text
stringlengths
144
682k
Surrounded by bright floating shapes, a man walks across a giant book with diagrams that explain the shapes. Adult male, Black, confusion, understanding medical terminology Heart Failure, Learning a New Language In 10th grade biology, my teacher, Ms. L, made us read Latin and Greek word roots and their meaning every day to start the class. I didn't realize how helpful this would be outside of biology. After being diagnosed with heart issues, I felt like I had to learn a new language. A lot of new and big words. Then I started to notice some of those roots from 10th-grade biology class. While this isn't the master key, here are some common words used in our conditions.1-2 Anatomy of the heart Any time you hear a word that contains 'Myo,' it refers to muscle. 'Cardio' means relating to the heart. Putting these together - Myocardium – refers to the muscle tissue of the heart. 'Endo' means within, and Endocardium is the inner lining of the heart. 'Peri' means 'near or around.' The pericardium is the sac that is around the heart If we add it 'Itis', which means inflammation, a common diagnosis called myocarditis describes inflammation of the heart muscle. Pericarditis is inflammation around the heart, and endocarditis is inflammation of the heart lining. Heart attack terms 'Infarction' describes tissue death due to lack of blood supply. Myocardial infarction is a death of the heart (card) muscle (myo) due to inadequate blood supply. 'Angina' is derived from the Latin verb 'angere,' which means 'choke or throttle.' Angina is pain stemming from the narrowing or choking of the blood vessels. A STEMI stands for T-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. This is a heart attack showing an elevated ST-segment on the EKG. When there is ST elevation, it indicates complete blockage of the coronary arteries supplying your heart. The N in NSTEMI stands for non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and could indicate a partially blocked artery. Our blood pressure always shows two numbers, systolic and diastolic. 'Diastole' is derived from the Greek word diastole, which means 'drawing apart.' In our hearts, diastole is the relaxation of the heartbeat when the heart fills with oxygenated blood. 'Systole' came from the Greek systole meaning 'drawing together or contracting,' and for our hearts is the contracting of the heartbeat which pushes the oxygenated blood out into our arteries. 'Hypo' means low or below; 'hyper' is high or over; 'tension' means pressure. Putting all of this together, hypertension is high blood pressure, and hypotension is low blood pressure. Some of us experience arrhythmia issues. 'Brady' means slow (not to be confused with Tom Brady, who is not slowing down). Pairing with cardia, bradycardia means a slow heartbeat. 'Tachy' means fast or rapid, and tachycardia is a fast or rapid heartbeat. 'Supra' means above or over, so supraventricular tachycardia describes an abnormally fast heartbeat that happens above the ventricle, in the atria. Diagnostic testing 'Electro' refers to electricity, and 'gram' is a picture. An electrocardiogram creates a picture of the electrical activity of your heart. 'Angio' refers to the vessel, so an angiogram creates a picture of your blood vessels. 'Echo' refers to sound, and an echocardiogram creates a picture of your heart using sound waves (ultrasound). Deciphering the diagnosis Most medical terms have been derived from both Latin (anatomy) and Greek (clinical terminology). While it is overwhelming to hear these new words and/or read them, make sure you ask your care team for explanations if you are not clear. If all else fails, look at the roots of the words to determine what they are describing. More on this topic Join the conversation or create an account to comment.
I've seen it hinted in some places the Pechenegs were at some point Manicheans, often contrasting against the Bogomils in the Balkans, Paulicians in Armenia and other Manicheans in Central Asia, notably the Uyghurs. Is there any source for this claim? Or is it one of those situations historians used refer to people by what they think is an analogue, like calling Pechenegs 'Scythians', for example, common among medieval historians. There are very few sources on Pechenegs, and they do not tell us the details of their religious situation. By analogy with other tribes which inhabited this area in the Middle Age, one can guess that they had a variety of religious beliefs. Some of them could be Manichean, others Christian, Muslims or pagan. It was normal for that times and that place to have diverse religions within one "state" or tribe union. Contemporary Khazars and later Mongols and Cumans had variety of religions. But the best guess would be that most of them were pagans. (Because religious intolerance and unification is a feature of monotheistic religions. It usually begins with conversion of the rulers to Islam or Christianity. And for Pechenegs we do not read this in surviving sources. Russian sources call them pagans.) • 1 Would "pagan" in this context just mean not Christian? – SPavel Sep 28 '16 at 13:43 • 1 @SPavel: probably. Unfortunatelt the sources are not more specific. – Alex Sep 28 '16 at 22:50 I'd also like to know what the sources for that claim are (since you're the one who has seen them.). It does pass the smell test. Manichaeism was on the decline after about 840, but there were still adherents that we know of in China as late as the 14th century, and it was known to have had adherents among Turkish-speakers, and also in other peoples in central Asia during its heyday. The Pechenegs likely moved west from Central Asia sometime between 790 and 850. So it is certainly possible many of them were Manichaeist, and perhaps even likely at least a few of them were. Alex is right that there are any number of possibilities other than that though. Another likely religion would have been Tengrism. That appears to have been the dominant religion of their fellow Western Turks, the Khasars and the Hungarians*, at that time. As the original religion of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, this would be my first guess for the religion of any nomadic Turkish groups of that period, in the absence of any historical references saying otherwise. * - Hungarians are lingusticly and geneticly not at all Turkish, but oddly their culture at the time was otherwise almost entirely Turkish. • While it's hard to find sources, you can see the theory being hinted in "The Bogomils: A Study in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism", where Vasily Vasilievsky is cited as saying Manichean beliefs spread to Pechenegs though the Cumans. – Firebug Jun 9 '17 at 19:21 • And I know people question this theory, therefore justifying my question. – Firebug Jun 9 '17 at 19:22 • @Firebug - Note that Bogomilism and Manichaeism are not at all the same thing. Christian opponents of dualistic heresies liked to use "Manichaeism" as an adjective, because that religion was an old enemy. But that doesn't make them the same, any more than "nihilistic" terrorists are really committed philosophic students of Nietzsche. – T.E.D. Jun 9 '17 at 19:47 • @Firebug - Hmmm. That (1) footnote there is interesting reading. The "Arabic source" its talking about is said to call their original religion "Zarathusfrian dualisim". Zarathustra was the founder of Zoroastrianism, which was another dualist religion (decidedly different from Manichaeism, but the latter likely got its dualism from the former). All in all, I think I'd trust the guy when he pronounces the evidence supporting any link to be suspect. – T.E.D. Jun 9 '17 at 20:29 • I know Bogomilism and Manichaeism aren't the same. I also know quite a bit about Zoroastrianism. Those weren't the point of the question though. You can find plenty of discussions associating Pechenegs to Manichaeism in the internet, hence the question, – Firebug Jun 10 '17 at 13:22 From "The Cambridge History of Inner Asia" (Cambridge, 1990), p.275 According to al-Bakri (d. 1094), the Pechenegs up to the year 400/1009-10, were followers of "the religion of the Magi." This statement may indicate some Zoroastrian or Manichaean influences. It may also refer to a shamanistic cult. After that period, according to our sources, Islam began to make some headway amongst them (f.n.) Footnote: A. Kunik, V. Rozen, Izvestija al-Bekri i drugikh avtorov o Rusi i slavjanakh, pts. 1-2 (pt. 1, Supplement to the Zapiski Imperatorskot Akademii Nauk, xxxii, 1878), p. 43. Islamic perspective (reference), from "The Encyclopedia of Islam", (Cambridge, 1954), p.1018: Officially, they (referring to another Hungarian group) called themselves Christians and they disguised their Islam, in contrast to the Maghariba/Pechenegs*, who overtly professed the Muslim faith ... *Maghariba (Arabic: المغاربة al-Maghāribah, meaning "Westerners"). They are often referred to as "Maghariba" in Islamic texts of the time, which makes it difficult for Latin (Western) scholars to know whom exactly these "Westerners" were. The problem has persisted to present-day research. • I've focused on established sources because it seems to me that's the direction of the question (tag: sources) – J Asia Jul 23 '17 at 14:50 • Recent results from archaeology might come in useful (try R. Rashev, S. Stanilov, S. Stoychev - individually and collectively). – J Asia Jul 23 '17 at 15:10 Your Answer
7 Health Benefits of Getting More Protein in Your Diet By August 3, 2021 No Comments Health Benefits of Protein in Diet Despite all the hype about eating more protein—say nothing of all the available protein powders, drinks, and snack bars—many Americans are still not getting enough of this important nutrient. According to a recent study published in The Journal of Nutrition, Health, & Aging, more than one in three Americans 50 years and older aren’t meeting the recommended daily protein intake. Of those, one-third were up to 30 grams of protein short per day. Analysis of the results also showed that adults who weren’t getting enough protein had overall poorer quality diets—they tended to eat less of healthy foods like greens, beans, dairy, and seafood, and weren’t consuming enough of other important nutrients like choline, vitamin C, zinc, and vitamin D. “Despite the protein craze in America,” said study author Christopher A. Tayler, PhD., R.D., “the data shows there’s still a big gap in adults’ protein intake.” Getting the right amount of protein in your diet is critical to good health, but it’s not only about amounts. It’s also about timing. When and how often you eat protein can also have a major impact on health. What is Protein? What is Protein? Protein is a naturally occurring complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds. You can also think of it as a macronutrient commonly found in animal products and some plant-based products like nuts and legumes. A “macronutrient” is one of three that are needed for life: protein, fats, and carbohydrates. These provide energy for the body and are necessary in large amounts for the body to continue to exist. Protein has several functions. When it’s broken down, it fuels muscle mass, which drives metabolism. It also helps maintain a strong immune system, contributes to satiety (a feeling of fullness), provides structure and support for cells, and transmits messages throughout the body. How Much Protein Do I Need? The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein is a modest 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. This is the lowest amount you need to meet your basic nutritional requirements and to keep from getting sick. To figure out how much that is for you, you can simply multiply your weight in pounds by 0.36. Most scientists agree, however, that this basic level is likely too low for most Americans. According to Harvard Health, a higher daily protein intake can help preserve muscle strength as you age and allow you to maintain a healthy weight. Indeed, aiming for consuming up to twice the RDA of protein per day is considered a good range to aim for as long as you consume the nutrient in healthy foods. To discover your optimal protein intake, use an online protein calculator like this one, which takes your age, gender, and activity level into account. Good sources of protein include lean meats, seafood, poultry, beans, eggs, Greek yogurt, cottage cheese, processed soy products, nuts, and seeds. You can also get protein in powdered supplements made from whey, soy, hemp, and peas. 7 Benefits of Protein in the Diet Health Benefits of Protein 1. Reduced Hunger If you’re trying to lose weight, getting more protein at each meal can help. Protein breaks down slowly in the body, which helps you feel fuller, longer—even if you consume fewer calories. Protein also lowers levels of the hunger hormone ghrelin, so you’re less likely to snack later on. 2. Strong Muscles Protein is the building block of muscle and is needed to maintain muscle repair and strength. Particularly as we get older, we can start to lose some of our muscle. Combining regular strength training with an increased intake of protein can help you maintain that muscle strength. Protein is also important for bodybuilders and athletes who are trying to bulk up. When you eat your protein can make a difference. A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition showed that spreading protein more evenly across three meals a day helped adults increased muscle strength. Older adults can benefit even from eating a high-protein snack before bed. A 2017 study found that had a positive effect on muscle health in older men. 3. Better Healing If you injure yourself or catch an illness, protein can help you heal faster. It aids the body in repairing damaged tissues and also boosts the immune system. If you’re low on protein, it could take you longer to heal from a strained muscle or recover from the flu. Indeed, your immune system is made up of proteins and relies on proteins to be able to function efficiently. Without enough protein, the body’s ability to produce antibodies (that work against bacteria and viruses) is hindered. 4. Strong Skin, Hair, and Nails Protein is an essential building block for the skin, hair, and nails. It provides structure, strength, and protection from the elements. If your skin is looking tired, saggy, and dull, it could be that you need more protein in your diet. Your hair and nails, too, need protein to stay strong. Split ends and frayed nails may be signs of a protein-deficient diet. 5. Healthy Bones When it comes to healthy bones, we often think of needing calcium and vitamin D, but we need protein too. Studies have shown that protein has major benefits for bone health and that people who eat more protein tend to maintain better bone mass as they age—reducing their risk of osteoporosis and fractures. 6. Improved Focus Getting enough protein may boost cognitive function, helping you to focus and concentrate. In a 2020 study, researchers found that protein intake was positively associated with cognitive function. People who ate more protein performed better on certain cognitive tests. In another study that same year, scientists found that lower amounts of dietary protein intake were associated with reduced cognitive functioning. 7. All-Day Energy If you find your energy flagging halfway through the day, eat a high-protein breakfast. Though carbohydrates are your fastest way to energy, they can also lead you to an afternoon crash. Protein, on the other hand, provides long-term energy, allowing glucose to be released more slowly from the bloodstream. For steady, sustained energy, start with a protein-filled breakfast, then incorporate protein into each meal throughout the day. Protein is a macronutrient that’s essential for daily functioning, overall health, and well-being. Take steps to incorporate more protein into your diet to take advantage of the many health benefits protein has to offer.
kids encyclopedia robot Blackberry facts for kids Kids Encyclopedia Facts Quick facts for kids Blackberry fruits10.jpg Blackberry fruits on the bush. Scientific classification It is a widespread and well known group of over 375 species which reproduce by apomixis. They are native all over the temperate Northern hemisphere and South America. The blackberry grows to about 3 m in height. It makes an edible black fruit, known by the same name. The plant tolerates poor soil very well. What distinguishes the blackberry from its raspberry relatives is whether or not the torus (receptacle or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When one picks a blackberry fruit, the torus does stay with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit. Botanical characteristics The flowers are produced in late spring and early summer on short racemes on the tips of the flowering laterals. Each flower is about 2–3 cm in diameter with five white or pale pink petals. Bee pollinating Blackberry A bee, Bombus hypnorum, pollinating blackberries Basket of wild blackberries A basket of wild blackberries Blackberries grow wild throughout most of Europe. They are an important element in the ecology of many countries, and harvesting the berries is a popular pastime. However, the plants are also considered a weed, sending down roots from branches that touch the ground, and sending up suckers from the roots. In some parts of the world without native blackberries, such as in Australia, Chile, New Zealand, and the Pacific Northwest of North America, some blackberry species, particularly Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) and Rubus laciniatus (evergreen blackberry), are naturalised and considered an invasive species and a serious weed. In various parts of the United States, wild blackberries are sometimes called "black-caps", a term more commonly used for black raspberries, Rubus occidentalis. Blackberries, raw (R. laciniatus) Blackberry close-up.JPG Close-up view of a blackberry Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 180 kJ (43 kcal) Carbohydrates 9.61 g - Sugars 4.88 g - Dietary fiber 5.3 g Fat 0.49 g Protein 1.39 g Vitamin A 214 IU Thiamine (Vit. B1) 0.020 mg (2%) Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.026 mg (2%) Niacin (Vit. B3) 0.646 mg (4%) Vitamin B6 0.030 mg (2%) Folate (Vit. B9) 25 μg (6%) Vitamin C 21.0 mg (35%) Vitamin E 1.17 mg (8%) Vitamin K 19.8 μg (19%) Calcium 29 mg (3%) Iron 0.62 mg (5%) Magnesium 20 mg (5%) Phosphorus 22 mg (3%) Potassium 162 mg (3%) Sodium 1 mg (0%) Zinc 0.53 mg (5%) Link to USDA Database entry Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database American cultivated blackberries (R. laciniatus and R. ursinus) are notable for their significant contents of dietary fiber, vitamin C, and vitamin K (table). A 100 gram serving of raw blackberries supplies 43 calories and 5 grams of dietary fiber or 25% of the recommended Daily Value (DV) (table). In 100 grams, vitamin C and vitamin K contents are 25% and 19% DV, respectively, while other essential nutrients are low in content (table). Blackberries contain both soluble and insoluble fiber components. Nutrient content of seeds Phytochemical research Blackberries contain numerous phytochemicals including polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, and fiber. Anthocyanins in blackberries are responsible for their rich dark color. Phytochemical components of blackberries, salicylic acid and ellagic acid have been associated in preliminary research with toxicity to cancer cells, including breast cancer cells. Blackberries rank highly among fruits for in vitro antioxidant strength, particularly because of their dense content of polyphenolic compounds, such as ellagic acid, tannins, ellagitannins, quercetin, gallic acid, anthocyanins, and cyanidins. One report placed blackberry at the top of more than 1000 polyphenol-rich foods consumed in the United States, but this concept of a health benefit from consuming darkly colored foods like blackberries remains scientifically unverified and not accepted for health claims on food labels. Black Butte blackberry Black Butte blackberry Worldwide, Mexico is the leading producer of blackberries, with nearly the entire crop being produced for export into the off-season fresh markets in North America and Europe. The Mexican market is almost entirely from the cultivar 'Tupy' (often spelled 'Tupi', but the EMBRAPA program in Brazil from which it was released prefers the 'Tupy' spelling). In the US, Oregon is the leading commercial blackberry producer, producing 42.6 million pounds on 6,180 acres (25.0 km2), in 1995 and 56.1 million pounds on 7,000 acres (28 km2) in 2009. Numerous cultivars have been selected for commercial and amateur cultivation in Europe and the United States. Since the many species form hybrids easily, there are numerous cultivars with more than one species in their ancestry. In raspberries, these types are called primocane fruiting, fall fruiting, or everbearing. 'Prime-Jim' and 'Prime-Jan' were released in 2004 by the University of Arkansas and are the first cultivars of primocane fruiting blackberry. They grow much like the other erect cultivars described above; however, the canes that emerge in the spring will flower in mid-summer and fruit in late summer or fall. The fall crop has its highest quality when it ripens in cool mild climate such as in California or the Pacific Northwest. 'Illini Hardy', a semi-erect prickly cultivar introduced by the University of Illinois, is cane hardy in zone 5, where traditionally blackberry production has been problematic, since canes often failed to survive the winter. Diseases and pests Blackberry flower (2) Raindrop on blackberry pale pink flower Because blackberries belong to the same genus as raspberries, they share the same diseases including anthracnose which can cause the berry to have uneven ripening and sap flow may also be slowed. They also share the same remedies including the Bordeaux mixture, a combination of lime, water and copper(II) sulfate. The rows between blackberry plants must be free of weeds, blackberry suckers and grasses which may lead to pests or diseases. Fruit growers are selective when planting blackberry bushes as wild blackberries may be infected and gardeners are recommended to purchase only certified disease-free plants. The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is a serious pest of blackberries. Unlike its vinegar fly relatives which are primarily attracted to rotting or fermented fruit, D. suzukii attacks fresh, ripe fruit by laying eggs under the soft skin. The larvae hatch and grow in the fruit, destroying the fruit's commercial value. Another pest is Amphorophora rubi, known as the blackberry aphid, which eats not only blackberries but raspberries as well. kids search engine Blackberry Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
ALONG with helium, neon, argon, krypton, and radon, xenon is one of the noble gases, i.e. , it is an element whose outer shell is filled with electrons. Although the two lowest-molecular-weight noble gases, helium and neon, have very small electron shells and no anesthetic actions, the anesthetic properties of xenon have been recognized for almost 50 yr. 1With its filled outer electron shell, xenon exists as a monatomic gas under normothermic and normobaric conditions. Although it is virtually inert and does not form covalent bonds with other elements (except under extreme conditions), the very large electron shell of xenon can be polarized and distorted by nearby molecules (creating an induced dipole). This distortion of the electron orbitals permits xenon to interact with and bind to proteins such as myoglobin 2as well as to bilayer lipids, particularly in the region of the more polar headgroups. 3Its oil/gas partition coefficient of 1.9 is higher than the lighter noble gases. The ability of xenon to interact with cell proteins and cell membrane constituents is presumably responsible for its anesthetic potency. Xenon inhibits the plasma membrane Ca2+pump, 4an action similar to that of volatile anesthetics, which may be responsible for an increase in neuronal Ca2+concentrations and altered excitability. Xenon seems to inhibit the nociceptive responsiveness of spinal dorsal horn neurons, 5an effect that may be mediated by inhibition of N -methyl-D-aspartate receptors. 6  With a blood/gas partition coefficient of 0.115, xenon is the least soluble gas that may be used for anesthesia. 7During the past decade, it has received increasing study as an anesthetic agent with many attractive properties. Based on abstracts and reports in the literature, xenon has been shown to not alter voltage-gated ion channels in the myocardium, 8nor does it sensitize the myocardium to the dysrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine. 9Studies in patients 10and in cardiomyopathic dogs 11have demonstrated that xenon does not depress the myocardial contractility. Effects on the vasculature remain to be better defined, but xenon has no apparent effects on mesenteric vascular resistance. This apparent lack of effect in cardiovascular tissues may be responsible for its minimal effects on the cardiovascular system and may make xenon particularly useful in situations in which cardiovascular stability needs to be maintained. In addition to cardiovascular stability, a number of features makes xenon a nearly ideal anesthetic gas: rapid induction and emergence, a sufficient analgesic and hypnotic effect in a mixture with 30% oxygen, the absence of metabolism, undisturbed ventilation and pulmonary function, and lack of triggering of malignant hyperthermia. With a human minimum alveolar concentration value of 0.71 12(> twofold higher in some other species;table 1), the gas is optimally suited to be used as an inhalation anesthetic in a mixture with 30% oxygen. However, at concentrations > 60%, xenon increases the cerebral blood flow, 10and there can be retention of a considerable amounts of the gas in the bowels and fatty tissues. Up to this point, no data are available concerning the suitability of xenon in patients suffering from increased intracranial pressure or bowel obstruction. Nevertheless, the use of xenon as an anesthetic agent is promising and has been submitted for regulatory medical approval in Europe. Table 1. Physical and Biologic Characteristics of Xenon Compiled from references 7, 20–22. Table 1. Physical and Biologic Characteristics of Xenon Table 1. Physical and Biologic Characteristics of Xenon Except for radon, xenon is the rarest noble gas, being present in atmospheric air in a concentration of no more than 0.086 ppm. Thus, the air of a normal living room with a volume of 50 m3contains only 4 ml xenon. The high molecular weight of xenon (131.2 d) gives it a density more than four times greater than air. Xenon is recovered in the process of air liquification, and after several separation processes, a purity of 99.995% can be obtained. The current world production of xenon is approximately six million liters per year. One million liters of xenon per year is already expended in medical uses, with half of this amount being used for anesthetic purposes. 13Xenon has been used for decades to study blood flow and gas distribution in the lung, although recent technical developments have expanded its use in magnetic resonance imaging. 14The yearly production is predicted to increase during the next 3 yr to 9.5 million liters. Currently, there is an increasing demand for this gas because of a recently launched project by the United States aerospace industry that uses xenon ion engines to maneuver satellites. Corresponding to its rarity, xenon is expensive. During the last 2 yr, the price has increased from approximately $5 (U.S.) to approximately $10 per liter, and further changes are unpredictable. Because xenon is rare and expensive, the use of this gas as an anesthetic agent can be justified only if its waste is reduced to the absolute minimum. It must be applied via  rebreathing systems using the lowest possible gas flows. If 70% xenon is administered using a fresh gas flow as low as 0.5 l/min, during a 2-h anesthetic procedure, the efficiency would not even reach 20%, i.e. , less than 20% of the xenon delivered into the breathing system would actually be taken up by the patient, leaving > 80% (approximately 34 l) to be spilled out into the atmosphere as waste. Closed-system anesthesia is the only economically acceptable technique for application of xenon for anesthetic purposes. An electronically controlled anesthesia delivery system that continuously monitors gas concentrations inside the breathing circuit may be used for this purpose (xenon concentration can be determined by heat conductivity or by a characteristic radiofrequency response). A closed loop-feedback control mechanism delivers xenon and oxygen into the system in the amount needed to maintain constant gas concentrations and circulating gas volume. The usual manual control of a closed circuit may also be used. Because of its high density, the presence of xenon may degrade the accuracy of certain respiratory flowmeters. 15  For practical clinical use, nitrogen must first be washed out on induction of anesthesia by applying high-flow pure oxygen over a period of at least 5 min, typically accompanied by administration of a combination such as fentanyl (3 μg/kg), propofol (2 mg/kg), and a muscle relaxant. After endotracheal intubation, the patient is connected to the ventilator of an appropriate anesthetic delivery system. The hypnotic concentration of 40–45% xenon is established after 1.5 min, reaching the desired concentration of 60–70% in approximately 8 min. A small supplementary dose of fentanyl may be given just before skin incision. If xenon is applied via  a closed rebreathing system after complete denitrogenation, 60–70% inspired xenon results in approximately 6 l being taken up in the first hour in an average adult, with 9–15 l being consumed in the first 2 h of xenon administration (fig. 1A). 16Some of the gas taken up may be lost to the atmosphere from the skin and surgically exposed tissues. Washout of the drug follows a similar time course (fig. 1B). Because xenon is substantially less soluble than nitrous oxide, its equilibration and washout causes less diffusion hypoxia. 17In addition, its low solubility permits a faster emergence than with nitrous oxide 18that is unaltered by the duration of the anesthetic. 19  Fig. 1. Uptake and elimination of xenon from patients undergoing surgical procedures. (A ) Uptake curves and mean uptake amounts (in liters) of xenon in seven patients (average weight = 72 ± 12 kg) after prior denitrogenation by breathing 100% oxygen for 15–20 min. (B ) Washout of xenon from patients no. 6 and 7 in (A ). (Reprinted from Luttropp et al.  16with permission.) If the total yearly production of approximately six million liters of xenon were available exclusively for anesthetic purposes, not more than 400,000 anesthetic procedures could be performed with this amount of gas. Recycling of the xenon contained in the gas escaping via  the exhaust port rather than wasting it into the atmosphere is the only way to guarantee the availability of a sufficient amount of xenon for routine use as an anesthetic gas in clinical practice. With currently available prototypes of recycling devices, approximately 70–90% of the xenon delivered into the system can be recovered, with a purity of approximately 90%. Oxygen and nitrogen make up the bulk of the impurities. Because of its considerable expense and the fact that it cannot be synthesized, but rather must be extracted from the atmosphere, it is unlikely that xenon will gain widespread use. However, should delivery systems (closed circuit) become available with appropriate techniques for recycling the gas, xenon anesthesia may become more readily available. It may be a highly useful alternative in selected patients, e.g. , those with limited cardiovascular reserve. Over the next few years, it will be interesting to see better definition of its pharmacologic characteristics at the cellular level, as well as its effects and cost–benefit ratio in clinical trials. Cullen SC, Gross EG: The anesthetic properties of xenon in animals and human beings, with additional observations on krypton. Science 1951; 113:580–2 Trudell JR, Koblin DD, Eger IE II: A molecular description of how noble gases and nitrogen bind to a model site of anesthetic action. Anesth Analg 1998; 87:411–8 Xu Y, Tang P: Amphiphilic sites for general anesthetic action? Evidence from 129Xe-[1H] intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1323:154–62 Franks JJ, Horn J-L, Janicki PK, Singh G: Halothane, isoflurane, xenon and nitrous oxide inhibit calcium ATPase pump activity in rat brain synaptic plasma membranes. A NESTHESIOLOGY 1995; 82:108–17 Miyazaki Y, Adachi T, Utsumi J, Shichino T, Segawa H: Xenon has greater inhibitory effects on spinal dorsal horn neurons than nitrous oxide in spinal cord transected cats. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:893–7 Franks NP, Dickinson R, de Sousa SL, Hall AC, Lieb WR: How does xenon produce anaesthesia (letter). Nature 1998; 396:324 Goto T, Suwa K, Uezono S, Ichinose F, Uchiyama M, Morita S: The blood-gas partition coefficient of xenon may be lower than generally accepted. Br J Anaesth 1998; 80:255–6 Rehmert GC, Kwok WM, Stadnicka A, Weigt HU, Georgieff M, Bosnjak ZJ: Xenon does not inhibit cardiac ion channels (abstract). A NESTHESIOLOGY 1998; 89:A595 Kamibayashi T, Hayashi Y, Mammoto T, Mashimo T, Yamatodani A, Takada K, Kagawa K, Yoshiya I: Comparison of myocardial epinephrine sensitization during xenon, halothane, and nitrous oxide anesthesia in dogs (abstract). A NESTHESIOLOGY 1998; 89:A614 Luttropp HH, Romner B, Perhag L, Eskilsson J, Fredriksen S, Werner O: Left ventricular performance and cerebral haemodynamics during xenon anaesthesia: A transesophageal echocardiography and transcranial Doppler sonography study. Anaesthesia 1993; 48:1045–9 Hettrick DA, Pagel PS, Kersten JR, Tessmer JP, Bosnjak ZJ, Georgieff M, Warltier DC: Cardiovascular effects of xenon in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. A NESTHESIOLOGY 1998; 89:1166–73 Cullen SC, Eger EI II, Cullen BF, Gregory P: Observations on the anesthetic effect of the combination of xenon and halothane. A NESTHESIOLOGY 1969; 31:305–9 Garrett ME: The production and availability of xenon (abstract). Presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Low Flow Anaesthesia, Ghent, Belgium, September 18–19, 1998 Albert MS, Cates GD, Driehuys B, Happer W, Saam B, Springer CS Jr, Wishnia A: Biological magnetic resonance imaging using laser-polarized 129Xe. Nature 1994; 370:199–201 Goto T, Saito H, Nakata Y, Uezono S, Ichinose F, Uchiyama M, Morita S: Effects of xenon on performance of various respiratory flowmeters. A NESTHESIOLOGY 1999; 90:555–63 Luttropp HH, Thomasson S, Dahm S, Persson J, Werner O: Clinical experience with minimal xenon anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994; 38:121–5 Calzia E, Stahl W, Handschuh T, Marx T, Fröba G, Georgieff M, Radermacher P: Continuous arterial PO2and PCO2measurements during nitrous oxide and xenon elimination: Prevention of diffusion hypoxia. A NESTHESIOLOGY 1999; 90:829–34 Lachmann B, Armbruster S, Schairer W, Landstra M, Trouwborst A, van Daal G-J, Kusuma A, Erdmann W: Safety and efficacy of xenon in routine use as an inhalational anaesthetic. Lancet 1990; 335:1413–5 Goto T, Saito H, Nakata Y, Uezono S, Ichinose F, Morita S: Emergence times from xenon anaesthesia are independent of the duration of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79:595–9 Steward A, Allott PR, Cowles AL, Mapleson WW: Solubility coefficients for inhaled anaesthetics for water, oil, and biological media. Br J Anaesth 1973; 45:282–93 Firestone LL, Miller JC, Miller KW: Appendix, tables of physical and pharmacological properties of anesthetics, Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Anesthetics. Edited by Roth SH, Miller KW. New York, Plenum Medical Book Co., 1986, pp 455–70
Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me” is a phrase I can recall as a child.  I am sure there are a lot of people who can recall saying or hearing that phrase too.   It is used as a defense mechanism when one is feeling intimidated, threatened, or bullied.  And words are generally used during these types of aggression’s. Words are objects until we pull them out of our tool belt and unleash them.  We combine one word with another and form an opinion, an idea, a plan, stories, and so on.  They create thoughts and emotions, and from there, we have the power to bring them to life. They have the power to lift someone or bring them down. The words we choose can create our mood, and our mood can determine the words and tone we use.  The emotion of the person speaking and the emotion of the person on the receiving end will decide if the words hurt or help.    I can be a great mood, but if the person I am talking to is having a rough day, the message is going to be received differently than intended. So how do we use our words to help ourselves and others?  Start with being mindful and set aside time to reflect.  After a conversation, reflect on the words you used and the impact they had.  What was the result?  How did the words you chose help to achieve the goal?  Do a mood check before having a conversation or going into a meeting.  If you are already feeling an emotion that isn’t serving you well, that is likely to come out in the words you use.  Ask yourself, “is the emotion I am feeling going to help me?”  If not, maybe it’s a good idea to postpone the conversation.  Don’t have time to delay it, pause, and think about something that will create an emotion that will serve you better. All emotions are normal and have a purpose.  You can learn more by watching this quick, less than 2 minutes, video created by Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence.  The video refers to students; I ask that you also add “I am” and “we are” to the statements. Learning to recognize, label, and choose the emotion that will serve you best will ultimately help you choose the words that will help promote your cause or reach your goals.  Not sure how to label what you are feeling?  Learn more in the book Permission to Feel by Marc Brackett, Ph.D., Director of Center for Emotional Intelligence at Yale. One final thought to consider is, if you hear the “Sticks and Stones” rhyme, this could be a signal that someone is feeling threatened and is trying to protect themselves.  It may be a sign to intervene. Words are a container of energy – they have power and should be used to reach our goals and inspire others. They need to be respected. What do you want to do with your words? Stay curious, and have a great week!
7 September 2020 Alfred Deeb Estimated reading time: 2 mins Open data in action Open data is relatively more mature in governments around the world. The ‘base’ level in government is open data portals, across both the federal and state levels. We’ve seen the creation and refinement of these open data portals happening in Australia over the past few years and more and more agencies are opening up their datasets by adding them to the portals. These portals are a central place where citizens and industry can discover, explore and use open data sets. Ultimately this allows governments to support co-creation and co-innovation with citizens and industry. Australia’s federal and state open data portals are: One very important layer of open data is the use of open APIs, something that governments around the world are tapping into. Open APIs make open data machine-readable, which supports programmatic access. This facilitates co-innovation and co-creation by enabling citizens and industry to build new platforms and technologies that underpin the government data. A great Open API example relates back to the US’s 311 service. In 2010  Open311 launched to help standardisation across the 311 service. The 311 concept has continued to expand. For example, Europe took Open311 and built on, with  CitySDK, which focuses on city services around participation, mobility and tourism. And in the UK and Australia, Open311 has been used in conjunction with  FixMyStreet to help citizens report local problems. For example here in Australia, the recently launched Consumer Data Right uses APIs to transfer data, if clients decide to use the service. Also at the federal level, Australia has an  API portal, where government departments can register their APIs for citizens and industry to discover and use government APIs. There are also more emerging applications of open data, such as autonomous cars and the use of vehicle-generated data. Driverless cars have a critical dependency on the road laws. To enable autonomous cars, governments around the world need to open up the road laws as APIs, so cars can ‘read’ and obey the rules. Obviously security, resilience and scalability are paramount to protect the open APIs from any interference or failures. We also recently blogged on the potential of vehicle-generated data. Traditionally government has been responsible for both the data and the service for citizens. However in the new world, government can focus just on the data and open up their APIs to enable citizens and industry to create better digital services to deliver the data. This does, of course, put a responsibility on government to ensure practices and policies around open data and open APIs are clear, safe and robust. The series
Yahoo Web Search 1. About 7 search results 2. › wiki › DepressionDepression - Wikipedia Depression (mood), a state of low mood and aversion to activity; Mood disorders characterized by depression are commonly referred to as simply depression, including: Dysthymia; Major depressive disorder; Economics. Economic depression, a sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies 1. People also search for
Islam has traditionally been depicted as violent, different, inferior and an enemy to the West. Through history Islam has fought for equality. Tension between the West and Islam arises from significant differences in political relations, and cultural and spiritual differences. More specifically economic disparity, inequality, modernism ( and opposition to it ) , and the word picture of Western high quality and Islam ‘s lower status underlie these huge differences. Said ‘s ‘Orientalism ‘ ( 1978 ) , Barber ‘s ‘Jihad V McWorld ‘ ( 2001 ) , Huntington ‘s ‘Clash of Civilisations ‘ ( 1996 ) , Hall ‘s ‘West and the Rest ‘ ( 1992 ) , and Malik ‘s ‘Cultural Wars ‘ ( 1996 ) focal point on where differences between the two civilizations lie, and how they have manifested.This epoch is particularly interesting because it is a clip where struggle between the two civilizations is most volatile. The West is at peak power due to imperialism, modernization, globalization and colonialisation, which has resulted in the rise in the figure of fundamentalist groups in the East because it ( Islam ) is contending more than of all time to keep its civilization, traditions and individuality in the aftermath of an progressively modern and secular universe. The station Cold War period had a revealing consequence on how Islam sought for equality and the right for spiritual, political, and societal freedom in an effort to keep and protect its individuality. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now The ways in which both are portrayed and later perceived mostly affect how society sees the West and Islam. That being said, the deceit, a deficiency of understanding and cognition, prejudice, and stereotyping has contributed to the perceptual experience of Islam ‘s difference. Recent events such as the Afghanistan War, the September 11 onslaughts, and terrorist activity seem to reenforce the negative stereotypes that the Western World holds of Islam. It is of import to analyze the functions in which the East have played in the formation of West ‘s individuality and merely as of import, the function the West had in organizing the East ‘s individuality. It is indispensable to set up how ‘different ‘ these two civilizations are, and how the East ‘helped ‘ the West signifier it ‘s superior, globalistic individuality, and the footing upon which the West formed the East ‘s inferior, ‘violent ‘ individuality.Edward Said ‘s construct of ‘Orientalism ‘ theorises that the ‘Occident ‘ ( West ) imperialistically and ethnocentrically specify their individuality, every bit good as that of the ‘Orient ‘ ( East ) . Said ‘s general definition of ‘Orientalism ‘ is: “ A manner of idea based upon an ontological and epistemic differentiation made between the Orient and the West ” ( Moosavinia, 2003 ) .Both Hall ( 1992 ) and Said ( 1978 ) argue that the West established and promoted its domination and high quality by picturing the East as inferior, massive, and inactive. Bloom believes that the West assigns this sense of lower status to others as a agency of comparing between itself and others to see how they measure up. This line of idea is reinforced by Hall ( 1992 ) , who refers to the relationship between the West and the East as a ‘discourse ‘ because it allows for comparing, categorization, and rating. Furthermore, Hall believes that the criterion of which the West measured differences was chiefly based on promotions, be it culturally, politically, socially, or technologically.The impression of Orientalism was proposed at a clip of European laterality in the universe, and as Hall touches on, geographic expedition resulted in contact, conquerings, the constitution of colonies and colonialisation. These expeditions led to constitution of lasting contact between the West and the East and bit by bit Western ways, thoughts, and doctrines flowed onto the East. As a consequence imperialism arose, and along with this came machinery, trade, and money but at the disbursal of colliding values, political orientations, and spiritual beliefs. Imperialism has led to the re-establishment of the Eastern universe, whereby the West is working them for resources.Although Foucault ne’er studied or spoke straight about Orientalism, his apprehension of cognition and power ( cognition is a tool for power ) helped understand how the West formed stereotypes about the Orient through their perceived cognition of it ; a construct known as ‘discursive formations ‘ .Said ‘s Orientalism demonstrates Hall ‘s thought that “ the construct of difference is reflected in racial lower status and cultural high quality ” ( p. ) Differences prevarication in, basically, what the West makes of it. The differences between the two civilizations have been built upon ethnocentrism and imperialistic power which has led to the thought that the West is superior and the East is inferior. This sense of high quality and lower status is reinforced by the impression of a ‘Bifurcated World ‘ , which suggests that neo-colonialism has allowed the West to believe they know what is best for others, whereby they intervene and do it for them. As a consequence the West is able to indirectly ( without holding to busy the state ) apply power and influence the Eastern World.Oriental studies still exists, particularly after the September 11 bombardments. Islam is being interpreted as overzealous, violent, aggressive, ‘other ‘ universe that needs to be controlled. It is the discourse of Orientalism ( us versus them, West V Rest outlooks ) and negative stereotyping that many people lead many people to believe that all Muslims are the same. Western society tends to ‘homogenise ‘ other civilizations, particularly Islam, which can be mostly attributed to what is portrayed through the media. It is common idea that cultural differences underlie differences between the West and the East ( Islam ) . Barber ‘s ‘Jihad V McWorld ‘ , Huntington ‘s ‘Clash of Civilisations ‘ , and Malik ‘s ‘Cultural Wars ‘ believe that struggle arises from cultural differences ; and that West laterality and imperialism has led to resistance and the rise of fundamentalism in the East.Barber ‘s ‘Jihad V McWorld ‘ provides an account for the difference between the two wholly different universes that is the West and the East. Barber believed that globalization and retribalisation are impacting the really being of democracy in the state province. McWorld operates to advance economic growing and production, whilst Jihad opposes and resists modernism, globalization and imperialism. This has resulted in, basically, civilization 5 civilization ( West v Islam ) . Jihad ‘s individuality is maintained through resistance to these modern tendencies, and McWorld ‘s through trade, investing, engineering and capitalist economy. Barber sums up the relationship between the two nicely: “ Jihad pursues the bloody political relations of individuality, McWorld a exsanguine economic sciences of net income ” ( Barber, 2001, p. 8 ) . Malik believes that cultural differences are the cause of struggle between the West and Islam. ‘Cultural Wars ‘ discusses civilization, individuality, the lower class, the impression of a ‘Bifurcated World ‘ . Underliing these are the constructs of pluralism ( basically the credence and tolerance of cultural diverseness ) , race, multiculturalism, and immigrants.Pluralism was used as a agency to show concern for national individuality. British conservative Enoch Powell set out to reply the inquiry ‘Who are we? ‘ Powell believed that every state is alone and deserved the right to its traditions, history and civilization. He ( Powell ) blamed pluralism for national diminution, i.e. believed that immigrants and multiculturalism were to fault for the harm and subsequent ‘loss ‘ of Britain ‘s national individuality.Powell believed citizenship was sole, i.e. to be ‘British ‘ you had to born in Britain ; “ It is something you are born into, non something you get ” ( Malik, 1996, p. 186 ) . As a consequence immigrants were seen as a agency of comparing ( racial discourse ) , the antonym of what it meant to be British. Like most of the Western World, Britain is now contrasted to Islam.France besides believed that citizenship was sole, and like Britain started to oppugn citizenship, and what it meant to be Gallic. Malik ‘s statement that struggle between France and Islam is “ deep rooted in history ” ( Malik, 1996, p. 194 ) seems to be justified ; for illustration the Algerian Civil War. This war occurred between France and Algerian Muslims because of concern that they ( Algerian Muslims ) were n’t following, or absorbing to Gallic values.A deficiency of cognition, stereotypes, and possibly the impact of this war has led to the perceived disfavor, racism, and favoritism against ( Gallic ) Muslims today. More significantly though, what is portrayed through the media ( the word picture of Islam ) heightens and reinforces fear and insecurities that already exist amongst Western society.Today France is seen as continuing a secular individuality. For illustration, in 2004 the Gallic Senate decided to censor the erosion or show of any open spiritual symbol in State Public ( Primary & A ; Secondary ) schools and most late, the forbiddance of the Burqa and Niqab in public. France argues that the determination to censor the Burqa is because it oppresses Islamic adult females, whilst Muslims argue that it is their ( spiritual ) right to have on it and it is racist. Is France ‘s determination to censor spiritual ‘paraphernalia ‘ an effort to uphold secularism, or is it something more sinister? Whilst one could reason that France is historically secular, the statement that Muslim ‘s brand is every bit as justified. Moslem people have every right to oppugn these prohibitions as it does, in kernel, appear racialist and contradictory. For illustration, France still celebrates faith specific vacations such as Christmas and Easter ( Western/Christian holidays ) .Like Malik, Huntington believed that cultural differences are the beginning of struggle between the West and Islam. Huntington ‘s ‘Clash of Civilisations ‘ proposes that the ‘next form of struggle ‘ will happen between civilizations on the footing of civilization, non political orientations or money. He believes that civilizations will collide because of differences ( different cultural beliefs ) , the universe is going ‘smaller ‘ ( more and more non-Western civilizations are defying modernization ) , and societal alteration is ensuing in the separation of individuality. Furthermore the West is at peak power, where no state can dispute them economically ( except Japan ) , politically, or militarily.Huntington ( 1996, p. 6 ) believes that the West run the universe in a manner that best suits and benefits them: “ keep its military predomination and to progress its economic involvements ” . This stance has evoked assorted reactions amongst different states. Some have cut off all ties wholly with the Western universe in an effort to run their state and prosecute what is best for it. Others are band-wagoning ( conforming to Western ways, thoughts, and beliefs etc. ) or ‘balancing ‘ ; organizing confederations with other non-Western states ( militarily and economically ) whilst continuing their ain beliefs, traditions, faith, civilization and individuality. Huntington splits the universe into several civilizations: “ Western, Confucian, Nipponese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin-american and perchance an African civilization ” ( p.3 ) . Huntington notes that Western struggle with Islam is far greater than any other civilization, utilizing illustrations to lucubrate on his theory.For illustration, struggle between the West ( specifically the USA ) and Orthodox & A ; Latin-american civilizations is minimum because they are now willing to co-operate with the West. Whether it is because they merely can non vie or because of the benefits the West has to offer. This can be seen by the inclusion of Mexico into the North American Free Trade Area ( NAFTA ) , and the inclusion of Eastern European ( Orthodox ) states into NATO. India has seen a rise in patriotism, which Huntington refers to as “ Hinduization ” ( p. 4 ) ; but still remain democratic. Interactions between the West and India are on good footings, and likewise, interactions with Islam are hostile. India ‘s negative interactions with Islam arise from clangs with Pakistan ( who by bulk are Muslim ) .Huntington acknowledges that the most marked struggle of our clip is between Western and Muslim civilizations ( Quote? ) . In fact, there is no uncertainty that the relationship between the West and Islam is historical. Harmonizing to Huntington struggle between the two civilizations day of the months at around about 1300 old ages ; the Crusade Era. The Crusade Era was marked by switching power, and confrontation of two civilizations ( West and East ) seeking to asseverate their faith. It was at this clip, harmonizing to historian Tomaz Mastnak that “ Muslim became the enemy ” ( As cited in, Mamdani, 2004, p. 25 ) .Since the Crusades there has been a figure of clangs ; the Cold War, assorted Civil wars, the Afghanistan War, and the September 11 bombardments. All of these are of import because they show how cultural, spiritual, and political differences has led to a bigger divide between the two civilizations, and later, how individuality was affected and/or formed as a consequence of these events.The Cold War was characterised by the struggle between the Western World and the Soviet Union. This struggle arose by the Soviet Union ‘s determination to revolt against the West because of their ‘dominance ‘ and cultural differences. This determination encouraged and resulted in societal atomization ( Huntington, 1996 ; Malik, 1996 ; Barber, 2001 ) . Atomization is defined as… . ..Islam ( and many other non-Western civilizations ) followed the Soviet Union ‘s determination in the hunt for equality and the right to political, societal, and spiritual freedom. The thought that Islam ‘s individuality is partially defined by opposition to modernism, globalism.etc, is reinforced by Castell, who states that “ averment of individuality plays a cardinal function in these opposition procedures ” ( as cited in Herbert, 2004, p. 162 ) . Resistance and resistance to modernism, globalization, secularization and imperialism resulted in the rise of Islamic fundamentalism ( Mamdani, 2004 ) . Fundamentalism is “ a certain manner of looking at world… in certain spiritual communities.. . persons and… societal motions ” ( Charon, 2007, p. 278 ) . Both Charon ( 2007 ) and Ghadbian ( 2002 ) believe that fundamentalism entreaties to people who disapprove of modernization and those sing “ atrocious societal conditions ” ( Charon, p. 278 ) , i.e. hapless socio-economic position, unemployment, poorness etc. Fundamentalists by and large interpret spiritual Bibles and instructions as being free of mistake, and the actual truth.Fundamentalist groups, as Charon touches on provides a group specific individuality, protection from enemies/’infidels ‘ ( most normally the Western universe ) , and boundaries which distinguish members from enemies. Therefore, these groups provide Islam with a manner to pattern and keep their individuality, whilst supporting itself from the West.The rise in fundamentalist groups in the East ( Islam ) may be attributed to cardinal factors such as poorness, subjugation, repressing of traditions and spiritual beliefs. Islam ( particularly post September 11 ) have been portrayed through the media as self-destructive fiends who commit such flagitious offenses in the name of their God. This is merely non true. In fact many Westerner ‘s would likely be incognizant that the Quran opposes any signifier of attack/war on society: “ The terrorist ‘s Acts of the Apostless, from the position of Islamic jurisprudence, constitute the offense of hirabah ( engaging war against society ) ” ( Muslims against Terrorism, 2007 ) .Ghadbian ( 2002 ) discusses the nexus between Islam and force, and believes that political relations is related to force. Ghadbian uses the illustration of the USA seeking to happen replies for Saddam Hussein ‘s invasion of Kuwait in the Qur’an to demo how the West assumes that Islam ( spiritual instructions ; Qur’an ) is related to the usage of force. The fact that the USA thought answers/justifications of Hussein ‘s actions could be found in the Qur’an emphasises the deficiency of cognition of Islam, culturally and sacredly, amongst the Western universe.If the East were responsible for assisting the West signifier its individuality ( by agencies of comparing ) so the West formed Eastern individuality through its resistance to globalization and modernism, which resulted in fundamentalism. Fundamentalism basically resulted in the belief that Islam ‘s individuality is characterised by force. It is of import to set up how the perceptual experience that Islam ‘s individuality is linked with force has arisen. “ The dominant position in the West assumes an affinity between Islamic values and the usage of force in the Muslim universe ” ( Ghadbian, 2002, p. 91 ) . This statement by Ghadbian amounts up precisely what is portrayed in modern Western media, and the stereotype of all Muslims/Islam that is held in the West.So what events have influenced the thought that Islam is associated with force? The war that occurred between the Soviet Union and assorted Afghan cabals resulted from economic and military encouragement by the US to pay war against the Soviet Union. This is because they ( US ) wanted to see Russia “ lose their bridgehead in Afghanistan ” ( Ghadbian, 2002, p. 100 ) . Both Ghadbian & A ; Mamdani believe that the Afghanistan War played a portion in non merely the addition of force amongst Islam, but the function in which the West ( USA ) played in organizing the nexus between what we commonly see now, Islam and force.USA ‘s determination to fund the Afghan War had an inauspicious consequence on the Afghan people and the Western World. Russia ‘s determination to go forth Afghanistan sparked a set of internal struggles ( Mamdani, Asian fellow ) , and the consequence on USA was that “ some of these groups turned against the USA ” ( Ghadbian, 2002, p. 100 ) . At the terminal of the war the USA left because they decided their occupation was done, go forthing Afghanistan war-worn and in desperate passs.Besides towards the terminal of the war, Afghan Arabs ( led by Osama Bin Laden ) were encouraged to go on engaging war against other civilizations, particularly the USA. This determination was based on Bin Laden ‘s idea that: “ The prostration of the Soviet Union… goes to God and the mujahidin in Afghanistan ” ( Bin Laden, Howarth, & A ; Lawrence, 2005, p. 50 ; March 1997 interview with Peter Arnett ) . Basically, Soviet backdown resulted in the idea that Islam could get the better of any enemy with the usage of force, “ committedness and belief ” ( Ghadbian, 2002, p. 101 ) . This belief is still held by Muslim ‘s today and can be seen by the September 11 onslaughts, every bit good as assorted terrorist activities globally.However, it is of import to understand that force such as the September 11 onslaughts are non committed and accepted by all of Islam. Thus it is of import to set up the difference between violent ( extremists ) and non-violent ( centrists ) Muslims, which acknowledges that all Muslims are non ‘the same ‘ . Ghadbian contrasts ‘moderate ‘ and ‘extremist ‘ Islam, and believes that political relations and faith underscore the manner in which actions are pursued by these groups. Whilst differences are what set these groups apart, they portion one commonalty ; their actions are justified through their reading and apprehension of the Qur’an. This mostly affects whether the manner they pursue their ends ; through violent agencies or “ gradual and peaceable agencies ” ( Ghadbian, 2002, p. 91 ) .In decision, both the West and the East complement each other ; they both helped to organize each other ‘s individuality. The East ‘s sensed lower status helped the West construct its superior, modern, secular, and planetary individuality by comparing itself with the East. And by the same item, Western laterality resulted in the rise of fundamentalism in Islam, which in bend, resulted in Islam ‘s violent individuality.Fundamentalist activity, such as the September 11 bombardments formed the perceptual experience that Islam and violence/terror are synonymous. This activity represents merely the positions of ‘extreme ‘ Islam ; those that are willing to instrumentally utilize force, or any agencies necessary to accomplish their ends. This signifier represents merely the minority. ‘Moderate ‘ Islam, nevertheless, due to racial discourse, are being perceived and homogenised by Western society to transport the same beliefs, therefore all Muslims must be the same.The West is ( partially ) for force in Islam ; they provided money, arms, and the chance for Islam to be violent. However, Islam is besides responsible for their force. Ultimately the manner that the West ‘runs ‘ the universe has resulted in how Islam are today. Islam ‘s actions, such as 9/11 merely reinforce the negative stereotypes already associated with it.Western laterality and modern tendencies such as modernism, secularization, imperialism etc merely aid to underscore the yawning difference between the two civilizations. Ultimately differences in civilization, faith, and political relations underlie the construct of individuality, every bit good as the sociology of difference.
Tuesday, February 17, 2009 What's Your "Water Footprint?" If you're like me and most other Canadians, you probably use - and waste - a lot of water. Coming from the Wet Coast, it's sometimes hard to see water use as a pressing issue. Yet even some parts of Canada experience drought. The United States may be slow on 'getting' global warming but it's coming to grips with its looming fresh water problem. Even the Wall Street Journal gets it: Two-thirds of the world's population is projected to face water scarcity by 2025, according to the United Nations. In the U.S., water managers in 36 states anticipate shortages by 2013, a General Accounting Office report shows. Last year, Georgia lawmakers tried, unsuccessfully, to move the state's border north so that Georgia could claim part of the Tennessee River. Lately, water footprinting has gained currency among corporations seeking to protect their agricultural supply chains and factory operations from future water scarcity. Next week, representatives from about 100 companies, including Nike Inc., PepsiCo Inc., Levi Strauss & Co. and Starbucks Corp., will gather in Miami for a summit on calculating and shrinking corporate water footprints. In December, a coalition of scientists, companies and development agencies launched the Water Footprint Network, an international nonprofit that helps corporations and governments measure and manage their water footprints. The water-footprint concept was coined in 2002 by Arjen Hoekstra, a professor of water management at University of Twente in the Netherlands. Using data from the U.N.'s Food and Agricultural Organization, Mr. Hoekstra and other researchers gauged the water content that went into the making of various products and applied those statistics to people's consumption patterns to get a rough water footprint for average individuals and nations as a whole. ...A cup of coffee takes roughly 35 gallons. A cotton T-shirt typically takes some 700 gallons of water to produce. A typical hamburger takes 630 gallons of water to produce -- more than three times the amount the average American uses every day for drinking, bathing, washing dishes and flushing toilets. The bulk is used to grow grain for cattle feed. A large water footprint isn't necessarily bad if the product is made in an area where water is plentiful and well managed. Almost all of the water that goes into crops and food production is returned to the water cycle, either as evaporated water or in the form of polluted runoff. But it is temporarily unavailable for other uses, and may not be restored to the same aquifer, lake or river if it comes back as rainfall in another region. That poses problems for water-scarce areas. The report notes that industries are beginning to take water supply as a critical consideration in relocation of factories. For many food and beverage companies, calculating water use isn't just an attempt at an eco-friendly makeover. It's a matter of self-interest. A Coca-Cola bottling plant was shuttered in south India in 2004 after residents claimed the company was depleting and polluting local water supplies. SABMiller PLC -- whose brands include Miller Lite, Peroni and Pilsner Urquell -- invested in water-purification technology for its factory in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, where the overuse of groundwater by various industries has caused fresh aquifers to grow increasingly salty. The city's drinking water supply is sufficient for only a third of its three million residents, water aid groups say. Day by day we're discovering that, for this century at least, water will be the new oil. Oemissions said... Maude Barlow has been active on this for years and years. LA is about to ration and up the user fees. They say increasing the fees worked very well in consumption decrease last big drought. Unknown said... i work at water.ca, a couple of points to think about. the ag industry has every reason to use water, after all it feeds us humans, the issue is the run off in a lot of cases is so toxic the water without extreme cleaning is useless for almost anything after the fertilizers are done with it. the issue of the north and water almost is never discussed in the manner it should be, there are i think five countries vying for the water in some way or another up there. then there is consumption and municipal plants , does a soup company pay what the water is worth? does a factory? this is where metering really comes into it, when a cement company is done with the water its unusable as it stands right now. there are consumers yes and we will pay for sure, but its the large industrial users that have to help now, with cleaning the water,conservation of the water. i feel that much onus is on the guy that lives in a condo to use less, but its the industrial players that need to take notice, not just dasani for instance but the entire industrial backbone. thats vey much bob brouse The Mound of Sound said... Hi Bob. Good points, thanks. What's your position on groundwater depletion? The Mound of Sound said... Bob, I posted a link to the Schindler interview on your site. Makes you wonder what the Liberal leader is thinking in embracing the Tar Sands.
Attachment Styles Attachment theory is used to better understand the dynamics of an individual’s emotional difficulties.  It explores the development of coping styles and relationship patterns formed during early childhood.  Individuals whose primary caregivers were emotionally responsive most likely developed a secure attachment. Those who did not have the same benefit often arrive in adulthood with ineffective strategies for getting their underlying emotional needs met.  While the early experiences with primary caregivers influences how individuals relate to others, it is not the only predictor of attachment style. Other factors impact attachment styles and can cause it to change over time.  As the individual navigates the developmental tasks of middle school, early and late adolescence, the role of the peer group informs success self-evaluation and group identity.  The attachment style does not explain everything about relationships, but it can outline a basic understanding for attraction and repeated relationship setbacks. Secure Attachment Style Chances are, when an individual is raised having a secure emotional bond with their parents or primary caregivers, they create a secure attachment. The primary caregivers  may not be perfect, but they provide adequately for the individual’s safety allowing them to feel accepted and valued. They are cared for when in distress. When or if the parent or caregiver left, they returned. They met the individual’s need of connection, competency and autonomy.  As they arrive in adulthood, individuals with secure attachments are at ease being alone and autonomous. They can exhibit interest and affection for others while simultaneously set and apply consistent, healthy boundaries. This security is the foundation that, carried to adulthood, makes it possible to have mutual romantic relationships, family membership, and meaningful friendships. The individual accepts his/her feelings as valid.  They are trustworthy and able to trust their allies, as well. At the same time, they can tolerate rejection and manage the associated emotions. Anxious Attachment Style Caregivers who crave emotional connection focus on the child to meet their needs. They connect with them for reassurance and their own need for comfort. They are not sensitive to the child’s needs. When the child seeks affection, the parent or caregiver is often preoccupied with their own needs. The child has a strong desire to connect to their caregiver to satisfy their needs and, absent the needed care and attention, they struggle with  separation and are slow to self-soothe when they are finally attended to. At times, caregivers may respond to the child’s needs and at other times they may be insensitive or intrusive. The child is left unsure they can depend on anyone. Raised in an environment where parents or primary caregivers were inconsistent in adapting to the individual’s feelings or needs, individuals are likely to experience an anxious attachment style.  As adults, these individuals are uneasy or stressed by relationships. Unlike those with secure attachments, the cannot tolerate being alone or single. They require constant validation and reassurance. They are susceptible to abusive or unhealthy relationships. They can be irrational, erratic, and highly emotional. They are suspicious of others, even when they are close to them.  Avoidant Attachment Style If the primary caregiver was emotionally unavailable, unaware of the child’s needs or discounted those needs, the child can start believing that they are not worthy of attention. They avoid depending on others and attempt to either meet their own needs or repress them entirely. They never imagine their caregiver is the problem because that might threaten the safety needed for survival.  This transforms into extremely independent and self-sufficient adults. They can be aloof or dismissive. They are often uncomfortable with intimacy and isolate or emotionally distance themselves from partners. They avoid commitment and have an “escape plan” in place. They often desire a relationship and at the same time feel unsafe risking their feelings with another. Their needs eclipse those of their partner and there are unable to exhibit an emotional connection. Fearful-Avoidant Attachment Style Similar to “avoidant” parents, children with nonresponsive caregivers may develop a fearful-avoidant attachment. Children whose parents are frightened, disorienting, alarming  or respond in threatening ways may also exhibit a fearful-avoidant attachment style. It is often associated to childhood abuse or neglect. These individuals struggle with emotional connection which is confused by their desire to have close relationships. Coupled with a self-concept of being unworthy, the mixed messaging makes the desire for intimacy easy to deny because they are more at ease when withholding emotional expression. Adults with fearful-avoidant attachments struggle with intimacy and commitment. They become familiar with feelings of distrust and recoil at any attempt to get close to them. Familiarity with isolation and mistrust trap them in a lonely, cynical existence or in dysfunctional relationships.  5655 Lindero Canyon Road Suite 724 Westlake Village, CA 91362 (805) 601-7191 Got Questions? Send a Message!
Category:Steam Engine From Open Source Ecology Jump to: navigation, search A steam engine is an external combustion engine that can use multiple unrefined fuel sources. We plan to use a babington burner to burn pyrolysis oil to generate steam. This category has only the following subcategory. Pages in category "Steam Engine" Media in category "Steam Engine" This category contains only the following file.
Psychology: Theories of Deviance and Crime What is the first thing that you think of when you hear the term ‘deviance’? You must have heard this term casually drop in the middle of conversations. Let’s figure this out together! Deviance in its most basic form means unacceptable behavior or the behavior that is not statistically normal – it’s when you violate the norms of society. Deviance is not something that has to be serious – it can be something as small as a traffic violation. When you come to think of it, every society has its own set of deviances. Like, in some societies, it might be considered deviant for the female population to go out and work, whereas some societies might feel that it’s completely normal and part of the culture. Similarly, homosexuality is considered deviant in some countries, whereas some countries are now opening up and accepting differences and individuality.  The study of deviance is essentially described as a violation of cultural norms and they can be both formal and informal. The phenomenon is quite distinct and evident in some societies. Psychology is such a fascinating field of education that it can help us understand the reasons behind such deviances. There are biological, sociological and psychological factors that are used to explain these deviances. Another prime example of deviances is this; many societies consider crying women to be normal. It’s something that we’ve seen and so it’s expected and nothing out of the blue. However, eyebrows are raised and special comforting shoulders are extended every time a man is seen crying. It’s not like men are committing a crime in this case but this will be considered a deviant act as you don’t generally see men crying publicly. There are special psychological theories that are used to explain the phenomenon of deviance so as to explain their motivation to violate norms. These theories use biological traits, sociological explanations and other factors that explain deviant behavior. Below we’ve provided four crucial theories to explain deviance and crime so that you don’t have to take low cost essay writing help from online services. Conduct Disorder Conduct disorder is a crucial explanation for deviant disorder. This is a mental health disorder that is identified in DSM and it is diagnosed in childhood and it can be characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior. However, the problem here is that their behavior violates the rights of those around them. This particular childhood disorder is often mistaken as an antisocial personality disorder. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, this disorder is symptomized by serious aggression and disrespectful behavior! If conduct disorder is triggered in the youth or early adolescent period, it can be misdiagnosed as antisocial behavior. Biological screenings have revealed that when a person has a disorder, their brain fails to respond in the orbitofrontal regions of the brain. There are several neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation that details the association of psychology and crime. Psychological Trauma Psychological theories explain the behavior and the reasoning behind actions; however, it doesn’t explain the biological consequences. Deviant behavior, in this theory, explains the trauma of the past. For example, if you had a stressful and traumatic past, you could’ve developed PTSD and so your reactions to normal circumstances might be different than others. Traumatic past includes child abuse, war history, and exposure to domestic violence, etc. Problems with Psychological Theories of Deviance In normal circumstances, deviant behavior is the one that can be explained via psychiatric diagnosis. However, there are certain illnesses that are no longer part of the DSM but they’re still considered deviant. In addition, all of it depends on the time period and era. Like, back in the day, homosexuality was a problem and considered deviant behavior, but in many communities, it’s not considered deviant behavior. Due to this reason, it has also been removed from DSM. What we mean here is that the psychological theory of deviances can fluctuate. Labelling Theory Another theory that explains deviance is known as the labelling theory. This theory explains the idea that individuals choose deviance whenever they’re told or highlighted of such behavior. Like, if you tell them that they are robbers, they might, out of spite, do it again. When you start identifying someone as deviant, they start following the stigmatized identity – almost like owning the label. This theory helps us understand how certain labels dictate future behavior. If you treat and call someone a robber repeatedly, there will be a time when they become immune to it and start following it up with actions. These theories are provided by qualified psychologists; they determine the cause behind the action. In the end, it must be realized that all of these theories are there to guide us through the concept of deviance. Leave a comment
World's Columbian Exposition Of 1893 Analysis 974 Words 4 Pages The United States during the 1890s heralded a dramatic break between America’s past and future. It was a decade of extreme contradiction. The unmatched cultural advancement was accompanied by intense economic unrest. While this decade saw the rise of cities, advanced technology, and rollercoasters, it also saw economic depressions, the invention of detection, and the birth of America’s serial killer. The World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 highlights the contradictions of United States culture, the same culture that brought us innovativeness and hope and the one that brought fear and panic. This paper will analyze the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 and the life of serial killer H.H. Holmes to contextualize the many contradictions of United States culture in the 1890s. In 1890, a majority voted that Chicago be the home for the World Columbian Exposition of 1893. The architects and city planners of Chicago envisioned a city that would “surpass the brilliance of the Paris …show more content… It witnessed Fredrick Jackson Turner’s The Significance of the Frontier in American History as well as Fredrick Douglas, who used his platform to present a speech that both indicted Columbus and criticized the fair (McGarry 10/2016). The White City was seen as the epitome of western civilization. For the first time, visitors were able to view anthropological exhibits where they could measure their own skulls. Because the Midway had a variety of intriguing exhibits and different forms of entertainment, such as hydrogen filled balloons that could carry visitors into the sky and the Ferris wheel it had a pull that the White City did not (Larson 267). As fascinating and intriguing the Midway had been in exposing the “barbarism” of ethnic cultures from around the world. The true manifestation of barbarism was only a train ride away from the populated Related Documents
Skip to main content Introduction to Alternative Processing in Photography Lesson 3 of 49 Overview of the Digital Negative Process Introduction to Alternative Processing in Photography Lesson 3 of 49 Overview of the Digital Negative Process Lesson Info Overview of the Digital Negative Process So I don't wanna use this camera, but I wanna be able to print a cyanotype, a platinum print, and album imprint, I wanna do a salt print, I want to get engaged with that historical process. So how do I do that? Well, I could start to work with a digital negative. What a digital negative is, is we take a file, and I literally mean any digital file, your iPhone, if you're in Illustrator, so if you work in Adobe Illustrator, and you create a file, we take any file that is digital, we're gonna convert that, and then we're gonna print it on on overhead transparency. The overhead transparency becomes the negative. So that's what we're gonna then use to do the contact printing. The cool part of this, like I said, because it's any file, I can take my iPhone, and take a picture on my iPhone, I can use my Nikon, or Canon, or Sony, and I can print with it. The other thing that a digital negative does, is it allows us to use the same negative, the same negative template across multiple mediums. So... I could take a digital negative, and work with it in a cyanotype, I can work with it in a platinum print, I can work with it in a salt print. And while you could do that with a traditional negative, these historical processes, as we taught more about them in the specific process, are heavily influenced by their ability to create contrast. And some of them have a longer scale, so they can actually create more contrast, some of them create less contrast. When you're workin' in the traditional way, you had to make a decision about your negative, when you shot it and developed it to say, "Oh, is it gonna be easier to print in platinum?" That means what it might be a little bit more work to print in cyanotype. So you had to make some decisions there in the analog world about how you were gonna process the film, to kind of optimize it for the printing. Now when I started, I was a platinum printer. So the majority of my negatives were created with the scale, and the contrast in mind for platinum. When I started to shift, I just had to get a little smarter about how I used the chemistry. But the digit negative, because we're gonna control all of that in Photoshop, I now have got the power to go in, and make a little shift here or there, and make the adjustments, so that they work in the different processes. The other thing about a digital negative is because it's stored in the computer, it allows us to, not necessarily have to worry about the damage to the original source negative. So if we go back to this negative. This is really a one of a kind object. So if I damage this in any way, or I want to do something strange to this, like I said, cut it up into a weird shape, or I wanna cut it in half, and flip the other half, I damage the original source negative. So unless I'm willing to scan and build and internegative, and do things like that, I lose this. But the digital negative, because it comes off an inkjet printer, I can recreate over, and over, and over again. So there's a safety factor to that. One of my absolute favorite photographs I've ever taken, is of a log drift in the ocean, and I was platinum printing it, and the paper had not dried, I stuck the negative on it, and what happened was, the platinum came up into the negative. And so I actually, basically, ended up with a thousand little dots of platinum onto my negative, that I had to scan, and then go in and clone out in Photoshop. With a digital negative, I would have just thrown the digital negative away, printed a new one, and started over again. So there is some benefit if you do run into a problem like that. So there are some pros and cons of working with digital negatives that I wanted to cover before we actually jump into what the process looks like. Like I said, one of the big pros is that we can recreate them over, and over again. We also have the ability to manipulate the image, and use all the tools and power of Photoshop to correct, alter, shift, change, the image. So if we want a telephone pole to not be in there, great, I can go ahead and use contour and fill, remove the telephone pole, create the image however I want. I can blend images together, I can stack images. Like I said, if you're in Illustrator, I just got done workin' with somebody and he draws everything in Illustrator, does these beautiful murals in there, and we've started created those in alternative processing. So he's able to continue his craft in this way. So that's a benefit, because it's anything that's digital. Also, I don't have to carry that around. That's a huge benefit actually. It's a lot easier to pull my phone out and go, click, and put that in there and know that I can still get a reasonably good image to work with. On the downside, digital images look different than film images, so this is one of the things, when I teach black and white film photography that I try to get people to understand, is that those are actually two different mediums, so they both live in the continuum of photography. They're both about the capturing of light, but the experience of the way film captures light, and how digital captures light, produces a different look. The aesthetic is slightly different. So part of that is, if you make a mistake in the digital world, and you print traditionally, and it comes out of the printer, and you're like, "Oh, it looks a little funny. "It doesn't look quite right." You're gonna make a tweak. You push the digital file a little more, you try to pull it back a little bit more, and everything just looks a little odd. It looks really odd when we make a digital negative. The sins of the errors in digital editing, are exponentially larger when we go to make alternative processing. Because they really don't look right in the substrate we create. The way that the emulsion is created, and we talk about this, we're actually coating these papers, and the emulsion is being adhered into the paper, so the way that happens causes some of these digital artifacts that show up. One of the big ones is over sharpening. So digital files have a natural sharpness to them. That is different than film, because the grain helped with how sharpness was perceived. So one of the tell tale ways of looking at a digital negative produced alternative print, is an over sharpening factor. Now, if you're good at sharpening in a digital image, you won't necessarily even see that in the digital negative. But people who love a little bit sharper images, when they create their digital negative, and then they make their print out on whatever method their doing, they look at it, and they're like, "It feels...weird." And that weirdness is usually an over sharpness. So that's one of the pieces. We really have to get a good handle on our process. Another kind of con of working with image, you have to be able to... Actually I would say it's a con in the general printing of digital anyway, of printing. But, you have to really be able to visualize how the tones are gonna appear in a print, and how that translates into what's happening on the screen. Now we're gonna talk about how to build the digital negative, and we do a bunch of work to get all those tones in the black and white image to map properly, but, you'll look at an image, and you'll say, "Oh, it looks really flat when I printed it "in platinum, or in salt, or in a cyanotype. "My Van Dyke print just looks flat." And then you go back and put it next to the computer screen, you'll be like, "Ah, it's kind of flat on the computer screen." And where it's gonna normally be flat, is in the mid tones. So that's one of the other areas we see is a difficulty of working with the digital negative, is we really have to make sure we get the mid tones of our black and white image to separate enough that we get the contrast we're looking for in the image. Another con of working with them is, this is an introductory course, so I've picked a methodology, and I've picked what I think is an easy methodology, that if you're familiar with Photoshop, and you've ever used a curved, we can get you to do alternative processing really easy. There's a quadtone rip, there's precision digital negatives, there's all sorts of different ways to create these digital negatives. And each one has a pro and a con into its own. You get a certain look, and a certain feel with the different techniques to create a digital negative. It becomes really easy to start chasing your tail for the holy grail of the perfect digital negative. And you start working on all the science, and all the measurement, and all the math, and you end up printing hundreds and hundreds of test step wedges, to try to get everything perfect. When the reality is, the alternative process has an inherent uniqueness to it. There's a drift because we're coating the paper by hand each time, because we're working the process by hand each time. There's subtle nuances in difference. So you're gonna see a drift between 1 and 3, 1 and 4% from image to image that is a part of the uniqueness of the historical process. It's a part of the reason we do this. Is we want the feeling of something rich, something unique, something that has that artfulness to it, rather than just something that's mechanically replicated to perfection each time. I do think it's a con that there are so many options. And like I said, whether you picked the quadtone rip. We're using a tone mapping curve correction, which I think is a great process. They all produce beautiful images. They're all subtly different, and if you're already familiar with, say, a quadtone rip method, and you want to try this method, great. Or vice versa, if you decide after trying this, "Oh I wanna try the quadtone rip method, see how that is." you can try those different elements. And ultimately what they all are, are different ways of describing how gray scale values in a black and white image are sent to the printer to create a negative. So that's what those different techniques do. But because there are several, it can become easy to get lost in the technical side. I'm a person who would much rather be coating and making prints, than doing the technical side. So, I like to get to the point where I feel like I'm getting something I want, and then I want to make photographs. I'm a photographer. I'm not a technician, I'm not a scientist. When you get into this process, and you start looking at some other people's work, they're amazing photographers, and they're also chemists, they're also mechanical engineers, they're also civil engineers, so their brains are just wrapped around that hard core science part, and it's great, because they're incredibly gracious, they share a lot, and they do all that crazy math, and there's these spreadsheets, and you're like, "Oh, I'm glad somebody figured that out for me to go... "Yay, it came out of the printer." So, don't get too tripped up in the hard complexities of it. The last con I would say is that there are a lot of steps. So, there's a lot of things you've gotta go through, but once you've done it once or twice, it becomes second nature. So like anything else, there's gonna be muscle memory involved. So don't be intimidated when we get into actually how to create this stuff. We'll be like, "Whoa, that's a lot." It's a lot up front. But once you do this, it's super easy. As a matter of fact, once you kind of get dialed into your process, like the other day, I printed 14 cyanotypes in about three hours. 'Cause once the digital negative information was set, I could just print. And that's really what I want to do. I want to go into my dark room, I wanna get it set up, and I want to make cool photographs. Class Description • How to create a digital negative • How to setup and test your curve • How to print a Cyanotype • How to create a Van Dyke Print • Chemistry, Safety and Developing techniques • Platinum and Palladium Printing processes 1. Class Introduction 2. Overview of the Alternative Process 3. Overview of the Digital Negative Process 4. Working with Black and White Digital: What You Need 5. Working With Black and White Digital Images: Color Settings 6. Working with Black and White Digital Images Lightroom 7. Working With Black and White Digital Images Photoshop 9. Avoiding Key Artifacts 10. Creating the Step Wedge for Curve Corrections 11. Organizing Your Adobe® Photoshop® Files and Curves 12. Setting Up the Printer 13. Lab Safety and Workspace Set-Up 14. Setting the Maximum Black Time 15. Getting the Initial Curve Test Numbers 16. Correcting the Curve 17. Printing the Curve 18. Sharing Curves 19. Caring for the Digital Negative 20. Intro to Cyanotypes and Safety 21. Paper and Brush Types 22. Coating Process and Cyanotype Chemistry 23. Making the Cyanotype Print 24. Washing the Cyanotype Print 25. Creating Cyanotypes Photograms 26. Toning Cyanotypes and Cleaning Up the Darkroom 27. Introduction to Van Dyke Printing 28. Setting Up the Van Dyke Workstation 29. Van Dyke Paper and Coating 30. Van Dyke Exposure and Developing 31. Van Dyke Troubleshooting and Resources 32. Van Dyke: Split Toning 33. Van Dyke: Wash Cycle and Drying 34. Van Dyke: Clean Up Process 35. Introduction to Platinum / Palladium Printing 36. Platinum/Palladium Coating Chemistry and Safety 37. Platinum/Palladium Paper and Coating Options 38. Platinum/Palladium Exposure and Development 39. Platinum/Palladium: Equipment and Supplies 40. Ink Jet Negative Coating and Exposure 41. Platinum/Palladium Chemistry Options 42. Ink Jet Negative Development 43. Platinum/Palladium Waxing Images 44. Platinum/Palladium Troubleshooting and Resources 45. Sharing Your Work Digitally 46. Archivability 47. Matting and Framing Options 48. Editions and Signing Options 49. Alternative Processes: Further Exploration James H Johnson
Question: What Is Difference Between Canoe And Kayak? Is it easier to kayak or canoe? What are 3 differences between canoes and kayaks? Canoes tend to be open top. The rowers kneel inside the canoe, or sit inside if there are small benches, which there often are, and propel themselves forward using – crucially – a single-bladed paddle. In contrast, kayaks are closed-deck, with a hole in the middle for the pilot to climb into and sit in. Which is better canoe or kayak? Canoes are generally more stable than kayaks due to their width. Canoes are easier to enter and exit than kayaks. Canoes have a much higher load capacity than kayaks and so can carry more gear. You get a better view of your surroundings in a canoe than you do in a kayak due to the higher seating position. You might be interested:  Readers ask: How To Hang A Canoe In A Garage? Do kayaks flip easily? How dangerous is kayaking? Is kayaking hard for beginners? Where should the heavier person sit in a canoe? What are the four categories of kayak and canoe? Types of Canoes & Kayaks • Canadian Canoes. • Touring Kayaks. • Sea Kayaks. • White Water Kayaks. • Kayaks for Children. • Inflatable Kayaks. You might be interested:  Quick Answer: What Makes A Good Canoe? What are two similarities and two differences between canoeing and kayaking? The most obvious difference is the equipment you use in each of the vessels. With a canoe, you will usually find it has an open-top, and it is designed for more people. A kayak has a closed top and is most commonly designed for one person. You will also find a kayak sits lower in the water than a canoe does. Is kayaking safe for non swimmers? Do canoes tip easily? Are inflatable kayaks worth it? What if your kayak flips? If you do flip over a sit-on-top kayak, you will automatically fall out. This can be a safer type of kayak in the event of a capsize, especially if you’re a beginner. This means you don’t necessarily need to be an experienced swimmer or know technical skills in order to survive a flip in a sit-on-top kayak. You might be interested:  Readers ask: What Is The Weight Of A 13 Ft. Grumman Canoe? Is it hard to flip a canoe? What kayak is the most stable? Pontoon hulls are the most stable kayak hull type and they provide great primary stability. Calm water, sit-on-top recreational kayaks and fishing kayaks use pontoon hulls for their excellent stability. The disadvantage of Pontoon hulls is that they’re slow and lack maneuverability. Leave a Reply
To the editor: Minnesota schools average 175 days per year. Admittedly, that is not enough; 195 days would be much better. Whether we have 175 days or 195 days, 50 historical events created the United States, define the United States, and give the United States a purpose for existing. Nine of those events involve race: 1. The end of slave trade in the U.S.; 2. The trail of tears; 3. The Civil War; 4. The Emancipation Proclamation; 5. Reconstruction; 6. The Civil Rights Act of 1875; 7. Brown v. Board of Education; 8. The Civil Rights Act of 1960; and 9. Human Rights. These events should be taught just like the other 42 events. The Minnesota Department of Education proposed social studies curriculum includes 65 benchmarks. A total of 34 of them involve race. I realize the United States grew as the melting pot, and thus we are citizens in the most diverse nation on Earth. That has caused some problems and we have made some great strides forward. Students should be taught about our great successes — all eight of them. They should also be taught about our great failures — all seven of them. However, making more than half our social studies benchmarks about race — and only dwelling on our failures and not mentioning our successes, seems to over emphasize the subject, and pit the races against each other. In the United States we are not Black; we are not Brown; we are not White; we are not Red; and we are not Yellow. We are Red, White, and Blue. Newsletter signup for email alerts Richard Thompson Alexandria, MN
How to Reduce Intestinal Gas Learn how to reduce intestinal gas from gastroenterologist Lisa Ganjhu, M.D. in this Howcast video about stomach problems and digestive disorders. So what causes diarrhea? To understand what causes diarrhea we need to know what is diarrhea. So basically, diarrhea is watery stools, and a multitude of them. And, some people can have loose stools all the time and that is their normal. But if any change of your normal bowel habits, where you are passing a lot of liquid stool, may have some cramping with it, that is what is called diarrhea. So the best way to treat diarrhea is, first and foremost, to re-hydrate yourself. And then products such as Pepto-Bismol help to decrease the inflammation because the diarrhea may be caused by the inflammation of the colon. There are products that are anti-diarrhea such as Imodium or, which your doctor can help you decide which one to take, help to stop the digestive tract from moving, and allows the bowels to firm up the stool so you do not have that much diarrhea. Another great way of helping with diarrhea is adding a little bit of fiber to your diet, taking either Citrucel or Metamucil with less water. And what that does is as it tracts down your colon it absorbs the extra water to help solidify the stools. So you can have more manageable bowel movements and help treat the diarrhea [music]. Popular Categories
09.06.2006 Health Despite progress in medicine, prevention, tens of millions more will die of AIDS Listen to article JOHANNESBURG, South Africa (AP) - It began innocuously, when a statistical anomaly pointed to a mysterious syndrome that attacked the immune systems of gay men in California. And it became the deadliest epidemic in history. Since June 5, 1981, when the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta first reported a new, mysterious and as yet unnamed illness that attacked the immune system, HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, has killed more than 25 million people, infected 40 million others and left a legacy of unspeakable loss, hardship, fear and despair. Its spread was hastened by ignorance, prejudice, denial and the freedoms of the sexual revolution. As it moved from medical oddity to pandemic, AIDS changed they way people live and love. Nobody knows for sure when or where, but the AIDS epidemic is thought to have begun in the primeval forests of West Africa when a virus lurking in the blood of a monkey or a chimpanzee made the leap from one species to another, infecting a hunter. Researchers have found HIV in a blood sample collected in 1959 from a man in Kinshasa, Congo. For decades at least, the early human infections went unnoticed on a continent where life routinely is harsh, short and cheap. AIDS could kill 31 million people in India and 18 million in China by 2025, according to projections by UN population researchers. By then in Africa, where AIDS likely began and where the virus has wrought the most devastation, researchers said the toll could reach 100 million. And then there is the risk that treatment will create a resistant strain or, as some critics claim, cause people to lower their guard and have more unprotected sex. Medicine offers less hope in the developing world where most victims are desperately poor with little or no access to the medical care needed to administer and monitor AIDS drugs. Globally, just one in five HIV patients get the drugs they need, according to a recent report by UNAIDS, the body leading the worldwide battle against the disease. Almost two-thirds of those infected with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa where poverty, ignorance and negligent political leadership extended the epidemic's reach and hindered efforts to contain it. In South Africa, the president once questioned the link between HIV and AIDS and the health minister urged use of garlic and the African potato to fight AIDS. In at least seven countries, the UN estimates that AIDS has reduced life expectancy to 40 years or less. In Botswana, which has the world's highest infection rate, a child born today can expect to live less than 30 years. "Particularly in southern Africa, we may have to apply a new notion, and that is of 'underdeveloping' nations. These are nations which, because of the AIDS epidemic, are going backwards," Peter Piot, the director of UNAIDS, said in a speech in Washington in March. Later, at a meeting in Abuja, Nigeria, last month, Piot cited encouraging news including a sharp fall in new infections in some African countries. There also has been an eightfold increase in the number of Africans benefiting from antiretroviral treatment, he said. But, he warned, "the crisis of AIDS continues and is getting worse and any slackening of our efforts would jeopardize the hard-won gains of each and every one of us." Besides the personal suffering of the infected and their families, the epidemic already has had devastating consequences for African education systems, industry, agriculture and economies in general. The impact is magnified because AIDS weakens and kills many young adults, people in their most productive years. So many farmers and farmworkers have died of AIDS that the UN has invented the term "new variant famine." It means that because of AIDS, the continent will experience persistent famine for generations instead of the usual cycles of hunger tied to variable weather. Africa's misery hangs like a sword over Asia, Eastern Europe and the Caribbean. Researchers don't expect the infection rates to rival those in Africa. But Asia's population is so big that even low infection rates could easily translate into tens of millions of deaths. Although fewer than one per cent of its people are infected, India has topped South Africa as the country with the most infections, 5.7 million to 5.5 million, according to UNAIDS. The initial reactions and prejudices associated with AIDS slowed the early response to the epidemic and limited the funding. Too much time, money and effort was spent on the wrong priorities, Stirling aid. "Over the last 25 years, the one real weakness was the search for the magic bullet. There is no quick and simple fix," he said. "But with the recent successes we are starting to see the end of epidemic." "There is evidence to suggest we are at the tipping point," said Stirling. The pace of change over the last couple of years suggests the number of new infections can be reduced by 50 to 60 per cent by 2020 - if the momentum continues. "It is surely possible, it is doable," Stirling said. ModernGhana Links Join our Newsletter
'Symbols can be extremely powerful – and be easily misused for hate' A range of political or pseudo-political causes at times attract extremists who have resorted to violence, hate and intimidation and as part of this, symbolism plays an important part in their activities and aims. Chrissy Meleady, director of Equalities and Human Rights UK A symbol is a visual image or sign representing an idea. Human cultures use symbols to express specific ideologies and social structures and to represent aspects of their culture. Symbols have the ability to be extremely powerful as they can convey complex messages, ideologies and history in a compact, recognisable form. As such, relatively simple symbols can be hugely significant to different cultures around the world. One can see this in the reverence held for national flags or religious symbols. As such, the defamation or appropriation of a particular symbol has the potential to be hugely insulting to individuals, entire communities or even entire countries. Unfortunately, symbols can also convey negative connotations. Some symbols are designed to communicate ideologies that promote hate and anger or instil in others fear and insecurity. Members of extremist groups use symbols to intimidate individuals and communities. Hate symbols are more than just ‘signs’ demonstrating racist, anti-Semitic, Islamophobia, anti-Christian or Homophobic or Transphobic attitudes and beliefs. These symbols are meant to instil a sense of fear and insecurity within a particular community. They can be found in graffiti, tattoos, flyers and literature, banners and flags or displayed as insignia, or on clothing. These symbols give extremists a sense of power and belonging, and a quick way of identifying with others who share their ideology. However, it is important to note that symbols carry different meanings depending upon one’s cultural background. For example, most people within Western Society view the Swastika as synonymous with the Nazi party, their extreme ideology and the crimes they committed. However, variations of the Swastika were used in many ancient cultures and they remain in use today, particularly within Indian culture and the religions of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. As a result, extremists have appropriated many symbols from pre-Christian Europe for their own uses. They give such symbols a racist significance, even though the symbols did not originally have such meaning and are often used by non-racists today, especially practitioners of modern pagan religions. Other symbols also may also be significant to groups or individuals, who are not extreme or racist or discriminatory in other ways too. We in Equalities and Human Rights, understand why in recent times, the iconic British clothing designer and retailer, Fred Perry, has announced they will no longer be selling one of their most treasured shirts in North America and Canada as a result of its growing affiliations with the far right group – The Proud Boys, founded in 2016 and whom in 2018, the FBI classified as an “extremist group with ties to White nationalism”. This extremist group also have The Proud Boys Girls which is the female auxiliary of the men-only group. Their ideology and intent is far right and neo-fascist and they are proponents of what they call ‘political violence’. The Proud Boys and their Girl contingent, favour as a uniform, the Black/Yellow/Yellow twin tipped shirt designed by Fred Perry. A company founded by a Socialist MP’s son and his Jewish business partner Tibby Wegner, an Austrian footballer. Fred Perry have dissociated themselves with any individual or group wearing it for purposes of hate and are working with lawyers to pursue any unlawful use of the brand. We know only too well, here in Sheffield and South Yorkshire, how damaging, comparable far right extremist groupings can be, as we have been for years, the subject of their ‘invasions’ and the appropriation of once harmless and indeed once, inclusive symbols being flaunted as symbols of hate. Decent, right-minded local people, all recall having to contend with, groups of middle-aged men and younger lads, along with some females who they described as ‘lady attendants’, rampaging through our areas, bedecked in Fred Perry shirts, and misusing the firm’s laurel wreath as a badge of hate here. Today in the UK we are seeing a rise in far right extremism. We have been here before. The British Union of Fascists, whose membership reached a peak of 40, 000 in 1934, was antagonistic of others, and intent on spreading hate. South Yorkshire stood solid against them. Fred Perry are to be highly commended on their anti-fascist stance.
/ 30 July 2021 Computer becomes inventor For the very first time, an artificial intelligence (AI) system has been listed as an inventor. After being turned down by patent officials in the US and the UK, and Europe, University of Surrey Professor Ryan Abbott secured a patent from South Africa for interlocking food containers in the name of the device’s inventor. And that inventor is not a human – it’s an AI system called Dabus, which stands for ‘device for the autonomous bootstrapping of unified sentience’. Dabus came up with the innovation after being fed lots of general data covering a range of subjects. Abbott said the decision is likely to set a precedent for other countries and was important to protect intellectual property. And if AI can sort out our Tupperware drawer, we’re here for it… Image source: Unsplash The Squiz Today Also Making News Get the Squiz Today newsletter
According to a news report, many Australian cities and rural towns are drought-hit. These places include NSW towns that are popular rural areas for investment. If you have a house in a region hit by water scarcity, you can consider investing in a rainwater harvesting system. Why Install a Rainwater Harvesting System in Your Rural Home? A rural home has ample open space available to install large tanks like Pioneer water tanks for rainwater storage. Also, rural areas of NSW, Tasmania, and Victoria receive an average rainfall of 600mm and above. It is double the rainfall in South Australia.  A rainwater harvesting system has many components like roof surface, gutter system, rain head, first flush diverter, tank screen, rainwater tanks, irrigation filter, and a pump system.  Here is some vital information on how the rainwater harvesting system works for rural homes. Collecting Rainwater According to experts, most roof surfaces are ideal for rainwater harvesting, and you don’t need to make any changes. Rainwater from the roof drains into gutters, and is eventually collected in a secure underground tank.  A rainwater harvesting system has a gutter protection screen that prevents large debris from entering the gutter along with rainwater. You don’t need any unique gutter design to collect rainwater, and any shape and size will do.  Storing Rainwater The rain head provides you with an opportunity to install an additional downstream filter before the water enters rainwater tanks. The first flush of rainwater is generally contaminated as the water washes away dirt and debris on the roof.  Hence, the rainwater harvesting system features a first flush diverter that prevents contaminated water from entering your rainwater tank.  A tank screen is installed at the opening of the rainwater tank that keeps pests and mosquitoes out. Options like Pioneer water tanks are available in varied sizes and capacities and can be used to safely store excess rainwater for use in the future. You need to choose a rainwater tank of the right size that can save an adequate amount of water to meet your family’s drinking and cooking needs during the summer season when water scarcity is severe.  If you plan to use rainwater for irrigation, you need to install an auto-fill system that will ensure the minimum water level is maintained at all times. The overflow valve installed on the rainwater tank should be insect-proof so as to keep mosquitoes and pests out.  Distributing Rainwater After the rainwater is collected in a rainwater tank, you need to distribute it to areas like the kitchen, bathrooms, garden, and other places where you need water.  A pump system is installed to distribute the rainwater. The rainwater tank also has a water level indicator that allows you to monitor the water level in the tank at all times. You can opt for simple water gauges or install a wireless water level indicator to monitor water levels.  A rainwater harvesting system does not have many moving parts, and there are very few maintenance costs involved. The only required maintenance is to keep every component of the rainwater harvesting system clean.  You can clean the rainwater tank annually (before rains start) to remove any dirt or debris that escapes the filter and settles at the bottom of the tank.
Foods Indigenous to the Western Hemisphere Diospyros virginiana By Jeremy Trombley The name persimmon is an adaptation of the word putchamin, which is the name given to the fruit by the Algonquin Indians. They are native to eastern North America, but has relatives in Asia and Mexico. The fruits are small and tomato shaped with redish orange skin. In general they are highly astringent, however, some varieties are less astringent when unripe and develop their sweetness sooner than others. Unripe persimmons may also contain the tannin Shibuol which polymerizes in the stomach and attaches to other stomach material to form bezoars, which may require surgery to remove. Persimmons can be ripened off the tree by exposing them to sunlight for several days. Alternatively, they can be processed by freezing and soaking in alcohol. This breaks down the cell wall and neutralizes the tannins in the fruit. Additionally, adding a small amount of baking powder to the pulp will reduce its astringency. Formerly an important fruit of eastern North America, the persimmon is now consumed infrequently, largely because of preference for its Asian relative, the kaki (D. kaki). Native Americans of eastern North America would pick the fruit and sonsume it when ripe or dry and save it for the winter months. When Europeans arrived in the region, they quickly adopted the fruit as well, and used it to make preserves, puddings, breads, as well as beer and wine. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, attempts were made to develop improved varieties of persimmon. However, the introduction of the kaki put an end to these attempts. Davidson, Alan. The Oxford Companion to Food 2nd Ed. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 2006. Persimmons: Fruit of the Gods.” Marin County Cooperative Extension 18 Apr 2005. 6 Feb 2009
about allieddown 101down caretraceabilitysustainabilityproducts + innovationspressmediaabout alliedprocessing The shape and composition of the down cluster is the key to its unparalleled warmth to weight.  Different from a feather, the down cluster has thousands of filaments radiating from a central point, and each of these filaments have barbs, much like the branches of a fir tree. These barbs connect with the barbs and filaments of the nearby clusters, creating a structural web of insulating air. the cluster Down cluster The natural brilliance of the down cluster is that it is able to fill a volume with very little material and incredibly low weight.  approximate total plumage Down vs feather Each filament is just a fraction of the width of a human hair, and it is estimated that there are as many as 30 miles of these filaments in just one gram of down.  Macro of down fibers While widely misunderstood, there are small differences between the down clusters of the duck and goose. The goose down cluster tends to have longer filaments, a different barb shape and a unique fat and oil composition. This all makes the larger goose down cluster slightly more compressible and resilient when it comes to jackets or sleeping bags that need to provide as much warmth as possible with minimal weight. Both insulate in the same way and more often than not it is almost impossible to distinguish between the two. cluster protein model Protein Molecular Composition The down cluster is composed of a protein — beta keratin — which is very similar to our human hair. Like our hair, it has fat and oils that give it bounce and resiliency. But again like our hair, proper processing, care and handling are needed to ensure durability, which can long outlive any garment.  As a by-product of the food industry, all down is sourced from domesticated birds with the exception of Eider down.  The species of goose found in the supply chain is Anser Anser f. Domestica which is a domesticated descendant of the Greylag Goose. Occasionally there may be other related regional species found in the rural supply chain.  fowl comparison Goose Duck Size Comparison For duck, the most common is Anas Boschas Domestica, descended from the Mallard. Other species throughout the supply chain include descendants of Muscovy ducks. It is important to note that in most cases, ALLIED will not source from Muscovy ducks due to the difficulty in keeping them in captivity and the animal welfare issues that can arisde from farming this breed.  Goose down cluster v. Duck down cluster There are slight differences between the quality of the species and regions in which they are raised. However, most of the marketing around quality stems from a time when most material was aggregated and now we find a lot more overlap in quality from Duck to Goose and from China to Europe.  In the industrial Chinese supply chain, there is a desire for a more tender meat, and due to that demand  both duck and geese are younger when they go to be processed for food than their European counterparts. The average age of ducks are 8-11 weeks and geese are slightly older at 10 – 16 weeks.  Graphic of region and age In Europe, the preference is for a gamier tasting meat and there the birds are processed at older ages — 11 – 14 weeks for duck and 18-24 for geese.  The older birds will tend to grow more mature and larger down clusters, and when material was aggregated and simply sold as duck or goose down from these regions, a qualitative assumption was made that European goose was superior in quality to Chinese duck. And while in general that still is the case in terms of warmth to weight, we now can offer 800 fill power duck down from China that rivals goose down from Europe.  Sourcing from the collector part of the supply chain offer even older birds and larger down clusters. Many of these regions with collector sourcing also tends to be colder than industrial farms and thus, produce an extremely high quality down. There is also a slight difference in both how the shape of the cluster itself and the fat and oil content between species. Goose tend to produce down that has longer fibers which makes it generally more compressible for a given fill power. The fat and oil composition of the goose also gives it a slightly more durable nature when considered over several years.  For more on the supply chain, click here. The extreme warmth-to-weight ratio that can be achieved by down is due to the size of insulating air pockets created. This is referred to as loft, and measured as “Fill Power”.  cluster comparison Cluster size difference  Fill Power is simply a measurement of the volume created by a given amount of down — in most cases, measured in 30 grams per cubic inch. The higher the fill power, the greater warmth to weight that material has. Down has an extremely linear warmth curve and can be used in many ways. In theory, one could use half as much 1000 fill power down as one would need of 500 fill power to create a product of the same warmth but extreme compressibility. But there are also times where fabrics or designs might require a smaller down cluster to provide loft.  Most down is measured according to the US/IDFB method. This standard has proven to provide the most reliable and provide the most consistent results. Other global / regional standards may produce different fill powers due to small changes in methodology. Until very recently, the two biggest standards – the US/IDFB and the EU – both gave far different results for the same lot of down. The EU standard at the time relied on a method of conditioning that was never as consistent as the US steam method. So while the fill power would always test “higher” under the US standard, the lack of consistency between tests for the preferred conditioning recently allowed for the EU adoption of the steam method – making the US and EU fill power results much closer than previously. There are three basic steps to testing fill power:  1. Down is stored and conditioned prior to testing. This allows the down to fully expand following what can be months of tightly packed storage. Different standards provide for different conditioning methods. The most consistent is the steam method where the down is steamed to allow it to loft. This is the method used by the US/IDFB. Other methods require different conditioning such as heating in an oven. The EU standard now allows for several different conditioning methods – including steam – which makes it much closer to the US than it was prior.  1. Most methods now use 30g of down loaded into a cylinder, the diameter of which is determined by the individual method. Most testing cylinders are now very close in size providing more universal results than in years past. These periodic adaptations of other standards is also why the US/IDFB is measured in competing metrics – cubic inches / 30 grams.  1. The cylinder has a lid slowly lowered onto the down and measurements are taken to quantify the total volume achievable by the down. Normally, 3 tests are done and the average is taken to provide the final fill power.  Fill Power Testing For more specific differences between the different measuring standards, please see the following documents from the IDFL in the links below.  Down is a by-product of the food industry, and as such, most down comes from those countries that eat the most duck and geese. That’s why approximately 75% of the world’s down comes from China with the heavy majority of the rest coming from Central and Eastern Europe. This supply chain is one that has been around for hundreds of years and still has not changed much over the generations.  There are generally three different modules of the supply chain with each providing their own benefits and complexities – industrial, collector and parent farms. We estimate that the collector and industrial supply chains are fairly evenly split with the parent farms only representing 3-8% of the total global down supply. Industrial Farms Due to the age of the duck and goose supply chain, and the fact that many farms have been owned and operated by generations of the same family, the use of the word “industrial” in this supply chain refers almost solely to relative scale. While these farms have larger contracts with slaughterhouse groups and produce far more birds than the other farms in the supply chain, these farms are generally not at the industrial level and overcrowding seen in other poultry supply chains in other parts of the world. The norm on these farms is a location on large bodies of water with birds roaming free. Many times, larger goose farms act as a secondary use to the land. We have seen many farms on orchards with the fruit trees providing natural shade for the birds and the birds supplying fertilization – creating a surprising circularity. Traceability within the industrial supply chain is far easier than the collector-based module, but this is where one has to be careful from an animal welfare perspective. In many parts of Europe, force feeding is the norm. You’ll probably never see French duck down from ALLIED for this reason.  The Parent Farms Within the industrial supply chain are farms where mother geese and ducks are raised to lay eggs for trade. These parent farms represent approximately 3-8% of the global supply chain. At the end of their cycle after 4-6 years, they become part of the food supply chain.  Collector based  This supply chain is a maze of collectors that gather material from micro farms sometimes as small as a single household raising birds to feed their family. Collectors travel from house to house within a village collecting all the waste products left out to be picked up – the down and feather from the birds being one. The village collectors will then usually aggregate material with a larger village collector who then transports to a regional collector where material is further aggregated and ultimately purchased and shipped from there. These small farms and households raising down to simply feed their families have almost no risk to animal welfare (if the birds are harmed, they don’t eat), but can be incredibly hard to trace due to their small size and rural nature. We have been able to add traceability in this supply chain by opening offices in these rural parts of the world where this supply chain resides that teach the collector communities how to read and write so the proper paperwork can always accompany the collection of the material.  The collector based supply chain is important as it not only has almost zero risk of animal welfare issues, but provides some of the highest quality of material as the birds are much older and produce a large and strong down cluster. Where each particular quality comes from White goose down tends to almost exclusively be collected from the industrial supply chain. The European White Goose Down we source comes from Hungary, Poland, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine. In most cases, the final lot of down is blended from various sources – much like wine – to build an insulation with the exact properties needed for this product. These regions tend to be much colder than others and the birds live slightly longer producing an extremely high quality, luxurious down. These regions are also known for a particular sub-species that provides an extremely white feather and down. Since ALLIED does not use any bleaches when processing, it is important that our White Goose Down comes from such sources. ALLIED’S Chinese White Goose Down mainly comes from the provinces of Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Handong, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Guangxi and Sichuan. White Goose Down at a higher fill power can be a fairly high risk for live plucking since it can come from the parent farms – though that only occurs within a small part of the supply chain. Even though live plucking is rare, we are still very careful within this supply chain and have identified those regions having the best transparency through parent farms to ensure that no material ALLIED procures comes from birds that have been live-plucked at any time in their lives The nature of the Grey Goose supply chain is such that most of this material comes from smaller collector-based farms. These birds tend to be much older than those found in an industrial supply chain and therefore provide extremely high quality down. Our European Grey Down usually comes from Hungary, Poland, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine while the grey goose in China most often comes from the provinces of Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Handong, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Guangxi and Sichuan. White duck down is predominantly sourced from the industrialized supply chain. Most of ALLIED’s duck down will come from China as much of the European duck – white and grey – are used for the production of Foie Gras. In China, We work with farms in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Handong, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Guangxi and Sichuan to not only ensure the animal welfare and traceability, but overall chemical management and environmental impact. It makes no sense to us at ALLIED to source what could effectively be the most sustainable insulation on the planet from farms engaged in harmful environmental practices. Grey duck is often found as part of the smaller farm and collector supply chain throughout the world. Looking closely at the collector based supply chain for duck has allowed ALLIED to expand its high quality duck down offerings significantly. In years past, it was almost impossible to source duck down consistently above 700 fill power. Now, by uncovering new and unique supply chains in rural parts of China, we can regularly provide 800 fill power duck down. Even though the down we collect would otherwise be waste from the poultry industry, we feel it is our responsibility to also account for the welfare of the birds. There are two particular animal welfare issues that are endemic to our industry. The first is the horrific practice of live plucking, and the other is collecting material from birds that have been force fed for the Foie Gras industry.  Live Plucking The most egregious and shocking practice is the collection of material through the live plucking of the birds. Down is not unlike the undercoat of a dog which older birds will periodically shed or molt. This material, in the past, was collected by hand and referred to “hand collected” down. The down naturally shed by the birds can be extremely high quality with extremely large strong clusters.  As certain farmers realized the value of this material, it degenerated into a practice where the down is picked from the birds, feathers and all, whether they are naturally shedding or not. This is extremely harmful to the birds and a practice we have always abhorred.  Most birds in the industrial farms go to processing for food at between 6-8 weeks for Duck in China and 12-16 for Goose (both are slightly older in Europe). In the vast majority of the supply chain, there is no possibility for live plucking since the birds are so young at time of processing. Live plucking only has the possibility to happen on parent farms where the birds are allowed to live for several years. But even at that, there has only ever been evidence of this happening at White Goose Farms. So considering the global supply chain, it is 1/4 of a small percent of the total farms that is even at risk. It has been estimated that only 1-2% of the down supply chain is at risk for this practice. And the material collected will always test at 800 fill power or above. Because this is the higher value down, anything that is not white goose down above 800 fill power isn’t even at risk for this practice. Force Feeding The other practice we, at ALLIED, have long made a commitment to not source is from birds that have been force fed for the foie gras industry. At the end of their lives, these birds are forced to gorge on a diet of corn which makes their livers extremely fatty. Again, this is an exaggeration of a naturally occurring process whereby birds in the wild will overeat in anticipation of a long journey as they migrate. The practice of forcing the birds to feed, however, has become a practice that covers most duck supply chains through central Europe. ALLIED has made the commitment to never procure from farms that engage in this practice at any point throughout the year.  Aside from those two unique issues we deal with, we continue to work with farms to improve the lives of the birds and constantly reconsidering what  “best practices” mean to animal husbandry. Aside from those two unique issues we deal with, we continue to work with farms to constantly improve the lives of the birds and constantly reconsidering what  “best practices” mean to animal welfare organizations.  Animal welfare shouldn’t only consider those issues of live plucking or force feeding. It is important that we, as an industry, help to move all animal welfare practices forward within this poultry supply chain and rethink what best practices for us mean.  Working with animal welfare groups, auditing bodies and brands, we realize that any claims to animal welfare need to consider Brambel’s Five Freedom of Animal Welfare and not just solely, but in addition to, the two main issues we face as an industry. The RDS and subsequent standards now follow this model ensuring robust positive treatment of all animals in the down supply chain. Brambel’s Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare.  All animal welfare standards and certifications use Brambel’s Five Freedoms as a baseline toward the positive treatment of animals and consists of the following elements.  This means ready access to fresh water and diet to maintain health and vigor. This requires providing an appropriate environment including appropriate shelter and comfortable resting area. Rapid diagnosis and necessary treatment must be in place to keep animals healthy Any conditions or treatment of the animals should not cause animals undue stress or unnatural fear. “ALLIED has shown true leadership and has proven that regardless of a suppliers’ size, if they want to be cruelty-free they can. We call on all suppliers to follow ALLIED’s example and fully exclude down feathers from force-fed or live-plucked animals from their supply. FOUR PAWS has called for prohibiting parallel production at the supplier level since the inception of those standards. We applaud ALLIED Feather and Down for being the first major processor to concur and understand the importance of such a measure,” – Melanie Lary, Four Paws In 2014, the Responsible Down Standard, developed by The North Face and ALLIED, was published and gifted to Textile Exchange for use by the entire down industry. It’s robust requirements and auditing immediately set it up as one of the most significant animal welfare standards in the entire textile industry. Soon thereafter, other standards were launched and some that had existed prior were re-written to become much stronger.  There are other small standards, but none with the scope and scale of the RDS. ALLIED does, however, work with brands to develop robust sourcing stories that exceed any existing certification.  The Responsible Down Standard Developed by ALLIED alongside The North Face and Control Union and gifted to Textile Exchange in 2014, the Responsible Down Standard stands as the most robust scalable animal welfare standard for down. It ensures that all material is traceable and sourced from farms audited to all Five Freedoms of animal welfare and prohibits the collection of material from  live plucked or force fed birds. No certified farm is allowed to engage in these practices whether down is sourced from those birds or not. The RDS is based on the Content Claim Standard which means that all points of the supply chain – from hatchling farms through product manufacturing and distribution – require certification in order to label any product with the RDS logo.  Click on the downloads to learn more about the labeling guidelines and current standard requirements and visit responsibledown.org for additional information and assets.
What are the mental models? Your life is isolated into two sections: before you grasp mental models and after. Mental models are design patterns for thinking, and they simplify complicated things so your brain can reason through them. They help us find the signal in the noise. You use them to reach sound judgment without having to have a deep understanding of a circumstance. “You get further in life by avoiding repeated stupidity than you do by striving for maximum intelligence.” — Charlie Munger Why mental models? Mental models do two jobs: they help you evaluate how systems work, and they help you make reliable decisions. These two concepts hold everything you do. You have to learn all the big ideas in the key disciplines in a way that they’re in a mental latticework in your head and you automatically use them for the rest of your life. If you do that, I solemnly promise you that one day you’ll be walking down the street and you’ll look to your right and left and you’ll think "my heavenly days, I’m now one of the few competent people in my whole age cohort." If you don’t do it, many of the brightest of you will live in the middle ranks or in the shallows. - Charlie Munger Start learning now
Following statement was given for boric acid $(\ce{H3BO3}):$ At low concentrations $(\leq\pu{0.02 M})$ essentially $\ce{B(OH)3}$ and $\ce{B(OH)4-}$ are present, but at higher concentration the acidity increases and pH studies are consistent with the formation of polymeric species such as $$\ce{B(OH)3 <=> H+ + [B3O3(OH)4]- + H2O}$$ Please explain the meaning of the italicised statement i.e. pH studies are consistent with the formation of polymeric species? • 2 $\begingroup$ Could you please narrow down as to what exactly needs clarification? The following questions could arise: How the pH studies are conducted?; Why polyoxoborates form and what their structure is?; What does Pourbaix diagram say regarding olation/oxolation?; What are corresponding $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ values? It would be nice if you could point out which one interests you in the first place, otherwise the answer can and should be very lengthy. $\endgroup$ – andselisk Dec 23 '19 at 13:09 • 1 $\begingroup$ @andselisk what is the meaning of the statement pH studies are consistent with the formation of polymeric species? $\endgroup$ – Zenix Dec 23 '19 at 13:21 • $\begingroup$ I suppose predictions of polyanion hypothesis about H+ concentration agrees with observation. Also note borax existence as the solid evidence of boron polyanions $\endgroup$ – Poutnik Dec 23 '19 at 13:27 In the equation $\ce{H2O + H3BO3 -> H+ + B(OH)4-}$, one negative charge on the anion is shared among 4 electronegative oxygens. Yes, one positive charge on the proton is also shared with some water molecules, so the orthoborate ion probably shares some negative charge with some waters, but let's keep it simple. Boric acid is known to complex with sugars to generate higher acidity. If boric acid complexes with itself, as in $$\ce{3 H3BO3 -> H+ + [B3O3(OH)4]- + 2 H2O}$$, the one negative charge on the anion can be considered to be distributed among 7 electronegative oxygens, or maybe still distributed mostly on the OH groups, but since they will be separated more, the stability of the ion will be greater, and the tendency to lose a proton will be greater: greater acidity. The electronegativity of boron is less than that of hydrogen (2.02 vs 2.2, electronegativity, Wikipedia), so when the atoms in the ions are counted, the first ionization equation has one hydrogen and one boron as the metallic atoms getting the positive charge, while the second equation has one hydrogen and 3 borons donating electrons - more sharing of the positive charge here, tho the hydrogen still gets the positive charge. But this structure may be only a suggestion. Well-known polyborate anions include the triborate(1-), tetraborate(2-) and pentaborate(1-) anions. The condensation reaction for the formation of tetraborate(2-) is as follows Wikipedia $$\ce{2 B(OH)3 + 2 [B(OH)4]− ⇌ [B4O5(OH)4]2- + 5 H2O}$$ The italicized text mentions an observation of pH that is consistent with the complexation of boric acid with itself. It doesn't prove the existence of the triborate ion only, and perhaps is only a way to keep the text shorter without ignoring complexation completely. Then along comes a student who looks into the sentence and sees that something was omitted or not explained thoroughly. (Keep asking questions!) A more precise answer to the polymeric structure, at least at neutral pH, is found in Wikipedia on borate, to quote in part: "At neutral pH boric acid undergoes condensation reactions to form polymeric oxyanions.... The tetraborate anion (tetramer) includes two tetrahedral and two trigonal boron atoms symmetrically assembled in a fused bicyclic structure. The two tetrahedral boron atoms are linked together by a common oxygen atom and each also bears a negative net charge brought by the supplementary OH− groups laterally attached to them. This intricate molecular anion also exhibits three rings: two fused distorted hexagonal (boroxole) rings and one distorted octagonal ring. Each ring is made of a succession of alternate boron and oxygen atoms. Boroxole rings are a very common structural motif in polyborate ions." "Simple bonding theories point to the trigonal planar structure. In terms of valence bond theory the bonds are formed by using sp2 hybrid orbitals on boron. Some compounds termed orthoborates do not necessarily contain the trigonal planar ion, for example gadolinium orthoborate..." My reading of the above is that it is possible, via a condensation reaction, for Boric acid to create polymeric oxyanions, and in particular Boroxole rings at neutral pH. Your Answer
Save Status: or to save your progress. The page will not refresh. Answer Key: Edit a Copy: Make Your Own: Crossword Word Search Worksheet Rate This Puzzle: Log in or sign up to rate this puzzle. Transfer of energy within a material or between materials that are touching Transfer of energy by fluids When two plates collide Outer part of the earth consisting of the upper mantle and crust The flow that transfers heat within a fluid Sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate proposed plate tectonic theory Proposed the continental drift theory Outer layer of the earth between the surface and the mantle A theory explaining the structure of the earths crust When two plates divide The transfer of energy through space and waves The innermost part of a core When two plates slide past each other A former "super continent on the earth Part of the earth between the core and the crust The upper layer of earth's mantle below the lithosphere The formation of new areas of oceanic crust A movement of the continents across the earths surface Fluid layer about 2,300 thick
Rwanda’s Wilton Gregory becomes First African Cardinal in Catholic History Rwanda’s Wilton Gregory becomes First African Cardinal in Catholic History Rwanda’s Wilton Gregory becomes First African American Cardinal in History Archbishop Wilton Gregory from Rwanda has been installed a Cardinal by Pope Francis alongside 12 others, making Gregory the first African American to hold that position. Pope Francis on Saturday installed 13 new cardinals, including the first African American to hold the high rank, further expanding the pontiff’s impact on the group that will one day elect his successor. The cardinals were installed in a ceremony, known as a consistory, that was markedly slimmed down because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Instead of the usual thousands, only 10 guests per cardinal were allowed in St. Peter’s Basilica as the pope gave the men their ring and traditional red hat, known as a biretta. Nine of the 13 are under 80 and eligible under Church law to enter a secret conclave to choose the next pope from among themselves after Francis dies or resigns. It was Francis’ seventh consistory since his election in 2013. He has now appointed 57% of the 128 cardinal electors, most of whom share his vision of a more inclusive and outward-looking Church. Thus far, he has appointed 18 cardinals from mostly far-flung countries that never had one, nearly all of them from the developing world. In Saturday’s consistory, Brunei and Rwanda got their first cardinals. While Europe still has the largest share of cardinal electors, with 41%, it is down from 52% in 2013 when Francis became the first Latin-American pope. With each consistory, Francis has increased the chances that his successor will be another non-European, having beefed up the Church in places where it is either a tiny minority or where it is growing faster than in the stagnant West. The nine new electors come from Italy, Malta, Rwanda, the United States, the Philippines, Chile, Brunei and Mexico. In his homily, Francis told the men to keep their eyes on God, avoid all forms of corruption, and not succumb to a “worldly spirit” that can accompany the prestige and power of their new rank. Wilton Gregory, the 72-year-old archbishop of Washington, D.C, becomes the first African-American cardinal at a time the United States is examining race relations after a spate of police killings of unarmed Black people. Everyone in the basilica except the pope wore a mask. Each new cardinal removed theirs when they knelt before him to be invested, except Gregory, who kept it on. Gregory made headlines in June when he blasted President Donald Trump’s visit to a Catholic shrine in Washington, after police and soldiers used tear gas and rubber bullets to clear protesters so Trump could be photographed in front of a historic Washington church holding a Bible. Gregory said he found it “baffling and reprehensible that any Catholic facility would allow itself to be so egregiously misused and manipulated”. Catholic conservatives condemned Gregory and sided with Trump. In an interview with Reuters on Tuesday, Gregory said he wanted to find common ground with U.S. President-elect Joe Biden despite disagreements on issues such as abortion. Gregory was one of a handful of new cardinals who were quarantined for about 10 days in their rooms in the Vatican guest house where the pope also lives. Cardinals from Brunei and the Philippines could not travel and will receive their ring and hat from a papal delegate. Four non-electors over 80 were given the honur after a long service to the Church. The most prominent is Archbishop Silvano Tomasi, an Italian-American who has worked around the world and is one of the Church’s top experts on immigration. The new cardinals later paid a courtesy visit to 93-year-old former Pope Benedict XVI, who lives on the Vatican grounds. Editorial Chief, Nigerian Bureau
Quick Answer: Which Country Lost The Most Soldiers In Ww1? Which war killed the most Americans? The Civil WarThe Civil War maintains the highest American casualty total of any conflict. What is the longest war in history? Iberian Religious WarThe longest continual war in history was the Iberian Religious War, between the Catholic Spanish Empire and the Moors living in what is today Morocco and Algeria. The conflict, known as the “Reconquista,” spanned 781 years — more than three times as long as the United States has existed. Which country has the most soldiers in World War 1? RussiaStatistics related to WW1QuestionAnswerWhich country has the most soldiers in World War One?RussiaWhich country had the least soldiers in World War One?TurkeyWhich country had the highest number of deaths?GermanyWhich country had the least number of deaths?United States33 more rows How many died in ww2 total? 85 millionWorld War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished, or about 3% of the 1940 world population (est. 2.3 billion). Which war was the worst? World War IIWars and armed conflicts with highest estimated death tolls of 100,000 or moreEventLowest estimateFromWorld War II60,000,0001939Three Kingdoms36,000,000184Mongol conquests30,000,0001206European colonization of the Americas8,400,000149247 more rows Who has the biggest army in history? Brute Force – History’s Largest ArmiesFrance used conscription in 1800 to build history’s first 2-million-man army. ( … Imperial Russia’s army reached its peak of 6 million men in 1914. … The United States had 12 million men in uniform in 1945. … China has consistently maintained the largest army of the Post War period. ( … Infographic from MilitaryHistoryNow.com.More items…• Is there anyone from ww1 still alive? The last living veteran of World War I was Florence Green, a British citizen who served in the Allied armed forces, and who died 4 February 2012, aged 110. … The last Central Powers veteran, Franz Künstler of Austria-Hungary, died on 27 May 2008 at the age of 107. What war had the most deaths? World War IIBy far the most costly war in terms of human life was World War II (1939–45), in which the total number of fatalities, including battle deaths and civilians of all countries, is estimated to have been 56.4 million, assuming 26.6 million Soviet fatalities and 7.8 million Chinese civilians were killed. What stopped ww2? World War 2 ended with the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers. On 8 May 1945, the Allies accepted Germany’s surrender, about a week after Adolf Hitler had committed suicide. VE Day – Victory in Europe celebrates the end of the Second World War on 8 May 1945. Who is number 1 army in the world? What weapon killed the most in ww1? Who has the most soldiers in ww1? The armies of the Central Powers mobilised 25 million soldiers and 3.5 million of them died. The Entente Powers deployed 40 million soldiers and lost more than 5 million. How many American soldiers died in ww1? 116,516American losses in World War I were modest compared to those of other belligerents, with 116,516 deaths and approximately 320,000 sick and wounded of the 4.7 million men who served. The USA lost more personnel to disease (63,114) than to combat (53,402), largely due to the influenza epidemic of 1918. Who killed most in ww2? the Soviet UnionIn terms of total numbers, the Soviet Union bore an incredible brunt of casualties during WWII. An estimated 16,825,000 people died in the war, over 15% of its population. China also lost an astounding 20,000,000 people during the conflict. June 6 will mark the 70th anniversary of the D-Day Invasion of Normandy. What is the bloodiest battle in history? The Battle of the SommeThe Battle of the Somme was one of the largest battles of World War I, and among the bloodiest in all of human history. The Battle of the Somme was one of the largest battles of World War I, and among the bloodiest in all of human history. Which country lost the most soldiers in the war? Casualties of World War ICountryTotal mobilized forcesTotal casualtiesAllied Powers:Russia12,000,0009,150,000British Empire8, 904,4673,190,235France 28,410,0006,160,80018 more rows Which country lost the most soldiers in ww2? The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union suffered the most when it came to casualties. Up to 20 million people died due to poor leadership. Did more people die in ww1 or ww2? World War One lasted more than 4 years but about 16 million people died. That’s even more, but it’s nowhere near 80 million – and World War Two only happened 20 years later.
Miner Definition Mining is based on blockchain technology. Concretely, new blocks are created which can process and log new bookings. These new blocks are mined by solving complex cryptographic problems. The level of difficulty is regularly adapted to the processing power of the entire available network. For creating new blocks the miner can keep a certain amount of the crypto currency. With more people joining the world of crypto currency, generating hashes for this validation has become far more complex over the years. Miners have to invest large sums of money on employing multiple high performance ASICs. Thus the value of the currency obtained for finding a hash often does not justify the amount of money spent on setting up the machines, the cooling facilities to overcome the heat they produce, and the electricity required to run them. Apparently, Iceland has become a paradise for cryptocurrency miners due to cheap electricity. FinTech Development and Business Newsletter. Take it, its free!
La propagación de enfermedades infecciosas es un problema grave en los sistemas penitenciarios de todo el mundo, y muchas veces los presos tienen más probabilidades de vivir con tuberculosis, VIH o hepatitis que una persona de la comunidad más general. Más información, en inglés, está disponible abajo. By Gen Sander The spread of infectious diseases is a serious problem in prison systems worldwide, with prisoners often many times more likely to be living with Tuberculosis, HIV or hepatitis than a person in the broader community. Alongside the generally poor and unsanitary conditions prevalent in prisons, one major route to infection is unsafe injecting drug use. Yet very few jurisdictions permit or provide harm reduction services (such as clean needles) in prisons. In this blog, Gen Sander, Human Rights Research Analyst at Harm Reduction International, says that states have both a public health duty and a human rights obligation to tackle spread of infectious disease in closed settings. The spread of infectious diseases affects the population at large, but global data reveal it is an especially acute problem in prison systems worldwide. Tuberculosis (TB) rates, for example, can be up to 81 times higher in prisons than in the general population, while global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is up to 50 times higher among the prison population in some countries. At the same time, one in four detainees worldwide have been found to be living with hepatitis C (HCV), a figure that becomes even more unsettling when compared to, for example, the rate of HCV in the broader community in the WHO Europe region, which is one in every 50. Prisons represent high-risk environments for the transmission of these diseases for a number of reasons. For one, members of poor and marginalised groups are overrepresented in the prison population worldwide. Many of the factors that make these groups more likely to be incarcerated, including poverty and discrimination, also mean that they tend to carry a disproportionately high burden of disease and ill-health, including higher rates of TB, HIV and HCV. Punitive approaches to drugs have also led to the mass incarceration of people who use drugs. According to global figures, 10-48% of male and 30-60% of female prisoners are using or dependent on illicit drugs on entry to prison, and every sixth prisoner is thought to be a so-called ‘problem drug user’. In Europe, crimes related to the use, possession or supply of illicit drugs are the main reason for incarceration of between 10% and 25% of all sentenced prisoners. Click here to read the full article.             Thumbnial: Flickr CC UNICEF
Writing a Term Paper A word paper, even more commonly known as a dissertation, is a in depth research paper made to cover a particular topic, generally for an academic year. Webster defines it as a large written document representing a pupil’s performance during the academic calendar year, as represented in a term awarded to the student. The amount of distinct formats that are available to exhibit this dissertation varies widely from college to college. The most common format is that the bibliography style, which is made up of list of works that were cited to encourage and boost the findings made in the newspaper. A bibliography is not the only kind of bibliography, yet, also there are many others such as an index, which is similar to a dictionary. A bibliography could be supplemented with different kinds of information to support the research paper’s findings. Term papers are generally composed in English and other languages. In actuality, many universities require students to have some degree of proficiency in that language until they’re allowed to enter in their study programs. An important part of the article is the choice of vocabulary. The term paper must contain proper grammar, punctuation and grammar to be able to ensure it essay review online has proper authenticity in the opinion of the scientist grading the papers. The thesis statement is also very important. It’s the fundamental statement of the newspaper that sets the newspaper apart from the rest. The thesis statement describes the theme of the newspaper and gives a frame for the content of the newspaper. The thesis statement is generally an essay with various paragraphs encouraging various points. The very first paragraph contains the principal thesis statement and then follows with supporting evidence to confirm the statements contained in the thesis statement. As was mentioned earlier, research papers are often written on a specific topic. The subject is often given at the beginning of the paper in the form of the name or subtitle, then described in the remaining part of the paper in a number of paragraphs encouraging a variety of facts or arguments in support of this subject. The writing process is not restricted to research newspapers. Some examples are documents and research papers. In such situations, the goal is not to present study except to supply a short evaluation of an aspect of an academic matter. Students have to exhibit their research findings along with their disagreement in a more concise and clear fashion so as to be approved for an award. This report gives a concise introduction to the writing procedure. There are numerous additional articles and resources available which provide a broader explanation of the composing process in addition to a description of various formats such as papers. If you’re writing a paper, make sure you adhere to a systematic approach to the composing process. Write each paragraph of your paper as though you were to compose an essay, making sure your research is backed by evidence and the tone of your writing is more consistent with the academic tone of this journal you’re submitting it into. Al subscriure, acceptes el Termes i Condicions de imobi.cat Compare listings
Book Title: NA Year Published: 2009 Month Published: NA Author: Blum, A. Book Group Author: NA Water-use efficiency (WUE) is often considered an important determinant of yield under stress and even as a component of crop drought resistance. It has been used to imply that rainfed plant production can be increased per unit water used, resulting in “more crop per drop”. This opinionated review argues that selection for high WUE in breeding for water-limited conditions will most likely lead, under most conditions, to reduced yield and reduced drought resistance. As long as the biochemistry of photosynthesis cannot be improved genetically, greater genotypic transpiration efficiency (TE) and WUE are driven mainly by plant traits that reduce transpiration and crop water-use, processes which are crucially important for plant production. Since biomass production is tightly linked to transpiration, breeding for maximized soil moisture capture for transpiration is the most important target for yield improvement under drought stress. Effective use of water (EUW) implies maximal soil moisture capture for transpiration which also involves reduced non-stomatal transpiration and minimal water loss by soil evaporation. Even osmotic adjustment which is a major stress adaptive trait in crop plants is recognized as enhancing soil moisture capture and transpiration. High harvest index (HI) expresses successful plant reproduction and yield in terms of reproductive functions and assimilate partitioning towards reproduction. In most rainfed environments crop water deficit develops during the reproductive growth stage thus reducing HI. EUW by way of improving plant water status helps sustain assimilate partitions and reproductive success. It is concluded that EUW is a major target for yield improvement in water-limited environments. It is not a coincidence that EUW is an inverse acronym of WUE because very often high WUE is achieved at the expense of reduced EUW. Pages: 119 - 123 URL: http://0-search.ebscohost.com.catalog.library.colostate.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,cpid&custid=s4640792&db=agr&AN=IND44214331&site=ehost-live Volume: 112 Number: 2-3 Journal: Field crops research Journal ISO: NA Organization: NA Publisher: NA ISSN: 03784290 soil water, plant adaptation, genotype, photosynthesis,transpiration, dry matter partitioning, photosynthates, plantreproduction, evaporation, harvest index, water use efficiency, waterstress, plant-water relations, crops, plant breeding, dryland farming,literature reviews, crop yield, drought, drought tolerance Source: EBSCO Series Number: Document Type: Subject Category:
127. Integration. We have in this chapter seen how we can find the derivative of a given function \(\phi(x)\) in a variety of cases, including all those of the commonest occurrence. It is natural to consider the converse question, that of determining a function whose derivative is a given function. Suppose that \(\psi(x)\) is the given function. Then we wish to determine a function such that \(\phi'(x) = \psi(x)\). A little reflection shows us that this question may really be analysed into three parts. (1) In the first place we want to know whether such a function as \(\phi(x)\) actually exists. This question must be carefully distinguished from the question as to whether (supposing that there is such a function) we can find any simple formula to express it. (2) We want to know whether it is possible that more than one such function should exist, i.e. we want to know whether our problem is one which admits of a unique solution or not; and if not, we want to know whether there is any simple relation between the different solutions which will enable us to express all of them in terms of any particular one. (3) If there is a solution, we want to know how to find an actual expression for it. It will throw light on the nature of these three distinct questions if we compare them with the three corresponding questions which arise with regard to the differentiation of functions. (1) A function \(\phi(x)\) may have a derivative for all values of \(x\), like \(x^{m}\), where \(m\) is a positive integer, or \(\sin x\). It may generally, but not always have one, like \(\sqrt[3]{x}\) or \(\tan x\) or \(\sec x\). Or again it may never have one: for example, the function considered in Ex. XXXVII. 20, which is nowhere continuous, has obviously no derivative for any value of \(x\). Of course during this chapter we have confined ourselves to functions which are continuous except for some special values of \(x\). The example of the function \(\sqrt[3]{x}\), however, shows that a continuous function may not have a derivative for some special value of \(x\), in this case \(x = 0\). Whether there are continuous functions which never have derivatives, or continuous curves which never have tangents, is a further question which is at present beyond us. Common-sense says No: but, as we have already stated in § 111, this is one of the cases in which higher mathematics has proved common-sense to be mistaken. But at any rate it is clear enough that the question ‘has \(\phi(x)\) a derivative \(\phi'(x)\)?’ is one which has to be answered differently in different circumstances. And we may expect that the converse question ‘is there a function \(\phi(x)\) of which \(\psi(x)\) is the derivative?’ will have different answers too. We have already seen that there are cases in which the answer is No: thus if \(\psi(x)\) is the function which is equal to \(a\), \(b\), or \(c\) according as \(x\) is less than, equal to, or greater than \(0\), then the answer is No (Ex. XLVII. 3), unless \(a = b = c\). This is a case in which the given function is discontinuous. In what follows, however, we shall always suppose \(\psi(x)\) continuous. And then the answer is Yes: if \(\psi(x)\) is continuous then there is always a function \(\phi(x)\) such that \(\phi'(x) = \psi(x)\). The proof of this will be given in Ch. VII. (2) The second question presents no difficulties. In the case of differentiation we have a direct definition of the derivative which makes it clear from the beginning that there cannot possibly be more than one. In the case of the converse problem the answer is almost equally simple. It is that if \(\phi(x)\) is one solution of the problem then \(\phi(x) + C\) is another, for any value of the constant \(C\), and that all possible solutions are comprised in the form \(\phi(x) + C\). This follows at once from § 126. (3) The practical problem of actually finding \(\phi'(x)\) is a fairly simple one in the case of any function defined by some finite combination of the ordinary functional symbols. The converse problem is much more difficult. The nature of the difficulties will appear more clearly later on. Definitions. If \(\psi(x)\) is the derivative of \(\phi(x)\), then we call \(\phi(x)\) an integral or integral function of \(\psi(x)\). The operation of forming \(\psi(x)\) from \(\phi(x)\) we call integration. We shall use the notation \[\phi(x) = \int \psi(x)\, dx.\] It is hardly necessary to point out that \(\int\dots dx\) like \(d/dx\) must, at present at any rate, be regarded purely as a symbol of operation: the \(\int\) and the \(dx\) no more mean anything when taken by themselves than do the \(d\) and \(dx\) of the other operative symbol \(d/dx\). 128. The practical problem of integration. The results of the earlier part of this chapter enable us to write down at once the integrals of some of the commonest functions. Thus \[\begin{equation*} \int x^{m}\, dx = \frac{x^{m+1}}{m + 1},\quad \int \cos x\, dx = \sin x,\quad \int \sin x\, dx = -\cos x. \tag{1} \end{equation*}\] These formulae must be understood as meaning that the function on the right-hand side is one integral of that under the sign of integration. The most general integral is of course obtained by adding to the former a constant \(C\), known as the arbitrary constant of integration. There is however one case of exception to the first formula, that in which \(m = -1\). In this case the formula becomes meaningless, as is only to be expected, since we have seen already (Ex. XLII. 4) that \(1/x\) cannot be the derivative of any polynomial or rational fraction. That there really is a function \(F(x)\) such that \(D_{x}F(x) = 1/x\) will be proved in the next chapter. For the present we shall be content to assume its existence. This function \(F(x)\) is certainly not a polynomial or rational function; and it can be proved that it is not an algebraical function. It can indeed be proved that \(F(x)\) is an essentially new function, independent of any of the classes of functions which we have considered yet, that is to say incapable of expression by means of any finite combination of the functional symbols corresponding to them. The proof of this is unfortunately too detailed and tedious to be inserted in this book; but some further discussion of the subject will be found in Ch. IX, where the properties of \(F(x)\) are investigated systematically. Suppose first that \(x\) is positive. Then we shall write \[\begin{equation*} \int \frac{dx}{x} = \log x, \tag{2} \end{equation*}\] and we shall call the function on the right-hand side of this equation the logarithmic function: it is defined so far only for positive values of \(x\). Next suppose \(x\) negative. Then \(-x\) is positive, and so \(\log(-x)\) is defined by what precedes. Also \[\frac{d}{dx} \log(-x) = \frac{-1}{-x} = \frac{1}{x},\] so that, when \(x\) is negative, \[\begin{equation*} \int \frac{dx}{x} = \log(-x). \tag{3} \end{equation*}\] The formulae (2) and (3) may be united in the formulae \[\begin{equation*} \int \frac{dx}{x} = \log(\pm x) = \log|x|, \tag{4} \end{equation*}\] where the ambiguous sign is to be chosen so that \(\pm x\) is positive: these formulae hold for all real values of \(x\) other than \(x = 0\). The most fundamental of the properties of \(\log x\) which will be proved in Ch. IX are expressed by the equations \[\log 1 = 0,\quad \log (1/x) = -\log x,\quad \log xy = \log x + \log y,\] of which the second is an obvious deduction from the first and third. It is not really necessary, for the purposes of this chapter, to assume the truth of any of these formulae; but they sometimes enable us to write our formulae in a more compact form than would otherwise be possible. It follows from the last of the formulae that \(\log x^{2}\) is equal to \(2\log x\) if \(x > 0\) and to \(2\log(-x)\) if \(x < 0\), and in either case to \(2\log |x|\). Either of the formulae (4) is therefore equivalent to the formula \[\begin{equation*} \int \frac{dx}{x} = \tfrac{1}{2}\log x^{2}. \tag{5} \end{equation*}\] The five formulae (1)-(3) are the five most fundamental standard forms of the Integral Calculus. To them should be added two more, viz. \[\begin{equation*} \int \frac{dx}{1 + x^{2}} = \arctan x,\quad \int \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 – x^{2}}} = \pm\arcsin x. \tag{6} \end{equation*}\] 1 1. See § 119 for the rule for determining the ambiguous sign.↩︎ $\leftarrow$ 125-126. The Mean Value Theorem Main Page 129. Integration of polynomials $\rightarrow$ Close Menu
How policy makers could address the food-insecurity epidemic Rebecca Stropoli | Feb 24, 2021 Food insecurity is a critical problem in the United States, and the COVID-19 pandemic has only made it worse. Current Population Survey estimates from 2020 show nearly one in four households with children are food insecure, lacking access to a sufficient amount of affordable and nutritious food. Nutrition is key, as healthy food combats conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and low cognitive functioning.  Recent research presents evidence that may suggest some potential policy solutions. They include combining minimum-wage increases with targeted promotions and marketing, as well as addressing the financial distress that creates headwinds for healthy eating.   University of California at Davis’s Mike Palazzolo and Georgia Tech’s Adithya Pattabhiramaiah examined whether minimum-wage hikes could help alleviate food insecurity. Some public-policy advocates and politicians have branded the $7.25 federal minimum wage a “starvation wage,” but would raising it actually affect the amount of food consumers purchase—and, crucially, its nutritional value? Palazzolo and Pattabhiramaiah tackled this question by looking at the effects of both national and local minimum-wage hikes. Minimum-wage amounts across states, cities, and counties in the US can differ widely. For example, California had a statewide minimum wage of $10 at the start of 2016, but San Francisco had a higher rate of $13.  The researchers tracked 309 hikes made between 2007 and 2016. In the data studied, the median minimum-wage increase was 50 cents an hour, which equated to an extra $80 per month for full-time minimum-wage earners. By combining data from the Nielsen Homescan panel, provided by Chicago Booth’s Kilts Center for Marketing, with a proprietary data set containing nutritional labels for the food purchased, the researchers were able to measure both the amount of food bought as well as its nutritional value. To estimate the impact of the wage hikes, they compared the purchase behavior of households earning below and just above their locality’s minimum wage. When wages go up, households whose key earners make the minimum wage do, on average, purchase more food, the researchers find. However, the food is not necessarily any healthier.  Retailers can potentially nudge consumers to purchase healthier foods when they become more open to buying new foods. There is one notable exception: households whose dietary health ranked among the worst did buy larger amounts of healthful food after a wage hike. However, minimum-wage households that previously purchased more healthful food bought less of it after an increase. So raising the minimum wage may be a promising start when it comes to addressing food insecurity, but it may not be a comprehensive solution. The data indicate that increases in the minimum wage can encourage households to try new foods, however. Of the additional food products the households bought, around one-third hadn’t been purchased by them before, according to the data.  This implies that an opportunity exists for intervention when minimum-wage increases are imminent. Retailers can potentially nudge consumers to purchase healthier foods when they become more open to buying new foods. Stores with brand images built around helping shoppers eat healthier may be especially inclined to take advantage of this opportunity. Manufacturers may also be able to help nudge consumers when the minimum wage increases. Because retailers have access to behavioral data on their customers, public-health agencies and related organizations might consider partnering with them to create campaigns, the researchers also suggest. Previous research—by Illinois State University’s Joon Ho Lim, North Carolina State’s Rishika Rishika, University of South Carolina’s Ramkumar Janakiraman, and University of Maryland’s P.K. Kannan—finds that when brands put the nutritional information on the front of their products, it may encourage competitors to improve the nutritional content of their own. Encouraging front-of-product labeling could be particularly effective at instilling such competition when minimum-wage households receive an income boost, as households are more receptive to buying new foods and may examine those labels to decide which new foods to buy, the researchers say.  A separate study—by Rice University’s Alexander Butler, Irem Demirci from NOVA University Lisbon, University of Texas at Dallas’s Umit Gurun, and Rice PhD candidate Yessenia Tellez—considered the effects of financial distress on food-consumption choices. Using Nielsen Homescan data and credit-bureau data, the researchers constructed a zip code–based panel that tracked 2.5 million people annually between 2004 and 2017. The credit-bureau data included a shopper’s credit history, credit scores, total debt, past-due debt, delinquency, and any instances of bankruptcy, repossession, and foreclosure. Areas with higher numbers of people who were delinquent on payments, or had accounts sent to collections, or had credit cards declined were considered to be particularly stressed. Financially stressed households tended to be more price sensitive in their purchases, search out more deals, use more coupons, and switch their shopping venues to discount stores, the researchers find. Additionally, these households increased their purchases of high-calorie foods such as instant meals, cookies, and potato chips by an average of 21 percent. These food items were more likely than healthy foods to have their prices cut during times of broad economic distress. It isn’t just the lower price point that may attract financially distressed households to more highly processed and calorie-rich foods. Many poor families are dealing with poverty-induced stresses that tax mental bandwidth. (For more, see “Anuj K. Shah says we’re criminalizing the effects of poverty,” Fall 2020 issue.) And many of these products are so convenient, Gurun says, that poor families will choose them to avoid the additional work and effort involved in purchasing, preparing, and preserving fresher, more healthful foods. Households with children are particularly sensitive to financial stress and have outsize reactions to it, find Butler, Demirici, Gurun, and Tellez. But the researchers also have suggestions for how to address this. For one, in the short run, it helps to fund food banks, which have become increasingly common amid the pandemic’s massive economic fallout. Households in severe financial stress are less prone to food insecurity if they are located near a food bank. “If you supplement these food banks for a short period of time until you figure out what you’re going to do for the long run, it does help a lot, because it reaches the segment of society that is hurt most,” Gurun says. In the longer run, policy makers should consider social-welfare and insurance programs that target distressed areas with the aim of halting the cycle of poverty and obesity that is costly to both individuals and society as a whole, the researchers write. As Gurun points out, it isn’t only that poverty can lead to obesity but that obesity can also lead to poverty, as discrimination can make it harder for obese people to secure gainful employment. The researchers suggest policy responses including debt relief to financially distressed households and programs that help people relocate from poor neighborhoods (which are more likely to have a dearth of good food choices) to ones with better access to job opportunities. Another potential solution they note: providing tax incentives to companies that can create new, good-paying jobs.
Transcriptions consist of listening to audio and writing down or creating the script for the audio file or video. Usually we are asked to transcribe interviews, testimonies or conferences and meetings. There are two types of transcription: literal transcription and natural transcription. Literal transcription (word for word) This transcription, as it suggests, gives the literal reflection of the discussion, including pauses, ticks and stutters. This technique is used to test the authenticity of the recording, for example from formal meetings. If required, a revision of this original transcript can be made to remove any elements that detract from the overall clarity of the discussion. Natural transcription A natural transcription follows the meaning and sentiment of the audio file but eliminates repetitions, pauses, and stuttering to allow for a more fluid text. Everything that is written is grammatically correct, and usually it is much clearer to follow than a literal translation. As with all our work at TradOnline, we depend on native transcribers to find the most natural style and expression for our transcription projects. Other types of specialised technical translations Looking for information? If you have any questions about a translation project, feel free to ask our project managers!
Frequent question: What was our main energy source in 1997? Coal was still the main fuel, but petroleum had also become a large source of energy consumption. In comparison, the last time the Indians appeared in the World Series (1997), U.S. energy consumption had increased to totals closer to those seen today. Consumption in 1997 totaled 94 quadrillion Btu. What is was the main energy use in 2001? Last year, coal was the main source of electricity generation for 18 states, down from 32 states in 2001. But experts warn that a shift to natural gas alone won’t be enough to curb emissions and avoid dangerous global warming. What was the main fuel used in the United States before 1800? What was the major fuel energy source in the 1820s? Coal came into use as a major energy source during the Industrial Revolution of the 1700s and 1800s. IT IS IMPORTANT:  Best answer: How are hospital backup generators powered? What is the main energy source? Where does US get its electricity? Which renewable energy is used most to generate electricity? The most efficient forms of renewable energy geothermal, solar, wind, hydroelectricity and biomass. Biomass has the biggest contribution with 50%, followed by hydroelectricity at 26% and wind power at 18%. Geothermal energy is generated by harnessing the Earth’s natural heat. What was the first alternative energy source? The very first energy source was the sun, providing heat and light. Later a lightning strike sparked a fire. Fire was then used for many uses from cooking to an additional source of heat and light. More than 8,000 years ago, humans discovered that sails could be used to harness wind energy for transportation. What is the biggest single source of energy humans use? The biggest single source of energy humans use, worldwide, is petroleum. That’s true in the U.S. as well, and has been since 1950. Petroleum is primarily used for transportation: We turn it into gasoline and diesel that fuels cars, trucks, boats, and other equipment. IT IS IMPORTANT:  Quick Answer: How can I check my electricity bill in Rajasthan? What is the cleanest burning fossil fuel? In terms of emissions from power plant sources, natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel. Using data collected from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) division of the Department of Energy (DOE), the emissions of several stack gasses are compared for natural gas, oil, and coal. Where were most factories located and what did they use as a power source? Since the early factories used water power to run, they needed to be located near sources of water. Coal, a fossil fuel, replaced water power as a power source; therefore, factories could be located away from running water. What are the 3 source of energy? Primary energy sources take many forms, including nuclear energy, fossil energy — like oil, coal and natural gas — and renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower. What is the best source of energy? Most Efficient Energy Sources Energy sources
Which is a disadvantage of renewable energy? Here are some of the disadvantages: A renewable energy infrastructure will need to be set up from scratch, which is expensive and time consuming. There isn’t currently enough electricity being generated by these sources to power the world, and the methods of generating it aren’t consistent enough. What are the 3 disadvantages of renewable energy? Here are some disadvantages to using renewables over traditional fuel sources. • Higher upfront cost. While you can save money by using renewable energy, the technologies are typically more expensive upfront than traditional energy generators. … • Intermittency. … • Storage capabilities. … • Geographic limitations. What is a disadvantage of renewable energy Mcq? Energy- abundant, versatile, reliable, portable, and affordable, fossil fuels provide over 80 percent of the worlds energy because they are superior to the current alternatives, Disadvantage of most of the renewable energy sources is its unreliable supply. What is a disadvantage to most renewable energy sources? Disadvantages of renewable energy resources IT IS IMPORTANT:  What wavelengths do solar panels absorb? At the present time, most renewable energy generators are expensive to set up. Also, sources such as wind turbines and solar cells rely heavily on the weather. … And if it is not sunny, solar cells will not produce much electricity. What are the disadvantages of energy sources? Fossil fuels also endanger the environment due to the mining process and the greenhouse gas emissions produced while burning the fuel. Additionally, they may contribute to harmful side effects like air pollution and acid rain. What is the pros and cons of renewable energy? Why renewable energy is bad? Although renewable energy sources produce relatively low levels of GHG emissions and conventional air pollution, manufacturing and transporting them will produce some emissions and pollutants. The production of some photovoltaic (PV) cells, for instance, generates toxic substances that may contaminate water resources. What are the two most important drawbacks of renewable energy? Renewable Energy Can be Unreliable What are the main benefits of renewable energy? Benefits of Renewable Energy • Diversifying energy supply and reducing dependence on imported fuels. • Creating economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation, and more. IT IS IMPORTANT:  Best answer: Is the human body an energy source? Is renewable energy reliable? Studies by the experts who plan and operate the electricity grid show that much higher levels of renewable energy can be achieved reliably, while significantly reducing carbon emissions. What is one disadvantage of using hydropower? Hydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian (riverbank) habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques, which oxygenate the water. Is renewable energy expensive? What is the world’s fastest growing source of energy? What is the least polluting energy source? Nuclear energy has one of the lowest environmental impacts of all energy sources, comparable with the total impacts of wind and solar. It doesn’t emit air pollution, it safely keeps its waste out of the environment and it requires a very small amount of land. What is the main problem with renewable energy sources? Without a doubt, the biggest problem with mainstream renewable energy is intermittency. Wind power is only generated when it’s windy, solar power is only generated when it’s sunny. This creates several fundamental issues. Here’s the thing about most renewable forms of energy: they’re horribly inefficient. IT IS IMPORTANT:  What is the best electric scooter for a 6 year old? Energy sources
In a recent study published in the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, Dumbuya et al noted that, despite expanding knowledge of the benefits of lipid-containing formulations in promoting skin-barrier repair, there is inadequate knowledge of the clinical efficacy of these formulations following ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The monocentric, randomized, double-blind study was performed in accordance with Good Clinical Practices and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The researchers examined the impact of UV-exposure on skin surface–barrier properties and evaluated the protective efficacy of a ceramide-containing sunscreen and moisturizing cream. The researchers indicated that establishing a skincare regimen that includes a moisturizer and sunscreen formulated with ceramides can help protect against UV-induced skin-barrier damage and improve overall skin-barrier health against chronic sun exposure. In this study, titled "Efficacy of Ceramide Containing Formulations on UV-Induced Skin Surface Barrier Alterations," the researchers evaluated the following test zones: 1) untreated non–UV-exposed skin, 2) untreated UV-exposed skin, and 3) UV-exposed skin treated with a ceramide-containing sunscreen and moisturizer from the manufacturer (CeraVe). It was found that skin-barrier cells from the UV-exposed untreated zone were substantially damaged. However, skin-barrier cells from UV-exposed skin treated with ceramide-containing sunscreen and moisturizer were maintained and simulated the skin-barrier cells that were unexposed to UV–highlighting the significance of a ceramide-containing skincare routine. The authors concluded that the results demonstrate that a ceramide-containing sunscreen and moisturizer routine protects against UV-induced skin-surface barrier changes by thwarting erythema and hyperpigmentation, improving skin hydration, and preserving normal superficial skin cells' morphology and turnover. In addition to enhancing appearance of lesions and minimizing skin irritation, the results highlight that delivering skin-identical stratum corneum lipids could add benefits to patients' daily routine by strengthening the barrier and improving skin health overall against chronic sun exposure. Pharmacists can be instrumental in educating and reminding patients to use skincare products that contain ceramides since they help protect, restore, and maintain the natural skin barrier and overall dermatologic health. « Click here to return to Dermatology Update.
Android app on Google Play 4.9  The Evidence from physical anthropology 4. Miscellaneous aspects  of the Aryan invasion debate 4.9.1. Continuity between castes Half a century ago, Dr. Ambedkar surveyed the existing data on the physical anthropology of the different castes in his book The Untouchables.  He found that the received wisdom of a racial basis of caste was not supported by the data, e.g.: �The table for Bengal shows that the Chandal who stands sixth in the scheme of social precedence and whose touch pollutes, is not much differentiated from the Brahmin (�) In Bombay the Deshastha Brahmin bears a closer affinity to the Son-Koli, a fisherman caste, than to his own compeer, the Chitpavan Brahmin.  The Mahar, the Untouchable of the Maratha region, comes next together with the Kunbi, the peasant.  They follow in order the Shenvi Brahmin, the Nagar Brahmin and the high-caste Maratha.  These results (�) mean that there is no correspondence between social gradation and physical differentiation in Bombay.� A remarkable case of differentiation in skull and nose indexes, noted by Dr. Ambedkar, was found to exist between the Brahmin and the (untouchable) Chamar of Uttar Pradesh. But this does not prove that Brahmins are foreigners, because the data for the U.P. Brahmin were found to be very close to those for the Khattri and the untouchable Chuhra of Panjab.  If the U.P. Brahmin is indeed �foreign� to U.P., he is by no mean . s foreign to India, at least not more than the Panjab untouchables.  This confirms the scenario which we can derive from the Vedic and ItihAsa-PurANa literature: the Vedic tradition was brought east from the Vedic heartland by Brahmins who were physically indistinguishable from the lower castes there, when the heartland in Panjab-Haryana at its apogee exported its culture to the whole Aryavarta (comparable to the planned importation of Brahmins into Bengal and the South around the turn of the Christian era).  These were just two of the numerous intra-Indian migrations of caste groups. Recent research has not refuted Ambedkar�s views.  A press report on a recent anthropological survey led by Kumar Suresh Singh explains: �English anthropologists contended that the upper castes of India belonged to the Caucasian race and the rest drew their origin from Australoid types.  The survey has revealed this to be a myth.  �Biologically and linguistically, we are very mixed�, says Suresh Singh (�) The report says that the people of India have more genes in common, and also share a large number of morphological traits.  �There is much greater homogenization in terms of morphological and genetic traits at the regional level�, says the report.  For example, the Brahmins of Tamil Nadu (esp. Iyengars) share more traits with non-Brahmins in the state than with fellow Brahmins in western or northern India. (�) The sons-of-the-soil theory also stands demolished.  The Anthropological Survey of India has found no community in India that can�t remember having migrated from some other part of the country.� Internal migration accounts for much of India�s complex ethnic landscape, while there is no evidence of a separate or foreign origin for the upper castes. Among other scientists who reject the identification of caste (varNa) with race on physical-anthropological grounds, we may cite Kailash C. Malhotra: �Detailed anthropometric surveys carried out among the people of Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Bengal and Tamil Nadu revealed significant regional differences within a caste and a closer resemblance between castes of different varnas within a region than between sub-populations of the caste from different regions.  On the basis of analysis of stature, cephalic and nasal index, H.K. Rakshit (1966) concludes that �the Brahmins of India are heterogeneous and suggest incorporation of more than one physical type involving more than one migration of people�. �A more detailed study among eight Brahmin castes in Maharashtra on whom 18 metric, 16 scopic and 8 genetic markers were studied, revealed not only a great heterogeneity in both morphological and genetic characteristics but also showed that 3 Brahmin castes were closer to non-Brahmin castes than [to the] other Brahmin castes.  P.P. Majumdar and K.C. Malhotra (1974) observed a great deal of heterogeneity with respect to OAB blood group system among 50 Brahmin samples spread over 11 Indian states.  The evidence thus suggests that varna is a sociological and not a homogeneous biological entity.� 4.9.2 Family traits This general rejection of the racial basis of caste does not exclude that specific castes stand out in their environment by their phenotypical or genotypical characteristics.  Firstly, any group that goes on breeding endogamously for generations will have �family traits� recognizable to the regular and sharp observer, at least to a statistically significant extent.  This does not mean that these family traits (rarely distinctive enough to be called �racial� traits) are in any way the reason why one caste refuses to intermarry with another caste, as you would have in the case of racial discrimination. Secondly, intra-Indian migrations have taken place so that certain caste groups stand out by retaining the physical characteristics of their source region�s population for quite a few generations.  Thus, the Muslim invasions chased some Rajput castes from western India to the Nepalese borderland, and some Saraswat Brahmins from Kashmir to the Konkan region; geneticists ought to be able to find traces of that history. It is well-known that the Brahmin communities of Bengal and South India originated in the physical importation of Brahmin families by kings who sought accession to the prestigious Vedic civilization and wanted to give extra religious legitimacy to their thrones.  These Brahmin families were brought in from northwestern India where, for obvious geographical reason, people are whiter and closer to the European physical type than in Bengal or the South. (Even so, due to intermarriage and the incorporation of local priesthoods, numerous Brahmins in South India are simply black.) Apart from Brahmins, numerous other caste groups throughout India have histories of immigration, putting them in environments where they differed in genetic profile from their neighbours, e.g. the Dravidian-speaking Oraon tribals of Chotanagpur recall having migrated from Maharashtra along the Narmada river. The Chitpavan Brahmins of Maharashtra are often mentioned as a caste that stands out by its physical type.  Their slightly more �Nordic� build and the occurrence of blue eyes among them look like the perfect evidence for the theory that the Brahmins are the descendents of the Nordic Aryans who invaded India in 1500 BC.  In fact, it is only during the initial Islamic onslaught that the Chitpavans migrated from the Afghan borderland to their present habitat. Nevertheless, the Chitpavan case shows that sometimes, such distinctive family traits do coincide with the difference between the higher or lower incidence of the distinctive traits of the white race, esp. the low pigmentation of the skin or, in this case, the eyes.  The difference between castes can in some cases be expressed in terms of the respective distances between their average characteristics and those of the European type.  And this is only to be expected given the basic fact that India is a large country with great variation in physical type and lying in the border zone between the major races.  The rich biological variety in the Indian chapter of the human species is due to many factors, but so far the Aryan Invasion has not been shown to be one of them. 4.9.3. Mixing of castes The genetic differential between castes has recently been confirmed in a survey in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh. The main finding of the survey, conducted by human-geneticists Lynn B. Jorde (University of Utah) and Bhaskara B. Rao and J.M. Naidu (both with Andhra University), concerned the role of inter-caste marriages: men stay in their castes, while women sometimes go and live with a man from another, mostly higher caste.  In spite of the definition of caste as an �endogamous group�, the fact is that there has always been a marginal mixing of castes as well.  Likewise, even outside the marital framework, upper-class employers (in any society) have made passes at their maid-servants, while prostitutes got impregnated by their higher-class clients, all producing mixed offspring. Factoring all these marginal mixed-caste births in, the cumulative effect over centuries is that the castes have mixed much more than the theory of caste would lead you to expect.  Over many generations, this mixing had to lead to a thorough genetic kinship even between castes of very divergent origins.  Given these known sociological facts, the scientists naturally found that genetic traits in the male line (Y chromosome) are stable, those in the female line (mitochondrial DNA) considerably less so.  Because inter-caste marriages are mostly between �neighbouring� castes in the hierarchy, the genetic distance between highest and lowest is about one and a half times greater than that between high and middle or between middle and low. However, none of this requires a policy of racial discrimination nor an Aryan invasion into India: the known history of internal migrations and the general facts about relations between higher and lower classes in all societies can easily account for it. Moreover, the observed differences between Indian communities are much smaller than those between Indians collectively and Europeans (or Africans etc.) collectively.  A provisional table of the genetic distance between populations shows that North-Indians and South-Indians are indeed very close, much closer than �Aryan� North-Indians and �Aryan� Iranians are to each other. Both sides in the debate should realize that this evidence can cut both ways. If an Aryan or other invasion is assumed, this evidence shows that all castes are biologically the progeny of both invaders and natives, though perhaps in different proportions.  Conversely, if the genetic distance between two castes is small, this still leaves open the possibility that the castes or their communal identities can nonetheless have divergent origins, even foreign versus native, although these are obscured to the geneticist by centuries of caste mixing. 4.9.4. Tribals and �Caucasians� The one important general difference between two parts of the population is that between a number of tribes on the one hand, and some other tribes plus the non-tribals on the other.  V. Bhalla�s mapping of genetic traits shows that the latter category roughly belongs to the Mediterranean subgroup of the Caucasian race (though by the superficial criterion of skin colour, it can differ widely from the type found in Italy or Greece). incidentally, the term Caucasian as meaning the white race was coined in 1795 by the German scientist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who believed that the Caucasus region, particularly Georgia, �produces the most beautiful human race�, and that it was the most likely habitat of �the autochthonous, most original forms of mankind�. Thus, the typically Caucasian Rhesus-negative factor is �conspicuous by its absence� in the Mongoloid populations of India�s northeast, but the non-tribal populations �show a moderately high frequency of 15% to 20% but not as high as in Europe� of this genetic trait. Bhalla lists a number of specific genes which are characteristically strong or weak in given racial types, and finds that they do define certain ethnic sub-groups of India, esp. the Mongoloid tribals of the northeast, the Negritos of the Andaman Islands, and the Australoids in the remaining tribal pockets of the south.  Everywhere else, including in many tribal areas, the Mediterranean type is predominant, but the present battery of genetic markers was not able to distinguish between subtypes within this population, much less to indicate different waves of entry. In fact, no �entry� of these Mediterranean Caucasians can be derived from the data, certainly not for the post-Harappan period.  According to an older study, they were present even in South India in 2,000 BC at the latest: �The evidence of two racial types, the Mediterranean and the Autochthonous proto-Australoid, recognized in the study of the skeletal remains from the neolithic levels at Brahmagiri, Piklihal, Tekkalakota, Nevasa etc., seems to suggest that there was a thick population consisting mainly of these two races in South India around 2000 BC.� The Caucasian race was present in India (like in Europe and the Kurgan area) since hoary antiquity.  Kailash Malhotra reports, starting with their geographical spread today: �The Caucasoids are found practically all over the country, though the preferred habitats have been river valleys and plains.� In the past, the Caucasian presence was also in evidence: �Although a large number of prehistoric sites have been excavated in India, only a few of them have yielded human osseous remains (�) None of the pre-Mesolithic sites have yielded skeletal material; the earliest remains are around 8,000 years old.  An examination of the morphological features of skeletons from sites of the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and iron age periods reveals the presence of Australoids and Caucasoids in all the periods, the absence of Mongoloids, and the existence of at least two types of Caucasoids, the dolichocephals and the brachycephals (�) The skeletal evidence thus clearly establishes the presence of Australoids and Caucasoids in India for at least 8,000 years.� All that can be said, is that the population of India�s northeast is akin to that of areas to India�s north and east, that of the southeast to that of countries further southeast, and the bulk of the Indian population to that of areas to India�s west.  Probably a large demographic expansion from India�s northwest to the east and south took place during and at the end of the Harappan period (2,000 BC).  It is logical to infer that the populations of the Mediterranean type were more concentrated in the northwest prior to that time; but it does not follow that they came from the outside.  India�s northwest simply happened to be the easternmost area of Caucasian habitation, just like India�s northeast happens to be the frontier of the Mongoloid type�s habitat. For politically correct support in denying the racial divide between tribals and non-tribals, we may cite the Marxist scholar S.K. Chatterjee, who dismissed the notion of distinct races in India, be they Aryan, Dravidian, Mongoloid or Austro-Asiatic.  He called the Indian people a �mixed people, in blood, in speech and in culture�. Though the Christian missionaries have been the champions of tribal distinctness, Christian author P.A. Augustine writes about the Bhil tribals: �The Bhils have long ceased to be a homogeneous people. In the course of millennia, various elements have fused to shape the community.  During their long and tortuous history, other aboriginal groups which came under their sway have probably merged with them, losing their identity.  One can see a wide range of physical types and complexion.  The variation in complexion is very striking indeed, ranging between fair to quite dark-skinned (�) There is no consensus among scholars on the exact ethnic character of the Bhils, They have been alternatively described as proto-Australoid, Dravidian or Veddoid.� The same racial �impurity� counts for most Indians, tribal as well as non-tribal.  While not by itself disproving the Aryan invasion, it should prove even to invasionists that all Indians are descendents of both indigenous and so-called invader populations. 4.9.5. Language and genetics While it is wrong to identify a speech community with a physical type, it is also wrong to discard physical anthropology completely as a source of information on human migrations in pre-literate times.  Lately, findings have been published which suggest that, for all the racial mingling that has taken place, there is still a broad statistical correlation between certain physical characteristics and nations, even language groups. Thus, the percentage of individuals with the Rhesus-negative factor is the highest (over 25%) among the Basques, a nation in the French-Spanish borderland which has preserved a pre-IE language.  Other pockets of high incidence of Rh-neg. (which is nearly non-existent among the Bantus, Austroloids and Mongoloids) are in the same part of the world: western Morocco, Scotland and, strangely, the Baltic area, or apparently those backwater regions least affected by immigrations of the first Neolithic farmers (from the Balkans and Anatolia), the Indo-Europeans, and in Morocco also the Arabs. Another European nation which stands out, at least to the discerning eye of the population geneticist, is the Sami (Lapp) population of northern Scandinavia: when contrasted genetically with the surrounding populations, the Sami genetic make-up �points to kinship with the peoples of North Siberia� eventhough they now resemble the Europeans more than the native Siberians. This confirms the suspicion of an Asian origin for the Uralic-speaking peoples of which the Sami people is one. Where a small group of people have spread out over a vast area and lived in isolation ever since, as has happened in large parts of America in the past 20,000 years, genetic differentiation and linguistic differentiation have gone hand in hand, and the borderline between genetic types usually coincides with a linguistic borderline: �Joseph Greenberg distinguishes three language families among the Native Americans: Amerind, Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut. (�) According to Christy Turner of Arizona University, Native American dental morphology indicates three groups, which coincide with Greenberg�s.  Luigi Cavalli-Sforza from Stanford investigated a variegated set of human genes. His results equally point in the direction of Greenberg�s classification.� Linguistic difference between populations may coincide with genetic differences; and likewise, linguistic mixing may coincide with genetic mixing.  A perfect illustration is provided by Nelson Mandela, leader of the anti-Apartheid struggle and belonging to the Xhosa nation.  His facial features are more Khoi (Hottentot) than Bantu, and his language, Xhosa, happens to be a Bantu language strongly influenced by the Khoi-San (Hottentot-Bushman) languages, most strikingly by adopting the click sounds.  In this case, genetic mixing and linguistic mixing have gone hand in hand. However, in and around the area of IE expansion, a notorious crossroads of migrating peoples, the remaining statistical correlation between genetic traits and language groups is less important than the evidence for the opposite phenomenon: languages spreading across genetic frontiers.  In India, the only neat racial division which coincides with a linguistic borderline is between the mainland and the Andamans: though so-called Negrito features are dimly visible in the population of Orissa and surrounding areas, the pure Negrito type is confined to the Andamans, along with the Andamanese language group.  For the rest, in India, like in Central Asia or Europe, i.e. in areas with lots of migration and interaction between diverse peoples, genetic and linguistic divisions only coincide by exception. Thus, the Altaic languages are spoken by the Mongolians, eponymous members of the Mongoloid race, and by the Turks, who have mixed so thoroughly with their Persian, Armenian, Greek and Slavic neighbours that they now belong to the Caucasian race.  The Hungarians are genetically closer to their Slavic and German neighbours than to their linguistic cousins in the Urals.  India being the meeting-place (or rather, mixing-place) of Mongoloid, Caucasian and Austroloid racial strands, it is naturally impossible to identify the speakers of the different Indian language-groups with different races. Asked whether there are �concordances between genetic data and languages�, L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, the world�s leading population geneticist, explains: �Yes, very much so.  Our genealogical tree [of genetic traits] corresponds remarkably well with the table of linguistic families.  There are a few exceptions e.g. the Lapps, genetically rather European, have preserved the language they spoke in their Siberian-Uralic homeland.  The Hungarians, similarly, speak an Uralic language while being predominantly European.  In the late 9th century AD, the Magyar invaders in Hungary, then called Pannonia, imposed their language on the natives. (�) What counts from a genetic viewpoint, is the number of invaders relative to the natives.  As the Hungarians were not very numerous, they left only a feeble genetic imprint on the population.� So, the replacement of native languages by those of less civilized but stronger invaders is a real possibility (it is also what the Greeks did to the Old Europeans), though it becomes less probable in proportion to the size and the cultural superiority of the native population. The reason why the replacement of native languages by the languages of genetically distinguishable invaders remains relatively exceptional, is this: �In a traditional culture, language is transmitted vertically from parents to children, just like the genes.  But in some conquests or in civilizations with schools, there is also horizontal transmission and substitution of languages.  The Romans organized schools in their part of Europe and thereby managed to replace the native languages by their own.  But this type of phenomenon is relatively recent.  In 90% of its history, mankind consisted of hunter-gatherers speaking tribal languages.  That is why the genetic tree has preserved a strong concordance with the linguistic tree.� A typical example are the Basques: �The Basque language is the direct descendent of a language which must have arrived along with modem mankind, say 30,000 years ago.  It is [in Europe] the only pre-Indo-European language which has been preserved.  Why?  So, the Basques are both biologically and linguistically the straight descendants of Old Europeans.  Most other Europeans are biologically the progeny of the non-IE-speaking Old Europeans, with some admixture of the Asian tribes who originally brought the IE languages into Europe.  These immigrants may have differed somewhat from the average European type, into which their smaller number got genetically drowned over the centuries.  Linguistically, most non-Basque (and non-Uralic) Europeans are the progeny, through adoption, of the IE-speaking invaders. 4.9.6. The original �Aryan race� Is there anything we can say about the ethnic identity of the nomads or migrants who spread the early IE languages, if only to help physical-anthropologists to recognize them when found at archaeological sites?  Competent authorities have warned against the �semi-conscious prejudices on original genetic characteristics of the Indo-Europeans: they are supposed to be blond and blue-eyed�. This prejudice has even been reinforced recently by the discovery of blond-haired mummies of presumably IE-speaking people in the Xinjiang province of China. The fact that the IE speech community includes people of diverse race, from the dark-skinned Sinhalese to the white-skinned Scandinavians, definitely implies that the spread of the language cannot be equated with the spread of a racial type.  Languages can and do migrate across racial boundaries.  That the IE languages crossed racial frontiers during their expansion accords well with established perspectives on the spread of IE, e.g. by I.M. Diakonov: �These expanding tribes met local, poor and hungry sparser populations, often consisting of hunters and cattle-breeders.  The migrants started to merge with the local population, giving them their language and cultural achievements.  But in some cases, the local population may have been larger in numbers than the migrants.  In some historical situations the language of the minority, if it was widely used and understandable on a vast territory, could be accepted as lingua franca, and later as the common language, particularly if it was a language of cattle-breeders (cf. the examples of the Semites and the Turks).  The area of the newly created population became itself a centre of population spread, and so on.  Bloody conquests could take place in some instances; in others it was not the case, but the important thing to realize is that what migrated were languages, not peoples, although there had to be at least a handful of users of the languages, though not necessarily native speakers.� On the other hand, the fact that the PIE-speaking community must have been a fairly small ethnic group, living together and marrying mostly within the community, implies that they must have belonged collectively to a fairly precisely circumscribed physical type.  Even if you throw together people from all races, after a few generations of interbreeding they will develop a common and distinctive physical type, with atavistic births of people resembling the pure type of one of the ancestral races becoming rarer and rarer.  Therefore, in the days before intercontinental travel and migrations, a speech community was normally also a. kinship group (or, in strict caste societies, a conglomerate of kinship groups) presenting a fairly homogeneous physical type. During the heyday of the racial theories, a handful of words in Greek sources were taken to mean that the ancient Indo-Europeans were fair-haired and had a tall Nordic-looking build.  In Homer�s description, the Greek heroes besieging Troy were fair-haired.  The Egyptians described the �Sea Peoples� from the Aegean region (and even their Libyan co-invaders, presumably Berber-speaking) as fair-haired.  The Chinese described the Western (Tokharic) barbarians likewise. However, the incidence of Nordic looks was not necessarily overwhelming. In classical Greek writings, the Thracians and Macedonians (most notably Alexander the Great), whose language belonged to an extinct Balkanic branch of the IE family, are mentioned as being fair-haired; apparently most Greeks were by then dark enough to notice this fair colour as a trait typical of their �barbaric� northern neighbours.  The Armenians have a legend of their own king Ara the Blond and his eventful personal relationship with the Assyrian queen Sammuramat/Semiramis (about 810 BC), who is known to have fought Urartu (the pre-IE name of Armenia, preserved in the Biblical mountain name Ararat). The use of �the blond� as a distinctive epithet confirms the existence of fair-haired people in Armenia, but also their conspicuousness and relative rarity. All this testimony, along with the Xinjiang mummies and the presence of Nordic looks in the IE-speaking (Dardic/Kafiri) tribes in the Subcontinent�s northwestern valleys, does suggest a long-standing association between some branches of the IE family and the genes which program their carriers to have fair hair and blue eyes.  These traits give a comparative advantage for survival in cold latitudes: just as melanine protects against the excessive intake of ultraviolet rays in sunny latitudes, lack of melanine favours the intake of ultraviolet.  This segment of the sunrays is needed in the production of vitamin D, which in turn is needed in shaping the bones; its deficiency causes rachitis and makes it difficult for women to birth - a decisive handicap in the struggle for life.  The link between northern latitudes and the light colour of skin, hair and eyes in many IE-speaking communities only proves what we already knew: IE is spoken in fairly northern latitudes including Europe and Central Asia.  Yet, none of this proves the fair-haired and blue-eyed point about the speakers of the original proto-language PIE. Suppose, with the non-invasion theorists, that the original speakers of IE had been Indians with dark eyes and dark hair; then, according to I.M. Diakonov: �if this population had migrated together with the languages, blue-eyed Balts could not have originated from it.  Blue eyes, as a recessive characteristic, are met everywhere from Europe to the Hindu Kush.  But nobody can be blue-eyed if neither of his/her parents had blue-eyed ancestors, and a predominantly blue-eyed population cannot originate from ancestors with predominantly black eyes.� This allows for two possible scenarios.  Either the PIE speakers were indeed blue-eyed and fair-haired: that is the old explanation, preferred by the Nazis. Or the blue-eyed people of Europe have not inherited their IE languages from their biological ancestors, but changed language at some point along the genealogical line, abandoning the pre-IE Old European language of their fair ancestors in favour of Proto-Germanic, Proto-Baltic, Proto-Slavic etc., based on the language of the invaders from Asia.  The latter scenario would agree with I.M. Diakonov�s observation: �The biological situation among the speakers of modern Indo-European languages can only be explained through a transfer of languages like a baton, as it were, in a relay race, but not by several thousand miles� migration of the tribes themselves.� That this is far from impossible is demonstrated by the Turks who, after centuries of mixing with subdued natives of West Asia and the Balkans, have effectively crossed the racial borderline from yellow to white.  But against using this Turkish scenario as a simile for the story of IE dispersal, one could point out that some eastern Turkic people, such as the Kirghiz and the Yakut, are still very much Mongoloids.  However, far from forming a contrast with the IE state of affairs, this makes the simile more splendid: if IE spread from a non-white to a white population, it also remained the language of numerous non-whites (though technically �Caucasians�), viz. the Indians.  On the Eurasian continent, South-Asians still constitute more than half of the wider IE speech community; the Indian Republic alone has more IE speakers than the whole of Europe. It is perfectly possible that the PIE language and culture were developed after a non-white group of colonists from elsewhere settled among and got racially immersed in a larger whitish population.  As we saw in our speculations about IE-Austronesian kinship and about Puranic history, it is at least conceivable that Aryan culture in India started after �Manu� and his dark-skinned cohorts fled the rising sea level by moving up the Ganga and settling high and dry in the upper Ganga basin, whence their progeny conquered areas to the northwest with ever whiter-skinned and lighter-haired populations: the Saraswati basin, the upper Indus basin, the Oxus riverside, the peri-Caspian region.  By the time these Indian colonists settled in eastern Europe with their Kurgans, their blackness had been washed off by generations of intermarriage with white people of the type attested by the Xinjiang mummies. (Likewise, their material culture had been thoroughly adapted to their new habitat, hence de-indianized.) So, it is perfectly possible that the Aryan heartland lay farther to the southeast, and that, like eastern Europe in the later 5th millennium BC, the Panjab area a few centuries earlier was already a first area of colonization, bringing people of a new and whiter physical type into the expanding Aryan speech community which was originally darker.  While the Panjabi is physically very similar to the European, the Bihari, Oriya or Nepali is markedly less so, and yet it is possible that he represents more closely the ultimate Proto-Indo-European. 4.9.7. The race of the Vedic Aryans As for the Vedas, the only ones whom they describe as �golden-haired� are the resplendent lightning gods Indra and Rudra and the sun-god Savitar; not the Aryans or Brahmins.  At the same time, several passages explicitly mention black hair when referring to Brahmins. These texts are considerably earlier than the enigmatic passage in Patanjali describing Brahmins as golden- or tawny-haired (piNgala and kapisha). Already one of Patanjali�s early commentators dismissed this line as absurd.  To the passage from the grammarian Panini which describes Brahmins as �brown-haired�, A.A. Macdonnell notes (apparently against contemporary claims to the contrary): �All we can say is that the above-mentioned expressions do not give evidence of blonde characteristics of the ancient Brahmans.� Considering that Patanjali was elaborating upon the work of Panini, could it have anything to do with Panini�s location in the far northwest, where lighter hair must have been fairly common? On the other hand, demons or Rakshasas, so often equated with the �dark-skinned aboriginals�, have on occasion been described as red- or tawny-haired (also piNgala or kapisha, the same as Patanjali�s Brahmins). Deviating from the usual Indian line that all these demon creatures are but supernatural entities, let us for once assume that they do represent hostile tribals racially distinct from the Vedic Aryans.  In that case, reference can only be to certain northwestern tribals, among whom fair and red hair are found till today, indicating that they at least partly descended from a fair-haired population.  If the Vedic Aryans were dark-haired and migrated from inside India to the northwest, these odd coloured hairs may have struck them as distinctive. In modern Anglo-Hindu publications, such as the Amar Chitra KathA religious comics, Rakshasas are always depicted as dark-skinned, a faithful application of the AIT.  Yet, there are instances in Vedic literature where �blackness� is imputed to people whom we know to have had the same (if not a lighter) skin colour than the Vedic Aryans: the Dasas and Dasyus, as Asko Parpola has shown, were the Iranian cousins and neighbours of the Vedic Aryans.  Physical (as opposed to metaphorical) blackness or more generally skin colour was never a criterion by which the Vedic Aryans classified their neighbours and enemies; that precisely is why we have no direct testimony on the Vedic Aryans� own skin or hair colour except through a few ambiguous, indirect and passing references. 4.9.8. Evidence of immigration? A very recent study, not on crude skull types but on the far more precise genetic traits, confirms the absence of an immigration from Central Asia in the second millennium BC.  Brian E. Hemphill and Alexander F. Christensen report on their study of the migration of genetic traits (with reference to AIT advocate Asko Parpola): �Parpola�s suggestion of movement of Proto-Rg-Vedic Aryan speakers into the Indus Valley by 1800 BC is not supported by our data.  Gene flow from Bactria occurs much later, and does not impact Indus Valley gene pools until the dawn of the Christian era.� The inflow which they do find, around the turn of the Christian era, is apparently that of the well-known Shaka and Kushana invasions. Kenneth A.R. Kennedy reaches similar conclusions from his physical-anthropological data: �Evidence of demographic discontinuities is present in our study, but the first occurs between 6000 and 4500 BC (a separation of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic populations of Mehrgarh) and the second is after 800 BC, the discontinuity being between the peoples of Harappa, Chalcolithic Mehrgarh and post-Harappan Timargarha on the one hand and the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age inhabitants of Sarai Khola on the other.  In short, there is no evidence of demographic disruptions in the northwestern sector of the subcontinent during and immediately after the decline of the Harappan culture.  If Vedic Aryans were a biological entity represented by the skeletons from Timargarha, then their biological features of cranial and dental anatomy were not distinct to a marked degree from what we encountered in the ancient Harappans.� Kennedy also notes the anthropological continuity between the Harappan population and that of the contemporaneous Gandhara (eastern Afghanistan) culture, which in an Aryan invasion scenario should be the Indo-Aryan settlement just prior to the Aryan invasion of India: �Our multivariate approach does not define the biological identity of an ancient Aryan population, but it does indicate that the Indus Valley and Gandhara peoples shared a number of craniometric, odontometric and discrete traits that point to a high degree of biological affinity.� And so, Sir Mortimer Wheeler, one of the great pioneers of the AIT, may be right after all.  Indeed, even he had remarked that �the anthropologists who have recently described the skeletons from Harappa remark that there, as at Lothal, the population would appear, on the available evidence, to have remained more or less stable to the present day.� If anything Aryan really invaded, it was at any rate not an Aryan race. There are no indications that the racial composition and distribution of the Indian population has substantially changed since the start of the IE dispersal, which cannot reasonably be placed much earlier than 6,000 BC.  This means that even if the IE language is imported, as claimed by the AIT, the IE-speaking people in India are nevertheless biologically native to India.  Or in practice: the use of the terms �aboriginal� and �indigenous� (AdivAsI) as designating India�s tribals, with the implication that the non-tribals are the non-indigenous progeny of invaders, has to be rejected and terminated, even if the Urheimat of the IE languages is found to lie outside India. One of the ironies of Indian identity politics is that those most vocal in claiming an �aboriginal� identity may well be the only ones whose foreign origin has been securely established.  The Adivasi movement is strongest in the areas where Christian missionaries were numerously present since the mid-19th century to nourish it, viz. in Chotanagpur and the North-East.  Most tribals there speak languages belonging to the Austro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan families.  Their geographical origin, unlike that of IE which is still being debated, is definitely outside India, viz. in Southeast Asia c.q. in northern China. The Tibeto-Burmese tribals of Nagaland and other northeastern statelets are among India�s most recent immigrants.  Many of those tribes have entered during the last millennium, which is very late by Indian standards.  As for the Munda tribes in Chotanagpur, it is not even certain that the ancestors of the present tribes are the authors of the attested Neolithic cultures in their present habitat.  In H.D. Sankalia�s words: �It is an unanswered but interesting question whether any of the Aboriginal tribes of these regions were the authors of the Neolithic culture.� Those who want to give the Austro-Asiatic peoples of India a proud heritage, will find more of it in China and Indochina than in India, e.g. in the Bronze age culture of 2300 BC in Thailand. On the other hand, biologically the Indian Austro-Asiatics (unlike the Nagas) are much closer to the other Indians than to their linguistic cousins in the east.  Exactly like the Indo-Aryans in the Aryan invasion hypothesis, they are predominantly Indian people speaking a foreign-originated language: �Whereas the now Dravidian-speaking tribals of Central and South India can be considered to be descendents of the original inhabitants of India, who gave up their original languages in favour of Dravidian, Tibeto-Chinese speaking tribals (Northeast India) and Austro-Asiatic speaking ones (East India) immigrated into India since ancient historical times.  Most likely they came in several waves from Southern China (Tibeto-Chinese speakers) and from Southeast Asia (Austro-Asiatic speakers) respectively.  Without doubt these immigrating groups met with ancient Indian populations, which were living already on their migration routes, and thus one cannot exclude some cultural and also genetic contacts between immigrants and original inhabitants of India, at least at some places.� In the case of Indo-Aryan, by contrast, its speakers have obviously also mixed with other communities, but its foreign origin has not been firmly established. 4.9.9. Conclusion We may conclude with a recent status quaestionis by archaeologist Jonathan Mark Kenoyer of Wisconsin University at Madison: �Although the overall socioeconomic organization changed, continuities in technology, subsistence practices, settlement organization, and some regional symbols show that the indigenous population was not displaced by invading hordes of Indo-Aryan speaking people.  For many years, the �invasions� or �migrations� of these Indo-Aryan-speaking Vedic/Aryan tribes explained the decline of the Indus civilization and the sudden rise of urbanization in the Ganga-Yamuna valley.  This was based on simplistic models of culture change and an uncritical reading of Vedic texts.  Current evidence does not support a pre- or proto-historic Indo-Aryan invasion of southern Asia.  Instead, there was an overlap between Late Harappan and post-Harappan communities, with no biological evidence for major new populations.�   We repeat that physical anthropology is going through rapid developments due to the availability of new techniques, and we don't want to jump to conclusions in this moving field. But we notice that whatever new technique is applied and from whichever new angle the question is approached, it has so far consistently failed to yield evidence of the fabled Aryan Invasion.. Dr. Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, vol.7, p.301. Dr.  Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, vol.7, p.301, with reference to G.S. Ghurye: Caste and Race on India, London 1932. N.V. Subramaniam: �The way we are.  An ASI project shatters some entrenched myths�, Sunday, 10-4-1994. K.C. Malhotra: �Biological Dimensions to Ethnicity and caste in India�, in K.S. Singh: Ethnicity, Caste and People, Manohar, Delhi 1992, p.65. Reference is to H.K. Rakshit: �An Anthropometric Study of the Brahmins of India�, in Man in India #46; and P.P. Majumdar & K.C. Malhotra: OAB Dynamics in India: A Statistical Study, Calcutta 1974. Pallava Bagla: �Study shows caste system has changed genetic makeup of Hindus.  Studying 200 men in AP, Indo-US team finds that lower castes have over the years become �genetically different� from upper castes�, Indian Express, 18-10-1998.  See also the subsequent critical editorial: �Questionable enterprises.  DNA and caste can make a deadly combination�, Indian Express, 22-10-1998, which points out that the study merely confirm what observers of caste relations had known all along. Thus, Kancha Ilaiah (Why I Am Not a Hindu, Samya/Bhatkal & Sen, Calcutta 1996) offers a description of the differences in life style between upper castes and Shudras, with the declared intention of getting the reader indignated at the injustice and absurdity of the typically Hindu castle system.  Yet, his testimony unwittingly shows just how similar Hindu caste inequality is to the social inequality in other societies, e.g. Ilaiah�s repeated observation that women are more controlled in upper castes and more assertive and free in lower castes is or was just as true for Confucian China or the feudal and bourgeois societies of Europe. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza: �Genes, Peoples and Languages�, Scientific American, November 1991. Quoted in Simon Rozendaal: �Ras - wat is dat eigenlijk?�, Elsevier, 14-10-1995. V. Bhalla: �Aspects of Gene Geography and Ethnic Diversity of the People of India�, in K.S. Singh: Ethnicity, Caste and People, P.51-60; specifically p.58. B. Narasimhaiah: Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures in Tamil Nadu, Sundeep Prakashan, Delhi 1980, p.195: Kailash C. Malhotra: �Biological Dimensions to Ethnicity and Caste in India�, in K.S. Singh: Ethnicity, Caste and People, p.63. S.K. Chatterjee: Indianism and Indian Synthesis, Calcutta 1962, p.125. P.A. Augustine: The Bhils of Rajasthan, Indian Social Institute. Delhi 1986, p. 2-3. Hilde Van den Eynde: �Genetische kaart van Europa tekent oorlogen en volksverhuizingen�, De Standaard (Brussels), 20-7-1993. Hilde Van den Eynde: �Biologen en archaeologen moeten Amerikaanse taalknoop doorhakken�, De Standard (Brussels), 3-8-1990; see also Joseph H. Greenberg & Merritt Ruhlen: �Linguistic Origins of Native Americans�. Scientific American, November 1992. Interview in Le Nouvel Observateur, 23-1-1992. Interview in Le Nouvel Observateur, 23-1-1992. Interview in Le Nouvel Observateur, 23-1-1992, emphasis added.  T.V. Gamkrelidze and V.V. Ivanov, in Journal of Indo-European Studies, 1985/1-2, p. 182. See e.g. the fall/winter 1995 issue of Journal of Indo-European Studies, almost entirely devoted to the Xinjiang mummies. I.M. Diakonov: �On the Original Home of ther Speakers of Indo-European�, Journal of Indo-Europen Studies, 1-2/1985, p.92-174, specifically p. 152-153. I.M. Diakonov: �On the Original Home of the Speakers of Indo-European�, Journal of Indo-Europen Studies, 1-2/1985, p. 153-154. Related with details and undisguised favour by Alian de Benoist: Les Indo-Européens (Nouvelle Ecole no. 49, Paris 1997), p.47. Atharva-Veda 6:137.2-3 is a charm, for making �strong black hairlocks� grow, apparently on the heads of bald or albino or greyed people. Paramesh Choudhury (The Aryan Hoax, p. 13) also mentions Baudhayana�s Dharma-Sutra 1:2, �Let him kindle the sacrificial fire while his hair is still black�, also cited in Shabara�s Bhasya on Jaimini 1:33, as instances where Brahmins� hair is off-hand assumed to be black. Patanjali: Mahabhashya (comment on Panini) 2:2:6. Quoted from his A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary by Paramesh Choudhury: The Aryan Hoax, p. 13. E.g. Mahabharata: Adiparva 223, describes a Rakshasa as red-haired, as pointed out by Paramesh Choudhury: The Aryan Hoax, p. 13. He also mentions that Ravana�s sister Surpanakha is described by Valmiki as having pingala eyes, but remember that Ravana�s family is described as a Brahmin family immigrated in Lanka from northern India. Hemphill & Christensen: �The Oxus Civilization as a Link between East and West: A Non-Metric Analysis of Bronze Age Bactrain Biological Affinities�, paper read at the South Asia Conference, 3-5 November 1994, Madison, Wisconsin; p. 13. K.A.R. Kennedy: �Have Aryans been identified in the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia?�, in George Erdosy, ed.: The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, p.49. On p.42, Kennedy quotes the suggestion that �not only the end of the [Harappan] cities but even their initial impetus may have been due to Indo-European speaking peoples�, by B. and F.R. Allchin: The Birth of Indian Civilization, Penguin 1968, p. 144. Note that many scholars assume an (albeit somewhat irregular) etymological kinship between GandhAra and the Greek word Kentauros, meaning a horse-man.  The rough terrain of Afghanistan was unfit for chariot-riding and required horseback-riding.  To people from countries unfamiliar with horses (as India must have been in some pre-Vedic
Individually, the three dogs are very well behaved. But when they meet in the Meadow, there is no stopping. Their owners will lose completely the control of the animals from the bushes together and do what they want. Mr Chen, however, have observed that in the two dogs together, no problems. You decide, therefore, that the animals be on a leash and that the dogs sniff, although to be third party each other, however, at most two of the together in one direction can move. all the dogs at the beginning of the same distance from each other, to form the locations of the three owners of the vertices of an equilateral triangle. Unfortunately, the lines are of different lengths. A has length 3, the other is the length of 4, and the third the length of 5. the Following sketch shows the desired arrangement. The dog owners are at the vertices of the triangle, the three dogs can meet in the interior of the triangle only at the marked point. If the length of the three lines with 3, 4 and 5 is given as the length of the side a of the equilateral triangle is then? note: This puzzle is challenging, you can solve it but with elementary geometry knowledge. If you want to work with a pencil and a ruler, you can use the following Pdf template that contains the triangle twice. PDF Download is available For Print of Three dogs in the DreieckPDF-size: 746 kB 1 | 2 to 1. Part: Three dogs in the triangle 2. Part of: click Here for the solution
The Worst Drinks for Dental Stains Dental staining can develop because of the drinks we like. Actually, many foods and drinks can lead to tooth staining. For example, coffee, teas, and colas cause staining, and are some of the worst offenders. If you like these drinks, you have to drink less of them and brush your teeth after you consume them. Some habits are hard to break, and drinking coffee is one of them. The information below gives more details about what drinks cause staining and what you can do about it. How To Reduce The Effects Of Stains From Drinks You may drink coffee to give you a quick pick-me-up in the morning. However, this well-loved beverage will still stain your teeth. The acids in both coffees and teas strip away the enamel and leave dark stains in their wake. However, it simply it not practical to stop drinking coffee or tea. They are part of our daily ritual. To combat staining, you need to brush your teeth after you consume a beverage, such as a coffee or cola. You may also want to chew a sugar-free gum. Doing so will remove some of the compounds that cause stains on the teeth. Red wine is another drink known to cause tooth staining. That is because the beverage contains chromogens, which are known to cause stains. Both red wine and white wine are highly acidic, so even white wine can stain the teeth. Therefore, drinking wine leaves your teeth vulnerable to any other food that can cause stains as well. Sugary drinks are yet other drinks that can discolor teeth. Energy drinks, sodas, and sports drinks all contain acids and sugar that damage the teeth and leave them open to staining. We can help you get rid of staining with an in-office whitening treatment. We can also suggest ways to improve the whiteness of your teeth with the use of crowns or veneers. Give us a call today for an exam and consultation. While you probably cannot give up coffee or wine, you can spend a couple minutes brushing your teeth to prevent problems with erosion or stains.
Development of a QSAR-based prediction tool The overall aim of the project “RespiraTox” is to develop a QSAR model and user-friendly tool that reliably predicts human respiratory irritancy of single compounds and mixtures. Binary classification of compounds - Irritation in the respiratory tract. © Fraunhofer ITEM Binary classification of compounds - Irritation in the respiratory tract. For many substances, inhalation is the most relevant route of occupational exposure, but it is also of relevance to the consumer, i.e. after spray application of household products and cosmetics. Inhalation of substances can lead to local effects such as respiratory irritation, acute and chronic inflammation. To date, there is no specific guideline test to identify respiratory irritants. The project is subdivided into three main parts: 1. Gathering of relevant data on respiratory irritation in a project database 2. Development of workflows that model repiratory irritation 3. Development of a user-friendly tool We are currently gathering a sound dataset comprising reliable data on respiratory irritation, e.g., by considering Alarie assays, effects reported in acute and repeated inhalation studies (e.g. from the Fraunhofer database RepDose) as well as classification and labeling (C&L) data, e.g., from the ECHA inventory. Based on these data, we will group compounds as tissue and/or sensory respiratory irritants. The QSAR model will be developed by evaluating different machine learning techniques. It will fulfill the five OECD principles for QSAR validation to demonstrate statistical and mechanistic reliability of the model. This model will then be integrated into a user-friendly tool that provides the QSAR prediction, visualizes the associated uncertainty and shows closest neighbors with experimental data. Besides the prediction for a single compound, mixture toxicity will also be addressed by using case studies. Dr. Sylvia Escher and her team from Fraunhofer ITEM are contributing a profound knowledge in toxicological data, while Dr. Andreas Karwath and his team from the University of Birmingham are responsible for the modeling and machine learning part. Use of the in-silico model in the regulatory context Assessment of whether a chemical will cause respiratory irritation in humans is often based on observations in rodent acute (single) and repeated-dose inhalation toxicity studies. However, there are no specific test protocols in place to determine the irritancy potential of respiratory toxicants or allergens. In the absence of specific or well defined guidelines, respiratory irritation results are extrapolated from acute inhalation toxicity studies (the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guidelines (TG) 403 and 436) performed in rats (OECD, 2009a, OECD 2009b). This involves the modification of protocols to include endpoints for respiratory irritation and requires additional dose groups. Sensory irritation is tested in the Alarie test, which measures the RD50 value, a concentration of a given compound that causes a 50% decrease of the respiratory rate in rodents (Alarie Y, 1966). Extrapolating the rodent respiratory hazard data to human respiratory irritation, however, is difficult. Under the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) regulations, the registrant may be able to demonstrate that a substance poses no respiratory risk, if exposure via the inhalation route is not to be expected. For most substances, however, exposure via the inhalation route is likely to play a role, and if the substance is a skin or eye irritant, it may be difficult to justify a waiver for acute inhalation studies. Without robust models for respiratory irritation, it is possible that chemicals may pass through the R&D pipeline and reach the marketplace with the potential liability of being respiratory irritants. Visualized outline for the “RespiraTox” project. © Fraunhofer ITEM Visualized outline for the “RespiraTox” project.
Reconstructive Surgery Reconstructive Surgery Wed, 02/12/2020 - 20:32 Reconstructive surgery refers to reconstruction of facial and body defects due to birth disorders, trauma, burns, and disease. Reconstructive surgery is more commonly called plastic surgery. ♦ Reconstructive procedures focus on improving function or normalizing appearance of the patient. Reconstructive surgery should not be confused with cosmetic surgery, which is generally performed to enhances a person's self-esteem. • Most insurance companies will cover reconstructive surgery. However, each insurance company may interpret the meaning of reconstructive differently depending on the specific procedure and situation.
Skip to main content Neurology & Neurosurgery FAQs Geriatric vestibular syndrome in dogs What is a geriatric vestibular syndrome? Geriatric vestibular syndrome, or idiopathic vestibular syndrome, is a common neurological disorder of elderly (8 years plus) dogs, causing a sudden disruption of the animal’s balance. The disorder arises from an abnormal function of the peripheral portion of the dog’s balance system which consists of the inner ear and the peripheral vestibular nerve. The animal’s brain in these cases is not affected. This is a benign condition of unknown origin. What are the clinical signs? Clinical signs vary from mild to very severe. Typically, the dog exhibits head tilt, spontaneous movement of the eyes (nystagmus), circling to one side and balance problems while walking. Animals tend to drift and fall towards one side of their body. In more severe cases, the dogs are not able to stand up or they can constantly roll to one side. Dogs can also show nausea and/or vomiting. How is geriatric vestibular syndrome diagnosed? Geriatric vestibular syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion. First, the neurologist performs a neurological examination to confirm that the neurological localisation fits with the suspected diagnosis. Secondly, all necessary blood tests and blood pressure measurements are performed to exclude potential causes for the balance problems. Thirdly, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations may be performed to rule out possible brain diseases that could cause very similar neurological signs. In case of geriatric vestibular disease all diagnostic investigations show normal results. Can geriatric vestibular syndrome be treated? Geriatric vestibular syndrome is managed with supportive treatment, which includes hospitalisation for few days if the animal is not able to walk, supportive therapy with intravenous fluids, medication against vomiting and walks with support. Quality of life and prognosis? Geriatric vestibular syndrome has a good prognosis. Dogs usually spontaneously recover from this balance disorder within a few days. However, full recovery might sometimes take a few weeks. Sometimes mild neurological deficits (such as mild head tilt) might remain for the lifetime, but they do not interfere with the dog’s quality of life.
• Publications • Influence Molecular phylogenetics of the clover genus (Trifolium--Leguminosae). The monophyly of Trifolium is confirmed, a new infrageneric classification of the genus is proposed, and a single origin of all North and South American species is hypothesized, while the species of sub-Saharan Africa may originate from three separate dispersal events. Expand The origin of the pasture species grown in New Zealand and the development of ecotypes are briefly described. The effects of environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, soil type, soilExpand Future options and targets for pasture plant breeding in New Zealand It is predicted that some expansion of the species base of most pasture species is inadequate and requires continued effort to locate and import new materials from diverse international sources, and the development of a sustainable low‐input farming sector is predicted. Expand Molecular Cytogenetic Organization of 5S and 18S-26S rDNA Loci in White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) and Related Species Cytogenetic mapping of the two multigene families coding for 18S-5.8S-26S rRNA and 5S r RNA in white clover and seven closely related species/subspecies supports the allotetraploid origin ofwhite clover (T. repens) and suggest that T.petrisaviimay be one of the present day diploid ancestors. Expand Invasive pneumococcal disease in central Australia Anthocyanin leaf markings are regulated by a family of R2R3-MYB genes in the genus Trifolium. Functional characterisation of RED LEAF and RED V was performed, confirming their function as anthocyanin regulators and identifying a C-terminal region necessary for transactivation, and provide a valuable system to compare with mechanisms that regulate complex floral pigmentation. Expand Experimental evidence for the ancestry of allotetraploid Trifolium repens and creation of synthetic forms with value for plant breeding Evidence from DNA sequence analyses, molecular cytogenetics, interspecific hybridization and breeding experiments supports the hypothesis that a diploid alpine species hybridized with adiploid coastal species to generate tetraploid T. repens, a transgressive hybrid with a broad adaptive range. Expand
Article at a Glance: • Heroin is an opioid that is considered a central nervous system depressant. • It works by slowing down activity in the central nervous system. • Mental health problems like depression are risk factors for heroin abuse and can result from heroin abuse as well. Is Heroin a Stimulant? Heroin, a Schedule I illicit opioid, is not a stimulant. In fact, it is the opposite of a stimulant: instead of revving up the central nervous system, heroin suppresses it. Sometimes, heroin is combined with illicit stimulants like cocaine and taken as a speedball. A person may mix the two so that the cocaine combats the sedating effects of heroin. Is Heroin a Depressant? Heroin is a central nervous system depressant. Like other opioids, it slows down, or depresses, activity in the central nervous system. The drug achieves its effects by binding to mu-opioid receptors in the brain. It also targets the brain’s reward system, leading to a compulsion to take the drug, which can result in addiction. Prescription Opioids & Heroin Heroin is an illegal opioid drug derived from morphine. Opioids are powerful pain-relieving medications that are sometimes referred to as depressants. This is largely due to the discernable effects of the drugs on the body, including slowed breathing and heart rate. This is especially true when taken at high doses or with other depressants like benzodiazepines, sleep medications or barbiturates. A person who takes prescription opioids, especially nonmedically, is at an increased risk of heroin abuse. About 86% of people who abuse heroin previously abused prescription opioids that they generally obtained from family, friends, or their own prescriptions. Overall, around 4% of people who abuse prescription opioids will progress to abusing heroin. Heroin’s Depressant Properties Unlike benzodiazepines, barbiturates and other prescription sedatives that slow brain activity to treat anxiety and sleep disorders, opioids — including heroin — affect brain functioning by attaching to and activating mu-opioid receptors to regulate pain. In addition to blocking pain, opioid receptors are involved in feelings of pleasure and in controlling heart rate, sleeping and breathing. This means that while heroin dulls pain and offers a rapid and intense rush, it may also impair cognitive functioning, increase sedation, and slow certain autonomic functions, such as those that control a person’s respiratory rate. In other words, it may depress the brain’s cognitive function and a person’s ability to breathe. After an initial surge of pleasure or euphoria, people who use heroin often experience heaviness in their arms and legs and clouded mental functioning. Another side effect of heroin use is “going on the nod,” a back-and-forth state of consciousness and semi-consciousness. People who use heroin chronically can experience many adverse reactions affecting the body and the mind. Mental health problems such as depression can occur with long-term heroin use. Heroin and Depression Long-term opioid abuse is closely linked to mood disorders like depression and higher rates of anxiety disorders. Heroin can cause depression, mood changes, suicidal behavior, psychological dependence and addiction. Further, pre-existing mental health problems like depression are linked to the development of substance abuse problems in the first place. Various types of drugs can trigger depression, a mood disorder characterized by fatigue, hopelessness and suicidal thoughts, but that does not mean that these drugs are depressants. Depressants slow brain activity by increasing the activity of the chemical gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. When a person begins to use more and more heroin to achieve the same initial transient “high,” the brain quickly adapts to the constant presence of the drug. If the person decides to stop taking the drug, the brain will fail to produce or trigger the high levels of pleasure or feel-good signals it was once accustomed to with the increased stimulation of the heroin. This can lead to symptoms of depression as the brain struggles to adjust. Untreated depression can become worse or interfere with recovery efforts as a person detoxes. Research shows that heroin users who also suffer from depression have a greater risk of overdose and suicide. • Signs of depression: Signs of depression include: • Low mood without reason • Irritability • Sleep problems • Change in appetite • Weight gain or loss • Extreme fatigue • Feelings of worthlessness and guilt • Trouble concentrating • Slowed or accelerated movements • Feelings of hopelessness • Lack of enjoyment in usual activities or hobbies • Repeated thoughts of suicide or death The important thing to remember is that the mood disorder depression is not the same as the depression of the central nervous system; not all drugs with depressant properties are classified as depressant drugs. • Is heroin a stimulant? Heroin is not a stimulant. • Are opioids depressants? Opioids are depressants, including heroin. • Why does heroin cause depression? Over the long term, the changes that occur in your brain from taking heroin can lead to depression. The brain becomes physically dependent on heroin to produce a high or feelings of euphoria, making it more difficult to produce feel-good signals without it. As the brain struggles to adjust, depression symptoms may occur. People with pre-existing mental health problems like depression are also more likely to abuse heroin in the first place. • How long does depression from quitting heroin last? It is difficult to say how long depression will last after quitting heroin. This can depend on if you had pre-existing depression before starting heroin. If you are recovering from heroin, it is important to get treated for depression as well as heroin addiction. This is known as dual diagnosis treatment and can facilitate your recovery. • Does heroin depress the central nervous system? Heroin depresses the central nervous system and is known as a depressant. If you’re facing a heroin use disorder or depression, help is available for both. Do not wait to seek treatment: both of these disorders can lead to severe health consequences. With treatment centers across the country, The Recovery Village can help you find effective treatment options for your mental health and substance abuse issues. To learn more about how treatment can help you heal, contact a representative at The Recovery Village today. Share on Social Media:
The Universal Robotics Challenge is designed to foster an interest and passion for robotics, bringing together kids from across the world to compete using robots they create and program themselves. This year's competition features three divisions held exclusively online. What's the Universal Robotics Challenge? The Universal Robotics Challenge is an international robotics competition for elementary and middle school students. This year’s competition is split into three divisions, allowing any student to compete regardless of skill level. The goal of this competition is to deepen children's interest in robotics and technology as they share knowledge and work to take on challenges. In order to establish an even playing field for all participants, the ArtecRobo and ArtecRobo 2.0 educational robotics platforms, used in elementary and junior high schools across the world, are used as the official robotics materials for the Universal Robotics Challenge. Each competition may have specific restrictions on which robot parts may or may not be used. Be sure to read the rulebook for your competition before registering.
It looks like you are coming from United States, but the current site you have selected to visit is Somalia. Do you want to change site? Yes, please! No, keep me on the current site 2016 finalists for the Stockholm Junior Water Prize In a little more than a week, young scientists from all over the world will be meeting in Sweden for the Stockholm Junior Water Prize. Their contributions include innovative research on the effects of global warming on water movement, using ultrasonic waves to remove algae, and inexpensive sanitation solutions. Here are a few highlights! The finalists arriving in Stockholm represent winners of national competitions in 29 countries. Xylem is proud to be the founding global sponsor of the Stockholm Junior Water Prize, now in its twentieth year. Some of the innovative entries this year include: 1. China: The development of an environmentally friendly ultrasonic algae removal system. It has been show to effectively remove cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta, and inhibit the growth of algae. Finalists: Zeming Zhang, Zhongpei Luo and Shiyong He. 2. France: Investigated why ice melting from global warming can cause a dead water phenomenon that prevents ships from moving. Finalists: Harmand Thomas, Delorme Louis and Herve Titwan. 3. Nigeria: A water education program for school and communities to promote better understanding of water as a key social, economic and environmental resource. Finalists: Adeleke Victor Ademola and Idris Omogbolahan Musa. 4. Singapore: Dishwashing detergent: how much is enough? Given the use of harmful surfactants in detergent, this study aimed to find the minimal amount required. Finalists: Orion Lee Young Xun, Rasheed Muhammad and Muhamad Raimi Rosian. 5. U.S.: With 2.4 billion people worldwide lacking access to safe in-home toilets, this study explored how to turn a typical composting toilet into a safe environmental alternative. Finalist: Nishita Sinha. The winner of the Stockholm Junior Water Prize will be announced on August 30 at the Grand Hôtel in Stockholm, during World Water Week in Stockholm. The winner will receive a $15,000 award, $5,000 for their school, and a prize sculpture. by Chad Henderson
Google BookmarksRSS Feed Nine reason why necessary to eat parsley parsleyUsually parsley is used as a condiment to the main courses. Despite their small number in the diet, parsley brings enormous benefits to human body. Composition of parsley. One hundred grams of parsley contain: proteins - 3.7 g, fat - 0.4 g, carbohydrates – 7.6g, calorie - 49 kcal, as well as a rich set of macro- and microelements: potassium - 700.0 mg, calcium - 245.0 mg, magnesium - 85.0 mg, sodium - 34.0 mg, phosphorus - 95.0 mg, iron - 1.9 mg, manganese – 0.2 mg, zinc - 1.1 mg, copper – 149.0 mcg and selenium – 0.1 mcg. The list of contained in parsley vitamins: A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, C, E, K, PP. Parsley benefits for health. 1. A parsley contains a lot of protein and essential amino acids. Few people know, but it's very important. If you do not eat meat and do not eat other animal products, the green anywhere except you do not get exactly an amino acid that is important for building protein in human body. Therefore, nutritionists around the world say about benefits of the green and leafy vegetables. Parsley is just a storehouse of such a protein. 2. Parsley is very useful for vision. It contains much of vitamin A. 3. Parsley helps to raise hemoglobin. A large amount of iron in parsley promote it. 4. Helps normalize blood pressure. Parsley contains large amounts of potassium which giving a diuretic effect and reduce a pressure to normal mark. Especially useful it for hypertensive patients. 5. Parsley makes teeth whiter. It contains a lot of organic acids, which bleach the tooth enamel. Thus a parsley contains fluorine, phosphorus and calcium, so these substances are able to strengthen the teeth and make and maintain their health. 6. It helps strengthen an immune system. Large amounts of vitamin C will help in strengthening immune system, protects cells from damage, strengthen blood vessels. 7. Parsley is an important role in prevention of aging. Antioxidant vitamins A, C and E protect cells from premature aging associated with penetration of free radicals. The presence of large amounts of folic acid helps maintain proper cell division and cell renewal. This is particularly important during pregnancy. 8. Parsley contains a lot of fiber. And no matter what we usually eat it in small quantities, it still exerts its effect on elimination of toxins, mild stimulating effect on intestinal wall, as well as metabolism. 9. If you losing weight. Parsley has a maximum of nutrients without the calories and speeds up the metabolism and gives protein to your body. It is also important to know that parsley is one of the few leafy vegetables, even after long-term storage it does not lose its beneficial properties. This is due to the fact that all substances contained therein are contained in unique combination between them. The similar articles what you would like to read.
Teaching Subject Verb Agreement Esl In this lesson, students discuss the basic rules for matching matter and verb with individual and non-counting names. This lesson also describes many frequent exceptions. You can use image input as a kind of test at the end of your class for the word/theme chord. The way it works is that you will find an image with a lot of people doing things. Next, students must rely on a number of sentences in their notebooks. The verb-subject agreement is also one of the most difficult aspects to master the English language. Teaching this subject involves not only an explanation of what it is, but also the fact that students really know what a subject and a verb is. The rules of the subject exchange agreement are as follows. If the subject is singular, the corresponding verb must also be singular. However, if the subject is plural, the verb must also make me. If the subject is two or more nouns or related pronouns, use a plural verb. This season racing game takes something old (correcting errors) and redoes it by adding elements of teamwork and collaboration! In this case, you can focus most of the errors on the subject and the verb. How many times have you heard your students say something like this: “People in my class think our teacher is cool” or “John and Maria are at the mall right now”? Yes, my friends, these are the phrases where the name and the verb don`t work well together. Use this simple warm-up activity to check the reference and verb chords at the beginning of the teaching. Or as a quick test at the end. The way it works is that you write a series of sentences on the whiteboard or PowerPoint. Some have mistakes, others don`t. In this case, you want to focus on questions of topics and verbs. One way to introduce and teach this important grammar point is as an audition lesson. In this case, students may be asked to hear something and choose examples of agreement between the subject and the verb. Or you want to find an exercise from a non-native speaker who has some flaws in him and get students to choose them. As you can see, there are many correct uses of the verb subject agreement. As students write their sentences, move through the classroom and focus your error correction on it. Read more here: One way to make them more valuable and memorable is to delete some of the words. In this case, it is either the verb or the subject. If students read it with a partner, they must also fill in the gaps. It`s going from a kind of useless activity to a much more demanding activity. In particular, I like to use this activity for irregular verbs. A simple way to reinforce or introduce the agreement between the subject and the verb is to give students a quick reading passage filled with different examples. Next, students must quickly scan the text and highlight themes and verbs. Then you can compare the examples found with a partner and finally with the whole class. Because of their first language, students in some countries are more likely to face the derk/verb agreement than others. In Korean, for example, the verb is always at the end of the sentence, so it can be a bit of a struggle at the beginning as in an English sentence. Comments are closed.
Organic chemistry jobs Organic chemistry is the study or the discipline of chemistry that explores the various properties and reactions of carbon-containing compounds. It has become vital for our day-to-day needs and is expanding its approach in industries such as rubber, dye, detergent, cosmetics and agriculture. The vast knowledge of organic chemistry has opened new pathways for students who find an aptitude for these complex compounds and has become central to various career avenues. Careers in Organic chemistry Organic chemist An organic chemist is critical in all those areas where there is dependency on the research and development. They study organic compounds, their physical and chemical properties and the chain of reactions that produce them. With this knowledge, they explore new uses of these compounds or try to find new organic materials. Also, organic chemists analyze and understand each and every aspect of the compounds and use them for making medicines that can treat life-threatening diseases. Normally, a pharmaceutical researcher has a doctorate degree and earns an average annual pay of $86,421. Forensic Scientist Organic chemistry is involved in all the fields of science that are applied to life-this includes the field of forensic science. It is used by scientists to investigate and test samples of blood or saliva collected at the scene of crime. Various tools and testing solutions may also be used to analyze physical materials like hair and carpet, as well as carpet fibers. Forensic scientist may be a medical doctor or a chemist and earn an hourly median salary of around $21.79 The primary job of a pharmacist is to distribute medicines at the prescription of a certified doctor. They can also suggest patients, physicians and health practitioners about the dosage and side effects of drugs. Some pharmacists are also certified to administer medicines. They may work in a private pharmacy, a hospital or a nursing care facility. A pharmacist is required to get a specialized degree as well as a license to follow his practice, and should also know drug law in some states. The average annual salary of a pharmacist is nearly $106,410. Medical doctor and biotechnologist The fields of medicine and biotechnology are interdisciplinary. Organic chemistry plays an important role in the study and manipulation of DNA and requires a lot of research. Biotechnologists work on agricultural products, as well as with plants and animals. Normally, a biotechnologist has a masters degree in the field and usually also involve medical doctors. The median salary of a biotechnology research scientist in USA is around $63,000. Professor of chemistry Although, the main job of a chemistry professor is to teach students, but at times, the actual job may also require conducting research in their chosen field. Also, chemistry professors are expected to run the department, act as an interface for the university and may also participate in other college activities. The desired qualification for a professor is a master or a doctorate degree in accredited colleges and universities. They earn an average annual salary of $74,655. Popular Posts
Chromatin is normally classified as euchromatin or heterochromatin each with distinct Chromatin is normally classified as euchromatin or heterochromatin each with distinct histone modifications compaction levels and gene expression patterns. maintaining stable gene expression patterns. Here we Linifanib (ABT-869) review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying heterochromatin spreading and boundary formation. in the 1930s paved the way to revealing the importance of chromatin in regulating gene expression [1]. The gene which is responsible for generating red color pigment in eyes normally resides in the euchromatic region. However when the gene is placed adjacent to pericentric heterochromatin due to chromosomal rearrangement it is variably silenced and the different expression states are clonally inherited in different cell populations resulting in mottled eyes [2] (Fig. 1). A similar phenomenon termed telomere position effect (TPE) was later observed in the budding yeast lead Barbara McClintock to propose that transposable elements regulate the expression of neighboring genes [5]. Recent studies in show that indeed transposable elements are sites of heterochromatin assembly and influence the expression of nearby genes [6]. In humans heterochromatin domains expand to cover developmentally regulated genes during the differentiation of stem cells resulting in large changes in the chromatin scenery [7]. But the variable nature of heterochromatin spreading can potentially lead to inappropriate expression of genes which has been implicated in a number of serious human diseases [8]. For example Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is a neuromuscular disorder predominantly affecting the skeletal muscles of the face and arms and has been correlated with deletions of D4Z4 repeats in the chromosome 4q35 subtelomeric region. Although the mechanism of this disease is still under debate one hypothesis is that the loss of these repeats compromises heterochromatin spreading-mediated inactivation of adjacent genes [8 9 Therefore the spreading of heterochromatin needs to be tightly controlled and the discovery of boundary elements that can shield genes from position effects demonstrates their important functions in regulating Linifanib (ABT-869) gene expression. Given that the mechanisms of heterochromatin spreading and boundary formation are best studied in yeasts in which precise genetic manipulations could be made we are going to concentrate our review on research executed in yeasts and discuss their relevance to systems in higher eukaryotes. Heterochromatin dispersing It is more developed that chromatin framework is governed by both chromatin redecorating activities as well as the adjustment of histones and DNA [10]. Because so many factors involved with PEV and Linifanib (ABT-869) TPE have already been characterized as enzymes and protein that control chromatin framework heterochromatin set up and spreading is a paradigm for learning the jobs of chromatin modifiers in regulating stably preserved chromatin expresses [2 4 The histones within heterochromatin locations are generally without acetylation and so are frequently methylated at H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me) [11-13]. Linifanib (ABT-869) While histone deacetylation can straight affect connections between nucleosomes NR4A2 to create higher-order chromatin buildings [14] histone methylation indirectly impacts chromatin framework by either antagonizing acetylation at the same residue [15] or portion being a binding site for the recruitment of chromatin protein [16]. H3K9me recruits heterochromatin proteins 1 (Horsepower1) [12 17 18 which serves as both a structural element and an adaptor for Linifanib (ABT-869) the recruitment of chromatin-modifying elements [19]. Furthermore to histone methylation the DNA within heterochromatin locations is extremely methylated in lots of higher eukaryotes such as for example mammals and plant life. Although DNA methylation also plays a part in heterochromatin features the systems where it allows gene repression are much less well-understood [20]. Heterochromatin set up can be split into three distinctive guidelines: establishment dispersing and maintenance [21 22 Heterochromatin is set up at nucleation centers with the concentrating on of histone changing actions by transcription elements Linifanib (ABT-869) or non-coding RNAs. Subsequently heterochromatin spreads into neighboring locations mostly with a network of connections among chromatin protein resulting in the forming of huge heterochromatin domains in addition to the root DNA sequences. As the systems of heterochromatin establishment and maintenance have already been extensively studied the ones that regulate heterochromatin dispersing are much less well understood..
Question: How Do I Delete All Of One Color In Paint? How do I make a PNG transparent? Make The Background Transparent. Save The Logo As A Transparent PNG Image.. How do you recolor an image? Recolor a PictureClick the picture whose color you want to change.Click the Format tab under Picture Tools.Click the Color button. Click to view larger image.Click one of the Color options. Recolor. Click an option to apply a color type: No Recolor. Click this option to remove a previous recolor. Grayscale. How do I remove a certain color from a picture? Remove Color After inserting your graphic, click on the COLOR button, then on SET TRANSPARENT COLOR. The cursor becomes a pen with a black angle. Click on the color in the picture to be removed, and all pixels of that color disappear. While the removed color looks white, it’s actually transparent. How do I change a 3d color in paint? How to change the color of selection inside Paint 3D?Select the 2D or 3D object you want to change the color to by clicking the Select tool.Press the Brushes icon found inside the top toolbar.From the right-side menu select the Fill option.Click on the selection to fill it with the desired color. How do I make a color transparent in paint? What is erase tool? The eraser is basically a brush which erases pixels as you drag it across the image. Pixels are erased to transparency, or the background colour if the layer is locked. When you select the eraser tool, you have various options available in the toolbar: … Flow: Determines how quickly the erasure is applied by the brush. Which tool is used to erase your drawing? Eraser ToolThe Eraser Tool is used in concert with the Drawing and Painting Tools to obtain final, usable art. As the name implies, the Eraser Tool is primarily used for erasing. When the Eraser Tool is active, three options appear in the Options Tray, as shown below. How do I make a JPEG transparent?
Save Status: or to save your progress. The page will not refresh. Answer Key: Edit a Copy: Make Your Own: Crossword Word Search Worksheet Rate This Puzzle: Log in or sign up to rate this puzzle. 8th Science: Section 5.1-5.2 Type of evolution that attempts to reconcile the Bible and evolution Type of evolution that refers to the gradual development of life on Earth Popularized the theory of uniformitarianism The idea that one or more catastrophes are primarily responsible for earth's geologic features The belief that states that the present is the key to the past Popularized the idea of biological evolution Type of evolution the chance of origin of the universe as a whole Depends upon a Creator calling the universe into existence An originally created type of organism Created ideal conditions for fossil formation Popularized the theory of catastrophism The belief that the universe originated by natural processes over billions of years Starting point of cosmic evolution
Evidence Based What Is Tripe Meat? 4 Reasons to Eat This Offal Tripe - Dr. Axe The thought of chowing down on a big plate of tripe can be hard to stomach for many people. For some, the taste, texture and appearance are enough to erase any appetite, while others simply find the idea of eating the stomach lining of an animal unappealing and off-putting. However, this type of organ meat — aka offal — is actually considered a delicacy in many parts of the world and is a star ingredient featured in many Latin American, Asian, Caribbean and Middle Eastern dishes. So what is tripe, what does it taste like and how can it benefit your health? Here’s what you need to know about this nutritious organ meat. What Is Tripe? So what is beef tripe exactly? According to Merriam-Webster, the official tripe definition is “stomach tissue especially of a ruminant (such as an ox) used as food.” To put it simply, however, tripe meat is a type of offal, or organ meat, that is found in the stomach of ruminant animals like cows, sheep, goats and buffalo. These animals have multiple compartments in their stomaches that help digest their food, and the muscle tissue found between these compartments is known as tripe. Keep in mind that this type of organ meat is different from “fish tripe,” a food that is usually made from the stomach of monkfish or other types of fish. What Does It Taste Like? The tripe taste is very neutral, and it’s able to easily take on the flavors of whatever other ingredients it’s cooked with. For this reason, it pairs especially well with flavorful, aromatic herbs and veggies, including garlic and onions. Some say that the flavor is slightly similar to liver but with a more thick and chewy texture. The texture starts to slowly soften when cooked over the course of two to three hours, which is why it’s often found in slow-cooked, simmered dishes like soups and stews. There are several different ways to define tripe, including by specifying which animal it is derived from, such as goat, sheep, buffalo or beef tripe. However, tripe is most commonly classified based on which stomach chamber it’s found in, each of which has a distinct taste, texture and appearance. Here are a few of the most common types of tripe: • Blanket tripe: Made from the lining of the first stomach compartment, or rumen, this type is flat and smooth, like a blanket. • Honeycomb tripe: This type is made from the second stomach chamber and has a unique appearance that resembles a honeycomb. It’s among the most popular varieties because of its tender texture and unique taste. • Omasum tripe: Often described as a mix of blanket and honeycomb tripe, this type is found in the third compartment of the stomach. • Abomasum tripe: This type is made from the fourth stomach chamber and is considered the least commonly consumed variety. Tripe Nutrition Facts The tripe nutrition profile is loaded with protein, selenium, vitamin B12 and zinc, along with an assortment of other important micronutrients. A 100-gram (3.5-ounce) serving of cooked tripe contains the following nutrients: • 94 calories • 2 grams carbohydrates • 11.7 grams protein • 4.1 grams fat • 11.8 micrograms selenium (17 percent DV) • 0.7 micrograms vitamin B12 (12 percent DV) • 1.7 milligrams zinc (11 percent DV) • 81 milligrams calcium (8 percent DV) • 66 milligrams phosphorus (7 percent DV) • 0.1 milligrams manganese (5 percent DV) • 0.7 milligrams iron (4 percent DV) • 15 milligrams magnesium (4 percent DV) In addition to the nutrients listed above, tripe also contains a small amount of niacin, potassium, folate, pantothenic acid and vitamin E. 1. High in Protein Like other types of offal, tripe is a great source of protein, packing a whopping 12 grams into each 3.5-ounce serving. Protein is incredibly important to overall health. It plays a crucial role in tissue repair, metabolism, immune function and more. Some studies also suggest that adding more protein to your diet could aid in weight loss by helping you feel fuller for longer between meals. 2. Good Source of Selenium With about 17 percent of the selenium that you need for the entire day crammed into each serving, tripe is a great source of this incredibly important micronutrient. Selenium is a key mineral that acts as an antioxidant in the body to help neutralize free radicals and protect against cell damage and chronic disease. According to a paper published in Lancet, low selenium status has been linked to several health problems, including decreased immune function and cognitive decline. Conversely, increasing your intake of selenium could potentially help prevent reproductive issues, autoimmune thyroid disease and even certain types of cancer. 3. Budget-Friendly Because there is less demand for tripe and other types of offal, swapping this interesting ingredient into your diet every once in a while can be a great way to save some extra cash. Although prices can vary based on both the variety and specific retailer, tripe is generally a much more cost-effective and budget-friendly option than expensive cuts of meat, such as steak. 4. Sustainable Food Source Offal is a great sustainable source of food that can help reduce food waste and optimize food production. Nose-to-tail is a movement that promotes the preparation and consumption of the entire animal, rather than simply picking and choosing from more “desirable” parts, such as the flank, ribs and round. Unfortunately, many parts of slaughtered animals are simply discarded, leading to massive amounts of waste within the food industry. Adding tripe to your diet is a simple way to support sustainable eating and do your part in decreasing food waste. Tripe is a difficult ingredient to prepare and consume, and its taste and texture can often be a turn-off for some consumers. Because of its tough texture, it’s also a labor-intensive ingredient that can take several hours to fully prepare. Furthermore, although it is a good source of several nutrients, including protein, selenium and vitamin B12, it’s also relatively high in cholesterol. Contrary to popular belief, studies show that dietary cholesterol has minimal impact on blood cholesterol levels for most people. However, eating too much dietary cholesterol can increase cholesterol levels in certain people who are more sensitive to its effects. Therefore, it’s important to moderate your intake if you have high cholesterol levels or think you may be sensitive to dietary cholesterol. Where to Buy, How to Store and How to Add to Diet (Plus Tripe Recipes) Tripe is available at many major supermarkets, as well as specialty Asian or Latin stores. These products are generally soaked and bleached in a chlorine solution, which is used to help remove any impurities and give the meat a distinct, pale white color. You can also purchase fresh tripe directly from your local butcher or meat market, which is typically sold unbleached. Regardless of whether you purchase this organ meat bleached or unbleached, it’s important to rinse it carefully before preparing or consuming. Canned, dried and frozen varieties of tripe for dogs are also available at pet stores and online retailers. Unfortunately, fresh tripe doesn’t last long in the fridge, so unless you’re planning on using it within a day or two, it’s best to carefully wrap it and store it directly in the freezer. There are plenty of ways to add this organ meat to your diet, and it’s enjoyed in a variety of different ways around the globe. Fried tripe, for example, is a popular dish in the southern United States, and it’s often added to sandwiches or served as an appetizer. In Jamaica, it’s made into a stew and enjoyed alongside broad beans, while in Serbia, it’s often combined with herbs and boiled potatoes. “Sopa de mondongo” (meaning soup with tripe in Spanish) is a staple in Latin American and Caribbean cuisine, which includes veggies like bell peppers, carrots, cabbage, celery, onions and tomatoes. This type of organ meat is also used in many traditional Asian, African and Middle Eastern dishes, including Ojree (a Pakistani curry made with goat tripe), Soto babat (an Indonesian soup) and Mala Mogodu (a stew served in South Africa). Need some ideas for how to incorporate this unique ingredient into your diet? Here are a few easy tripe recipes to help get you started: Final Thoughts • What is tripe? This common ingredient is a type of offal, or organ meat, made from the stomach tissue of ruminant animals like cows, goats and sheep. • There are several types available, which are classified based on which stomach compartment of the animal they are made from. • It has a mild flavor and dense, chewy texture, so it’s best to cook slowly over long periods of time and pair with aromatic herbs and ingredients like onions and garlic. • This type of organ meat is especially high in protein and selenium. It also contains a wealth of other micronutrients, like calcium, vitamin B12 and zinc. • Because it’s made from parts of the animal that are often discarded, it’s also considered a budget-friendly and sustainable food source. • However, it’s also difficult to prepare and high in cholesterol, so it’s important to moderate your intake if you have high cholesterol or are more sensitive to its effects. Josh Axe Get FREE Access! Free eBook to boost metabolism & healing 30 Gluten-Free Recipes & detox juicing guide Shopping Guide & premium newsletter More Nutrition
Huckleberry finn essay on huck and jim relationship On The Agenda From: Aric C. Category: yourself years Added: 15.04.2021 Share this post: An understatement is a figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is. For example, you win 10 million dollars in a lottery. An understatement usually has an ironic effect, as an equally intense response is expected in severe situations, but the statement in response is the opposite of what was expected. For instance, your friend returns your new coat with a large wine stain on the front of it. Sociétés, immatriculations et radiations en France The Duke and King spend a few days plotting how to recover their fortunes. Soon, they reach a village named Pikesville. The King leaves and tells the Duke and Huck to follow him if he does not return by midday. After he fails to reappear, they go to find him, leaving Jim with the raft. Huck and the Duke search for quite some time, and finally find the King in a tavern. Soon, both the Duke and King are drunk. Huck sees his chance and runs straight back to the raft, but when he arrives Jim is gone. 100 More Jokes That Shaped Modern Comedy In: English and Literature. In this assessment, you will submit three 3 out of six 6 tutorial worksheets as part of a portfolio. You must submit worksheet 1 and then choose any two 2 from worksheet 2 to 6. The tutorial program has been designed to assist your learning and is directly linked to this assessment. You should aim to attend most of the tutorials if you seek a good mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has divided opinion since its publication. Racism is an important theme in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ; therefore it is vital to understand American society circa This act freed African-Americans from slavery in the southern states. The Reconstruction period that followed gave African-Americans lawful rights, the ability to vote, and stand for political office. However, these progressive ideals were countered with repressive violence. Popular Essays: Write a comment Click on the image to refresh the code if it is illegible John C. 26.04.2021 You are simply the best! Ralph S. 26.04.2021 So that I got knowledge and professional skills in English. Carlos C. 26.04.2021 Bob A. 27.04.2021 Jose P. 27.04.2021 It was my first Coursera course. Matt M. 27.04.2021 Lectures were quite boring, but contents are helpful for good writing in my opinion.
Literacy,  Preschool Kid's Literacy Letter Scavenger Hunt If you have not noticed Summer is HERE! Alright, now that is established, let’s get right down to business and say that just because Summer is here, does not mean that learning for our children has to stop.  In fact, the ‘Summer Slide’ is a very real thing. Children cannot retain what they have learned during the school year if their Summer is void of educational enchantment. Google Summer Slide statics and you will be absolutely blown away by the gap that is created for many children during the Summer months.  This is even true for preschoolers! Now before someone reads this and gets all upset because preschool is more for social learning than academic learning, YES I agree with you. But there is absolutely no denying that modern education has led to higher standards upon enter kindergarten. Children are often expected to have some level of reading upon entering Kindergarten. Those that don’t are often behind. It’s the sad reality of how modern education has evolved in the last decade.  When I am in my preschool classroom, I am not trying to teach children academics. My goal is to engage them in what writer and educator Susan Bauer refers to as ‘enchanted learning’. Its a simple idea that there is magic or enchantment in education. Her new book “The Brave Learner” is worth reading and pouring through every page. She writes it from a homeschooling perspective, but educators and public school parents alike will glean amazing knowledge from her wisdom and experience.  There are any fun ways to engage preschoolers in enchanted learning, and for these summer months, let me offer one idea for enchanting your child’s education. Take them on a ABC scavenger hunt!  Did I just totally let you down? I just made a very simple and easy suggestion that any parent or educator has probably thought of before. However, hold on for a second and let me add some enchanted dimensions to this classic and simple activity. Keep on scrolling for some ideas to take a ABC scavenger hunt to the next level!  Click on the Pictures to Download the PDF version ABC Scavenger Hunt Materials One of the great things about an ABC scavenger hunt is that there are many modificatios you can make to allow it to work for your students or children. Here are some ideas to make whichever scavenger hunt you decide upon to work best.  1. Clip Board  2. Markers  3. Pencil  4. Binoculars (for outdoor hunts, you’ll want to look high and low) (The one linked is great because they work, but you are not out much if a child looses or breaks them)  5. Backpack for outdoor hunts (so you don’t have to carry all the cool nature objects they want to keep). This one comes in lots of colors and pattern options.  6. Stickers – Sometimes it’s fun to simply cover up the letter on the worksheet with the corresponding ABC sticker. You can also use fun kid stickers like these animal ones to cover up the letters as you go. Disney of course is another fun sticker idea. Here are my favorite.  ABC Scavenger Hunt Outside There are plenty of ways to adapt this scavenger hunt to enchant and excite a young learner.  1. Find the letters in nature: Ask the child to point out letters as they see them in trees, grass, leaves, rocks, flowers, clouds, or objects. They don’t have to be perfect!  2. Draw letters with a sticks that are harder to find in nature. Use dirt, sand, or gently scrap away at a dead tree!  3. Create letters with nature. Such as creating an F with a large stick and two smaller sticks. Create an O by placing leaves together in a circle shape.  This outdoor ladder was quite the letter hotspot. Easy V, F, O, and I's weresimple to spot. Sometimes your can't find a letter in nature, and have to allow for some creativity. How many can you find? It's a little blurry, but there are some beautiful uppercase A's in nature! Letter U's a everywhere in nature! ABC Scavenger Hunt Inside 1. Although TV time is a carefully monitored commodity in most preschool homes, if you are going a little ‘momma’ crazy or it’s a rainy day, sometimes that TV is a lifesaver. Add a little educational outlet to it by having your child find the letters in the show they are watching. They could do one of the worksheets or all of them!  2. Have your child create letters using their body. This can become quite ridiculous and funny to try. Sometimes their brains thinks they are making a letter, and yet it looks nothing like the real thing. Go with it! They are having fun and still making connections.  3. Create letters using house hold objects. Maybe the letter P is a butter knife and a bouncy ball. Maybe the letter O is the top of a lamp shake. The letter B could be two small balls connected by a straight lego! You get the idea. The options are endless.  Can you find the Letter X? Do you see all the beautiful V's in our shower curtain? We decided there was a letter J and a letter U in our hanging lantern hook. Our lovely letter P made out of a rock we had inside and a kitchen spoon! Our apple slicer was my favorite letter find. We spotted a O, V, T, I, C, U, and depending on how creative you get there might be a few F's. See what you can find! ABC Traditional Scavenger Hunt Ideas 1. When we do this in school, we simply wander the hallways with small groups of 2-3 and look for letters on the walls, signs, and on posters. The child has to point to them and identify which letter it is. We do one sheet at a time spread out thorough an entire school year. Doing the entire alphabet with preschoolers is not usually an option. Their attention span is just not long enough! We use clipboards and markers and the child crosses out the letter as we go. 2. Get out picture books and have the child point out letters. Cross them out as they go.  3. Use the worksheets in the car! Make it into a traditional ABC letter hunt. Find the letters on signs, license plates, and restaurants.  I can’t wait to see what you come up with! Rachael Belle
The Clinton Impeachment In May of 1994 Paula Jones, a secretary working for the Arkansas state government, filed a sexual harassment lawsuit against President Bill Clinton, alleging that he had harassed her while serving as Governor of Arkansas. In preparing their case, her lawyers interviewed female government employees who had been subordinate to Clinton, in an attempt to establish a pattern of workplace misbehavior on his part. Quite a few women told stories of inappropriate sexual advances, and Clinton denied them all. One of the women deposed by the Jones legal team was a White House intern named Monica Lewinsky, who had had a sexual affair with the President quite literally in the Oval Office. Understanding how damaging this workplace affair could be to his defense in a sexual harassment lawsuit, President Clinton went to extremes in his attempts to cover it up. With assistance from United States Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr, the Jones legal team was able to prove that President Clinton’s denials about Monica Lewinsky were false, and in 1998 the President was impeached by Congress on the grounds that he had perjured himself, and tampered with witnesses and evidence, to cover up the Lewinsky affair. The reason President Clinton was impeached is that he tried to deny Paula Jones her fair day in court, in a nation where the principle of “Equality before the Law” is supposed to be sacred. But don’t expect to hear that in a college history class. Continue reading »
Document Type Publication Date Summer 2021 The purpose of this action research study will focus on incorporating physical activity before math into a Kindergarten classroom, to help improve on-task behavior. The study was conducted over a four-week period in one Kindergarten classroom. Data was collected to determine if physical activity or brain breaks help improve students' on-task behavior during the math mini-lesson. Two weeks consisted of the students not receiving the brain break/physical activity intervention and the next two weeks consisted of implementing the brain break/physical activity intervention. After the four-week trial, students showed increased on-task behavior after completing the brain break/physical activity. The conclusion stated that when the intervention was completed before the math mini-lesson, the students were able to demonstrate more on-task behaviors and less off-task behaviors.
Representations to help kids Look For and Make use of Structure I’m a big proponent of making sure kids are exposed to varied representations.  However, there are times when you should only use one representation.  I explain in this video. 1. Pamela This is such an important concept to develop in second grade. I have tried to help my students understand the “constant difference” using Unifix cubes and smaller numbers and although they can see it with smaller numbers making the leap to larger numbers is not as easy. This is much better and it is a natural leap from subtracting jumps of tens and jumps of ones on the open number line. Tomorrow my problem solving question is, “Over the weekend I was wondering about something. Is it possible to use the open number line, and friendly numbers, to help us subtract? I wonder if it is possible; and if it is how would we do it? Has anyone every tried this before? I really need to know if this will work. Can someone think of a problem that we can try it with? I am so excited because I know the excitement that will be generated because of this. Than you, Christina for sharing this video. 1. CTondevold Absolutely! How did it go when you went back to your class with those questions??
HTML Text Format It is a process of formatting text for a better look and feel of the text. a lot more semantic elements to cover HTML References HTML References or BASIC HTML TAGS - HTML reference describes all elements and attributes of HTML, including HTML Images HTML has tag to display images on the web pages or web applications. This tag is an empty tag i.e. we don't have HTML Links It consists of anchor element which is used to create a link between a source anchor and destination anchor.The HTML Frames Frames in HTML is used to divide the browser into different sections where each section can load different Html JS Return Values "return" can return a value to the caller. function function-name (var arg) { return value } To call a What is Javascript? JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language used to make web pages interactive. Its interpreter is Privacy & Cookies Policy
Recursion In c/c++ And How To Use Recursion Function Factorial program recursion in c Recursion in c/c++-this is a very detailed tutorial in which we will learn what is recursion and how to recursion function to find the factorial of a number without any further delay, let’s get started What is recursion in c/c++: function that calls itself is known as a recursive function and this technique is known as recursion so recursion in c/c++ is basically the process of rebuilding items in a similar way and in terms of programming especially recursive functions the function gives a call to itself based on certain criteria so this enables the function to repeat itself several times outputting the result at the end of each iteration kind of like a for loop or any other looping control structure and the recursion continues until some condition is met so that it prevents infinite recursion right so in even in for loop while loop we have a condition wherein the for the control is exited outside the loop similarly in recursive functions there has to be a condition after which the recursion should stop so sometimes if-else condition is used inside okay so this was a little bit about recursive functions. Example: calculate the sum of first n natural numbers so natural numbers start from 1 to infinity so I want to calculate the sum of first three numbers Program explanation of recursion in c/c++: you can see on line number 3 we have the signature of prototype of the function you can see return type is int sum is the name of the function and it is taking one integer value so this is the upper limit of the number of numbers that you want to calculate the sum off so if you want to calculate from one two three you enter three so inside the function you can see it’s saying if num not equal to zero that is if the number is not equal to zero then you have to return num plus sum of num minus 1 so you can see in yellow the sum is called inside the sum function itself so this is a recursive call that is inside the sum function and calling again the sum function with a new argument which is one less than what the number we first and if the num is equal to zero then return that number as it is so this is that if else condition which prevents the infinite recursion in c/c++programming and in the main function what I’m doing is I’m declaring a integer variable int n I am saying enter number till which you want to tell you till where you want the sum of natural numbers to be calculated then I take the input from the user and then I create one more integer variable int total  I’ll say in total and say sum and I pass that number so if the user enters 3 I pass 3 over the function and since the  recursive function returns an integer value you can see total equal to sum so the integer value returned would be assigned to the total integer variable that’s how return types work right so in the end I say the sum is and the number which entered by the user  and I print out the total. The difference between iteration and recursion in c/c++  Function calls itself Functions loops some part of code Recursion is a selection structure Iteration is a repetition structure Recursion achieves repetition through repeated method calls Iteration explicitly uses repetition structures Recursion terminate when a base case is recognized Iteration terminates when the loop continuation condition fails Recursion invokes the function repeatedly and  hence the overhead of method calls can be costly in both processing time and memory space Iteration repeatedly executes code this can be less expensive in both processor time and memory space Infinite recursion occurs if the recursion step does not reduce the  problem in a manner that converges on the base case An infinite  loop occurs with iteration it the loop continuation test never become false Recursion returns value to the calling function Iteration does not return value Recursion makes code smaller Iteration makes the code longer Infinite recursion can crash the system Infinite looping uses CPU cycles repeatedly Recursion is a slower process Iteration is faster. Example: write a program which finds the factorial of a number using recursion function Program explanation of recursion in c/c++: we write a function fact which in turn called the same function because during the calculation of factorial we can say that n factorial is equals n into n minus 1 factorial for defining the function we are using a function name as fact which takes an integer parameter as n and returns a result as a long value which will be the factorial value of n in the function definition we are checking whether the value of n is zero so if the value of n is zero we return the result as 1 because 0 factorial is 1 as if the value of n is more than 0 we calculate the result as n into factorial of n minus 1 and that value will be returned so this is an example for a recursion in c /c++ function. Recommended For You About the Author: Fawad Leave a Reply %d bloggers like this:
Running Your Tractor On Ethanol, Water And Diesel Reading Time: 3 minutes Suggest burning a mix of ethanol and water in a diesel engine and most farmers would give you a strange look and advice on places to go. But tell them it’s supposed to boost fuel efficiency, reduce emissions and extend engine life and you’ll have their attention. Ron Preston, president and Kevin Kenney, biofuel systems engineer, with Nebraska-based CleanFlex Power Systems get that a lot. Their company has a patented system to retrofit diesel engines to run on at least 15 per cent, 120-proof ethanol and 85 per cent diesel. But the technology allows diesels to run on up to 95 per cent 120-proof ethanol and just five per cent diesel. One hundred and twenty proof ethanol is 60 per cent pure ethanol and 40 per cent water. Let that sink in – 40 per cent water. Watered down With the CleanFlex system, up to 38 per cent of the fuel burned in a diesel engine could be water; 57 per cent would be ethanol and just five per cent of it diesel. Water, although a vital resource is renewable. And it costs pennies a gallon versus dollars per gallon for diesel, which is finite. And there’s more. CleanFlex claims its system reduces fuel consumption 10 to 30 per cent, or boosts horsepower by that much, slashes nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions by up to 50 per cent, reduces particulate emissions and results in cooler running engines. “Engines run cleaner and greener and it gives longer engine life,” Preston said during a recent demonstration at a CaseIH and New Holland dealership in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. Usually the first question farmers ask is about lubricity. Won’t ethanol and water damage the engine’s fuel injection pump, fuel injectors and pistons? Nope. The 120-proof ethanol is stored in a separate fuel tank and delivered to the cylinders through the engine’s air intake system, bypassing the injection pump and injectors. “The point of combustion is where we go in (and the two fuels meet),” Preston said. The ethanol-water mix enters the cylinder in a vapourized state. And even though ethanol alone has less energy (British Thermal Units) than diesel fuel, combining the fuels results in a slower, cooler, but more thorough burn, Kenney said. The water is converted to steam, which creates power. “We put a steam engine inside a diesel engine,” Kenney said. “That’s what we’ve done. We’ve harnessed a bigger horse with the same bridle.” Steam treatment The steam also adds lubricity. The diesel fuel burns better, resulting in less nitrous oxide emissions. “We have a pre-treatment and we are eliminating emissions so they never happen,” Preston said. “Some of the other technologies are trying to take care of emissions after the fact.” In the United States, 200-proof ethanol sells for $1.60 a gallon (U.S.) Dilute it by 40 per cent with water and the cost of 120-proof ethanol drops to around a buck a gallon or 25 cents a litre. Despite being 40 per cent water, 120 proof ethanol won’t freeze even at -73 C. Like any new technology, potential users want independent, third-party data proving it works, and in this case, that it won’t harm engines. The Southwestern Research Institute in Texas is currently studying the CleanFlex system, Preston said. In the meantime, several engines continue to burn the ethanol-water and diesel combination including the firm’s own 2005 Ford Powerstroke diesel three-quarter ton truck. “We’ve seen a 30 per cent improvement with fuel economy,” Preston said. A highway tractor with a 475 hp Cat engine has logged almost 42,000 miles in the United States without any trouble, according to Preston. Fuel costs have dropped 40 per cent. One of the truck’s fuel tanks holds enough 120-proof ethanol to cover 6,000 miles. If the truck runs out, the engine continues to operate normally just on diesel. Kenney says computers and modern electronics are key to making the system work so flawlessly. “This system is non-invasive,” he said. “We’re not changing anything on the engine. This is bulletproof.” According to CleanFlex, its system, properly installed, will not cause engine damage, therefore, it shouldn’t void new engine warranties. “We’ve talked to many (machinery) company engineers that don’t see a problem,” Preston said, but he agreed engine makers will need to be convinced, just as they were when ethanol and biodiesel first hit the market. CleanFlex is ready to commercialize its technology. Retrofitting an engine would cost $5,000 to $7,500 and will take half a day by a trained installer, Preston said. Preston hopes someday hopes diesel engines will come from the factory already fitted with the CleanFlex system. The American government and military are interested because it fits with the goal of reducing dependency on imported oil, he added. American farmers are interested because it has the potential to dramatically increase the demand for their corn, which is made into ethanol. There are hurdles, such as making 120-proof ethanol generally available, especially to serve truckers, but Preston is confident the challenges can be overcome. Before Preston and Kenny left they poured two pails of ethanol into the company truck, followed by a couple of jugs of distilled water. It looked weird. About the author Stories from our other publications
‘Tiger of Mysore’ Tipu Sultan being remembered on his martyrdom anniversary Aizbah KhanWeb Editor 04th May, 2020. 08:40 pm 'Tiger of Mysore' Tipu Sultan being remembered on his martyrdom anniversary Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in the Indian subcontinent, is being remembered around the world not only as a patriotic and brave ruler but also as a champion of religious tolerance. Tipu Sultan, also known as the Tiger of Mysore, had strongly resisted the conquest of British East India Company in southern India and he was reluctant to welcome them on his soil. He was born on November 20, 1750, in Diwanhali, a town near Bangalore. Tipu Sultan was named after a famous saint Hazrat Tipu Mastan his full name was Fateh Ali Tipu. Tipu Sultan was a simple and true Muslim, his life was free from religious prejudice. That is why non-Muslims held high positions in his army and state. Tipu Sultan named his kingdom the Kingdom of God. Despite being a ruler, he considered himself as an ordinary man. Tipu Sultan had a strong resistance against British imperialism and took serious and practical steps to liberate the people of the subcontinent from foreign domination. There is a famous saying of Tipu Sultan that “a day’s life of a lion is far better than to live like a jackal for a hundred years”. He implemented far-reaching military reforms, boosted industry and trade, and reorganized the administration. He agreed that the foremost problem of the people of the subcontinent was British imperialism. During the last battle of Mysore, when the defeat of Seringapatam was certain, Tipu put up a strong resistance against the besieging British and closed the fort, but a few treacherous comrades opened the gates of the fort to the enemy. A fierce battle took place in the fort. A fire in the ammunition depot weakened the resistance of Tipu Sultan’s army. The French officer advised Tipu to flee and save his life, but Tipu did not agree and on May 4, 1799, he was martyred while fighting the enemy on the battlefield. Adsence 300X250
Properties That Constitute Honederamura Shoen Iseki Sanno no Iwaya Cave and Hakusan Shrine On the Illustrated Map of Households, the words "Sanno no Iwaya" can be seen on the mountain jutting out slightly west of the central area. On the Illustrated Map of Shrines and Temples, it is believed that "Sanno" was drawn on the missing part of the upper right paper; on the top part of the map, Komagatane (Mt. Kurikoma) and Mt. Sanno were probably drawn as a pair, emphasizing the significance of Sanno no Iwaya. Sanno no Iwaya is located on Mt. Sanno to the north of the Yabitsu Dam along National Road 342. Hie Sanno is the tutelary deity of the Tendai Sect and god of Mt. Hiei. The devotees of Hie Shrine helped spread Tendai Buddhism into the provinces through their commercial and money-lending activities. Sanno no Iwaya, which is dedicated to the deity Sanno, is located in an area which can be considered the inner shrine of the village; this demonstrates the important role of Sanno within the domain of Chuson-ji, a Tendai temple. An interesting point related to this is that "Hakusan" is written next to "Honedera Temple Site" at the end of the road on the Illustrated Map of Shrines and Temples. Though the location of the Honedera Temple Site remains unknown to this day, Hakusan Shrine is still extant as a small shrine on the edge of Heisenno Plateau. "Hakusan" refers to Shirayama Hime Shrine of Kaga, present-day Ishikawa prefecture. ("Hakusan" and "Shirayama" are two different pronunciations of the same kanji characters.) In medieval times, Hakusan became a subordinate temple of Enryaku-ji, and the devotees of Hakusan and Hie together played an active role in the spread of the Sanmon school of the Tendai sect in the Hokurikudo area. It is believed that Hakusan Shrine in Honederamura, together with Hie Sanno of Sanno no Iwaya, also played a role in the spread of the Tendai sect into the region. Both are national historic sites. Komagatane Shrine The plateau located to the west of the plains is called the Heisenno Plateau. According to “Fudoki Goyo Kakidashi,” on the Heisenno Plateau there were temples that were predecessors of Chuson-ji and Motsu-ji; however, the truth of the matter is unknown. But it is believed that places on the maps such as "Honedera Temple Site," "Monks' Quarter Site," and "Rokusho no Miya" existed on the Heisenno Plateau. Komagatane Shrine is on the jutted edge of the plateau; on the Illustrated Map of Shrines and Temples, "Bato Kannon" ("Horse-headed Bodhisattva) is located here. However, these words were added in or after the Edo period, when horse breeding became a major industry and people began to worship its guardian deity. It can be presumed that Bato Kannon became Komagatane Shrine in the first year of the Meiji period, when the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism was issued. The shrine is located on a high ground with stone steps leading up to it; the shrine commands a view of the eastern part of the village, with a rural landscape that is a legacy from medieval times. The shrine is a national historic site. Jie Mound Jie Mound is a cairn located on the ridgeline along the northeastern edge of the Hondera region, which forms a boundary with the neighboring Yamaya region. According to Senjusho, a Kamakura-period collection of Buddhist tales, this was the spot where the skull of Jie Daishi, who taught the Lotus Sutra to a young woman, was buried. In the Edo period, the mound was under the supervision of Chuson-ji. At the southern foot of the mountain on which Jie Mound is located, there is a shrine called Jie Daishi built in or after the Edo period. The mound is the eastern entrance to the village from which Masaka Shindo runs, and it forms a pair with Sanno no Iwaya on the western border. It is a national historic site. Wakamiko Shrine On the Illustrated Map of Shrines and Temples there is a drawing of a shrine labeled "Wakamiko Shinden Nidan." On the Illustrated Map of Households, the words are not there but the shrine which appears to be Wakamiko is drawn. It is located in the eastern part of the plain covered with rice paddies, including many small ones. The main shrine building has been lost, but an island of tall trees in a rice paddy can be seen from afar, and below them stands a small stone shrine. According to the maps, Masaka Shindo ran north of the shrine. "Waka" and "miko" both refer to "shrine maiden"; this shrine was originally an oracle with female mediums. It is a national historic site. Fudo no Iwaya Cave On the Illustrated Map of Shrines and Temples, you can see the words "Fudo no Iwaya" at the foot of the northeastern mountain; the cave can be found in a bamboo thicket on the northern mountainside. The cave is about 11 m deep; on the walls on both sides, you can see that there once existed doors, though the date is unknown. It is located along the road heading from Jie Mound to Kinpusen, and hence it probably was a religious facility. The cave kept its strong ties with Chuson-ji and was worshipped well into the Edo period, with a subordinate temple of Chuson-ji acting as a steward. It is a national historic site. "Kinpusen" on the Illustrated Map of Shrines and Temples was originally a name that referred to the area stretching from Mt. Yoshino to Mt. Omine in Nara prefecture; the area is a sacred ground for the devotees of Zao Gongen, avatar of mountain worship. Zao Gongen worship was spread throughout Japan, and many mountains across the land were named "Kinpusen." In Hondera, the mountain to the northwest of "Kinpusen" on the map is still called Mitakedo. The kanji characters for "Kinpusen" can also be read "Kanenomitake," and hence the "do" or "temple" located there would naturally be called "Mitakedo." In Azumakagami, the name appears in the description of the village boundary determined by Minamoto no Yoritomo, in the phrase "from Mitakedo to Masaka in the north." On the Illustrated Map of Households, however, the spot is called "Mitakeato" instead, with marks that resemble pillar sites or cornerstones. "Ato" means "site," so "Mitakeato" probably means "Mitakedo Site." By the late Kamakura period when the maps were drawn, Mitakedo, along with Honederado, had already been lost. Today, the locals refer to the mountain itself as "Mitakedo," probably as a legacy of the lost temple. Mt. Kinpusen is also the name of the tutelary mountain of Motsu-ji in Hiraizumi, which probably was introduced into the area along with Tendai Buddhism. Mitakeato is a national historic site. In the center of the Illustrated Map of Shrines and Temples, there are three lines labeled "Hiyama River," "road," and "Nakazawa." The "Hiyama River" is the present-day Hondera River, and the "road" is now called Nakamichi and is the main passage into the medieval Hondera. Nakazawa, on the left, is a low land between present-day National Road 342 and Nakamichi. Today, most of Nakazawa is covered with rice paddies, but at the time of the Illustrated Map of Households, only the area around the stream fountainhead was a paddy land, and the rest was only a stream. This shows the type of land where rice paddy development takes place. Umenokida Iseki Excavation has found pillar holes 1 m in diameter on a mild slope southwest of the Mitakedo Site. The pillars are placed 2.4 m apart, which is relatively amply spaced, and from this it can be inferred that it is a site from between the end of the Heian period and the Kamakura period. On the Illustrated Map of Households, it is located near the 12 rectangular rice paddies and the impressive building that stands out. It is a national historic site. Tonishi Iseki Excavation has found a piece of "kawarake" from the 12th or 13th century, and the base of a Tokonameyaki Sankinko vase. "Kawarake" are unglazed earthenware used only once in events such as parties, which are often excavated from Hiraizumi sites. Sankinko vases are earthenware from the Tokoname region of Aichi prefecture; they are often unearthed in the Hiraizumi area. They demonstrate the strong ties Honederamura had with Hiraizumi. Tonishi Iseki is a national historic site. Yogaidate-ato (Fort Site) Yogaidate-ato is a small medieval mountain castle located in the center of the northern mountain, which commands a view of the entire Honederamura. Centered around the flat peak surrounded by streams to the east and west, there remain a dry moat that cuts across the ridgeline and a ring-shaped flat area. It is believed that this was built by a powerful local clan who was a subordinate of the Kasai clan during the Warring States period. At the foot of the mountain there is a Yogai Yashiki ("Fort Mansion"), which may have functioned together with Yogaidate. In the "Fudoki Goyo Kakidashi" of the Sendai fief, a person named Hondera Jurozaemon is listed, but the details are unknown. It is a national historic site. On the eastern edge of the Illustrated Map of Households is written "Kagikake." The word is also mentioned as the "eastern border" in the September 10 entry of Azumakagami (1189) where the boundaries of Honedera are described. "Kagikake" is a folk tradition often found in northern Tohoku; it refers to a fortune-telling practice in which a couple throws an L-shaped twig into a large tree standing at the border of two lands. "Kagikake" can also refer to the large tree. If the twig successfully hooks onto a branch of the tree, it was believed that the couple would tie the knot. It is thought that Kagikake has its origins in a religious rite to determine the boundaries of mountains and fields. The location of Honederamura's Kagikake cannot be determined for sure today, but it is believed to have existed somewhere along the road from Honedera to the neighboring village, via the cliff on the northern bank of the Iwai River; that was the eastern entrance to the Honederamura. This is an interesting fact which shows that a folk practice which was alive until relatively recent times in northern Tohoku can be traced back to medieval times. 1 2 3 4
Symbolism In Jamaica Kincaid's Girl By Jamaica Kincaid 1342 Words 6 Pages In the prose poem carefully crafted by Jamaica Kincaid, throughout “Girl” the use of Kincaid’s childhood, history of Antigua, word choice, tone, and symbolism reveals the underlying life lessons for a traditional community from a wise mother to her young rebellious daughter. The daughter of Annie Richardson and Roderick Potter, Elaine Potter Richardson, later changed her name to Jamaica Kincaid, was born on May 25, 1949 in the town of St. John’s (Jamaica Kincaid Facts). The capital of a small Caribbean island of Antigua (Britannica, Kincaid, Jamaica 1949-). Kincaid was raised by her mother, Annie Richardson who was from the Dominica, and her stepfather, David Drew who was a carpenter and cabinetmaker (Jamaica Kincaid Facts). Kincaid was nine when her mother had her brother, Joseph. She no longer was an only child, which caused her relationship with her mother to drastically change. Quickly after Joseph came Dalma and then Devon. Annie Richardson taught Kincaid to read before she at the age of attending school. When Kincaid was old enough she attended a British public school and was a very intelligent student. She spent the majority of her time at the library because of her love for reading, however this led to being picked on. After years of bullying, eleven year old Kincaid …show more content… One of Kincaid's main theme is social status and class ranking this is proved by her choice of putting together these specific lines “On Sundays try to walk like a lady and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming; Is it true that you sing benna in Sunday school?” (“Girl”). In the poem this is a turning point because previously in the text it is use every commands you would expect any mother to tell you such as when to wash clothes. This begins to expose the society they live in and how if the daughter is not careful with her actions she could easily ruin her Related Documents
Risk tolerance and risk capacity are two concepts that need to be understood clearly before making investment decisions. Together, the two help to determine the amount of risk that should be taken in a portfolio of investments. That risk determination is combined with a target rate of return (or how much money you want your investments to earn) to help construct an investment plan or asset allocation. Risk capacity and risk tolerance may sound similar but they are not the same things. Risk Tolerance Personal risk tolerance is the amount of risk that an investor is comfortable taking or the degree of uncertainty that an investor is able to handle. Risk tolerance often varies with age, income, and financial goals. It can be determined by many methods, including questionnaires designed to reveal the level at which an investor can invest but still be able to sleep at night. Risk Capacity Risk capacity, unlike tolerance, is the amount of risk that the investor "must" take in order to reach their financial goals. The rate of return necessary to reach these goals can be estimated by examining time frames and income requirements. Then, the rate of return information can be used to help the investor decide upon the types of investments to engage in and the level of risk to take on. Key Takeaways • Risk capacity and risk tolerance work together to determine the amount of risk taken in an investor's personal portfolio. • Risk capacity often has to do with an investor's income and financial resources.  • Risk tolerance usually depends on many factors, including one's financial plans for the future, income, job, and age.  Balance of Risk The problem many investors face is that their risk tolerance and risk capacity are not the same. When the amount of necessary risk exceeds the level the investor is comfortable taking, a shortfall most often will occur in terms of reaching future goals. On the other hand, when risk tolerance is higher than necessary, the undue risk may be taken by the individual. Investors such as these sometimes are referred to as risk lovers. Advisor Insight Clear View Wealth Advisors, LLC, Amesbury, MA Risk can be defined in many different ways. For some, it's not the potential loss of one's principal that is important as much as the prospect of losing out on the upside gain by not acting in a certain way or investing in a certain asset. Finance types use all sorts of metrics for risk tolerance: standard deviation, upside/downside ratios, etc. They describe how an investment may be expected to vary. Whether or not an investment would be more likely to make you lose sleep at night than another is a good idea of what risk tolerance means. An investor's risk capacity has a lot to do with resources and income. You need to be in a certain financial position to take on certain risks. Measures to determine risk capacity are cash flow, liquidity, debt levels, insurable risks covered and savings.
Japan’s Restless Volcanoes Science Technology Society Japan is home to 10% of the world's active volcanoes, and a surge in small-scale volcanic activity has had the nation on edge in the wake of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. We talked to Nakada Setsuya, one of Japan’s leading volcanologists, about the recent spate of eruptions and its implications. Nakada Setsuya Professor of volcanology, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, specializing in volcanic geology and petrology. Born in Toyama Prefecture in 1952. Earned his PhD from Kyūshū University. Currently serves as vice-chair of the Japan Meteorological Agency’s Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions. INTERVIEWER There’s been a surge in the number of volcanic eruptions in Japan over the past couple of years. What’s your take on all this activity? NAKADA SETSUYA First let me explain my perspective on volcanic activity. There’s a certain regularity to volcanic eruptions. Small ones occur very frequently. Gigantic eruptions like the one that formed the Mount Aso caldera occur only once in 10,000 years or so. The fact that a volcano hasn’t erupted in a long while doesn’t mean that volcanic activity has ceased. The pressures continue to build, and eventually the volcano has to erupt to compensate. Ominously Quiet The VEI [volcanic explosivity index] measures the explosive energy of volcanic eruptions based on the volume of material ejected. It’s an 8-point scale, with each successive interval representing a tenfold increase in energy. A VEI-4 eruption is classified as large, while a VEI-5 or VEI-6 eruption is considered very large or colossal. In Japan, VEI-5 eruptions typically occur a few times per millennium, while the average frequency for VEI-4 eruptions is once in roughly 30 years. Overall, Japan’s volcanoes have been ominously quiet for the past two or three centuries. The last VEI-5 eruption was almost three centuries ago, around 1730 [Mount Tarumae in Hokkaidō]. And there hasn’t been a VEI-4 since the eruption of Mount Hokkaidō-Komagatake in 1929. It’s important to understand that at some point that energy has to be released. What we really need to be concerned about are VEI-4 and VEI-5 eruptions. Volcanologists are keeping a very close watch because they believe Japan is overdue for an eruption on that scale. The eruptions we’ve seen lately are really minuscule by comparison. The recent Mount Aso eruption was a VEI-1, and so was the eruption of Mount Ontake last year [see chart below]. A cluster of small-scale eruptions like this isn’t sufficient grounds for concluding that we’re entering a period of intense volcanic activity. However, it is true that since 2014, these small eruptions have been occurring with greater frequency than in the previous few decades. I have a feeling that this could be the prelude to a period in which Japan may be prone to larger-scale eruptions. Volcanic Activity Since the Great East Japan Earthquake Date Volcano, Prefecture Description 2013.11 Nishinoshima (Ogasawara Islands), Tokyo Continuous eruption, creating new island (ongoing) 2014.6 Mount Kusatsu-Shirane, Gunma Near-crater warning issued 2014.8 Kuchinoerabujima, Kagoshima Small-scale eruption of Mount Shindake 2014.9 Mount Ontake, Nagano Steam-blast eruption; 63 on mountain found or presumed dead 2014.11 Mount Aso, Kumamoto Small-scale eruptions from Nakadake crater 2014.12 Mount Azuma, Fukushima/ Yamagata Near-crater warning issued 2015.4 Mount Zaō, Yamagata Near-crater warning issued (lifted in June) 2015.5 Kuchinoerabujima, Kagoshima Explosive eruption of Mount Shindake; entire island evacuated 2015.6 Mount Asama, Gunma/Nagano Very small-scale eruption at summit 2015.6 Mount Hakone, Kanagawa Very small-scale eruption at Ōwakudani; access restricted 2015.7 Mount Meakan, Hokkaidō Near-crater warning issued 2015.8 Sakurajima, Kagoshima Evacuation ordered in response to sudden deformation leading to fears of major eruption; small eruptions resume 2015.8 Ioto (Iwo Jima,Ogasawara Islands), Tokyo Very small-scale, intermittent eruptions 2015.9 Mount Aso, Kumamoto Small-scale eruptions at Nakadake crater; access restricted Moreover, one of the characteristics of volcanic events is that even relatively small eruptions can be quite devastating. In the late eighteenth century, Japan experienced a succession of volcanic eruptions that claimed more than 16,000 lives in a period of less than 20 years—and this when the countryside was far less populated than it is today. It helps one appreciate how quiet our volcanoes have been since then. Earthquakes and Volcanoes INTERVIEWER   Do you think there’s some relationship between the Great East Japan Earthquake and the volcanic activity we’ve seen over the past couple of years?   I know a lot of people out there believe there’s a direct connection, and perhaps there is. But the relationship between earthquakes and volcanic eruptions is by no means clear. There’s the well-known case of the 1707 eruption of Mount Fuji, which began just 49 days after the Hōei earthquake. But even there, we can’t prove a cause-and-effect relationship. An earthquake could “shake up” the magma beneath a volcano, but so far, no one has documented an instance of an eruption triggered by that sort of shaking. Four years ago, after the Great East Japan Earthquake, a group of 20 active volcanoes centered on the Tōhoku region began registering seismic activity. But not one of those volcanoes has erupted. On March 15, an earthquake occurred directly beneath Mount Fuji, but there was no eruption. So my impression is that no amount of shaking is going to cause a volcano to erupt if it isn’t ready to erupt to begin with. Another way in which an earthquake could theoretically trigger a volcanic eruption would be if a fault slip caused a readjustment of stresses that altered the pressure on a pocket of magma. Presumably, that could allow volatile material in the magma to separate and form bubbles, which could build up pressure and lead to an eruption. But any eruptions that might occur under this scenario should happen fairly quickly. Japan hardly experienced any eruptions for three years after the Tōhoku quake, and the volcanoes that have erupted since 2014, such as Mount Ontake, Nishinoshima, and Mount Aso, are pretty far from the epicenter of the Tōhoku earthquake. A fault slip of 50 meters or so off the northeast coast isn’t going to have a significant impact on crustal stresses as far away as Kyūshū. I think earthquakes are seldom the cause of volcanic eruptions. The Hōei earthquake may have helped trigger the eruption of Mount Fuji, but only because Mount Fuji was ready to erupt anyway. Impact of Major Volcanic Events in Japan (1700s to present) Year Volcano Deaths Cause of deaths/damage 1721 Mount Asama 15 Ejected ash & rock 1741 Oshima-Ōshima 1,467 Debris avalanche, tsunami 1779 Sakurajima (An’ei eruption) 150+ Ejected ash & rock, lava flows 1781 Sakurajima 15 Tsunami 1783 Mount Asama (Tenmei eruption) 1,151 Pyroclastic flows, landslides, flooding of Agatsuma and Tone rivers 1785 Aogashima 130–40 More than one-third of island’s 327 inhabitants believed killed; remainder evacuated to Hachijōjima. 1792 Mount Unzen (“Shimabara taihen, Higo meiwaku”) 15,000 Earthquake, debris avalanche, tsunami 1822 Mount Usu 103 Pyroclastic flows 1856 Mount Hokkaido-Komagatake 19–27 Ejected ash & rock, pyroclastic flows 1888 Mount Bandai 461(or 477) Several villages buried by debris avalanche 1900 Mount Adatara 72 Eruption killing all workers at sulfur mine in summit crater 1902 Torishima (Izu Islands) 125 All of island’s inhabitants killed 1914 Sakurajima (Taishō eruption) 58–59 Eruption and earthquake 1926 Mount Tokachi 144 Lahar (volcanic mudflow) 1940 Miyakejima 11 Volcanic bombs, lava flows, etc. 1952 Bayonnaise Rocks 31 Submarine eruption at Myōjin Reef, killing everyone aboard a Japanese research vessel 1958 Mount Aso 12 Ejected ash & rock 1991 Mount Unzen 43 Pyroclastic flows 2014 Mount Ontake 63 Ejected ash & rock, pyroclastic flows, etc. Source: Japan Meteorological Agency, etc. There are some volcanoes, like Miyakejima and Mount Usu, that simply have to erupt once every few decades. The magma accumulates, and when a certain amount builds up, the pressure pushes it out, causing an eruption. Some volcanoes erupt with that kind of regularity, and in those cases, once the magma has been released, no amount of shaking by an earthquake is going to trigger another eruption. Mount Fuji hasn’t erupted for more than 300 years, so it’s difficult to know what sort of schedule it might be on. But there have been a number of great earthquakes affecting the region, and the only one that seems to have triggered an eruption was the Hōei earthquake. The Great Jōgan eruption of Mount Fuji [846–66], which produced the huge Aokigahara lava flow, seems to have been connected in some way with the 869 Sanriku earthquake, but the eruption occurred five years before the temblor. The increase in the frequency of eruptions in the Kyūshū region might go back to the eruption of Mount Kirishima, which started a month and a half before the quake. Rather than posit a direct causal connection between the eruptions and the quake, I think it would make more sense to hypothesize that the tectonic plates under Japan are under particular stress, causing instability in the earth’s crust and making us prone to both earthquakes and eruptions. Keeping an Eye on Mount Fuji   Are there ways to tell if a volcano is ready to erupt? It’s very worrying to hear people say that Mount Fuji is sure to erupt again at some point. NAKADA As far as Mount Fuji goes, things have been pretty calm of late. When we monitor volcanoes, we look at seismic activity, ground deformation, electric and magnetic fields—because a high-temperature liquid rising through the mountain will alter the electric conductivity. The easiest to monitor are seismic activity and crustal deformation. We used to rely on GPS to monitor crustal deformation, but recently we’ve been analyzing direct satellite data. By comparing three-dimensional topographical data at one-month intervals we can determine if any section of the mountain is bulging or collapsing. This has helped tremendously in alerting us to topographical changes that occur before an eruption. For example, prior to the Mount Hakone eruptions that began last June, we were able to detect deformations affecting an area of about 100 meters square, which would never have been possible using GPS. We now have access to this sort of detailed data for any volcano in Japan, so if there’s anything unusual going on, we can spot it right away. We’ve been watching volcanoes like Sakurajima and Mount Fuji continuously. The frequency of the tremors under Mount Fuji increased a bit in the wake of the March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, but now it’s pretty much back to where it was before the quake, and there’s no other sign of unusual activity. Prior to an eruption, there’s always some sort of change, however small. As long as we’re monitoring a volcano closely, we’ll catch it. The difficulty lies in guessing how soon after that an eruption is likely to occur. The changes could come a day beforehand, or they could come a week or two months in advance—we just don’t know. But we’ve come a long way from the days of when a major eruption could catch us completely off guard. With today’s equipment and technology, that’s extremely unlikely. (Translated from an interview by staff editor Ishii Masato; photos by Ōtani Kiyohide. Banner photo: Smoke and ash billow from Mount Shindake on the island of Kuchinoerabujima, Kagoshima Prefecture, in a photo taken by a local resident on May 29, 2015. © Jiji .) Great East Japan Earthquake earthquake Mount Fuji volcano Mount Ontake natural disasters Sakurajima eruption Mount Aso
what is decision-making power Health & Fitness,  Mental Health What is decision-making power? Here are ten concepts to help people build your decision. In human life, having a power to decision-making is essential. It becomes a test if we can choose ourselves whether we decide right or wrong. Any choice that you make in your life affects your everyday lives and everyone else’s lives. Decision-making is a longer-term strategy. Our choices have the most significant impact on our future. Do we have to be in a position to make a decision? In our daily lives, we have to choose from several options frequently. And to pick different things, we have to give up something else. What is important is how our choices affect our social well-being, living conditions, and lives. A person can’t deal with too much in one’s life. And cannot focus on one objective because of his uncertainty about several subjects. That is why decision-making is essential for us. To allow us to concentrate our lives on the specific goal. Every aspect of our lives necessarily involves the capacity to make choices because decision-making power is essential for survival. By setting a positive example in our lives at the right time, we avoid probability. What makes it so challenging to make decisions? It is always difficult for a person to make a decision, whether it’s minor or major. Man is often plagued by fear and perplexity when it comes to making decisions because man is afraid of the results of his choices, whether they lead to the best or worst results. As a result of their fear, many people make bad decisions. Consequently, they keep on deluding themselves. To succeed in your life, you often have to make the decision aggressively. In their lives, no one wants to perform poorly. Man must, though, deprive him of his fear of failure to determine his future. What would be the most appropriate reason to keep a decision? It is preferable to consider all situations just before making a decision. But how will we know if this is the wisest course of action for all of us? We should therefore keep the following factors in mind when making any decision. 1. If we have to decide something or a problem, we have to consider every aspect of that, including whether we will have the choice between different options, better or worse, for ourselves. And what is the context of the issue that we have to solve? Or how important is this in our lives or the lives of those around us? Only consider only the positive side of any situation when deciding anything. Making decisions in this manner will gradually reduce the fear of failure. And it becomes easier to make decisions, and people can choose with greater understanding and awareness. 2. Consider your priorities when deciding whether or not your decision meets your preferences. 3. You have to be brave enough to accept any decision. Since you can’t force others to take your own decisions if you don’t, then make sure you and everyone else agree when you make any decisions. 4. A person opts to stay within the realm of risk when making a decision. Without risk, however, man can never develop his decision-making power capacity. Given the risk factor, you should prepare the consequences of its decision. Also, take into consideration the amount of the risk factor when deciding. And it would be best if you did not make a precarious decision to make the right choice but should not be afraid to take any risk. 5. When making better business decisions, work, career, education, or personal life, you should keep your behavioral intention and desires in mind. And, if you need to decide your life, don’t be afraid to consult with your parents, friends, and others. Instead, speak openly with them about your concerns, which will help you make the best decision. 6. Any decision made by an individual affects every aspect of their life to take any decision into mind. As a result, we should consider how it affects our goals whenever we decide. To achieve your goals, you should do so without fear if you are to make difficult decisions. 7. When we go shopping, we sometimes get baffled about which items to buy. We have a lot of options in stores, which makes the decision-making process difficult. As a result, rather than overwhelming ourselves with options, we should select what is best for us and meets our needs. When making decisions in your life, regardless of the opinions of others, you should consider the consequences of those decisions. 8. When we go shopping, we can become puzzled because there are so many options. We have many options in stores, making it challenging to decide. 9. Indeed, a man’s decisions are a means for him to meet his needs in his life or circumstances. We have to consider the degree of fidelity necessary to our present situation in making any decisions. Or are the decisions we are taking today capable of addressing our future needs? You need to exercise your decision-making power skills with this in mind. 10. Instead of allowing the world to criticize your decisions, make your own decisions about improving and making your life better. And we should not judge another person solely based on their physical appearance. Before deciding for him, we should consider the nature and morality of a person. what is decision-making power The ability to decide undoubtedly helps someone to live a better life. And the power to determine saves a person from wandering purposely and for a long time. As a result, an individual’s leading cause tends to reduce. And, on the circumstance, timely decisions help push a person to the height of achievement. But often, when a person has been unable to make a split-second decision, he misses many great opportunities. He’s also frittered away his age and moment. You can prepare yourself to make responsible decisions by employing the methods outlined above. I hope my advice is helpful to you. Related articles: Build Bright Habits to Reach Your Goals with Dr. Christine Carter Simple Ways to Make a Difference – A Productivity Guide 5 Golden Ideas of Rich Dad, Poor Dad Leave a Reply error: Content is protected !!
Top Special Offer! Check discount Get 13% off your first order - useTopStart13discount code now! Indian Mascots - You Are Out Reseacrh The essay displays the racism and ethnical discrimination faced by various companies within the community. The author of the paper dwells on the effects of doing away with particular names from college and professional teams. The essay will supply a clear understanding of the purported propaganda. It will shade some light to the readers and assist them to give a reasonable judgment. The author is addressing the familiar public who is his audience. He is informing the people about the ways of the Indians and the perception that different people have towards them. He talks about racism and ethnicity that makes some communities feel most fulfilling to others. He gives an assertion that it is never handy to eliminate ethnicity and racism from college and professional teams (Banks, 1993). The author argues that it is not easy to separate racism and ethnicity from the chief virtues especially when dealing with a group of individuals. The case gets support from his mother’s reaction when he comes back home in a basketball cap branded Yankee. The author claims that people will always want to protect their own before thinking of others. To a greater extent, I agree with the author. In a community comprising many ethnic groups, there is that which dominates and feels more superior than the other. This group will always consider itself and benefit itself since it regards other groups of less importance. Similarly, there is a group that is inferior and always needs recognition from the majority. Therefore, it will always create a commotion to seek attention. It means that it forms a situation of unrest that will have them struggle over time and hence will never come to a consensus (Spindel, 2000). Besides superiority and inferiority complex, I still believe that a solution of the problems will be best suited for the different ethnic groups. When the older adults decide to have a fair say, then it will have an impact on the young people. The author calls to the benign to take their place with the perkin, chinks and the Atlanta Black to avoid any discrimination and ethnic clashes experienced. To the author, this appeal is the most fundamental thing done among the community. The people need to realize themselves and take up their positions and think of development and not fighting back (Jarvie, 2003). The writer convinces from his argument and therefore his opinion counts. On one part of the story, he argues that it is not easy and inexpensive to separate the Native America names and mascots from college professional teams. On the other hand, he says that it happens so to incorporate the majorities happiness and have their teams maintain a high profile despite segregation due to ethnic groups. The author’s experience is that of Oklahoman Mickey Mantle. The mother has always fought against the Indian stereotypes. She believes that they are not good people to associate with and there is where the battle started. The author is credible, but the mother is not. He is just an innocent child who went to a Cleaveland Indians- New York Yankees game to the experience with others. Due to loyalty and passion, the boy bought a baseball cap. The mother was against and decided to take away the cap from his head. It implied the rival the mother had against the Indians. The author refers to the National Coalition on Racism in sports and media as the authorities regarding the ethnicity and racism experienced. The authorities protect the affected communities from hostile treatment. It is an organization licensed by the government to support the community. It tries to hammer away the discomfort experienced with Indian sports mascot. The other uses rhetorical devices in the essay to attract attention and make the piece to appear interesting while reading. The writer uses irony to relate to the wrongdoing of the Oklahoma's. The main reason is creating a thoughtful mood to the reader. Make the reader think and absorb the point mentioned. The simile used gives an impression of one thing compared to another huge thing. The author uses the analogy to relate one object to another hence creating an environment of personification. The metaphor in the essay refers directly to the name of the team called Redskin, and yet they are discriminating the Indians. Alliterations such as big-nosed, buck-toothed and redskin caricature involved in the article give a clear description of the subject, and the reader can have a picture of the object. In conclusion, ethnicity and racism are major contributors of hatred among communities. The two forms lag behind the development of a countries economy due to endless debates and politics that do not have any meaning in the country. Therefore, for an economy to grow corporation among its citizens is important and must receive encouragement from the authorities. The government should put in place measures to help in eradicating the hindering factors mentioned earlier in the essay summary.  Works Cited Banks, Dennis J. "Tribal names and mascots in sports." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 17.1 (1993): 5-8. Jarvie, Grant, ed. Sport, racism and ethnicity. Routledge, 2003. Spindel, Carol. Dancing at halftime: Sports and the controversy over American Indian mascots. NYU Press, 2000. August 09, 2021
Keep it fresh One-third of the food we produce is wasted. A large portion of this waste results from our homes. Causes vary; it could be because of a past due date, or simply because food has been standing in the fridge too long. This is especially problematic for fresh produce like veggies and herbs that have a short shelf life if not taken care of properly. With simple hacks, you can extend the life of your food and keep it fresh longer. 1. Put fresh herbs, like mint, parsley, basil, etc in a glass jar with a little water. This will keep them fresh longer. Reuse your old glass jars for this. 2. If you choose to put your greens in a reused plastic bag, sprinkling some water on them while in the bag before putting them in the fridge will keep them fresh longer. 3. Keep your food visible in the fridge. Often we forget we have certain foods as it’s easy we forget them in a corner of some shelf. So firstly, try to avoid buying too much fresh produce at one go to simply avoid having too much to deal with. Secondly, make a habit of putting food in the front so that it’s always visible to you when opening the fridge. 4. Another way to preserve herbs, for instance, is to dry them. This makes them last longer and can be used throughout the year.
Cornwall Mammal Group 5 Ways You Can Help Save the Environment The issue of global warming, or climate change, is relevant to everyone on the planet. There are currently more questions surrounding this subject than answers. People are finding diverse methods of helping save the environment. There are many creative ways of raising money to do your bit too. As citizens of this planet, we need to take individual responsibility to help save the environment. Because this is such a relevant topic, we’ll look at some of the most common questions and answers about global warming and five ways we can cut down on our carbon footprints. Environmental Problem All problems eventually lead back to us, unfortunately. Humanity is solely responsible for environmental decay. Why is climate change such a big issue? Rising temperatures are the cause of ice melting in polar regions, which causes a rise in sea levels that would flood most major coastal cities. We would see an increase in superstorms, heatwaves and droughts that will increase illnesses. What is a carbon footprint? Simply put, a person’s carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas or carbon dioxide that the person is responsible for emitting into the atmosphere. The release of carbon into the air results from high consumption of fossil fuels. Environmental solutions It starts with us. As individuals, we each have a personal responsibility to curb and reverse the damage caused. Plant more trees and waste less water The biggest problem is the human source of carbon dioxide emissions. Deforestation is a significant contributor to carbon emission increases. We can reverse this by planting more trees that consume carbon dioxide and produce valuable oxygen that we need. We are becoming carbon-neutral, but to achieve this, we all need to reduce our carbon footprint to zero. You can accumulate rainwater to water plants and trees. Fit your home with WaterSense fixtures and appliances. Water-efficient fixtures reduce the production of electricity which in turn reduces global warming. Use energy-efficient bulbs Energy-efficient light bulbs are beneficial in two ways, they’re better for the environment, and they last much longer than regular bulbs. LED lights have an 80% efficiency rate compared to incandescent and fluorescent lights. When you use LED lights, you can be sure that you get 95% of the energy converted into light and only 5% wasted. The less energy you used, the less demand is put on power plants, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. A decrease in electricity usage at home To decrease toxic fumes emanating from power plants, we need to consume less electricity. You can help protect our ecosystems and also preserve our planet's natural resources. Interestingly, many household appliances continue to draw power even when turned off. It is necessary to unplug appliances such as TVs, microwaves, and air conditioners when they are not in use. You can also save power when you’re with your friends by doing more together on one device. Online gambling, social card games, puzzles, are all options for social play. Solar panels help abundantly in saving power. Installing solar panels will significantly reduce electricity usage. It’s also much cheaper in the long run, although the solar panels might be costly to purchase. Harvesting the sun’s natural energy will enable you to harvest free heat while reducing your carbon footprint. Drive less, travel smart. Your vehicle's fuel efficiency impacts your carbon footprint considerably. Many vehicle owners opt for pre-owned hybrid and fuel-efficient cars. Driving less means walking more, taking public transport, car-pooling and using a bike, increasing exercise and decreasing CO2 emissions. Jet fuel is a massive contributor to carbon emissions as 1,600 miles of air travel equals 720 pounds of carbon emissions. In Conclusion Globally, countries have combined resources to raise awareness for this universal problem. Humanity has created environmental decay, and it indeed rests upon individual shoulders to find a solution. By educating ourselves around nature conservation, we have already begun to fight the good fight. 1 Apr 2021
Sunset Boat Rides: Grand Canal In Venice (4K Video) Grand Canal, Italian Canale Grande, main waterway of VeniceItaly, following a natural channel that traces a reverse-S course from San Marco Basilica to Santa Chiara Church and divides the city into two parts. Slightly more than 3 km (2 miles) long and between 30 and 70 metres (100 and 225 feet) wide, the Grand Canal has an average depth of 5 metres (17 feet) and connects at various points with a maze of smaller canals. These waterways carry the bulk of Venetian transportation, as automobiles are banned throughout much of the city. Traditional poled gondolas are a favourite with tourists but are now vastly outnumbered by motorized public-transit water buses (vaporetti) and private water taxis. Siren-equipped boats belonging to the police, fire, and emergency medical services traverse the Grand Canal at high speed, and barges are responsible for the delivery of goods throughout the city. The connection between Venetians and their city’s main thoroughfare does not end at the grave: funeral barges can be seen transporting the dead to Isola di San Michele, an island northeast of the city that has been the site of Venice’s largest cemetery since the early 19th century. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out /  Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
August 2020 Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights Friday, January 28, 2011 VIDEO: Russell Means: Rights of Indigenous Peoples Republic of Lakotah Wikileaks Egypt: Nuba seek rights under UN Indigenous Declaration Wikileaks begins Egypt cable releases: Nuba utilizing UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples By Brenda Norrell Censored News Photo: Britannica(Jan. 28, 20110 Wikileaks released a cable from the US Embassy in Egypt, describing the Nuba peoples struggle for human rights, utilizing the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Nuba said the model is to obtain similar rights to the Aborigines in Australia. US Ambassador Margaret Scobey describes the launch of the Nuba Mountains People's Forum. "Leaders of the Nuba community informed Embassy Cairo that they have created the International Permanent Forum for the Nuba Mountains Indigenous People (Nuba Forum) to protect and advocate for the rights of the Nuba people, which they believe are in danger under the NCP regime. Cairo-based Nuba leaders are taking a cautious approach to registering local members of the Forum alleging evidence of surveillance." The US Ambassador states concern that the events could become a "flashpoint," in the Sudan. Further, Nuba state how an incomplete census will decrease their voice in Egypt's Parliament. Nuba representatives in Sudan, Australia, Egypt, France, Kenya, Libya, Norway, Saudi Arabia and the United States created the Forum to protect and advocate for the rights of the Nuba people. The Forum's agenda is based on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The Nuba Forum has officially opened offices in Norway, France and Sweden. The UN Refugee Agency states how the Nubians were displaced from their homeland by the building of a dam:Nubians live in the Upper Nile region. When the Condominium Agreement of 1899 fixed the boundary between Egypt and Sudan, Lower Nubians found themselves under direct Egyptian rule and politically separated from their kin to the south. This arbitrary frontier divides the Nobiin-speaking group more or less equally between Egypt and Sudan. Close ties of culture, language and family continue to unite the people north and south of the border, and until the evacuation of 1964 that accompanied the building of the Aswan High Dam there was continual visiting back and forth between them. Egyptian Nubia is part of the Governorate of Aswan which also includes a populous area whose inhabitants are not Nubian. As a result, Nubians have found themselves a minority within their native province. Hearst Castle Protest: Theft of the Black Hills Demanding Reparations and Accountability for the Illegal Taking of The Black Hills and The Homestake Gold Mine Friday March 25th 2011 8:00 am - 3:00 pm Press conference at noon Saturday March 26th 2011 8:00AM - 3:00PM Please Bring Drums & Hand-Held Signs to show Solidarity in Protesting the Theft of The Black Hills and The Homestake Gold Mine Rally at The Hearst Castle Entrance 750 Hearst Castle Road San Simeon, CA 93452 For More Information Please Contact United Native Americans, Inc. Lehman L. Brightman National President of UNA or Quanah Parker Brightman Vice President of UNA United Native Americans, Inc The First Militant Indian Organization To Rise To National Prominence Double click on poster to enlarge Black Hills Treaty Council rejects US limited support of UN Indigenous Declaration MEMBER RESERVATIONS Cheyenne River, Crow Creek, Fort Peck, Lower Brule, Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Standing Rock, Santee Resolution of the Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council Rejection of the United Statesʼ Statement of U.S. Support for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples By Black Hills Sioux Treaty Council Photo Chief Oliver Red Cloud Owe Aku International Justice Project, with the support of the Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council, is pleased that the United States announced its “support” of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on December 16, 2011. Although, the United States was the last country in the United Nations to do so, with the “support” of the United States, the Declaration now enjoys, at least nominally, universal support amongst the world family of nations, including the Lakota Oyate. As newcomers to North America, where Lakota people have lived for thousands of generations, it is only right and fitting that the American people and their government acknowledge their hosts on this continent in a respectful way by supporting our international and inherent rights to land, territory, water, culture, sovereignty, self determination and the enforcement of treaties. We would like to believe that this “support” of the Declaration means a time is coming when the United States, like the Lakota Nation, respects and honors all the treaties that have been made between our two nations. However, a positive reaction to U.S. support did quickly turn to disappointment. We were dispirited by the unreasonable and inequitable limitations and qualifications placed on the Declaration by the United States in its official statement. In the first paragraph of the “support” statement they make it is clear that the Declaration is in no way a legal document, nor are they bound by it. Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council Pine Ridge Agency, SD Chief Oliver Red Cloud - Itancan Alexander White Plume - Eyapaha “The United States supports the Declaration, which—while not legally political force.”1 Despite the Presidentʼs optimistic public speech introducing U.S. support, in nearly every sentence of the statement where “support” is indicated, there is a significant qualification or denial placed upon the tenets set forth in the Declaration. [The Declaration] expresses aspirations of the United States, aspirations appropriate, to improve our laws and policies.2 Which begs the question: under what circumstances would it be inappropriate to improve law and policy? Given the lessons of history, it is clear that not improving laws and policies in the U.S. is often considered inappropriate if it extends equal rights and justice to American Indian peoples and nations. In their statement that purports to “support” the Declaration, they reiterate the U.S. has done nothing but justify continuance of discriminatory policy. The world has long recognized that the United States has lost any moral authority it may have ever claimed with regards to human rights or even the international laws of aggression and peace. This statement is further indication that, rather than leading in the work in human rights, the United States prefers to arrogantly stand outside the circle of nations while demanding that others conform to policies the U.S. is happy to violate. They even manage to get in a comment that reduces Native Americans American Indians (and probably, more significantly, our lands and territories) to an exclusive right of dominion. Apparently the State Department and the President are comfortable referring to American Indians in a subservient, unequal and even proprietary manner. “... few have been more marginalized and ignored by Washington for as long as Native Americans—our First Americans.” Not “the First Americans” or simply “First Americans”, but “our First Americans.” This is hardly an accident given the obvious swarm of lawyers that combed through the document adding the numerous limitations. “The decision by the United States to support the Declaration was the result of a thorough review of the Declaration by the relevant federal 1 Announcement of U.S. Support for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Initiatives to Promote the Government-to-Government Relationship & Improve the Lives of Indigenous Peoples, p. 1 2 Id. p. 1 In his remarks in November during Native American Heritage month, he acknowledged that: “While we cannot erase the scourges or broken promises of our past, we We would respectfully suggest that a good start at moving ahead would be to honestly endorse the Declaration, recognize the human rights of Indigenous peoples, and honor the hundreds of treaties that have been broken. As it stands, the U.S. support of the Declaration is a meaningless shell that permits the American people and their government to continue the colonial policies it has practiced with respect to American Indian peoples since the newcomers, the United States, established its own right to self determination. To expect that we, as Indigenous peoples, would accept anything less is a barely veiled attempt to deny our humanity and to try to somehow convince people that our rights are somehow separate and, in face, unequal to, those of all the worldʼs other peoples. Further evidence of this attitude continues In the most alarming part of the statement of support when the U.S. states: “The United States is therefore pleased to support the Declarationʼs call to promote the development of a new and distinct international concept of self-determination specific to indigenous peoples. The Declarationʼs call is to promote the development of a concept of self determination for indigenous peoples that is different from the existing right of self-determination in international law. 5 This is nothing more than saying that, as Indigenous peoples, we are NOT entitled to the same rights as other peoples. By adding their own unilateral spin on the Declaration , as though it were a Fox News story, they are stating that the Declaration indeed supports US Federal Indian policy, colonization, disenfranchisement from resources, and isolation from ecological and economic self-determination. Nonetheless, even dismissing their redefinition of self-determination and the removal of Indigenous peoples from the rights granted to all other peoples in the world, the U.S. limits even their own narrow definition of self-determination to federally recognized tribes. This, then, makes the Declaration simply another manipulation in their policy of 3 Id. p. 1 4 Id. p. 1 5 Id. p. 3 domestication, assimilation and colonization of American Indian peoples. There is no change here. “The Declarationʼs concept of self-determination is consistent with the United Statesʼ existing recognition of, and relationship with, federally recognized tribes as political entities that have inherent sovereign powers of self-governance.” 6 Self-governance refers only to BIA tribal councils that were installed unilaterally by the United States government, 7 and owe allegiance and are dependent on Washingtonʼs programs regarding Indian lands and resources. Their statement on the Declaration actually uses many pages to list the programs they use in this process. In the section entitled “Protection of Naive American Lands and the Environment” 8 they actually state that although “ “some of the most grievous acts committed by the United States and many other States against indigenous peoples were with regard to their lands, territories, and natural resources” … “the United States understands these provisions to call for the existence of national laws and natural resources indigenous peoples currently possess. … [The U.S.] “intends to continue to work so that the laws and mechanisms it has put in place to recognize existing, and accommodate the acquisition of function properly and to facilitate, as appropriate, access by indigenous peoples to the traditional lands, territories and natural resources in which they have an interest.” [Emphasis added.] It would be difficult to insert more qualifications and references to U.S. authority over American Indian people. Fortunately this is a written statement, otherwise the wagging of the “forked tongues” would be visible from a satellite in outer space. Part of the rights under US law for “tribes” is to have land acquired and held in trust. 6 Id. p. 3 7 Even though the U.S. held elections on the institution of tribal councils, at Pine Ridge it never passed, but was forced upon the people. This does not demonstrate a right to self-determination under international law. 8 Id. p. 6 The Obama Administration claims they have acquired over 34,000 acres of land in trust9 on behalf of Indian tribes. They indicate that this is a good thing without acknowledging that these lands were illegally taken in the first place through treaty violations and/or the impacts of genocidal policies. What is not added to the back-patting is that “land in trust” merely continues the same policy of trust land that is given to mining, ranching, and other corporate interests, instead of stewardship by Indian peoples as clearly outlined in the Declaration. They even cite the case, City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation10 in which they deny treaty rights based on the Doctrine of Discovery.11 This is hidden under the guise of protecting tribal lands, a clear distortion of the truth. “The United States has also sought to protect tribal lands, and tribal City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation…” 12 Paternalism and colonization are clearly evident again in their discussion of their “training program” for Indians to prepare us “to manage their own natural resources.” An ironic concept since, for thousands of years, Indian nations were capable of managing our resources without U.S. interference. Indeed, it is that very interference which made it necessary for the Declaration to include numerous articles on the rights of Indigenous peoples to manage, access, conserve and use our resources according to our traditions and customs. 9 Id. p. 6 11 United Nations, E/C.19/2010/13, Preliminary study of the impact on indigenous peoples of the international legal construct known as the Doctrine of Discovery Submitted by the Special Rapporteur, ¶ “That the Doctrine of Discovery is still being used as an active legal principle by the United States Supreme Court in the twentieth-first century is revealed in the case City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York58 decided in March 2005, exactly 50 years after the Tee-Hit-Ton ruling. The case involved a dispute over taxation of ancestral lands contextualize the Courtʼs decision and to decide the sovereign status of the Oneida Indian Nation, the Supreme Court relied upon the Doctrine of Discovery. This is revealed “Under the ʻDoctrine of Discoveryʼ”, wrote Justice Ginsberg, “... fee title to the lands the discovering European nation and later the original states and the United States”. As documented by this preliminary study, the Supreme Courtʼs reference to the Doctrine of papal bulls.” 12 Supra p. 6, Announcement of the U.S. on the Declaration “Sixteen different tribes, from Maine to Alaska, participated this summer in the Department of the Interiorʼs Bureau of Indian Affairs Water Training Program. The Training Program is taught by instructors from several Department of the Interior bureaus. The program strengthens tribal governments and prepares them to manage their own natural resources with qualified tribal government employees who have the necessary expertise to help alleviate the shortage of technical expertise on Indian This statement demonstrates how the U.S. utilizes its own self-proclaimed “laws” to deprive us from the protection of international human rights. This particular example of an agency program designed to “enhance tribal self-determination” is particularly ill conceived given the fact that mining projects that are contaminating water and adding deadly heavy metals and chemicals to the ground water throughout treaty territory, are being supported and encouraged by the United States government. “Tribal self determination” has resulted in water contamination over the objections of Indian nations that are wholly inconsistent with the Declaration. As to redress, their qualifications are even more imperial and reflect the same attitude used since 1776. The various cases and acts that they cite as enhancing tribal authority actually only enhance federally recognized tribes continued dependence on the federal government and an inability to act under the provisions of self-determination set forth as it is defined in the Declaration. “The United States will also continue to implement the many U.S. laws that require the agreement of federally recognized tribes or indigenous groups before certain actions can be taken or that require redress for takings of property.”14 Although they state that they are pursuing efforts to implement laws that “require redress for takings of property,” they go on to list a series of “new offices to ensure proper implementation of their consultation policies.” Consultations do not address the taking of property, the violation of treaties or the blatant disregard for basic human rights when it comes to Indian people in the U.S. “Tribal” self-determination is a tool designed by the United states that allows them to control the tribes and then allows them to legitimize their actions of treaty violations. On the contrary, self-determination is not a concept to be defined by the United States, its President, its Congress or its people. It is an international legal concept that all member nations of the UN adhere to and understand. “[The policies being adopted by the U.S.] demonstrate not only that the 13 Id. p. 4 14 Id. p. 5 including federally recognized tribes and indigenous individuals and appropriate circumstances. The United States will interpret the redress provisions of the Declaration to be consistent with the existing system for legal redress in the United States, while working to ensure that appropriate redress is in fact provided under U.S. law.”15 Again this is a distortion of the reality of the lives of Indian peoples who find themselves living within U.S. established borders. As pointed out in many studies and the interventions and testimonies before the United Nations by Indigenous peoples in many different international forums, neither recourse nor redress can be found within the domestic legal systems of the United States. On the contrary, the United Statesʼ history with respect to American Indian nations and peoples, as well as its contemporary dominion of land and resources, also provide ample evidence of the inadequacies of U.S. domestic policies towards Indian peoples.16 United States support of the Declaration is, in fact, harmful when looked at carefully and analyzed under the guiding principles underpinning purpose of the Declaration. Because of its paternalistic and unsupported separation of Indigenous peoples from the same rights afforded to all other peoples, the “support” by the United States, should be seen as a warning to Indigenous peoples of true American intentions. Despite their ongoing belief in some kind of moral authority when it comes to rights, especially, human rights, the United States on behalf of its people, continues to stand outside the family of nations and insists that other nations adhere to international law and standards, while they arrogantly interpret everything from torture to colonization in terms of their interests alone. The Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council rejects the “support” provided by the United States in its entirety and stand by the principles of international law to which all peoples are entitled and to which all peoples owe a duty to responsibly act according to those laws and principles. Therefore, be it resolved that: adopt the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples without inserting unilateral 15 Id. p. 8 16 See: Towards the International Court of Justice, An Analysis of the Case of the Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council on the violations of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868: The Legal and Historical Basis for International Adjudication, Owe Aku International Justice Project, 2011. The Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council further calls upon the United States of America to adopt the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in solidarity with the United Nationsʼ member nations that have endorsed it uncompromisingly. By inserting unilateral qualifications, limitations and abrogations, the United States of America steps away from the other nations of the world, including the Lakota nation, who seek peace, security and the rule of international human rights standards to bring equality applicable to all peoples. Anything less only demonstrates a U.S. belief that it is not bound by international law nor that it should be held to the same standards of human rights adopted by all other nations. The Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council calls upon the world family of Indigenous and non-Indigenous nations to stand with it in urging the United States to reconsider its position and apply equitable, just and legitimate standards in the same way the rest of the United Nationsʻ members have accepted and adopted the Declaration. I, the undersigned Secretary of the Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council, do hereby certify that the above resolution has been approved by consensus of the Oglala Delegation of the Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council, effective January 19, 2011 Chief Oliver Red Cloud, Itacan! ! ! Frederick Cedar Face, Secretary
What is sterilization? What is postpartum sterilization? Postpartum sterilization is sterilization performed after the birth of a baby. After a woman gives birth, the fallopian tubes and the still-enlarged uterus are located just under the abdominal wall below the navel. Postpartum sterilization ideally is done before the uterus returns to its normal location, usually within a few hours or days following delivery. For women who have had a cesarean delivery, it is done right after the baby is born. How is postpartum sterilization performed? For women who have had a vaginal delivery, a small incision is made in the abdomen (a procedure called minilaparotomy). For women who have had a cesarean delivery, postpartum sterilization can be done through the same abdominal incision that was made for delivery of the baby. The fallopian tubes are brought up through the incision. The tubes are cut and closed with special thread or removed completely. The incision below the navel is closed with stitches and a bandage. Click on the FAQs below to expand What kind of anesthesia is used for postpartum sterilization? Often, the type of anesthesia used for the delivery can be used for postpartum sterilization. Types of anesthesia used include regional anesthesia, general anesthesia, or local anesthesia. How long does postpartum sterilization take? Are there risks associated with postpartum sterilization? What are the side effects of postpartum sterilization? • Dizziness • Nausea • Shoulder pain • Abdominal cramps • Gassy or bloated feeling When should sterilization be avoided? You should avoid making this choice during times of stress (such as during a divorce). You also should not make this choice under pressure from a partner or others. Research shows that women younger than 30 years are more likely than older women to regret having the procedure. If there are serious problems or complications with the baby, you may want to think about postponing postpartum sterilization. What if I decide I want to become pregnant after sterilization? What are some alternatives to postpartum sterilization? Long-acting reversible contraception, such as the intrauterine device or implant, last for several years. They are about as effective at preventing pregnancy as sterilization. They can be removed at any time if you want to become pregnant. Anesthesia: Relief of pain by loss of sensation. If you have further questions, contact your obstetrician–gynecologist.
How to tell the difference between a dog leash and a dog collar? July 10, 2021 Comments Off on How to tell the difference between a dog leash and a dog collar? By admin A dog leash is a leash that is attached to the collar and does not have any string attached to it. It is often used as a pet leash in dog parks. A dog collar is a collar that is a device that attaches to a dog’s collar and has an attached leash. A cat leash is an animal collar that has a loop on the back that is secured by a string and the animal can be attached to a leash or other device. The term “dog collar” comes from the French word for a dog. This is what a dog would look like when attached to its collar. Door and doorbells A dog doorbell is a doorbell that has an opening on one end and a bell that rings when the doorbell rings. It has a small opening in the top of it and the bell is placed on a cord that hangs from the outside of the door. Tailgate A dog tailgate is a large, open gate with an attached door that is used by dogs for the purpose of getting around the neighborhood and other people. It may also be used by a dog to get inside a house. Dog walker’s leash A dog walker is a person who works for or is hired by a local dog park to conduct dog walks. A dog walk can include, but is not limited to, walking a dog or retrieving the dog from a leash. Bike path A bicycle path has a flat, flat surface that is wide enough for the bicycle to travel on. It can be used for any type of activity. Pets A dog has a physical or emotional bond with a human that helps maintain a home and relationship. A pet also helps to make a home for the owner and provides companionship for the animal. An experienced pet owner will take care of your dog or cat, taking the time to properly socialize your dog. The most common problems that people face with owning a dog include, problems with training, keeping the animal on a leash and/or not having a leash attached properly. Owners of dogs should understand that their dogs may become aggressive and that they should take steps to minimize their dog’s problems before they leave the home. If you think your dog may be a danger to other people, you may want to contact the local shelter or animal shelter to determine if your dog needs to be spayed or neutered or if a new home can be found for your dog in the community. Sponsorship Levels and Benefits
Foundry From Scrapped Oven For Cheap, Clean Castings Home-built foundries are a popular project, and with good reason. Being able to melt and cast metal is a powerful tool, even if it’s “only” aluminum. But the standard fossil-fuel fired foundries that most people build are not without their problems, which is where this quick and clean single-use foundry comes into play. The typical home foundry for aluminum is basically a refractory container of some kind that can take the heat of a forced-air charcoal or coal fire. But as [Turbo Conquering Mega Eagle] points out, such fuels can lead to carbon contamination of the molten aluminum and imperfections when the metal is cast. With a junked electric range, [Turbo Conquering Mega Eagle] fabricates a foundry that avoids the issue in an incredibly dangerous way. The oven’s heating element is wrapped around an old stainless saucepan, fiberglass bats from the stove insulate the ad hoc crucible, and the range’s power cord is attached directly to the heating element. The video below shows that it does indeed melt aluminum, which is used to sand cast a fairly intricate part. We can’t see getting more than one use out of this setup, though, so it’s only as sustainable as the number of ranges you can round up. But it’s worth keeping in mind for one-off jobs. For a more permanent installation, check out this portable propane-powered foundry. And to see what you can make with one, check out this engine breather cast from beer cans. [via r/Metalworking] 33 thoughts on “Foundry From Scrapped Oven For Cheap, Clean Castings 1. For extra safety, he made his molds inside a plastic container… *facepalm* Anyone know what the final product(s) is/are? Look like they might be for a lathe, or possibly a filament extruder. I didn’t even know you could bend heating elements like that. I thought they were filled with some kind of brittle, ceramic material. Other than the fiberglass being torn to bits, what would make this method only last a few times? “The Art of Weapons” made an electric foundry from a kiln element and fire brick. If you used fire brick instead of the fiberglass and powered the oven element with a PID thermostat, it seems like it would be just as sturdy. 1. Speaking of PID thermosats, does anybody know a good, cheap way of electrically measuring temperatures up to 1500 deg F? All the thermocouples I’ve seen top-out below 1200. 1. Most thermocouple types are useable to higher than 1200F. K-couples (the most common off the shelf, included with many multimeters), for instance, top out at about 1350C (which is about 2400F) The real cheapies (often supplied with low end meters) aren’t insulated for high temp, and are often made using transmission wire, which is less expensive, but not as accurate when used to make the junction. Good couples are still pretty cheap, at less than US$7 for a 300mm, ceramic insulated K-type probe (air/gas use) from McMaster. Controllers are not expensive to make, but are a bit pricey to buy. To just measure temp, many multimeters have it built in, and dedicated units show up various sites regularly. I just picked up a backup unit for less than US$10. 1. I’ve just hooked up an ebay bargain kiln using a $20 PID and $5 K-type, the ones which withstand 1200degC are harder to find (especially as long probe type) but they’re out there, and not noticeably more expensive. I did splurge on some non-ebay relays to switch the 240v @ 16A, because I like my workshop not on fire. 2. Find a local ceramics shop, they’ll have k-types which will go up to kiln firing temperatures, which melt most common metals except steel. Locally, I think I got 2 for $15. I don’t tend to see them online for that price. Here’s basically what I got: (at double the price) You can extend that with a more conventional thermocouple wire. You shouldn’t really use a different metal as it can throw the calculation off. You can get that if you don’t have other sources, by taking apart a lower temperature thermocouple, trim the end off and you’ve got the right type of wires. If you do use another metal, like copper, make sure it’s the same metal, and that the leads are the same length and temperature as where you record them. As you’d be actually creating 2 more thermocouples with those connections. At one point, I tested this. I measured things two comparatively, up to as close as I was willing to go to the limit of insulation of one thermocouple, and the temperature difference was been minimal (2C at up to 400C, or maybe 300C), if the copper wire connection is in the air where the sensor is, as opposed to in the heat, so there’s little to no temperature differential along the junction and copper wire (and thus no real induced voltage on that thermocouple junction. Here’s a video showing how it can be thrown off: .) I’m not saying you have to get thermocouple wire, or scrap a low temp thermocouple. However, as always, you need to be aware of the issues, if you don’t. In one use, If I’m at say 700C, the +/- a few degrees doesn’t matter too much for most applications, so I do use copper wire, as I didn’t have any other wire when I started the project, and as it works, I haven’t bothered to change it. (I’m using a dumb system on that, so far as opposed to a PID drive.) 2. Not being capable of waiting for your casting to cool down seems like a negative indicator for this kind of work… The video says that there’s a limit to how much you can melt with an oven element wrapped around a bowl. This isn’t technically true. How much you can melt depends more on the insulation than on the heat source. If you have perfect insulation, the time it takes to melt metal is proportional to the weight, so it’s just a question of not losing more heat than you’re putting into it. In addition to not contaminating your metal with carbon, electric heat is a LOT more efficient. All charcoal- and propane-fired foundries need airflow to support combustion, and this means that there’s constant airflow REMOVING heat from the foundry. Electric foundries can be closed (like an electric kiln, and those can get VERY hot using household electric power), so they can keep getting hotter until something melts. Usually you want this something to be the metal you’re trying to cast rather than the components of the foundry, but for aluminum, zinc, and Al/Zn and ZAMAK alloys I think the components used in electric ovens are sufficient. The heating elements regularly get up to orange hot in everyday use, and will do this reliably for decades. This is well above the temperatures you need for these metals. For this reason, I’ve been toying with building an electric foundry. And by “toying”, I mean that I’ve bought a hotplate that has a solid cast iron heating surface, and a roll of ceramic wool insulation. My “other” objection to most of the DIY foundries I’ve seen is that they use massive chunks of some kind of refractory material as their main structure. When it comes to insulation, massive is not good. My plan is to use something like a paint can for the outer shell, mount the hotplate element inside that on ceramic risers, and rely on the ceramic wool to maintain the inside shape. Yes, plaster and sand and cement and the like are cheaper than ceramic wool, and they do provide some structure (up until they start to crack up), but they soak up a lot of heat, and unless you can whip them up into a foam (and have them set that way), they also conduct a lot of heat. So I agree with [Turbo Conquering Mega Eagle] in his use of lightweight glass wool over refractory mixes. I’m wondering what the purpose of the bowl is, though. If the oven element was wrapped around the crucible itself (the can, that is), then allowed to relax a little from there so that the crucible could be removed, you would have a cylindrical space slightly bigger than the crucible, leading to even quicker melt rates. Keeping the heated volume small minimizes the amount of outer area exposed to ambient-temperature air, and therefore the less insulating material you need for a given heat input and target temperature. 1. Maybe. Seems like a commitment to me, and I don’t have a lot of time to spend on this particular project. If and when I move it to the “front burner” (pun fully intended, with no apologies), then maybe. 1. Ceramic wool and refractory cement/bricks can have similar thermal mass and insulation properties, but they’re used for different physical situations. We turned a 20′ shipping container into a boiler using three layers of insulation – ceramic fiber batts, refractory brick, and refractory cement with stainless “needles” mixed in. There was a second type of brick used for wear-prone areas, which is maybe what you’re thinking of – it was heavy and less insulative than softer refractory insulation. 1. I was talking about the DIY projects that cast the foundry out of a mortar-like mix, usually of plaster, sand, and sometimes portland cement. The low-density firebricks are much lighter, but I’ve just seen to many examples of them crumbling. And um, that sounds like a heck of a boiler. 1. Aha. Yeah the light-density blocks are fragile. We were only burning wood for fuel and never had the output side of the boiler over 230 degrees C but it still took 4 days to cool down with all the doors open before we could go inside. Coincidentally, it was the same power as for a hospital incinerator… 2. Electric is cleaner but you’re limited by your electric service. Typical US ovens are 220/240 60A, 14kW. A low pressure propane regulator can deliver 60k BTU/ 17kW, high pressure reg’s obviously give more BTUs. For the DIYer who doesn’t want to pay through the nose to upgrade their electric service (100 & 200A service are the norm) it’s easier to build a bigger furnace using propane/waste oil. You can also move the furnace away from buildings to keep the Fire Marshall happy. 1. “Electric is cleaner but you’re limited by your electric service.” No, you’re not. As I said, lower-power heaters don’t limit the amount you can melt, just the time it takes to melt it, as long as your insulation is good. And sure, you can get tens of thousands of BTUs out of a propane burner, but most of that heat is lost out your vent outlet. The heat of fusion of aluminum is 398 KJ/Kg, which is about 110 W*Hr/Kg. This ignores the heat it takes to get the metal to its melting temperature, but that is much lower than the heat of fusion, so I’m being lazy. Based on that, an 1100W element can melt a kilogram of Al in six minutes, assuming perfect insulation. How hot you can get in reality depends on the equilibrium between your heat input and heat loss through the insulation. Since heat loss increases proportionally with the difference between inside and outside temperature, at some temperature the input and loss will be equal, so the foundry will never get hotter than that. How much metal you can melt in a specific amount of time depends on the heat input, but the temperature you can melt at depends as much on the insulation as the heat input. 3. What I’d suggest (and what I’ve done) is go find a nice 110V kiln, and I’ve been adding things so I can use it both for burnout and melting. I’d like to get a second kiln one, as usually a simple ceramic hotplate has been used for burnout so far. It’s a little more expensive than DIY, but watching craigslist, I got a nice one that I can take places (like the local makerspace for example), and run pretty much anywhere in the US, for $150. (Also included some ceramic supplies.) Actually, just saw another 110V, when I just checked, for $100. Which I might look into getting, though it’s a bit of a drive. To get back on track, it will work basically as is, and it’s probably got better insulation than you’ll do on your own. (I have also built one based on charcoal, with cast refractory providing a lot of it. Moving that is one hell of a pain. It’s far smaller than my Kiln, but far heavier, and I don’t think it’s as well insulated.) You can, if you have the money buy the type of blankets they use in those kilns, but looking into it, it was far cheaper (and easier) to buy a finished kiln, and hack it. 1. I almost bought a kiln at one point, and I still may end up doing that instead of hacking something together, especially after reading your comment. You mention using yours for burnout and melting, so I’m guessing you’re doing lost-wax, not just lost-styrofoam (most people just let the molten aluminum burn out the styrofoam), and probably other metals besides aluminum, where a kiln would be a big advantage over a merely-red-hot foundry. I’d need to find a pretty small one, though – I don’t have the space it takes for most of the kilns I’ve seen. It’s great to hear somebody verifying my claim that having only standard household electric service does NOT force you to resort to charcoal or propane to melt metal. It’s also good to be reminded that hey, there are some “hacks” that require only minimal hacking, and in the easy direction (e.g., adding a controller to get to specific temperatures BELOW its intended range). Yours sounds like an elegant solution. 3. While this is a nice, clever hack, it is a bit dangerous. Oven heating elements contain a nichrome coil inside a metal tube, with a separator keeping the two apart. I’m not sure what the separator is made from (at the point where the electrodes enter the tube, it’s ceramic), but straightening and re-bending the tube can damage the separating material, so if you’re not lucky, the coil contacts the tube, the tube contacts the pot, the pot contacts the can, and if you pick up the can with pliers, that contacts YOU. Which even aside from the electrocution hazard can cause you to jump and spill or splash molten metals onto yourself. 1. I thought exactly the same thing, and it is possible that [turbo conquering mega eagle] did too, because he made a point of throwing the electrical plug on the floor in view of us before picking the thing up. 4. Please is anybody really want to get into metal casting for softer sake visit the website of Budget Casting Supply. Read the whole site. This is super dangerous stuff. What he is doing can kill you in so many ways. Start on the right foot and do it right. It is not very expensive but you need to know how things work for safer reasons. Generally aluminum melts at red heat. Funny thing is that aluminum does not glow red from heat. It stays silvery. ZAMAC was mentioned by a reader. This is an excellent material but being a aluminum and zinc alloy it suffers the zinc heating problem which is is you get zinc too hot and breathe the fumes, younpretty much are going to die, and that heat point can come on at any time. Such as zinc splashing out of the pot onto a heating coil and there you go. Toxic cloud. Also use tongs! A real crucible is dirt cheap or a welded steel one can be cobbled together from scrap. Stainless steel is ok but you. Never know what’s really in cookware. It will fracture eventually. HE appears to be using a lost wax kind of mold based on the amount of flame and smoke escaping. This is extremely dangerous without tongs because the escaping has can blow the molten metal right back at you! You want to be out of the way and with at the very least a leather body apron and face shield. This video is exactly the wrong way to do this! molten aluminum can hurt you fast! I will never forget the first burn I got through my extra thick casting gloves. And it was only the tiniest of dribble. 1. While one can easily get zinc fever if not being careful it is far from a death sentence – the usual treatment is about the same as for a normal fever (rest and hydration). Zinc isn’t really toxic and the reaction are from metal fumes irritating the lung tissue, not from a specific toxic effect. Unless one really make an effort working with zinc is a minor danger and not a lethal one, AFAIK the deaths associated with zinc fever were people with previous lung problems inhaling massive amounts of fumes. That doesn’t mean one shouldn’t make sure to handle zinc (and other metals) correctly. Just the heat can kill directly or indirectly (don’t drop heated/melted metal on flammable objects). 5. So much stupid in this one, how did he propose to leap backward from that position if the casting went feral on him? The end result does not justify all of the completely unnecessary risks he took. Keep that up mate and one day you are going to burn your balls off no matter how big you think they are. 6. I’ve written about this on previous casting threads here, and people seem to appreciate it, so: I did a ton of casting in the late 1980s and early 1990s and like everyone else started with pop cans. When I got to needing more than about 7-10kg of material per week there was no way I could supply it with pop cans so I went to a local auto salvage yard and started buying pistons. It was revolutionary. Aluminum alloys optimized for casting are so nice — and the material is bulky so you don’t lose as much to oxidation as you do with high surface area pop cans. Nearly pure aluminum, used in pop cans, pours more like honey, where silicon-based casting alloys pour like water. Far better surface texture, better thin-section castings, stronger finished material. Most salvage places don’t have big bins full of pistons. I ended up buying whole trashed subaru engines, and breaking up the heads and aluminum block. I built something out of some old bricks with some fiberglass inside and three propane-powered torches firing into it, and would heat a big chunk of aluminum until it started to sweat lower melting point alloys out in fine beads on the surface. Then I’d pull it out and drop it on a big steel plate on top of concrete (no hot aluminum straight on concrete: concrete has enough water content that it’ll have a steam explosion and blow a combination of concrete chips and hot aluminum into your face: wear a face shield, not just safety glasses.) Aluminum is hot-short: it gets brittle (for lack of a better word) when it’s near melting so it crumbles like cottage cheese. Then I could take the small chunks, put them in a crucible, and batch-cast them into muffin tins, leaving me with perfect ingots for when I had a casting project. There are inductive casting setups for jewelry work that have the whole system: crucible, heating element (well, inductive coil) and insulation mounted as a group on a pivot so when the stuff is ready to pour you tip the whole works on the pivot and pour it into your mold. I think a build like that would work well for making this setup reusable. 7. Did this a few years back. Those electric elements are a PITA to bend easily – it is possible, after all that’s how they were manufactured in the first place. However, the elements only survive a couple of melts, since they are running much hotter than they normally would in an electric stove application. I gave up on them and used a propane burner instead – much more reliable, quicker, and pretty clean. Yes, important point about choosing the right aluminum for casting. Extrusions are pretty poor, stuff that’s already been cast (engine blocks, heads, pistons….) is much much better. Degassing helps hugely as well. 1. The more you know, the more some things look absolutely insane. Electricity is a great tool. So far, our makerspace has avoided any issues. Part of that has been because of people basically stamping out bad ideas before they happen, or should they be made, giving the people who make them no end of a hard time. (Yes… a 120 V source will directly cook a hot dog… no, it is *not* a good idea.) Leave a Reply
What Fruit Trees Work Well Together? Do fruit trees grow better in pairs? Do you have to plant fruit trees in pairs. Often, but not always. Most fruit trees need to be pollinated with at least two or three compatible trees. This means if possible, you should plant a couple of trees to encourage pollination, giving them about 50-feet of space between the trees.. What is easiest fruit tree to grow? Both sweet and sour cherry trees are easy to grow and both fruits have a wide variety of uses. Sweet cherries are used for raw eating and you’ll need at least 2-3 trees for pollination. There is a dwarf sweet cherry tree that is self-pollinating that is new to most markets as well. Do I need 2 pear trees to produce fruit? Plan to plant at least two varieties of pear trees, as they will need to be cross-pollinated to produce fruit. Do pear trees bear fruit every year? No, pear trees do not produce fruit every year. Young pear trees take several years to mature enough to produce fruit. Many pear trees will start producing a small amount of fruit in their third year. What fruit trees can be planted next to each other? Cross-pollination Most varieties of peaches, nectarines, apricots and sour cherry trees do not require pollination from another tree. Many varieties of apple, sweet cherries, Asian pears and blueberries require another pollinating tree or bush. Trees in a neighboring yard may do the job. Can you pollinate an apple tree with a pear tree? It is always best to pollinate fruit trees of the same genus with each other (apples with apples, pears with pears) but pears can cross-pollinate with apples as long as both trees bloom at the same time. … For example, a Norland apple tree cannot pollinate another Norland apple tree. How much space should you leave between fruit trees? Most standard-sized fruit trees need approximately 20 feet by 20 feet of space to grow properly, though standard-sized apple and sweet cherry trees need around 35 by 35 feet of space. Citrus trees only require about 8 feet to grow properly. What is the hardiest fruit tree? Apple treesApple trees are among the hardiest of fruit trees, and some kinds are disease-resistant. This one grows in USDA plant hardiness zones 3 to 6. Can you plant two apple trees in the same hole? Two, Three or Four trees in one hole At planting time, plant each tree 18 to 24 inches apart. Cut back all trees to the same height. Cut back new growth by half in spring and late summer as above. In the first two years especially, cut back vigorous varieties as often as necessary (very important!). Can you plant fruit trees close together? Fruit tree spacing can be as close as 2-3 feet apart for a hedgerow. If multi-planting, plant similar rootstocks together and trees with like spray requirements together. … – Plum trees should be spaced 15 feet apart and apricots 20 feet apart. What are the worst trees to plant? Everything in This Slideshow1 of 13 Skip Planting These Trees. Trust Us.2 of 13 Bradford Pear. (Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’) … 3 of 13 Chinese Flame Tree. (Koelreuteria bipinnata) … 4 of 13 Eastern Cottonwood. (Populus deltoides) … 5 of 13 Ginkgo. (Ginkgo biloba) … 6 of 13 Mimosa. … 7 of 13 Silver Maple. … 8 of 13 Southern Magnolia.More items…• What fruit trees do not need full sun? Fruits to Grow in the ShadePears do need some sun, but they will produce in partial shade. … Plum varieties, such as ‘Czar,’ can be grown in areas of the garden that get morning sun and afternoon shade. … Rhubarb is another shade-loving fruit, or rather vegetable plant, popular for rhubarb pies. … Hardy kiwi can also be grown in partial shade.More items…• What time of year do pear trees produce fruit? How do you control the size of a fruit tree? You can keep fruit trees to any desired height whether it is a semi-dwarf or standard size tree by size management. Prune to the size that best suits your needs. If you want it low, prune more, if you want it really high, prune less. The tree height is the decision of the pruner.
8 Ways to Help People and Provide Best Service During Natural Calamities Best Service During Natural Calamities One cannot predict disasters, especially natural ones. But one can always learn from disasters and try to be better prepared for the next one. Better knowledge can save millions and mitigate the untold miseries of the people around us. One such knowledge is disaster planning.  A cyclone or a massive earthquake tends to follow a similar pattern. People are uprooted from their homes and often lose all material possessions. Therefore, it is important for the government and the community to come together to provide for those who are negatively affected by natural disasters.  They must also have an action plan for preventing future natural disasters and chalk out a method for disaster recovery. You may never know when disaster strikes; as such having a prompt emergency preparedness is crucial. Since it is often impossible for governments to deal with disaster management alone, taking the help of NGOs and encouraging people’s participation should be encouraged. If all these diverse stakeholders come together, they can provide the best service during calamities. This article lists all the important ways to help people and provide the best services during natural calamities. How can we help and Provide the Best Service to the Victims of Natural Calamities? Victims of natural calamities need emotional, material, and logistical support to rebuild their lives. The government and NGOs must come together to help the victims. Help the victims by material to build their homes In almost all disasters, whether it is Hurricane Katrina in 2005 or the Nepal earthquake of 2015, we have seen that people have lost their homes and all their material possessions. While some had insurance cover, many people did not. This is particularly true for poor people, who often do not have a strong social security network.  Rebuilding their lives, therefore, involves governments and communities coming together to build affordable homes and supplying them with food and ration until the time they land up on their feet.  Give emotional support to the victim of Natural Calamity People, who have been victims of natural disasters, also need emotional support in times of crisis. Material help should be buttressed by psychological counseling and emotional support. Here non-governmental agencies like support groups can help.  Provide Logistical support to the victims after the disaster is over Once the disaster is over, the focus should be on rehabilitating the victims. This needs huge logistical support. Transporting victims to safe zones and building temporary shelters need logistical support. Feeding the hungry and the poor also need help from non-governmental agencies. What Kind of Help is Needed After a Disaster? Once a natural disaster strikes, the immediate focus of the governmental and non-governmental agencies should be on mitigating the impact of the disaster. • Agencies should focus on helping the victims shift to a safe zone. Whether it is an earthquake or a tsunami or a flood, the victims should be transported to a safe place. This is because the area of the disaster is still dangerous even after the disaster occurs. Therefore, the victims should be transported to a safe place so that no more lives are lost. • Temporary shelters should be built by governmental and non-governmental agencies. This would help the victims to start rebuilding their lives. Once you have a roof over their head, you can focus on rehabilitation. • For initial months, victims of natural calamities often need food and monthly ration to survive. The greater is the enormity of the crisis, the more is the need for intervention. What can you do to Lessen the Impact of a Natural Disaster? 1. Awareness Awareness during Natural Calamity You can build awareness among your fellow citizens by giving information on a particular natural calamity. Once people have understood the enormity and the gravity of the situation, discipline can be maintained. The recent COVID-19 crisis has once again shown that it is important to disseminate the right information so that people can step in the right time to help victims. 2. Monetary support Giving money as a Monetary Support for Natural Calamity Most often, we have seen that poor countries do not have the wherewithal to deal with natural calamities. They are often forced to take loans from international monetary agencies to tide over the crisis. Here monetary support from individuals can prove to be immensely beneficial. 3. Food and medicine Food and medicine to lessen the impact of natural calamity Support regarding food and medicine is as important as monetary support. Feeding the poor who have lost everything in natural calamities can help them to rebuild their lives. 4. Medical attention Doctor is checking the victim of natural calamity In several natural disasters, there are a number of people who are injured. They need urgent medical attention. Additionally, there can be a need for blood depending on the injuries of the victims. You can organize blood donation camps to help injured victims recover. This can also save many a life. 5. Recovery aid fund Recovery aid fund to help the victims It is important that there is a recovery aid fund in place. Apart from rebuilding their homes, many victims need cash to restart their lives. Here an emergency fund can come to the rescue. You can donate your money to rebuild the lives of victims. 6. Daily necessities Providing Daily necessities to victims of calamities Sending supplies and items of daily necessities to victims of calamities is also important. These include mattresses, pillows, books, and educational material for children. Such daily supplies are perhaps more important than money, so even if you are not contributing monetarily, do consider helping the victims in kind. 7. Employment Provide Employment to the victims of natural calamity If the victims of calamities have been rendered jobless due to the destruction of factories and industries, then it is crucial for governments and people to find employment for these victims. Having jobs will help victims to stand on their own feet quickly.  8. Volunteer work Do Volunteer work as a help to the victims You can also consider volunteer work as a kind of help. Rebuilding homes, shifting victims to safe zones, and tending to the injured – all these activities need hundreds of volunteers. It is not easy for governments to tackle such crises alone. Therefore, the role of NGOs becomes important.  The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) is involved in a range of charitable activities, mitigating the impact of natural disasters. Their Hare Krishna Food for Life is a vegetarian food distribution program that feeds millions of hungry people every day. The protection of cows is another area of charity. The temple organization also offers short-term programs on leadership, management, conflict resolution, discipline, etc.
kids encyclopedia robot Fumarole facts for kids Kids Encyclopedia Facts Sulpherous Fumeroles Sulfureous fumaroles, Whakaari/White Island, New Zealand Fumarole in Greece A fumarole (Latin fumus, smoke) is an opening in the crust of the Earth, often in the neighborhood of volcanoes, where steam and gases come out, for instance carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide. The name solfatara (from the Italian solfo, sulfur), is given to fumaroles with sulfurous gases. Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks or long fissures, in chaotic clusters or fields, and on the surfaces of lava flows and of thick deposits of pyroclastic flows. A fumarole field is an area of thermal springs and gas vents where magma or hot igneous rocks at shallow depth release gases or interact with groundwater. An estimated four thousand fumaroles exist within the boundaries of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. In April 2006 fumarole emissions killed three ski-patrol workers east of Chair 3 at Mammoth Mountain Ski Area in California. The workers were overpowered by toxic fumes (a mazuku) that had accumulated in a crevasse they had fallen into. Another example is an array of fumaroles in the Valley of Desolation in Morne Trois Pitons National Park in Dominica. Images for kids kids search engine Fumarole Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
Why Don't We Examine Kenton, OH Mule Canyon Is Awesome, But What About New Mexico's Chaco Park Lets visit Chaco Canyon National Monument in North West New Mexico from Kenton. Based from the use of similar buildings by current Puebloan peoples, these rooms had been areas that are probably common for rites and gatherings, with a fireplace in the middle and room access supplied by a ladder extending through a smoke hole in the ceiling. Large kivas, or "great kivas," were able to accommodate hundreds of people and stood alone when not integrated into a housing that is large, frequently constituting a center location for surrounding villages made of (relatively) little buildings. To sustain large buildings that are multi-story held rooms with floor spaces and ceiling heights far greater than those of pre-existing houses, Chacoans erected gigantic walls employing a "core-and-veneer" method variant. An core that is inner of sandstone with mud mortar created the core to which slimmer facing stones were joined to produce a veneer. These walls were approximately one meter thick at the base, tapering as they ascended to conserve weight--an indication that builders planned the upper stories during the original building in other instances. While these mosaic-style veneers remain evident today, adding to these structures' remarkable beauty, Chacoans plastered plaster to many interior and exterior walls after construction was total to preserve the mud mortar from water harm. Starting with Chetro Ketl's building, Chaco Canyon, projects for this magnitude needed a huge number of three vital materials: sandstone, water, and lumber. Employing stone tools, Chacoans mined then molded and faced sandstone from canyon walls, choosing hard and dark-colored tabular stone at the most effective of cliffs during initial building, going as styles altered during later construction to softer and bigger tan-colored stone lower down cliffs. Liquid, essential to build mud mortar and plaster combined with sand, silt and clay, was marginal and accessible only during short and summer that is typically heavy.   In addition to sandstone that is natural, precipitation was gathered in wells and dammed areas formed in the arroyo (an intermittently running creek) that cut the canyon, Chaco Wash, and in ponds to which runoff via a system of ditches was channeled. Timber sources essential to build roofs and higher stories were formerly abundant in the canyon but vanished owing to deforestation or drought throughout the Chacoan fluorescence. As a consequence, Chacoans went 80 kilometers by walking to coniferous woods to the south and west, chopping down trees then peeling and letting them dry for an extended time to minimize weight before returning to the canyon. This was no feat that is minor that hauling each tree would entail a multi-day travel by a group of men and women and that throughout 200,000 trees were utilized during the three centuries of building and upkeep of the roughly twelve large house and large kiva sites inside the canyon. Canyon's Designed Landscape. While Chaco Canyon held a high density of unprecedented scale building in the region, the canyon was merely a tiny portion placed at the heart of a wide linked territory that created the Chacoan civilisation. More than 200 settlements with large buildings and large kivas employing the same characteristic stone style and architecture that existed outside of the canyon, although on a lesser scale. Although these sites were most abundant inside the San Juan Basin, they spanned a stretch for the Colorado Plateau greater than England. To help connect these settlements to the canyon and to each other, Chacoans built an complex road system by digging and leveling the underlying land, sometimes adding clay or stone curbs for support. These roads usually developed in large canyon homes and beyond, extending outward in astonishingly straight parts.   Chacoans moved to the south, west, and north of villages that had less marginal setting, which refers to Chacoan's impact on this time. The persistence of droughts until the 13th Century CE prevented the establishment of an system that is integrated to Chaco. This led to the dispersion of Chaco's inhabitants throughout southwest. The descendants of the Chaco family, who now live in Arizona and New Mexico respectively, consider Chaco becoming part of their ancestral homeland. This website link is confirmed by oral history traditions passed down through the generations. In the half that is second century CE there was a lot of vandalism. People broke down large walls and attained accessibility to rooms, as well as destroying things. The destruction was evident during the surveys and digs that are archaeological 1896 CE. This led to the establishment of the Chaco Canyon National Monument in 1907 CE. It stopped the looting and allowed for systematic research that is archaeological. The monument was enlarged in 1980 CE and renamed nationwide Historic Park of Chaco culture. It had been also registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987 CE. Puebloan descendants preserve the link with a niche site that recalls their ancestors' spirits in a reminder that is living of shared history. Look down into the vast room that is circular the earth while standing next to the big kiva – hundreds of people may have gathered here for festivities. The kiva features a low bench that runs the exact distance of the chamber, four masonry squares that hold the wooden or stone supports that support the ceiling, and a square firebox in the middle. There are niches in the wall surface, which may be utilized for gifts or religious things. A ladder through the roof allowed access to the kiva. You will see holes in a line in the stone walls as you explore the site. This diagram depicts where wooden roof beams were installed to support the next floor above. Look at diverse door designs as you move around Pueblo Bonito – tiny doors with a sill that is high step more than, bigger doors with a low sill, spot entrances (used as astronomical markers), and T shaped doors. Avoid 16 has a T-shaped entrance, whereas Stop 18 has a corner door that is high-up. Small entrances are ideal for children to pass through; adults will have to hunch over. At Stop 17, you can see the timber that is original and walls of the chamber re-plastered to resemble how they could have appeared a thousand years ago. Bring food and beverage – also if you're just choosing a carry food and water since there are no services in the park day. Fill a cooler with lots of water for the family that is whole. Summer is pretty hot, and even with brief trips to the damages, that you don't want to obtain dehydrated. Visitor Center – Stop by the Visitor Center to get maps and information on Chaco sites. There are picnic tables with covers, bathrooms, and drinking water. Keep on the pathways and steer clear of climbing from the walls – the ruins are fragile and should be conserved since they are section of the holy past of Southwest Native people. Even if you notice shards of pottery on the ground, don't pick them up since they are protected relics. Bring binoculars – Binoculars are of help for witnessing information on the petroglyphs high through to the rocks.   The labor force participation rate in Kenton is 56.3%, with an unemployment rate of 7.3%. For many when you look at the labor pool, the typical commute time is 24.3 minutes. 3.4% of Kenton’s residents have a graduate diploma, and 8.2% have earned a bachelors degree. For people without a college degree, 26.3% attended some college, 50.3% have a high school diploma, and only 11.8% possess an education not as much as senior school. 5.9% are not covered by health insurance. The typical household size in Kenton, OH is 3.09 residential members, with 58.2% owning their own dwellings. The average home value is $74391. For those paying rent, they pay on average $608 per month. 42.6% of families have 2 sources of income, and the average household income of $40613. Average income is $23947. 18.4% of residents exist at or below the poverty line, and 20.3% are handicapped. 10% of inhabitants are ex-members of this military.
Tags: history - mexico pink floyd - dark side Days of Anarchy and Tulip Mania. May1 was, of course, the internationally celebrated day of rights for labour and unions, which is supported by everyone from Democrats and Greens to Commies and Anarchists.  Many important labor and political protests have occurred in history on, or around, this date.  The United States has confused things for Americans, by creating the alternate, Labor Day, a day for celebrating hot dogs. May 1, 1637, was about when the great Tulip Mania Bubble crashed in Europe - something we should all study.  (See also: Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds). Today, May 5 is, of course, Cinco de Mayo, the day celebrating a Mexican military victory over those damn Frenchies in 1862.  This followed the Mexican-American War, and the church-vs-state Reform War, which indirectly precipitated our Civil War somewhat, and sent Mexico into bankruptcy.  France not only demanded it's debt be paid, but also wanted a new empire in Mexico.  Ain't that always the way?  Mexico, once a Spanish colonisation of former Aztecs, et al, went on to give us wonderful Mexican music reprocessed from German Polkas, and became an ally of Adolph Hitler in WWII.  (Instead of dealing with that, we interned Japanese Americans - and some Germans).  Cinco de Mayo has become an international celebration of Mexican culture, but also of Latin American culture, cuz, why not?  People who eat hot dogs on this day may be shot.  French fries?  Definitely. Yesterday was May 4, an important day in history, as well.  In 2007, a massive tornado hit the tiny town of Greensburg, KS, which has, through its recovery, become one of the most progressively green communities in the country. The Kent State massacre: In 1970, several innocent students were shot by police during a protest against Nixon's war campaign in Cambodia. And, in 1886, the The Haymarket Affair occurred in Chicago, (8 years before the Pullman strike there), over violent abuse by the police during a labour strike.  At least 7 anarchists were blamed and executed for the subsequent bombing, but no one really knows who was responsible - they had agents de provocateurs even back then.  Anyway, the Haymarket affair not only contributed to the establishment of May 1 as an international day of labour, it also seems to have been exploited first as a popular Anarchist Scare, and then as the Commie Scare which got us all by until 9/11/2001.  Back in 1886, the term, "Anarchist," seems to have been applied loosely, to any number of politically-striped anti-corporationers, like socialists, or Germans, or blacks, or Jews, whatever.  It was a coded buzz-word, just like, "conspiracy theorist," is today.  And today, the NEW Red Anarchists are Wikipedia and the Putinistas, lol.  (See also my tags for other labour/union events influencing May 1 and Labor Day). The Haymarket affair (also known as the Haymarket massacre or Haymarket riot) was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square[2] in Chicago. It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day and in reaction to the killing of several workers the previous day by the police. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at police as they acted to disperse the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; scores of others were wounded. In the internationally publicized legal proceedings that followed, eight anarchists were convicted of conspiracy. The evidence was that one of the defendants may have built the bomb, but none of those on trial had thrown it.[3][4][5][6] Seven were sentenced to death and one to a term of 15 years in prison. The death sentences of two of the defendants were commuted by Illinois governor Richard J. Oglesby to terms of life in prison, and another committed suicide in jail rather than face the gallows. The other four were hanged on November 11, 1887. In 1893, Illinois's new governor John Peter Altgeld pardoned the remaining defendants and criticized the trial. The Haymarket affair is generally considered significant as the origin of international May Day observances for workers.[7][8] The site of the incident was designated a Chicago Landmark in 1992,[9] and a public sculpture was dedicated there in 2004. In addition, the Haymarket Martyrs' Monument at the defendants' burial site in nearby Forest Park was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997.[10]
Technical Papers Forward and Reflected IP3 Measurements for Switch Components and Systems August 11, 2021 RF communication systems using advanced modulation formats rely on the linearity of the signal chain components to meet throughput performance requirements. Nonlinearities result in mixing products which include harmonics and intermodulation (IM) products. Though passive components such as cables, connectors, switches, and antennas are highly linear, they can become significant sources of passive intermodulation (PIM) when transmitting. This article describes the theory, challenges, and methods for testing highly linear passive components for PIM. A linear device or system produces an output signal that is proportional to its input. The resulting transfer function relating output to input can be plotted as a straight line with slope corresponding to the system gain. Component nonlinearity typically results in the output signal compressing at large input levels. Such a nonlinear transfer function may be approximated by a Taylor series expansion with exponential terms. Frequency mixing occurs in higher order terms (for example 2nd order squaring, 3rd order cubing, etc..) producing both integer harmonics and intermodulation products. Read the full paper at everythingRF Back to Top
Let aging be productive and successful Published On: October 3, 2020 06:41 AM NPT By: Poonam Pant Productive and successful ageing requires collective efforts from both younger and the older people. Family and society have a crucial to play in the entire process. The International Day of Older Persons was observed on October 1. The day mainly aims at creating awareness on the issues of aging and instigating actions to enhance health, comforts, and productivity of the older people.  This article discusses aspects of aging and how we can make it productive and successful. Though there are elderly people across the countries in the world, there is not one universally agreed age-based definition of older person—the lower age limit to categorize a person as older varies from a country to country. It mainly depends on socio-economic conditions and life expectancy. This variation is well evidenced in the criterion set for old age allowances and privileges in different countries. Nevertheless, the lower age limit seems to be 60 years on an average. The United Nations too agrees on 60 plus years as the age threshold to refer to the elderly people. The world is experiencing a huge demographic shift, and in the years to come significant portion of its population will be of old age. Nepal is no exception. The share of the people aged over 60, which is supposed to be almost nine percent or about two and half million at the moment, is expected to double to 18.6 percent in 2050. Increase in the life expectancy is the major factor behind this demographic shift. Natural process Aging is a natural and an inevitable process. Every human being once born, grows, becomes old and dies. Aging well is conceptualized in different frameworks such as healthy aging, positive aging, productive aging, active aging, and successful aging. In 1983, Robert Butler introduced the idea of ‘Productive Aging’ in the United States. This sociological concept broadly refers to multiple activities carried on by old age people for betterment of their health, families, communities and the society. Healthy ageing is linked to social relationship, independence, and life activities. Mentally and physically active lifestyle helps preserve, even increase, the activities and skills of the older persons. The United Nations on December 16, 1991 adopted freedom, participation, care, self-fulfilment and dignity as the basic principles for the older persons. These principles are guidelines to the governments, various organizations and the individuals to design and implement the programs for the older persons. The principles set the framework for the productive and successful aging. There is a great respect and concern for elderly people in Nepali culture. We consider old age parents as the living God and want to keep them happy. We, therefore, often expect the old-age parents to take rest even though they are capable and enthusiastic to carry out various activities within the family and in the society. This sometimes turns out to be an obstacle in the process of productive ageing. Creating an environment where the elderly people can better utilize their potentials is the key element of productive ageing. We should let them do the works which they can and love to do. This makes them feel needed and accepted by the society. Though they may not need to earn money, the works make them feel emotionally and psychologically independent. Many of us live in joint families where generally people of three generations live together. It is often seen that older people give support to the family in which they reside. The grandparents take care of grandchildren. Old age women support in kitchen and domestic chores. Moreover, they do many other works such as gardening, cleaning courtyards, walking dogs and so on. The older people in the rural areas are seen also going outside their homes and engage in agricultural activities while the old age people in the urban setting are found mostly confined within their households. This is fine as long as elderly people do them willingly. They should not be forced but should be encouraged to do the works according to their capacity and health status. The ones who keep themselves busy remain mentally and physically fit. Along with working within one's own household, stepping out in the society and engaging in some social works or just interacting with the other people is also important for productive aging. The elderly people have rich experience and knowledge and they have a lot to give to the society. We have ample examples of the elderly people being active and contributing to our society. We have the centenarian Satya Mohan Joshi who is actively engaged in the range of productive activities. Working and interacting with the society enhances confidence, self-esteem and physical and mental health of elderly people. Running a mixed club of both the older and the younger people can be effective to promote interaction and exchange of ideas between the two. The positive response from young people gives the older people higher level of satisfaction. Give them care Proper care-giving system is an important element of productive aging. There should be a functional system containing health facilities, food, recreation etc for the older persons. The government should give high priority to establishing and strengthening such system. We can see well-equipped old age homes run by the government and even the private sector in many developed countries ensuring proper care of the older persons. The modern old age home may be more relevant in the country like ours where many young people are abroad for employment and education leaving their elderly parents alone back home. However, the concept of the modern old age home is still in infant stage in our country. We all should work together to establish and effectively run the care-giving system for the older persons. Productive and successful ageing requires collective efforts from both younger and the older people. Family and society have a crucial to play in the entire process. The whole world is struggling to combat the Covid-19 pandemic. Various evidences show the older persons are in higher risk of contracting infection. The fatality rate is substantially high in this age group. So, protecting the older persons from this pandemic should be our foremost responsibility now. Let's strictly adhere to all the prescribed measures against the pandemic and protect ourselves and the older persons. The author is Lecturer of Sociology at Bhaktapur Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University Leave A Comment
What is the difference between law enforcement and police? What is the difference between law enforcement and police? Law enforcement refers to the prevention of crime and the apprehension of criminals. Policing is law enforcement that occurs at the local or state level, not the federal level. Police forces are either run by town, city or country governments. State governments also have their own police forces. Why are there so many different types of law enforcement agencies in the United States? -Why do we have so many different types of enforcement agencies in the United States? -There are three major legislative and judicial jurisdictions and each has created a variety of police agencies to enforce its law. -Little uniformity among jurisdictions regarding the naming, function or authority of these agencies. How has technology affected law enforcement? Detection, Monitoring, and Positioning Systems Today, law enforcement can use technology to detect and solve criminal activity happening in the moment. Instead of reacting, these technologies allow law enforcement to be more proactive. What is the most powerful law enforcement agency? All the most powerful federal law enforcement agencies in the U.S., among them the FBI, the CIA and the U.S. Marshals are controlled by the executive branch. Who is higher DEA or FBI? Is US Marshal higher than FBI? FBI special agents are federal cops, whose beats extend from counter-terrorism to exposing white-collar crime. The job duties of a deputy U.S. marshal are more specialized. The two agencies’ responsibilities do sometimes overlap, however. Can US Marshals pull you over? US Marshals are tasked with recovery of fugitives on the run, sometimes for years or decades. You’re not likely to get pulled over for speeding by a US Marshal. With that said, the hierarchy generally goes city-county-state. Are US Marshals higher than police? A police officer is typically a general-purpose law enforcement officer. A sheriff is an elected position and is usually a ceremonial officer that meets certain needs within a county. A U.S. Marshal is a much more specific job. As a marshal, you provide security for courts at the local, state, and federal level. Do US Marshals outrank police? Who has more power US marshal or sheriff? Who is higher than the sheriff? Are US Marshals police? The U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) is the nation’s oldest and most versatile federal law enforcement agency. Federal Marshals have served the country since 1789, often times in unseen but critical ways. To this day, the Marshals occupy a uniquely central position in the federal justice system. Can US marshals carry guns anywhere? The language of 18 U.S.C. § 3053 expressly authorizes “United States marshals and their deputies” to carry firearms. What guns do US marshals carry? How much does a US Marshal make a year? In 2018, the annual starting salary for a U.S. marshal was $45,371. Additional pay of as much as 14.35 percent is awarded, based upon geographical location. In addition, U.S. marshals receive a fringe benefit plan that includes insurance and retirement. Is being a US marshal dangerous? What is the age limit for US Marshals? between 21 and 36 years Do US marshals get paid well? An early career U.S. Marshal with 1-4 years of experience earns an average total compensation (includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay) of $44,950 based on 9 salaries. In their late career (20 years and higher), employees earn an average total compensation of $Aug 2020 Is US marshal a good job? Salary is competitive and benefits are good. US Marshals Service responsibilites are diverse and challenging. It’s a secure job with all the benifits and great retirement . Working with other law enforcement, courts, judges and attorneys. What are the duties of US marshals?
Quick Answer: Is Tongue A Smooth Muscle? What are the two types of smooth muscle? Smooth muscle is organized in two ways: as single-unit smooth muscle, which is much more common; and as multiunit smooth muscle. The two types have different locations in the body and have different characteristics.. What is the weakest muscle in your body? stapediusThe stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes….Stapedius muscle.StapediusTA22103FMA49027Anatomical terms of muscle12 more rows Is your tongue your strongest muscle? It is considered a very powerful muscle along with calf muscles because it pulls against the force of gravity to keep the body upright. The tongue is a tough worker. It is made up of groups of muscles and like the heart it is always working. What is considered a long tongue? An older study at the orthodontic department of the University of Edinburgh’s dental school found that the mean average tongue length for adults is 3.3 inches (8.5 centimeters) for men and 3.1 inches (7.9 cm) for women. How does the tongue affect speech? The tongue is very important in the formation of certain sounds and “phonemes” in speech. To understand what we mean, take the letter “T” as an example. If you say “T” to yourself aloud, you’ll feel your tongue brace against your upper teeth, and then move downward to produce the sound. What is the main function of smooth muscle? The primary function of smooth muscle is contraction. Smooth muscle consists of two types: single-unit and multi-unit. Single-unit smooth muscle consists of multiple cells connected through connexins that can become stimulated in a synchronous pattern from only one synaptic input. What are examples of smooth muscles? What does a normal tongue look like? While everyone’s tongue may look slightly different, a “typical healthy” tongue has similar characteristics. It ought to be pink, with a thin whitish coating on the surface. Papillae are also prevalent on a healthy tongue. These are small nodules along the surface that help you eat and taste your food. What animals dont have tongues? Taste sensations Other animals naturally have no tongues, such as sea stars, sea urchins and other echinoderms, as well as crustaceans, says Chris Mah via email. Mah is a marine invertebrate zoologist at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and has discovered numerous species of sea stars. How does the tongue work as a sense organ? It is not only very movable, which allows us to speak, suck or swallow in a coordinated way. It is also a sensory organ responsible for tasting and the most sensitive place for our sense of touch. In addition, the tongue contains many cells of the body’s defense system, and even plays a major role in body language. What disease affects the smooth muscle? Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome is a disease in which the activity of smooth muscle throughout the body is impaired. Does the tongue contain smooth muscle? Is the tongue a striated muscle? The tongue consists of striated muscle and occupies the floor of the mouth. Are bumps at back of tongue normal? Causes of Enlarged Papillae When your papillae, or taste buds, become inflamed and you’re suddenly seeing raised red bumps on your tongue, or bumps on the back of your tongue, it’s often not a cause for concern. What can my tongue say about my health? What type of muscle is tongue? The muscles that form the bulk of the tongue are intrinsic muscles, which run from one part of the tongue to another, and extrinsic muscles, which are attached to bone. Is the tongue an organ or muscle? Why Genioglossus is called Safety muscle of tongue? The genioglossus (GG, tongue) muscle plays an important role in maintaining upper airway patency. The GG is responsible for tongue protrusion and stiffens the tongue and prevents posterior tongue displacement and upper airway closure. The GG is a phasic respiratory muscle.
Non-pharmacological Hypertension Guidelines Hypertension is a major contributor to the cardiovascular disease burden around the world. It is estimated that more than 1.39 billion people are affected by hypertension, while the premature deaths due to hypertension exceed 10.4 million. If treated timely with the professional care of  Vascular Surgeon in Lahore the outcome improves greatly with decreased incidence of complications. Start thinking about hypertension before you have it Blood pressure is not merely a number. The blood vessels are like the pipes of a house; high pressure is not going to damage one organ but rather all the organs supplied by those blood vessels. This is why people should take measures to prophylactically deal with hypertension as there is always age-related increase in blood pressures. For people with family history of hypertension, family history of heart disease, stroke, hypertension during pregnancy and kidney disease taking precautions is even more important. Primary prevention can prevent end organ damage and greatly reduce the chances of other complications. According to researchers, the most important predictor of hypertension is: body weight. Therefore, weight reduction, even ten to fifteen pounds, can significantly lower blood pressure. Little changes can make a big difference The first step for management of hypertension is dietary modification. Non-pharmacological approaches for hypertension include: salt restriction, regular exercise and weight management. Sodium has a directly proportional relationship with high-blood pressure; even a single teaspoon of salt can raise the blood pressure significantly. Therefore, for both primary prevention and management of high-blood pressure, salt should be restricted in the diet. DASH diet for hypertension Both Mediterranean and DASH diet focus on lowering blood pressure. These diets restrict the intake of salt and processed foods, with more emphasis on the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables. This balance of nutrients is ideal for maintaining the blood pressure in the optimal range. Quit smoking Cigarette smoke makes the blood vessels smaller, with more damage to their inside endothelium. This puts the person at risk not only for high blood pressure but also myocardial infarction or heart attack by throwing more clots towards the heart. Smoking cessation is therefore, mandatory for anyone looking to lower their blood pressure, and decreasing their risk of cardiovascular disease. A new study analysis, with over three decades of data shows that smoking increases the pulse pressure in people, putting them more at risk of heart disease. This study, known as the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults or CARDIA, shows that the difference between the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure is widened in smokers, compared to non-smokers. The CARDIA study shows the relation between long-term smokers and hypertension. The results from this study suggest that clinicians need to pay more attention to the widened pulse pressure in smokers, particularly in the young adults. Relaxation techniques The mechanism of action behind relaxation techniques and lowered blood pressure is not clear. It is thought that stress and the consequent vasoconstriction cause blood pressure to rise. Get treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Obstructive sleep apnea contributes to poorly controlled blood pressure. When the upper airway is obstructed during sleep, it causes intermittent hypoxemia—lowered oxygen levels in the blood and increased sympathetic response. Obstructed sleep apnea is now recognized as a significant contributor to hypertension due to its effect on the blood vessels. Limit the intake of alcohol Another important modification factor for blood pressure reduction is limiting alcohol consumption. Meta-analysis and research data shows dose-response relationship between reduction of blood pressure and decreased alcohol consumption. For more information about the risk factors and non-pharmacological intervention of hypertension, professional help from Vascular Surgeon in Karachi should be sought.
Do you know Texas's official state symbols? f11photo // Shutterstock Do you know Texas's official state symbols? Each state in America boasts its own culture, history, and natural beauty. To represent such diversity, people from these states have chosen their own set of symbols and customs. Specific flags, songs, mottos, flowers, and even fruits commemorate the uniqueness of individual states. Some of these symbols border on the bizarre: Texas, for example, has made the Dutch oven its official state cooking pot. Other symbols are more universal, like state birds. Many people remember learning about their states' history back in elementary school. But can you still remember your state bird? How about your state flower? To test your state knowledge, Stacker compiled a list of symbols in Texas. 1 / 14 Jay Carriker // Wikimedia Commons Clue: Texas state fish Clue: This fish is native only to the swift-moving streams in the Texas Central Hill Country, which is home to the headwaters of the Colorado, Guadalupe, and San Antonio rivers. Powerful but small, it's actually a member of the sunfish family. 2 / 14 Clinton & Charles Robertson // Wikimedia Commons Answer: Texas state fish Answer: Guadalupe bass 3 / 14 f11photo // Shutterstock Clue: Texas state mammal Texas has three official mammals, two of which are the Texas longhorn and Mexican free-tailed bat. The third is the only member of its armor-covered family that lives in North America. They almost always have litters of four identical quadruplets, and they’re the only animal aside from humans that carries leprosy, so they’re used to study the disease. 4 / 14 Steve Bower // Shutterstock Answer: Texas state mammal - State mammals: Nine-banded armadillo, Texas longhorn, Mexican free-tailed bat 5 / 14 Clue: Texas state song The Texas state song was officially adopted in 1929 but was altered in 1959. The revision changed the word “largest” to “boldest” when geographically bigger Alaska was admitted as a state. 6 / 14 Texas State Library and Archives Commission // Flickr Answer: Texas state song - Answer: "Texas, Our Texas" 7 / 14 Roschetzky Photography // Shutterstock Clue: Texas state insect This species’ range extends from southern Canada to northern Southern America, as well as in Australia, the Philippines, North Africa, and occasionally the U.K. It is lucky enough to have barely any predators. 8 / 14 Spaully // Wikimedia Commons Answer: Texas state insect - State insect: Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) 9 / 14 Daniel Schwen // Wikimedia Commons Clue: Texas state tree Like its neighbor New Mexico, Texas’ state tree honors a producer of nuts; the tree’s (and nut’s) name comes from an Algonquian word meaning “a nut that it takes a stone to crack.” This tree has grown in Texas since prehistoric times and, today, is the key ingredient in one of the state’s favorite pies. 10 / 14 Jerry A. Payne // Wikimedia Commons Answer: Texas state tree Answer: Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) 11 / 14 Creative Commons Clue: Texas state bird Texas may be one of the biggest states in the nation, but its state bird is of modest size. The chatty songbird is common across America and has vocal abilities that stand in contrast to its muted colors. 12 / 14 Wikimedia Commons Answer: Texas state bird Answer: Northern mockingbird 13 / 14 TimothyJ // Flickr Clue: Texas state flower Adopted by Texas in 1901, this flower is named for its distinct color and shape. During the 1930s, the state's highway department had the initiative to plant more of these flowers along highways. This wildflower is celebrated once a year in Texas every April 24. 14 / 14 Roy Luck // Flickr Answer: Texas state flower Answer: Bluebonnet Trending Now
Influence Of Nature And Nurture On Human Development Pdf influence of nature and nurture on human development pdf File Name: influence of nature and nurture on human development .zip Size: 10111Kb Published: 15.12.2020 There are many things that influence the development of a child. It suggested that any decision, whether good or bad, small or large, would shape their child. We now know that children are not blank slates to be moulded by us. Their genetic makeup influences all aspects of their behaviour and personality Knopik et al, Starting from when they were first conceived, how a child develops and behaves is partly influenced by the genes they inherit. Genes give children a tendency towards certain ways of being, such as their sleeping behaviour or personality. Nature or Nurture? Or Both? Metrics details. Trying to separate out nature and nurture as explanations for behaviour, as in classic genetic studies of twins and families, is now said to be both impossible and unproductive. In practice the nature-nurture model persists as a way of framing discussion on the causes of behaviour in genetic research papers, as well as in the media and lay debate. Social and environmental theories of crime have been dominant in criminology and in public policy while biological theories have been seen as outdated and discredited. Recently, research into genetic variations associated with aggressive and antisocial behaviour has received more attention in the media. Nature vs. Nurture Child Development: Exploring Key Differences H ow do we become who we are? The one says genes determine an individual while the other claims the environment is the linchpin for development. New research into epigenetics—the science of how the environment influences genetic expression—is changing the conversation. As psychologist David S. Moore explains in his newest book, The Developing Genome , this burgeoning field reveals that what counts is not what genes you have so much as what your genes are doing. understanding of relations between 'nature' and 'nurture' in human development. child development, in part because this is the area that interests me most, statement from America's most influential group of paediatricians argues 5 Nature versus nurture The Age Old Debate of Nature vs. Nurture Он уже ничего не видел и только чувствовал, как тошнотворный комок подкатил к горлу. Его крик эхом отозвался в черноте, застилавшей. Беккер не знал, сколько времени пролежал, пока над ним вновь не возникли лампы дневного света. Кругом стояла тишина, и эту тишину вдруг нарушил чей-то голос. Кто-то звал .  Вот что нам надо сделать.  - Стратмор начал спокойно излагать свой план.  - Мы сотрем всю переписку Хейла с Танкадо, уничтожим записи о том, что я обошел систему фильтров, все диагнозы Чатрукьяна относительно ТРАНСТЕКСТА, все данные о работе компьютера над Цифровой крепостью, одним словом -. Цифровая крепость исчезнет бесследно. Perceptions of nature, nurture and behaviour PDF | In this essay, I explore what social science might contribute to understa nding of relations between 'nature' and 'nurture' in human development. result of environmental influences throughout the life course, and it. Mijail R. i.e., considering the fact that both heredity and environment influence the development is down to nature or nurture, the question has been. Gradasso M. The nature versus nurture debate involves whether human behavior is determined by the environment, either prenatal or during a person's life, or by a person's genes. 1001 ways to market your books by john kremer pdf my brother sam is dead free pdf download
What kind of math do you need to be a lawyer? The pre-calculus mathematics recommended by the ABA and anecdotal suggestions by math majors who became lawyers, imply that future lawyers should at a minimum take undergraduate courses in college algebra, trigonometry, geometry, logic and statistics. What type of math do lawyers use? Geometric proofs are also a common math skill used by lawyers. Some may not even realize they’re using geometric proofs. The lawyer takes all of the facts and then applies the laws that relate to her clients–keeping these facts in line–then uses deductive logic to figure how to fight her case in a successful way. Can you be a lawyer if you’re bad at math? Do lawyers use a lot of math? Private practice lawyers must understand math well enough to run a business. They also need to be able to track and account for funds deposited into their clients’ trust fund accounts. Lawyers should be able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide to calculate damages, prejudgment interest, and the time value of money. THIS IS INTERESTING:  Can a lawyer get a case dismissed before trial? Do you need math for law school? Mathematics is required for entry into most law schools. … In both mathematics and the legal arena, there are laws that are unbendable and ones that are. A good background in math will give you the problem solving strategies and logic you need to succeed as a lawyer. Is law school really hard? Is being a lawyer really worth it? The verdict is in What type of lawyer makes the most money? Highest-Paid Specialties for Lawyers • Trial Attorneys. … • Tax Attorneys. … • Corporate Lawyers. How many years does it take to become a lawyer? Do lawyers use calculus? Lawyers do not have to be expert mathematicians; they do not even have to know calculus. However, all lawyers should have a solid understanding of complex math, accounting and algebra to fulfill their job requirements. Furthermore, scoring well on the LSAT entrance exam requires some math understanding. THIS IS INTERESTING:  How many hours a week does a solicitor work? What subjects do I need to study law? The requirements to those who want to study law In case we are speaking about JAMB subject combination for law and WAEC, it’s a list of nine subjects: Mathematics, English language, literature, Economics, Government CRS/IRS, Biology, one Nigerian language and or Agricultural sciences. Is a lawyer a STEM career? Presence of a lawyer
Are music festivals sustainable? Festival season is looming, and the party people of Australia are warming up to a summer of outdoor dance events and musical gatherings under the stars. We just want to know if festival fun comes at a price. Fun requires energy. Think about it. How much energy is needed to generate a good music festival? There's the transport vehicles, the stage set ups, the light set ups, the water tanks, the food and drink tents, the lighting towers… The list is endless, and often sustainability is not the priority for music festivals - even the seemingly sustainable ones. A recent study has shown that Burning Man - a festival that has for years prided itself on 'leaving no trace' - actually leaves quite a big trace. A trace of CO2. The findings show that in 2006, Burning Man generated 27,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions. This included the transport of guests to and from the event, on-site power generation, art cars and installations. We're no expert, but it's 2015 and with more technologies and more people attending festivals, the CO2 emissions at festivals must certainly be peaking. To break it down We can place the environmental impacts of music festivals into four categories: CO2 emissions - These are from transport to and from the festival (keeping in mind that some people travel internationally for some music events and must fly) and power usage at the festival. Waste generation -This includes food scraps, rubbish, sewerage and grey water. Consumption of non-renewable sources - Fuel is the big one. Possible damage to the festival site - Damage to the natural state of the land from the festival-goers, as well as damage from traffic. A number of music festivals in Australia have acknowledged that these factors are hurdles in the climb to sustainable partying. We can reduce our carbon footprint by checking just how sustainable music festivals really are. A bit of research, and a bit of preparation can go a long way. Choosing sustainable festivals Go onto festival websites and see what sustainability strategies they have implemented (if they have any at all). Email them and ask them questions about what kinds of methods they use – A lot of festivals even take volunteers to help the clean up and this sometimes means a free ticket! While you're at the festival you can also evaluate its sustainability. Take a look at the facilities. The toilets. Is there a compost system in place? A lot of festivals have started to put buckets of mulch with a spade in toilet stalls. The idea is when you've done your business; you cover it with mulch to be used as post-festival-compost. Take a look around the site. How many bins are around? There should be an ample amount, all with recycling labels on them. How many food and beverage tents are on site? Festivals that ask you to bring all of your own food and water are also good to look out for, though there are few festivals like this. The less food tents there are the less large amount of waste there will be. If there are food tents take a look at the food packaging available – is it biodegradable, or plastic? Ask them. In recent years there has been an increased interest in event sustainability. In 2012 the International Standard for Sustainable Management was created, which provides a systematic basis on how to produce more sustainable events. New technology has also been developed so that festival organisers can keep track of databases to maintain festival sustainability. There are now apps and tools such as Carbon calculator, which helps to calculate the carbon emissions certain resources will create, and help to eliminate anything excessive. How to reduce your festival footprint So you've found yourself a festival that is sustainable (or maybe it's not sustainable but you want to go to it anyway). Now it's time to make sure that you are sustainable while you're there. 1. Pack all of your own food Take a day (or two) off before the festival to cook and prepare food. Get a group together, find a kitchen, and whip up all of your favourite meals – ones that will keep for a few days. Give these a whirl. Whatever food you bring should have little or no packaging. Pack the food away in Tupperware (nothing disposable plastic), and pack it into your cooler. If you're a sucker for fresh food, try these tips. Also, make sure you and your camper friends bring your own cutlery, bowls and plates - (no disposable cups or forks), and take it in turns to wash as you go. 2. Car Pool Driving a car to a festival is a big carbon emitter. There are few ways around it, unless you happen to live around the corner from the festival and can walk or cycle. Since you're probably not that lucky too often, the best alternative is to pack as little as possible and car pool. Squishing five people in one car instead of three in one car and two in another might not be the comfiest ride… but the planet will thank you. 3. Resist buying Festival paraphernalia This one can be surprisingly difficult especially if you want to buy festival food. Sometimes even if you've pre-cooked a delicious meal, the smell coming out of the Mexican food tent is too good to resist. If hot food is what you're really craving, then you can always cook simple hot dishes at the festival over a small fire, e.g. roasting potatoes and veggies wrapped in foil. If there's festival merchandise on sale resist buying that too if it's wrapped in plastic packaging. Or if you do end up buying a trinket, always politely refuse to take it away in a plastic bag. 4. Clean up after yourselves Even if you're being careful about your waste, at a festival it's inevitable that you'll make a bit of a mess. Once you've packed up your campsite, go back over your area and check that there is no rubbish left – especially plastic. Heck, why not go around and look at the other sites too? If people see you picking up rubbish, other campers might feel inspired to do the same. The festival season is coming. The fun does come at a price. But as long as we're conscious of the sustainable methods in place at the festivals we attend, and properly manage our own waste, there's no reason we can't all still have a good time. READ THIS NEXT: A greener music festival Join us and be counted. Recent Blog Articles
 Training for Bank Directors Regulatory Structure Because you are a director of a regulated institution, it is important that you know something about the regulatory system under which it operates. Such information helps identify the agency responsible for supervising your bank. Your bank's supervisor is another resource to draw upon for answers to regulatory questions and policy stances on supervisory issues. Many of the banking agencies designate a relationship manager (RM), central point of contact (CPC) or an examiner-in-charge (EIC) for your bank. This individual knows about your bank, its management and supervisory status, and serves as a specific contact point with your bank's primary bank regulator. That contact person can be a good starting point for finding answers to questions and discussing issues or concerns regarding your bank. Lesson Objectives This section provides you with a summary of bank supervision in the United States. When you finish this section of the course, you should be able to: 1. recall why banks are regulated, 2. match U.S. bank supervisory agencies with the respective banks each supervises and 3. identify the supervising agencies for your bank.
The incredible energy used to collect bitcoin makes cryptocurrency unattractive to institutional investors, while raising serious concerns about its impact on the environment, warns Kleinwort Hambr’s head of investment Fahad Kamal at Soc General. This is because bitcoin uses more energy per year than what is consumed by the whole of Argentina and Ukraine, according to estimates by the University of Cambridge. Bitcoin is collected or mined when computers are connected to the cryptocurrency network to verify and validate bitcoin transactions. As a reward for this problem-solving process, miners can receive small amounts of bitcoin. Some miners have even set up entire computer warehouses in an effort to collect even more bitcoin, but using huge amounts of electricity. As the price of bitcoin rose epically in February, exceeding the $50,000 mark, many investors are now raising serious questions about bitcoin’s energy consumption. Bill Gates recently stated that this cryptocurrency uses more electricity in every transaction than any other metal currently used in humanity. Fahad Kamal is stating that the mining process raises serious environmental and social issues, which are taken seriously by the financial world. Of course, there is the other side, which argues that the above concerns are excessive, since in the future the process of collecting or mining bitcoin will be done with renewable energy sources. A separate study by the University of Cambridge published last September stated that 39% of bitcoin mining today is done from renewable sources, mainly with hydroelectric power.
Class 2 Buildings (Fire-Protected) Flashcards Preview FDNY > Class 2 Buildings (Fire-Protected) > Flashcards Flashcards in Class 2 Buildings (Fire-Protected) Deck (33) Loading flashcards... For a fire in this type of building what signal is transmitted? What is the single best architectural design feature to identify these buildings? Where will they be located? The presence of horizontal bands or belt courses which will typically be located about the windows on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd floors and also below the windows of any of the top 3 full floors. This design feature will be present on a bldg wall that faces the street In most Class 2 buildings where are the 3 places members can traverse from one section of the building to another? Cellar, Lobby, Roof What is the most common fire stair encountered in these buildings? In what stair is the standpipe typically located in these buildings? What other stairs may also contain a standpipe in them? The open fire stair Service stair Shared fire stairs Prior to using a fire escape in one of these buildings who must you notify? What are some of the factors to consider when deciding whether or not to use these fire escapes? Company Officer -CONDITION of FE, HEIGHT of fire floor, presence of a KNOWN LIFE HAZARD, WEATHER conditions, ability to ACCESS the roof via an alternate route, FIRE conditions Which elevator usually provides access to stair areas and standpipe? Will the service elevator ALWAYS have fireman service installed? Service Elevator No, manual mode may need to be used in these elevators for fire fighting operations Since these apartments may have more than one entrance door the first Eng and first Lad company must communicate to ensure all members are aware of which entrance door operations are being conducted from. This information needs to be communicated to who? Fire Sector Supervisor (if there is one), members operating on fire floor and floor above Who determines the attack stair in these buildings? If a building contains open and also enclosed stairs which stairway should be used for evacuation of tenants if possible? Eng and Lad officers confer. Enclosed stairs What size hose will be used in these buildings? Can you stretch it from apparatus? 2.5 inch And difficultuies in removing the house hose line from the prd must be communicated to who? Engine and Ladder officers More than 3 lengths of hose may be required in these buildings, where should this be identified if space permits? Due to the size of some of these apts, ___ or more lengths of hose may be required Due to the size of some of these apts the 3rd engine may need to assist in getting the first line into operation, if this is the case who must the 3rd engine officer notify? IC and 4th due engine officer Some of these buildings contain elevators WITHOUT Fireman Service, if these elevators ARE NOT being used what should you do with them? Recall them to the lobby and chock open Some elevators open directly into apartments or serve isolated vestibules with no access to stairways. These elevators should be what if possible? In buildings where open interior stairs provide the only access to the roof who determines if roof access for ventilation will be attempted? What are some factors he should consider? First Due Ladder Officer -number of floors between fire floor and roof, fire conditions, door control, smoke condition in public hall and stairs above the fire (even if door is controlled), status of FIRST hose line, knowledge of occupants on stairs and halls above, reports of people trapped in fire apt necessitating entry for search If the officer determines roof access is feasible how many members should be assigned to vent the bulkhead and who are those members? 1st due roof and 2nd due roof or 1st due roof and a member of the 1st ladder company inside team If the officer determines roof access is feasible what must be done with the fire apt door? The fire apt door MUST be controlled until the members assigned to vent the bulkhead confirm their arrival on the roof and the bulkhead door is CLOSED or they notify the officer that they have attained an area of refuge In regards to OV, if outside operations cannot be conducted and elevator operations are not required where shall the 1st due OV go? Report to their officer for assignment which may include assisting in the search of the fire apt or locating secondary entrances to fire apt or secondary stairways What is the tool assignment for the 1st due roof ff in these buildings? Halligan, Maul/Ax, Hydra-Ram *NO LSR* What is the preferred access to roof in order of priority? (5) 1. Remote UNAFFECTED stair with roof access 2. Adjoining building 3. Aerial Ladder (usually not a viable option) 4. Fire Escape 5. Open Stairs What company is responsible for ensuring the elevators are recalled and searched? 2nd due truck What company is responsible for ensuring all evacuation stair doors (if any) are closed on the fire floor 2nd due truck If ordered deployed by the IC who is responsible for coordinating its deployment? 2nd due truck In addition to their regular compliment of tools what two additional tools does the 2nd DUE INSIDE TEAM bring? KO Curtain and Search Rope For a top floor fire who ENSURES that the KO curtain is brought to the roof (it doesn't specify who is actually supposed to take it) 2nd due ladder officer If outside ops and elevator ops are not required the 2nd DUE OV shall report to his officer. What 3 things may he be assigned to do? 1. Assist in the search of the fire apt 2. Assist in the search of apartments on the floor above the fire 3. Assist with KO curtain deployment or LSR rescue if necessary What is the tool assignment for the 2nd due roof ff? Halligan, Halligan Hook, LSR, Life Belt Prior to proceeding to the roof where does the 2nd due roof ff bring the LSR? When the FIRE FLOOR is within how many floors of the roof does the 2nd due roof ff take the LSR to the roof? To the floor above the fire 2 floors True or false: Due to the size of some apartments in these buildings the 2nd due truck is required on the fire floor to assist the first due truck with searches?
News Release Highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 emerged from someone living with advanced HIV who could not clear SARS-CoV-2 until their HIV infection was suppressed with effective antiretroviral therapy Peer-Reviewed Publication European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases A presentation at this year's European Congress on Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ECCMID), held online this year, will discuss the growing evidence that the beta SARS-CoV-2 variant first identified in South Africa is leading to more severe disease in people living with HIV, and that failure to clear SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient with advanced HIV creates conditions that can lead to evolution of dangerous mutations in SARS-CoV-2. Control of HIV with antiretroviral therapy could be the key to preventing such evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with advanced HIV, since clearance of the virus is compromised if HIV is allowed to replicate for a long time and results in major damage to the immune system. "Evolved mutations lead to escape from neutralisation, which means antibodies made as a result of previous natural infection or vaccination would work less well to protect you from a new infection," explains session presenter Dr Alex Sigal, Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany. "SARS-CoV-2 may mutate extensively within one person if infection persists." In his talk, Dr Sigal will present a case study of a patient with advanced HIV who, despite having only mild COVID-19 illness, tested SARS-CoV-2 positive for 216 days. Genomic sequencing revealed shifts in the patient's SARS-CoV-2 viral population over time, involving multiple mutations at key sites including the spike protein domain which SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter human cells. The evolved virus was tested and shown to have variant-like properties in terms of its ability to escape antibodies. "Such findings underline the need to make sure everyone living with HIV has appropriate treatment. If not, it is possible that potentially more potent variants than the ones circulating now could emerge from people whose immune systems are severely damaged," he explains.
Richard Cantillon —the father of economics The Battle of Denain by Jean Alaux (1839)—the decisive battle in the War of the Spanish Succession, where the young Cantillon got his big break as assistant to British paymaster-general James Brydges from 1711. Kerryman Richard Cantillon was born in the 1680s to a Hiberno-Norman landowning family from Ballyheigue. The family fought alongside James II, to whom they were related, during the Williamite War and were consequently dispossessed of their lands. Nevertheless, Cantillon’s landed gentry origins were to leave a lasting impression on his work, and his experiences in rural Ireland were to shine through in his seminal work, Essai sur la nature du commerce en général, in which the landlord plays a crucial decision-making role in economic production and consumption. Origins of economic science Cantillon’s scientific approach, logical-deductive theorising and positivist (value-free) concern with establishing cause and effect in his Essai truly marked the origins of economic theory. Joseph Schumpeter described it as ‘the first systematic penetration of the field of economics’. William Stanley Jevons dubbed Cantillon’s work ‘the cradle of political economy’. Carl Menger had a copy in his library. The Essai also strongly influenced Nobel laureate Friedrich Hayek, as well as Malthus, Quesnay, Turgot and Say; Cantillon is one of few influences cited in Adam Smith’s The wealth of nations. His Essai made valuable contributions to the Theory of Uncertainty and the development of economic geography. He also contributed to the fields of monetary theory, the Theory of Value, behavioural economics, demography and methodological individualism. Cantillon was the first to formally articulate the concept of ‘opportunity cost’, the very foundation of economic theory. Ominously, given Ireland’s current difficulties, Cantillon also presented a theory of economic cycles that revolve around price inflation and the collapse of indigenous industry. In his theory, increased money supply helps trigger an economic boom. If the money is spent too quickly, however, problems emerge—prices increase and the positive impact of the money soon dissipates. Indigenous industry shrinks and the country succumbs to a balance-of-payments problem. Here he suggested that, rather than adopting a ‘When-I-have-it-I spend-it’ attitude, the money should instead be saved by the state for use in times of need. International man of mystery Although little is known about his early life, Cantillon moved to France in his early to mid-twenties. By 1711 he was in Spain in the employment of HM paymaster-general, James Brydges, helping to finance the British forces abroad during the War of the Spanish Succession. It was in Spain that Cantillon’s economic theorising began in earnest. His prophetic insights about the role of the entrepreneur were a reflection of this period, during which he learned the basics of banking and finance and developed his accounting and negotiating skills. Cantillon remained in Spain until 1714, cultivating business and political connections, before returning to France to work for his second cousin (also named Richard) in the Paris branch of the family bank, whose clientele comprised many expatriate Jacobites, including the Stuart court in exile. One of the connections cultivated was Matthew Decker, a prominent banker and director of the British East India Company. When, in 1716, Cantillon’s cousin was forced to declare bankruptcy amidst the widespread economic instability that characterised the aftermath of the War of the Spanish Succession, Decker helped the younger Cantillon to buy out the bank. (There is reasonable suspicion that the younger Cantillon was already its de facto owner and was merely using his cousin as a ‘straw man’ for the bank’s creditors.) Friends in high places Thanks in large part to the financial backing of Brydges and Decker, Cantillon quickly became an established banker. A man of great intellect, he was exceptionally well travelled for his day, spoke several languages and knew many of the greatest figures of his age, including Montesquieu, the 1st Viscount Bolingbroke and Voltaire. With such prestigious contacts Cantillon was able to specialise in money transfers between Paris and London to great personal success, and while the ethics of his financial dealings were often questioned, his influential connections ensured that the business proved very profitable. The key episode in Cantillon’s life came through his involvement with the Scottish mercantilist, professional gambler and convicted murderer John Law, whose programme of economic and financial innovations inflated and then almost obliterated the economy of France during the ‘Mississippi madness’ of 1719–20. In the early 1700s the excesses of King Louis XIV left Bourbon France suffering a severe debt overhang problem. Based on the monetary theory of William Potter in his book The key of wealth (1650), Law believed that he could rid France of her national debt by developing a new financial system based on the promise of riches from her new American colony of La Louisiane. Potter’s theory suggested that increases in the money supply would encourage the employment of previously unused land and labour, therefore leading to higher productivity. In the politically uncertain environment that characterised France after the War of the Spanish Succession—defeated and on the brink of her third national bankruptcy in less than a century—Law, whom the French had previously suspected of being a British spy, persuaded France’s desperate Regency government to grant him permission to found a national Banque Générale, in effect France’s first central bank. Law convinced the regent, Philippe d’Orléans, that he could use fiat money printed by the bank to finance the development of France’s New World territories, suggesting that with the regency’s monopoly rights to the profits his Mississippi Company could easily pay off the three billion livres of French public debt. Portrait of Louis XIV of France by the French baroque painter Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701). The financial excesses of Louis XIV created the severe debt overhang problem for France that forced its regency government to take a gamble on John Law’s ‘Scheme’. Bubble trouble Exaggerated claims of wealth in Louisiana soon gave rise, however, to speculative mania. Share prices became grossly overvalued. Indeed, it was in these heady days that the word millionaire was first coined. The viability of Law’s scheme was contingent on asset prices remaining high. Unfortunately, his ‘system’ was shortly to come undone, when the failure of French Louisiana to live up to these over-hyped expectations meant that Law’s increase of the money supply was not matched by real economic growth. As with Anglo-Irish Bank in more recent times, this led Law to devise a share support mechanism that allowed speculators to buy shares in his Compagnie using low-interest loans from Law’s own bank. Just like the property sector in ‘Celtic Tiger’ Ireland—where financial ‘innovation’ helped to create enormous amounts of debt and derivatives based on exaggerated property prices—Law’s scheme saw share prices rocket. The unprecedented rate of inflation unnerved shareholders. Many started to cash in and get out. Apprehensive, Law attempted to ensure that his bubble had a ‘soft landing’. But bubbles never end with soft landings—they burst! The bursting of the Mississippi bubble was spectacular. The value of Compagnie shares collapsed by almost 90% and France was bankrupted. The government was forced to step in and bail out investment banks and failed corporations. A vehicle called le Visa—a ‘bad bank’ structure similar to Ireland’s current NAMA system—was established to pump liquidity back into the market, but the decimation from Law’s scheme took generations to repair. There is even an argument to suggest that resentment of the bailout helped to precipitate the French Revolution. Crucially for Cantillon, he saw through Law’s inflationist theories. Understanding their fatal flaw (the Quantity Theory of Money, i.e. the tendency to think of currency in nominal rather than real value terms), and not being one to pass up an opportunity, he was thus one of the very few to exit Law’s bubble with his fortune intact. Indeed, the irony of Law’s scheme, from a modern Irish perspective, is that the Irishman was one of the few to profit from the bubble. Get out while you can Seeing Law’s scheme as unsound, Cantillon had bought shares early and sold at a large profit. Then, with the collapse of the Mississippi bubble, he added to his initial profit by collecting on the Mississippi Company’s bond debt at high rates of interest. Unfortunately, those who had lost out when the bubble burst (including James Brydges) blamed Cantillon for their misfortune. Accused of being a glorified con man, Cantillon was rebuked for the now illegal practice of market manipulation—purchasing stocks when their prices were low before recommending them to his associates and then selling his shares as their values soared thanks to the increased demand. The result was that, from then until his death fourteen years later, Cantillon was involved in numerous lawsuits, including at least one with John Law. He was also the victim of several murder plots, was himself accused of attempted murder and was twice briefly imprisoned for fraud (albeit for only a few hours in total). He eventually fled France in frustration, travelling widely throughout Europe before finally settling in London in 1733. Serendipitously, his involvement in Law’s speculative bubble was to prove an invaluable influence on Cantillon’s later work, because it was in the wake of Law’s financial devastation that Cantillon would write his seminal Essai. Written more than four decades before Adam Smith’s The wealth of nations (1776), the Essai broke away from the traditional mercantilist assumptions of the day, thus making a transformative contribution to our understanding of economics. A critique of the policies and financial innovations of John Law, the Essai remains Cantillon’s only surviving publication on economics. There is good reason to suspect that Cantillon was not overly interested in its academic merit but instead developed his economic theories primarily to support his legal defence against charges of usury. John Law—Cantillon’s Essai is a critique of Law’s policies and financial innovations. A series of unfortunate events Tragically, despite being a significant influence on the early development of the Physiocrat and Classical schools of economic thought, Cantillon’s Essai was largely forgotten until the late nineteenth century, when it was rediscovered by the celebrated British economist William Stanley Jevons. A series of mishaps, beginning with a sloppy English translation, were to result in the Essai being poorly received outside France. Added to this, the first English publisher somehow inverted the names of the book’s author and its original French publisher in his initial publication. The date of publication was also confused, so that the work was for a time assumed to have copied the theories of the Scottish economist David Hume, when in fact Hume’s ideas were anticipated by Cantillon. In 1734, a year after arriving in London, Cantillon’s home on Albemarle Street was mysteriously burned to the ground. Many of his papers were destroyed and it is generally assumed that he died in the fire. While the fire’s cause is unclear, the most widely accepted theory is that Cantillon was murdered. It seems that his profiting from others’ misfortune finally caught up with the banker. A contemporary investigation concluded that Cantillon was stabbed to death, probably by his recently dismissed French cook, Joseph Denier. Though three of Denier’s former co-workers were charged with murder, each was acquitted. Denier himself fled to Holland and was never tried. Intriguingly, Antoin Murphy, the foremost expert on Cantillon’s life, suggests that he may have staged his own death to escape harassment from his debtors. Murphy surmises that the body discovered in Cantillon’s house was not that of the Irishman, but that he instead used the fire as ‘a cover to depart from European society’. A mysterious Chevalier de Louvigny, in possession of several of Cantillon’s personal documents, turned up in Dutch Surinam six months after the latter’s supposed demise. Whatever happened, Cantillon’s formative role in the development of economic science is unquestioned. Though not the first to ponder economic matters, he was the first to do so in a systematic manner. A gifted independent observer who enjoyed an unsurpassed vantage over one of the most significant events in economic and financial history, his Essai became the cornerstone on which all subsequent economic analysis has been built. He was truly, as Murray Rothbard dubbed him, the ‘founding father of economics’, a genuine Irish entrepreneur.  HI Séamus Nevin is Commissioning Editor at the International Policy Network think-tank. Further reading H. Higgs, Life and work of Richard Cantillon (London, 1931). W.S. Jevons, Richard Cantillon and the nationality of political economy (London, 1881). A.E. Murphy, Richard Cantillon: entrepreneur and economist (Oxford, 1986). J. Spengler, Richard Cantillon: first of the moderns, Vols I & II (Chicago, 1954).
Algorithms for Elephants and Rhinos Air Shepherd Gives Rangers a Silent Weapon Against Poachers Drone Launch (credit: UDS) It is twilight, between 6:30 PM and 8:30 PM; a team of poachers feigns a distressed vehicle on a roadside near an animal reserve somewhere in southern Africa. Having scouted the animal earlier in the day, or having been tipped off by a corrupt official or willing tribesman, they quickly move into action. They kill, cut off horns and tusks, and rapidly leave the area, all under the cover of darkness. Poachers operate under the cover of night--rangers haven't had an effective way to anticipate where attacks are likely to occur across the vast land areas that need protecting--until now. Air Shepherd, a new initiative of the Lindbergh Foundation is bringing together technology partners: Peace Parks Foundation (PPF), UAV and Drone Solutions (UDS) and the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS), for an innovative new approach to successfully stop poaching of elephants and rhinos in southern Africa. Aerial View of Elephants (credit: Air Shepherd) Exponential Loss Africa is loosing about 7% of its elephant population to poaching annually, according to research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, nearly 40,000 elephants were killed by poachers last year alone. Elephant births occur at a rate of only 5% annually--this means, more elephants are being killed than are being born. At this rate, based on current animal population rates from the African Elephant Database (AED), all elephants in the wild will be dead in approximately ten years. The situation is equally dire for rhinos, according to data published by the South African Department of Environmental Affairs (2015) an astounding 1,215 rhinos were killed by poachers in South Africa in 2014--that's 3 rhinos per day--one rhino every eight hours. The Western black rhino was declared extinct by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) in 2011 with poaching indicated as the primary cause. The IUCN has recently placed all five remaining rhinos species on the RED LIST of threatened species. Three out of five rhino species are classified as critically endangered due to poaching. As with elephants, we will soon reach a tipping point with rhinos as well--where deaths outpace births. (source: Save the Rhino) Exponential Demand The demand for ivory is a new phenomenon that has grown exponentially over the last ten years. Tusks can be worth $150,000 or more and an average rhino horn (1-3 kg each, depending on the species) can garner over a quarter million dollars. The price per kilogram on the black market has soared to as much as $65,000 per kilogram, or nearly $30,000 per pound, making it more valuable per ounce than gold, platinum or cocaine. Since 2000, the burgeoning middle class in China has been driving the demand for ivory carvings and trinkets to symbolize their newfound wealth. Likewise, Vietnam is leading the demand for rhino horn, where it is being ground into a powder as an additive for cocktails, touted as cure for cancer and hangovers, and to increase virility. In a survey carried out by TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, they identified that these consumers are motivated primarily by image and status among their peers. Elephant tusks/rhino horns flow from East Africa to Asia (source: UNODC) The illegal wildlife trade is emerging as one of the world's most lucrative criminal activities. Well-organized syndicates operating as transnational criminal networks linked to poaching often participate in other illegal activities, including trafficking of narcotics and weapons--some with ties to terrorist networks. The methods currently being employed to stop elephant and rhino poaching are simply not enough to combat the problem. Drones and Data make the Difference Tom Snitch, Ph.D., at the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computing has developed breakthrough technology, APE (Anti-Poaching Engine), that uses sophisticated predictive analytic software (originally developed for the military to predict insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan) along with high-resolution satellite imagery, intricate mathematics and complex algorithms to determine exactly where animals and poachers are likely to be on a given night. Snitch makes the analogy that rhinos are to US troops as poachers are to terroristic bombers saying, "we used UAVs in Baghdad to find IED bombers and now we are using UAVs to find poachers in South Africa". Mobile Aerial Command with UAVs (credit: UDS) The UAVs operated by UDS, are equipped with infrared cameras and GPS to identify animals and poachers with thermal imaging--they can literally see any heat image moving across the plains at night in real time. The drones are battery powered--almost completely silent and nearly invisible, providing operators with the critical intelligence necessary to rapidly deploy rangers to the location of the poacher before he kills. "We don't necessarily look for poachers, but we really need to know where the animals are. With this knowledge, we can fly UAVs in the African night sky with infrared cameras to alert us to where the poachers are coming from to attack the prey." said Snitch. Mathematics and Migration Models According to Snitch, he mathematically recreates what the environment was like on nights that experienced poaching in order to identify patterns of behavior. A massive amount of data is collected such as, weather conditions, wind speeds, moon phases, criminal events, ranger patrol patterns, and animal migration models; and superimposed on high-resolution satellite imagery of the area to create "maps". These maps help to determine UAV flight paths, "the algorithms tell us precisely where the UAVs should look for rhinos and poachers and the model strategically places the rangers very near the animals" says, Snitch. APE has been predicting where poaching is likely to happen with more than 90% accuracy. UMIACS Anti-Poaching Engine (source: UMIACS) UAVs transmit infrared images in real-time to operators in mobile command units-- rangers that have been pre-positioned are vectored to precise locations when poachers are identified. "In short, our team has created the world's most sophisticated model of poaching behavior," said Tom Snitch, "we have completed analytical studies of how animals, poachers, rangers and UAVs simultaneously move through space and time. In tests conducted in association with Peace Parks Foundation over the last 24 months, in over 650 missions flown, and over 1000 flight-hours, no animals were killed while drones were in flight according to Air Shepherd officials. "We have the distinct potential of being able to turn the tables on this threatening trend in a very short time," said John Petersen, chairman Lindbergh Foundation, "once we have these teams in the field, our experience says that the killing starts to rapidly grind to a stop." SANParks (South African National Parks) announced Thursday that these UAV solutions are an integral part of the current strategy to combat rhino poaching in the Kruger National Park. The Lindbergh Foundation aims to raise $500,000 through Indiegogo to fully implement the Air Shepherd program for one year at Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife (Ezemvelo) with future plans to expand into seven additional African countries that have indicated an interest in implementing the program. With 40% of the goal already raised, the campaign runs until April 11th so there is still time to support this incredible initiative. View the campaign video here: About the Lindbergh Foundation In 1977, the 50th Anniversary year of Charles Lindbergh's epic New York-to-Paris flight, friends of the Lindbergh's at The Explorers Club in New York City conceived the idea and General James H. Doolittle and Astronaut Neil Armstrong led a national campaign that resulted in the establishment of the Charles A. and Anne Morrow Lindbergh Foundation. For decades, the Lindbergh Foundation has been a leader in encouraging the use of technology to protect the environment. The foundation focuses on technological breakthroughs to address aviation-environmental issues. A 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, the Charles A. and Anne Morrow Lindbergh Foundation is supported by contributions from individuals, companies, foundations, and other organizations. Contributions to the Lindbergh Foundation are tax-deductible.
Archeologists unearth ancient findings in Turkey's east Archeologists unearth ancient findings in Turkey's east VAN-Anadolu Agency Archeologists unearth ancient findings in Turkeys east Archeologists on Sept. 6 unearthed 5,000-year-old rooms and terracotta pots in eastern Van province of Turkey. A team of 50 archeologists and scientists from ten different universities currently study the historical background of the province and work on a tumulus where they had previously found artifacts dating to Urartian civilization. Erkan Konyar, an academician leading the research team, said the archeological excavation site was of huge importance for the history of Turkey and the civilization of humankind. "We have found terracotta pots, houses and building remains of the era," he said, and added: "That was quite a surprise for us because nobody has reached such data in the past 60 years." The findings indicated that Van province had an ancient history dating to 3,500 B.C., known as early Bronze Age, he said. "The people of the early Bronze Age lived in adobe houses with a size of three square meters," he said, adding that they had livestock and primitive agriculture to survive. The remains found during the excavations would shed light on the province's history with their hard work, Konyar said.
Can contacts cause glare? What is glare? Does wearing contact lenses cause glare? Glare happens when too much light enters your eye and interferes with your eye’s ability to manage it. Scientifically, glare is “the loss of visual performance or discomfort produced by an intensity of light in the visual field greater than the intensity of light to which the eyes are adapted”. Those who suffer from it can find it distracting and even dangerous in certain situations. There are four types of glare: distracting, discomforting, disabling, and blinding. Distracting glare usually happens when you are driving at night, and you experience seeing ‘halos’ around streetlights. Discomforting glare occurs when the sunlight is too bright, and it makes you squint your eyes. Disabling glare usually happens to the elderly concerning cataract formation, while blinding glare results from light reflecting from smooth, shiny surfaces such as water, sand, or more commonly- snow, causing temporary blindness as it blocks vision. What causes glare? Glare usually happens in the daytime and is a normal response to bright lights but can signify deeper problems such as cataracts, macular degeneration, or other eye diseases. Occasionally, your surroundings may cause glare. For example, if you are driving while you face the sunset or if you look at a snow-covered field on a bright sunny day, you may see spots of glare. Other instances include laser pointers shined in your eye and camera flashes that leave temporary images in your vision, called flash blindness. However, these glares fade away on their own. You should always consult a medical professional to identify or rule out any eye diseases. Sources of glare. Image from Supervisor.Store Can glare be treated or avoided? For mild cases, you can take simple steps depending on the cause of why you are experiencing glares. The solution could be as simple as wearing polarized sunglasses, or installing a vehicle visor to protect your eyes. If you are consulting an eye doctor, you could consider lenses that help reduce glare and correct eye problems. For older folks, you can consider getting rid of cataracts if your doctor advises doing so. Why am I experiencing glare in contact lenses? Some contact lens users have claimed to experience glares or halos around lights at night and even instances of seeing ghost images. If you are experiencing glare when driving at night, this could be due to your dilated pupil. Your pupil becomes larger (dilated) to allow more light in causing the pupil to be more dilated than the optical area of your soft lenses or your rigid lenses themselves (known as spherical aberration), which leads to glare around lights.  You may not experience this while wearing glasses as they may come with an anti-reflective coating that blocks some of the glare. However, seeing a rainbow around lights may indicate a more severe issue, such as the swelling of the cornea (corneal edema), which suggests that the lenses have been in too long and should be removed. Wearing contact lenses properly while practicing disciplined prescribed contact lens care does not cause glare. However, if you are still experiencing glare while wearing contact lenses, or you find yourself experiencing glare only after wearing contact lenses, please consult an eye care professional.  In addition, you may need to check for signs of astigmatism or look into your practice with contact lens care and wearing habits to make sure you are cleaning your lenses correctly and not overwearing your contact lenses.