syriac and Arabic versions seem to understand it. The prophet Jeremiah was ordered by God to announce from this spot (2Ki 19:14) the approaching captivity, and the destruction, both by the siege of the city and by famine of so many of the people, whose carcasses should be here buried, as that it should "no more be called Tophet, nor the valley of the son of Hinnom, but the valley of slaughter" (2Ki 7:20,20; 2Ki 19:6,11-14). In all succeeding ages blood has flowed there in streams; corpses, buried and unburied, have filled up the hollows; and it may be that underneath the modern gardens aid terraces there lies not only the debris of the city, but the bones and dust of millions Romans, Persians, Jews, Greeks, Crusaders, Moslems. Once the royal music grove where Solomon's singers, with voice and instrument, regaled the king, the court, and the city; then the Temple of Baal, the high- place of Moloch, resounding with the cries of burning infants; then (in symbol) the place where is the wailing and gnashing of teeth. Once prepared for Israel's king as one of his choicest villas; then degraded and defiled till it becomes the place prepared for "the King," at the sound of whose fall the nations are to shake (Eze 31:16); and as Paradise and Eden passed into Babylon, so Tophet and Ben Hinnom pass into Gehenna and the lake of fire. These scenes seem to have taken hold of Milton's mind; for three times over, within fifty lines, he refers to "the opprobrious hill," "the hill of scandal," the "offensive mountain," and speaks of Solomon making his grove in "The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence And black Gehenna called, the type of hell." SEE GEHENNA. The name Tophet was commonly supposed to be derived from toph, or drum, from the drums used to drown the cries of the children when made to pass through the fire to Moloch. This was a received Jewish opinion. But there are other derivations; that, for example, of Jerome, who from the root to open (פָתָה) ascribes to it the sense of latitude; of Rosenmüller, who connects it with a different root (יָפָה), and takes it to mean pleasantness; of Gesenius, who, from a Persian root, finds the sense of inflaming, burning; of Rödiger (in Gesen. Thesaur. s.v.), who takes it in the sense of filth, a view substantially concurred in by Böttcher, Hitzig, and Thenius, though derived in a different manner. This is, perhaps, the most probable opinion, as it seems, also, the most directly applicable to the place. See Böttcher, De Inferis, 1, 80,85; Panecius, De Topheth (Viteb. 1694). Tophet lay somewhere east or south-east of Jerusalem, for Jeremiah went out by the sun gate, or east gate, to go to it (Jer 19:2). It was in "the valley of the son of Hinnom" (Jer 7:31), which is "by the entry of the east gate" (Jer 19:2). Thus it was not identical with Hinnom, as some have written, except in the sense in which Paradise is identical with Eden, the one being part of the other. It was in Hinnom, and was, perhaps, one of its chief groves or gardens. It seems also to have been part of the king's gardens, and watered by Siloam, perhaps a little to the south of the present Birket el-Hamra. The New Test. does not refer to it nor the Apocrypha, nor yet Josephus. Jerome is the first who notices it; but we can see that by his time the name had disappeared, for he discusses it very much as a modern commentator would do, only mentioning a green and fruitful spot, in Hinnom, watered by Siloam, where he assumes it was "Delubrum Baal, nemus ac lucus, Siloe fontibus irrigatus" (in Jeremiah.7).. Eusebius, in his nonmsticon, under the word θαφέθ, says, "In the suburbs of Ailah is still shown the place so called, to which is adjacent the fuller's pool and the potter's field, or the parcel of ground Acheldamach." Many of the old travelers (see Felix Fabri, 1, 391) refer to Tophet, or Toph, as they call it; but they give no information as to the locality. Every vestige of Tophet, name and grove, is gone, and we can only guess at the spot; yet the references of Scripture and the present features of the locality enable us to make the guess with the same tolerable nearness as we do in the case of Gethsemane or Scopus. For an account of the modern aspect of the place, see Robinson, Researches. 1,202 sq.; Kitto, Physical History of Palestine, p. 122 sq. SEE JERUSALEM. Bible concordance for TOPHET. Definition of tophet See also the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Verse reference tagging and popups powered by VerseClick™.
Are food colorings bad for you? Are food colorings bad for you? It’s a highly controversial topic and one with constantly mixed results. While some say food colorings are bad others say they are perfectly safe. Those who claim them to be bad for human consumption say the colored chemicals used in foods are responsible for everything from hyperactivity to cancer and allergies. While it was once true that food colorings were toxic (since they were made from coal tar), they are now made from petroleum. Foods that contain artificial coloring are generally foods aimed at children. While candy is one of the most artificially colored foods, others like beverages, fish (salmon) and medication are also colored for enhancement. Reports say over the past 50 years, the use of food coloring to enhance edible products has increased 500 percent with children being the biggest consumers. One of the big issues are governing regulatory agencies. While the one will pass a coloring for consumer use deeming it safe, another will not. The US Food and Drug Administration and the the European Food Safety Authority are the two main bodies who regulate the colorings used in foods. Over the years, hundreds of colors have been developed for food use, however, through toxicity testing on animals, most have been found unsafe. Nowadays, food manufacturers prefer to use fake food dyes over natural colorings such as beet extract and beta carotene because the fake colors are more vibrant. So, does this high level of vibrancy make them toxic? The truth is no one will say for sure. Again, it goes back to the regulatory bodies who pass some and ban others, however, the US FDA says that the coloring additives in foods “are safe when used in accordance with with FDA regulations”. On the other hand, a 2016 report by the Center for Science in the Public Interest says otherwise. The Cleveland Clinic also details some study results that show tumor growth and behavioral issues in kids due to consuming artificially colored foods.
Sample Essay Frederick was one of the accused guards at the prison who was targeted with allegation of abuse of the inmates. His response to the allegations was that n no proper guidelines for operations were provided by the army to the guards and as a result the guards used their own techniques to contain the inmates. This claim of the official shows how the guard assumed that his actions were moral and ethical under the circumstances where he and the prisoners were isolated from the norms of society, social constructs, and government authority as well as form anyone who could question the behavior of the guards to hold them responsible. This depicts that even the real life prisons where isolation from society and lack of guidance and accountability are present, the same results can be seen as were observed from the Stanford Prison Experiment. The degradation of morality and changes in the cognition constructs for ethical decision making are not just present influenced by isolation in humans but also in animals.
If everybody on the network stores a copy of the ledger can t someone distribute an infected ledger and thus spread viruses etc 0 votes In blockchain, each participant stores a copy both of the block and of the ledger. Can't a hacked start distributing harmful ledgers? Thanks in advance! Jun 19, 2019 in Blockchain by Noa 1 answer to this question. 0 votes Hi @Noa! Even if everyone has a copy of both the block and the ledger, one cannot just add a infected/malicious/false ledger on the Blockchain. This is because of the consensus mechanism. For a ledger to be added to the Blockchain, the transaction has to be validated and verified by atleast 51% of the network. Suppose there are a hundred nodes in a network and one node tries to upload a infected ledger, then the other nodes (99% of the network) will reject this transactions. answered Jun 19, 2019 by Lisa But what if the attacker disguises the attack as a legitimate transaction, for example transferring 10$, and inside the transaction they embed the attack. The transaction will be approved because money was transferred, but the injection will also be there. is there a mechanism to protect the blockchain network from that sort of thing other than the majority? and even there isn't a 51% majority, there will still be enough computers that will be harmed. Doesn't this mean that blockchain could be a convenient platform for vast scale attacks? Thanks for your answer! it really got me thinking (as you can see lol) Related Questions In Blockchain +1 vote 1 answer I would like to create a blockchain network which will stay at the same level of complexity, is it possible? You can very easily create a cryptocurrency having a ...READ MORE answered Apr 4, 2018 in Blockchain by Christine • 15,830 points 0 votes 1 answer How to explore and analyze the data inside a Hyperledger Blockchain network? In Hyperledger Composer, you have all the ...READ MORE answered Aug 10, 2018 in Blockchain by Christine • 15,830 points 0 votes 0 answers Jan 23, 2019 in Blockchain by anonymous retagged Jan 23, 2019 by Vardhan 173 views +1 vote 1 answer I have a doubt regarding the installation of Go Lang on my Linux system. Hi @vt. This command should do the job: apt ...READ MORE answered Jan 2, 2020 in Blockchain by Kalgi • 52,350 points 0 votes 1 answer answered Aug 6, 2018 in Blockchain by aryya • 7,440 points 0 votes 1 answer Truffle tests not running after truffle init answered Sep 11, 2018 in Blockchain by Christine • 15,830 points 0 votes 1 answer +3 votes 4 answers How do I add a new node on a Hyperledger network? You can do this by generating the crypto ...READ MORE answered Apr 6, 2018 in Blockchain by Christine • 15,830 points +2 votes 2 answers How can I traverse the blocks of transactions in hyperledger fabric? For hyperledger fabric you can use query ...READ MORE answered May 8, 2018 in Blockchain by Rachel

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