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IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook 2019 Panorama: The Mediterranean Year Country Profiles Geographical Overview Strategic Sectors Algeria Assessment: The Roots of 22 February Louisa Dris Aït Hamadouche Faculty of Political Science and International Relations University of Algiers 3 Since 1999, Algeria’s main characteristic has been its political stability. Some have analysed this as an advantageous quality that is all the more noteworthy because many of the countries in the region have faced internal tension and wars during the same period. A stability that also seemed like the country’s revenge on its recent past, marked during the 1990s by a high-intensity internal conflict as well as (nearly complete) international isolation. For others, however, this period is less one of stability than of total inertia. An immobility that President Bouteflika’s illness illustrated through the most telling and troubling of images, that of 1 November 2018. The official announcement of the President’s wish to run for a fifth term was the last straw. On 22 February 2019, the population woke up. It rejected “el istimraria” (the continuity) advocated by Abdelaziz Bouteflika’s supporters and began an uprising unprecedented in the history of Algeria. What are the main causes? And what directions can this wave of dissent take? The Political Causes of the Uprising The popular demonstrations that saw millions of Algerians marching every Friday beginning on 22 February overturned 20 years of rule by President Abdelaziz Bouteflika in six weeks. Nonetheless, a month earlier, there was no indication of such a revolt, with the calls for President Bouteflika to run for a fifth term becoming increasingly insistent. The coalition parties and the representatives of power within civil society made the call, in all likelihood believing that rejection of the fifth term would be limited to a few opponents and activists as was the case in 2014. Ostentatiously, the National Liberation Front (FLN) organised a meeting at the Algiers Coupole arena on 17 January, where they announced that Bouteflika would be the FLN’s candidate. Defying all logic, party officials offered a photograph… of the President’s portrait. An image that has become a cult symbol, after providing inspiration for criticism and ridicule on social media and gaining significant coverage in both Algerian and foreign media. President Bouteflika’s resignation on 2 April marked the end of a political order, without, however, leading to a democratic transition. And there is cause for alarm. The last four presidential terms imposed a mutation of the Algerian political regime towards a sort of “sanctuarization” or shielding of presidential power,[1] an obsession of the president’s since his arrival in office in 1999. As of his first term, his aim was to break with the collegiality that had been the Algerian regime’s modus operandi since 1962, if not before. This “sanctuarization” began in 2004 with the ousting of Mohammed Lamari, Chief of the Defence Staff, replaced by General Gaid Salah, and was strengthened in 2015 when Head of the Information and Security Bureau, Lieutenant General Mohamed Mediene, known as Toufik, was likewise ousted after 25 years of rule in this department. In parallel to these two spectacular events, this shielding was progressively reinforced through changes in the different security and army corps,[2] offering President Bouteflika ample margin to consolidate his power. The latter was granted legal force through the adoption of the 2016 Constitution, which officially endows Algeria with an “ultra-presidentialist” regime. Institutional Disintegration and its Consequences These changes occurred in a special context for at least two reasons. The first was President Bouteflika’s health. His illness marginalised him from the national and international political scene for six years, which should have weakened him politically and diminished his power of decision. Paradoxically, this was not the case. The second particular factor is the rise of private economic actors, employers united through the Forum des chefs d’entreprises (FCE), or Forum of Business Owners. Founded in 2004, their influence has grown continuously, to the point of gaining the capacity to sway economic and political decisions, and contributing to making Prime Minister Abdelmadjid Tebboune step down from his post three months after his appointment. In addition to reshuffling in the circles of power, the salient feature of these past five years has been the systematic undermining of the institutions of the republic. Arbitration of conflicts is increasingly taking place outside institutional frameworks. By way of illustration, let us consider the case of the wrestling match between Prime Minister Tebboune and certain FCE members, and the Head of State’s revocation of the decisions taken by his Prime Minister. On the political level, the overthrow of the president of the People’s National Assembly (APN) by MPs of the ruling coalition and the image of the Assembly doors chained shut will long remain an eloquent symbol of this advanced process of institutional disintegration. The latter was further aggravated when President Bouteflika decided to postpone the 18 April presidential elections and dissolve the High Independent Commission for Election Oversight (HIISE). Considered a gross violation of the constitution, these two decisions provide information on the distinguishing feature of Bouteflika’s rule: an avowed propension for autocracy. The institutional weakening naturally also affected the security aspect. There is no denying that, from a “hard security” point of view, Algeria has maintained a stability that contrasts sharply with its neighbours to the South and East. No terrorist attacks have been perpetrated over these past years. The borders are tightly controlled and security cooperation with neighbouring countries has been pursued. Nonetheless, non-military threats have not disappeared. The affair with the seizure of 700 kilos of cocaine in May 2018 attests to this. The largest ever recorded in Algeria, this seizure has provided proof, if more were needed, of Algeria’s vulnerability to non-military threats. Moreover, and by admission of politicians themselves, financial crime and corruption networks linked to the interest groups within the structures of power (el issaba, i.e. “the gang”), are not only a threat to national security, but also to the survival of the political system itself. As evidence, the wave of arrests of generals, the deposal of the head of the General Directorate of National Security, after having indirectly challenged his opponents to conduct a real anti-corruption campaign, and the media war. The Economic Causes of the Uprising While waiting to ascertain whether there will be an economic before and after 22 February 2019, it is already possible to provide some answers regarding the 2014 economic before and after. That was the year the Algerian economy entered a stage of rising financial difficulties due to the collapse in the price of the oil barrel, which led to the halving of foreign exchange earnings. Despite the warnings and alerts given by numerous economic experts since at least 2008, date of the onset of the world financial crisis, the Algerian government clung to a reassuring discourse, ensuring that the crisis would have no direct consequences on the national economy, arguing that the Algerian financial fabric’s weak integration into global finance was ultimately a blessing in disguise. Effects of the Oil Counter-Shock This optimism lasted only six years, because since 2014, foreign exchange income has dropped by nearly half.[3] The discourse changed drastically with the introduction of notions such as import reduction and rationalisation of expenses, all the while refusing to evoke an austerity the Algerians associate with the economic crisis of the 1990s.[4] The authorities then began to prepare the population for accepting unpopular measures. The massively subsidised price of energy was raised; the import of certain products such as vehicles and foodstuffs was cut drastically. The government attempted to attract the mass of money circulating outside the bank system through a tax compliance measure offering impunity in exchange for a 7% tax on sums deposited in the bank. Shortly thereafter, it issued a bond with an interest rate ranging from 3 to 5% according to the established maturity period. The remaining option was to stop generalized subsidies and turn to a policy of targeted assistance to households. The major communication campaign to prepare public opinion for this significant socio-economic turn was stopped cold as the presidential elections approached. Suspected of arriving too late or being too limited to be effective, these measures have indeed failed to turn the balance of payments around, with the deficit continuing to rise. For, in parallel to these measures designed to cut expenditure, the government has maintained the redistributive system, with social benefit transfers amounting to 8% of the GDP in 2018.[5] As an indication, overall subsidies cost 14% of the GDP in 2015 and contributed to aggravating the budget deficit, which amounted to twice the Health and the Education budgets together. This choice was dictated by a highly political imperative, namely, the approaching presidential elections, planned for April 2019. The last measure was then be unconventional financing, in other words, issuing banknotes with no counterpart. According to then-Prime Minister, Ahmed Ouyahia, the recourse to the “banknote press” would serve to pay civil servants’ salaries.[6] Consequences on the Social Level The oil counter-shock has not only had consequences on the micro and macroeconomic levels. Social discontent has truly settled in. For, at the same time as the unpopular economic measures were being implemented, certain Algerian business leaders rose on the political-media scene whose ties to the authorities were as conspicuous as their alleged involvement in corruption scandals. The import sector became the lobby of importers responsible for the exorbitant weight of imports, which, while diminishing quantitatively, remained enormously important on the financial level. Overbilling was then officially acknowledged as being connected to extremely large-scale corruption, together with the underground economy and bureaucracy.[7] In this regard, the NGO Transparency International gave Algeria a score of 3.5 out of 10 in 2018 and ranked it 105th out of 180 countries. It thus rose seven points since 2017, when the country was ranked 112th, with a score of 3.3 out of 10. This notwithstanding, in the Maghreb region, Algeria remains far behind its two neighbours, Morocco and Tunisia, better ranked with a score of 4.3 out of 10 (73rd). Algeria is also ranked 10th among Arab countries and 18th in Africa.[8] Corruption, combined with an economic governance that has been controversial for its inability to effect any significant economic progress, has fuelled rising social unrest. The latter has grown despite gestures made by the government these past few years. Recall, with regard to identity, that the Amazigh language was granted national then official status in 2016. On another note, the status of women has seen various improvements, namely, a law criminalizing domestic violence, reform of the family code granting greater rights to divorced women/mothers, and a law fostering female political participation through positive discrimination (quotas). The revolt of millions of Algerians beginning on 22 February 2019 gives the impression of a people forming part of a historic moment. A point during which a growing realization has led to categorical rejection of a political project. Will such realization, by definition limited, lead to political awareness ushering in a structuring project? The political and social causes behind this uprising are likewise those that have allowed the system of governance to be resilient for so long. Hence, this logic will have to be progressively dismantled through negotiation to prevent the uprising from becoming a simple parenthesis without a future. By way of example, overcoming the rentier economic crisis is conditional to leaving behind the rentier model,[9] which in turn is conditioned by the legitimacy of both the revolution and security being associated with a temporary time frame and a generation. The success of a democratic transition will also depend on the capacity to avoid the pitfalls to which Algeria and nearby countries have fallen prey: the temptation to use violence, the radicalisation of demands, and ideological divisions. [1] Dris, Cherif: “Quatrième mandat de Bouteflika: le parachèvement de la sanctuarisation du Pouvoir présidentiel”, in L’Année du Maghreb, No. 11, December 2014, p. 215-228. [2] “Bouteflika assoit totalement sa domination sur l’armée”, in L’Orient-Le Jour, 14/09/2015, [3] Boudia, Mounya; Fakhara, Farouk; and Zebiri, Noura: “La crise économique actuelle en Algérie entre les fluctuations des prix de pétrole et l’exploitation des potentialités disponibles pour la réalisation du décollage économique – étude analytique”, Journal of Economic & Financial Research, Vol. 4, Issue 2, Dec. 2017. [4] At the start of the 90s, Algeria entered a situation of suspension of payments. It resorted to debt rescheduling. The social consequences were dramatic for the middle class, particularly with the closing of dozens of public enterprises and the laying off of thousands of employees. [5] Note that 12% of these social transfers are allocated to food subsidies. Energy is likewise an extremely expensive, budget-consuming sector in terms of subsidies. Thus, the majority of the 50.8-billion-dinar envelope of the budget earmarked for the operation of the energy department is allocated to subsidizing the cost of desalinating seawater (87%). [6] Lamlili, Nadia: “Algérie: sans la planche à billets, l’État ne pourra pas payer les salaires, prévient Ahmed Ouyahia”, Jeune Afrique, 26 Sept. 2017,, consulted 18/04/2019. [7] Latreche, Ali: “Corruption and its Impact on the Overall Economy of Algeria”, Majalat el hakika (in Arabic), Vol. 15, No. 37, p. 22-45 [8] Nait Ali, Melissa: “Indice 2019 de perception de la corruption: l’Algérie gagne sept places, mais elle reste à la traine”, Inter-lignes, 30/01/2019, [9] Talha, Larbi: “L’économie algérienne au milieu du gué: le régime rentier à l’épreuve de la transition institutionnelle”, in Ahmed Mahiou, Jean Robert Henry, Où va l’Algérie, Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans, p. 125-159,
From the second edition (1989): clover, n. (ˈkləʊvə(r)) Forms: 1 clafre, clæfre, clæfra, 3 clouere, 5 cleure, 5–7 claver, 6– clover. (Also 6 Sc. clauir, -yr, 8–9 claver.) [The form clover is very rare bef. 1600 (one example of clouere c 1265), and did not prevail much bef. 1700; the usual ME. and 16th c. form was claver. The earliest OE. glossaries have clabre, clafre; late WSax. had clæfre fem. Cf. MLG. klêver, klâver masc., LG. kláver, klêwer, klêber, EFris. klafer, kläfer, klefer, NFris. kliawar m., Du. klaver f., Da. klever, klöver, Norw. klöver, klyver, Sw. klöfwer masc. The vowel relations of some of these are not clear; but it appears certain that the earliest Eng. form was cláƀre, cláfre wk. f.:—OTeut. type klaiƀrôn-, app. a compound having its first element identical with OHG. chlêo, -wes (MHG. klê -wes, modG. klee) masc. ‘clover’, and its latter part a worn-down form of some unidentified word. The prevalent ME. claver app. represents a form clæfre with shortened vowel (cf. never:—nǽfre), while the current clover represents the OE. cláfre, retained in some dialect, whence it at length spread out and became the standard form.] 1. a. The common name of the species of Trefoil (Trifolium, family Leguminosæ), esp. T. repens and T. pratense, both largely cultivated for fodder. α c1000 Ælfric Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 134/42 Calta, uel trifillon, clæfre. c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 172 Þysse wyrte‥þe man crision & oðrum naman clæfre nemneð. a1100 Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 323/29 Uiola, clæfre. Ibid. 408/36 Fetta, clæfra. ?a1400 Morte Arth. 3241 The close‥With clauer and clereworte clede euene ouer. c1450 Alphita (Anecd. Oxon.) 186/2 Trifolium quando simpliciter ponitur, anglice dicitur cleure. 1513 Douglas Æneis xii. Prol. 116 The clavyr, catcluke and the cammamyld. 1562 Turner Herbal ii. 26b, A clauer or threeleued grasse. 1636 G. Sandys Paraphr. Ps. lxv. (1648) 108 The Desert with sweet Claver fils. 1649 W. Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. xxvi. (1652) 178 There are so many sorts of Claver, as would fill a volume, I shall onely speak of the great Claver, or Trefoyl we fetch from Flaunders. 1672 Grew Philos. Hist. Plants §11 All kinds of Trefoyls, as Melilot, Fœnugreek, and the common Clavers themselves. 1699 Evelyn Acetaria 19 Clavers‥are us'd in Lenten Pottages. 1794 Burns Country Lassie i, While claver blooms white o'er the lea. [Claver is the form in B. Googe, Lyte, Gerarde, Cotgrave, Surflet & Markham, Bacon, Coles, Parkinson, Salmon.] β 1599 Shakes. Hen. V, v. ii. 49 The euen Meade, that erst brought sweetly forth The freckled Cowslip, Burnet, and greene Clouer. 1612 Drayton Poly-olb. xxv. 110 Like the penny-grass, or the pure clover. 1697 Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 232 Where Nature shall provide Green Grass and fat'ning Clover for their Fare. a1763 Shenstone Poems Wks. 1764 I. 235 In russet robes of clover deep. 1846 Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. II. 31 The effect of coal ashes is most remarkable when applied to clovers growing on sands. b. With qualifying words, indicating the different species: esp. clustered clover, Trifolium glomeratum; red or meadow clover (also broad clover, clover-grass), Trifolium pratense, and white or Dutch clover, T. repens. Also alsike c., T. hybridum; cow clover, T. medium and T. pratense; crimson clover or carnation c., T. incarnatum; hare's-foot c., Trifolium arvense; hop c., T. procumbens; strawberry c., T. fragiferum; trefoil clover or zig-zag c., T. medium; yellow c., T. procumbens and T. minus. a800 Erfurt Gloss. 250 Calta, rede clabre; 254 Calesta, huitti clabre. a800 Corpus Gloss. 375 Calta, reade clafre; 377 Calcesta, huite clafre. c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 312 read clæfre. Ibid. 326 Hwite clæfran wisan. c1265 Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 556/33 Trifolium, trifoil, wite clouere. 1794 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxv. 367 Purple Trefoil, Honeysuckle Trefoil, or Red Clover. Ibid. White Trefoil, commonly called Dutch Clover. 1858 G. Bentham Handbk. Brit. Flora 168 Clustered Clover. Trifolium glomeratum. 1884 E. P. Roe in Harper's Mag. July 247/1 They began with red-top clover. 1921 H. Guthrie-Smith Tutira xix. 171 Lastly appeared Clustered clover (Trifolium glomeratum). 1960 Ary & Gregory Oxf. Bk. Wild Flowers 114/2 Clustered Clover.‥ An uncommon annual‥with tiny, unstalked purple-pink flower-heads. c. humorously as a term of endearment. 1500–20 Dunbar In secreit place 29 Quod he, ‘My claver, and my curldodie’. 2. Applied in different localities, with qualifying word prefixed, to many plants of the same order, or with similar characters; as bird's-foot c., cat's c., Lotus corniculatus; Calvary clover, Medicago Echinus; heart c., spotted c., Medicago maculata; yellow c., Medicago lupulina; horned c., snail c., species of Medicago; Bokhara c., Melilotus vulgaris; †garden c., Melilotus cærulea; hart's c., king's c., plaister c., Melilotus officinalis; marsh c., Menyanthes trifoliata; cuckoo's c., gowk's c., lady's c., sour c., Oxalis acetosella; thousand-leaved c., Achillea Millefolium; Soola clover or Maltese c., Hedysarum coronarium. Also in U.S.: bush c., Lespedeza; prairie c., Petalostemon; sweet c., Melilotus. 1548 Turner Names of Herbes s.v. Medica, It hath leaues like a clauer and horned cods‥Therefore it maye be called in englishe horned Clauer or snail Trifoly. Ibid. 49 Lotus vrbana‥it maye be named in english gardine Clauer or gardine Trifoly. 1578 Lyte Dodoens iv. xxxvii. 496 Turner calleth Lotus vrbana in English, Garden or Sallet Clauer: we may call it sweete Trefoyl, or three leaued grasse. 1616 Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 565 The good husbandman must be carefull to gather and reserue seed of this snaile clauer. 1626 Bacon Sylva (1677) §493 They make it a piece of the wonder, that Garden Claver will hide the Stalk, when the Sun sheweth bright. 1640 Parkinson Theat. Bot. 720 (Britten & H.) In some places they call it Hart's Claver, because if it grow where stagges and deere resort, they will greedily feede thereon‥In English wee call it generally King's Claver as the chiefest of all other three-leaved grasses. 1794 Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxv. 368 We have one variety [of Medicago] very common wild, called Heart-Clover from the form of the leaves, which are also generally spotted. 3. Phrase. to live (or be) in clover: ‘to live luxuriously; clover being extremely delicious and fattening to cattle’ (J.). 1710 Brit. Apollo II. No. 105. 3/1, I liv'd in Clover. a1746 Ogle (J.), Well, Laureat, was the night in clover spent? a1839 Praed Poems (1864) I. 136 You might have lived your day in clover. 1856 R. Vaughan Mystics (1860) II. viii. ix. 102 He has been sometimes in clover as a travelling tutor, sometimes he has slept and fared hard. 4. attrib. and Comb., as clover-bloom, clover-blossom, clover-blow, clover-farm, clover-field, clover-flower, clover-hay, clover-head, clover-hill, clover-leaf, clover-seed; Clover Club, the name of a club in Philadelphia, used to designate a cocktail made from gin, white of egg, lemon or lime juice, and grenadine; clover-dodder, Cuscuta Trifolii; clover-fern Austral., nardoo; clover-hay worm, the larva of a small moth, Asopia costalis, very destructive to clover-hay in North America; clover-huller, a machine for separating clover-seed from the hulls; clover-leaf, a system of intersecting roads from different levels, in form resembling the leaf of clover; freq. attrib.; clover-leaf sight (see quot.); clover-ley, -lay (see quots.); clover-sheller = clover-huller above; clover-sick a., (of land) that has been too continuously kept under clover and that will no longer grow or support it; hence clover-sickness; clover summer, fig. an exceptional time; clover-thrasher = clover-huller above; clover-weevil, a small weevil, Apion apricans, which feeds on the seeds of clover. Also clover-grass. 1845 Longfellow Gleam Sunshine vi, The clover-blossoms in the grass. 1867 Emerson May-day, etc. Wks. (Bohn) III. 411 Columbine and clover-blow. 1925 E. Wallace King by Night xlii. 186 Clover Club cocktails, John. 1931 A. Powell Afternoon Men xiv. 147 He‥went to the bar and ordered two clover-clubs and a sidecar. 1847 Emerson Poems, Wood-notes I. 422 It smells like a clover-farm. 1878 R. B. Smyth Abor. Victoria I. 209 They seem to have been unacquainted, generally, with the use, as a food, of the clover-fern, Nardoo. 1840 J. Morton Glouc. Farm Rep. 16 in Libr. Usef. Knowl., Husb. III, They are‥put to run in a fallow-field, if there is not a pasture or clover-field. 1870 ‘Fanny Fern’ Ginger-Snaps 257, I shall shortly find a clover field where I intend to bury my disgusted nose until October. 1612 Drayton Poly-olb. xv. 241 The Crow-flower, and thereby the Clouer-flower they stick. 1748 J. Eliot Field-Husb. 17 He that raiseth Clover Hay, need not be afraid of the expence of Seed. 1840 J. Morton Glouc. Farm Rep. 18 in Libr. Usef. Knowl., Husb. III, Good rye-grass and clover-hay is best for them. 1843 ‘R. Carlton’ New Purchase 26 The tea was a perfect imitation of clover hay. 1901 Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 1 Nov. 1/5 (Advt.), Clover Hay. Just received several cars of the Choicest Hay for cows. 1847 Emerson Poems, Monadnoc Wks. (Bohn) I. 435 With cloverheads the swamp adorn. 1830 Tennyson Sea-Fairies, Thick with white bells the clover-hill swells. 1933 Nat. Geogr. Mag. May 583/1 We thread our way first through the maze of underpasses, overpasses, ‘clover leaves’ and one-way roads that separates traffic at this busy junction point. 1937 Times 13 Apr. p. viii/1 For straight cross-roads where traffic is heavy and the amount of turning traffic considerable, the ‘clover-leaf’ type of bridge system used both in America and Germany would‥justify the expense. 1939 Archit. Rev. LXXXVI. 58 The clover-leaf junction of Grand Central Parkway and Horace Harding Boulevard. 1951 Amer. Speech XXVI. 207/2 In Nebraska‥a similar intersection‥in which vehicles turn to the right in a nearly complete circle, this to make safely a right angle turn, is termed the cloverleaf. 1957 Listener 26 Sept. 469/1 Their parkways and clover leaves, their elaborate systems of traffic circulation. a1884 Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl., Clover leaf sight, a rear gun-sight having side lobes, which slightly resemble two foils of the clover leaf. 1796 Hull Advertiser 16 July 1/4 The clover-ley wheats have‥the advantage of the fallowed. 1805 Forsyth Beauties Scotl. I. 258 To plough down clover ley in a pretty rough state as a most advantageous preparation for wheat. 1807 Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 144 Sown after potatoes and the clover-lays. 1888 Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk., Clover-lay, a field in which there has been a crop of clover, but which is now ready to be ploughed for some other crop. 1856 Farmer's Mag. Jan. 61 Clover-sheller, with attached dressing apparatus. 1851 H. Stephens Bk. Farm (ed. 2) I. 619/2 Such soils as are termed clover-sick. 1872 Rep. Vermont Board Agric. 408 The land was what they call ‘clover-sick’. 1894 Country Gentlemen's Catal. 15/2 The latest‥assertion is, that clover sickness is due to the ravages of‥the eelworm. 1907 Daily Chron. 15 Feb. 4/6 It was intended to make a grant of £300 to Berkhamsted for the investigation of clover sickness. 1933 Discovery Nov. 350/1 The organisms (both fungus and eelworms) which cause ‘clover sickness’. 1867 Mrs. Whitney L. Goldthwaite xi, It was a ‘*clover summer’ for the Josselyns.‥ They must make the most of it.
Li-San Wang Quoted in CBS Article “Can the machine invasion help save your brain?” CBS explores this question in an October 27 article about the development of technology as it relates to advances in Alzheimer’s disease. While the amount of genetic data available has increased in recent years, the speed at which it gets sifted through also needs to increase in order to effectively pinpoint detection and risk factors for the disease. The need for machine learning and artificial intelligence is huge, as they can more easily detect patterns across the human genome. Cloud storage systems have been particularly helpful in this regard, the article notes. Li-San Wang, Principal Investigator for NIAGADS at UPenn, says, “We’re talking about moving hundreds of terabytes of data that would require lots of really big hard drives to hold. Instead of having copies in a lot of different places, you can go to the cloud and run the analysis. That’s where the power comes in, how you integrate all this information.” The article stresses the importance of continued caution when it comes to machine learning and artificial intelligence, but it will be exciting to see where the field will go with the continued use of this technology. The original CBS article can be found here: Leave a Reply Sign up to receive journal club/seminar announcements
British Regiment The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert’s) was an infantry regiment of the British Army, which served under various titles from 1685 to 1959. Its lineage is continued today by The Rifles. ==Early history== The regiment was one of nine regiments of foot raised by James II when he expanded the size of the army in response to the Monmouth Rebellion. On 20 June 1685, Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon was issued with a warrant authorising him to raise a regiment, and accordingly the Earl of Huntingdon’s Regiment of Foot was formed, mainly recruiting in the county of Buckinghamshire. ===Jacobite wars=== The regiment remained in existence when William III came to the throne in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Fernando Hastings took over the colonelcy of the regiment, which accordingly became Hastings’s Regiment of Foot. Hastings’s Regiment first saw action at the Battle of Killiecrankie, where they failed to halt the advance of Jacobite rebels, although they were later defeated at the Battle of Dunkeld. The regiment accompanied William to Ireland in the following year, fighting in the decisive Williamite victories at the Boyne and Cork. ===Nine Years’ War=== The Jacobite struggles in Scotland and Ireland were part of a wider European conflict that became known as the Nine Years’ War. In 1692, Hastings’ Regiment sailed to Flanders and, in 1694, took part in the disastrous amphibious assault at Camaret on the French coast. In 1695, Colonel Fernando Hastings was found guilty of extortion, and dismissed. Sir John Jacob became the colonel, and it was as Jacob’s Regiment of Foot that they returned to England at the end of the war in 1697. ===War of the Spanish Succession=== After a period of garrison duty in Ireland, Jacob’s Regiment returned to Flanders in 1701. In the following year, the colonelcy again changed, with Sir John Jacob choosing to retire. He sold the colonelcy to his brother-in-law, Lieutenant-General James Barry, 4th Earl of Barrymore, for 1,400 guineas. With the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, the Earl of Barrymore’s Regiment of Foot saw action at the sieges or battles of Kaiserwerth, Venlo, Roermond, Huy, Limburg and Liège. In 1704, Barrymore’s Regiment moved to the Iberian Peninsula taking part in the defence of the recently-captured Gibraltar (1704–05) and the Siege of Barcelona (1705). In 1706, the bulk of the regiment was converted into a regiment of dragoons due to a shortage of cavalry. Barrymore returned to England with a small cadre; the regiment was re-raised and returned to Spain. The unit fought at the Battle of Almanza (1707), Battle of Caya (1709), Battle of Tortosa (1711) and the Battle of St Mateo (1711). In 1711, the regiment started a long period of garrison duty at Gibraltar. In 1715, they became Cotton’s Regiment of Foot when Stanhope Cotton succeeded Barrymore. ===Anglo-Spanish War=== When war broke out with Spain in 1727, Cotton’s were part of the force that resisted the Spanish Siege of Gibraltar. The regiment returned to England in the following year. It remained there until 1742, with the name changing with the colonelcy: Kerr’s Regiment of Foot (Lord Mark Kerr) in 1725, Middleton’s Regiment of Foot (Brigadier-General John Middleton) in 1732 and Pulteney’s Regiment of Foot (General Harry Pulteney) in 1739. ===War of the Austrian Succession=== ===The “Forty Five”=== ===Return to Europe=== Following the ending of the Jacobite rising, Pulteney’s Regiment returned to Flanders, where they fought at the Battle of Roucoux (October 1746) and the Battle of Lauffeld or Val (July 1747). In both cases, the allied forces were defeated by the French. The regiment returned to England in 1747, and the war was formally ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. ==13th Regiment of Foot== By the late seventeenth century, each regiment of the standing army had been alloted a “rank” in the order of precedence. These numbers came to be increasingly used until a royal warrant of 1751 decreed that regiments should in future be known by their numbers only. Accordingly, Pulteney’s Regiment became the 13th Regiment of Foot. ===American Revolutionary War=== ==13th (1st Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot== It was at this time that the regiment’s link to Somerset was first formed. On 21 August 1782, the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, Henry Seymour Conway, issued a regulation giving an English county designation to each regiment of foot other than those with a royal title or highland regiments. The intention was to improve recruitment during the unpopular war, and the Secretary at War, Thomas Townshend issued a circular letter to the lieutenants of each county in England in the following terms: My Lord, The very great deficiency of men in the regiments of infantry being so very detrimental to the public service, the king has thought proper to give the names of the different counties to the old corps, in hopes that, by the zeal and activity of the principal nobility and gentry in the several counties, some considerable assistance may be given towards recruiting these regiments”. The regiment duly became the 13th (1st Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot (the 40th Foot becoming the “2nd Somersetshire”). The attempt to link regimental areas to specific counties was found to be impractical, with regiments preferring to recruit from major centres of population. By June 1783, each regiment was again recruiting throughout the country, although the county names were to remain. ===French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars=== In 1801, the regiment sailed to Egypt to help repel the French invasion force. The 13th took part in the Siege of Alexandria. In 1802, the regiment was awarded the badge of a sphinx superscribed “Egypt” for display on the regimental colours in commemoration of the campaign. ===War with the United States=== ==13th (1st Somersetshire) Regiment (Light Infantry)== ===First Anglo-Burmese War=== ===First Anglo-Afghan War=== In 1837, Persian troops, allied to the Russians, occupied the Herat region of Afghanistan. The British, who feared Russian intervention in the area, decided to remove the emir of Afghanistan, Dost Muhammad, and to replace him with a pro-British monarch, Shuja Shah Durrani. Accordingly, an expeditionary force, known as the “Army of the Indus”, was formed. The 13th Light Infantry formed part of the invasion force, joining the other units in November 1838. The army passed into Afghanistan in March 1839, taking Kandahar in April without resistance. The 13th took part in the decisive victory at Ghazni in July 1839. The British initially achieved their objective of enthroning Shuja in August 1839. The 13th formed part of the occupation force that attempted to enforce the rule of the new monarch; but, in October 1841, a popular uprising against Shuja broke out. The 13th found itself engaged in operations against the rebels who had overthrown Shuja and taken the capital, Kabul. In November 1841, the regiment was forced to retreat to the fortified town of Jalalabad. ==13th (1st Somersetshire) (Prince Albert’s Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot== The conduct of the 13th at Jalalabad was officially rewarded on 26 August 1842, when Prince Albert offered his patronage to the regiment and permitted his name to be used in its title, becoming the 13th (1st Somersetshire) (Prince Albert’s Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot. At the same time, the regimental facings were changed from yellow to (royal) blue, and the badge of a mural crown with a scroll inscribed “Jellalabad” was granted for display on the colours and uniform of the regiment. The unit was also honoured with the firing of a twenty-one gun salute at each army station it passed on its return to India. ===Crimean War=== ===Return to India=== ===Formation of second battalion=== The British Army had been shown to be overstretched by the Crimean War, while the mutiny in India had led to the responsibility for providing a garrison in the subcontinent from the Honourable East India Company to the Crown forces. Accordingly, there was a need for an expansion and reorganisation of the existing regiments. Rather than raising new infantry regiments, the senior regiments of foot were each ordered to raise a second battalion, with the existing regiment being redesignated as the 1st Battalion. The 2nd Battalion of the 13th Light Infantry was raised at Winchester in January 1858. The two battalions, while sharing a depot, operated as separate units. ===Jellalabad Barracks=== Under the localisation scheme of 1873, introduced by Edward Cardwell, Secretary of State for War, the United Kingdom was divided into 68 sub-districts for the recruitment of the infantry of the line. Each sub-district was a defined geographical area and was allocated two regular infantry battalions, one of which was to be on foreign and one on home service at any one time. At the same time, the county militia battalions of the sub-district were linked to the regular infantry. In each sub-district, a new permanent depot was to be established. The 13th Light Infantry’s recruitment area was to be the county of Somerset, which was designated the “36th Sub-District”, with a depot to be built at Taunton. The red brick Jellallabad Barracks was built between 1879 and 1881. It was designed by the Army Divisional Surveyor Thomas Berry. The gatehouse tower, which is known as The Keep, is now a Grade II listed building. {-} ==Somerset Light Infantry== ===Childers reforms=== The reorganisation begun by Cardwell in 1873 was carried to its logical conclusion by his successor, Hugh Childers, in 1881. Under these reforms, infantry regiments ceased to bear numbers and were instead known by “territorial” or royal titles only. The 13th Foot accordingly became Prince Albert’s Light Infantry (Somersetshire Regiment) on 1 July 1881. As the county regiment of Somersetshire, it also gained the county’s militia and rifle volunteer battalions, which were integrated into the regiment as numbered battalions. Within months the regiment had been retitled to Prince Albert’s (Somersetshire Light Infantry). On formation, the regiment had the following battalions: ===Actions in India and Burma=== ===Second Boer War=== ===Haldane reforms=== ===First World War=== The regiment’s name was again changed to the Prince Albert’s (Somerset Light Infantry) in 1912. ===Inter-war period=== Following the armistice ending the First World War, the war-raised battalions were rapidly disbanded. The regular battalions returned to the pre-war system of alternating home and foreign stations. The 1st Battalion was stationed in Northern Ireland and England, before being stationed in Egypt (1926–1928), Hong Kong (1928–1930) and India from 1930. The 2nd Battalion, which had spent the entire war in India, fought in the brief Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, seeing active service in Afghanistan and on the North-West Frontier. Returning to India in 1920, the battalion moved to the Sudan in 1926 and England in 1927. The Territorial Force was reorganised to become the Territorial Army in 1920, and the 4th and 5th Battalions were reconstituted. At the same time, the 3rd (Special Reserve) Battalion was placed in “suspended animation”, and was never again embodied. On 1 January 1921, the regimental title was changed a final time, becoming The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert’s). ===Second World War=== ===Post war to amalgamation=== The 1st Battalion was the last British infantry battalion to leave India after its independence, departing on 28 February 1948. During the final ceremony, the battalion marched through Bombay (now Mumbai) and received a guard of honour from the newly formed Indian Army at the Gateway of India. The 2nd Battalion ended the war in Greece, subsequently forming part of the Allied occupation force of Austria. The two regular battalions returned to the United Kingdom where they were amalgamated into a single 1st Battalion on 28 June 1948 – this was part of a general reduction in the size of the infantry following Indian independence. The regiment amalgamated with the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry in 1959 to form the Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry. This, in turn, amalgamated with the three other regiments of the Light Infantry Brigade to form The Light Infantry in 1968. ==Battle honours== Displayed on the regimental colours First World War Battle honours in bold were selected for display on the King’s/Queen’s Colours. ==Victoria Cross recipients== ==Dress and insignia== From its establishment in 1685, the regiment had a red coat with yellow facings. This was originally the colour of the cloth lining of the coat, which appeared in the turned back cuffs, skirts and lapels. Later, as uniform styles changed, it became the colour of the collar and cuffs of the jacket or tunic. A royal warrant of 1751 first regulated the facing colours of the “Marching Regiments of Foot”. Those of the 13th Foot, or Lieutenant-General Pulteney’s Regiment, was given as “philemot” yellow, a description repeated in the next clothing regulation of 1768. “Philemot” was a corruption of the French feuille morte or “dead leaf”, a shade of yellow approximating to that of a faded (Autumn) leaf. When the 13th Foot was given the title “Prince Albert’s” in 1842, it became a “royal” regiment, and the facings were changed to dark blue. The braid and lace worn on officers’ coats was silver until 1830 and thereafter gold. It had a black line threaded through it. ===Sergeants’ sash=== A distinction unique to the regiment was that the warrant officers and sergeants wore their sashes over the left shoulder and tied on the right side, in the same manner as officers. This commemorated the regiment’s stand at Culloden, where the large number of officer casualties led to the sergeants taking command. This was authorised in 1865, although appears to have been worn earlier without authority. In 1898, officers of all regiments were ordered to wear the sash knotted on the left side, with the exception of the Somerset Light Infantry who were permitted to continue with the knot on the right. ===Light infantry distinctions=== The first distinctive badge awarded to the regiment was the sphinx for service in Egypt, authorised in 1802. From 1814, a stringed bugle-horn had been the approved badge of light infantry and rifle regiments. When the 13th Foot were converted to light infantry in 1822, the badge adopted for the shako head-dress was a “bugle-horn with strings with the numerals 13 in the centre and surmounted by the Sphinx”. When a new model of shako was adopted in 1844, a mural crown and scroll inscribed “Jellalabad” were added. Similar devices were used on the plate of the home service helmet adopted in 1878. In 1898, when khaki service dress was introduced, a metal badge was designed for the new slouch hat. This consisted of a bugle surmounted by a mural crown above which was a scroll inscribed “Jellalabad”. The cypher “PA” for Prince Albert was placed within the strings of the bugle horn. This remained the regiment’s cap badge on various forms of head-dress until amalgamation.
Northern Flickers: A More Grounded Woodpecker Author: Steve Ellis \| 07/12/21 Northern Flicker A Northern Flicker surveys the ground on Whidbey Island. Photo by Jann Ledbetter. Note: Steve Ellis is a Land Trust member and Whidbey Island naturalist who is a regular contributor to the Habitchat blog. In this post, he writes about the Northern Flicker. Journey into any local forest or woodlot and you’re likely to hear a sharp “Kee-yer.” That’s the call of the Northern Flicker, the second-largest woodpecker species left in North America and the most common on Whidbey and Camano Islands. Flickers are 12 to 14 inches long, with a wingspan of 20 inches. The back and upper wings are brown, while the underside of the wings is a pinkish red. A black “bib” on the chest with black spots below and a white rump round out the field marks. Males sport a red “mustache” mark on the face. Open woodlands are flickers’ preferred habitat. They adapt fairly easily to suburbia, provided nest trees, weedy places, and areas of short grass exist. Flickers spend a good deal of time on the ground, searching for ants, beetles, and other invertebrates. They eat more ants than any other North American bird species and spend far less time on tree trunks hunting for prey than other woodpeckers. These elegant birds are well-adapted to this “Un-woodpecker’ behavior. The long bill is slightly downcurved for probing anthills. Sticky saliva on the tongue makes escape impossible for entrapped ants. The birds’ brown coloration provides camouflage when foraging on the ground. The Un-woodpecker also captures moths and other large insects in the air, and they consume more berries and other small fruits than other woodpecker species. Breeding starts in late February. Once a pair is formed, the male chooses a tree or snag and begins to create a nest cavity. The entrance hole tends to be oval and about 4 inches in diameter; a cavity is hollowed out to a depth of 10 to 18 inches for a nest that will hold six to eight eggs. Upon hatching, the young are fed by both parents. They’ll leave the nest cavity in approximately 25 days. Flickers may choose to create a new nest hole the following year. Roosting cavities are also hammered out. This means many large holes are available afterwards to other creatures. Northern Saw-whet Owls, Tree Swallows, and other cavity nesters incapable of cutting a cavity for themselves readily use old flicker holes. Humboldt’s Flying Squirrel and the sprightly Douglas Squirrel also make use of these abandoned cavities. Some bat species do as well, especially the Silver-haired Bat. Whidbey naturalist Sarah Schmidt of Bats Northwest pointed to a study conducted in southern British Columbia. Not only do individual Silver-haired Bats hibernate in flicker-made holes, but small sets of females of the species use them for maternity colonies. Many species rely on the flickers’ ability to carve out holes in trees. How different our forests would be without the dynamic Un-woodpecker! Northern Flicker cavity hole A Northern Flicker hole makes great habitat for other wild creatures as well. Photo by Steve Ellis. Volunteer with us Sign up today! View our work party schedule
Altering And Improving UX With Visual Design Elements UX, or User Experience Design, is a strategy of designing websites with the goal of user satisfaction. The focus is on improving the usability and accessibility of the website and making sure that the website visitor enjoys the website, rather than just using it as a means to an end. While UX is officially a different method than visual design, the two methods are best used together, to create a website that internet users enjoy. Visual design is a very important aspect of UX. Through visual design, a website relies on images, color choices, shapes, typography, and form to improve the overall user experience with the website. Since users decide whether to trust a website based on their visual perceptions of the website, rather than content, design is incredibly important. Visual design uses elements like colors, images, and symbols to convey a message to website visitors and create a positive first impression. Elements of Visual Design Visual design consists of several elements, which work together to create a website that is pleasing to the eye. Lines are the most basic element, and they are used to connect two distinct points, define shapes, create divisions, and create texture. Shapes are created from lines and are self-contained areas with defined boundaries. The color palette chosen for the website is very important. There’s a psychological impact on website visitors from color choices, and those colors create positive or negative reactions. Colors can be used to differentiate items from each other, organize information on the web page, and add depth and emphasis to your website. Texture, since a website is not three-dimensional, is all about perception. Texture is used to create a perception of how a surface should feel, and by repeating certain elements, texture is created and patterns are formed in a person’s perception. Texture can be used to either deter attention from or attract attention to a particular section of a website. Typography refers to the usage of fonts to create particular perceptions. Fonts can be perceived differently, depending on their size, the alignment used, the color of the fonts, and spacing with words and lines. The last major element of visual design is form, which refers to the perception of 3-dimensional objects. These objects need to give a feeling of size, including volume and mass, and this is done by combining shapes and using carefully planned colors, tones, and textures. Considerations of Creating the Visual Design There are a number of aspects that must come together to create a good website that people enjoy. Gestalt is a rather vague term that refers to helping people perceive the website as an overall design, rather than its individual parts, and one of the important parts of Gestalt is unity. Unity means that the elements of the web page seem to belong together, either visually or conceptually. Similarity is also used to give the feeling of unity, by creating a sense of continuity throughout the design, which also helps the users learn quickly how to navigate the website. Space is another important part of visual design. Space is really only defined when something is placed within it, so white space only becomes effective when used with other parts of the design. This white space, as it’s known, can be used to improve the readability of your website, along with reducing clutter. The hierarchy of a page is another important aspect to consider. Hierarchy shows the difference in significance between particular items on the page. Items at the top of the page are perceived as most important, and you can use placement and different fonts and colors to create that perception of difference. Balance and contrast are two items which often use each other to create a particular perception. Balance creates the impression that there is equal distribution throughout the page, although this does not necessarily mean symmetry. Contrast is used to make certain items stand out by emphasizing differences in size, color, or direction. Scale and dominance are other ways to create contrasts between items on the page. Scale refers to the size of items, and uses the differences in size to demonstrate how items relate to each other. Scaling can also be used to establish dominance, which means that one element is established as a focal point, with the others being subordinate to it. Incorporating Visual Design into UX There are many ways to incorporate visual design into the User Experience Design and to incorporate visual design elements into the website. Use a grid system and take advantage of design patterns to give a feeling of balance in the website layout. Rather than concentrating on placing all the important information above the fold, learn to use the fold as part of your website, to encourage people to continue on below it. Using subtle lines to connect components of the website will create the important perception of unity throughout the pages. Animation may be incorporated into the website, if it’s appropriate, but should be used sparingly. The goal with your website should be a clean, simple design, and one of the ways to continue with that idea is to rely on flatness through your website, rather than glossiness. Glossy finishes create too much distraction and noise for visitors. Too much clutter on your website can overwhelm visitors and cause them to leave the site. Most importantly, be consistent throughout your website design. Visual design focuses on continuity throughout a website, which creates a sense that everything belongs. You can use all the elements of visual design to give your website visitors pages that they can intuitively navigate and feel welcomed. Final Words Visual design focuses on the aesthetics portion of UX (User Experience Design). Visual design ensures that the website looks good and communicates the right message to viewers. Really, visual design and UX should be intertwined to create the best possible website for users to enjoy. It’s nearly impossible to separate the importance of both. The two kinds of designs may be done by separate designers, but it’s important for both designers to work in collaboration with each other to create a great design.
Electronic Hobbies- Non Contact Voltage By The Use Of Transistor In this project, transistor are used as a main. The transistor CD 4060 considered as main in it. But it is believed by some people that it cannot be found easily. So today, the interesting cycle will be introduced because of its transistor quite cheap and also it has a in quite simple circuit. How does it work? In this method, we use amplifier using three transistor which are more popular to use in many circuit. They are very sensitive and also we use a wire which will act as a RF antenna in this. As we know that when the AC line will be flowing in any wire that time the electromagnetic field will be spreaded out. Hence, we try to fix antenna near to anywhere so that it will be able to get the signal. It will be used to expand the force then it will be able to gain the frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz. One important thing is that, it will also use a buzzer circuit to indicate the AC main frequency . There will also be a LED display flashing light. How can we build? This project can be assembled perforated board because it does not require setting because it does not have Potentiometer. You just need to prepare and get it done on the board then it will be new. The prototype which will be assembled on that board- Keep in mind , do not use antenna to touch AC line directly. Because it has the high voltage and the circuit can be damaged or it may be harmful for you as well. Conclusion about non contact voltage by the use of transistor-: This is the simple electronic hobby project in which more component are being used to make its function smooth. As we can see that, we need to be careful during the making of this project because it contains high voltage which can prove so harmful if you get in touch with it. That’s why we need to have caution whenever we will be working on this electronic project. Fatal error: Class 'Get_links' not found in /var/www/chf43a106f/www/electro-hobby.com/wp-content/themes/corpo/comments.php on line 1
Simple Advice On Good Gardening Simple Advice On Good Gardening Plants are often grown best in their native environments. This article helps to list many of the benefits of growing native plants, and the way that foreign plants react to certain environments. Based on many factors of growth, such as light and soil acidity, it may be wise to look into artificial environments, greenhouses or indoor growing of specific plants. Small pebbles and stones make excellent plant markers. To keep track of your plants while simultaneously adding a touch of natural beauty to your garden, collect some pebbles and stones. Find stones with a fairly smooth surface, and use a permanent marker or a little paint to place your plant names on them. This is a much prettier and more natural solution than the traditional plastic tags that clutter up most gardens. Are you one of the millions who loves some fresh mint leaves, yet you absolutely hate the way they tend to take over any garden they are planted within? Keep your mint growth under control by planting them in pots and/or garden containers. Then, you can plant the container into the ground. However, the container walls will keep the roots held, and prevent the plant from consuming too much of your garden space. Put a fence around your garden. It keeps out dogs, kids and a wide variety of other creatures that might try to invade your space. If there are gophers where you live, you can also try using raised beds in your garden with screened in bottoms. The extra effort is worth the frustration it will save you. If you own fish, save your water. Changing the water in a fish tank is a necessary chore when caring for these pets; however it can also prove to be useful for your garden. Dirty fish tank water is actually quite loaded with the nutrients plants crave. So when it comes time to change the water, instead of dumping that old water down the drain, use the water to fertilize your plants instead. To reiterate from this article, it’s generally best to grow native plants in their native lands. This applies to grass, trees, fruits and vegetables and even, some herbs. Plant life has adapted over millions of years to best suit its environment, whether it be through frost-resistant stems or competitive uptake of minerals. Understanding the basics of these evolutionary advancements can benefit, even the amateur gardener.
DCB/DBC Mobile beta New Biographies Minor Corrections Biography of the Day Responsible Government Sir John A. Macdonald From the Red River Settlement to Manitoba (1812–70) Sir Wilfrid Laurier Sir George-Étienne Cartier The Fenians Women in the DCB/DBC The Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences of 1864 Introductory Essays of the DCB/DBC The Acadians For Educators The War of 1812 Canada’s Wartime Prime Ministers The First World War SPARK, ALEXANDER, teacher, Church of Scotland clergyman, journalist, and author; b. probably 7 Jan. 1762 in the parish of Marykirk, Scotland, son of John Spark and Mary Low; m. 13 July 1805 Mary Ross at Quebec, Lower Canada; they had no children; d. there 7 March 1819. Alexander Spark received his primary education at the grammar school in Montrose, Scotland; he later entered King’s College (University of Aberdeen). After his graduation with an ma in 1776, he worked as a tutor until 1780 when he accepted an invitation to Quebec by a Mr Reid, director of an academy there, to act as his assistant. Although Spark enjoyed teaching, he turned down the offer of a partnership with Reid and accepted a proposal ultimately to replace the ageing Presbyterian minister at Quebec, George Henry. Spark moved to the country for a time to learn French, and then in 1783 he returned to Scotland to study for the ministry and receive ordination. He came back to Quebec, probably the following year, and became Henry’s assistant, but he earned his living as tutor to Henry Caldwell’s son, John. By 1789 Spark had taken over all ministerial duties from Henry, and when the latter died in 1795 his replacement formally succeeded him. A number of evangelical members of the Scotch Church, as Spark’s congregation was called, were dissatisfied with his theology, and in 1795 they left to form their own congregation. This action was a local manifestation of a dispute among Scottish Presbyterians “between moderates, whose views Spark espoused, and populars, or evangelicals. The moderates, of whom two of the most prominent, Alexander Gerard and George Campbell, had been Spark’s philosophy and theology professors at King’s College, constituted the church’s intellectual élite and were the dominant force into the latter half of the 18th century. Strongly influenced by the Enlightenment, moderates were broad-minded and humanistic, latitudinarian in doctrine, and erastian in their conception of the relations between church and state. They were more concerned with moral behaviour than with covenant theology. Spark summarized his “moderate” theology in 1799 when he wrote: “Religion corrects the irregular propensities of the heart, gives strength and stability to virtuous purposes, and cherishes those dispositions, and that temper of mind, which are most friendly to peace, order and good Government.” To the populars, offspring of the 18th-century evangelical revival, the moderates lacked fire in the soul. In 1799 the dissidents who had left Spark’s congregation petitioned the Missionary Society in London for a clergyman. It sent Clark Bentom, who arrived at Quebec on 1 June 1800. He questioned Spark’s trinitarian orthodoxy and noted that his communion was “open to any person who chooses to partake without the least previous notice or regard to their character.” Having heard Spark preach once, Bentom remarked that “he did not attempt to stimulate his audience to obedience by such frightful Sounds as Hell and Damnation for . . . I am sure there was scarcely anything in his sermon to give them the remotest idea of the Devil, Hell or Wrath.” He acknowledged, however, that Spark’s moral conduct seemed unimpeachable. One member of Spark’s congregation who appreciated the minister’s sermons for their erudition and literary quality was the printer Samuel Neilson. In 1792 he had named Spark editor of the Quebec Magazine/Le Magasin de Québec. Moreover, on Neilson’s death in January 1793, Spark, whom Neilson had appointed guardian of his young heir, John Neilson, took over as managing editor of the Quebec Gazette/La Gazette de Québec. Spark’s main concern being to ensure the Gazettes financial strength, he abandoned Samuel’s late efforts to render the newspaper independent of government and accepted official inspection in return for government advertising. This policy was consistent with Spark’s support of British rule in the colony at a time of considerable political turmoil [see David McLane; Robert Prescott]. John Neilson was a bit of a radical, however, and in late 1794 he was obliged to flee to the United States for political reasons. According to Spark, “the enemies of the house, taking advantage of so favourable a crisis to throw the business into disorder,” nearly succeeded, and only the greatest personal effort by Spark saved the newspaper for Neilson. Spark continued to manage the Quebec Gazette until August 1796. Meanwhile, despite the withdrawal of its evangelical members, the Scotch Church had been growing steadily in numbers and prosperity under Spark. The minister’s income from subscriptions and fees for the performance of baptisms, marriages, and burials increased correspondingly. It was supplemented by fees for his services as estate executor for several of his parishioners and for tutoring; as well, beginning about 1802, he received a salary of £50 from government. By October 1794 he was in a position to lend £300 to Henry Caldwell, and two years later he lent £250 to Neilson. In 1797 he paid £450 for a house on Rue des Pauvres (Côte du Palais), which he rented out and which he would sell along with two lots for £1,200 eight years later. He acquired vacant land in the city in 1801 and 1806. In the latter year he was granted more than 1,200 acres of land in Aston Township. He maintained the social rank expected of a minister of the Kirk, replacing Henry as grand chaplain of Quebec freemasons and attending governors’ levees. He was a member of the Quebec Benevolent Society, an exclusive mutual aid society formed by a portion of Quebec’s upper class. In 1804 he received a dd from Aberdeen. By 1800 the Scotch Church was an established institution in Quebec’s religious life and its minister a respected member of the minor élite; however, neither had much influence on government. In 1803, when Bentom was arrested on the instigation of Anglican bishop Jacob Mountain* for holding parish registers without legal authorization, the question arose as to whether Spark was authorized to hold them. He argued that, since the Kirk was the established church in Scotland, he had the same rights as the clergy of the Church of England. Attorney General Jonathan Sewell, who prosecuted Bentom, but whose wife, Harriet Smith, appears to have been a member of the Scotch Church, tried to protect Spark. The judges of the Court of King’s Bench asserted, however, that only the Anglican and Roman Catholic clergy could legally hold registers. Thereafter, Mountain himself guided through the legislature a bill validating all past marriages performed by Church of Scotland and dissenting ministers, but a bill to authorize the holding of registers by Church of Scotland clergy was lost. Nevertheless, Spark continued to perform marriages. “If he has herein acted right,” Bentom wrote to the Missionary Society, “it follows all dissenters have the same privilege.” In February 1805 a petition by the Scotch Church for equal rights with the Church of England was rejected; not until 1827 were all doubts finally removed about the right of its ministers to hold registers. The Scotch Church’s influence on government was, increasing, however. It counted among its members such prominent merchants as John Blackwood, Adam Lymburner, and John Mure. By 1805 it also boasted several politicians: Mure, Blackwood, and George Pyke were members of the House of Assembly and Lymburner an executive councillor; James Irvine* became an executive councillor in 1808. In 1796, shortly after Spark had become titular minister, the congregation had petitioned for a grant of land, but without result. Six years later it petitioned for the site of the former Jesuit chapel on which it proposed to build a church, but again unsuccessfully. In 1807 the congregation was still occupying part of the Jesuit college, where it had been worshipping in a room for more than 40 years, when it received a peremptory order from the commander of the troops in the Canadas, Colonel Isaac Brock, to move out; most of the college had long since been converted to barracks, but Brock needed more space. Angered by the colonel’s arrogance, Spark suggested stiffly that Brock “suffer the matter to terminate, which will be gratifying to me, and may prevent a great deal of trouble.” The matter was settled later that year by Governor Craig, who accorded Brock the Presbyterians’ room and promised Spark land on which to build a church; meanwhile, the congregation worshipped in the court-house. On 30 Nov. 1808 a lot was granted on Rue Sainte-Anne and two years later, on St Andrew’s Day, Spark dedicated the church to the patron saint of Scotland. The congregation became increasingly numerous and prosperous after 1810. In 1803 it had shared with the Church of England congregation one-third of the proceeds of a city-wide collection of funds to provide firewood for the poor. Thereafter, the money in its own poor relief fund increased steadily, and by 1816 Spark could write that none of the congregation’s poor was in “immediate extreme want”; he suggested that the money from another city-wide collection that year could best be used among the Roman Catholics. Although long-term charity from the poor relief fund was limited to members of the congregation, Spark often distributed alms to non-members, such as “Gautier – a poor woman,” “sick strangers,” and “a poor object, name unknown.” In 1818 five shillings were dispensed “to redeem slaves.” That year Spark, George Jehoshaphat Mountain* of the Church of England, and Joseph Signay, of the Roman Catholic Church, formed a Committee for the Relief of Sick and Destitute Strangers. Spark personally benefited from his congregation’s prosperity since in 1810 he began to receive a stable salary of £200 per annum. As well as establishing the Presbyterian church at Quebec, Spark participated prominently in early efforts to organize Presbyterianism in Lower Canada. In 1793 he joined with John Bethune of Upper Canada and John Young of Montreal to form the Presbytery of Montreal, but it was short-lived. Ten years later he united with Bethune and an elder of the Scotch Presbyterian Church of Montreal, Duncan Fisher, in another ephemeral Presbytery of Montreal, mainly to ordain James Somerville. Although Somerville was a licentiate of the Relief Presbytery of Glasgow, Spark had taken him under his wing and directed him to the Scotch Presbyterian Church, later known as St Gabriel Street Church. Spark played no part, however, in founding the first durable presbytery in the colony. Either from poor health or fear of jeopardizing his ties with the Church of Scotland, and hence his salary from government, he did not join four secessionist ministers in founding the Presbytery of the Canadas in 1818. According to his close friend Daniel Wilkie, Spark was “in stature . . . considerably below the middle size, of a ruddy complexion, and had a fresh, healthful appearance to the last. He pronounced his sermons in a clear and natural, but not a forcible voice. His hair, which he wore powdered, according to the fashion of his earlier days, had a very graceful appearance, and his aspect in the pulpit was venerable in the extreme.” Although unambitious, Spark was extremely conscientious; from 1795 until his death he left his post only twice for short visits to Montreal to attend to church business, and in the 15 years that Wilkie knew him he never absented himself from the pulpit at the hour of divine service. He disdained social visits, preferring the privacy of his study or discussions with a small circle of close friends, who were chosen independently of their religion. Spark was a man of order – “The law of Order is the invariable rule of Divine Government,” he asserted – and his concern for order made him a conservative in theology and politics. He was a staunch defender of British colonial government, subscribing to the Association, formed in 1794 to support British rule in Lower Canada, and contributing to a voluntary subscription for the same purpose in 1799. In 1813 he was a director of the Quebec branch of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of the Province of Lower Canada, established to aid needy militiamen and their families. As well, on appropriate occasions he preached sermons stressing the importance of loyalty. Spark’s love of order may also explain his passion for science. From December 1798 at least he daily recorded barometric pressure, wind direction, cloud conditions, and precipitation, if any, at 8:00 a.m and 2:00 or 3:00 p.m.; over a period of 20 years he did not record findings for only 20 days. In addition he was an amateur astronomer and botanist, and he performed electrical experiments with home-made apparatus. These experiments reflected his interest in medicine, for, according to Wilkie, “when electric shocks were supposed to convey relief to those who laboured under various distempers, his door was ever open to the sick, and especially to the indigent, who sought relief from that means.” Spark’s pastoral concern with emotional problems was characterized by a tendency to view depression as an illness; the ultimate cure was sound Christian faith, but treatment of specific cases of depression should be determined through observation and experimentation. A well-rounded scholar, Spark was also devoted to the humanities. His library held more than 850 volumes in English, French, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He made notations in his journals on philosophy, music, education, and literature, particularly poetry. The Quebec Gazette affirmed in 1819 that “he was not meanly skilled in letters”; he had a surprising interest in love poetry, which he wrote in a studied, formal style, when not in a light-hearted vein, such as in “To a Lady returning a lock of her hair”: Take, dearest maid, your present back, For e’er since I possessed it, My heart has been upon the rack, With cares and fears molested, If one small lock culled from your hair, Occasions such a pother, God help the man, enchanting Fair, Who gets you altogether. Intellectually curious, Spark was at the same time a dedicated educator. After giving up teaching as a career, he tutored students in the classics and mathematics. His land grant in Aston Township had been made on the basis of his “well-known merit as a Public Teacher, & the tendency of his assiduous labours as a Public Instructor of Youth inculcating sound moral and loyal principles.” About 1814 the London-based Committee for Promoting the Education of the Poor in Upper and Lower Canada, an initiative of the Reverend Thaddeus Osgood, asked Spark, Roman Catholic bishop Plessis, Bishop Mountain, and other prominent Lower Canadians to help it establish schools for the poor. Of the clergymen only Spark accepted the committee’s principle of non-sectarian education and helped organize a colonial branch. The following year Spark was proposed as a trustee of the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning, which administered Lower Canada’s public schools. He died, however, before the nomination could be formally made. On 7 March 1819 – a cold, fine day, he had noted at 8:00 a.m. – he was going to his church in the early afternoon when “he was seized by an apoplectic fit, and expired without a groan.” The weather readings for 3:00 p.m. were never recorded. Few men have been as well suited to their situation as was Alexander Spark to the Scotch Church. Having immigrated to Quebec while still young, and before becoming a clergyman, he was able to adapt to urban colonial society and ideas. As a minister of the Kirk he naturally maintained good relations with the civil authorities, and he was able gradually to raise his congregation from a social position of marginal importance to one of consideration in the eyes of government. In so doing he laid the foundation upon which his successors would build their claims for a part of the clergy reserves. His “moderate” theology equipped him to minister to his young and ambitious middle-class congregation, which was more concerned with matters of practical morality than with theological arguments or spirituality and more attentive to the quiet voice of reasonable persuasion than to hell-and-damnation preaching. Finally, Spark’s views on toleration enabled him to work easily in an environment dominated politically by the Church of England and socially by the Roman Catholic Church. There seems little reason to doubt the Quebec Gazettes description of him as “a gentleman beloved and respected by every one in this society.” James H. Lambert [Most of the documents concerning Alexander Spark are in the archives of St Andrew’s Church at Quebec. His sermons (indexed by Spark himself) are of particular interest. His meteorological records for 1798 to 1819 are at McGill Univ. Arch.; there may have been one or more volumes covering the period prior to 1798. The registers often served as a diary, wherein Spark recorded scientific observations, poems, and comments on daily events. Spark is the author of the following works published at Quebec: An oration delivered at the dedication of Freemasons Hall in the city of Quebec (1787); A sermon preached in the Presbyterian chapel at Quebec on Thursday, the 10th January 1799, being the day appointed for a general thanksgiving (1799); A sermon preached in the Scotch Presbyterian Church at Quebec on Wednesday the 1st February 1804, being the day appointed by proclamation for a general fast (1804); The connexion between the civil and religious state of society, a sermon preached at the opening of the new Scotch Church, called St Andrews Church, in the city of Quebec, on Friday the 30th day of November 1810 (1811); A sermon preached in the Scotch Church in the city of Quebec on Thursday the 21st April 1814, being the day appointed for a general thanksgiving (1814); and A sermon delivered in St Andrews Church, Quebec, by the late RevAlex. Spark, D.D., on the 7th March 1819, the day of his death; also a funeral sermon preached on that occasion, the 14th March 1819 (1819). j.h.l.] AAQ, 210 A, IX: 29; 60 CN, I: 22. ANQ-Q, CE1-61, 13 July 1805, 11 March 1819; CN1-16, 4 avril 1809; 28 sept. 1811; 30 juin, 4 juill. 1812; 28 juin 1815; 9 juill. 1817; 7 juin 1819; 20 mai 1820; CN1-92, 11 janv. 1793; CN1-230, 17 nov. 1803; 23 mai, 3 juin 1806; 12 sept. 1815; CN1-256, 31 Aug., 3 Dec. 1796; CN1-262, 30 mai 1801, 20 mai 1802, 29 juill. 1805, 4 févr. 1808; CN1-284, 24 avril 1797, 26 mars 1800, 28 avril 1801, 14 avril 1803; P-81, 1: 38; P-192; P-193. AP, St Andrew’s (Quebec), Corr., Ryland to Lynd, 15 July 1795, Ryland to Spark, 4 Oct. 1796, Ryland to Lymburner, 9 Nov. 1802, Stuart to the Scotch Church, 20 May 1803, Ryland to Spark, 23 Nov. 1804, Spark to Brock, 6 Oct. 1807, Ryland to Spark, 31 Oct., 3 Nov. 1807, Craig to Spark, 14 June 1808, Blackwood to Ryland, 13 Jan. 1809, Spark to Somerville, 13 March 1809, Esson to Spark, 22 Jan. 1818, Ramsay to Spark, 23 July 1818; Kirk session minute-book, 1802–23; Lists of subscriptions for ministers, 1793–1810; Plate collections, 1803–20; Poor relief accounts book, 1803–37; Reg. of baptisms, marriages, and burials, 1786–1819. PAC, MG 24, B 1, 20: 75–85; 28: 34, 265; 38: 1006, 1009, 1013; RG 1, L3L: 508, 1308, 1664, 2134, 17744–48, 17751–59, 17781, 88982–86; RG 4, A 1: 3548–49, 4 Dec. 1816. PRO, CO 42/120: ff.6v, 9–10v, 12v–13v; CO 42/125: f.4 (mfm. at PAC). School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ. of London (London), Council for World Mission Arch., Methodist Missionary Soc., Clark Bentom, “Journal and observations on my passage to Quebec arrival &c”; Corr., folder 7, no.1–3, 6–8, 22, 24, 33, 46 (mfm. at ANQ-Q). Quebec Benevolent Soc., Rules of the Quebec Benevolent Society . . . (Quebec, 1812). [John Strachan], “The death of Dr Spark,” Christian Recorder (York [Toronto]), 1 (1819–20): 65–73. Quebec Gazette, 6 Dec. 1787; 18 Aug. 1791; 28 Nov. 1793; 13 Feb., 10 July 1794; 7 Feb., 18 July, 17 Oct. 1799; 21 April 1803; 14 June 1804; 4 July 1805; 1 Dec. 1808; 17 Jan., 2 March, 10 Aug. 1809; 27 Aug., 7 Dec. 1818; 8, 11 March, 25 Oct. 1819; 25 May 1820. Quebec Magazine, 1792–94. Hew Scott et al., Fasti ecclesiæ scoticanæ: the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation (new ed., 9v. to date, Edinburgh, 1915– ), 7: 652. William Gregg, History of the Presbyterian Church in the dominion of Canada . . . (Toronto, 1885), 42, 148, 150–51, 160–61, 206–7. G. D. Henderson, The burning bush; studies in Scottish church history . . . (Edinburgh, 1957), 74, 130, 139, 164–79. E. A. [K.] McDougall, “The Presbyterian Church in western Lower Canada, 1815–1842” (phd thesis, McGill Univ., Montreal, 1969), 10, 56–57, 83–84. J. S. Moir, Enduring witness; a history of the Presbyterian Church in Canada ([Hamilton, Ont., 1974?]), 19, 47, 51, 68, 74. W. S. Reid, The Church of Scotland in Lower Canada (Toronto, 1936), 25, 41–44, 68, 100–1, 119. St Andrews Church, Quebec (Quebec, 1908), 4. Robert Stewart, St Andrews Church (Presbyterian) Quebec: an historical sketch of the church and its ministers ([Quebec, 1928]), 8. W. C. Clark, “The early Presbyterianism of Quebec under Dr Spark,” Literary and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, Trans. (Quebec), new ser., 27 (1906–7): 28–31. Daniel Wilkie, “Memoir of the life of the Reverend Alexander Spark, D.D., minister of the Scotch Church, Quebec,” Canadian Christian Examiner and Presbyterian Rev. (Toronto), 1 (1837): 209–25. S. F. Wise, “Sermon literature and Canadian intellectual history,” United Church of Canada, Committee on Arch., Bull. (Toronto), 18 (1965): 3–18. General Bibliography Cite This Article James H. Lambert, “SPARK, ALEXANDER,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 5, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed October 21, 2021, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/spark_alexander_5E.html. Permalink: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/spark_alexander_5E.html Author of Article: James H. Lambert Title of Article: SPARK, ALEXANDER Publication Name: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 5 Publisher: University of Toronto/Université Laval Year of publication: 1983 Year of revision: 1983 Access Date: October 21, 2021
Power meter three classifications A power meter is an instrument that measures electrical power. It is no stranger to the RF microwaves. The power meter is basically one of the big ones in parallel with the signal source, spectrum analyzer and network analyzer. Of course, it is not as expensive as the previous big brothers. Figure 1 The composition of the power measuring instrument Power meter classification First, according to the connection method The RF or microwave power meter can be divided into two types according to the connection mode in the test system: terminal type and pass type. The terminal type power meter uses the power meter probe as the terminal load of the test system, and the power meter absorbs all the power to be tested, and the power indicator directly reads the power value. Terminal power meters are often used to test small signals due to the need to absorb the full incident power. The terminal power meter has the following features: (1) In the common RF and microwave power measuring instruments, the terminal meter power meter has the highest amplitude measurement accuracy, which exceeds the spectrum analyzer or signal analyzer. The typical measurement accuracy can reach Â±1.6%. (2) Cannot measure high power. The upper limit is usually +20 dBm and the lower limit is about -60 dBm. (3) The average power, peak power, burst power, etc. of various modulated signals can be measured. The pass power meter uses a coupling device such as a directional coupler, a coupling loop, a probe, etc. to couple a part of the power from the transmitted power by a certain ratio, and sends it to the power meter to measure the total power transmitted equal to the power. The indicator value is multiplied by the scale factor. The industry pioneer of the pass-through power meter is Bird, and the elderly of RF microwave should know. The following figure is a block diagram of a typical pass-through power meter: Figure 2. Block diagram of a pass-through power meter The main features of the pass-through power meter; (1) Pass-through power meter has high power measurement capability. In theory, as long as the transmission line can pass the power, the pass-through power meter can measure. Therefore, the power of kilowatts on the radio and television is measured by a pass-through power meter. (2) It is difficult to achieve broadband by a power meter, which is due to the limitation of the directional coupler inside. (3) Pass-through power meters cannot be used for too small power measurements due to the degree of coupling of the directional coupler. This and the terminal power meter have their own strengths. Second, according to sensitivity and measurement range RF or microwave power meters are classified according to sensitivity and measurement range, and can be classified into a thermal resistance type power meter, a thermocouple type power meter, a calorimetric power meter, and a crystal detection type power meter. Thermistor type power meter uses a thermal resistor as a power sensing element. The temperature coefficient of the thermal resistance value is large. The power of the signal to be measured is absorbed by the thermal resistance to generate heat, so that its own temperature rises, the resistance value changes significantly, and the resistance value is measured by the resistance bridge to display the power value. The thermocouple junction of the thermocouple type power meter thermocouple type power meter directly absorbs the high-frequency signal power, and the junction temperature rises, generating a temperature difference potential, and the magnitude of the potential is proportional to the absorbed high-frequency power value. This kind of power meter has high measurement accuracy and is generally used for more accurate power measurement. Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the thermocouple power meter The typical thermal effect power meter of the calorimetric power meter absorbs the high-frequency signal power by the heat-insulating load to increase the temperature of the load, and then uses the thermocouple element to measure the temperature variation of the load, and calculates the high-frequency power value based on the generated heat. This is basically not seen in our lab, and it is mostly used for calibration level power benchmarking. Crystal Detector Power Meter The crystal diode detector converts high frequency signals into low frequency or direct current signals. The operating point is chosen such that the amplitude of the detector output signal is proportional to the power of the high frequency signal. Transistor detection power meter has been widely used in RF microwave measurement because of its fast measurement speed and moderate accuracy. Desktop Phone Holder Desktop Phone Holder,Desktop Mobile Phone Holder,Adjustable Desktop Phone Holder,Universal Desktop Cell Phone Holder NingboÂ LukeÂ AutomotiveÂ SuppliesÂ Ltd. , https://www.nbluke.com
Language - An Introduction to the Study of Speech by Edward Sapir Previous Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 Home - Random Browse [Footnote 198: Provided, of course, Chinese is careful to provide itself with the necessary scientific vocabulary. Like any other language, it can do so without serious difficulty if the need arises.] Nevertheless, human expression being what it is, the greatest—or shall we say the most satisfying—literary artists, the Shakespeares and Heines, are those who have known subconsciously to fit or trim the deeper intuition to the provincial accents of their daily speech. In them there is no effect of strain. Their personal "intuition" appears as a completed synthesis of the absolute art of intuition and the innate, specialized art of the linguistic medium. With Heine, for instance, one is under the illusion that the universe speaks German. The material "disappears." Every language is itself a collective art of expression. There is concealed in it a particular set of esthetic factors—phonetic, rhythmic, symbolic, morphological—which it does not completely share with any other language. These factors may either merge their potencies with those of that unknown, absolute language to which I have referred—this is the method of Shakespeare and Heine—or they may weave a private, technical art fabric of their own, the innate art of the language intensified or sublimated. The latter type, the more technically "literary" art of Swinburne and of hosts of delicate "minor" poets, is too fragile for endurance. It is built out of spiritualized material, not out of spirit. The successes of the Swinburnes are as valuable for diagnostic purposes as the semi-failures of the Brownings. They show to what extent literary art may lean on the collective art of the language itself. The more extreme technical practitioners may so over-individualize this collective art as to make it almost unendurable. One is not always thankful to have one's flesh and blood frozen to ivory. An artist must utilize the native esthetic resources of his speech. He may be thankful if the given palette of colors is rich, if the springboard is light. But he deserves no special credit for felicities that are the language's own. We must take for granted this language with all its qualities of flexibility or rigidity and see the artist's work in relation to it. A cathedral on the lowlands is higher than a stick on Mont Blanc. In other words, we must not commit the folly of admiring a French sonnet because the vowels are more sonorous than our own or of condemning Nietzsche's prose because it harbors in its texture combinations of consonants that would affright on English soil. To so judge literature would be tantamount to loving "Tristan und Isolde" because one is fond of the timbre of horns. There are certain things that one language can do supremely well which it would be almost vain for another to attempt. Generally there are compensations. The vocalism of English is an inherently drabber thing than the vowel scale of French, yet English compensates for this drawback by its greater rhythmical alertness. It is even doubtful if the innate sonority of a phonetic system counts for as much, as esthetic determinant, as the relations between the sounds, the total gamut of their similarities and contrasts. As long as the artist has the wherewithal to lay out his sequences and rhythms, it matters little what are the sensuous qualities of the elements of his material. The phonetic groundwork of a language, however, is only one of the features that give its literature a certain direction. Far more important are its morphological peculiarities. It makes a great deal of difference for the development of style if the language can or cannot create compound words, if its structure is synthetic or analytic, if the words of its sentences have considerable freedom of position or are compelled to fall into a rigidly determined sequence. The major characteristics of style, in so far as style is a technical matter of the building and placing of words, are given by the language itself, quite as inescapably, indeed, as the general acoustic effect of verse is given by the sounds and natural accents of the language. These necessary fundamentals of style are hardly felt by the artist to constrain his individuality of expression. They rather point the way to those stylistic developments that most suit the natural bent of the language. It is not in the least likely that a truly great style can seriously oppose itself to the basic form patterns of the language. It not only incorporates them, it builds on them. The merit of such a style as W.H. Hudson's or George Moore's[199] is that it does with ease and economy what the language is always trying to do. Carlylese, though individual and vigorous, is yet not style; it is a Teutonic mannerism. Nor is the prose of Milton and his contemporaries strictly English; it is semi-Latin done into magnificent English words. [Footnote 199: Aside from individual peculiarities of diction, the selection and evaluation of particular words as such.] It is strange how long it has taken the European literatures to learn that style is not an absolute, a something that is to be imposed on the language from Greek or Latin models, but merely the language itself, running in its natural grooves, and with enough of an individual accent to allow the artist's personality to be felt as a presence, not as an acrobat. We understand more clearly now that what is effective and beautiful in one language is a vice in another. Latin and Eskimo, with their highly inflected forms, lend themselves to an elaborately periodic structure that would be boring in English. English allows, even demands, a looseness that would be insipid in Chinese. And Chinese, with its unmodified words and rigid sequences, has a compactness of phrase, a terse parallelism, and a silent suggestiveness that would be too tart, too mathematical, for the English genius. While we cannot assimilate the luxurious periods of Latin nor the pointilliste style of the Chinese classics, we can enter sympathetically into the spirit of these alien techniques. I believe that any English poet of to-day would be thankful for the concision that a Chinese poetaster attains without effort. Here is an example:[200] [Footnote 200: Not by any means a great poem, merely a bit of occasional verse written by a young Chinese friend of mine when he left Shanghai for Canada.] Wu-river[201] stream mouth evening sun sink, North look Liao-Tung,[202] not see home. Steam whistle several noise, sky-earth boundless, Float float one reed out Middle-Kingdom. [Footnote 201: The old name of the country about the mouth of the Yangtsze.] [Footnote 202: A province of Manchuria.] These twenty-eight syllables may be clumsily interpreted: "At the mouth of the Yangtsze River, as the sun is about to sink, I look north toward Liao-Tung but do not see my home. The steam-whistle shrills several times on the boundless expanse where meet sky and earth. The steamer, floating gently like a hollow reed, sails out of the Middle Kingdom."[203] But we must not envy Chinese its terseness unduly. Our more sprawling mode of expression is capable of its own beauties, and the more compact luxuriance of Latin style has its loveliness too. There are almost as many natural ideals of literary style as there are languages. Most of these are merely potential, awaiting the hand of artists who will never come. And yet in the recorded texts of primitive tradition and song there are many passages of unique vigor and beauty. The structure of the language often forces an assemblage of concepts that impresses us as a stylistic discovery. Single Algonkin words are like tiny imagist poems. We must be careful not to exaggerate a freshness of content that is at least half due to our freshness of approach, but the possibility is indicated none the less of utterly alien literary styles, each distinctive with its disclosure of the search of the human spirit for beautiful form. [Footnote 203: I.e., China.] Probably nothing better illustrates the formal dependence of literature on language than the prosodic aspect of poetry. Quantitative verse was entirely natural to the Greeks, not merely because poetry grew up in connection with the chant and the dance,[204] but because alternations of long and short syllables were keenly live facts in the daily economy of the language. The tonal accents, which were only secondarily stress phenomena, helped to give the syllable its quantitative individuality. When the Greek meters were carried over into Latin verse, there was comparatively little strain, for Latin too was characterized by an acute awareness of quantitative distinctions. However, the Latin accent was more markedly stressed than that of Greek. Probably, therefore, the purely quantitative meters modeled after the Greek were felt as a shade more artificial than in the language of their origin. The attempt to cast English verse into Latin and Greek molds has never been successful. The dynamic basis of English is not quantity,[205] but stress, the alternation of accented and unaccented syllables. This fact gives English verse an entirely different slant and has determined the development of its poetic forms, is still responsible for the evolution of new forms. Neither stress nor syllabic weight is a very keen psychologic factor in the dynamics of French. The syllable has great inherent sonority and does not fluctuate significantly as to quantity and stress. Quantitative or accentual metrics would be as artificial in French as stress metrics in classical Greek or quantitative or purely syllabic metrics in English. French prosody was compelled to develop on the basis of unit syllable-groups. Assonance, later rhyme, could not but prove a welcome, an all but necessary, means of articulating or sectioning the somewhat spineless flow of sonorous syllables. English was hospitable to the French suggestion of rhyme, but did not seriously need it in its rhythmic economy. Hence rhyme has always been strictly subordinated to stress as a somewhat decorative feature and has been frequently dispensed with. It is no psychologic accident that rhyme came later into English than in French and is leaving it sooner.[206] Chinese verse has developed along very much the same lines as French verse. The syllable is an even more integral and sonorous unit than in French, while quantity and stress are too uncertain to form the basis of a metric system. Syllable-groups—so and so many syllables per rhythmic unit—and rhyme are therefore two of the controlling factors in Chinese prosody. The third factor, the alternation of syllables with level tone and syllables with inflected (rising or falling) tone, is peculiar to Chinese. [Footnote 204: Poetry everywhere is inseparable in its origins from the singing voice and the measure of the dance. Yet accentual and syllabic types of verse, rather than quantitative verse, seem to be the prevailing norms.] [Footnote 205: Quantitative distinctions exist as an objective fact. They have not the same inner, psychological value that they had in Greek.] [Footnote 206: Verhaeren was no slave to the Alexandrine, yet he remarked to Symons, a propos of the translation of Les Aubes, that while he approved of the use of rhymeless verse in the English version, he found it "meaningless" in French.] To summarize, Latin and Greek verse depends on the principle of contrasting weights; English verse, on the principle of contrasting stresses; French verse, on the principles of number and echo; Chinese verse, on the principles of number, echo, and contrasting pitches. Each of these rhythmic systems proceeds from the unconscious dynamic habit of the language, falling from the lips of the folk. Study carefully the phonetic system of a language, above all its dynamic features, and you can tell what kind of a verse it has developed—or, if history has played pranks with its phychology, what kind of verse it should have developed and some day will. Whatever be the sounds, accents, and forms of a language, however these lay hands on the shape of its literature, there is a subtle law of compensations that gives the artist space. If he is squeezed a bit here, he can swing a free arm there. And generally he has rope enough to hang himself with, if he must. It is not strange that this should be so. Language is itself the collective art of expression, a summary of thousands upon thousands of individual intuitions. The individual goes lost in the collective creation, but his personal expression has left some trace in a certain give and flexibility that are inherent in all collective works of the human spirit. The language is ready, or can be quickly made ready, to define the artist's individuality. If no literary artist appears, it is not essentially because the language is too weak an instrument, it is because the culture of the people is not favorable to the growth of such personality as seeks a truly individual verbal expression. Note. Italicized entries are names of languages or groups of languages. Abbreviation of stem, Accent, stress, as grammatical process, importance of, metrical value of "Accent," "Adam's apple," Adjective, Affixation, Affixing languages, African languages, pitch in, Agglutination, Agglutinative languages, Agglutinative-fusional, Agglutinative-isolating, Algonkin languages (N. Amer.), Alpine race, Analogical leveling, Analytic tendency, Angles, Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Saxon: culture, race, Annamite (S.E. Asia), Apache (N. Amer.), Arabic, Armenian, Art, language as, transferability of, Articulation: ease of, types of, drift toward, Articulations: laryngeal, manner of consonantal, nasal, oral, place of consonantal, vocalic, Aryan. See Indo-European. Aspect, Association of concepts and speech elements, Associations fundamental to speech, Athabaskan languages (N. Amer.), Athabaskans, cultures of, Attic dialect, Attribution, Auditory cycle in language, Australian culture, Avestan, Bach, Baltic race, Bantu languages (Africa), Bantus, Basque (Pyrenees), Bengali (India), Berber. See Hamitic. Bohemians, Bontoc Igorot (Philippines), Borrowing, morphological, Borrowing, word, phonetic adaptation in, resistances to, Breton, Bronchial tubes, Browning, Buddhism, influence of, Burmese, Bushman (S. Africa), Bushmen, Cambodgian (S.E. Asia), Carlyle, Carrier (British Columbia), Case, See Attribution; Object; Personal relations; Subject. Case-system, history of, Caucasus, languages of, Celtic. See Celts. Celtic languages, Celts, Brythonic, "Cerebral" articulations, Chaucer, English of, Chimariko (N. California), Chinese: absence of affixes, analytic character, attribution, compounds, grammatical concepts illustrated, influence, "inner form,", pitch accent, radical words, relational use of material words, sounds, stress, structure, style, survivals, morphological, symbolism, verse, word duplication, word order, Chinook (N. Amer.), Chipewyan (N. Amer.), C. Indians, Chopin, Christianity, influence of, Chukchi, Classification: of concepts, rigid, of linguistic types, See Structure, linguistic. "Clicks," Composition, absence of, in certain languages, types of, word order as related to, Concepts, Concepts, grammatical: analysis of, in sentence, classification of, concrete, concrete relational, concreteness in, varying degree of, derivational, derivational, abstract, essential, grouping of, non-logical, lack of expression of certain, pure relational, radical, redistribution of, relational, thinning-out of significance of, types of, typical categories of, See Structure, linguistic. Concord, Concrete concepts. See Concepts. Conflict, Consonantal change, Consonants, combinations of, Cooerdinate sentences, Corean, Croce, Benedetto, Culture, language and, language as aspect of, language, race and, reflection of history of, in language, Culture areas, Danish, Demonstrative ideas, Dental articulations, Derivational concepts. See Concepts. Determinative structure, Dialects: causes of, compromise between, distinctness of, drifts in, diverging, drifts in, parallel, splitting up of, unity of, Diffusion, morphological, Diphthongs, Drift, linguistic, components of, determinants of, in English, direction of, direction of, illustrated in English, examples of general, in English, parallelisms in, speed of, See Phonetic Law; Phonetic processes. 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Form-classes, See Gender. Formal units of speech, "Formlessness, inner," Fox (N. Amer.), French: analytical tendency, esthetic qualities, gender, influence, order, word, plurality, sounds, sounds as words, single, stress, structure, tense forms, verse, French, Norman, French people, Freud, Fricatives, Frisian, Ful (Soudan), Function, independence of form and, Functional units of speech, Fusion, Fusional languages, See Fusion. Fusional-agglutinative, Fusional-isolating, "Fuss, Fuesse" (German), history of, Gaelic, Gender, German: French influence on, grammatical concepts in sentence, Latin influence on, phonetic drifts, history of, plurality, relations, sound-imitative words, sounds, tense forms, "umlaut," unanalyzable words, resistance to, German, High, German, Middle High, German, Old High, Germanic languages, Germanic, West, Germans, Gesture languages, Ginneken, Jac van, Glottal cords, action of, Glottal stop, Gothic, Grammar, Grammatical element, Grammatical concepts. 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Object, See Personal relations. Ojibwa (N, Amer.), Onomatopoetic theory of origin of speech, Oral sounds, Order, word, composition as related to, fixed, English tendency, sentence molded by, significance of, fundamental, Organs of speech, action of, Paiute (N. Amer.), Palate, action of soft, articulations of, Pali (India), Papuan languages, Papuans, Parts of speech, Pattern: formal, phonetic, Persian, Person, Personal relations, Phonetic adaptation, Phonetic diffusion, Phonetic law: basis of, direction of, examples of, influence of, on morphology, influence of morphology on, regularity of, significance of, spread of, slow, See Leveling, phonetic; Pattern, phonetic. 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Africa), Soudanese languages, Sound-imitative words, Sounds of speech, adjustments involved in, muscular, adjustments involved in certain, inhibition of, basic importance of, classification of, combinations of, conditioned appearance of, dynamics of, illusory feelings in regard to, "inner" or "ideal" system of, place in phonetic pattern of, production of, values of, psychological, variability of, Spanish, Speech. See Language. Spirants, Splitting of sounds, Stem, Stock, linguistic, Stopped consonants (or stops), Stress. See Accent. Structure, linguistic, conservatism of, differences of, intuitional forms of, Structure, linguistic, types of: classification of, by character of concepts, by degree of fusion, by degree of synthesis, by formal processes, from threefold standpoint, into "formal" and "formless," classifying, difficulties in, examples of, mixed, reality of, validity of conceptual, historical test of, Style, Subject, See Personal relations. 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The Tale Of Sports Has Simply Gone Viral! Sports are a prominent leisure task that involves affordable activity or an event of pure physical prowess with an ultimate end in competition. The four primary sports are Baseball, Boxing, Golf, and acrobatics. These offer chances for physical competitors as well as entertainment for followers, while preserving an one-upmanship. There are several professional sporting activities organizations in which members take part in intense competitors for recognition and also financial benefits. Darts is a game played competitively with two teams of gamers, the “Darts Masters”, and the “Darts Schools”. While it can be played individually also, playing as a group gives competitive advantages. The sporting activity approaches billiards as well as paintball, however with a difference in the dart board, where gamers utilize their very own throwing darts as well as area the art in a particular area within a specific time limitation, determined by the dart-board operator. The things of the game is to hit your opponent’s dart with the bat as it will rotate back to its initial placement after touchdown. All exercises call for agility, rate, and also physical stamina to relocate from point A to point B. Swimming and biking are both thought about to be among the higher endurance sports, needing a lot of movement and also high levels of skill. Swimming makes use of a number of the very same swimming strokes that happen in other sporting activities, while biking requires both higher muscular involvement as well as more endurance than a regular bike ride. Tennis is one more sport that requires a lot of skill as well as training, requiring its individual to move quickly both vertically as well as horizontally. Each of these sporting activities requires specific sorts of sports ability, with different sports requiring numerous skill sets. One of the most preferred exercises, acknowledged internationally, is swimming. While swimming does call for a lot of ability, the sport does require a lot of electric motor skills, as swimmers need to thrust themselves with the water using their limbs. This makes the sporting activity very literally requiring, however additionally as psychologically revitalizing. The last kind of exercise we will discuss for our conversation is climbing, which can be performed in a variety of ways. Climbing consists of making use of both the physical toughness and also psychological skill required to climb specific types of things, consisting of, yet not limited to, rock wall surfaces and also free-standing rocks. There are various types of climbing up, from indoor rock reaching outside rock climbing. Every one of these sporting activities require stamina as well as dexterity, as well as the use of both lungs and hands. 奧運新聞 All of these athletic activities are essential to our society, giving both professional athletes and also non-athletes with a wide variety of physical fitness tasks that can aid maintain a healthy and balanced and energetic way of life. Nonetheless, many people choose to stay within the boundaries of traditional sports because they do not satisfy the levels of physical activity that they require for optimal wellness and also wellness. In order to gain the physical benefits of these various sporting activities, it is necessary to participate in the appropriate amount of training and also workout in order to gain the most effective outcomes. This will make sure that all aspects of your life are satisfied, including your fitness and individual proficiency of the numerous sports that you delight in. Sporting activities are physical activities and also competitive games played by people. These fill up the demand for exercise, competition and also play. The human requirement for sports is stronger than the requirement for others. This is the major difference between recreation, entertainment or social interaction. The need for physical play has actually given rise to the establishment of various sports, each with its very own regulating body and also connected terms and also guidelines. The majority of people can identify a certain sport since they have been around for a long period of time. In the same way, most individuals can identify a popular video game due to the fact that they have been playing the game for a while. The origin of words ‘sport’ is from the Latin word meaning game. The advancement of the word from its original usage as a game is connected to the growth of organized sports. With the development of mankind’s mental professors, the requirement for physical dexterity came to be crucial to humans. Early male had no devices or tools to battle other men for sporting activity. Ancient male may have been required to combat with his adversaries for sporting activity however it was not an extremely healthy activity. As time proceeded, the requirement for a regulated physical battle was replaced with the concept of sporting activities. Sports involved physical get in touch with, specifically kicking, punching and also wrestling. Later, with the advancement of ability in fighting, the concept of sport was combined with the idea of physical mastery. This led to the development of numerous games that included throwing, fumbling and also shooting. There were after that numerous video games like archery, football, baseball as well as track and also field that integrated aspects of both the body and mind. The initial games to incorporate both the mind and body were Association football and also rugby. These video games were very popular among ordinary people who were searching for a method of staying in form. In association football, players joined team games where each placement was occupied by a person. This caused the players to be in fantastic physical shape. cáchnấucanhbóng Today, there are various different sporting activities that are arranged around a particular sport or video game. Rugby and also Australian guidelines football are two examples. They do not include physical call; rather it is with calculated reasoning, alertness as well as mental abilities that the team wins the video game. Various other examples of non-physical activities that are now part of showing off occasions include running as well as biking. The relevance of sports in society can not be taken too lightly. Add Your Comment * Indicates Required Field Your email address will not be published.
Risks to community health and safety Perhaps the biggest risk is community safety. Most batteries contain an electrolyte subsBoth improper storage in the home and disposal to landfill can create a very real fire risk. The loss of a home is extremely serious, but the impact of a landfill fire effects many more lives with the release of dioxins and other toxins into the atmosphere.
Atomic Physics Atomic physics, the logical investigation of the structure of the molecule, its vitality states, and its cooperations with different particles and with electric and attractive fields. Nuclear material science has end up being a staggeringly fruitful use of quantum mechanics, which is one of the foundations of present day material science. It is basically worried about the course of action of electrons around the core and the procedures by which these plans change. This involves particles, nonpartisan molecules and, except if in any case expressed, it tends to be accepted that the term iota incorporates particles. The term nuclear material science can be related with atomic force and atomic weapons, because of the equivalent utilization of nuclear and atomic in standard English. Physicists recognize nuclear material science—which manages the iota as a framework comprising of a core and electrons—and atomic physical science, which considers atomic responses and extraordinary properties of nuclear cores.
Spectral Line (redirected from Stark broadening) Also found in: Dictionary. Related to Stark broadening: Stark effect, pressure broadening spectral line [′spek·trəl ‚līn] A discrete value of a quantity, such as frequency, wavelength, energy, or mass, whose spectrum is being investigated; one may observe a finite spread of values resulting from such factors as level width, Doppler broadening, and instrument imperfections. Also known as spectrum line. Spectral Line a thin line in an optical spectrum. Each such line can be characterized by a certain wavelength λ or frequency v = c/λ, where c is the speed of light. Spectral lines are observed in emission spectra as bright (colored) lines on a dark background and in absorption spectra as dark lines on a bright background. Each spectral line corresponds to a definite quantum transition in an atom, molecule, or crystal. Spectral lines are not strictly monochromatic: each one has a certain width Δλ. References in periodicals archive ? Cardenosos, "New plasma diagnosis tables of hydrogen Stark broadening including ion dynamics," Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. Stark broadening requires constraints on the electric field. If Stark broadening mechanisms play any role in the Sun, it will only be in the context of condensed matter generating the associated electric field. Stark broadening of [H.sub.[alpha]] line was used to estimate the electron temperature. There are several possible mechanisms of line broadening in plasma: self-absorption, pressure broadening, Doppler broadening, Stark broadening, etc. stated that Stark broadening may be one of the reasons since the broadening effect increases as the energy level increases [22]. Stark broadening of well-isolated lines in the plasma is, thus, useful for estimating the electron number densities provided that the Stark-broadening coefficients have been measured or calculated. Both ions and electrons induce Stark broadening, but electrons are responsible for the major part because of their higher relative velocities. W is the electron impact parameter (stark broadening value) and it is given in Table 2).
Act 1, Scene 4 Summary and Questions Kent comes to Goneril’s castle, disguised as a peasant and asks Lear if he can serve him. Lear agrees to allow him to become one of his servants. Despite being one of Lear’s most loyal servants, Kent is forced do disguise himself as a peasant to continue to serve his master. Lear notices that one of Goneril’s knights does not come back to him when he calls him back. Oswald enters and and refers to Lear as, “my lad’s father,” which infuriates Lear and he strikes Oswald for his insolence. Lear’s fool enters and in a series of puns and jokes, he tells Lear that he has made a huge mistake in splitting his land between his two daughters and banished a daughter who truly loved him. Lear threatens to whip him and he replies, “They’ll have me whipped for speaking true, thou will have me whipped for lying, and sometime I am whipped for holding my peace. The fool angers Lear when he tells him that he is now without a title. “I am better than thou art, now I am a fool; thou art nothing.” The fool is highlighting that Lear, after giving away his title is now just an ordinary man, as witnessed by Oswald’s attitude towards him. It should be noted that the fool, who was deemed to be silly and used for entertainment, seems to be the most insightful character in the play and the only one who is able to speak truthfully to Lear. Goneril eventually comes to speak to Lear and she tells him that because of the behaviour of his soldiers, she is sending some of them away, whether he likes it or not. Lear is shocked at how Goneril speaks to him and he speaks of his regret at handing power over to his daughter. He calls on nature to leave her childless, such is his anger. Finally, on the verge of tears, he calls for his horses and tells Goneril that he will go to stay with Regan, who he believes will treat him in the correct manner. Goneril’s husband, Albany is upset at the way in which his wife has treated her father and in a prophetic manner, he says, “How far your eyes may pierce I cannot tell. Striving to better aught, we mar what’s well.” He is telling his wife that sometimes when we try to better what we have, we can sometimes ruin what we had in the first place. This line foreshadows later events in the play. 1. What does Lear’s knights notice about things in Goneril’s castle? 2. How does Oswald disrespect Lear? Why do you think Lear is so furious at this? 3. How does the fool highlight what is happening to Lear in his rhymes and songs? 4. Why do you think that Albany is upset with Goneril over her treatment of her father? 5. What do we learn about the character of Kent in this scene? 6. What do you think is the fool’s role in the play? Explain your answer. 7. What does this scene show us about power and people’s attitudes towards power. %d bloggers like this:
Montaña de Luz (MdL) is a home to children affected by HIV/AIDS in rural Honduras. One in 100 people in Honduras are living with HIV, half of which are teenagers. The mission of MdL is to provide refuge, hope, and empowerment to youth who have lost their parents or require care that is inaccessible in their homes. Unfortunately, electricity in rural Honduras is incredibly expensive and unreliable. Frequent power outages disrupt daily activities, resulting in significant cost increases to food and medicine spoilage. These outages disturb the lives of the children and employees of MdL by disabling the water distribution systems, light, and critical kitchen appliances. At Ohio State University (OSU), engineering students are committed to making a positive impact on the word and strive to become empathetic, conscientious engineers. With an EPICS in IEEE grant of $10,000, OSU engineering students spent a semester focusing on a solar energy solution for MdL. The semester culminated in a mission trip to Honduras with 15 students and 2 technical advisors over spring break. During the journey, the team successfully installed a 1250W solar generator to power appliances in the orphanage. The objective was not only to reduce their electricity costs, but also to keep essential components running throughout power outages. This solution will result in years of cost savings for the organization, improve its financial sustainability, and ultimately free up funds to be allocated for medical needs. Another goal was geared towards education and outreach within the MdL community. The team organized and lead workshops where residents of the orphanage learned about technology, ranging from creating their own nightlights to building a solar-powered flashlight. During the trip, the team also successfully repaired a 400W wind turbine generator, which powered the outside lighting fixtures of the orphanage. The team designed and implemented the entire project, learning real-life engineering skills, including budgeting, managing time constraints, and communicating with people in foreign languages. Efforts to continue training MdL community members are underway. They are in close contact with the OSU engineering department, and the team is panned a solar maintenance an education workshop that began in Spring 2018 to provide additional training on solar power principles, maintenance, and repairs to ensure the longevity and self-sufficiency of their program.
Sign up or login to use the bookmarking feature. Unifying Paragraphs Student holding a colorful puzzle piece Sometimes writers must cut their favorite sentences because they don’t support the focus. Stephen King calls this process, “Killing your darlings.” It is one of the most effective revising strategies—and one of the most painful. Asking students to cut their writing can lead to quizzical stares. They often believe more writing is better writing. And for students who put a great deal of effort into expressing an idea, having to delete or reimagine that idea can feel demoralizing. Students need to know that cutting is a normal part of the writing process. All good writers do it. Featured Activity: Revising for Unity To introduce cutting as a revising strategy, have your students check their paragraphs for unity. Download the PDF or copy the Google Doc. Revising to Elaborate Ideas Activity Teacher Support Consider this support as you implement the lesson. Grades 4-9 Learning Objectives By completing this activity, students will . . . • Apply an effective revising strategy. • Create unified paragraphs. • Cut unnecessary details. • Read critically for a clear topic sentence and relevant supporting details. • Respond to a peer's writing. Teaching Tips 1. Make sure students know that making necessary cuts is actually a sign of a strong writer, not a weak one. Sometimes less is more. 2. Offer some examples of well-known writers cutting material. For instance, Lin-Manuel Miranda cut and reimagined a number of songs and scenes in his hit musical Hamilton. 3. Model (or reflect on) cutting something from your own writing. Explain your reasoning behind your decision. Be honest about the way the cut made you feel. 4. Help students revise from a reader’s perspective. As they revise, recommend they ask, "What does this sentence reveal to my reader? Will it help my reader understand my idea? Will it create confusion?" 5. Assign "Enrichment: Get Peer Support." The best way for students to understand their readers’ perspectives is through peer revision. 6. Help students write strong topic sentences with the minilesson “Forming a Focus.”
Voting: Intentions “A fair society starts with a fair election” Billy Bragg So tomorrow we will go and cast our votes to try and pick a government. The Election has come at last. Except there’s not one single election where we all pick our favourite to be the leader. Instead there are really 650 separate elections for local representatives. If your vote doesn’t end up backing the winner in your area, it looks a lot like a wasted vote. If you live in a safe Labour or Tory seat you’re effectively unable to vote: no matter what you do, the party you support won’t win in your area unless you’re very good at persuading 10,000 people to vote the same way you do. So how do you get heard if you’ve got a minority viewpoint? Like most people, I’ve had real trouble making up my mind who to vote for this time. This is basically because there seems to be very little difference between the parties on most of the important issues: everyone wants to get the national debt under control while protecting hospitals, schools and police, and trying to cut greenhouse emissions. In a way that’s a good thing: consensus on these really important issues means we ought to be able to take the decisions we need to take, even in a hung parliament. On the other hand, there are lots of small issues where only one party really represents my views. In my particular case, that’s the Greens, but you may be different. This is a reflection of modern societies really – the big questions about healthcare and the budget are more-or-less matters of small policy tinkering that most people agree with, while other concerns are raised by NGOs and smaller parties (what you might call ‘single-issue’ parties). In France, Germany, Japan, South Korea and Spain – all rich, perfectly functioning, healthy modern democracies about the same size as the UK – they have a system of elections that allows for larger parties to govern based on a common consensus, while ensuring minority rules are also represented: proportional representation (PR), where MPs are elected according to the exact number of votes cast for their party. Every vote really does count. For the first time in over 80 years we have the chance to reform our electoral system and finally make it truly democratic. Here the parties actually are different. The Tories oppose PR because they think that we (the plebs) can’t be trusted to elect a capable government if we’re allowed to vote directly, and because they worry that Britain is somehow a weaker or more indecisive country than Germany, France or Japan. This is, in a word, bollocks – the British people aren’t idiots, and last-time I checked, patriotism entailed pride in your country, not fear that it might fuck up where others have had no problems. Labour only dimly support PR, because they stand to lose a lot of power as the current setup massively favours them (in 2005 they won a double-digit majority with around 1/3 of the votes cast). Only the Liberals support PR completely, and have pledged to hold a referendum to introduce it. Yes, this is because they have the most to gain of the 3 main parties, and yes, some of their policies I disagree with, and yes, a vote for them might in some cases be a vote for the Tories BUT we need to reform this rotten, outdated system (nearly 200 years old) and we may not get another chance in our lifetime. To those who say that we need a Tory majority to deal with the economic crisis, here’s what I think: All the parties want to cut the deficit. The measures they’re all taking are basically the same in that they don’t go far enough. And most importantly, the best way to avoid a repeat of the mistakes that lead to that crisis (and others to come), ultimately, is to have a better-functioning democracy that represents us. So. I live in Hythe, which is a Tory seat. Tomorrow I’ll be voting Lib Dem because the more votes and seats they get, the more likely it is that we’ll get a PR, a voting system where our votes actually count directly. And then in future I can vote Green, or UKIP, or whoever I damn well want, safe in the knowledge that this time, my vote really will count. The maths behind this is simple but pretty unsettling. Imagine there are only 10 constituencies (areas), of 10 voters each, and only two parties. Party A win 4 of the constituencies outright, with all 10 votes in each. In the remaining 6 constituencies, they come second with 4/10 votes. Party B, who win those 6 constituencies with 6/10 votes in each, have won a total of six of the available ten seats, and win the election. BUT only 36 people voted for them (6 votes in each of 6 constituencies) out of 100, compared with 64 votes cast (10 in each of 4 constituencies, plus 4 in each of 6 constituencies) for Party A. If this seems like an oversimplification, well, the results of the 2005 election pretty much exactly match these ratios. This entry was posted in Activism, Blog and tagged , , . Bookmark the permalink.
Best Answer 1,000,000 x 300,000,000 = 300,000,000,000,000 User Avatar Wiki User 2010-03-15 01:37:43 This answer is: User Avatar Study guides See all Study Guides Create a Study Guide Add your answer: Earn +20 pts Q: How much is one million times 300 million? Write your answer... Related questions How much is 300 million times one hundred thousand? 300 million times one hundred thousand equals 30,000,000,000,000 (30 trillion). One thousand times 300 million? 300 million x one million equals? 300 trillion. 300 million times one hundred thousands equals? 300 million * 100 thousand = 3108105 = 31013 = 301012 = 30 trillion. How much is forty million times one million? 40 trillion. How much is one million times one thousand? One billion. How much did the mars rover mission cost? it cost 300 million dolars and the second one cost 200 million :) How much is 300 lbs of one dollar bills worth? 1 million dollars How much is 1.1 million? 1 million = 1,000,000 (thousand times thousand is one million) 1.1 million = 1,100,000. What is one hundred times one million? One hundred times one million is one hundred million. What is one times one million? one million How much is 40 billion times one million? 4.0 x1016! How much is a Mhz? one million or 1 times 10 ^6 What is one million dollars times one million one dollars? 1,000,000 x 1,000,000= 1,000,000,000,000(one million)(one million)(one trillion)(one million times one million is one trillion) One million times one million equals? 1 million times 1 million is 1 trillion How do you write 200 million to 300 million in one sentence? How much is five hundred thousand times two? One million. (1,000,000). What is the value of million? The value of million is one million times the value of one. What is one billion divided by 300 million? How many times does a million go into a trillion? one million times What is one million times one million? 1 trillion Does one million times a thousand equal one billion? yes it does because if you add one million+one million+ one million and so on for one thousand times you will get a thousand. Think of it by breaking it down, one million * 100= 100 million and that times 10 equals one billion. so whats 100* 10? 1000 which is your original factor. What are the 1-10 million? How much would it cost to build a soccer stadium? well i would have to say around 300-550 million. if your talking about a fancy one, usually around 800 million Whats one million times one million equal? one trillion
Understanding total knee replacement Patients Joint Replacement Understanding total knee replacement Osteoarthritis affects nearly 350 million people worldwide.1 Those with osteoarthritis of the knee may experience pain, which may keep them from performing and enjoying simple daily activities. In order to treat this condition, your doctor may recommend you have knee surgery with a knee implant manufactured by MicroPort® Orthopedics Inc. Facing surgery can be daunting. However, MicroPort® Orthopedics has decades of experience producing revolutionary products which may improve the lives of patients such as yourself, struggling with pain and unable to live the active lifestyle you once did. Banner orig mp Knee anatomy The knee joint is where the end of the thigh bone (femur) meets the top of the shin bone (tibia) and the knee cap (patella). The femur and tibia are connected by a set of muscles and ligaments, of which the thigh (quadriceps) muscles are primarily responsible for straightening the knee. The knee joint is cushioned by cartilage that covers the ends of the femur and tibia, helping them to move smoothly against each other. On the tibia lie two crescent-shaped pieces of cartilage called menisci. The menisci act as shock absorbers for the knee. They also provide a pocket-like surface on the top of the tibia for the femur to sit in. This pocket increases the stability of the knee and prevents it from sliding during activities. In a knee joint that has osteoarthritis (Arthritic Knee), the cartilage wears down and bone begins to rub on bone. This creates pain and reduces the function of the knee. Understanding total knee replacement Knee anatomy 0 1 Why does my knee hurt? There are a variety of conditions that can lead to knee joint deterioration, resulting in pain, reduced range of motion, and decreased quality of life. When cartilage in the knee joint is damaged or worn down by disease, your knee bones begin to rub together, resulting in friction, pain, and even bone deterioration. Worn cartilage is typically associated with osteoarthritis, the most common type of arthritis leading to knee replacement. Osteoarthritis is just one of the many forms of arthritis, which can result in individuals experiencing pain and limited activity level. Other forms of arthritis include: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Traumatic Arthritis, and Non-Arthritic Trauma. Understanding total knee replacement Knee arthritis 2 Diseases of the knee Osteoarthritis is a common condition in which the cartilage that normally cushions the bones of a joint gradually begins to wear, causing the bones to rub together. Osteoarthritis of the knee is common because most of the body’s weight is carried by the knee joint. This can make the knee wear out more quickly than other joints. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and changes in appearance and function of the joint, which can contribute to loss of motion. Traumatic arthritis results when the joint, or the ligaments surrounding it, are damaged by fracture, dislocation, or other accident-related injury. All arthritic conditions result in stiffness, swelling, and the loss of motion. It becomes diffi cult to put pressure on the knee, and the joint becomes increasingly tender and swollen. As time passes, arthritis of the knee can signifi cantly affect your ability to walk. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the body’s own immune system attacks the synovial lining of the joints, just as it would foreign bacteria. Synovial fl uid is a clear, smooth, oil-like lubricating liquid that makes it easier for the joints to move. With RA, there is more friction in every movement of the knee and this causes pain. In addition to arthritis, knee replacement surgery may be recommended for individuals whose knee has been injured as the result of trauma. This could be a knee fracture or dislocation caused by a fall or other injury to the knee. Total knee replacement Before recommending surgery, your doctor may have considered other treatments for your knee pain. Total knee replacement (commonly known as TKR) is one of the most successful treatments to restore knee function and stop arthritic pain, and may be recommended by your doctor. The goal of the surgery is to replace the arthritic surfaces of the bones with smooth artificial surfaces made of metal and plastic. These new surfaces are designed to closely mimic normal knee function, while also preventing pain caused by the damaged ends of the bones rubbing together. Precision instruments are utilized to reshape the ends of the bones to accept the artificial knee implant. A metal “tray” is placed on top of the tibia. An implant-grade plastic (polyethylene) insert is locked into the top of this tray. The plastic now acts as the cushioning cartilage and menisci. Next, a highly polished, implantgrade metal component is placed on the end of the prepared femur. Finally, the underside of the patella (knee cap) may be removed and replaced with a plastic dome that will slide against the new joint. Knee implant Example of a MicroPort® Orthopedics total knee solution Through innovation in implant technology and less invasive surgical techniques, MicroPort® is continually working to create products that can dramatically improve the lives of patients. Knee implant close Patient resources PICTO Orthopedics Knees Five things to ask your knee surgeon Click here to know more PICTO Interview Knee replacement FAQ Click here to know more Every patient is different, and individual results will vary. There are risks and recovery times associated with surgery. Consult your doctor to determine if joint replacement surgery is right for you. Individual results and activity levels after surgery vary and depend on many factors including age, weight and prior activity level. There are risks and recovery times associated with surgery and there are certain individuals who should not undergo surgery. Please click here to read about risks associated with surgery. Only a physician can tell you if this product and associated procedure are right for you and your unique circumstances. Please consult with a physician for complete information regarding benefits, risks and possible outcomes. 1. Arthritis and Total Knee Arthroplasty: Knee Implant Procedures http:// seniors-health-medicare.suite101.com/article.cfm/arthritis_and_ total_knee_arthroplasty#ixzz0gHPzocel Mark McBride, MD ; Prakash Thulasimani. Nov 3, 2009. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2010.
Kalju Patustaja (new_etymology) wrote, Kalju Patustaja True etymology for LUNCH LUNCH - midday meal. Scholars explain its etymology as follows: 'Recorded since 1580; presumably short for luncheon, but earliest found also as lunshin, lunching, equivalent to lunch +‎ -ing, with the suffix -ing later modified to simulate a French origin. Lunch is possibly a variant of lump (as hunch is for hump, etc.), or represents an alteration of nuncheon, from Middle English nonechenche (“light mid-day meal”) (see nuncheon) and altered by northern English dialect lunch (“hunk of bread or cheese”) (1590), which perhaps is from lump or from Spanish lonja (“a slice”, literally “loin”). https://www.etymonline.com/word/lunch However, LUNCH, being the mid-day meal, much more likely comes from: launags (Latv.) - afternoon snack; lȭnag (Livonian) - south-east; lȭnagist (Livonian) - mid-day meal; lõuna (Est.) - south and mid-day meal; lounas (Fin.) - south-west and mid-day meal; lõunad, lõunaz (Votic) - south and mid-day meal; lounad, loune(d) (Izhorian) - south and mid-day meal; lounat (Karelian) - evening and main meal; lun (Komi) - day and daylight; lun-aǯ́e (Udmurt) - during the day. [Spoiler (click to open)]Very likely related to lõuna (Est.) - south and mid-day meal; lun (Komi) - day and daylight - are all words with same stem and depicting light and brightness: лонщ, лонт [lonsh, lont] (Khanty) – snow; lov (Erzia, Moksha) - snow; li̮m (Komi) - snow; li̮mi̮ (Udmurt) - snow; lum (Mari) - snow; lopme (Saami) - snow; lu’im, lu’m (Livic) - snow; lumi (Est., Fin., Votic, Izhora, Karel., Vepss.) - snow; lumine (Est.), luminen (Fin.) - snowy; lumen (Lat.) - a light, a brightness; luminous (Eng.), luminoso (It.) - bright, lighted; luna (It., Lat.), луна [luna] (Rus.) - moon; luce (It.), ljus (Sw.) - a light; lum (Sumerian) - to shine. leimu, loimu (Fin.) - flare, blaze; lõõm, loimu, lõõsk (Est.) - flaming fire; leek, leegi (Est.) - flame. Note that f-, b-, p- are idle prefixes in English flare, flame, blaze, flash, Ital. fiamme, Rus. пламя [plamia], блеск [blesk], and they are also related. According to M.Naddeo, these idle prefixes (protesi oziosi) were studied by the Italian linguists in the 19th Century, but are ignored by the Indo-Germanists (they see these idle prefixes as part of stems of the words, and, as a result, are unable to connect the obvious). * * * [Spoiler (click to open)] There is a further intercrossing of louna vs. luna; and moon vs. noon: nun, nunal (Udmurt) - day; 南 [Nán] (Chinese), 남 [naam] (Korean) - south. * * * Why should comparisons be made to the Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages for the rare word LUNCH (found in English, not used in any other Germanic language, and very clumsily explained by OED (Oхford Etym. Dictionary), as quoted above)? To answer this, one should distance from the 'Indo-Germanist' hypothesis: https://new-etymology.livejournal.com/20922.html (which arbitrarily decided that Finno-Ugric languages are 'new' to Europe). One should rather re-read what Tacitus said 20 centuries ago about the language of Aestii (the people of the Eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: https://new-etymology.livejournal.com/22868.html ): Tacitus described the language of Aestii as closer to that spoken in Britain (Tacitus, Germania). And is the language of Aestii not related to that of Estonians? Prof. Birger Nerman of Sweden, a specialist on Scandinavian and Baltic history, already a century ago concluded: "...I do not find any indications that the nation Aestii, named by Tacitus as dwelling in Ost-Balticum, are not Estonians. There is no evidence whatever against this fact; also in the 6th century Jordanes lists the Estonians as living along the coast of the Baltic sea, and Alfred reports that Estonia is very large." (Nerman, 1929). As gathered by Andres Pääbo: 'The old linguistic theory on the origins of Finno-Ugric languages, in describing their origins in a tight location near the Ural mountains, has done the world of scholarship a great disservice. For over a century scholars have completely ignored the Finno-Ugric languages in investigations of prehistoric Europe simply because they have been told they were not there, but in the east.' A.Pääbo: LANGUAGES DISCUSSION: ORIGINS AND NATURE OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE BOAT PEOPLES, TRADITIONALLY KNOWN AS "FINNO-UGRIC" http://www.paabo.ca/uirala/FinnoUgricbkgd.html * * * The connection of 'day, daylight, clear sky' (like in Komi, Udmurt lun), and 'south' (like in Est. lõuna), and 'lunch' (like in Est. lõuna) may be similarly observed in: югъ [yug] (Old Georgian), йагъ [yag] (Megrelian), egun (Basque) – day; ég (Hung.) - sky, heaven, to burn, to flame; aeg, aja (Est.) - time, epoche, also day (see for other related Finnic words: http://www.eki.ee/dict/ety/index.cgi?Q=aeg&F=M&C06=et ) Compare also to the four Yugas (or ages) the world went through as part of a 'cycle of yugas' described in the Sanskrit scriptures, each followed by 'the end of the light' cataclisms. юг [yug] (Rus., Bulg.), jug (Albanian, Bosnian, Slovenian, Croatian), југ (Makedonian, Serbian), juh (Slovakian), jih (Szech) - south; южный [yuzhny] (Rus.) - southern; egu, hego (Basque) - south; ужин [uzhin] (Rus.), у́жина, ю́жина [uzhina, juzhina] (Old Bulgarian), у̏жина [uzhina] (Old Serbian), júžinа (Old Slovenian), juzyna (Old Polish), Jause (Old German dialect) - dinner, initially midday meal; uzsonna (Hung.) - snack; [di] (Sumerian) - to shine; de, di, didal (Sumerian) - flame; dies, diē, diī (Lat.), dia (Sp.) - day, daylight (Eng.); день [den'] (Ukr., Rus.), дзень [dzen'] (Belorussian), dzień (Polish), 天 [Tiān] (Chinese) - day; таң [tang] (Kazakh), dan (Azeri), tan (Turkish) - dawn (Eng.); täna (Est.), tänään (Fin.), туннэ [tunne] (Udmurt) - today; taevas (Est.), taivas (Fin.) - sky (see for other related Finnic words: http://www.eki.ee/dict/ety/index.cgi?Q=taevas&F=M&C06=et ); deas (Scottish), theas (Irish) - south; meridies (Lat.), mediodía (Sp.) – south (literally, midday); пiвдень [pivden] (Ukr.), поўдзень [poudzen'] (Belorussian), południe (Polish) – south (literally, midday); တောင် [taung] (Burma) - south; dine, dinner (Eng.) - to eat lunch, lunch; полдник [poldnik] (Rus.), полуденок [poludenok] (Ukr.) - midday meal, literally. dal (Sumerian) - fire; de, di, didal (Sumerian) - flame; tuli, gen. tule (Est.), tu’ļ (Livic), tuli (Fin., Votic, Izhorian, Karelian), tuľi (Chud'), tuli, tuľ (Vepssian), tol (Erzia, Miksha), tul (Mari), ti̮l (Udmurt), ti̮v (Komi), tu (Nenets, Enets), tui (Nganasan), tǖ- (Sekulpian), tuj (Matori), tűz (Hung.), dolla (Saami) - fire; dalla, dal, daal (Sumerian) - midday; dél (Hung.) - south, midday; déli (Hung.) – southern; giorno (It.) - day; mezzogiorno (It.) – south (literally, midday); noon (Eng.) - midday; nun, nunal (Udmurt) - day; * * * Tags: english etymology beyond indo-europeism, Язык народа Чудь • почему царь - "ГОРОХ" [gur, kur; кур, кхур] (шумер.) - толстый, тяжелый, важный; गुरू [guru(h); гуру(х)] (санскр.) - большой, великий, огромный, важный, тяжелый;… обуза, обузъ (арх. рус.), обѫзъ (ц.-сл.) - повязка; обувь (рус.), обужа (курск. диал.), обуща (ц.-сл., болг.), о̀буħа (сербохорв., по Фасмеру),… • ЯГА "Баба Яга" - это ПраМать: https://holy-matriarchy.livejournal.com/953724.html именно! 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Open EXE File – What is and How to View – Format and Programs File type: Windows Executable What is The EXE file extension is employed in identifying the executable files on the different Operating Systems of Microsoft including DOS and Windows as well as the Operating System OS/2. The executable files are known as applications that run when they are double clicked. The said refers to an executable file type which means that the said file is a software application. All applications running on the Microsoft Operating Systems or DOS utilize it. Additionally, it contains a variety of resources that include graphics and icons certain programs use for their graphical user interface or GUI. It also contains other pieces of information that are not a part of an application including the needed environment or platform required in order to execute the program application properly, housekeeping information that will be used by the OS in preparing for the execution of the program, and pieces of information that pertain to debugging and symbolic information. The said information is not typically a component of the EXE files wherein the systems only have a small storage room and are embedded. Moreover, the information significant to debugging is not usually provided with the EXE files that could be availed of in commercial packages. Detailed information Category: Executable Files File format: Proprietary Open with Windows: Various Programs Open with Linux: Wine, Cedega, Various programs All the executable files in the EXE file extension begin with ASCII MZ. However, the said file extension is generated by various compilers that could contain more identification than the standard ASCII MZ. Meanwhile, unless the EXE has properly formatted computer instructions, it could not be properly executed even if it has a properly marked identification. The files that contain this format run on MS Windows, OS/2, ReactOS, DOS and OpenVMS Operating Systems.
The coat of arms 10 most meaningful coat of arms in the world Narmin Aydinqizi Narmin Aydinqizi 24 September 2019 2046 view 7 min. read What is a coat of arms? The coat of arms indicates the independence and inviolability of the country they belong to. However, this does not mean that every country has a coat of arms. For instance, Turkey. Although there was a special coat of arms made by Namik Ismail in 1925 during the existence of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey does not have such an official attribute in modern times. They see the unofficial symbol of their country as a star and moon and describe it like this in many cases. The original coat of arms i.e. the emblems designed in the past are emblems with shields and other symbols, such as the crown on the shield. The first coat of arms was created in Western Europe and is now spread all over the world. Until the 20th century, the most independent nations in the civilized world were monarchical state and therefore used the monarchist emblem. The coat of arms of the Swedish Armed Forces and the United Kingdom can be examples. A characteristic feature of this style is the escort of the kingdom (shields), adherents on both sides (usually in these cases, animal images). Still, we can also see the birds, fish, humans, humanoids, or inanimate objects described on the coat of arms (as in the coat of arms of Spain). You can also see any plant, tree or leaf of a particular plant, colours of the flag, which is considered as another symbol of the country (this method is used in the coat of arms of the Republic of Azerbaijan), fruit or map of the country in the coat of arms. None of this is incidental, and every detail used in the country emblems has its own specific meaning and explanation. So, which countries own the 10 most interesting and most famous coat of arms in the world? 1. Australia colonial tramcar restaurant The coat of arms of Australia, officially called the “Commonwealth Coat of Arms”, is the official symbol of the Australian Union. A shield, depicting symbols of Australia's six states and is held up by the native Australian animals the kangaroo and emu. The seven-pointed Commonwealth Star surmounting the crest also represents the states and territories, while floral emblems appear below the shield. The authorization of the first coat of arms of Australia was issued on May 7, 1908, by King Edward VII. But a coat of arms of Australia first made in 1908 was redesigned in 1911, and in 1912 it was officially proclaimed as the state emblem by George V. The redesign of the coat of arms has caused much debate in the Parliament. The Member for Wentworth, Willie Kelly, said: "Emu and kangaroo hardly fit into the atmosphere of the coat of arms. I think we make ourselves ridiculous when we endeavour to use the wild creations of our Australian fauna in creative form.” Despite objections, the kangaroo and emu remained the shield bearers in the new coat of arms and were slightly modified to appear more realistic. 2. Bulgaria bulgaria coat of arms Another most famous coat of arms - Bulgarian coat of arms consists of a crowned golden lion rampant over a dark red shield; above the shield is the Bulgarian historical crown. The shield is supported by two crowned golden lions rampant; below the shield, there is a compartment in the shape of oak twigs and white bands with the national motto "Unity makes strength" inscribed on them. The earliest example of a lion's image as a Bulgarian heraldic symbol is documented in the Lord Marshal's Roll, composed around 1294 and preserved in a copy from about 1640. At the end of the 14th century, an anonymous Arab traveller, who visited the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire Tarnovo, made other works for the coat of arms and redesigned it. His manuscript is now kept in the National Library of Morocco. Bulgarian coat of arms shall be depicted on the state seal in a way determined by law for the state seal. The depiction of the coat of arms of the Republic of Bulgaria in other places as well as the reproduction of elements of the emblem on badges, commemoration medals, etc. shall be admitted only by an act of the Council of Ministers. 3. Botswana botswana coat of arms We know that this country is not so well known. Botswana, one of the small countries on the African continent, has a very interesting coat of arms. There is a sharp and oval shield in the middle of the original coat of arms of Botswana. On the top portion of the shield, there are three cogwheels symbolizing the modern industry of the country. Three blue waves in the middle of the shield symbolize the waterways found in the country. At the bottom of the shield is the head of a silver horn bull, which symbolizes the importance of cattle herding in the country. The two zebras are symbolizing the wildlife in the country hold shields, by being described on both sides of the coat of arms. There is the word “rain” (Pula) in the official language written to draw attention to the country's water scarcity. 4. North Korea north korea emblem The National Emblem of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the North Korea coat of arms, officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The current version adopted in 1993 is based on a design that was used since the foundation of the republic in 1948. Two previous versions were briefly in use in the late 1940s. Prominent features on the emblem are a red star, a hydroelectric plant, and Mount Paektu. The design bears similarities to the emblem of the Soviet Union and other emblems of the socialist heraldic style. It is no coincidence to find the abovementioned mount on the North Korea coat of arms as it is bordered by Paektu in the north. 5. United Arab Emirates united arab emirates coat of arms Coat of arms of the United Arab Emirates was officially adopted in 1973 and later modified in 2008. The coat of arms of other Arab states is similar. Coat of arms of UAE consists of a golden falcon (Hawk of Quraish) with a disk in the middle, which shows the UAE flag and seven stars representing the 7 Emirates of the federation. Seven feathers of the falcon also represent the 7 Emirates. The falcon holds with its talons a red parchment bearing the name of the federation in Kufic script. Prior to March 22, 2008, when the emblem was modified, the falcon had a red disk, which showed an Arab sailboat in its interior, surrounded by a chain. It was modified later. 6. The Czech Republic flag of czech republic The coat of arms of the Czech Republic is one of the most popular coats of arms. The coat of arms represents three historical regions located in the territory of the country. The names of the regions are Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. There is a silver-white lion on a red background of arms of Bohemia, which is on the upper left and bottom right side, red-and-silver chequered eagle on the blue background of Moravian arms on the upper right side, and a black eagle on the golden background of the arms of Silesia on the bottom left side. The coat of arms of the Czech Republic is also used by the Czech football and hockey team. Moreover, this coat of arms is considered one of the arms having the best design. 7. France coat of arms The coat of arms of France has been used as the national emblem of France since 1953. This beautiful coat of arms, which has no legal status, is used in French passports and in some international areas. It was adopted originally by the French Foreign Ministry as a symbol for use by diplomatic missions using a design by the sculptor Jules Chaplain in 1912. In 1953, France received a request from the United Nations for a copy of a national coat of arms to be displayed alongside the coats of arms of other member states in its assembly chamber. An interministerial commission requested Robert Louis, heraldic artist, to produce a version of the Chaplain design. The coat of arms was not recognized as the official symbol of the republic, although the process of creating it was carried out by the state. Moreover, the French government set out to select the coat of arms, symbolizing it. As a result, an emblem incorporating the state’s motto Liberte, egalite, fraternite (In English: Freedom, Equality, Fraternity) and state flag with words Republique Francaise (French Republic) was adopted in September 1999. 8. Spain spain flag The coat of arms of Spain represents Spain and the Spanish nation. It is used by the Government of Spain, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and other state institutions. In its design, several details are used to represent Spain, the Royal Crown, national sovereignty, the constitutional monarchy. The Spanish national motto “Plus Ultra” is presented on the coat of arms as well. The symbols on the shield in the centre of the coat of arms of Spain symbolize the Spanish Kingdom, the crown represents the Spanish Monarchy, and the pillars in the left and right corners represent the geographical position of Spain. The coat of arms was approved by the state in 1981 and adopted as an official symbol. The coat of arms is featured in the national flag of Spain. 9. Canada canada coat of arms The coat of arms of Canada is also known as the royal coat of arms of Canada, the Arms of Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, etc. it is the official coat of arms of Canada since 1921. It is not wrong to say that Canada has closely modelled its coat of arms after the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom and France. There are some similarities between country symbols. There is a shield on the coat of arms of Canada, as in the attributes of other countries. The maple leaves in the shield were originally drawn green, but were redrawn red in 1957 and was added to the arms of Canada for limited use in 1987. The shield design that forms the monarch's royal standard is also found in the emblems of many of Canada's official bodies. It is possible to see the Canadian coat of arms embossed with vibrant gold on the covers of the passports of the Canadian people. 10. Mexico mexico flag The Mexican coat of arms is distinguished from many emblems by its originality. A rock eagle in an Indian fig is described while eating prey. According to the Tenochtitlan People, this religious image symbolizes the triumph of good over evil for Europeans. The Mexican stamp, used in official documents issued by the federal government of Mexico, is the modified form of the coat of arms and the words "Estados Unidos Mexicanos", the full official name of the country is at the top of the emblem. There is a stamp on all emissions of the Mexican pesos, the currency of the country used, and still is being used. The current Mexican coat of arms designed by Francisco Eppens Helguera has been in use since September 16, 1968. Share on Narmin Aydinqizi Narmin Aydinqizi Scorpion Narmin was born in the fall of 1998 in Berlin, Germany. She believes in zodiac signs, even has all the features of a scorpio. She loves her studies, her work, reading and sharing her researches with everyone. She aims to leave a special mark in a journalism field. Inseparable part of her life is listening to music, discovering new places, filming what she sees, and traveling. She has visited half of the countries on Euroasia continent. The list of countries she wants to see is constantly updated. She has a great love for animals. All blogs
Buddy L. Goatcher Kim T. Scribner Sandra L. Talbot Barbara J. Pierson Daniel N. Esler Denny Zwiefelhofer Richard B. Lanctot 1999 <p><span>Concerns about Harlequin Duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) population recovery following the Exxon Valdez oil spill led biologists to ask whether birds located in different molting and wintering areas belong to genetically distinct and, thus, demographically independent populations. Owing to the lack of direct observations of movements among marine areas, three classes of genetic markers that differed in mode of inheritance were used to evaluate the degree of genetic differentiation among wintering areas within Prince William Sound (PWS) and the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Archipelago (APKA). We could not reject the null hypothesis that the wintering aggregations within each region are composed of a single genetically panmictic population. Differences in genotype frequencies among wintering locations within PWS and APKA were low and nonsignificant for all three classes of markers. Furthermore, we saw no evidence for deviations in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or gametic disequilibrium between loci within a winter collection site as would be expected if these locales were composed of individuals from reproductively isolated (and genetically distinct) breeding locales. Finally, no evidence for significant structuring was noted between PWS and APKA. Lack of spatial genetic structuring could be due to the cumulative effects of low levels of gene flow over long time periods, low levels of gene flow by immature birds moving between marine habitats, or to episodic dispersal caused by habitat alteration (e.g. volcanic eruptions). Harlequin Ducks are likely to recolonize or enhance populations in areas recovering from environmental damage via emigration of birds from non-affected areas. Demographic studies suggest, however, that levels of movements are low, and that population recovery by emigration is a long-term process.</span></p> application/pdf 10.2307/4089338 en American Ornithological Society Harlequin Duck recovery from the Exxon Valdez oil spill: A population genetics perspective article
Indigenous Culture & COVID-19 Indigenous Peoples have known how to live off the land since time immemorial. They acknowledge that nature is the provider of all that is pure and good for our bodies and our spirits. We have been hurting Mother Earth for far too long. These times are unprecedented for us but we have inflicted onto Mother Nature numerous unprecedented things that have had detrimental impacts on her and in turn, on us. COVID-19 is a response. We harm her to the extent where we make ourselves sick too. In these hard times, while we are scared, isolated, and wracked with uncertainty for what the future holds, we can’t help but look for some kind of silver lining in it all. We are seeing articles about reduced air pollution in China, crystal clear canals in Venice, and wildlife roaming the streets. However, it is important that we acknowledge that this is only temporary. That in fact, once this crisis ends, we could see even more environmental degradation than before while economies are undertaking their recovery plans. This pandemic has brought to light even more just how much of an impact we have on the Earth, through how much nature is blooming and unconstrained with our [temporary] absence. Even though the positive impact on the environment is evident, but not at all long-lasting, we can still see this COVID-19 crisis as a renewing, a transformation and even a whole revival for all of us. Let’s open our eyes to what’s true, what’s holy, and what’s pure. Let’s take it upon ourselves to learn from Indigenous Peoples, being caretakers of Mother Earth and realize and respect her gifts of water, air and fire. Nature provides, and Indigenous Cultures globally, live out this truth. If you take from her, you always give back. That is a way to respect all of our relations. We are all connected and that’s why we are hurting ourselves when we pollute, extract, and corrupt the Earth. If it has taken being in quarantine for us to realize the detrimental role that human beings have in climate change, I surely hope that once things get back to “normal” we live a little differently; a little more conscious, mindful, and closer with the Earth, than we did before. When will we choose giving over greed and value our true nature and organic ways of being, more than money? Do we not think about the generations that will come after us? Now is the time. Only after the last tree has been cut down Only after the last river has been poisoned Only after the last fish has been caught Only then will you find money cannot be eaten. – Cree Prophecy What I’ve Learned Blog Post Photo I want to share a few things with you that I have learned thus far on my journey walking alongside First Nations, Metis, and Innu Peoples. 1. Evaluate Your Own Biases You may believe in something or live a certain way, but that does not mean that it is right or relevant for someone else or for another culture. Acknowledging one’s own biases can bring to light the root of your prejudices and stereotypes, that you otherwise may have not known you even had. Personal bias is formed by the different influences around us. They mold us. It is my hope that people experience the conviction to reflect, becoming more self-aware in order for their personal biases to become more clear to them. Not only the clarity is needed but the depth of knowing how damaging our own biases actually can be to another person. If not addressed, personal biases risk becoming oppressive. 1. Categorization Categorizing stems from making assumptions. These assumptions can be strongly influenced by the stereotypes or prejudices we may hold. They are all connected. Something that categories do, is make us comfortable. However, I think that one of the most negative implications of categorization is that it limits people and puts them in a box. As a result, this hinders their identity; who they truly are. We have an inherent need to categorize, in order that whatever the topic of conversation may be, whether it is pertaining to something inanimate or animate, will make more sense to us. Simply put, an example of categorization is, “white people”. Categorizing is not only limited to ethnicity but also associated with morality, ie. “religious”, “pagan”, “feminist”, etc. In other words, categorization creates a label for something or someone, making us feel as though we know all about them based off of the category we put them in. This results in a blind comfortability. Anything outside of that comfort zone we automatically deem as taboo or, “outside the norm”. Asking someone to go against this common trajectory of thought, is expecting someone to reorient their mind, the way that they think and in some cases, change the way that they live. This is uncomfortable, and will not happen overnight but I believe it is necessary in order to live in harmony. Let’s try our best to see one another as humans, connecting spirit to spirit, and heart to heart, fostering healthy relationships and community. 1. Don’t be Afraid to ask Questions If you fail to enquire, then you will be left not knowing and falling prey to making assumptions. If you do not ask questions, you will never learn. Think about it, how many questions do children ask on a daily basis? SO many, am I right? Asking questions will help you grow. Even those questions that seem so simple, ask them anyway. If you do not seek, you will remain ignorant. Please, hear me when I say, do not be afraid to ASK QUESTIONS. I can almost guarantee that there will be someone else who is wondering the same thing. Always remember to be respectful and ask your questions in a good way. Whether you are asking a First Nations, Metis, or Innu person a question, they will more than likely be happy to share what they know and what they, themselves, have learned. If you are asking a First Nations person to share their knowledge with you, part of protocol is to give them a tobacco tie as an offering, from your left hand (same side/closest to the heart). This will also ensure that preventable measures are taken when it comes to possible cultural appropriation. 1. Navigating Spaces It is becoming increasingly relevant in our society to create what we call, “safe spaces” for people, especially minorities. I was reminded recently how important it is to work towards reconciliation, not only for Indigenous Peoples but for non-Indigenous peoples too. It is a two-way street. I think it is worth asking ourselves how exactly it is that we live this out in our own lives? How do we work towards creating safe spaces for people? In my own experience with this, it comes down to empathy; taking the time to listen to another, truly listen. When we listen intently, we can come to understand someone else’s story; where they come from, and what they have gone through. I have seen walls tumble down when this happens. People become real with each other, vulnerable and transparent. As a result, a safe space is created where individuals start opening up and telling their story. We are in this reconciliation journey together and the truth has to come first and the truth is often told through stories. Disclaimer: sometimes, when the situation calls for it, an individual, in an act of courage and boldness, will speak up even in a seemingly unsafe space because they know that speaking the truth is more important than being comfortable. “Whether we are young or old, whether our skin is light or dark, whether we are man or woman, we share a common humanity and are all headed for a common destiny. That should bind us together more strongly than divisions can push us apart. So long as anything other than love governs our relationship with others, we have work to do.” – Wab Kinew, The Reason You Walk Oppressed to Oppressor Ever wonder what possesses someone to hurt another? Is it fueled by anger? Jealousy? Fear? Maybe it is all of these possibilities and more, or maybe none at all. There is always more beneath the surface. Take a moment to reflect on a time when you may have caused someone pain physically, or emotionally (or both) and ask yourself why. You may already know the reason, and if not, I realize that asking you to examine your motives may pose a risk, because it could be painful if you still need healing in those areas of your life. At this point, you are probably wondering where I am going with this, so I should probably cut to the chase. I want to talk about oppression. I want to dig down deep and uproot the behaviour of an oppressor, bringing to light more understanding. I know this goes beyond the scope of a blog post but I am going to try anyway. There are different forms and definitions for oppression. However, no matter what lens you choose to view oppression from, it is always when, “people reduce the potential for other people to be fully human.” When settlers claimed to discover Indigenous land, they colonized it, while oppressing the original inhabitants of the land. Oppression is a very common term nowadays with the uprise in efforts towards reconciliation (a word that has also been used more loosely), which is necessary, but I want to emphasize the true weight of this word. There is something I want to share, something that has been lingering in my consciousness, regarding oppression. Although oppression can be fueled by all the above possibilities, as previously mentioned, as well as power and control over another, there is more to the story. Many of the Europeans that colonized Indigenous land, were running away from something. Believe it or not, many, if not all of them, were also being oppressed. In other words, the oppressed becomes the oppressor. Wow. It was not until my friend and coworker, Meagan and I, were facilitating our Journey into Truth workshop, when I realized this simple but weighty fact from an Elder who was present at the workshop. I do not share this in order to justify and defend the wicked actions of the Europeans, but rather to bring truth to the surface. The truth simply being that hurt people, hurt people. When someone feels powerless, who is hurting, they are more likely to oppress themselves, as well as project their suppressed feelings of oppression onto another. As someone who is non-Indigenous, I often think about how it was my own ancestors who were the colonizers and oppressors. These thoughts make it is easy to be riddled by feelings of guilt and shame, which in turn can fuel internalized oppression on the side of non-Indigenous persons as well. This is exactly why forgiveness of self and forgiveness of others is so important in the reconciliation journey between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Peoples. We all need compassion and empathy to truly understand one another and live in balance and harmony. “No one is free when others are oppressed.” The Doctrine of Discovery I do not know where you come from, what your background is, or what you are going through right now but I want you to take a moment to imagine. Imagine all your values and beliefs being swept out from underneath you, out of your control, and deemed as a criminal offence. I do not want you to imagine this as a way of condemning or mustering up feelings of guilt, but instead to imagine this as a way of encouraging an increased understanding of Indigenous People’s and what has been happening throughout history. Before contact with Europeans, Indigenous People’s did not own the land in which they inhabited, but it was their home. In Henry David Thoreau’s book, Walden (2004), he states, “Enjoy the land, but own it not”. I have learned that this is exactly what Indigenous People’s have done, since time immemorial. Mother Earth, is exactly that, our Mother. Therefore, we do not own her. We honour her, and respect her, as we tread lightly upon her. When Columbus claimed to have first discovered Indigenous homeland, he did not hesitate to spread the word and fast. He brought this discovery back to Europe, reporting to the government and the Vatican. He was ordered to go back to the land he discovered and render the land empty. The land was in fact not empty but inhabited by a Civilization of people, who were rich in community, spirit, love for one another, and for their Mother, the Earth. However, this did not matter, since those who inhabited the land were not Christians. The land was considered, terra nullius, defined as, “nobody’s land”, and Indigenous People’s were not considered human beings, and cleared from their homeland. This is known as the Doctrine of Discovery, justified by, “patriotism and religion“. The Doctrine of Discovery derived from the Papal Bull “Inter Caetera,” created by Pope Alexander VI, on May 4, 1493, as a way of ensuring Spain’s right to lands discovered by Columbus. The Doctrine of Discovery effected Indigenous People’s in a number of ways. Dehumanize is a word that comes to mind when I think about these effects. To dehumanize, means to, “deprive of human qualities, personality, or spirit.” Indigenous People’s were stripped of their sense of self-worth, meaning, and agency through colonial forces. Thankfully, human, is not all that we are, but we are spirit, also. Drawing on Lynn Gehl’s book, Claiming Anishinaabe: Decolonizing the Human Spirit (2017), she brings forth an important point regarding the human spirit, and states, “While an essence of the human spirit resides within us, an essence also resides outside of us.” This may be a difficult concept for readers to wrap their heads around but bear with me. I reside with a feeling of hope that despite the fact that Europeans came and cleared Indigenous People’s from their homelands, a strong spirit still remained, on, and all around the land. Let me explain further, Europeans did not only claim the land as their own, they also criminalized Indigenous cultural ways of knowing, such as their ceremonies, and their language, in turn, colonizing the spirit that dwells within Indigenous People’s. However, the spirit residing outside of the body remained, and thrived, through traditional ceremonies and their language being practiced underground (in secret). Due to this, Indigenous People’s have the chance to regain their identities and meaning through decolonizing their spirits that dwell within the body. “It is what is outside that ignites and activates the spirit within” (Gehl, 2017, p. 67). Thankfully, Indigenous People’s are reclaiming their ancestral rights to land that they deserve, and no longer have to practice their ceremonies underground, but much work still needs to be done in dismantling the Indian Act, reviving treaty relationships, and mending broken promises. Progress towards undoing the injustices’ that have been done, cannot happen in isolation. I cannot stress enough that all communities, including Indigenous and non-Indigenous, must work together. The 94 Calls to Action, deriving from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), exemplify the ways in which Canada is working towards reconciliation. Listed below are a few Calls to Action regarding the Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius, as well as the importance of reconciling Treaty relationships: • Call to Action 46 (ii) states, “…repudiation of concepts used to justify European sovereignty over Indigenous lands and peoples, such as the Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius, and the reformation of laws, governance structures, and policies within their respective institutions that continue to rely on such concepts.” • Call to Action 46 (iv) states, “…support for the renewal or establishment of Treaty relationships based on principles of mutual recognition, mutual respect, and shared responsibility for maintaining those relationships into the future.” • Call to Action 47 states, “We call upon federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal government to repudiate concepts send to justify European sovereignty over Indigenous peoples and lands, such as the Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius, and to reform laws, government policies, and litigation strategies that continue to rely on such concepts.” The Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius, as well as encouragement of the renewal of Treaty relationships, continues throughout the 94 Calls to Action. My hope is that these 94 Calls to Action (Despite the fact that the Pope has recently refused to apologize on behalf of the Catholic Church’s role in residential schools) continue to enhance reconciliACTION amongst both, Indigenous and non-Indigenous People’s, for generations to come. Religion < Spirituality “We could never be Christians”, was stated by a First Nations Elder during a panel discussion at the World Indigenous People’s Conference on Education. This Elder is definitely justified in his perspective. There was an immense amount of injustice done on behalf of the church and the government, working together, to colonize First Nation’s land and assimilate the First Nation’s people who inhabited it. It will never be forgotten. Writing this post has been a process. After some personal reflection; analyzing my own biases, and reaching out to First Nation’s Elders for more guidance, I finally got the courage to share this with you. I gained clarity and confidence to proceed in writing about this topic after speaking with an Elder who has been in residential school herself and is a Christian. Residential schools were run by the government but they were also run by religious institutions, in fact, they actually believed that they were doing a good thing. However, they were disabling the freedom of another, which is undeniably wrong. Due to this, and the intergenerational trauma that followed, many people think that if you are Indigenous, you cannot be a Christian. However, a change of heart when it comes to how Christianity is perceived, is necessary, if we desire to see true reconciliation continue to come to fruition. “I don’t think that it’s true. You can still believe in Jesus. He didn’t come to divide or separate, its people who did that.” These are not my words, but the words of an Indigenous Elder and these words are truth, and they are powerful. If an individual is truly connected to Creator, they know His character and they know to be a Christian, means to have a relationship with Jesus, not to be religious or condemn other people. It is not a Christian value to steal away children, and commit cultural genocide. Many people within religious institutions take scripture out of context. It is the people who make it corrupt, the belief itself is not. Creator has been on this land far before we were, and I think it is important that we acknowledge this. Let’s, “seek to understand in the same way that we want to be understood” (Thank you, Brene Brown, for that gold nugget). I think that reconciliation needs to start within the individual person first, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous, extending to their family, and their community as a whole, all intertwined with healing and forgiveness. Everyone’s healing journey is different but I think if we are patient with one another, and strive to understand one another, true connection and reconciliation can flourish and continue into the future. One of the highest forms of understanding is empathy; the ability to put yourself in someone else’s shoes, listen to them, and see the world through their eyes. It is also important to know that there is a strong distinction between what it means to be religious and what it means to be spiritual. To understand this, you must be willing to step outside of yourself and what you have come to know up until this point in your life and listen to someone else’s story, someone else’s healing journey. Cultural Appropriation Halloween is fast approaching and I thought this would be an appropriate time to discuss the topic of cultural appropriation. Google defines appropriation as, “The action of taking something for one’s own use, typically without the owner’s permission”. Cultural appropriation occurs all the time, amongst several different cultures and I think it most often occurs in retail stores and during Halloween. More often than not, people are unaware that they are committing the act of cultural appropriation. It is a huge indicator of ignorance, especially on Halloween. However, Mia Mercado brings to light that cultural appropriation is a bit convoluted because cultural appreciation and cultural exchange can be important parts of any culture, but this is why it is important to discuss and hopefully gain some clarity. I think that you can agree with me when I say that there never fails to be at least one person “dressed up” as an “indian”, on Halloween each year. I used to be completely oblivious to cultural appropriation but I have never “dressed up” in the traditional clothing of another culture because I have always had this innate feeling that it was wrong. Some of you may be wondering what the big deal is; dressing up for Halloween as an Indigenous person. It is a big deal because it is traditional clothing that is being taken by another and used as a costume. First Nations traditional regalia, for example, is sacred, and it is usually given to someone who hand-made it or they make it themselves, and it can take a very long time. There is love and there is spirit that goes into making Regalia. Regalia is not something you just go out and buy in a store and definitely was never meant to be used as a costume. When people dress up for Halloween as an Indigenous person, it is a stereotypical perspective of what it is to look like an “indian”, and this can be construed as being disrespectful and rude, even if the person is just “having fun”. It is important to educate others on this topic, in a good way. Many people did not learn about the Indigenous Culture in school and they are not to be blamed. There is effort being put forth to change this and include more about First Nations history in the curriculum. My hope is that people will increasingly become more aware of the injustice which occurred amongst the Indigenous Culture. I hope for forgiveness, understanding, empathy, and that the truth would never fail to triumph over stereotypes, and any preconceived notions that have grown over time. Reconciliation is a two-way street, where Indigenous and non-Indigenous People can walk alongside each other and work towards a better future for generations to come. Let us Listen, Let us Recognize “I remember them taking me away from my mother and my step father. I could hear them telling my mom that it was the best thing for me and not to worry, that I would be looked after. The next day I woke up with hundreds of total strangers, my size, my age, not knowing what they are doing with all of us here…That’s where my whole life really started to change because I got strapped, beaten up for speaking my own native tongue…” “In the early 1970s, when my two sisters and I were very young, we were taken away from our biological parents and placed in foster homes. We were adopted into a non-Indigenous household in Ontario, three thousand miles away from our homeland, our people, our language and anything vaguely familiar to our Cree culture. Life was difficult in our new home; we dealt with isolation, racism and sexual and physical abuse for many years. All three of us had run away by the time we were fifteen-years-old. Eventually we all found our way back to Alberta.” The quotes I shared above are true experiences of just two Residential School and “Sixties Scoop” survivors. There were children taken from their homes even before the age of five, but most had to be as tall as a metre stick when the “Indian Agent” was determining who would be taken to Residential School. As a result of being forcibly removed from their home communities, their ability to develop a clear sense of self was hindered. However, when the Residential School era came to an end, the Sixties Scoop still continued and custom adoption continues today in another form, hence why I put “Sixties Scoop” in air quotes. Indigenous children are overrepresented in the child welfare system today. They are taken from their homes and put into a mainstream foster care system, which in turn is detrimental to a youth’s identity; no longer being exposed to their traditional ways of knowing. Intergenerational trauma is apparent in First Nations communities and the systemic removal of children from their homes by the foster care system further hinders the whole life cycle wheel (Pg. 14) and most definitely does not help mitigate the effects of the intergenerational trauma that is so deeply experienced amongst community members. First Nations children should be provided adequate child-care and mental-health programs in their communities. However, many children are being denied care in discriminatory ways through not receiving the equivalent health services as other Canadian children. This increases the likelihood of Indigenous children being placed in foster care outside of their home communities. Thankfully, there is effort being put forth to change this, and more people are becoming aware of the issues amongst First Nations youth in Canada, including the suicide epidemic in Northern Ontario, and the prevalent low-self esteem and self-worth that these youth carry, fuelled by and interconnected with the lack of care and services provided on reserves. I could continue with statistics pertaining to this situation. I know I still have a lot to learn and become aware of and some things I may never know. I simply hope that whoever reads this has learned something new about the Indigenous people of Canada and its current relationship with the government. I also hope that you would not merely read this but you would tell others about what is happening here in Canada. When more people become aware, it enables more change to take place. A child should have a right to their own agency. Stripping a child of their culture prevents them from truly knowing themselves, who they are inherently meant to be, and diminishes their self-worth. No one deserves to feel or be devalued, isolated, or forgotten. Let us listen, and let us recognize. “That is the frontline face of systemic discrimination in this country. It happens again and again. We lose children literally every single day due to a lack of services and supports that other children and families would take for granted,” said Angus, whose riding of Timmins-James Bay includes First Nations communities along the James Bay coast that are also struggling with suicide epidemics among their young people. Please visit the links below for further information on what is being done to provide health services for First Nations communities and their children: Personal Reflection Inspiration is everywhere but sometimes we neglect to acknowledge it. Lately, I have been choosing to wake up everyday with the desire to learn something new and keep an open mind. I have also been reflecting on my journey thus far and wanted to share a more personal post. On many occasions I have been asked why I chose to take Indigenous studies in school and why I am so interested in the Indigenous culture, being someone who is non-Indigenous. I would always tell people it is because of the simple way of life that Indigenous People’s live and the more collective and unified world-view that Indigenous People’s hold. Contrary to the western culture, which holds a more individualistic world-view, and frankly I believe that if anything is going to change in terms of greed, control, and power in our world, it would not happen if we kept living an individualistic lifestyle. The truth is, I knew from the beginning of this journey that it was going to be a challenging one. I knew it would likely be challenging to find a job in an Indigenous organization because of the effort being put forth to decolonize the workplace. I knew it would be challenging when it came to my fear of overstepping boundaries. I used to feel like I was walking on eggshells, trying not to share my opinion too much, as a means of not offending anyone. It is good to always be mindful of your words, yet, I have learned that it is okay to share your opinion and ask questions, as long as it is done in a good and respectful way. Recently, I was reminded of the importance of unity and it has brought me a lot more peace the last couple of weeks. When considering the history of the Indigenous culture, you will learn that everyone worked together, in peace and harmony. It took a village to raise a child and everyone in the community knew their role, but no one was ever alone in their efforts. This is the way that Indigenous communities have always lived. With European contact, this way of life was hindered by the injustice that ensued but they continued to practice their culture and traditions out of the sight of opposing forces. They do not need to be reminded of this way of life; it is in their spirits and natural being to act upon these traditions without hesitation and or contemplation. There have been certain barriers built by colonization that have kept many Indigenous People’s from living out their traditional values to their full potential. However, as they practice their traditional ways, their identities have and continue to be reclaimed, and they acknowledge where they are and what their role in the life-cycle wheel is. There is continuous discussion about reconciliation and I guess the whole point of this post is really to say that, I believe, in order for reconciliation to truly take place, we all need to work together, in unity. This effort includes both Indigenous and non-Indigenous People’s. This is the way in which the walls of resentment, unforgiveness, and wrongful doing will be broken down to rectify this ongoing quandary. Reconciliation is not solely an outcome, but a lengthy process that will consist of the efforts of all whom cohabitate within this marvelous yet disarray nation of ours. The youth, Elders, Indigenous and non-Indigenous People’s of our country and the citizens of the world need to collaboratively strive towards the common goal to appease what and whom have been mistreated. I am going to continue to be an advocate for the Indigenous culture and encourage others to speak up and share their knowledge and their opinions, with good and pure intentions. If you want to learn more about the life-cycle wheel, follow this link: (Beginning on Page. 13) Decolonizing Employment Another frequently asked question: “Why is preference given to Aboriginal People’s for some government jobs?”. Some people perceive this as discrimination. Discrimination is a sensitive topic and I believe it to be highly controversial at times. However, I felt inclined to write about my own convictions, as well as revelations when it comes to being declined certain job positions because I am non-Indigenous. I remember the emotions I would experience when I would reach the end of a job application only to see the words, “Preference will be given to…”. I remember feeling immediately discouraged. Despite being discouraged, I tried my best to understand and found that the reason why the government implements this policy on some of their job postings is in hopes of giving minorities an equal opportunity at income. 1 in 5 racialized families live in poverty in Canada, as opposed to 1 in 20 non-racialized families. The situation is even more dire for the Indigenous population, where 1 in 2 Status First Nations children lives in poverty. Although, as I began reading more and researching, I learned very quickly that what I thought I knew and understood to be the reason, was not even half the story. I was in need of a reality check. A change in perspective from old ways of thinking. I realized more truth when I read, “The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.”, where the Prime Minister of India is quoted, stating, “…this is our way of atoning for the centuries of injustices we inflicted upon these people…”. This statement is referring to India’s “Untouchables”, who are people of a lower caste system, accepted into College or University over those of higher caste systems, as a way to try and eliminate discrimination. This is relevant for the Indigenous People’s of Canada today. There is another book that I am currently reading, “Decolonizing Employment – Aboriginal Inclusion in Canada’s Labour Market“, by Shauna MacKinnon, where I am gaining more understanding as to why current policies are the way that they are when it comes to the labour market. Policies are continuously evolving, moving away from the convenience of short-term job training. Moving away from the fast and convenient work policies that only focus on capitalism is a good thing because when accepting these policies, we are accepting, “narrow economic theories that ignore factors including class, race, and gender…”. Assumptions that the market ensures everyone is given equal opportunity is an illusion because it is based on convenience – thinking that good jobs are available for all who are willing to do what is required of the labour market. This simply is not the case. MacKinnon states that governments seem to be less concerned with learning for its inherent value; instead, they do what is more practical for employability in order to benefit the overall labour market, without thinking about the employee’s themselves. Where is the value in that? I apologize for rambling and possibly straying off topic, but I think it is important for people to know about current policies within the labour market that still continue to hinder many minority groups from gaining meaningful employment. I agree with the shift away from narrow-minded policies because it makes for more equal opportunity for those who have faced injustice in the past and those who are at different stages of life. It should not be expected of every single person to do the exact same training when everybody has different life experiences. An individuals life experience should not limit them, but instead help them to succeed. The truth is, I am still trying to understand the ever-changing labour market policies. However, I can honestly say that I am no longer discouraged when I reach the end of an application and read the words, “Preference will be given to…”, because now I have, and continue to gain, more of an understanding and what it means to truly decolonize employment, not only through reading and researching but also in conversation with others. In fact, I wouldn’t have it any other way. The more I learn about the First Nations, Metis, and Inuit (FNMI) culture and their land, I am reminded of how much knowledge I still have yet to acquire. There is always something new to learn, not only about the FNMI culture but about the World in general and about life. We are learning something new everyday whether we realize it or not, whether it is something small or something big, we never stop absorbing new information. A friend brought to my attention a TV series on Viceland, called Abandoned. I watched the “Native Lands” episode, and I think the appropriate word for my reaction is: Baffled. I learned about the Heilstuck Nation and the abandoned Namu fishery. As well as, an abandoned Copper Mine, and Gold Mine, and abandoned towns, all along the Pacific Northwest. These places are exactly the way that people left them. Nothing has changed other than the occurrence of mold and asbestos, and gradually deteriorating infrastructure. Some have a population of 0 now and others have between just 2-3 inhabiting these abandoned places. For example, there are only 2 people living in Ocean Falls, British Columbia, which used to be a copper mine, but the government has “done away” with this town. These two locals have put their effort forth to clean up and put the natural resources that are left, into good use. I am surprised I had not learned about this earlier but some of us do not even know what is happening in other parts of the world let alone right here, in our own country. I think this could be for two reasons, one being that people are just simply unaware because they do not listen to the news and do not put in a conscious effort to become aware (ignorant by choice), and another reason being that the government simply sweeps certain pieces of information under the rug because certain information is perceived as being too risky to reveal, and it is seen as easier not to expose the truth. The problem with these abandoned places is that by just leaving them to deteriorate, is detrimental to the health of the environment. Buckets of oil, as well as, metals are just left behind and nothing is cleaned up and properly disposed of. I guess it is true that, when it comes to “big business”, some rules pertaining to the environment do not always apply. There is no balance between industry and the preservation of nature. There is more being taken away than what is being given back. It is possible for humanity to come up with alternative ways of making profit, without harming the environment. I truly hope that the work many First Nations communities are doing has a ripple effect on the rest of the world because when, “The environment gets sick, we get sick.”
Traveler help Climate – Switzerland The weather in Switzerland It varies depending on the location. The areas east and north of the Alps have a cool and dry climate, with average temperatures of 9 ° C, and with frosts in winter. South of the Alps the weather , normally warm and humid. Frost is almost unknown. In the Alps and in the highlands of Swears, the weather is cold and snowy, with frequent frosts above 1830 meters. Swiss countryside From July to August, time of summer the temperature is between 18 to 28 ° C. During the winter This is between -2 to 7 ° C. In spring Y autumn, the temperature of the day varies between 8 to 15 ° C. The west of the country has the highest rainfall, being the city of Montreux the one that concentrates the greatest amount of rains with 260 mm per year. This due to the clouds that come from the Atlantic coast. The south also has heavy rainfall. For example, the city of Lugano receives about 175 mm per year. Both cases occur because clouds are blocked by Alps. Therefore, being protected by the mountain range, the north is much drier than the rest of the country. Montreux in Switzerland Leave a Reply
Welcome to Banks Methodist Primary School's website, 'I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me' Philippians 4:13. Welcome back everyone #TeamBanks • Search Home Page Banks Methodist SchoolLearning Together with Resilience and Faith Welcome toBanks Methodist SchoolLearning Together with Resilience and Faith Owls - Year 1/2 1. Access to practise recognition of real and fake words Step 1. Click on phase 5 games ‘play now’ Step 2Scroll down and click on Obb and Bob game Step 3 Click on ’Revise all’ Step 4 Drag the words to the ‘Real’ or ‘fake’ alien Challenge: Find an object at home and write some sentences describing the object using adjectives. Read the sentences back to a grown up at home and see if they can guess the object. 2. Access Times Tables Rockstars with your personal login and practice your times tables on this fun website (personal logins will be put into reading diaries) 3. Practice writing the numbers 1 to 9 in numbers and words. 4. Find a page in one of their favourite books (home or school book) with an illustration on the page. Talk about the picture with an adult. What can they see in the picture? Do they have any questions about the things they can see on the page? Are there characters on the page? How would they describe them? If they could ask them a question what would they ask? 5. Watch the weather forecast, what does the forecast say that the weather is going to be like? Check the next day if the forecast was accurate. 6. Tell an adult at home about the story of Jonah and the Whale. 7. Challenge yourself to read at least 4 times per week, what new words have you learnt? Share them in class.
Dictionary > Biophoton noun, plural: biophotons A low-energy photon that is released by a biological system A photon is the quantum unit of light energy or electromagnetic radiation. It is emitted when an electron moves from one energy state to another. When it is emitted by a biological source, it is referred to as a biophoton. An example of this is the photon released through fluorescence. The light that is absorbed by an organism is released immediately. The biophoton has longer wavelength when re-emitted than that of what was absorbed. It occurs when the organism has a prior exposure to light and eventually absorbs it then releases it. Another example of a biological system emitting biophotons is phosphorescence. In phosphorescence, the organism releases biophoton but not immediately unlike in fluorescence. Similarly though, the organism has a prior exposure to light, absorbs it, and emits it later on. Thus, phosphorescence is different from fluorescence in a way that there is a delayed emission of light by a biological system. Photons released through bioluminescence, though, are not considered biophotons. Bioluminescence is one in which the organism produces light through biochemical means. Word origin: bio (life) + photon See also: You will also like... Genetic engineering Genetic Engineering Advantages & Disadvantages Sensory systems Sensory Systems Genetic Mutations Chromosome Mutations – II Adaptive Radiation Adaptive Radiation primitive arthropods Biological Energy ATP & ADP – Biological Energy
You surely have heard the term Cryptocurrency or may be keen to invest or might have invested in Bitcoin. Have you ever wondered how these currencies work? What technologies do they use? In this blog, we are going through to present you with a bigger picture of Blockchain and discuss the benefits of using this kind of currency for mobile app development. What are cryptocurrencies? Cryptocurrency: Digital or virtual currency that is meant to be a medium of exchange. Individual records are stored in a computerized database using strong cryptography to secure transaction records. For example, the below list of cryptocurrencies have created their separate systems and protocols: • Ethereum • Ripple • Omni • Nxt • Waves • Counterparty Blockchain the future concept What is Blockchain technology? The blockchain concept existed in the 1990s, but it got implemented in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto. He develops bit-coin using the blockchain concept. So let's understand this concept with a real-world scenario. Consider a shop containing records like count of items or goods received, exported, received from, received to, etc. Thus these records are stored in a ledger. Blockchain is similar to a ledger, where a single block contains a single record. So when these blocks are interlinked, it's called a blockchain. Blockchain the future concept Single blocks consist of these three stages. • Relevant information is stored in data; for example, transactional data is stored in bit-coin • Hash is a unique number generated while storing data; it is similar to our Aadhaar number • In the prev Hash, the hash number of the preceding block is stored to maintain the chain of the block In this way history of information is stored, and one can track the origin of data quickly. So the obvious question is, "what if we manipulate data by replacing a block?" Well, it's not so easy. Firstly, if we try to change the data, a new Hash will get generated, disturbing its next block. In that way, all the blocks after it will be disturbed. The next question will be, what if we replace all blocks inter-linked? So here's your answer: To change/replace data in one block takes 10min times. So if we try to replace 10 million interlinked blocks, it will take 200 years to replace all blocks - which is impossible. Thus this time concept is called Proof Of Concept, where you have to prove that it took a minimum of 10 min to change data. You also have to go through one more stage that is Consensus Rule. A consensus mechanism is a fault-tolerant mechanism used in computer and blockchain systems to gain the necessary agreement on one data value or a single state of network among distributed processes or multi-agent systems, such as with cryptocurrencies. It is helpful in record-keeping, among other things. Blockchain the future concept So in this way, you have to invest time to change all hashes as well as you also have to own 50% of the network, which is impossible. The most significant benefit of Blockchain technology is the decentralization of traditional finance. Developers and users can cooperatively manage the database. This makes business dealings faster, cost-effective, and an excellent solution for developers facing long settlement periods. The following table shows the programming languages several popular Blockchain platforms are written in. The table also lists the languages supported by these Blockchains to build blockchain applications. Blockchain Written In Language Support Consensus ARK JavaScript JavaScript, Go, Python, C#, TypeScript, Kotlin, Ruby, Swift, PHP DPoS Corda Kotlin Java, Kotlin Ethereum Go, C++, Rust Solidity PoW/PoS EOS C++ WebAssembly, C, C++ DPoS Hyperledger fabric Go, Java, JavaScript, Python Go, Java, Kotlin Lisk JavaScript, Node.js JavaScript DPoS Neo C# C#, Java, Kotlin, Python PoS QTUM C++, Python, TypeScript C++, Python, Rust, Go, Lua PoS Stratis C++, C# C# PoS Waves Scala Scala DPoS About the author: Rohit Kadam - Associate Software Developer Rohit Kadam is working as a Software Developer with Application Development and Maintenance at the Bonprix department on technologies like Core Java, SQL, etc., at Direction Software LLP. Previous Post6 Reasons to migrate from Microsoft NAV to Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central Next Post16 Partner factors to consider while outsourcing development of your Legacy system
23 Mar 2017 Sustainable tourism. What is it really about? Sustainable tourism. What is it really about? Tourism in total freedom makes an important business model for the overall economic infrastructure of many areas, particularly in Italy, where small towns with great cultural heritage or wonderful natural landscapes are often difficult to reach. A camper van can get to these destinations, thus acting on a basic principle of sustainable tourism: not just respecting the host environment, but also bringing benefits to it. According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization), sustainable tourism can be defined as the form of tourism that ‘satisfies the needs of both travellers and host regions, while protecting and improving their opportunities for the future”. In other words, it is a responsible tourism, supporting travellers and territories, a ‘tourism in natural areas that must contribute to the protection of nature and to the well being of local populations’. The core factor of sustainable tourism is therefore the recognition that the specific host places and cultures need to directly benefit from it, also in economic terms. The concepts of mobility, outdoor life, interaction, and the characteristics of flexibility and adaptability, explain why camper holidays belong to a developing model where tourism is an important element of the overall economic infrastructure of many areas. In Italy in particular, there are many small towns with great cultural heritage and natural landscapes that are not usually touched by the standard tourist formats. With the camper van, these destinations can be enjoyed, while experiencing a key principle of sustainable tourism: greater respect for the environment and real benefits for the safeguard and development of people and places. It is not just about holidays, but also about practices that: • Respect the environment • Are ethical and virtuous, hence not exploiting an area, culture or population • Are economically sustainable for the host population • Display social and cultural curiosity. The entire journey will be characterized by respect for the hosting population. Modes of transport Travelling by air seems to be the only choice when travelling long distance or across the ocean. However, when planning a holiday, shorter distances can be considered and also low impact, alternative transport: bicycles, public transport, trains or camper vans. Travelling by camper, for example, means choosing a holiday in close contact with nature, but it also means looking after the environment: a holiday on a Fiat Ducato based camper van can reduce emissions up to 52% compared to a traditional holiday. Local culture and economy The ideal tourist should prefer places and services that use local staff and should, in general, spend their money at local businesses, so that the local economy improves and real opportunities are given. Also, tourists are not meant to be detached spectators who travel to get the latest fashion fad, but rather they should immerse in the local culture and accept its differences, in a constructive dialogue. Knowing about local customs, history, cuisine and -why not- trying to speak a different language, are great starting points. Many tourist facilities (camping sites, parks, mountain communities…) work to improve natural areas and protect local habitats and biodiversity. Today, it is better to be a conscious traveller, preferring to patronize those venues that are eco-friendly or have environmental protection plans. Camper holiday makers, hence, are able to travel consciously and thus actively participate in local conservation. But there is more: tourism in total freedom also generates a state of balance and wellness for the traveller, who thus acquires a real sustainable mindset that can be applied to other areas of his or her daily life. Source: “Mobile Dwelling Units”, a research by Prof. Paolo Fiamma (Università di Pisa) 2015.
Is there a self-treatment for panic attack or panic disorder? How to treat panic attacks? “Is there a self-treatment for panic attack or panic disorder? How to treat panic attacks?” According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), panic disorder is a form of anxiety disorder that is characterised by severe, frequent, and sudden panic attacks. Fear and anxiety are common responses to stressful circumstances and events. Panic disorders differ from normal fear and anxiety in that it is often severe and seems to strike out of nowhere. An individual suffering from panic disorder can exhibit symptoms such as intense terror, heavy breathing and a rapid heart rate. These attacks can occur suddenly and with no obvious cause, but they can also be accompanied by a triggering incident or circumstance. What are panic attacks? A panic attack is an acute surge of anxiety that comes on suddenly and it can be crippling and immobilising. Breathlessness, rapid heartbeat, feeling of dying are some symptoms of experiencing a panic attack. Panic attacks sometimes happen out of nowhere, without warning, and with no obvious reason. They can happen even when a person is calm or asleep. A panic attack may be one-time thing, however people often experience them repeatedly. A specific situation is often the cause of recurrent panic attacks. The panic-inducing condition is usually one in which you feel threatened and helpless, causing the fight or flight response in your body. The signs and symptoms of a panic attack appear suddenly, and they normally peak within 10 minutes. They rarely last longer than an hour, with the majority of panic attacks lasting for 20 to 30 minutes. Panic attacks can strike at any time and in any place. Symptoms of Panic Disorder Many people who suffer from panic disorder say they feel like they're having a heart attack or are about to die, and they have any or more of the following symptoms: 1. Pain in the chest 2. Feeling dizzy 3. Extreme terror that strikes unexpectedly and without warning 4. Numbness in the hands and feet 5. Rapid breathing 6. Pounding heartbeat 7. Sweating 8. Weakness 9. Trembling or shaking Panic disorder can cause significant disturbances in daily functioning and individuals find it difficult to deal with normal, everyday situations that can cause extreme panic and anxiety. Symptoms of Panic Attacks The signs and symptoms of a panic attack appear suddenly, and they normally peak within 10 minutes. They rarely last longer than an hour, with the majority of them lasting just 20 to 30 minutes. Panic attacks can strike at any time and in any place. Symptoms of a panic attack include: 1. Hyperventilation or shortness of breath 2. Heart palpitations 3. Aching or stiffness in the chest 4. Shaking , trembling 5. Choking sensation 6. Feeling out of touch with reality or disconnected from surroundings 7. Sweating 8. Nausea or stomachache 9. Feeling light-headed, dizzy, or faint 10. Feelings of numbness or tingling 11. Hot or cold flashes 12. Fear of dying, losing control, or going insane The majority of panic attack signs are physical, and they can be so serious that people mistakenly believe they're having a heart attack. Many people who recover from panic attacks visit the hospital or the emergency department several times in an effort to seek help with what they feel is a life-threatening medical condition. Is self-treatment possible for panic attacks or panic disorder? To completely treat panic disorders by oneself is not possible, however, there are strategies that you can adopt to lessen or avoid panic attacks. These measures help relief and manage panic disorders. There are several behavioural habits and changes that have been shown to help people better deal with the effects of panic disorder, in addition to medicine and psychotherapy. Tips on dealing with panic attacks It's important to know that no matter how helpless or out of control you feel with your panic attacks, there are also things you can do to support yourself. The following self-help strategies will greatly assist you in overcoming panic attacks: 1.Learning about panic and anxiety: This is a crucial first step and it enables you to comprehend what is going on in your body while you are stressed. Simply being more knowledgeable about panic will help you feel better. Learn about fear, panic disorder, and the fight-or-flight response that occurs during a panic attack. You'll discover that the impulses and emotions you get when you panic are normal and that you're not going insane. For all countries combined, the lifetime prevalence of panic attacks is 13.2%. 2.Smoking, alcohol, and caffeine should be avoided: All of these things can trigger panic attacks in people who are prone to them. Also, be cautious of stimulant-containing drugs, such as diet pills and non-drowsy cold medicines. An anxiety or mood disorder affects 20% of people who have been diagnosed with an alcohol or drug use disorder. 3.Learn breathing control techniques: Many of the sensations that occur during a panic attack are brought on by hyperventilation (such as lightheadedness and chest tightness). Deep breathing, on the other hand, can help alleviate panic symptoms. When you learn to slow your breathing, you can calm yourself down. You're much less likely to produce the feelings you're trying to avoid if you know how to regulate your breathing. Taking long, steady breaths through the nose is what calm breathing entails. 5.Practice relaxation exercises: Yoga, meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation are all exercises that improve the body's relaxation response, which is the opposite of the stress response that causes anxiety and panic. Not only can these calming techniques help you relax, but they also help you feel happier and calmer. 5.Connect with friends and family: When you feel alone and isolated, your anxiety symptoms will worsen, so reach out to people who care for you on a regular basis. If you don't know who to turn to, look for ways to meet new people and form supportive friendships. 6.Exercise on a regular basis: Exercise is a natural anxiety reliever, so make an effort to move for at least 30 minutes most days (three 10-minute sessions is just as good). Rhythmic aerobic activity that involves both arm and leg movement, such as walking, running, swimming, or dancing, may be particularly beneficial. 7.Make sure you get enough sleep: Sleep deprivation or lack of sleep will exacerbate insomnia, so aim for seven to nine hours of restful sleep each night. Sleep deprivation can exacerbate panic attacks and anxiety symptoms. You can feel overstressed and anxious as a result of the biochemical response that occurs when you don't get enough sleep. Tension and stress can induce a nervous system response that causes you to take quick, shallow breaths, which leads to retention of carbon dioxide. How to cope with the symptoms of a panic disorder 1.Get up and get moving Regular exercise has been shown to help relieve fatigue, anxiety, and tightness in the body, as well as the risk of panic attacks. 2.Make sleep a priority A vicious circle of sleep disturbance and panic disorder may occur. People who suffer from panic disorder often experience difficulty sleeping, and the resultant sleep loss can exacerbate panic symptoms. 3.Keep an eye on your diet Some foods and substances can make you feel more anxious or cause a panic attack, including: • Caffeine • Alcohol • Refined sugar • Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 4.Maintain a journal A panic attack log should be used to monitor your causes as well as your symptoms (physical and emotional) and any coping mechanisms that helped you deal with those symptoms. 5.Practice relaxation Many of the cognitive and physical symptoms of panic disorder can be alleviated by using relaxation exercises to help you calm down your emotions, relieve tension and fear, and reduce many of the psychological and physical symptoms of panic disorder. • Mindfulness meditation • Deep breathing • Visualization • Yoga • Progressive muscle relaxation Treatment of Panic Attacks and Panic Disorders Therapy is the most appropriate treatment for panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia. 1.Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) This focuses on the thoughts and actions that are sustaining or inducing panic attacks, and lets you see your feelings in a more rational way. The sense of fear becomes less frightening as you realise that nothing completely terrible is going to happen. 2.Exposure therapy for panic disorder This requires you to feel the physical symptoms of fear in a healthy and monitored environment, allowing you to develop healthier coping strategies. These various exercises produce feelings that are similar to panic symptoms. You grow less afraid of these internal body stimuli and become more in control of the fear with each exposure. 3.Exposure therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia Treatment involves exposure to the circumstances or situations that you dread and avoid. You face the dreaded scenario until the stress subsides, much as with exposure therapy with serious phobias. With this therapy, you learn that the situation isn't dangerous and that you have control of your feelings. Medication may temporarily control or reduce the symptoms of panic disorder, it does not, however, treat it. When medication is used in addition with other therapies, it is more effective. Previous Post Next Post
More than half of a state park in Brazil burned on Sunday afternoon after an illegal fire balloon fell, setting off a fire in the Juguery Park near Sao Paulo. The fire also brought ash to the city, which is 39 kilometers or 24 miles away, Brazilian authorities said. The people of Brazil usually send off small balloons lit by candles up into the night sky to enjoy the show. Despite being prohibited and punishable by fines or even prison, Brazilians still do the practice. State officials in Brazil's vibrant financial center, São Paulo, listed the balloons among the top three causes of forest fires each year. According to ABC News, city officials in Franco da Rocha noted that a fire balloon came down in the Juguery Park and set ablaze the park. The fire spread due to strong winds and the intense summer heat over 50 percent of the park. It was not immediately clear whether the current drought that Brazil is experiencing contributed to the extent of the devastation in the park. Due to the fire incident, the Brazilian government deployed 90 firefighters and more than 100 members of the country's Civil Defense Department to fight the fire and avoid further damages. The state park was created in 1993. The Juguery Park is about 2,000 hectares or around 5,000 acres. The state park preserves one of the last remnants of the Cerrado biome in the Sao Paulo metropolitan region and areas of Atlantic Forest. READ NEXT: Sitio Burle Marx, Brazil's Cultural Landscape Garden Receives UNESCO Distinction Use of Fire Balloons Discouraged Not Only in Brazil Aside from Brazil, countries such as Argentina, Australia, Austria, Chile, Costa Rica, New Zealand, Colombia, Germany, Spain, and several parts of Canada have also banned the use of sky lanterns. In the United States, a ban on sky lanterns was imposed in Alaska, California, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Florida, Hawaii, New Hampshire, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington. Even the FAA raised concerns over the use of floating lanterns because of its threat of being sucked into the engines of aircraft. Environmental Threat While sky lanterns and balloons have become a familiar visual at memorials, festivals, and weddings, they pose a great threat to the environment. As these floating lanterns come up, they would also come down after a short while and litter the environment. It would also take months or even years for these lanterns and sky balloons to be cleaned from the area they landed. Sky lanterns and balloons like plastic confetti are non-recyclable and will take years to decay. These materials turn into microplastics that are then ingested by many wildlife species, including fish, birds, and turtles. At least 270 experts have named balloons as one of the biggest threats to marine mammals, turtles, and seabirds. According to researchers at the University of Tasmania, they have discovered that at least one out of five dead seabirds out of 1700 have died after ingesting balloon pieces. READ MORE: Police in Brazil Discover 24 Suitcases Filled With Cocaine on Private Jet, Spanish Passenger Detained This article is owned by Latin Post Written by: Jess Smith WATCH: Balloon Sets Blaze in Brazil Park, Raining Ash on Sao Paulo - From connerlayson2010
Search Instagram Facebook Youtube Diverticulosis » Is Diverticulosis Hereditary? Is Diverticulosis Hereditary? When discussing colon health, it is important to understand more about diverticular disease and one of its most common sub-conditions, diverticulosis. Diverticulosis a very common problem that can alternately cause serious follow-on conditions, or no symptoms at all. The colon is a very sensitive organ that plays in important part in the digestive system. Proper colon health can not only make life easier, but it also avoids many serious medical issues and even surgery in some cases. However, with our collectively worsened diets in the United States, poor colon health has led to an increase in bowel related issues, colon and rectal cancer, diverticulosis and resultant diverticulitis. So, what is diverticulosis? Diverticulosis occurs when small pockets form within the colon due to a weakening of the colonic wall. It is a very common condition that occurs in the majority of people by the time they reach advanced age. Diverticulosis itself is not necessarily a problem, however it increases the risk of diverticulitis which represents an infection in the pockets mentioned above. Is diverticulosis hereditary or is there something that we can do about it? As with most intestinal conditions, heredity plays a role in the development and severity of certain conditions, including diverticulosis. In other words, if close family members have suffered from diverticulosis, your risk may be somewhat higher as well. However, your genes and family history are not the leading cause of diverticulosis. In fact, there are many other considerations that patient should understand that increase the risk of developing diverticulosis: • First, is age. As we get older the risk of diverticulosis increases as our musculature and tissue strength diminishes. • Second is straining during bowel movements (causing pressure on the colonic walls). This is often caused by chronic dehydration and lack of fiber in the diet. Both of these make it harder for the colon to effectively create bulk and expel it. In fact, countries with diet high in fiber seem to have the lowest incidence of diverticular disease. The last word Ultimately, while diverticular disease, and in particular diverticulosis, can be hereditary, this does not mean that patients should take it as a given. Quite the opposite; if you know that you have a genetic predisposition for diverticulosis, you should improve your hydration and fiber intake to ensure the lowest possible risk. While not all cases of diverticulosis end up as diverticulitis, the latter condition is serious and often involves the removal of part of the colon, known as a colon resection or colectomy. While modern technology and technique have made colon surgery less invasive than ever before, there still is the potential for a temporary or permanent colostomy, depending on the overall health of the bowel. The same health issues that increase the risk of diverticulosis have also increased the prevalence of colon and rectal cancer. Cancers of the bowel occur more frequently in patients who have a poor diet that often consists of high calorie, low nutrient and low fiber foods and drinks. As with any serious medical condition, prevention is much better than any treatment will ever be. Colon issues are one of the most preventable conditions that our patients face, but the health of our large intestines is often an afterthought. Related Topics: Our Location Memorial Advanced Surgery 3627 University Blvd S. Suite 700, Jacksonville, FL 32216 (904) 399-5678 Get Directions
Non-Photorealistic Computer Graphics Library Technical Report Paint Author(s): Alvy Ray Smith. Technical Report: Computer Graphics Lab, New York Institute of Technology, No. Technical Memo 7, 20 Jul, 1978. [BibTeX] Find this paper on Google Paint is a menu-driven computer program for handpainting two-dimensional images in full color. It is a highly interactive software package with which a human artist may employ the power of a digital computer to compose paintings which are entirely of his own creation. The "canvas" is actually a large piece of digital computer memory which is displayed for the artist on a conventional color television monitor. His "brush" is an electronic stylus resembling an ordinary pen. Its shape can be any two-dimensional shape he desires, so long as it fits into the canvas memory space. He may choose any color he desires from a "palette" of 256 colors. If this is an inadequate selection, he may mix his own set of colors from a vast set of possibilities. The main purpose of this paper is to describe in detail how an artist accomplishes these acts and what his choices are. Visitors: 150794
If you could pick just one, would you A) send a new lander to Mars, B) send a robotic visitor to a comet, or C) send a ship to float in the hydrocarbon oceans of Titan? NASA will pick one winner from these three projects, the space agency announced this week. The project will be capped at $425 million, not including the price of launch. First on the table is the Mars Geophysical Monitoring Station, or GEMS, which will study the planet’s interior structure. It would carry three primary instruments, which would measure the planet’s wobble, marsquakes and geothermal heat flow. NASA says the mission could provide new information about the formation of rocky planets. Next up is Comet Hopper, which will do just what it sounds like and alight briefly on a comet several times, observing how it changes as it interacts with the sun. Previous probes have already visited comets, smash wrecking balls into them and take their pictures, but this would study comets’ natural evolution. And finally there’s the Titan Mare Explorer, TiME, which will float on one of the Saturnian moon’s massive oceans. It would be the second lander to alight on the moon after the Huygens probe, but the first to study an extraterrestrial body of water. It would study the methane-ethane oceans, possibly looking for any methane-eating inhabitants. It could also tell us whether Titan has a soggy interior, as some recently crunched Cassini data suggests. Titan Mare Explorer An artist’s concept of a Titan ocean float. All the missions will provide high returns at low cost, according to NASA. Along with these missions, the space agency will choose among three technology demonstration projects designed to look for more comets, deep-space asteroids and near-Earth objects. NEOCam would be a space telescope positioned at a Lagrange point, where it would look for small bodies that cross Earth’s orbit, according to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Primitive Material Explorer (PriME) would study comet compositions, exploring their role in delivering water and other compounds to Earth. And Whipple – ROSS (Reaching into the Outer Solar System) would validate a new method to search for distant celestial objects. Those are smaller missions still in the planning phase, while the probe proposals are already fairly advanced. Each of the probe proposals will get $3 million to build preliminary designs and test them, and NASA will review all three again in 2012, choosing one for launch. Here’s an idea — why not let the public vote, American Idol-style, for the best one? Nothing against any of the hardworking principal investigators, but I’m going with the Titan float. Mars is great and all, and comets seem like fun to visit, but a Titan ocean lander seems like a no-brainer.
Treatment guide Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukaemia Leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects the different types of blood cells. It can be acute or chronic in nature, and starts either in the myeloid or lymphoid cells of the bone marrow. Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) begins in the myeloid cells (such as neutrophils, basophils, macrophages, among others). Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukaemia Quick Details • Patients diagnosed with AML. • The 5 year survival rate for adults with AML is approximately 30% and for children it is between 60-70%. • Chemotherapy is given in cycles broken by periods of rest and recovery. • Radiation therapy is also given over a course of few weeks. • Radiotherapy side effects include: swelling, fatigue, changes in skin, nausea/vomiting. • Side effects of chemotherapy include hair loss, nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhea, fatigue and mouth sores, cognitive changes. • Side effects of a stem cell transplant can be, graft-versus-host disease, risk of the leukemia cells being re-transplanted. Causes and Symptoms of AML Causes and Risk Factors There are a few factors that can increase the risk of AML: • Age: the older you get, the higher your chances of getting AML. • Sex: men are more prone to AML than women. • Smoking: May also increase the risk of AML. • Certain chemicals such as benzene, and long term exposure to it and related chemicals is also a risk for AML. • Exposure to high dose radiation such as those from an atomic bomb explosion or a nuclear reactor accident. • Previous chemotherapy treatment with certain drugs known as alkylating agents. • Genetics/Family history: certain genetic syndromes such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Trisomy 21 have a higher risk of developing AML. Additionally, if a close family member (such as a parent, sibling) has had the disease, then your chances of developing it also increase. The general symptoms associated with AML are: • Fatigue • Fever • Unintentional weight loss • Night sweats • Loss of appetite Some more specific symptoms associated with the type of blood cells being affected are as follows: • Increased vulnerability to infections • Dizziness/Headaches • Easy bruising/frequent nosebleeds/bleeding gums • Issues with blood clotting • Pain in your bones/joints • Swelling in the abdominal region Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnosis and Screening Here are the following diagnostic tests and screening procedures you have to undergo for AML: • Medical history and physical examination to understand your general health condition, family history of illness and examine your eyes, mouth, skin and other organs for signs of bleeding/bruising or infection. • Blood and bone marrow samples to check for signs of leukemia cells. • Complete blood count test to check for the amount of different blood cell types. This may help the doctor diagnose leukemia but it not a conclusive test. • Spinal tap to check whether the cancer has spread to the brain or the spinal cord. • In a cytochemistry test, cells are dyed with special stains which are specific to types of leukemia cells. This therefore helps to determine which type of leukemia you have. • Immunophenotyping: Different blood cells attach different antigens, and immunophenotyping takes advantage of this principle. It also therefore can be used to classify the type of leukemia you have. • Chromosome test to check for changes in the chromosomes of the myeloid cells. Observing these changes can be useful for determining the best course of action for your illness. • Imaging test such as X-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds or MRI scans are usually carried out to check whether the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. How is Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Treated? Uses anti-cancer drugs to kill or shrink the cancer causing cells and to prevent the spread of cancer to other areas of the body. This is the main form of treatment against AML, and you may receive one drug at a time or a combination of drugs. Chemotherapy is delivered either intravenously, subcutaneously, orally or via injections in the cerebrospinal fluid. There are 2 main phases of chemotherapy for AML namely: • Induction: This is the first phase and is short, usually lasting a week. The aim is to kill all leukemia cells and get the balance of cells to normal, hence achieve remission. • Consolidation: Is given after the induction phase, to prevent the cancer from returning. This treatment is given in cycles interrupted by brief periods of recovery. There is now the possibility of using targeted therapy drugs which are, are as the name suggested more specific to destroying only cancer cells. Targeted therapy drugs are mostly used in tandem with chemotherapy drugs, but may also be given alone. Stem cell transplant This procedure is carried out after an intensive round of high dose chemotherapy or radiotherapy that kills all cells in the bone marrow including the cancerous cells. A stem cell transplant allows the transfer of hematopoietic stem cells into the bone marrow, where new blood cells can grow from them. Stem cell transplants are of two types namely: Allogeneic, whereby a donor’s stem cells are used, and Autologous, where a patient’s own stem cells are used. Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy works by aiming high energy waves at the cancerous cells. This type of treatment is often used for leukemia that has spread to other parts of the body and before a stem cell transplant. What Should I Expect From This Procedure? Please bear in mind, that your medical history, your environment which includes family and friends, your lifestyle habits, genetics, the type and intensity of cancer you have, all play a role in deciding the course of your treatment. Many times a combination of treatments is recommended, and this may change through the duration of your illness. This is done so the doctor can ensure that you are getting the best possible treatment for your individual case. How Do I Find the Right Doctor? We understand that before going through a major treatment like chemotherapy or a stem cell transplant, you may be feeling unsure and want a second opinion, or you would like to look for the top oncologist specializing in prostate cancer, or for a clinical trial doing cutting edge research. For support with any of these queries and question, Qunomedical is here for you 24/7. Patient manager Your personal Patient Manager Let's talk
The complete artificial intelligence in customer service glossary You might have read about the growing role of AI in the customer experience and customer support. Customer care is going through a revolution of new technology and we’re bombarded with amazing statistics such as this one: “By 2025, as many as 95 percent of all customer interactions will be through channels supported by artificial intelligence (AI) technology” But what do these AI buzzwords actually mean and how will they impact customer service? Here’s our guide to artificial intelligence terms in CX. Artificial intelligence in customer support glossary: An AI is a machine that can perform functions that we associate with human intelligence. Until around 10 years ago, AI was most often associated with symbolic algorithms (logic) that did not use learning. Route planning algorithms and the first chess computers are "traditional" AIs. In recent years the lines have been blurred and the best performing algorithms all use some element of learning from data. See also: Good, Old-fashioned AI & Real AI Artificial Intelligence as a service (AIaaS) AI as a Service (AIaaS) is the outsourcing of Artificial Intelligence by a third party vendor. Just as Software as a Service (SaaS) allows other organizations to take advantage of “off the shelf” systems other companies have produced without a huge investment, AI as a Service helps companies that do not have the capability or desire to build, test, and implement artificial intelligence systems from scratch. Companies like raffle are producing “plug and play” AI-driven tools that are AIaaS. Customer service automation in customer service is the process of implementing customer service tasks automatically, from routing issues to the correct teams to sending follow-up emails to customers. This eliminates manual labor using a variety of tools, including chatbots. Automation is not necessarily AI however, as simple tasks can be programmed without the need for machine learning. The majority of chatbots are automated, not real artificial intelligence. A chatbot is built around a “decision tree,” which is designed to steer the conversation to an endpoint. The decision tree represents the logical flow of the interaction between the user and the bot. They can be effective tools for relatively simple interactions requiring binary choices, e.g. meat or vegetarian pizza. A chatbot may feature some natural language processing (NLP) capabilities but can’t learn from its previous interactions, so is not “Real AI.” Read more: Conversational AI: to chatbot or not to chatbot? Customer self-service Customer self-service is a tool or service that allows users to find solutions themselves, often using a knowledge base. Organizations can use AI to direct customers to the right answer in that knowledge base, based on the question they’ve asked. For example, raffle Web uses natural language processing to instantly find a relevant answer from companies’ knowledge bases and deliver them to the customer on their website. Read more: 14 powerful stats that prove the importance of self-service in the customer experience Data (Unlabeled) Unlabeled data is one of the data types used to train language models. This can be text data collected from the internet or text available in companies. Practically unlimited unlabeled data is available, but care must be used, because a model could learn unhelpful or even offensive things. See also: Language model Data (labeled) Labeled data is a type of data used to train language models. This could be a series of questions from historical customer query logs and labeled to help start the language model at a good level of performance before it begins to relearn (unless it’s a chatbot, which depends entirely on human input). See also: Language model Deep Learning Deep Learning is a subfield of machine learning that uses model architectures with many layers of computation inspired by the organization of the brain. The computation progresses layer by layer starting with input data and the final layer outputs the prediction. It is used for image classification, image generation (deep fakes), machine translation, speech recognition, speech synthesis, learning to play games and many other applications. First Line Support First line support is customer support, which screens all support requests and ensures that they get answers. If an answer can be answered quickly, customers can be directed to simple workarounds or solutions. AI technology is increasingly used to solve First Line Support queries in order to save time and resources. ‍Good, Old-fashioned AI? (GOFAI) Good, Old-fashioned AI is technology that is built with “if-then” statements — rules programmed by humans. Sometimes known as rules engines or expert systems, they are useful for conducting repeated tasks but have little to do with actual intelligence. They automate processes but, unlike with “Real AI,” don’t self-learn or improve without human intervention. Most chatbots are built using this simple technology. See also: Real AI Knowledge base A customer knowledge base is a collection of published documents and information, typically including answers to frequently asked questions, how-to guides and videos, troubleshooting instructions, introductory articles, glossaries and definition lists, and any other useful information for customers. Knowledge bases are made to help customers self-serve, without needing to ask for help from a customer support team member. See also: Customer self-service Language model A language model can “understand” the meaning of sentences. Or, more precisely, if we take two sentences that carry the same meaning, then their representations will be similar. This currently requires training with labeled and unlabeled data. This is a very good foundation for customer service applications such as a question-answering system because it allows us to represent questions in a way that accurately reflects how customers ask them. Read more: How language modelling has changed NLP — and our customer service products Machine Learning Machine learning provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. This has the potential to improve customer service, customer loyalty and brand reputation, as well as enable employees to focus on higher value or more complex tasks. For example, a machine learning model can be trained on past customer tickets to assist the customer service agent find answers to new customer tickets. Narrow AI Narrow AI is an intelligent system designed to perform singular tasks it is specifically programmed to do. This might be speech recognition, facial recognition, or driving a car. In the customer experience, Narrow AI is needed for effective social chatbots or human-robot interaction. Natural Language Processing (NLP) Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the use of computer algorithms for natural text. Machine translation, question-answering and dialogue systems are applications of NLP. A customer service query may be vague but, with NLP, we are able to interpret and analyze it. With deep learning NLP we can understand the words, sentences, and context of your customers’ queries. See also: Language model Real AI By contrast to Good, Old-fashioned AI, Real AI is more sophisticated technology which is able to self-learn. Using machine learning and neural networks, they require little to no human intervention. These programs alter themselves, are dynamic, and adjust based on the data they are exposed to. Thanks to this, they can assist customers based on previous interactions and user feedback. Read more: What is a real AI company? AI: beyond buzzwords When it comes to the customer experience, artificial intelligence is an exciting new development. However, it can be confusing. We hope that this glossary clears up some of your questions and explains the facts behind the buzzwords. Find out how we help our clients with AI Learn More Similar posts Sign up for insights from raffle Get the latest resources, events and webinars sent straight to your inbox. You'll learn about AI, customer service, employee engagement and much more with our knowledge-filled newsletter.
Solo planets may be surprisingly common Wandering worlds — with no parent star — raise questions about what it means to be a planet OTS 44 GOING ROGUE A disk of gas and dust swirls around OTS 44, a rogue planet shown in this artist’s illustration. It may have formed the same way stars are made. A. M. Quetz/MPIA View the slideshow Out among the stars, toward the constellation Capricornus, a red sphere floats freely through space. It doesn’t have enough mass to fuse atoms for fuel, as stars do, and it’s too small to be a failed star. In nearly every way, this drifter, known as PSO J318.5-22, is like a planet. Except it fails one key test for planethood: It does not orbit a star. PSO J318.5-22 is homeless. With no parent star to give it heat or light, it drifts in eternal darkness, a rogue of the Milky Way. Computer simulations in the 1970s gave planetary scientists their first hints that rogue planets might exist. As planets formed around a star, some planetary material would have been scattered into far-flung orbits. A few miniplanets may have been tossed far enough to be ejected completely from the star’s gravitational grasp. Later estimates suggested that every planetary system in the galaxy booted at least one planet into interstellar space. With billions of planetary systems in the Milky Way, there may be billions, maybe even hundreds of billions, of rogue planets in the galaxy, says planetary scientist Sara Seager of MIT. The first actual observations of what appeared to be free-floating planets came in 2000, suggesting that the simulations were on to something. In the last 15 years, astronomers have stumbled upon about 50 of these planetlike worlds. Some have all the characteristics of planets, minus a parent star. Others raise questions about how stars and planets can form. They all appear to challenge the standard definition of a planet. It’s time to go beyond serendipitous discoveries, says Michael Liu of the University of Hawaii in Honolulu. He would like to see a systematic search for other untethered worlds. “A census of rogues,” Liu says, “is the only way we are going to fully understand the extent of what’s out there in the Milky Way.” Isolated giants Liu and his colleagues first spotted PSO J318.5-22 in 2010; they confirmed and reported the finding in 2013 (SN Online: 10/9/13). The researchers detected the planet in images taken with the Maui-based Pan-STARRS 1 telescope. The team had been looking for failed stars called brown dwarfs, which appear to start their lives in the same way stars do: A clump of gas breaks free from a cloud of cold, dense gas and collapses, pulling material inward into a swirling disk around it. At the center of this disk is a baby star or, depending on the size of the original gas clump, a brown dwarf. Two traits distinguish a star from a brown dwarf and to an extent, from a planet: mass and the presence or absence of nuclear fusion. Stars, even small ones, are at least 80 times the mass of Jupiter, which at 318 times the mass of Earth is the most massive planet in the solar system — and is often used by astronomers to gauge the size of other gaseous objects. According to theoretical calculations about how stars work, objects must be 80 Jupiter masses or more to fuse hydrogen nuclei (protons) into helium. This process liberates energy, which is how stars burn bright, speckling the night sky. Brown dwarfs are smaller, anywhere between 13 and 80 Jupiter masses. They are not dense enough to fuse hydrogen. But they may have been big and hot enough to fuse deuterium nuclei (a proton plus a neutron) with protons or other nuclei, which means they once generated energy but no longer do. Any sphere less than about 13 Jupiter masses is not large or dense enough to fuse any kind of atomic nuclei. As a result, some astronomers define orbs with less than roughly 13 Jupiter masses — even untethered ones — as planets. Story continues after slideshow Spotting floaters In the last few years, astronomers have stumbled upon rogue objects, illustrated below, that are not too far from Earth and have roughly the right mass to be called planets. Scott Roy Atwood/Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 3.0) A.M. Quetz/MPIA V. Ch. Quetz/MPIA Penn State University/NASA/JPL-Caltech Sources: Joergens et al/ 2014; Liu et al/ApJ Letters 2013; Luhman et al/ApJ Letters 2014; Delorme et al/A&A 2012; Bennett et al/ 2013. This has been a point of contention in the astronomy community. When astronomers started reporting free-floating planetary mass objects in 2000, they dubbed them “isolated giant planets.” That simple description set off a heated debate about whether the free‑floaters should be bestowed planethood. In 2003, the International Astronomical Union — the same organization that demoted Pluto to a dwarf planet — weighed in. The IAU said planets orbit the sun. Period. Planets that orbit other stars are extrasolar planets, or exoplanets, and rogues with planetary masses that do not orbit a star are not planets; they are sub–brown dwarfs. The IAU’s definitions drew a clear dividing line between stars, brown dwarfs, sub–brown dwarfs and planets. But in reality, Liu says, the galaxy’s contents are much more complicated. Around the time of the IAU announcement, Liu joined the hunt for brown dwarfs and exoplanets. In fact, when he and his team first spotted PSO J318.5-22, they thought it might be a brown dwarf. But it was “like nothing we’d seen before,” he says. It was dim and extremely red, redder than any brown dwarf. A closer inspection with larger telescopes confirmed that the object was more like a planet. PSO J318.5-22 is about 6.5 times the mass of Jupiter — well within the size range of a planet. Its color, brightness, atmosphere and mass are also similar to those of the young, dusty exoplanets that orbit the nearby star HR 8799 (SN: 4/6/13, p. 5), the team reported in 2013 in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. Rogues are hard to see for two reasons: their lack of a parent star and their size. Planets in orbit tug on their parent star or block its light, which gives clues that the planet exists. This is how the Kepler space telescope and others find far-off worlds. And because rogues are small, they don’t give off a lot of heat and light compared with stars, which makes them faint and easy to miss with infrared and optical telescopes. Despite these challenges, Liu and other astronomers have found about 40 planetlike rogues using infrared and optical telescopes. These instruments are pretty good at spotting larger rogues, but they tend to miss smaller, Earth-sized ones. That’s where gravitational microlensing comes in. A massive object can act as a gravitational magnifying glass, bending and brightening the light of a background star that happens to lie directly behind it as seen from Earth. About a dozen rogues have been identified with microlensing. Violent and messy Mass isn’t everything when determining whether an object is a star or a planet. What really matters, says Kevin Luhman of Penn State, is how the rogue was created. Based on computer simulations, astronomers suggest two scenarios for how rogues are made: They either got kicked out of a planetary system early on, or they formed just like stars but on a smaller scale. The formation of planetary systems is extremely chaotic. It starts with a glob of gas and dust that breaks away from a much larger cloud containing material to support the start-up of many stars. As the glob pulls away, gravity forces everything toward its center. The center becomes more and more compressed, gets hotter and becomes the beginnings of a newborn star. Chunks of rock, ice and dust start to swirl around this stellar kernel. The chunks stick together to form boulders and then continue to grow bigger into planets. These planets can get pulled in toward the star and then pushed farther out. As the planets jockey for position, they play a violent and messy game of ping-pong with others around them. In the end, there’s not enough gravity to keep all the planets circling the parent star. One or more get knocked into space, according to this scenario, and rogue planets are born. There’s evidence of this kind of roughhousing even within our own solar system (SN: 3/21/15, p. 14), Seager says. The first hint of these shenanigans came from the Oort cloud, a swarm of trillions of ice chunks tethered to the sun by gravity (SN: 10/19/13, p. 19). The Oort cloud, which extends to the farthest edges of the solar system, forms a bubble of debris around the sun and its planets. It is probably made of rubble that was thrown out of the inner solar system as the planets took their places about 4 billion years ago, Seager says. In order for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune to be orbiting where they are today, some simulations suggest, there was probably a fifth planet bouncing around with them at some point (SN: 5/5/12, p. 24). Jupiter eventually booted the hypothetical planet, with a mass similar to Neptune’s, into interstellar space, researchers from the Southwest Research Institute reported in 2011. Not what, but how Planetary ping-pong may not be the only way rogues are made, says astronomer Gösta Gahm of Stockholm University. He argues that planets may form without parent stars. Perhaps they form exactly the way stars do in the same regions of space, only on a much smaller scale. In stellar nurseries, big globs of gas and dust become stars. In Gahm’s theory, a glob of gas and dust, which can be just a few times the mass of Jupiter, can collapse and condense into a planet — a free-floating planet rather than a star or brown dwarf. Gahm has detected hundreds of potential planet-forming gas and dust globs, called globulettes, in the Carina nebula, he and Tiia Grenman of Luleå University of Technology in Sweden reported in Astronomy & Astrophysics in May 2014. Gahm and colleagues also found some in the Rosette nebula, as reported in the same journal in 2013. Rosette, 5,200 light-years away in the Monoceros constellation, is a low-density cloud of gas at the center of a larger cloud of gas and dust where stars and planetary systems are taking shape. The Rosette nebula contains globulettes that are just starting to break away from larger gas clouds. NEBULA NURSERY About 5,200 light-years from Earth, a cloud of gas and dust called the Rosette nebula (shown here) is churning out newborn stars. It may also be giving birth to rogue planets, some scientists say. Nick Wright/IPHAS The Carina nebula, which sits about 7,500 light-years away in the constellation Carina, is one of the largest star-forming regions in the sky. It’s a diffuse cloud where stars are forming at a fast pace and where there are a lot of globulettes, some smaller than the mass of Jupiter. These tiny gas globs are smaller and denser than what’s been observed in other nebula, so they are possibly farther along in their path toward becoming free-floating planets, Gahm argues. Thomas Haworth, an astrophysicist at the University of Cambridge, is delving deeper into how globulettes might transition from extremely tiny gas clouds to full-fledged free‑floaters. His simulations show that the tiny globs of gas don’t necessarily have enough gravity to collapse in on themselves and condense to form stars. Gahm argues that external pressure from hot gas from nearby new stars or some other turbulence could force the globulettes to condense. But when Haworth includes this type of turbulence in simulations, it’s still not enough to turn globulettes into planets. He and colleagues reported the findings in the January Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. That doesn’t mean the scenario is wrong, Haworth says. Globulettes could hit the boundary of a cloud where stars are forming, and, with the right amount of oomph, get squashed and collapse into a planet or brown dwarf, he says. He is working on simulations of this scenario and a few others. “Globulettes are very numerous,” he says. “Even if only a small fraction can be made to collapse, they could make a significant contribution to the population of free-floating planets.” One directly imaged free-floater, a rogue called OTS 44, appears to support Gahm’s globulette theory. Astronomers estimate that OTS 44’s mass is right around 12 Jupiter masses, at the high end of the mass of a planet. And it’s about 2 million years old — a newborn in the cosmic sense. OTS 44 also has a ring of gas and dust around it, and like a star, the gassy rogue is pulling on this disk of material to build itself up. Astronomers have seen this kind of accretion disk around planets that orbit small stars, but it has never been found around a free-floater before, researchers reported last year at a workshop on cool stars and the sun. The nomad appears to be in an advanced stage along Gahm’s globulette-based path to planethood. That finding blurs the line that the IAU and others say separates stars and planets. Luhman argues, however, that the formation process of a star is very different from the formation process of a small body within the gas and dust around a much larger object. “It is much more meaningful to distinguish between planets and brown dwarfs based on how they formed,” he says. No interference For all the problems they pose for scientists, rogue planets do have some benefits. “One of the best things about rogue planets is that they don’t have a blinding parent star to wash out their atmospheres,” Liu says. “Rogues have given us an incredible view of planet composition, and they can tell us about planets that do orbit stars.” Comparing the atmospheres of rogue planets with those of brown dwarfs and stars could be the best way to distinguish the types of spheres from each other. Such comparisons could reveal how different free-floaters formed and lend credence to Luhman’s argument that if it formed like a star, it’s a star, and if it formed like a planet, it’s a planet. That kind of detail could require a new definition of the word planet, one that may need to include rogues. Sifting through the rogues’ atmospheres could also reveal whether they have signs of life. David Stevenson, a planetary scientist at Caltech, was among the first to argue (in Nature in 1999) that if free-floaters retained their hydrogen atmospheres, they could stay warm enough to have water oceans and possibly harbor life. Others have invoked dark matter to explain how rogues could support life without energy from a nearby star. MASS MATTERS Small stars, brown dwarfs and rogue planets can be similar in diameter but have different masses. Mass is one characteristic used to distinguish the objects. However, for classification purposes, astronomers may need to look beyond mass to consider how an orb formed and what elements it’s made of. From left: jut13/istockphoto; NASA; Segransan et al/A&A 2008; Leech et al/ASP Conference Series 2000; Liu et al/ApJ Letters 2013 In this far-out scenario, dark matter, in the form of weakly interacting massive particles, comes in contact with atomic nuclei, loses momentum and gets pulled in by a planet’s gravity. The dark matter particles build up in the planet’s interior, where they bang into and annihilate each other. This interaction creates energetic particles that get absorbed by surrounding material, providing heat to the planet. It could happen at high enough rates to heat the planet to a temperature that keeps liquid water on its surface, even without the help of a parent star’s light, scientists argued in a 2012 paper in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. Seager agrees that it may be possible for rogues to have the right surface conditions for life. Finding evidence to support the idea, however, will require a more complete census of rogues, both big and small. PSO J318.5-22’s extreme redness appears to be a signature that astronomers can use to find more, at least the bigger ones. Liu has tried it and may have hit on four or five more free-floaters already, he says. As for the small ones, some may have been spotted indirectly. But taking images of these smaller ones and exploring their atmospheres to look for signs of life is going to require much more powerful telescopes, a few of which are slated to come online in a decade or so. “We’re trying to understand the full range of planet systems,” Seager says. Bigger telescopes will help astronomers understand what’s still in a planetary system, what’s been forced out and what else is out there. Astronomers may just find that our galaxy is swarming with wandering worlds. This article appeared in the April 4, 2015 issue of Science News under the headline, “Wandering Worlds.” More Stories from Science News on Astronomy From the Nature Index Paid Content
The Columbian Exchange What does celebrity chef Chuck Hughes have to do with the Columbian Exchange? The Great Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange has to be the most underrated event in world history. Columbus and his crew might not have even realized it but their discovery of the New World set in motion changes that no one could have ever imagined. As new plants, animals, people and diseases were being shuttled back and forth across the High Seas the very face of our planet’s geography forever was being radically altered. Once the dust settled 40 million people would be dead and the ingredients for a perfect slice of pizza would be brought together. (author's note: we are not suggesting that pizza is the cause of genocide) Think we're being overly dramatic? Read on. When Christopher Columbus accidentally landed six thousand miles west of his original target-- Asia, he was on a quest for gold and glory. What he encountered instead were a band of naked Arawaks with a few shiny trinkets and feathers. Columbus was not pleased to say the least. But with a little “persuasion” (at the end of a sword) the friendly islanders pointed Columbus to the gold and it wasn’t long afterward that all of Europe was infected with gold fever. Fifty years after Columbus’s arrival in the Caribbean, 90% of the Arawak Indians were dead from smallpox and two of the New World’s biggest empires—the Inca and Aztec— had been reduced to Spanish colonies. New Spain, Portuguese Brazil, French Haiti, the British Thirteen; the story of colonization and the Columbian Exchange happened the same way regardless of what mother country you look at. The governments of those countries were eager to send colonists over to the New World to exploit a continent choked full of natural resources. Rich and poor alike were lured by the promise of cheap land. To the Europeans of the 16th Century land equaled wealth. Think of it as the colonial version of winning the lottery. The majority of settlers were poor slobs whose life back in Europe, well, let’s be honest— sucked. Most of Europe’s poor owned little to no land and died the same way they came, in wretched poverty. Given such a bleak existence the risks of starving to death in an alien world didn’t outweigh the chance of a better life. Millions of colonists brought with them all the trappings of civilized European life that could fit into their trunks. Farm tools, horses, cows, chickens, pigs, wheat and apple seeds (it was big trunk). Of course, the colonists were doing what any immigrant does. They probably never realized that they were secret agents of one of the greatest episode of cultural diffusion in world history. Filthy Rich and Rotting Teeth If you were a colonists with big dreams of becoming filthy rich forget about planting potatoes and instead put your money on those rare crops that Europeans couldn’t grow themselves. Exotic crops from Asia like sugar cane, rice, indigo (a plant used to make a blue dye) and coffee grew well in the warm subtropical climates of the Caribbean and Southern parts of America. Until 1800, when the cotton gin was invented, sugar was the king of the Caribbean. Every Caribbean island was converted into a huge sugar plantation populated by African slaves. It may come as a surprise that the sweet stuff is a grass that originated in the tropics of southern India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. Ancient Indians wrote recipes for drying sugar syrup into Khanda— which is where we get the word ‘candy’. The Chinese established the world’s first sugar plantation in the 600s. In 1492, Columbus brought a cutting of sugar cane with him on his first voyage to the West Indies. But to Europeans, sugar was an expensive luxury reserved for making Christmas cookies. Housewives kept their sugar supply under lock and key. But in the 17th century, sugarcane was found to thrive in the tropics of the Caribbean and it wasn’t long before millions of slaves were being hauled off to the Americas and millions of pounds of crystallized sugar and rum (which is made from sugar cane) were being exported back to Europe. These plantations were producing 80-90% of the sugar consumed in Western Europe. By the 19th Century sugar cane plantations were booming and sugar had become something that everyone could afford. Children’s teeth would never be the same. How Tobacco Created America The English colony of Jamestown was literally saved with the introduction of tobacco from the Powahatan Indians. Tobacco was used by the Indians to seal new friendships or create treaties between tribes (peace pipes). The Indians saw tobacco as a gift from the Creator and even children smoked it during important events. The Spanish got the word ‘tobacco’ from the Arawak Indians. But it was John Rolfe who turned the” stinking weed” into an instant money-maker. Before long cigar factories began to pop up in Europe to cash in on the smoking craze. Ironically, Europeans believed that tobacco had healing properties and could cure anything from bad breath to cancer. In the 1600s, tobacco became so valuable that for a time it was used as money. Green gold sparked a mass migration to the southern colonies so that the population of Virginia jumped from 2,500 in 1620 to 20,000 in 1650. Tobacco plantations sprung up all over the southern coastline and African slaves were brought into the supply the cheap labor. By 1703, Americans were exporting 23 million pounds of the stuff back to Europe. Legendary Americans like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson made their wealth from tobacco and slaves. George Washington was the richest man in America when he became general of the Continental Army (most of that was his wife’s money, but that’s another story). Tobacco also paid for America’s revolution. That’s right; American Independence was paid for in tobacco leaves. Not having much cash of our own, tobacco was used as collateral to buy French supplies and weapons. Some might even say that tobacco saved America –twice! Cow's Milk and Black Magic When you look at the numbers it just doesn’t make sense that a few thousand European colonists could have conquered two continents populated with 50 million (historians are still arguing over the numbers) people. The Europeans might have had guns to the Indians’ arrows but outnumbered 1000 to 1, the Native Americans should have been able to wipe the floor with those European land grabbers. But that’s not what happened. In fact, within a few decades of contact with Europeans most native settlements were reduced by 90%, some villages were killed off entirely. We’ve all heard the story of the first Thanksgiving where the helpful Indian Squanto showed the Pilgrims how to plant corn and everyone had a big feast to celebrate. It’s true. The Pilgrims and Indians of Massachusetts Bay got along like BFF’s at first. But that might have been a different story if European fisherman hadn’t spread diseases to the local people ten years before the Pilgrims arrived. Once the Mayflower landed, all that was left were abandoned villages for miles. Something mysterious was at work here. That something wouldn’t be discovered until 1864 when French scientist Louis Pasteur came up with his theory of germs. Hidden away in the bodies of the colonists were genetic mutations— we call them immunities today—which allowed the colonists to pass on their nasty viruses such as influenza, small pox and measles to an unsuspecting and totally unprepared native population. Contrary to the plot of Harry Potter novel, Europeans are not magical creatures-- although some Indians thought they possessed strange dark magic. The truth was a lot more boring than black magic. Europeans had been in close contact with the people and animals of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. All of our diseases come from animals that we depend on. From cows we got milk…and tuberculosis, from horses and pigs we got influenza, and the small pox virus traveled from Africa around 3000 years ago causing havoc in India, China, and eventually making its way to Europe. These viruses were no less deadly to Europeans or Asians than they were to Native Americans. Science not magic. The big difference is that Euroasians had time to figure out a way to build up their immunities against the disease and the Native Americans did not. As far back as 1000 CE, Buddhist nuns were practicing variolation which is an early version of immune booster shot. Variolation works by exposing a healthy person to a diseased person and hoping that everything works out okay. Over time the gamble paid off. Fast forward to the 1600s, and Europeans, their animals, and their diseases were literally changing the face of the American continent. Escaped horses from Mexico made their way north and eventually the Indians of the Great Plains learned to ride them which was a big improvement over hunting buffalo on foot. Cattle turned Texas, Wyoming, and Argentina into beef country complete with Dude Ranches and cowboys. Of course what would Thanksgiving dinner be without turkey, mashed potatoes, and bread rolls. The Columbian Exchange in action. The same story about how Europeans came to rule the Americas would play out like a broken record for the next 400 years. Sure the Europeans had horses and thunder sticks (guns) which scared the feathers off the Indians. Columbus even used his knowledge of the moon cycles to trick the Indians into giving him food. One story tells of Columbus and his men stranded in a Caribbean Island with hostile Indians who refused to trade with him (Columbus had a difficult time making friends). Armed with an almanac, he told the Indians that unless they traded with him, he would block out the moon. A lunar eclipse was scheduled to arrive in a few days, and the trick worked! None of their strange weapons would have saved the Spanish conquerors for long. After all, they were outnumbered 1,000 to 1 and sometimes even a million to 1! What saved them was that within a few weeks of their arrival, many Indians got sick and died from a disease that left horrible welts (pox) all over their bodies. Soon after, they would a fever would break and death was not far along. The tales of Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pissarro show us how so many American Indians were conquered by so few. The year was 1519. Spanish colonists and adventure seekers were flocking to colonies like Cuba and Hispaniola for ‘God, glory, and gold’. Millions of Native Americans were dead from disease and enslavement, leaving only 10% of the original population that lived here in 1491. The Big Idea By now you get the picture of just how important the Columbian Exchange really was. Europeans literally rewrote the story of the planet when they brought Old World crops and animals (and diseases) like cows and wheat to the New World. It took tens of thousands of years for different species to evolve, the rattlesnake in America and the Viper in Euroasia for example. But it would only take a few hundred years for humans to turn the Americas into a unique version of the Old World. When you think of wheat and corn fields you might think of Iowa or Alberta. The Columbian Exchange set into motion the greatest trade work the world has ever seen. For the first time in human history the entire world was introduced to cheap sugar, turkey dinners, potato salad, corn on the cob, hot cocoa and Cuban cigars. But the Columbian Exchnage Europeans became the conquerors who transplant their culture and languages around the world for the next 500 years. Europeans had a big advantage over the Indians not just becauise of the diseases they unknowingly spread, but also because of their huge work animals that transformed the New World forests into vast plantations and cities. The only domesticated animals in the Americas were turkeys, guinea pigs, and llamas. The first two are not great for farm work. But don’t take our word for it. Try hooking up a steel plow to a pack of Guinea Pigs and let us know how it turns out. The only large animal that might have done the job was the llama but they are temperamental and not good for riding but they can carry a heavy load on their backs when you need them to. European domesticated animals provided meat and milk as well as the labor for pulling a plow. You could also ride them into battle which gave Europeans the edge when it came to speed and psychological warfare (okay, we meant horses, not cows and chickens). Is it any coincidence that the last groups of Indians to be conquered by whites were also the ones who had mastered horseback riding? We think not. Europeans might have had the advantage when it came to animals and disease, but when it came to plants the exchange between the New and Old Worlds was pretty evenly matched. Descendants of African slaves, these Jamaican women in 1920 work a sugar cane plantation Clip from Guns, Germs, and Steel press to zoom press to zoom Test Page
Shopping Cart SPE 300 Week 4 DQ 1 Latest Guide • Price : $4.00 \| $2.99 This Tutorial Purchased: 8 Times Tutorial Rating: A+ SPE 300 Week 4 DQ 1 Latest Guide You are a second-grade teacher with 28 students in your class. One of your students cannot read or write more than his name. What would you need to do to develop instructional sequences for this student, and what instructional strategies might you consider, for your district’s curriculum? The focus of Response to Intervention (RTI) is to provide various levels of academic supports to students. How does RTI support students who are not learning? Write a review Note: HTML is not translated! Bad Good Solution Graphics UOP Materials © 2021 All Rights Reserved
Impacts of International Trade on Global Sustainable Development Zhenci Xu, Yingjie Li, Sophia N. Chau , Thomas Dietz, Canbing Li, Luwen Wan , Jindong Zhang , Liwei Zhang , Yunkai Li , Min Gon Chung , and Jianguo Liu \| nature sustainability The United Nations has adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with 169 targets. International trade has substantial influences on global sustainability and human well-being. However, little is known about the impacts of international trade on progress towards achieving the SDG targets. Here we show that international trade positively affected global progress towards achieving nine environment-related SDG targets. International trade improved the SDG target scores of most (65%) of the evaluated developed countries but reduced the SDG target scores of over 60% of the evaluated developing countries. The SDG target scores of developed countries were higher than those of developing countries when trade was accounted for, but those scores would be lower than those of developing countries if trade were not a factor. Furthermore, trade between distant countries contributed more to achieving these global SDG targets than trade between adjacent countries. Compared with adjacent trade, distant trade was more beneficial for achieving SDG targets in developed countries, but it more negatively affected SDG target scores in developing countries. Our research suggests that enhancing the accounting for and management of virtual resources embedded in trade is essential for achieving and balancing sustainable development for all. To download the full article, please click here
Menu Close Have Paid To Write Economic Articles This specific would make certain that Italy had been not constrained by their pre-existing financial weakness. Inside the US, the open public health campaign against typically the virus was still a new shambles. But as significantly as economic policy had been concerned, the full strength of the American express was now being implemented behind the emergency plan. And the Fed seemed to be acting as a service provider of dollar liquidity to be able to the world economy. Inside the UK, too, typically the Treasury and the Standard bank of England were functioning closely to link typically the huge embrace government shelling out to efforts to secure financial markets. On twenty-three March, 90 minutes just before markets opened, Powell manufactured his move. In result, the Fed was creating itself as the backstop for the trillion-dollar corporate connection market. Financial Article The Fed ramped up its asset-purchase plan, to a astonishing $375bn inside Treasury securities and $250bn in mortgage securities inside a single week. Regarding an institution as hidebound as the ECB, this specific amounted to a wave. Self-imposed limits – pumping targets, rules on which often European government’s debt that could buy and inside what quantities – will be the particular ECB lives by simply. The academics who else conducted the study, Annamaria Lusardi of George Buenos aires University and Olivia Mitchell in the University of Philadelphia, called that success level “discouragingly low” in light-weight of the complex financial decisions Americans face. Financial literacy is a fancy term for the basics of financial decision-making — the ABCs of finance. A “literate” consumer will more likely make better decisions around borrowing, saving and buying financial products. If a lack of financial knowledge is linked to a lack of wealth, as experts believe, fewer people will have the financial assets advisers depend on for their own revenue. But it’s not just college cost confusion — financial mistakes are made every minute of every day. The industry spends around $17 billion annually to be able to market products and providers to consumers, but simply $670 million on economic education, in accordance with a 2013 report published by typically the Consumer Financial Protection Institution. According to a 2017 report published by typically the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 15-year-old Us students who hold a bank-account scored 40 points larger in financial literacy as compared to students without one. Typically the finance industry bears several of the responsibility, also. Most teach this issue since one portion of one more training, such as math concepts, economics or social reports, while only five claims require a semester-long, stand-alone personal finance course. Simply a third of claims require high school learners to take a program inside personal finance, in line with the Authorities for Economic Education. Offered the climate of effortless credit, it’s not unexpected that the average house personal credit card debt rose to $8, 284 in 2018, a new 25% increase from $6, 642 in 2011, in addition to is now the best that has been in practically 10 years. In another review, researchers seen in 2015 of which only 30% of american citizens were in a position to answer three basic financial questions about pumping, interest compounding and chance diversification. The shutdown spelled disaster for millions of American families, at least half of whom have no financial reserves to speak of, and for businesses up and throughout the land. The largest spike in unemployment ever noted of all time was met with a new relaxed shrug. Yet right now there was still the issue of whether the fellow member states could come upwards with a financial program to support their hardest-hit neighbours, Italy and The country. The obvious solution had been to issue debt collectively to fight the turmoil together – an thought raised repeatedly through the eurozone crisis, when it was bitterly resisted by a new conservative northern European cabale led by Germany. It truly is clear that conventional members of the bank’s governing council continued to be able to resist this kind of move. Nevertheless in the end it absolutely was the turmoil in typically the markets that decided typically the issue. If Lagarde got fluffed her “whatever that takes” moment, the ECB was now at very least promising to do no matter what was necessary. The key banks’ failure to quiet the markets had established the stage for typically the worst times of the anxiety. Coronavirus cases were adding up in Europe considerably more rapidly than at typically the peak of the turmoil in Wuhan. Hedge cash were placing multi-billion-dollar gambling bets that the recession inside Europe would be prolonged. Blue chip companies just like Apple were facing firm premiums to borrow regarding as little as about three months ahead. fter several terrifying days of industry turmoil, the weekend regarding March was a second for central banks about the world to synchronize their response. What every person wanted was dollars, so that it was above all the Government Reserve that needed to be able to make lead. The consequences of those mistakes run the gamut, from being an annoyance (inadvertently choosing a high-interest credit card) to being financially ruinous. Because the scale of Congressional stimulus made clear that, no matter how divided American politics were, that wouldn’t stand in the way of a huge surge of spending. And the Fed, for its part, would make sure that the huge flow of new debt was absorbed, if necessary on to its own accounts. The private credit system, the government budget and the balance sheet of the Fed were welded together in a closed loop.
Follow us Publications Commentary Research People Events News Resources and Videos About IFS Home Publications Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2021 Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2021 This report examines how household incomes were changing in the UK up to the eve of the COVID-19 pandemic, and how other measures of household living standards have changed over the course of the pandemic. In particular, we use the latest official data covering years up to 2019–20 to provide a comprehensive picture of UK household incomes before the pandemic hit. We subsequently use more recent data to examine how the pandemic and associated restrictions on economic activity have radically affected the scope for people to earn an income in the labour market, and what the implications of the pandemic have been for measures of household deprivation. We look at how different groups have fared, with a focus on low-income households, both before and during the pandemic. Key findings Where were we before the pandemic? 1. Median household net income was finally growing steadily again prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, with growth of 3% in real terms over two years from 2017–18 to 2019–20. However, that still meant just 9% growth in total in the 12 years since 2007–08, prior to the previous recession. If the pre-financial-crisis trend of 2.2% growth per year had continued since 2007–08, by 2019–20 median income would have been almost 20% higher than it actually was. 2. In the run-up to the pandemic, even the very modest income growth in the middle of the distribution had eluded low-income households. Income at the 10th percentile of the household income distribution was almost unchanged over the six years between 2013–14 and 2019–20. 3. Looking over the whole period between 2007–08 and 2019–20, the striking pattern is how poor income growth has been right across the income distribution compared with modern British history. 4. Since 2007–08, incomes of poor households have been pushed up by significant reductions in worklessness. The fraction of low-income people (excluding pensioners) who live in a workless household has fallen from 45% in 2007–08 to 33% in 2019–20. This boosted incomes at a time when cuts to working-age benefit entitlements (since 2010) have pushed in the other direction. 5. This pattern of income growth means that overall measures of relative poverty (measured after housing costs are deducted) were essentially unchanged in recent years, at 22%, the same level as in 2007–08. However, relative child poverty has continued to creep up, and in 2019–20 was 4 percentage points higher than in 2011–12 (a rise of 700,000 children). 6. Absolute income poverty has gradually declined from 22% prior to the Great Recession to 18% in 2019–20. This fall occurred across all major demographic groups (children, pensioners, working-age non-parents), but was modest compared with historical changes in absolute poverty. There have also been recent gradual declines in child and pensioner material deprivation. 7. The fraction of non-pensioners in relative poverty who live in a working household rose from 56% to 67% between 2007–08 and 2019–20.This was due to a combination of more households with someone in work and a rising rate of poverty among such households. 8. Falling mortgage interest costs in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis have benefited people with mortgages, and the poverty rate for this group has fallen from 13% to 10% since 2007–08. This, combined with falls in homeownership for working-age people, and rises in private renting, means that by 2019–20 the fraction of those in poverty who were private renters has risen from 22% to 31%. 9. Pre-pandemic, there had been some notable falls in the poverty rates of some ethnic minorities, though for many they remain high compared with the white population (for whom it was 19% pre-pandemic). The relative poverty rate for people with Indian backgrounds fell from 26% pre-financial-crisis to 23% prior to the pandemic. The most striking change was for people with Pakistani/Bangladeshi backgrounds, for whom the relative poverty rate fell from 61% to 49%, though most of this fall occurred before 2010–12. In comparison, the relative poverty rate for black people, at 40%, was unchanged from before the Great Recession. 10. The relative poverty rates of different age groups and household types have also changed in recent years. Most notably, the relative (AHC) poverty rate for lone-parent households fell from 52% pre-financial-crisis to 41% in 2010–12 though it rose back to 47% in 2017–19, below its pre-recession level but still very high compared with other groups. Younger adults (aged 18–24) saw rising relative poverty during the Great Recession, but a better recovery, reaching 24% in 2017–19, compared with 27% pre-recession. On the other hand, 55- to 64-year-olds have seen rising relative poverty, up to 21% pre-pandemic compared with 17% in 2010–12, at least in part due to a higher state pension age for women. The labour market during the pandemic 1. Although there were large rises in the proportion of people not working at least one hour a week in 2020, there was very little rise in unemployment and economic inactivity (where people have no job at all). By 2021Q1, 1.3 million more adults (aged 19–64) were not working at least an hour a week compared with 2019Q4, whereas only 0.3 million more adults were unemployed or economically inactive. The furlough scheme has kept unemployment from rising sharply during the pandemic. 2. Despite the large falls in the number of people working at least an hour a week, the number of households where no one was working has risen only modestly. This is particularly important for 19- to 24-year-olds, many of whom live with their parents. Even excluding full-time students who moved back home when universities and colleges shut, the share of 19- to 24-year-olds who lived with their parents rose from 45% in 2020Q1 to 50% in 2021Q1 – an increase of around 200,000 people. As a result, whilst the share of young adults who were not working rose by 10 percentage points by 2021Q1, the share living in a household where no one is working rose by just 1 percentage point – no more than the general population. 3. Looking at the (relatively small) increase in the number of households where no one has a job (i.e. all adults are unemployed or inactive), there are a number of groups where rises are more concerning: single-adult households without children (who by definition do not have a working partner to support them), and Pakistani and Bangladeshi people (who pre-pandemic were particularly likely to be single-earner households). These groups had relatively high levels of poverty before the pandemic. The share of lone parents who were not working also rose sharply, though this reflected an increase in furlough rather than unemployment and inactivity. 4. People who continued to work through the pandemic experienced real earnings growth that was fairly similar to the immediate pre-pandemic years, and much higher than in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Real earnings growth has been supported by low measured inflation during the pandemic. 5. Average earnings growth during the pandemic has tended to be stronger for public sector workers and for workers with lower levels of education, the latter perhaps in part due to a significant rise in the National Living Wage in 2020. Conversely, there is some evidence that younger workers (aged 19–34) have seen weaker growth in earnings. This may be due to the lack of vacancies: those earlier on in their career are more likely to move employers more regularly and this is often a source of wage growth. Financial difficulties and deprivation during the pandemic 1. The start of the pandemic saw rises in some measures of deprivation. But these rises were temporary, leaving deprivation measures in early 2021 similar to, or on some measures below, their pre-pandemic levels. For example, the proportion of people reporting they were in arrears on at least one of their household bills rose from 6.6% in 2018–19 to 8.1% in April–May 2020, a 22% rise, but then fell back to 7.0% by March 2021. Food-bank use also rose from 1.7% of the population in February 2020 to 1.9% in April–May 2020, before falling back to 1.4% in early 2021. 2. Expectations of becoming financially worse off a month from the time of interview were very high at the beginning of the pandemic, with 17% of the population expecting this in April 2020, but then quickly declined, and remained lower through to 2021. These expectations did not translate into more people reporting current financial difficulties. These trends reflect the huge uncertainty faced by many at the onset of the pandemic, which was eased by the government support measures that were introduced. 3. Households that were in relative income poverty prior to the pandemic (measured between 2016 and 2019) saw the largest rises in deprivation at the start of the pandemic. In comparison, households that were not in poverty pre-pandemic saw little change on most of the measures. The proportion of poor households behind on their household bills rose from 15% in 2018–19 to 22% in April–May 2020, compared with a much smaller rise from 5% to 6% for households not in poverty pre-pandemic. By March 2021, the proportion of those in poor households behind on their bills remained higher, at 20%, than it was pre-pandemic. 4. The group most clearly struggling, particularly at the start of the pandemic, was self-employed people who had lost all work by April 2020. The proportion of this group reporting being in arrears on household bills rose from 2% pre-pandemic to 13% in April–May 2020. There was also a rise for furloughed employees but it was much smaller and less persistent into early 2021. The self-employed who could not work in April 2020 were also a group that reported a big rise in the fraction experiencing financial difficulties, from 16% pre-pandemic to 24% by April–May 2020. 5. Consistent with the larger rises in household worklessness for some ethnic minorities, there is evidence that ethnic minorities suffered greater economic hardship during the pandemic. The proportion of people belonging to ethnic minorities who are in arrears on bills rose from 12% in 2018–19 to 21% in April–May 2020 (compared with a rise from 5% to 6% for white people) and there were also increases in people from ethnic minorities reporting financial difficulties. By early 2021, there was a partial recovery for ethnic minorities, with 15% behind on their bills, but the gap remained wider than pre-pandemic. 6. Changes in deprivation for 18- to 24-year-olds actually look better than those for older working-age people (aged 25–64) on some measures, particularly regarding foodbank use, which fell for young adults from 6% pre-pandemic to 3% in April–May 2020. This is likely to be because their incomes have been supported through the furlough scheme and there has not been a rise in household worklessness for this age group during the pandemic as many have been living with their parents. Deaton inequality website Coronavirus podcast Find out more Book chapter Press release In early 2021, unemployment, real earnings growth, arrears on household bills, and food-bank use were all at similar overall levels to pre-pandemic. This is an astonishing outcome given the scale of economic disruption and loss of national income over the last 15 months. But this masks groups who ...
Showing posts with the label history poems Poem Review: The Sea Hold by Carl Sandburg (1918) Few things are as free as the sea. Poems of the sea have weaved their way through society since its very beginning. It was a way of life for a huge percentage of society and a way of receiving sustenance. The sea can also represent a vast ocean of knowledge that understands the world in a much greater depth than man. It contains hidden treasures of modern and ancient history. The poem The Sea Hold by Carl Sanburg discusses this vast knowledge and how people perceive the sea. Throughout the centuries the sea has lost nothing. Men that have gathered on a vacation or expedition eat their catch and share stories. He comments on how they know little of the sea and misinterpret its nature. Carl Sanburg is of Swedish descent and spent much of his life working in menial jobs that include milk delivery, hotel worker, and secretary. He eventually earned a number of Pulitzer Prizes for poetry and his work on Abraham Lincoln. Through his success he was invited to address with a joint sessi
Vietnam War Essays The Vietnam War * Total U.S. bomb tonnage dropped during: World War II = 2 057 244 tons Vietnam War = 7 078 032 tons (3.44 times as much as WWII) * Bomb tonnage dropped during the Vietnam War amounted to 1 000 lbs. for every man, woman and child in Vietnam. * … Why America lost the Vietnam War There are major debates, still happening today, about why America lost the Vietnam War. The majority of the US military blamed the American civilians for the loss of the war. They were also angry with American politicians who “lost their nerve” in the face of mounting protests from the … The Horrors of the Vietnam War Bernard Edelman’s Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam anthologises a broad range of experiences of and attitudes to the Vietnam War from those who were ‘humping the boonies’, ‘the rear-echelon types’ in administration compounds and the photographers who documented the action. We read commentary on the pressures and atrocities of … Was the Vietnam War Necessary? The Vietnam War started in 1954 with the defeat of the French and ended in 1975 with the fall and withdrawal of Saigon. The United States’ (U.S.’s) involvement in the Vietnam War started in 1963 with support of weapons, military training, advisement, and supplies until 1965 when U.S. troops went … Vietnam War Vocabulary 1. Ho Chi Minh- a Japanese nationalist leader during the Vietnam War who supported communism. He later became the president of North Vietnam. 2. Vietminh- an organization whose goal was to win Vietnam’s independence from foreign rule, mostly formed by Ho Chi Minh 3. Domino Theory- The theory that if … The Vietnam War: The Mental, Social, and Physical Effects on the Soldiers In 1961 the worst war ever fought by America had just started. The Vietnamese of the north also known as the Viet Cong had invaded the south to take control of the entire country. America and other democratic countries felt the spread of communism to this country would be a … Why did many Americans oppose US involvement in the Vietnam War? ‘Campus bums’, intellectuals, liberal-minded politicians, middle-class suburbs, labor unions, government institutions and later on, returning Vets made up the majority of the protesting population in the United States who sought to end the Vietnam War. The anti-war movement became prominent in 1965, reached its climax in 1968, lasting through the … Why did the United States get involved in the Vietnam War? Why did the United States get involved in the Vietnam War? Explain what factors led American policymakers down the path towards war, and cite specific examples of critical events that reflected these factors. There was no specific factor that led the united states into getting involved in the Vietnam war, … Draft dodgers during the Vietnam War The Vietnam War was a major conflict in the cold war. Vietnam was divided into two. The north was communist controlled. The government in the south, although ran by a dictatorship than a democracy, was supported by the United States. In 1960, the United States started the war against the … Why did US lose the vietnam war Vietnam is a small country to the south of China (‘Vietnamese’ means “non-Chinese people of the south”). In 111 BC, Vietnam became part of the Chinese Empire. For the next thousand years Vietnam struggled to gain its independence from its much larger neighbour. This was achieved in 938 AD. The … Materials Daily 100,000+ Subjects 2000+ Topics Free Plagiarism All Materials are Cataloged Well You're a busy student, Get Started Sorry, but only registered users have full access How about getting this access Become a member Your Answer Is Very Helpful For Us Thank You A Lot! Emma Taylor Hi there! Would you like to get such a paper? How about getting a customized one? Can't find What you were Looking for? Get access to our huge, continuously updated knowledge base The next update will be in: 14 : 59 : 59 Become a Member
Palm Crows Un libro in lingua di Virgil Suarez edito da Univ of Arizona Pr, 2001 • € 12,60 • Il prezzo è variabile in funzione del cambio della valuta d’origine Paleonutrition is the analysis of prehistoric human diets and the interpretation of dietary intake in relation to health and nutrition. As a field of study, it addresses prehistoric diets in order to determine the biological and cultural implications for individuals as well as for entire populations, placing archaeological interpretations into an anthropological context. Throughout history, and long before written records, human culture has been constantly in flux. The study of paleonutrition provides valuable insights into shifts and changes in human history, whatever their causes. This is the most comprehensive and up-to-date book on the topic. Intended for students and professionals, it describes the nature of paleonutrition studies, reviews the history of paleonutrition research, discusses methodological issues in the reconstruction of prehistoric diets, presents theoretical frameworks frequently used in paleonutrition research, and showcases examples in which paleonutritional analyses have been successfully conducted on prehistoric individuals, groups, and populations. It offers an integrative approach to understanding state-of-the-art anthropological dietary, health, and nutritional assessments. The most recent and innovative methods used to reconstruct prehistoric diets are discussed, along with the major ways in which paleonutrition data are recovered, analyzed, and interpreted. Paleonutrition includes five contemporary case studies that provide useful models of how to conduct paleonutrition research. Topics range from ancient diets in medieval Nubia to children’s health in the prehistoric American Southwest to honey use by an ethnographic group of East African foragers. As well as providing interesting examples of applying paleonutrition techniques, these case studies illustrate the mutually beneficial linkages between ethnography and archaeology. Informazioni bibliografiche
Is any country using “mix and match” COVID-19 vaccines? A: No, but a small trial of this approach has just begun in the UK. What is a mix and match strategy? This refers using different types of vaccines for the first and second dose. While some incorrect headlines a few weeks back suggested the UK was adopting this strategy, in fact their guidelines merely state that a mixed strategy can be used in rare cases when the type of first dose is unknown or unavailable. If deemed equally effective compared to normal dosing, mixed dosing would allow much more flexibility in the logistics of vaccine deployment. What’s more, it’s possible that a mixed strategy could actually enhance immune response, a phenomenon referred to as a “heterologous prime-boost regimen.” Different vaccines stimulate the immune response in slightly different ways, for example mRNA vaccines elicit good antibody response but the viral-vector vaccines have produced better T-cell responses. Animal studies suggest that a combination of an RNA coronavirus vaccine and the AstraZeneca vaccine stimulated better CD8+ T cells responses in mice than either vaccine alone. The Russian vaccine candidate Sputnik V uses a heterologous prime-boost approach, using a slightly different adenovirus vector for the first and second doses. Adenovirus vector vaccines use harmless non-replicating viruses to enter cells and release the instructions for making the famous SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The catch is that since adenoviruses are viruses, the immune system will also mount a response to the vaccine itself. Immunity against the vector could prevent the virus from expressing the spike protein after the second dose, lessening the effectiveness of the booster. While Sputnik uses different vectors for the two shots to minimize this risk, Oxford/AstraZeneca’s vaccine uses only one, making testing the heterologous prime-boost studies especially relevant. The new study will test one dose of the mRNA Pfizer vaccine and one dose of the Oxford/Astrazenca vaccine (in both orders). Results are expected by June, after which time they might inform continued vaccine strategy. Watch this space! Those Nerdy Girls “Could mixing COVID vaccines boost immune response?” “What Happens When You Mix The Pfizer And AstraZeneca Vaccines” Link to original FB post
DEV Community Understanding Microtasks and tasks in JS Pulkit Kashyap UI Engineer @Flipkart \| Open source enthusiast \| Love to code and talk about JS ・2 min read Well, as Javascript developers we all are in a habit of using promises, timers etc. Whenever we think of making a particular piece of code asynchronous the first thing that comes to our mind is using promises or maybe a setTimeout(). Have you ever wondered how these things work under the hood? I have been going through a lot of blogs regarding execution queues, microtasks and tasks, so I decided to jot down my learnings in this post. Let's start off with a quick exercise(just to brush up your javascript skills) Now put on your thinking hats and think what output of above code snippet would be. The correct answer goes as 1. call the printer 2. Inside the Printer 3. Promise resolved 4. Timeout 1 Yes the output is not exactly what a lot of us must be expecting🤷‍♂️ 🤷‍♂️. But what goes on behind the scenes in Javascript is very engaging. Actually when the printer function is called the Inside the Printer is logged. Now the important thing to note here is that even when the timer is set to 0 the log statement inside setTimeout() is executed after promise is resolved. To understand this you need to know how the event loop handles tasks and microtasks. The event loop runs continuously and ensures that all the tasks queued are executed sequentially. So in our case the setTimeout() is scheduled as a task which is executed in the next event loop. But the question here remains is How the hell does Promise log the statement first? Promises are queued as microtasks. Microtasks are executed straight after the currently executing script and thus promises are resolved in the same event loop. Calling .then() puts the promise in the microtask queue. The microtask queue is processed after callbacks as long as no other JavaScript is mid-execution. That is why Promise resolved is logged before Timeout 1. The crux is -: • Tasks have to wait for next round of execution • Microtasks can execute in the same round after the current script finishes execution Hopefully I could explain the topic in a simple yet effective manner. Bye !!! Discussion (3) somedood profile image Basti Ortiz Well, that was more straightforward than I first expected. For further reading to those interested, here's a great talk about the JavaScript event loop: mebble profile image Neil Syiemlieh This other talk provides more detail on microtasks and works great as a continuation of that one anduser96 profile image Andrei Gatej This article made things clear for me as well!
Is Single Thread Performance Important For Gaming? How many threads do games use 2020? The next gen consoles will have 8 cores/16 threads, so that’s what games will be built around. They will perform about equal to a ryzen 2700, so the only 6 core 12 thread cpus that will be able to compete are the 8700k and the 3600/3600x.. Is 6 cores and 12 threads enough? Having only 6, more powerful each cores than the 12 threads alone, you will get better results in most of nowadays games (not for much) as developers don’t seem to be really optimizing well for performance when using threads, but the processor will be able to last longer and perform better in future games. How many cores do I need for gaming? That said, if we were to make some generalizations, we’d say that going with six cores is the best middle-ground for gaming in 2020, with CPUs such as the Intel Core i5-9600K or the AMD Ryzen 5 3600X being prime picks for most mid-range builds. Is Intel or AMD better? How many threads do you need for gaming? For gaming a minimum starting point would be 2 cores 4 threads, 4 cores prefered. Now most games are still not programed to utilzed more then 4 threads thus an i7 (with 4 cores and 8 threads) will play no better then the same generation i5 (assuming equal ghz speed) with 4 cores 4 threads. Is more cores better than GHz? A core is a single processing unit, multi core processors have multiple processing units. So a dual core 3.0GHz processor has 2 processing units each with a clock speed of 3.0GHz. … Multi-core CPUs appear faster because they are able to take a much larger amount of workload than their single-core counterparts. Does hyperthreading matter gaming? Originally Answered: Do I need hyperthreading for gaming? Yes and no. For the majority of games out there, they benefit more from higher CPU frequencies for better single-core performance, rather than multi-core/hyperthreading performance. Is i5 good for gaming? How important is single thread performance? But in single thread performance, this is more important, because the differences can be larger. Look at the chart above once more. According to test 1, the 2.66GHz system would be about 1/3 faster than the 2.85GHz system, and about as fast as the 1.8 GHz one. Will games use 8 cores? It’s important to note that while future games will tend to use more cores, you may actually get worse gaming performance overall with a 12-core CPU. … 8 cores is meaningful in gaming, it’ll be the 12 core CPUs of the future that give you the gains, not so much the present day 12 core CPUs. Is gaming single threaded or multithreaded? Generally speaking gaming is single thread intensive on the CPU side, and all parallel task are offloaded to the GPU. This is really more of a workstation or server cpu than a gaming cpu. What CPU has the best single core performance? As of October 2020, the Intel Core i7-1165G7 processor achieved the best average single-core performance with a score of 1,474 from the Geekbench benchmarking tests. Of the ten highest scoring processors for single-core performance, Intel accounted for eight processors whilst AMD had two processors featured. What is a single thread rating? Q What is the PassMark single thread score? A A single-threaded, consumer orientated, processor benchmark test. … The faster the processor is able to complete the tasks, the higher the benchmark score. The PassMark Single Thread CPU test only runs one stream of instructions rather than multiple parallel streams per core. Is 4 cores 8 threads enough for gaming? It will still be good for gaming for a long time as long as there are games that don’t specify more than 8 cores as the minimum required hardware. Most games depend on decent GPU power and RAM to achieve performance. CPU only matters for CPU-bound work and most dual core/four thread processors are more than capable. Is multithreading faster than single thread? Is 2 cores good for gaming? Is single core performance important for gaming? In most games the single core performance of your cpu will be more important. … Softwares like Photoshop use much more computing power than even very complicated video games. However, games are getting more and more complex each year. A good example is battlefield 5. Are threads important in gaming? Threads are actually useful when you’re running multiple tasks. Say you’re gaming and you plan on streaming. A multithreaded or hyper-threaded processor will help you run the games within playable frame rates while also handling all of the encoding tasks that are associated with recording/streaming. Which is the most powerful mobile processor? Smartphone Processors Ranking#ProcessorGeekbench 5*1A14 Bionic1567 / 38592Snapdragon 865918 / 34163Snapdragon 865 Plus908 / 32444A13 Bionic1305 / 346157 more rows Why don t games use more cores? The reason why games don’t utilize a lot of cores is because it takes massive amounts of extra work to get multiple threads running in parallel flawlessly. … There is overhead involved with multithreading, which is why some games actually run better when running in singlethread mode. What is the fastest processor in the world? SearchRankDevice3DMark Physics Score1Intel Core i9-10900K Processor DirectX 12.00138772Intel Core i9-10900KF Processor DirectX 12.00136773AMD Ryzen 9 3950X DirectX 12.00133474AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3960X DirectX 12.001242664 more rows•Sep 13, 2020
By Tim Lambert The Cro-Magnon people Ice Age life In this harsh environment, Cro-Magnon men hunted mammoths, reindeer, red deer, bison, and wild horses. They invented the spear-thrower, which allowed them to hurl spears much further than before. The Cro-Magnons also used bows and arrows. They also fished using harpoons tipped with bone points. Although we often call them cavemen in fact caves were absent from much of Europe. In those places, the Cro-Magnons made tents using mammoth bones as supports. The Cro-Magnons were not stupid or brutish. On the contrary, they were highly skilled at making efficient tools from stone, bone, wood, and antler. Physically they were exactly the same as modern humans. They looked just like us. The Cro-Magnons made warm clothes such as trousers, coats, and boots from animal skins using bone needles. The Cro-Magnons buried their dead. Bodies were sometimes covered in red ocher. We don’t know why although it has been suggested that the red ocher represented the blood of the living. n Nothing is known about their social organisation but they probably lived in small groups with a nomadic lifestyle. However when the ice age ended a new way of life evolved. Human beings began farming. Ice Age Art The Cro-Magnons were also an artistic people. They made small statuettes from ivory, bone, and stone. Some of the statuettes are of pregnant women. They are sometimes called Venuses. We don’t know what they were for but they n have been fertility charms. The Cro-Magnons are most famous for their cave paintings. We are not sure what the paintings were made for but they are impressive. Colors include black, red, yellow, and white. The Cro-Magnons used charcoal, ocher, and manganese to make them. Curiously humans were rarely painted on cave walls but many animals were. They include horses, bison, mammoths, reindeer, bears, and rhinoceroses. There is nothing crude about the paintings. On the contrary, the people who made them were highly skilled. Categorised as Articles
Please wait while we process your request Writing about Freedom of Speech and Censorship Essay paper writing Academic writing Freedom of speech is an important and inalienable right, which determines the degree of liberation and democracy of the society. Voltaire wrote that people have no freedom without the right to express their thoughts. Now, freedom of speech, which was in oblivion for a long time, tends to rise again. This fact makes the topic of freedom of speech and the issue of censorship an extremely popular one in colleges and universities. If you want to write a decent censorship and freedom of speech essay, research paper, or even freedom of speech term paper, read this article to find out all the best writing secrets and tips. Useful tips on how to write quality essays on freedom of speech We offer you to get acquainted with this part of the article to find out all the best tips on writing perfect essays about freedom of speech. • Decide what type of essay you will work on. This aspect is important as each specific essay type has its features and may even differ in terms of structure. • Make an outline. It’s an important step in any paper writing because a well-structured plan will help you a lot during the writing process. • Develop a strong thesis. Make sure it is brief, clear, and describes your main idea along with the points you will use to support it. • Research the topic. It’s a good idea to read some credible resources, such as journal articles on the topic, to have a clear understanding of the issue you are going to consider before actually writing about it. • Check your spelling and grammar. These little details really make a difference. Even the greatest paper will look unprofessional with a great number of typos or improper grammar. Freedom of speech essay topics Here are some really interesting freedom of speech essay ideas for your consideration: • What does freedom of speech mean to me essay • Pros and cons of freedom of speech essay • Freedom of speech opinion essay: is it important for you to speak your mind? • Freedom of speech in social media essay • Freedom of press essay • History of the freedom of speech essay • Censorship essay • Free speech on college campuses essay • Essay about lack of freedom of speech • Defamation and freedom of speech essay • Essay on disadvantages of freedom of speech • Freedom of speech should be restricted essay • Freedom of speech and political correctness essay • Essay on the First Amendment freedom of speech • Against censorship essay • Regulations should be put on freedom of speech on social media essay • Freedom of speech limitations essay • Censorship persuasive essay: why censorship is dangerous? • Freedom of speech argumentative essay: why there should be no censorship? • Should freedom of speech be limited essay • Essay about freedom of speech and the Internet • The importance of freedom of speech at school essay • Why freedom of speech is important essay • Why are there laws limiting the freedom of speech essay • Should we change laws outlined in the First Amendment essay freedom of speech argumentative essay Freedom of speech essay outline Whether you have to write a short essay on freedom of speech or extensive research work on this topic, it will have a very clear structure that consists of the following items: • Freedom of speech essay introduction. The main goal of the introduction is to demonstrate your position on the question put forward (in the form of thesis or simple argumentation) and to set a rhythm for the whole paper. Before presenting the thesis statement, it is crucial to review basic facts about the topic to get a reader a better understanding of why it is important to research it. • Freedom of speech essay thesis. Your position should be very clear so that the readers do not have any doubts about your personal attitude to the problem or the arguments you are going to use to support it. • The main part. All the important points of your essay should be discussed here in detail. In the first paragraph of the main part, you should use your strongest and most rigorous arguments, while the less obvious examples should follow after it. In order for the reader to form an integral picture of your paper, choose at least 1-2 relevant examples from real-life events that confirm your position. Tie all parts of the text to each other. Remember that you should not write separate sentences: all judgments must follow logically from previous statements. • Freedom of speech essay conclusion. Despite the fact that the conclusion is at the very end of the paper, do not write it as if you have a new thought in your head: this part should never include any new information. The final paragraph is the last chance to emphasize the depth of your reflections. It is also necessary to restate your thesis mentioned in the introduction. After this, you should draw logical conclusions based on examples and their explanations. After you are done with the outline and the writing, choose a few suitable titles for freedom of speech essay and see which one matches the points you have reviewed best. Find a few freedom of speech essay examples to see how a title may be structured and understand what kind of words you may include to convey the main idea of the paper better. Freedom of speech research paper topics Here are the top 10 topics for your freedom of speech research paper: • Research paper on media censorship • Censorship in the USSR • Censorship in North Korea • The Charlie Hebdo attack: the flip side of freedom of speech • Freedom of speech in the US before the First Amendment • Is anonymity possible on the Internet? • How important is censorship in today’s world? • The Arab Spring • Media censorship in China • Gitlow v. New York case Freedom of speech research paper outline • Introduction. Here, you need to develop a strong thesis statement and give a brief introduction to the problem under consideration. Your main task here is to present the topic of your paper and emphasize its importance. If necessary, justify why you have decided to focus on this specific topic instead of a variety of others. • Main part. In this part, you have to make a literature review, presenting the ideas of the outstanding researchers. Show how you have searched for the material, why you have chosen specific sources to consider, and what you have found in them. You may compare and contrast the ideas of different researchers and explain the differences in their findings if any. • Conclusion. In the final section, you need to recap the review made in the body of the text and reemphasize the importance of the issue you considered in the paper. You also have to restate your thesis here. Interesting facts for freedom of speech and censorship research papers and essays The topic of freedom of speech and censorship is vast and versatile, and, sometimes, it is easy to get lost among interesting ideas. That is why we have decided to collect the most interesting historical facts concerning this topic: • The survey conducted in 2002 in the USA by the Freedom Forum Center for First Amendment showed that 42% of the respondents thought that too much freedom was given to the US media. • More than 2/3 of the US citizens believe that freedom of speech is crucial, even if people who use it only have something offensive to say. • In China, there is a censorship police that monitors people activities and punishes those who say something unpleasant about the government. • In the 50’s, the word “pregnant” was censored by the media as it was considered improper. • Turkey is the first in the list of countries when it comes to the number of jailed journalists. • In Cuba, Internet access is heavily monitored and, as it is very expensive, only ¼ people actually use Internet actively on a daily basis. • Government in Iran blocks about 40% of the content on the Web for their citizens. freedom of speech essay Historical overview for censorship and freedom of speech college essay or research paper Once you are assigned to write a freedom of speech and censorship essay or a research paper, it is crucial that you choose what specific idea to focus on. In order to do it, we suggest that you learn more about the history of the subject in question and see if any events prompt you to choose a certain topic to research. Church censorship The problem of access to information and control over it became relevant after the collapse of the slave society and growth of the movement against the tyranny of the Roman emperors, as well as the subsequent rise of the Christian church. Today, we would say that people of those times tried to establish social justice. The Church carried out noble activities at that time, defended the poor, destitute, and oppressed people. Nevertheless, it sought to protect the Bible from distortion to preserve the canonical text. And, accordingly, a framework was introduced for those ideas that people were allowed to preach. When there were a lot of gods, the problem of censorship and access to certain texts did not exist. When one universally recognized Creator appeared, Christianity began to claim the role of the dominant religion, standing against the old gods and proclaiming that there is only one God who has a great plan for each of its creatures. State and university censorship At the same time, various monarchies emerged in Europe. The first of them arose in France, Spain, and England. In Germany and Italy, the situation was more complicated, as there were many different states in these countries. Spiritual limitations were based on censorship enforced by the state represented by monarchs. First, the functions of censorship were placed on the church, and then on universities. The latter were a kind of intermediary link between the government and the church in the implementation of censorship. The first universities arose on the basis of theological research centers. For example, the Sorbonne was located in the temple, where the local teachers studied theology. Therefore, when the French kings entrusted control over the sacred books to the professors, they knew that these people were faithful Catholics acting within the church laws. Censorship was initially created with an intent to preserve the original texts. Later, it turned into a means of persecuting dissenters. People began to divide into those who had the right to censor (kings and priests) and those who had to obey their decisions. During the development of censorship, the institution of the Inquisition was established. People were subjected to double punishment for having another point of view. Firstly, their books were taken away and destroyed. Secondly, citizens accused of heresy were burned. Reformation and Renaissance The Protestant Church opposed the Inquisition and censorship. Its representatives, who appreciated Christian ideals, began to advocate for freedom of speech. To a certain extent, Luther and some other leaders of the Reformation fought for liberation from the hierarchical structure and subordination to authority. The idea of freedom of speech was reinforced by philosophical concepts born in the Renaissance when questions of humanism and human rights became extremely relevant. Further development of the human rights concept is associated with the activities of English and French philosophers: Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot, and others. They put forward a number of important thoughts that changed the idea of what the world should be like. For example, the concept of civil society was created. The division of powers into administrative, governmental, legislative, and judicial was proposed by Montesquieu. And, within the framework of these philosophical doctrines, a new understanding of humanism has emerged. freedom of speech limitations essay Essay paper writing Academic writing Leave a Reply Try it now! 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Plastic Pallets vs Wooden Pallets Pallets are an integral part of modern supply chains and it is fair to say they move the world. Pallets are used for transportation and storage, as well as to display products in stores. Pallets are typically made from wood or plastic. However, the majority of pallets are still made from wood. Each material has its advantages and disadvantages. This infographic will explain the differences between pallets and help you make informed choices when purchasing pallets for your business. Plastic Pallets Plastic pallets are used to transport fresh and frozen food, pharmaceuticals, and other products that have strict hygiene requirements. Plastic pallets don’t have porous surfaces and can be easily cleaned, washed, or sterilized. Plastic pallets cost three times as much as wooden ones. Although they are lighter than wooden pallets, their smooth surface makes them more slippery and less stable for stacking. They cannot be used for loads over 1,500 Lbs. Plastic pallets are not an economically viable business option if you need to ship goods overseas. This may be due to your shipping method, hygiene requirements or if you’re shipping to countries that prohibit or regulate the import of wood pallets. Plastic pallets are promoted as being eco-friendly but they cannot be repaired. To be recycled, they must be melted down. They have a much longer life span than wood. Plastic pallets have the advantage of being reusable for many years without breaking. They are perfect for storage and reuse in warehouses .They are lightweight, easy to handle, and virtually splinter-freePlastic pallets are ideal for pallet wrapping machines because of their durability. Plastic pallets have many advantages and disadvantages. • Longer lifespan than wood pallets • They are safer to handle because they don’t have any screws or nails • Can be easily cleaned • Pallets lighter than wood • Facilitates logistics and process. • Recyclable • Higher initial costs • Repairs can be more challenging Wooden Pallets The Wooden Pallet Price is about three times cheaper that of plastic pallets, and they are more widely used than the latter. They can hold more weight than plastic and can be used for weights between 1,500 to 3,000 pounds. However, they are not recommended for fragile items. Wood pallets can be damaged by fasteners. They can cause puncture hazards. Imagine a punctured paint can. This would not only cause damage but also delay and clean up. Plastic pallets have a lower fire safety rating than wood. Plastic pallets burn at much higher temperatures than wood so it is important for manufacturers to verify the building fire codes before purchasing pallets. These are the benefits and drawbacks of wood pallets. • Acquisition costs are lower • Repairable • Recyclable • Harbor pathogens, and other bacteria • Unable to clean • They are less safe to handle because they have nails, screws, and splintered timber. • More frequently replaced Wood pallets can also be contaminated, making them unsuitable for food shipping. Wood can become a breeding ground of bacteria when it gets wet. This can lead to contamination in food and other sensitive materials. Fumigating these pallets is a common way to clean them. Pallets are not all created equal. Pallets come in many sizes, materials, and designs. These are some of the most popular types of pallets: • Food-grade pallets:These pallets are safe to be used with food, and can often be found in the pharmaceutical and food processing industries. All plastics need to be FDA-approved. Food-grade wooden pallets must be free of visible damage, clean and without breakage. Ventilated pallets for food-grade pallets are a common option. You can also use specialty spill-proof pallets occasionally. • Hygienic pallets: Contrary to most pallets available on the market, hygienic pallets. They have a smooth surface instead of vented. These pallets are primarily used to transport food and pharmaceutical products. These pallets are almost entirely made of plastic. • Industrial pallets: These pallets are suitable for both heavy and light products. They are usually used in warehouses. These pallets can be approved for use even if they have visible damage, missing nails or screws. Forklifts can also use industrial pallets. They have usually two to four entry points for them. You can have them custom-engineered to hold heavy loads. They can also be made of wood or plastic. Ventilated pallets are common in the industrial sector. • Export Pallets: Export Pallets They are designed for export or one-way shipping and rarely last more than three uses. The 1200 X 800 Euro pallet is a special size. Most pallets are made from molded or treated wood. Due to restrictions on import, plastic pallets are gaining market share. This pallet is almost always sold. Stackable, Rackable, and Nestable Pallets You can stack, rack, or nest pallets for nearly any purpose This makes it easier to store both wooden and plastic pallets. The most popular type of pallet is the stackable one. These pallets also have the most space-saving design. This design is used by most pallets that have a top or bottom deckboard. These pallets can be stacked on top of each other for storage. You can make stackable pallets from wood or plastic. Rackable pallets can have five runners or a photo frame at the bottom. These pallets are designed to store products with maximum stability. These pallets are stable because of the picture frame or runner design at the bottom. They can be made of plastic or wood. Wooden Pallet Supplier Malaysia MYPALLETMARKET is the No.1 Pallet Manufacturing in Malaysia. MYPALLETMARKET covers almost all of Malaysia and Singapore. We can provide pallet products or standard sizes pallets for you.Contact MYPALLETMARKET now for best Wooden Pallet For Sale. Summary: There are both advantages and disadvantages to using wood or plastic pallets. The combination of factors such as your product, industry, regulations and budget, long-term economics, and financial resources will determine which pallet you choose. Wood pallets are the most commonly used type of pallet and will continue to be so for outbound shipping. Pallets made from wood have a few drawbacks. Wood can easily break and is heavy. Pallets should be regularly replaced. It is also difficult to clean wood. You can get a quote if you are a business that ships pallets between Malaysia and Singapore, or even cross-border. Leave a Comment
Are Amps Supposed To Get Hot? Let’s Find Out! Both amplifiers and preamps are devices that use a considerable amount of power. Amps are tasked with boosting an audio signal and sending it to the speakers, while preamps are used to prepare the signal for the amplifier. Are amps supposed to get hot? It’s quite normal for the heat of an amplifier or preamp to increase, especially when it is used at a high volume of gain settings. Nevertheless, if the amp becomes particularly hot, this is probably a sign that one of its components has malfunctioned, and requires attention. The difficult thing is knowing when an amp or preamp crosses the threshold of being reasonably warm due to its workload, and problematically hot. Like all electrical devices, amps are expected to warm up when in use. However, if the device becomes too hot to touch, this is almost certainly a problem that needs addressing. In this guide, I’ll explain when an amp is supposed to get hot, why it occurs, and what to do about it. Why Do Amplifiers Get So Hot? Electrical devices commonly heat up when they are being used. The harder the device is working, the more heat it usually exerts as it uses more electricity to perform the task at hand. Amps fall into this category. Used to amplify the audio signal from a sound source, and output it to monitors, headphones, or speakers, the amp is a pivotal device in any audio system. Whether you’re listening to a record player through a hi-fi system or watching a movie with surround-sound audio, you’ll need an amplifier. Perhaps you’ve noticed that when you are using the amplifier, it is heating up considerably. The first thing we need to assess is why that is happening. It could be a natural side effect of the amplification process, or it could be a sign that the device has become faulty and you should repair or replace it. Amps are commonly fitted with ventilation systems. Most electrical devices that use considerable amounts of power are. The vents allow hot air to be exerted from the amp, rather than being recycled within the device, which would increase the heat and likely fry the inner components. • If your amp seems to be getting hotter than usual, the first thing to check is that the ventilation system is operating correctly. When the amp is on, you should be able to hear the vent blowing out some of the hot air. If you can’t hear this, it might be faulty. Having a faulty ventilation system could ruin the amp if it goes unnoticed for long enough. The hot air produced by the amplifier’s power usage will likely build up and cause damage to some of the heat-sensitive components. Another logical explanation of why your amp may be getting hot is that it has a heavy Class A bias. Check out my article on the differences between class A, B, and AB amps here. You can check its specification to see if this is the case. If it does have a Class A bias, this means that when the amp is idling, it will still let out a considerable amount of heat. Checking the idle power consumption is a good way to establish whether the amp should be letting out heat when it is not being used, or whether this is down to a problem that needs resolving. For example, if your amp has an idle power consumption of 60 watts, it makes sense that it would get pretty hot as a result of this. Just imagine how hot a 60 watt light bulb would be! This video provides a thorough explanation of why amps warm up when in use. Why Do Preamps Get So Hot? Similar to amps, preamps also tend to get warm as a result of their power consumption and output. They should also have some form of ventilation to prevent them from overheating. If your preamp is getting warm when being used, it’s most likely nothing to be concerned about. Installed inside a preamp, there is likely to be an array of AV gadgets and DSP chips. These units house a wide range of features and electronic components, like those I just mentioned, into the chassis. With all of them working at the same time within the preamp, it’s bound to increase the temperature. Another factor that should be considered when trying to determine why your preamp or amplifier is getting hot, is the reputation of the manufacturer. Some amp and preamp brands are renowned for their products producing a lot of heat. There are many online forums dedicated to the specifics of preamps and amp models, which may be worth taking a look at to see if other people who have the same item as you are also experiencing an increase in temperature when using it. Additionally, you should monitor how long it takes for the amp or preamp to become hot. If it’s happening very shortly after you plug the device in, this would indicate that the overheating is a result of a problem, rather than being an expected side-effect of using the device. If the amp or preamp remains at an average temperature for a considerable amount of time, then starts to become heated after a while, it’s fair to say that there is probably less cause for concern. Leaving any electrical device on for long periods is likely to result in an increased temperature. Amps and preamps are tasked with a fairly heavy workload, so it’s to be expected that they will get warm after being used for a while. How To Prevent Amplifiers Overheating If you’ve assessed the heat of your amp or preamp based on the information in this article, and you are convinced that it’s not something to be overly concerned about, there are some measures you can take to avoid overheating in the future. First and foremost you must consider the location and positioning of your device. If the ventilation on the preamp or amplifier is pressed against another surface or item, it simply won’t work properly. • To avoid overheating, I’d recommend placing your amp or preamp in a location where the ventilation can exert air freely. Even if the device doesn’t have ventilation, you should still try and position it where it is exposed to air and isn’t crammed into a tight space. Having a gap of a couple of centimeters on either side of the device should be enough. Also, avoiding placing other electrical devices too close to the amplifier or preamp is a good idea, as this will prevent them from increasing each other’s heat. The “class” of your amp will also determine how hot it is likely to get. For example, a class A, or a class A/B amp will usually get hotter when its volume is lower. This is the opposite of class D or T amp, which increases in heat when the volume also increases. Below, you can find a breakdown of the different power amp classes. Amp Class Gain/Heat A Lower volume/increased heat A/B Lower volume/increased heat D Higher volume/increased heat H Higher volume/increased heat It should be quite easy to find the class rating of your amp, simply by looking at the specifications or searching for them online. It’s useful to know because you can then rationalize the cause of the increased or decreased heat concerning the volume settings. Why Do Amps Get Hot On Lower Volume? • The reason that class A amps get hotter when the volume is turned down is because they consume the same amount of power regardless of the amount of voltage they are outputting to the speaker terminals. Therefore, when the gain is set to a low value, the excess power that is not being sent to the speakers is converted into heat energy. Class A/B amps use the class A section up to a certain output amount, so the heat reduces slightly then when the threshold of output power is crossed, it levels out. This contradicts the way that a class D or T amp works. The more that is demanded from a Class D or T amp, the hotter the device gets. This explains why these amps tend to have a punchier, deeper sound than class A or class A/B amplifiers. Related Questions How can I keep my amp cool? A reliable method you can use for keeping your amplifier or preamp cool is to connect a fan to the amp so that when it is turned on, the fan automatically starts cooling the device. Why does my amp have “protection mode”? Protection mode is included on amplifiers to prevent them from being damaged. It essentially shuts down the device instantly when a malfunction or error occurs, to limit the harm that could be done to the components or electronics. What does a bad ground do to an amp? If your amp is not grounded properly, this will likely cause its performance to be compromised. It may cut out while sending audio to speakers, or in extreme cases, it could overheat and become a fire hazard. It’s best to check the ground before using the amp. Recent Posts
Essay Questions 1. What should be the role of the police in preventing crime? 2. Critically assess the advantages and disadvantages of situational crime prevention 3. Crime prevention should address the causes of crime rather than the costs or rewards of crime. Discuss 4. How has globalisation influenced crime prevention policy in England and Wales? 5. Evaluate the usefulness of Neighbourhood Watch schemes in preventing crime
Is Aboot A Word? Is Xi a word in the dictionary? noun, plural xis. the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet (Ξ, ξ).. Is Abbott a word? The word abbot comes from the Greek abbas, which means “father” as a title with honor. An abbot is the superior of a monastery, the father of the fathers — in other words. What is slang for a Canadian person? “Canuck” /kəˈnʌk/ is a slang term for a Canadian. The origins of the word are uncertain. The term “Kanuck” is first recorded in 1835 as an Americanism, originally referring to Dutch Canadians (which included German Canadians) or French Canadians. By the 1850s, the spelling with a “C” became predominant. What does XI mean in English? eleven, 11, XI(noun) the cardinal number that is the sum of ten and one. xi(adj) the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet. eleven, 11, xi(adj) What number does XI stand for? XI may refer to: 11 (number), XI in Roman numerals. Is QA a Scrabble word? To the frustration of quality assurance professionals and mystical students of Hebrew scripture alike, “qa” is not a playable word in Scrabble. … Why do Canadians say aboot? What do Canadians call Americans? Do Canadians call Americans “Americans”, when they themselves are Americans? I always though that was an American thing too until I moved there. At least in WI and CA, it seems to be pretty common to refer to the USA as “the states”, Canadian style. What does aboot mean? not comparableaboot (not comparable) outside. around, about. on the move, up and around (especially as recovered from an illness) Is Altruisticness a word? adjective. unselfishly concerned for or devoted to the welfare of others (opposed to egoistic). Why do Canadians say eh? Why do Canadians bag milk? What does Scriptorium mean? : a copying room for scribes especially in a medieval monastery. What does abbess mean? : a woman who is the superior of a convent of nuns.
Difference Between Servo And Stepper Motor Pdf File Name: difference between servo and stepper motor .zip Size: 1975Kb Published: 19.01.2021 What's The Difference Between DC, Servo & Stepper Motors? From security cameras and fans, to DVD players and right down to the vibration in your phone, motors are practically all around us. With so many variables to consider, it is hardly surprising that many find it difficult to choose the right motor for their application and miss out certain important parameters in the process. As such, we have put together a guide to help you with the selection process, so that you may pick the best motor for your application. We will be looking at 3 common motors — the DC, Stepper, and Servo motors, their applications, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. DC motors are electromagnetic devices that use the interaction of magnetic fields and conductors to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy for rotation. There are many types of DC motors out in the market. The brushed and brushless motors are the most common DC motors. The brushed DC motor has been around for a long time, and its use can be traced back to the s. They can be found just about anywhere. In toys, household appliances, computer cooling fans, you name it. As one of the simplest motors to construct and control, it is no wonder that the brushed DC motor still remains as a favourite among professionals and hobbyists alike. Why are they called brushed motors? The current is provided via two stationary metallic brushes that make contact with the different segments on the ring. As the commutator rotates, the brushes make contact with the next segment and therefore continue the rotation of the motor. As you can imagine, this generates friction and so heat and even sparks are generated. How does a DC motor move? DC motors consist of coils connected to segments of a ring, or commutator. The coils are surrounded by a pair of magnets, or a stator, that envelopes the coils in an electric field. When current is passed through a wire in a magnetic field, the wire experiences a force, and so the coils in the motor experience a force that pushes the coil and begins the rotation. The GIF above illustrates the working principle of the brushed motor. The coil experiences a downward force when it reaches the area on the right, and an upward force when it reaches the area on the left. By adding multiple coils attached to different segments on the commutator, steady rotation can be maintained. Ad vantages. Controlling a brushed DC motor is as simple as a switch. Simply apply a voltage to start driving them. They slow down when the voltage is lowered, and spin in the other direction when the voltage is reversed. Aside from the audible noise from the rubbing parts, electromagnetic noise is also generated as a result of the strong sparks that occur at areas where the brushes pass over the gaps in the commutator. This can potentially cause interference in other parts of the system. Brushes could get easily worn out as a result of continuous moving contact and require constant maintenance. Speed could be limited due to brush heating. Nowadays, some might claim that the brushed DC motors are no longer relevant as the brushless motor has displaced it from many applications. However, that is definitely not the case. Uses include mobile phone vibrators, toys, handheld fans, cordless drills and car windows among many things. Depending on the needs of your application, the brushed DC motor might be the more suitable option. If a simple control scheme and low cost is your primary concern, consider the use of a brushed DC motor. Brushless DC motors are mechanically simpler than brushed ones. As commutation is achieved electrically, the sparks and noise of brushed DC motors is eliminated, enabling the current flow to switch silently and therefore allowing the motor to be driven quietly. These quiet motors find applications in computer fans, disk drives, drones, electric vehicles and high-precision servomechanisms. The brushless DC motor only has one moving component — the rotor, which eliminates the complications caused by brushes in brushed motors. And also unlike brushed motors, the rotor consists of a ring of permanent magnets, whereas the coils are stationary. This set-up eliminates the need for brushes. The difficult part comes in controlling the polarity of the current flowing through the coils and keeping this in sync with the speed of the rotor. This can be achieved by measuring back EMF or using Hall effect sensors to directly measure the position of the magnets. Due to this, brushless DC motors are typically more expensive and complex, in spite of the numerous advantages it has over brushed DC motors. They generate less electrical noise compared to brushed motors as no brush is used. Hence, brushless DC motors are often preferred in applications where it is important to avoid electrical noise. Brushed motors in contrast, will reach maximum torque only at certain points during the rotation. For a brushed motor to achieve the same torque as a brushless motor, it would require a larger magnet. Thanks to their efficiency and durability, the brushless DC motors have largely supplanted their brushed counterparts. They find a wide range of applications in devices that run continuously, such as washing machines, air conditioners, and in consumer electronics like computer fans and disk drives. More recently, they are used for drones as the rotational speed of each rotor can be precisely controlled. In the near future, we can definitely expect more applications for brushless motors! Stepper motors are motors that move in slow, precise and discrete steps. Valued for their precise position control, they find a myriad of applications such as desktop printers, security cameras, and CNC milling machines. Stepper motors have a controller system that sends electrical pulses to a driver, which interprets these pulses and sends a proportional voltage to the motor. The stepper motor works similarly to brushless DC motors, except that it moves in much smaller steps. Its only moving part is also the rotor, which contains the magnets. The polarity of each coil is controlled by an alternating current. As the polarity changes, each coil is given a push or a pull effect, thus moving the motor. They can be controlled with commonly available and cheap microcontrollers. However, the stepper motor is a power-hungry device that constantly draws maximum current. The small steps it takes also means that it has a low top speed, and steps can potentially be skipped when high loads are used. Stepper motors have a high pole count, usually from 50 to , and can accurately move between their many poles without the aid of a position encoder. As they move in precise steps, they excel in applications requiring precise positioning such as 3D printers, CNC, camera platforms and X, Y plotters. Precise increments in movement enables excellent speed control, making them a good choice in process automation and robotics. Stepper motors have maximum torque at low speeds less than rpm , making them suitable for applications that need low speed with high precision. Normal DC motors and servo motors do not have much torque at low speeds. Stepper motors can be easily controlled with microcontrollers such as the ATmega chips that are readily available on Arduino development boards. Stepper motors are known to generate some noise during operation. Thus, if your device needs to be quiet, accommodate a high range of speeds and torques and maintain a reasonable efficiency, then consider using a DC motor. But if your motion control application needs to be built quickly, does not need to be efficient, and a little noise is acceptable, then a stepper motor might be more suitable. Generally, stepper motors have less torque at high speeds than at low speeds. Some steppers can be optimized for better torque at high speeds, but a driver would have to be paired with it to achieve that performance. Unlike DC motors, the current consumption of stepper motors is independent of load and they constantly draw maximum current. As such, they tend to become hot. They are useful in applications that require accurate positioning, low speed torque, and speed control. Applications include C NC milling machines, medical imaging machinery, printers, car side mirror tilts, security cameras, robotics , and more recently, 3D printers. Servo motors are motors capable of providing very precise motion control. The feedback in a servo motor system senses the difference between the actual and desired speed or position so that the controller can adjust the output to correct any drift from the target position. The positional rotation and continuous rotation are two basic types of servo motors. The servo motor consists of a DC motor. DC motors spin at high rpm and very low torque. However, inside a servo motor, there is an arrangement of gears that will take the high speed of the internal DC motor and slow it down, while at the same time increasing the torque. Thus, the gear design rotation speed of the servo is much slower but with more torque. Gears in a cheap servo are typically made of plastic to keep it light, and to keep the costs down. But for servo motors designed to provide more torque for heavier work, the gears are made of metal instead. A servo contains a positional sensor, or encoder, on the final gear. Based on closed-loop control, the microcontroller compares the actual position of the rotor to the desired position and generates an error signal. This error signal is then used to generate the appropriate control signal to move the rotor to the final position. More sophisticated servos also measure speed to provide more precise and smoother movement. Positional rotation servos — Widely used for small-scale projects where moderate precise positioning is required, this is the most common and inexpensive type of servo motor. This servo motor rotates within a degrees range. They do not provide speed control or continuous rotation. It has physical stops built into the gear mechanism to prevent turning beyond these limits to protect the rotational sensor. Continuous rotation servos — Unlike the positional rotation servos, the continuous rotation servo can turn clockwise or anti-clockwise continuously, at varying speeds depending on the command signal. At speeds greater than rpm, servo motors have high torque and are best suited for applications with high speeds and high torque applications that involve dynamic load changes. Servo motors can generate a higher peak torque as they are able to operate at higher speeds. This is because servo motors operate under a constant closed-loop feedback mechanism as opposed to the open-loop system of a stepper motor, which allows it to reach higher speeds and generate higher peak torque. Small sized servos only costs a few dollars. Do you need stepper motors or servo motors in your business? Perhaps you need both. Although they are not as different as some might think, there are some significant differences between the two. A stepper motor is so named because it is a motor that moves in discrete steps. These DC motors have a number of coils arranged in phases. The power source energizes each phase in sequence, causing the motor to rotate one step for each phase. have a high pole count, usually. stepper motor and servo motor pdf This tutorial will help you understand the differences between stepper and servo motors, and how to select the best motor for your application. We will cover motor basics including construction, current, functions and features, questions to ask when selecting a motor, application examples, key terminology, and more. We also provide additional resources for more information. Most industrial stepper motors are hybrid stepper motors that consist of a permanent magnet rotor and a wound electromagnetic stator. New customer? Recover password Choosing the right motor is critical for the efficiency and productivity of your motion control applications. It can be difficult to choose between servo motors and stepper motors as there are so many considerations: cost, torque, efficiency, speed, circuitry and more. It helps to first understand what differentiates these motors and the particular pros and cons each provides. You can then align the capabilities of the motor with the needs of your application. The main difference between these motors comes from the overall pole count. Stepper motors have a high pole count, usually between 50 and Servo motors have a low pole count — between 4 and Comparison of Motor Technologies: Servo, Stepper, Stepper with Encoder Skip to content. All Homes Search Contact. Stepper motors utilize multiple toothed electromagnets arranged around a central gear to define position. Сьюзан! - позвал. - Меня осенило.
General Work Conditions of a Cop A police officer prepares to go on patrol. i Thinkstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images Police officers are heroes to many, but their work is demanding and stressful by nature. The challenges that officers face depend somewhat on what types of jobs they do, but being a police officer means functioning and communicating at high levels while dealing with the stresses of irregular work schedules, multiple assignments and dangerous situations. Constant re-location is a reality for officers working high-risk assignments, such as drug enforcement. Along with these varied and strenuous professional demands, officers also remain under constant scrutiny from superiors and the public they serve. The U.S. economic slowdown of 2008 was tough on many police agencies because of steep budget cuts. According to "Police Chief" magazine, 12,000 police officers and sheriff's deputies were laid off in 2011, while 30,000 more positions went unfilled. With fewer officers on the beat, local departments must collaborate with each other more often. To excel in this climate, officers needed to hone their multi-tasking skills and show a willingness to handle extra assignments and work with peers from other police agencies. Police officers cannot afford to get too attached to their cozy cottages, since relocation is a reality in police work, depending on the officer's position and assignment. Some federal agencies -- such as the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration and Secret Service -- require extensive travel, often on short notice, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics states. Agents of the U.S. Border Patrol, on the other hand, work outdoors, in all types of rugged terrain and weather. Officers working under these conditions can expect to move many times during their careers. Mental, Physical and Emotional There's no way around it -- police work is a mentally, physically and emotionally demanding profession. Officers must stay alert during a shift and adjust to life-threatening situations at a moment's notice, the bureau's occupational summary says. Most police agencies operate around the clock, so officers may work nights, weekends and holidays. These assignments often fall on junior officers, until they build enough seniority to gain preference in scheduling. Just like the television stereotypes, such irregular scheduling makes it difficult for officers to balance their job's demands with a home and family life. Police officers often are on the scene for tragic events, may see human nature at its worst and face personal danger in the line of duty. Good social skills are a bonus for police officers, since they encounter people from all walks of life. To win trust, officers must become proficient communicators, even when working under tremendous stress, according to an website article. One way to win favor in tough situations is by practicing tactical communication, which emphasizes speaking to people in non-confrontational language without losing control over the situation. The success of these methods are influencing police protocols for communicating with special needs populations, such as people with mental illnesses. The officer's willingness to adopt these techniques can mean the margin between life and death while on patrol. the nest
FAQ: What Is The Future Of Discussions In Online Learning? Why is interaction important in online learning? Social interaction in online learning allows students to share their ideas on various subjects with each other. Student-led online discussions typically motivate deeper understanding as well as yield interesting personal applications of course concepts and theories. What is the future of e learning? Are online classes the future of education? You might be interested: When Did Online Learning Begin At Embry Riddle? How can online discussions enhance student learning? Online discussion fosters collaboration and higher order thinking skills that better prepare students for the type of work they’ll find in college and career. Once teachers and students learn how to have robust online conversations, there is never any doubt as to what the students know and what needs to be retaught. What are the disadvantages of online learning? Ten Disadvantages of Online Courses • Online courses require more time than on-campus classes. • Online courses make it easier to procrastinate. • Online courses require good time-management skills. • Online courses may create a sense of isolation. • Online courses allow you to be more independent. Why is it important to interact with fellow students respectfully in online? Discussions generate social interaction It allows the space for students to observe and incorporate the cultural aspects of the content and of the various perspectives of this content. Whether they agree with each other or not, in discussions students must relate, confront, challenge and support each other’s ideas. Why is online learning bad? Why online learning is better than face to face learning? You might be interested: Question: How Is Online Learning Different From Bricks And Mortar Learning Enviroment? Will E Learning replace school? What are the pros and cons of online education? The Pros and Cons of Studying Online • Pro: Ease of Access. • Con: Lack of Social Interaction. • Pro: More Affordable. • Con: Fewer Courses. Is online learning better than classroom? How do you increase participation in online learning? How to increase student participation in online discussions 1. #1: Embed online discussion into course design. 2. #2: Explain why participation is required. 3. #3: Require quality, not quantity. 4. #4: Provide feedback to everyone. 5. #5: Don’t worry about introverts. 6. #6: Provide guidelines for constructive conversation. How can we improve student engagement in online learning? Recommendations to Increase Student Engagement in Online Courses 1. Set Expectations and Model Engagement. 2. Build Engagement and Motivation with Course Content and Activities. 3. Initiate Interaction and Create Faculty Presence. 4. Foster Interaction between Students and Create a Learning Community. 5. Create an Inclusive Environment. You might be interested: When Learning Code, Book Or Online? How do you respond to an online discussion post? Validate the post by sharing your experience and stating how it relates to the course material or to the initial post. Agree or disagree with the post and explain why you agree or disagree. Expand on your classmate’s post to demonstrate that you understand the topic. Written by Leave a Reply
Page 7 of 18 - About 174 Essays • Julius Caesar And Grace Analysis such as Christmas and Easter. The people of the church should welcome new people into the church for these services. When reaching out to the other churches in the community it is important greet them in the same manner Paul greeted the church in Philippi. Unfortunately, this message has been lost and some churches feel it is church verse church world, instead of spirit verse spirit. As Christians called to… Words: 1105 - Pages: 4 • Apostle Paul's Letter To Philippians Prison Epistles of The Apostle Paul and how his letters to the Church at Philippi are still relevant to life as a believer today. This Bible study lesson is structured for adults who have had the opportunity to study scripture in some capacity, but who are seeking a more personal and intimate relationship with Jesus Christ. This lesson is structured… Words: 1415 - Pages: 6 • Julius Caesar Death Analysis The death of Julius Caesar changed lives all over Rome. Some had power who had never been in power before. For some Ceaser’s death brought prosperity, and many of the people of Rome had more money and land than they had ever owned. However, many people lost their lives when Ceaser was murdered, and some responded to the lack of control with anger and violence. New alliances were formed as well as new enemies. The first scene takes place in a camp near Sardis. Brutus is speaking to… Words: 1324 - Pages: 6 • Brutus Tragic Flaw Analysis Caesar is a result of Brutus’ tragic flaw. Evidence of Brutus’ tragic flaw also occurs when he fights against Octavius and Antony at Philippi. Normally Brutus appears as a peaceful man who would not encourage fighting, but because of his flaw he decides to march his troops to the war zone. Cassius and Brutus make the decision of going to meet the enemy at Philippi when Cassius insist, “Then, with your will, go on; / We’ll along ourselves… Words: 1178 - Pages: 5 • Julius Caesar Friendship Essay Brutus had a good friendship with Caesar and then happened to Brutus died because he killed himself and he died in Philippi, accident Rome. He was 43 years old. Brutus died in Philippi, at the last scene Brutus seat with his few remaining men after him talk with Cassius. He asks them to hold his sword for him so that he may run against it and killed himself at that time. He is proud himself of his reputation for honor in his life to be a leader of Rome after Caesar died had killed under his… Words: 427 - Pages: 2 • Tragedy Of Julius Caesar: A Tragic Hero Tragic Hero Essay In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, conspirators wage a war against the Roman Republic, which as one knows all too well, ends in tragedy. Led by Brutus and Cassius, rebels against Julius Caesar plot to kill him in fear of his overuse of power, but once he is dead, a war over power begins between Caesar’s assistant Antony, Brutus, and Cassius. In the end, Cassius along with Brutus kill themselves in fear of surrender and to die noble men. While he never… Words: 841 - Pages: 4 • Pantheon In Odysseia John Francis Wilson’s book, Caesarea Philippi, Banias, the Lost City of Pan, occurs as a fantastic reference for historical facts and pictures of Pan’s existence; which influenced the ancient city of Caesarea Philippi/Paneas, now existing as Banias. Predominately, this area of ancient Caesarea Philippi exists where Jesus and His disciple’s possible encountered Pan as he speaks of the ‘gates of hell’ (Matt 16:18), one… Words: 1316 - Pages: 5 • Why Was Julius Caesar A Bad Leader involved in the murder of Caesar. Brutus and Cassius received word that Antony and Octavius were headed to Philippi to find them and punish them for murdering Caesar (Julius Caesar). Brutus and Cassius decided to combine their armies and fight against Antony and Octavius, but they had two different ideas on how to approach the situation. Immediately, Brutus wanted to go to Philippi so Octavius and Antony could not grow in number, but Cassius disagreed. He wanted to remain where they… Words: 1329 - Pages: 6 • Brief Summary Of Antony And Brutus reading, the ghost of Caesar arrives. The ghost says that he “shall see him again at Philippi”. Brutus 3 Ridley is terrified and responds, “Well; then I shall see thee again?”. The ghost responds, “Ay, at Philippi.” Brutus asks him why he would see him at Philippi, and the ghost disappears without answering his question. Brutus is afraid… Words: 1200 - Pages: 5 • Octavius Caesar Act 4 Summary Scene 1 of Act 4 begins with Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus making a list of the men that are to be hunted down and killed as punishment for Caesar’s murder. The men they are writing down are not only people unrelated to the three men, but their kin as well. Next, Antony tells Lepidus to go fetch Caesar's will so the men can rework the will and change certain legacies. This is ironic because Antony just told the common people all these things that they would get from Caesar’s will and now it is… Words: 636 - Pages: 3 • Page 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 18 Related Topics: Popular Topics:
Yolande Louka was a child in France when her mother was taken away by the Germans. It wasn't until years later that she learned her mother perished at Auschwitz. Louka paid tribute to her mother, and the millions of other Jews who died in the Holocaust, at a special ceremony Sunday commemorating Holocaust Memorial Day. "Every time I have something like this to go to," she said, fighting tears, "it kind of wakes up something very deep within me. It's like a little healing every time." The United Jewish Community of the Virginia Peninsula and the War Memorial Museum sponsored the memorial, which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Nuremberg Trials. Keynote speaker Marc Pollick, assistant director of Harvard University's Center for Jewish Studies, asked the gathering what the world has learned from the trials and the Holocaust. "Nuremberg did not produce a world where aggression and atrocities cease to exist," he said. All anyone has to do is look to Rwanda, Bosnia, Cambodia, Kuwait, South Africa and countless other places, Pollick said. "War crimes, genocide and aggressive behavior continue to this day." The fault should not lie solely in the hands of those directly involved in the war crimes, he said. Instead, everyone must take more responsibility to ensure that our basic freedoms are protected. World War II did not begin as a holocaust, Pollick argued; the world let Hitler go, essentially telling him: "Take Austria. Take Czechoslovakia. Take France if you want. Take Poland, too." And it wasn't just Hitler. Police helped round up Jews for deportation. Civil servants forced the Jews to surrender their valuables and property. Lawyers drew up the sales for chemicals needed for the gas chambers, and accountants paid the bills. With that many people involved, "Was justice in the courts possible?" Pollick asked. And, since the evils were done under Hitler's laws, "is the concept of justice even applicable?" If we have learned anything from the Nuremberg Trials, Pollick said, it's that everyone must take responsibility for what we all know is right, even when the laws fail. He and other speakers and guests urged everyone to make sure the lessons of the Holocaust are carried on through the generations. Pollick, in fact, noted that the youngest generation today is the last that will ever have a chance to meet Holocaust survivors and learn about their experiences. "People need to hear from them," said Beverly Orndorff, who attended the ceremony with her husband, Sgt. Allen Orndorff, who helped liberate Jews from one of the camps. "A lot of people doubt it ever happened," said Adele Reed, who spent two years in a concentration camp after a friend turned her in for criticizing Hitler and the Nazis. She said the ceremony was a struggle for her. "It's kind of depressing," Reed said, while agreeing that people need to be reminded. Copyright © 2021, Daily Press
Mindfulness in Parenting: Reacting vs. Responding -by Laura Novak, LCSW, CADC One of the most important skills I try to cultivate in my own life as well as teach to my clients is the ability to respond rather than to react. The difference between the two is much bigger than you may think. A response is thought out and conscious. A reaction is unconscious, and may sound defensive as well as disproportionate to the event that occurred. It is often spoken out of fear and anger. Sometimes you will know you are being reactive because what you say or do is far beyond what is called for given the situation. Here are a few ideas to consider when making an effort to respond instead of react: -You can’t change reactivity without being self-aware. Pay attention to how you talk to your children, and examine if you find yourself “overreacting” to your children. Identify what triggers your reactivity. Being as calm as possible when interacting with your child is important, whether you agree or disagree with their choices. You can still be calm while setting limits with your child, even if it is challenging at times! -When you catch yourself overreacting to something it can be the perfect time to learn about yourself. Ask yourself “Why does this bother me so much?” A strong reaction to something can teach you a lot about yourself, and help you discover parts of yourself which you may need to understand more thoroughly. -Consider your expectations for your children. Think about their age, their temperament, their skill set. Remember, children, just like adults, are sometimes tired, grumpy, sad or scared, and it is our job to help them identify and regulate their emotions. This can help them to be authentic, confident adults. -Also, consider your expectations for yourself. You might find yourself more irritable because you are taking on too much or you have an overly idealistic vision of how things “should be”. Sometimes our lives are frantic and overscheduled. This can be harmful for your children as well as yourself. -Take time to just be with your children and enjoy their company. Make a concerted effort to point out their strengths. -Being responsive means we try our best in the moment to be aware of what might be a helpful thing to do or say in a given situation. It means that we try to know ourselves deeply and as honestly as possible, our strengths and our weaknesses, and we will actively choose what to do or say. It means asking ourselves, “What kind of relationship do I want to have with my child?” As parents, we occasionally find ourselves overwhelmed. Since the parent-child relationship is so important, it is vital that we as parents are self-aware and able to respond in a helpful, loving manner. The book Everyday Blessings: The Inner Work of Mindful Parenting by Myla and Jon Kabat Zinn is one book that you may find helpful in your journey to engaging mindfully with your children. Follow this link to read their 12 exercises for mindful parenting If you find yourself struggling with responding mindfully to your child, you can contact Laura Novak, LCSW, CADC at 847-336-5621 Ext 151 to work together toward that goal.
How well does imaging AI perform in the real world? November 27, 2018 \| Article Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms can yield impressive results when tested on images similar to those used in their training. But how well do they do on images acquired at other hospitals and on different patient populations? Not always as well, according to research published online November 6 in PLOS Medicine. The full article can be found here. With all of the recent buzz around the use and potential of AI, there have been few successful examples that show how they perform in the real world. This is why the work of radiologists is essential to identifying a lesion, and then utilizing machine learning tools do the rest. The HealthMyne Platform relies on radiologists to identify abnormalities and then our algorithms, powered by machine learning, segment the lesion and provide the valuable quantitative data to utilize when making treatment decisions.
Open access peer-reviewed chapter Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine in Autoimmune Diseases By Bhuvaneshwari Sampath, Priyadarshan Kathirvelu and Kavitha Sankaranarayanan Submitted: July 16th 2019Reviewed: September 16th 2019Published: August 25th 2021 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89749 Downloaded: 56 The role of immune system in our body is to defense against the foreign bodies. However, if the immune system fails to recognize self and non-self-cells in our body leads to autoimmune diseases. Widespread autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and more yet to be added to the list. This chapter discusses about how stem cell-based therapies and advancement of regenerative medicine endow with novel treatment for autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, in detail, specific types of stem cells and their therapeutic approach for each autoimmune condition along with their efficiency to obtain desired results are discussed. Ultimately, this chapter describes the recent trends in treating autoimmune diseases effectively using advanced stem cell research. • autoimmune disease • stem cell therapy • regenerative medicine • hematopoietic stem cell lines • mesenchymal stem cells • rheumatoid arthritis 1. Introduction Autoimmune disease [AID also called as autoimmune disorder] is a result of immunological imbalance and intolerance. In such a condition, an immune response is produced against the healthy tissues or substances present in our own body [1]. Though, there were roughly 67 autoimmune diseases known as per the reporting of American Autoimmune Related Disease Association [AARDA] in 1992 with 40 in suspicion, the number has grown to be in a range of 150 AID in 2016. With such a rapid incidence, AID has an impact on the social status and economy of the country too. With a mean age of onset at 65, AID targets the age group of 20–29 [2]. Gender-based studies continue to be a conundrum due to biased data reports and sexual dimorphism [3]. A series of events trigger AID, but the trigger that causes such a holocaust still remains unknown. Environmental factors, misregulation of immune system, and heredities are few common factors that influence AID out of the humungous list. Smoking, alcohol, industrial pollution, oral contraceptives, birth weight, breastfeeding, protein intake, geography, and socioeconomic status are some of the possible environmental triggers associated with AID. In case of misregulation of genes, the association of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II encoded HLA-DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 haplotype has been detected with several AIDs, including type 1 diabetes, Graves’ disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. 2. Classification and types AID is broadly classified into two types; systemic and organ specific. In systemic autoimmune disease, autoimmune response targets self-antigens that are distributed in various organs resulting in widespread tissue damage. Most affected areas include joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, and red blood cells. On the other hand, antigens present over a particular organ are targeted in organ-specific autoimmune response [4]. Body parts that are affected by AID are represented in Figure 1. Prominent examples under both categories are considered and discussed in the following sections. SystemicLocal disorders Rheumatoid arthritisEndocrinology: diabetes mellitus Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)Gastrointestinal: Crohn’s disease SclerodermaNeurological: multiple sclerosis Figure 1. Body parts affected by autoimmune disease condition. Current therapies lead to symptoms alleviation concomitant with side effects. Hence, stem cells can be a potential answer to the proposed conundrum by bridging the gap between the problem and the solution. The following section condenses on the therapeutic potential of stem cells. 3. Stem cells With a lead role to play, stem cells have been superheroes in regenerative medicine. Possessing the ability to self-renew, multilineage differentiation, mobility and homing, stem cells can treat many diseases by turning out to be any kind of cell through differentiation [5, 6, 7, 8]. Stem cells can be classified into two major groups, which include embryonic stem cells (ESC) and adult stem cells (ASC). Other type of stem cell is induced pluripotent stem cells [iPSCs] that can be produced in the laboratory by reprogramming adult cells to express embryonic stem cell characteristics. 3.1 Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) ESCs are derived from an embryo approximately 3 days after fertilization with totipotency to give rise to more than 220 cell types in the future. ESCs face a critical reception due to complications such as rejection, directed differentiation, and source of ESCs. Method of obtaining ESCs involves the destruction of blastocysts and those who believe that life begins at the blastocyst is a human life, and to destroy that is unacceptable and immoral, this procedure is equally risk to female donors being consented [8]. 3.2 Adult stem cells (ASCs) ASCs are derived from the adult human body, precursor cells that can efficiently mend the body to help promoting homeostasis. Major accessible sources of ASCs include bone marrow, adipose tissues, and blood. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can differentiate into immune stem cells (multipotent) and all kinds of blood cells including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets [9]. 3.3 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) iPSCs can be generated in the laboratory by introducing reprogramming factor in the somatic cells that express the defining properties of embryonic stem cells. This provides an opportunity to generate pluripotent patient-specific cell lines, to generate model for human disease, and also used as a tool for drug development. Moreover, the tissues derived from iPSCs are almost identical with the donor cells; thus, it avoids the major rejection issue arose by the immune system [10]. 3.4 Stem cells and their timeline Once the Second World War came to an end, the world turned its concentration from research in destructive and nuclear weapons toward welfare of the human race after NATO. When such a scenario occurred and scientists started working on the betterment of human race, a path was paved for research on stem cells. The following table is a timeline containing significant events pertaining to stem cells [11, 12]. YearSignificant endeavors 1963Self-renewing property of transplanted mouse bone marrow cells were first documented by Canadian researchers Ernest A McCulloch and James E Till 1968First bone transplant was performed for leukemia 1978Discovery of stem cell in human cord blood 1981Embryonic stem cells were isolated from mice 1988Embryonic stem cell lines generated from a hamster 1995First embryonic stem cell line was derived from a primate 1996First British and European stem cell company (ReNeuron) emerged 1997Cloned lamb from stem cells 1997Leukemia origin was found as hematopoietic stem cell, thus indicated a possible proof of cancer stem cells 1998James Alexander Thomson and his team cultivated the first human embryonic stem cells in a laboratory dish 1999–2000Scientists discovered that manipulating adult mouse tissues could produce different cell types indicates bone marrow cells could produce different type of other cells 2001For the first-time Christine Mummery and her team used stem cells to create beating heart cells outside the body 2002Chunhui Xu and team found that heart muscle cells can be made from human embryonic stem cells 2003Antonio Beltrami described a small population of stem cells in the heart that help in repair itself after damage 2004Valérie Planat-Bénard and colleagues found that heart-like cells could be heart-like cells could be cultivated from adipose tissue 2004First UK Stem Cell Bank (UKSCB) accredited 2006Shinya Yamanaka of Japan reprogrammed adult cells and formed “induced pluripotent stem cells” 2007Anthony Atala claimed that a new type of stem cell had been isolated in amniotic fluid 2007Direct transformation of Human skin cells to iPS cells found by Shinya Yamanaka has become the revolutionary breakthrough in stem-cell biology 2009Cardio 3 bioscience company performed lineage guided Stem cell transplant for heart failure and heart attack 2010Geron company conducted first clinical trial for spinal cord injury and two successful human embryonic stem cell trials were conducted by Advanced Cell Technology for macular degeneration 2011Geron terminated hESC trials and first hESC cell lines were generated 2012Human embryonic stem cells show promising treatment for blindness 2013-Advanced cell technology and Cardio 3 bioscience published clinical results -Brainstorm demonstrates positive results in phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials -Aastrom-terminated phase 3 clinical study conducted for critical limb ischemia -Patient-specific human embryonic stem cells were produced 2013Shoukhrat Mitalipov produce hESCs from fetal cells 2014Masayo Takahashi performed the world’s first trial for iPSC derived transplant to treat a form of age-related blindness 2014Charles Vacanti Haruko Obokata at the Riken Center for Developmental Biology announced a breakthrough discovery of the concept pre-embryonic state. Dieter Egli of the New York Stem Cell Foundation and Young Gie Chung from CHA University independently produce hESCs from adult cells, using therapeutic cloning 2016Jo Mountford and the University of Glasgow, culturing red blood cells from stem cells to make a limitless supply of clean blood for transfusion 2019Xuefei Gao et al. for the first time derived the Expanded Potential Stem Cell lines (EPSCs) of pig and human cells which has the important implications for developmental biology, regenerative medicine, organ transplantation, disease modeling, and screening for drugs 4. Action of stem cells on AID Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were first employed to serve as a solution to leukemia and lymphoma. Eventually, after conducting trials over animal model experiments, hematopoietic stem cells found its application in destruction of self-reactive memory cells and in regeneration of self-tolerant immune cells; hence constructing a new functional immune system from hematopoietic precursors. HSC transplantation has been used to treat several types of AID over the past 15 years with a 30% decline in the progress of the AID [13, 14, 15]. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were another kind of multipotent stromal cells that were almost omnipotent, discovered by Frienden Stein et al. Being immunosuppressive, MSCs were found to suppress inflammation and downregulate pathogenic immune response triggered in Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD) and in AID such as multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis [16, 17]. 4.1 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation HSC transplantation to treat AID has been in progress since 1970s. HSCs are typically obtained from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood. Source of HSC may be autologous or allogeneic. Differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into all kinds of blood and immune stem cells is represented in Figure 2. Figure 2. Differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells. 4.1.1 Isolation of HSCs Stem cells are mobilized from the bone marrow to peripheral blood, which will facilitate the collection of HSCs without general anesthesia or bone marrow harvest. The method of mobilization can be done by a variety of protocols. Majorly protocols make use of granulocyte colony stimulating factor or cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide leads to rebound mobilization of stem cells as it is both immunosuppressive and myelosuppressive. Leukapheresis is used to collect the HSCs and purification is done by identifying stem cell containing CD34+ markers or lineage-specific surface markers by negative selection of T or B cells. Negative selection process leads to T cell depletion in the auto graft [18, 19]. While isolation was first performed in murine model, efforts have been made to develop human models. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) has been employed for isolation, recognition, and quantification of smaller number of cells in a huge population. The technique is so accurate that there is a cent percent probability in purity [20]. 4.1.2 Autologous HSC transplantation Autologous HSC transplantation has been used to treat several AIDs such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Sjögren’s syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. As the name suggests, autologous HSC transplantation uses the subject’s own stem cell avoiding tissue rejection. This kind of transplantation eradicates autoreactive immunologic memory through conditioning with highly active cytotoxic agents. Then, B and T cells can be introduced to auto antigens and undergo self-tolerance; in contrast, environmental factors that trigger autoimmunity might not occur again throughout the subject’s lifetime [21, 22, 23, 24]. The step wise protocol for autologous stem cell transplantation is depicted in Figure 3. Figure 3. Autologous stem cell transplantation. 4.1.3 Allogenic HSC transplantation Allogenic transplantation is done between two subjects whose human leucocyte antigen (HLA) match. Even though the HLA gene matches, the recipient will undergo immunosuppressive medications to tone down graft-versus-host disease. In this type, the donor may be closely related, syngeneic (identical twin of the patient) or may be unrelated but with HLA match. In allogeneic HSCTs process, the healthy stem cells are transferred to the recipient’s bloodstream to reform a healthy immune system and this method appears to improve chances for cure and in long-term remission. However, there were also cases of rheumatoid arthritis subjects affected by drug-induced aplastic anemia, where relapse occurred since all the immune competent cells were from the donor [25, 26, 27, 28]. Autoimmunity is treated using HSC transplantation and the following are the action of HSCs: 1. Developing tolerance by T regulatory cells. 2. Developing tolerance of autoreactive and alloreactive B cells. 3. Deleting alloreactive and autoreactive T cells in thymus. 4. Deleting peripheral autoreactive and alloreactive T cells. 5. Destruction of autoreactive B cells and T cells mediated by the immune system. 6. Immunosuppressive conditioning and autogenic HSC transplantation leading to immunomodulation. The step wise protocol in allogeneic stem cell transplantation is represented in Figure 4. Figure 4. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation. 4.2 Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation MSCs possess the ability to differentiate both in-vivoand in-vitrointo different lineages, which include adipose, bone, cartilage, muscle, and myelosupportive stroma (Figure 5) [29]. Isolation of MSCs can be done from bone marrow, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue synovial membranes, connective tissues in adults, cord blood, and products of placenta; each of which is defined by using phenotypic markers and their functional properties [12, 30, 31, 32]. Allogeneic MSCs can be transplanted into a patient without preconditioning and still have positive clinical effects on the subject without acute toxicity [33, 34]. MSCs possess the following abilities that make them a clinical success [35]. 1. Homes to inflammation site when delivered intravenously following tissue injury. 2. Differentiates into a variety of cells. 3. Secretes multiple bioactive molecules that facilitate recovery of injured cells and inhibition of inflammation in return. 4. Lacks immunogenicity and possess immunomodulatory functions. Figure 5. Mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. MSCs can also migrate and engraft at the inflammation site, when administered locally or systemically [36, 37]. Various cases of such an ability is discussed in the below paragraph. Ortiz et al. found that murine MSCs could respond during a lung injury, ameliorating inflammation while adopting epithelium-like phenotype; when mice were injected with bleomycin [38]. Liu et al. found that MSCs could migrate to the site of injury in muscle tissues [39]. Yagi et al. found that the migration of MSCs was influenced by a variety of tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and IGF-1 and chemokines such as CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, or CCL5. Chemokines were found to lessen migration of MSCs in in vitromigration assays. MSCs are more privileged as they express low levels of HLA class I and HLA class II, CD40, CD80, and CD86 cannot be detected on the cell surface. Class I and class II molecules were found to increase when stimulated with interferon; thus, facilitating an increased efficiency of MSCs by being immunosuppressive and possessing immunological friendly phenotype [40, 41]. Animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis were found to be successfully treated with MSCs, while the case was hazardous in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs were found to be anti-proliferative toward stimulated T cells derived from normal subjects and AID subjects [42, 43, 44]. 4.2.1 Isolation of MSC Markers such as CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 for MSCs with the lack of CD14, CD31, CD33, CD34, and CD45 are used for isolating MSCs using cytofluorometric analysis. Due to their heterogeneity, the Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ICST) published three minimal criteria for MSCs [35]: • MSCs should adhere to plastic when in standard culture conditions. • Display of surface antigen expression pattern including CD73+, CD901+, CD105+, CD34, CD45, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD79a, HLA-DR. • MSCs must be multipotent with the ability to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineage. 4.2.2 Autologous and allogeneic MSC therapy MSC therapy has been widely applied and two different modes of therapy are discussed below. Isolation of cells is done based on the markers stated above and the cells are delivered using two approaches: intravenous and intra-arterial injection. In intravenous injection, the MSCs migrate to the affected site and can stay up to 13 months in the body. Moreover, route of administration is chosen based on the application used to resolve [45]. Autologous MSCT is obtained from self, while allogeneic MSCT is performed between individuals whose HLA expressions match. Both autologous and allogeneic MSC therapies are used to subside inflammation and hence are used to treat disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn’s disease, multiple system atrophy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke [46]. 4.2.3 MSC over HSC HSCs have been associated with the risk of Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD). On the other hand, conducted preclinical studies prove that MSCs were successful. When MSCs were infused intravenously in leukemia subjects who were grafted with HSCs, the GVHD incidence was found to be loud (4). GVHD is suppressed by secretion of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), prostaglandin E2, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which in turn suppresses T cell proliferation and activation. Hence, MSCs were found to be compatible rather than HSCs. 5. Application of stem cells to treat AID 5.1 Systemic AID Systemic autoimmune diseases are broad range of related diseases characterized by misregulation of immune system that gives rise to activation of immune cells and attack auto antigens, which result in multi-tissue/organ damages. In the following section, prominent examples of systemic AID and their therapy with stem cells are discussed briefly with proven animal model and clinical studies. 5.1.1 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) RA affects approximately 1.5% of the world population, and it is characterized by chronic joint inflammation, production of auto antibodies accompanied with various degrees of bone, and cartilage erosion triggered due to immunological self-intolerance [47, 48, 49]. It is a multifactorial disease, results from the combination of misregulation of genetic factor, immune system, and environmental exposure. However, the precise underlying mechanism of RA is not clear. In RA subjects, 80% of them comprise rheumatoid factor, an auto antibody specific to the Fc region of the IgG. There is no clear evidence about the source of inflammatory cytokines in specific stem cells. However, on contrast, RA can be transmitted as well as abolished by allogenic and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [50]. 5.1.2 Current treatment methods Current treatment methods include drugs, therapies, and surgeries. Drugs such as steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID); and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) such as methotrexate, leflunomide, and plaquenil to slacken the progression of the disease and biological DMARD. Therapy includes cryotherapy, short wave or microwave diathermy, and physiotherapy. Heat and cold treatment can soothe pain. Surgery such as total knee replacement, tendon repair, or joint infusion is done according to the magnitude and site of damage. Current therapy includes the use of hematopoietic stem cell transplant and mesenchymal stem cell transplant. However, recurrence was found to occur in majority of the cases irrespective of CD34+ graft selection. Preclinical studies were performed and the trial consisted of three phases. The first two phases were found to establish potential characterization of the technique with high dose chemotherapy within safety limits. Improved response was noted with increased doses in the conditioning regimen and with post SCT therapy was studied but the graft manipulation was not taken into consideration. Phase three was attempted with widespread use of biological anti-rheumatic agents. Autologous SCT is considered in rare subjects, who resist both conventional and biological treatments [51, 52]. Figure 6 represents the treatment method for rheumatoid arthritis using allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Figure 6. Treatment method for rheumatoid arthritis using allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Animal model study Gonzalez et al. performed the study over a mice model. Injection of adipose-derived MSCs was followed by the decrease in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines with an expansion of Th1/Th17 cells and increase in IL-10. Together, it was found to induce peripheral tolerance by controlling self-antigen reactive T cells. Further, an increase in CD4+, CD25+, Fox P3+, T-reg led to the suppression of self-reactive response. Other studies described the differences between in vivoand in vitrostudies. In in vitrostudies show that MSCs inhibit T cell proliferation by regulating IFN-γ levels while in vivostudies show that the transplantation did not have an effect on the progression of the disease. The real complication lies in the MSCs reaching the lymph and spleen nodes when injected [53]. Bouffi et al. demonstrated that the MSCs had an immunosuppressive effect involving a pathway regulated by prostaglandin 2. There were also evidences showing that T-reg cell induction was not influenced by the MSCs and hence choosing a different age group for the mice used in the study could have been a factor for the complications listed previously [43]. Intra-bone marrow-bone marrow transplantation (IBM-BMT) SKG/Jcl mouse with T cell-mediated AD that mimics RA. BM cells of C57BL/6 J mice were transplanted to SKG/Jcl mice and there was no incidence of arthritis for 12 months with replacement of hematolymphoid cells with the donors’ cells. IBM-BMT is a viable method and lends further credit to be tested in humans [54, 55]. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) Elimination of mature autoreactive lymphocytes is done by manipulation of the graft by antithymocyte globulin (ATG) combined or with CD34+ by itself. The method basically depends on G-CSF and throughout the process, immunosuppression is done to introduce the SCs into the subject [56]. Clinical trial studies Moore et al. conducted a study over 33 subjects and the subjects were randomly incident to autologous transplantation of non-manipulated cells or selected CD34+ cells. Non-manipulated stem cells were found to produce a better effect. Syngeneic transplantation of HSCs between twin brothers could control recurrence for at least 24 months. Healthy lymphocytes in a syngeneic transplantation could modify immunoregulation disorder. EBMT with 76 subjects out of which majority of the subjects responded well, but relapse rate was high [57, 58]. 5.1.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) SLE is a rare chronic AD, which is characterized by upregulation of IFN-regulated gene transcripts. In SLE, antibodies are generated against nuclear and cytoplasmic antigen. Autoreactive plasma cells play a major role in inducing SLE and hence short-lived plasma blasts are found in positive subjects. Reduced stem cell proliferation, BM dysfunction, and decline in CD34+ cells are associated with SLE. Hematopoietic system of SLE subjects had several defects due to the unbalanced expression of cytokines and growth factors. Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells in MRL/lpr mice was found to reduce the occurrence. MSC transplantation was found to ameliorate the progression by inhibiting T lymphocytes and Th2 proliferation [59, 60]. Current treatment methods Current treatment techniques include medication. The medication prescribed depends on the purpose served by the drug; disease modifying antirheumatic drugs, immunosuppressive drugs for immunomodulation, analgesics for analgesia, and intravenous immunoglobulins. In terminally ill cases, kidney transplant is an option while lesser silica, pesticides, and mercury levels can also have an impact on the subject. In recent years, hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells have been used for the drug-resistant SLE. Animal model study SLE animal model of W/BF1 mouse had a resultant decline in platelet count due to the production of anti-DNA antibodies and anti-platelet antibodies. These mice were found to possess lupus nephritis along with myocardial infarction, high WBC count, and hypertension. Transplantation of BM cells from normal mice was found to cure lupus nephritis, thrombocytopenia, and anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome. Normalization of platelet count was accompanied along with reduction in antiplatelet antibody levels and anti-phospholipid levels. BMT along with thymus transplantation in MRL/Lpr mouse could treat AID as the allogeneic T cells were naïve T cells that were resistant to apoptosis with lesser Fas expression [61, 62]. Clinical studies The first autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for SLE was performed by Marmont et al. [62]. In this approach, peripheral CD34+ stem cell source was used after mobilization with CYC and granulocyte colony stimulating factor. According to European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), registry for HSCT in SLE patients showed around 80% of overall survival and 29% of disease-free survival and with a mortality rate of 15% suggests a goof efficacy and safety of autologous HSCT. In case of allogeneic HSCT, EBMT data showed that out of two patients, one patient died of infection and other had progressed disease after 3 years and thus clinical use of allogenic HSCT for SLE is limited. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation was developed after 10 years of HSCT, and this approach showed a better efficacy with low cost compared to HSCT. Overall in the past 5 years, the advantage of stem cell therapies for SLE patients has increased tremendously with an initial development in high dose immunosuppression maintained by HSCT being followed by MSCT approach [63, 64]. 5.1.4 Systemic scleroderma Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by expansion of dysregulated fibroblast clones, which are uncontrollable and over expression of genes that constitute the extra cellular matrix, collagen type I in particular. SSc is characterized by high case-specific mortality as a result of internal organ disease and is also accompanied by other burdensome outcomes. Classification Limited (CREST syndrome) Symptoms associated with limited syndrome are listed as follows. • Raynaud’s phenomenon (vasoconstriction with less blood supply in the hands resulting with a color transition from red, white to blue in cold conditions). • Calcinosis (calcium deposition occurs in the nodules). • Dysfunctional esophagus promoting difficulty in swallowing. • Clerodactyly (fingers have thickened skin). • Telangiectasias (features such as dilated capillaries in hand, face and mucous membrane). Diffuse (systemic sclerosis) Diffuse scleroderma shows up mostly in organs such as kidney, esophagus, heart, and lungs. It is either combinational or occurs separately. It is more fatal when it occurs in the lungs. Symptoms mostly include changes in the skin within a year, frictional rubs of tendons, lung, and GIT-associated complications, respectively [65, 66]. Current treatment methods Current treatment method only focuses on treating some of the symptoms that softens the skin and to lessen the inflammation condition, but is not completely curative and still remains as a puzzle. Some patients may get benefit by exposure to heat but non-lethal manifestations such as fatigue, calcinosis, and anorectal dysfunction still remains as a challenge. Clinical trials with autologous stem cell transplant for early diffuse SSc In the first trail, American Scleroderma Stem Cell versus Immune Suppression Trial (ASSIST), 10 patients who received autologous HSCT compared with 9 patients who received 1.0 g/m2 intravenous CYC. Adverse events were poorly documented in this study, but seven of nine were worsened. In the second trail, Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation International Scleroderma (ASTIS) 79 patients who received autologous HSCT compared with 77 patients who received 750 mg/m2 IV CYC monthly for 12 months. This study results in higher mortality rate in the first year but had better long-term survival rate than those treated with CYC alone. The third trail scleroderma cyclophosphamide or transplantation (SCOT), 36 patients who received autologous HSCT compared with 39 patients given monthly IV CYC over 12 months. Despite the low numbers included in this study, the data demonstrated the efficacy of HSCT over CYC. Overall, the data provided by ASTIS and SCOT supports the HSCT over IV CYC [67, 68]. Clinical trial studies A 16 year-old subject with localized scleroderma was selected. The subject possessed multiple plaque lesions along the trunk on 2008. By 2010, the subject had a progress in the condition involving the right half of the body further resulting in face asymmetry. Autologous HSCT was performed in 2011 by injecting fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and equine anti-thymocyte globulin along with GCSF and acyclovir till engraftment. Supplemental dose of co-trimoxazole was given for prophylaxis, irradiated single donor platelets, and red blood cells for supportive care, respectively. No post transplantation complication was found and the subject was found to be stable with no progress in lesions after 41 months. The subject had no progress in the disease condition and no immunosuppression was done once the transplantation came to an end [69]. 6. Organ-specific AID The following section discusses prominent examples in Organ specific AID and their association with stem cells. 6.1 Type 1 diabetes (T1D) T1D is an autoimmune disease with a strong genetic component that tends to occur in childhood. As of 2014, an estimated 387 million people have diabetes worldwide, out of which T1D accounts for 5–10% worldwide. Characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing β cells by the auto antibody directed against it. Hence, introduction of insulin or islet replacement is necessary for homeostasis by regulating sugar levels [70]. Autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells target against islet cells. SCs could differentiate into insulin producing β cells. Sources of stem cells for diabetes therapy include embryonic stem cells (MSC), hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Following stem cells therapy, C-peptide secretion, HbA1c level, and insulin levels are monitored for better intervention of the efficiency of the technique. Monitoring response of T cells to HLA-A2-retsricted insulin B10, pre-pro-insulin, islet antigen, GAD65 and pre-pro islet amyloid polypeptide might hint the efficiency of SCT [71, 72]. 6.1.1 Current treatment methods Current treatment methods focus on producing insulin to regulate the blood sugar level. Insulin is injected into the subject and the blood sugar level is monitored at various time points. Islets cells are transplanted in certain cases along with immune suppression. 6.1.2 Animal model study Soria et al. used mice model to study type 1 diabetes. In the study, mice derived ESCs were allowed to differentiate into insulin producing cells and were injected into a diabetic mouse. Secreted insulin could reverse glycaemia. Further SCT was also successful in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. iPSCs obtained from mouse ESCs could synthesize insulin by cleaving pro-insulin into C-peptide and insulin. It is also evidential that ESC derived cells consisted of all β cell features except for production of insulin at high glucose levels [73]. Oh et al. chose BM-derived cells for their mice model. The experimenters found that when the medium was supplemented with DMSO and high glucose concentration, the cells transformed into insulin producing cells (IPC). Moreover, the cells could aggregate mimicking the islet cells. Blood sugar level regulation could be done up to 3 months successfully [74]. Xie et al. found that hBM-MSC were able to give rise to IPC with addition of Activin A. Differentiated cells could produce insulin in glucose-dependent manner and could regulate blood sugar level until a month in diabetes induced mice [75]. 6.1.3 Clinical trial study Hu et al. performed Type 1 diabetes over three human subjects during the year 2011. Selection criteria used for the study was that the onset period should be less than 60 days staying within a healthy BMI of 22. Two subjects were treated with BM-derived SCs delivered by liver puncture. Before the therapy, the subjects were positive for insulin cells Ab (ICA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). After a 12-month follow up, the subject was found to be negative on ICA, GAD, and insulin antibody. Subject’s serum also had increase in C peptide and a decline in blood glucose and HbA1C and glycosylated Hb. Dr. Chen et al. studied the long-term effects of implanting Wharton’s jelly-derived MSC (WJ-MSC) from umbilical cord. Twenty-nine subjects were used to participate in the study by dividing into two groups. Group 1 comprises of people injected with WJ-MSC and group 2 had people treated with insulin once in 3 months for a period of 21 months. The HbA1C and C-peptide levels were found to decline in group 1 subjects documenting the success of WJ-MSCs [76, 77]. 6.2 Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disability in which the myelin sheath around the axons of the brain and the spinal cord are demyelinated. In MS, T and B cells initiate the inflammatory attack. Such damage cannot be reversed and hence causes many complications. No current therapy has found a solution to arrest the progress of the disease. SCT for MS subjects was found to replace neural precursors such as oligodendrocytes and myelin with attenuation in the autoimmune process locally [78, 79]. 6.2.1 Current treatment methods Current treatment methods include administering corticosteroids such as oral prednisone and intravenous methylprednisolone, oral treatments such as fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, siponimod and infusion treatments include ocrelizumab, natalizumab, alemtuzumab, and mitoxantrone. Beta interferons, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, and teriflunomide are prescribed to reduce nerve inflammation. Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) is another technique in which blood plasma is removed from blood cells and then mixed with albumin and put it back to the body. Other treatments such as physiotherapy, muscle relaxants (Zanaflex and Lioresal), and medications to reduce fatigue (amantadine and methylphenidate) are also applied when the magnitude of symptoms increase. Currently, stem cell therapy using MSCs or iPSCs shows great potential as treatment for MS. Figure 7 shows iPSC-based therapeutics for multiple sclerosis. Figure 7. Human iPSC-based therapeutics for multiple sclerosis. 6.2.2 Animal model study Deng et al. performed a murine model study in mice affected by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE shared common features with human model of MS. During the study, it was evidential that the injection of MSCs could pacify myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) induced EAE. There was a decline in the infiltration of T cells, B cells, and macrophages into the brain and spinal cord. MSCs were found to migrate to the spleen and inflamed CNS to thereby have a neuroprotective effect on the CNS Figure 8. Further, such a therapy was also found to help in oligodendrogenesis and also increased the magnitude of symptoms. As a result, CD8+ cells were more in the brain Deng et al. Carmen Marin-Bariasco et al. derived MCSs from SJL/JCrl mice. During the study, it was evidential that there was a modulation in the progress of the disease [80, 81]. Figure 8. Stem cell treatment for mice affected with multiple sclerosis. 6.2.3 Clinical trial study The first reported AHSCT was performed on MS subjects in 1995 and re-myelinization occurred in the damaged sites. In 2002, HSCT was performed over 200 subjects affected with MS and there was reduction in inflammation at the CNS. However, complications such as infection and high T cell associated mortality and morbidity rates occurred during the study. Bonab et al. found that MSCs when injected intrathecally produced no adverse effects in 10 patients with non-responsive disease. Karusis et al. proceeded with phase one and two with 10–15 subjects. They found that there was no adverse effect produced during the follow up period of up to 28 months. Outcomes such as increment in CD4+, CD25+ regulatory T cells, decline in proliferative response of lymphocytes, and activation markers on dendritic cells. Connick et al. transplanted autologous MSCs in 10 subjects. The team found that such a therapy was found to reduce progress of general disability and improve visual function of subjects [82]. Riccardo et al. performed an autologous HSCT for severe progressive multiple sclerosis in a multicenter trial on 19 subjects with rapidly progressive MS with a score up to 7 on the scale for expanded disability status. After stem cell mobilization with CY and filgrastim, patients were conditioned with 1,3-bis[2-chloroethyl]-1-nitrosourea, etoposide, aracytin, melphalan, and followed by horse ATG. All patients showed clinical stabilization or improvement and three patients experienced deteriorate as a result of transplant related complication and 1 beyond the baseline. Among 19 patients, no death was reported after the change of conditioning to CY plus ATG. These studies indicate that HSCT is able to induce a prolonged clinical stabilization in severe progressive MS patients, resulting in both sustained treatment-free periods and improved quality of life [83]. 6.3 Crohn’s disease Crohn’s disease is characterized by recurring episodes of inflammation in the GI tract. The exact cause for Crohn’s disease is unknown. Sources can be genetical, immunological, environmental, or even microbial. Hereditary transfer of Crohn’s disease ends up with a higher probability and the incidence is 30 times higher in siblings. Crohn’s disease is associated with the auto activation of T cells, especially Th1and Th17. Environmental factors such as dietary constituents and smoking also play a role in acquiring crohn’s disease. High level of interleukins such as IL-21/IL-22, MMP 9 and fecal calprotectin are associated with the disease [84, 85]. 6.3.1 Current treatment methods On a major scale, drugs and techniques are employed to allay symptoms and consequences of the disease. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids are administered. Immune system suppressors are administered and drugs vary a wide range from cyclosporine to azathioprine. Antibiotics are and other medications such as anti-diarrheal, pain relievers, calcium and vitamin D supplements, vitamin B-12 shots and iron supplement. Surgery is done in certain cases and nutrition therapy is also recommended in certain cases. 6.3.2 Animal model study Both canine and mice model were used to study Crohn’s study. Cavazza et al. induced CD in 8-week year old mice by injecting Dextran sulfate sodium. The outcome obtained by the experimenters was a positive outcome, adipose-derived MSC could achieve the therapeutic effect and human cord derived blood platelets (hCBPL) were found to reduce colitis score [86]. Hoffman et al. used a dog affected with canine anal furunculosis as it had the same features as a human fistulizing Crohn’s disease. Human ESCs derived MSCs were injected into six dogs used in the study. As a result, the interleukins associated with Crohn’s disease (IL-2 and IL-6) were reduced after 2 months of post injection. After 3 months, the dogs were found completely free and after 6 months two dogs had relapse [87]. 6.3.3 Clinical trial study Molendijk et al. performed allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells transplant to promote healing of refractory perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn’s Disease. About 21 patients were randomly grouped and given injections of MSCs into the wall of curettage fistula in three different cell concentration and control (1 × 107 (n = 5), 3 × 107 (n = 5), and 9 × 107 (n = 5), and n = 6 of placebo cells). Fistula healing was observed and observed that there was nil association between local administration of allogenic MSCs and the adverse events in subjects affected by perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease [88]. Garcia-Olmo et al. performed clinical trials over 10 subjects (8 males and 2 females). In six subjects, there was complete cessation of suppuration of the fistula. Partial response was seen in three subjects with decline in suppuration. A year later there was a nil score on six cases with two cases where the incontinence score improved from the range 12-8 to 5. Nil adverse effects were observed throughout the experiment [89]. Ciccocioppo et al. studied the long-term effects of MSC therapy on eight subjects during a period of 7 years from 2007 to 2014. Disease remission was noted for up to 12 months with a gradual decline in between followed by remission again. The probability of a disease-free state declined from 88% in the first year to 37% in the last 4 years [90]. 7. Trial results of stem cell therapy Though stem cell therapy is found to be a promising solution, in the long run several complications follow. But there are also cases where the technique was found to be ineffective over certain subjects. Hence, impact of the technique as a whole is discussed in the following section. A retrospective analysis of subjects affected by AID was taken into account. Nine hundred subjects were taken into consideration with a lead count of 345 on MS, followed by other AIDs such as the systemic sclerosis (175), SLE (85), RA (89), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (65), and idiopathic cytopenic purpura (37). One third of the subjects responded completely while two third of the remaining had no response. There were 85% five-year survivals and 43% progress free survival during the whole period of study. On the better side, transplant related mortality was 1% for RA subjects while it came up to 11% for SLE and JIA. On the worse side, HSCT could cause acute toxicity and end up subjects with infection and bleeding. In Systematic Sclerosis subjects, HSCT was found to induce rapid fluid and electrolyte shifts. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), fatal macrophage activation was found to occur as a result of immunosuppression. Though subjects were affected by fungal and other infections, there were also lethal outcomes due to second autoimmunity. Worst case scenario also included re-expression and relapse with a reduction in magnitude of the disease [91, 92]. 8. Conclusion Overall, this chapter highlighted the advances in the clinical use of stem cells in the treatment of an array of systemic and organ-specific autoimmune disorders. The treatment of many types of autoimmune diseases was conducted through the administration of autologous/allogenic HSCs and MSCs transplantation. Although the progress in clinical trials using stem cells in AID modification, immunomodulation, and regenerative purposes are certainly encouraging, still most of the treatment methods are still in the early stages. This is due to the clinical results reported are not clear about therapeutic efficacy and only a significant number of studies were conducted in humans, while most of them are conducted in animal models of immune-related diseases. This indicates the need for the conduction of randomized clinical trials in relevant immune-related diseases for the potential application of stem cell treatment. Due to the substantial variation among studies, comparing results from one stem cell-based medicinal product to another is very challenging. Therefore, uniform regulation of the clinical application of stem cells is highly indispensable for minimally invasive, customizable and individualized therapeutic method for a safe and successful treatment alternative. It is also important to determine the most appropriate source of stem cells that should be applied for the treatment of each autoimmune disease. In conclusion, despite the need for further studies, the treatment of immune-related diseases through the administration of stem cell is progressively ceasing due to many questions regarding the risks of stem cell application and its potential side effects that need better answers. SB thankfully acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, for providing an INSPIRE Fellowship (Ref Number: IF130100). Conflict of interest The author declares no financial or commercial conflict of interest. How to cite and reference Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard Cite this chapter Copy to clipboard Bhuvaneshwari Sampath, Priyadarshan Kathirvelu and Kavitha Sankaranarayanan (August 25th 2021). Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine in Autoimmune Diseases, Innate Immunity in Health and Disease, Shailendra K. Saxena and Hridayesh Prakash, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89749. Available from: chapter statistics 56total chapter downloads More statistics for editors and authors Access personal reporting Related Content This Book Next chapter Congenital and Acquired Interferonopathies: Differentiated Approaches to Interferon Therapy By Irina V. Nesterova, Svetlana V. Kovaleva, Valentina V. Malinovskaya, Galina A. Chudilova and Tatyana V. 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Shoulder pain: Why it hurts and how to correctly manage it Do you have shoulder pain? Are you a full-time parent, teacher, labourer or hairdresser? These occupations listed are just a handful of people we see at Medicine in Motion who need help with shoulder pain, and it is more common than you think. Clinical terms you may have heard of such as impingement, tendinopathy, bursitis, shoulder instability, arthritis, frozen shoulder rotator cuff, dislocation are examples of the injuries we treat. The shoulder is a complicated structure, it is made up with the arm bone (called humerus i.e. funny bone) that connects into the collar bone (clavicle), shoulder blade (scapula) and the rib cage. Forming the most mobile joint we have that can move in an incredible range of motion, making it susceptible to injuries. Additionally, on top of this structure includes numerous muscles that protect the joint and create stability. When we combine these, it allows our shoulder to throw balls, lift heavy objects overhead, reach the back of our head to comb and wash our hair. Unfortunately, this can be a double edge sword, as having this luxury of incredible motion and movement inherently makes the structure unstable, making it quite prone to injury. How does shoulder pain occur? You can develop a shoulder injury quite easily while you are exercising, working or even by seemingly harmless but frequent and repetitive movements. The pain may come on gradually or abruptly, and it may range from mild to unbearable pain. The most common reasons for a shoulder injury are as listed: Traumatic injury: This can result from many ways such as landing on your hand with a straight arm, falling on your shoulder, attempting to carry an object overhead that is too heavy. Overuse: participating infrequent and repetitive movements that involve the arm and shoulder such as intensive training routine of throwing, swimming, carrying objects etc. are susceptible to developing an overuse injury that develops into shoulder pain Age: As we get older our muscle and bones become weaker and the natural wear and tear of living can weaken this structure (especially if you stop exercising this muscle, causing it to decrease in size). Poor posture: We live in a society of poor posture primarily due to our environment of how we sit at our desk, use our phone or driving, the list is endless. As you probably have recognised from the list the common theme is how we perform these tasks i.e. hunching over. Being in these positions can decrease the space in our shoulder joint promoting a condition called “shoulder impingement.” How do you treat shoulder pain? While you may be enticed to stop exercising or do any activities that cause you pain but doing so can significantly make the problem much worse. This is because it allows the muscles around the joint to shorten and become stiff. From this, it will make it even hard for you to move the way you want and possibly change your movement patterns! One of the most effective strategies is EXERCISE. By incorporating a rehabilitation program 3-4x times a week involving stretching, strengthening exercises around the shoulder joint and retraining movements of activities related to your everyday life, sport and work. We can manage shoulder pain and return to the activities that we enjoy best. Is Prevention Possible? YES, and as the old saying goes “prevention is better than cure”, therefore routinely being of aware of any soreness, unnatural noises or pain when doing certain movements is paramount to keeping a healthy and structurally safe shoulder. A good preventative routine to keep the shoulder safe and secure include: • Moving shoulder through a full range of motion regularly • Light stretches around the joint • Strengthening exercises of pressing overhead, pulling, pushing and isolating exercise of the rotator cuff • Correcting posture • Avoiding movements that put the shoulder in an unstable position (especially with a heavy load) Final thought It is vital if you have a shoulder injury to get it checked as soon as possible, as the longer you leave it the worse it will get and the longer the recovery. Additional Resources Ready to Make an Appointment?
Genes don’t determine your brain health The way you live your life can actually change your genetic makeup. Rather than having a set genetic blueprint, our genes can switched on or off at different stages of our life. The field of epigenetics is showing that although our genes themselves are fixed, genetic expression is not. It is malleable and and heavily influenced by our environment and lifestyle choices we make. It is this expression, the switching off and on of genes, that gets ‘read’ by cells in the body. This has a huge impact on our Brian health and well-being. Our lifestyle choices -- the foods we put in our bodies, the chemicals we are exposed to, how active we choose to be, even the type of people we choose to spend time with - can actually switch off and switch on different genes. These choices can have big effects on our risk for disease, even if our genes seem to be working against us. How can lifestyle and the environment influence the expression of genes? Smoking is a familiar example of how our behaviours can affect our genes. We know smoking is linked to poor health outcomes. But how does this work molecularly-speaking? In this case, the carcinogens in cigarette smoke directly affect the molecules in our bodies, triggering the growth of cancer by mutating our anti-cancer genes so that they no longer function effectively. But what's found to be equally true is that the positive lifestyle choices we make -- most notably, eating right and exercising -- may have just as powerful an effect on our genetic makeup. For example, eating well can "turn off" the genes that put you at higher risk for brain problems, like Alzheimer’s disease; and exercise can persuade juvenile cells to become brain cells to boots your memory. So lifestyle choices like diet and exercise can work at the genetic level to modify our risk for health problems. The ‘environment’ of our bodies, as well as our physical and work environment has a huge influence on our brains. Yet people often neglect fundamental aspects of their physical and mental health, taking their body and brain for granted and convincing themselves they can get away with sub-optimal levels of sleep, poor nutrition, drinking too much, smoking and either lack of exercise, or a punishing fitness regime, without taking a hit on their brain function. If you think about it for a minute though, the impact on their brain is obvious. Symptoms may range from mental ‘fog’ to inability to make decisions, low-level anxiety that makes deep focus difficult, irritability and lack of motivation. It’s easy to mis-attribute these symptoms to other causes when a few practical changes would solve the problem and restore thinking and brain function to a healthy level. The influence that your life style and environment have on the expression of your genes can also have a huge impact on your risk for health problems later in life. For example, your risk for developing brain diseases, like Alzheimer’s are heavily influenced by the lifestyle choices you make. There is genetic aspect to Alzheimer’s. Variants of the APOE genes - the APOE4 allele - are linked to risk of Alzheimer’s’ disease. And 5% of Alzheimer’s case have a strong genetic component. But even if you inherit this APOE4 genetic variant, it is not set in stone you will go onto develop Alzheimer’s. Research has shown that people with this so called Alzheimer gene who live healthy lives in a healthy environment have managed to live a full life without ever develop dementia. This strongly suggest that your lifestyle can actually change the expression of genes that are linked to a risk of Brian diseases like Alzheimer’s. We can actually change the expression of 90% of our genes that have a direct bearing on our health and longevity. But it's not the genes themselves that are changed by lifestyle or environmental factors; it’s the molecules around them, which can affect how active genes are expressed. That our lifestyles can affect our genes in significant ways is both sobering and encouraging. On one hand, our genes affect our brain health, since they can put us at varying levels of risk for brain diseases and mental health problems. And on the other, our lifestyles also affect our health in significant ways at the level of the gene. Eating healthily can "turn off" the genes that put us at higher risk for brain problems. We are not completely at the mercy of our genes. In many ways, they are at the mercy of our health and lifestyle decisions and habits. Family history can be a strong predictor of disease, but we have at least some power to change it. Making healthy lifestyle choices could mean the difference between experiencing a significant brain health issue and avoiding them. There’s not one silver lifestyle bullet - multiple lifestyle changes aggregate together to protect your brain. Eat a healthy diet that is nutritionally dense and that helps reduce inflammation. Consider fasting on occasions. Exercise your body and brain by learning new things. Manage your blood sugar. Get a good night’s sleep. Reduce your stress. Reduce exposure to toxins. Nurture your gut microbiome. Straight To Your Inbox We'll never give your information to anybody and we'll only send you content that you want, when you want it. Straight To Your Inbox
Producing Graphene at Scale Article by Jason Stafford, Omar Matar and Camille Petit The challenge for chemical engineers JUST over a decade ago, the isolation of graphene created a major stir in the scientific community. At the time, it was a material that many believed could not be stable enough to exist. But it was found not only to be stable, but to possess a range of properties so extraordinary that it is regularly labelled as a “wonder material” – a material that will revolutionise every aspect of our technological world. Such promise and attention has put graphene under the spotlight. So when we look around at our emerging technologies, why has graphene apparently not delivered? In this article, we discuss one of the biggest challenges that is blocking its widespread adoption: how do we make high quality material on a large scale? It is the first step before it can be used in any technology, and a challenge which is particularly suited to the chemical engineering discipline. What is graphene? Graphene is in a category that’s known as a two-dimensional (2D) material. It is a flake made from carbon and is just one atom thick. This monolayer of carbon atoms is arranged in a 2D honeycomb lattice, illustrated in Figure 1 amongst other graphene-based materials. Graphene’s unique properties are what make it such an exciting prospect, which, if realised on a large scale, could have far reaching benefits to society. Its electronic properties, such as carrier mobility and current density, exceed many other conductors in use today. It is also an effective heat conductor, with a thermal conductivity that is several times greater than copper. In 2D form, it is the strongest material known. All this, and more, from a material which is 98% transparent. Figure 1: Illustrations and micrographs of Graphite, Graphene, and the other forms of graphene-based materials [1]. Although graphene is a monolayer, the name has been used somewhat ambiguously to describe other useful forms of the layered material. These include few-layer graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide. Beyond ten atomic layers, the electronic properties of the material are no longer distinct from the bulk 3D graphite crystal [2] Article By Jason Stafford Lecturer in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London Omar Matar Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London Camille Petit Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London Recent Editions
music rhytm Composite rhythm Measured rhythm (additive rhythm) also calculates every time value as a multiple or fraction of a specified time unit however the accents don’t recur regularly inside the cycle. Free rhythm is the place there may be neither (Cooper 1973, 30), corresponding to in Christian chant, which has a fundamental pulse however a freer rhythm, just like the rhythm of prose compared to that of verse (Scholes 1977c). Rhythm is marked by the regulated succession of reverse components, the dynamics of the sturdy and weak beat, the played beat and the inaudible however implied relaxation beat, the lengthy and brief note. As properly as perceiving rhythm people should have the ability to anticipate it. This is dependent upon repetition of a sample that’s brief sufficient to memorize. Millay units up her pattern after which breaks it. It sounds awkward and uncomfortable when the poem is learn, and that’s exactly how she needs the reader to really feel. Millay uses rhythm to create discomfort to help the reader empathize with the speaker’s uncomfortable situation. One way is to introduce a second beat or motif. Another method is to make a change within the placement or content of the original beat or motif. Alternation creates interest and relieves monotony. Tone colour is described by words like brilliant, dark, good, mellow, and wealthy. Tone high quality and tone colour are synonyms for timbre, as well as the “texture attributed to a single instrument”. However, the phrase texture also can discuss with the kind of music, corresponding to multiple, interweaving melody lines versus a singable melody accompanied by subordinate chords. The sound of a musical instrument may be described with phrases corresponding to shiny, dark, warm, harsh, and other terms. There are also colors of noise, similar to pink and white. For this cause, the fast-transient sounds of percussion instruments lend themselves to the definition of rhythm. Musical cultures that depend on such devices could develop multi-layered polyrhythm and simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature, called polymeter. Such are the cross-rhythms of Sub-Saharan Africa and the interlocking kotekan rhythms of the gamelan. Whereas a triplet makes each notice shorter than it would usually be, the duplet makes it longer, drawing it out. Both of those are examples of tuplets, teams of notes that exist contained in the space reserved for a different variety of notes. While triplets and duplets by far the most common forms of tuplets, you possibly can apply this similar thought with different groupings of notes as well. In all cases, the result is an irregular rhythm that breaks up the conventional beat. The dominant chord is strongly pulled toward the tonic chord. This attraction has great significance in music. A dominant chord sets up tension that is resolved by the tonic chord. A sample of three beats to the measure is named triple meter. More particularly, rhythm could be defined as the actual arrangement of note lengths in a chunk of music. The rhythm of a melody is an important function of its character. We can inform a trumpet from a flute even when each of them is playing the same tone at the same dynamic stage. The high quality that distinguishes them our third property of musical soundis known as tone colour, or timbre (pronounced tam-ber).
20 November 1917 – Awards At Cambrai Centenary Actions © IWM Q 6300 On this day in 1917, members of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment and Canadian Cavalry Brigade distinguish themselves in the attack on Cambrai. Amongst the Newfoundlanders, two earn Distinguished Conduct Medals, another a Military Medal, a fourth the Bar to his Military Cross, and the fifth, a Distinguished Service Order. From the Canadian Cavalry Brigade, Lieutenant Harcus Strachan of the Fort Garry Horse earns Canada another Victoria Cross. The Newfoundlanders joined the British Third Army’s attack on Cambrai two and a half hours after the initial start, forming the left flank of the 88th Brigade’s diamond formation, which was led by four tanks. At first the advance took place “in an almost leisurely manner over unspoiled fields” with knee high grass, thistles and nettles replacing the usual mud and shell-holes (Nicholson, The Fighting Newfoundlander, p. 411). The few enemy positions that had survived the first wave of attack were quickly overcome. However, the horrors of war would soon re-appear. When B Company was halted by machine gun fire, it was eventually found to be coming from a disabled British tank. Inside, the tank sergeant had suffered half his face being shot away and was in a state of madness from the horrific death of his comrades and the terrible heat within the tank. In his miserable state, he “was firing indiscriminately at any living target he could see” (Nicholson, The Fighting Newfoundlander, p. 412). As the Newfoundlanders attempted to speak to him through the open tank door, the sergeant was struck by an enemy bullet and killed. With little choice but to carry on through such horrors, the Newfoundlanders pressed steadily forward, helping their flanking units capture a battery of field guns, but at the loss of all four supporting tanks. Reaching Marcoing Copse they launched their assault on the St. Quentin Canal lock, at the western outskirts of Masnières. Captain Grant Paterson, MC & Bar Company Sergeant-Major Albert Janes, DCM Sergeant Albert Davis, DCM Company Quartermaster-Sergeant Ernest Cheeseman, MM Defending the lock were numerous machine gun posts and snipers in the houses along the canal bank. When a British tank ventured over from the direction of Masnières, the six-pounder guns in its sponsons were quickly put to work against the German defenders. As the enemy broke into retreat, Captain Grant Paterson led a small party charging across a footbridge beside the lock, gaining the far bank and securing both the footbridge and lock. For his actions, Captain Grant Paterson earned a Bar to his Military Cross. Three other men received honours for their actions during the fighting at the footbridge and lock. Company Sergeant-Major Albert Janes was one of the first to cross to the far side of the canal, receiving the Distinguished Conduct Medal. Sergeant Albert Davis received the Distinguished Conduct Medal after he “had kept his company moving by running forward alone and killing two snipers” (Nicholson, The Fighting Newfoundlander, p. 414). Lastly, Company Quartermaster-Sergeant Ernest Cheeseman, received the Military Medal for courageous leadership amidst the fighting for the footbridge. Captain Bertram Butler, DSO, MC Now on the far side of the canal, the Newfoundlanders prepared to dash from the shelter of a building to the railway tracks, sixty yards away. Several attempts to cover this ground were halted by heavy machine gun fire and severe casualties before Captain Butler, M.C., rallied his men and charged forward, “followed by cheering Newfoundlanders” (Nicholson, The Fighting Newfoundlander, p. 413). The enemy position was eliminated and the now-wounded Butler received the Distinguished Service Order for his actions. End of the Day – 20 November Now entirely across the canal and with their left flank secured, the Newfoundlanders turned to their right to help capture Masnières. However, enemy fire from positions in old gun pits north of the railway tracks soon drew the Newfoundlanders’ attention for the remainder of the afternoon, with fighting by rifle, bomb and bayonet carrying on until daylight ran out (Nicholson, The Fighting Newfoundlander, p. 414). Overnight, mopping-up parties moved through Masnières, clearing out all resistance except for in the north of the town and a small party still in the catacombs at its centre (Nicholson, The Fighting Newfoundlander, p. 415). “Some of the 43 of the Fort Garry Horse who charged the Boche guns at Cambrai.” Credit: Canada. Dept. of National Defence/Library and Archives Canada/PA-002283. Lieutenant Harcus Strachan, VC, MC “Lt. Harcus Strachan, V.C” Credit: Canada. Dept. of National Defence/Library and Archives Canada/PA-006699. East of Masnières, the 88th Brigade’s Hampshire Regiment and Worcestershire Regiment had gained the far bank of the St. Quentin Canal, and the Worcesters were now advancing on the town from the east, while the Newfoundlanders closed in from the west. The outcome of the attack on Masnières was still uncertain when the Canadian Cavalry Brigade received erroneous reports that the 88th Brigade had captured all its objectives on the far side of the canal. Sensing the opportunity for a cavalry breakout, Brigadier General J. E. B. Seely ordered the Fort Garry Horse (FGH) across the canal. With the road bridge in Masnières having collapsed under a British tank, a temporary foot bridge was expanded with the resources and labour assistance of German prisoners and local civilians (Nicholson, Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-1919, p. 336). “B” Squadron of the FGH quickly crossed the canal and galloped to the north-east. However, when it became clear that no more cavalry could cross before dark, orders were issued to recall those already on the far bank. Having sped off towards a ridge overlooking Masnières, “B” Squadron was beyond reach of the orders to turn back and would now face the enemy alone. Their initial orders had been to capture an enemy headquarters and scout ahead for crossings of a further canal. Captain Campbell was soon killed whilst leading a charge through a gap in the enemy wire and command fell to Lieutenant Harcus Strachan. Quickly encountering an enemy artillery battery, “B” Squadron charged the guns, eliminating the entire battery by saber and hoof. Spotting enemy infantry in the open beyond, Strachan turned his men and charged these as well, eliminating many but also losing many of his own men from heavy machine gun fire. By now “B” Squadron was over three kilometres behind enemy lines and taking shelter in a sunken road awaiting the rest of the Canadian Cavalry Brigade, which unbeknownst to them was no longer coming. While taking shelter, the Squadron located and cut three enemy telephone lines. As darkness set in, with only 43 men left and the enemy pressing in from three sides, Strachan stampeded the remaining horses to draw the enemy’s attention, while the men slipped off on foot towards friendly lines. Still not satisfied with the day’s work, they charged and engaged numerous enemy parties with the bayonet, eventually crossing back into the lines of the Newfoundland Regiment in the early hours of 21 November with no less than 15 prisoners. For his actions and leadership that day at Cambrai, Lieutenant Harcus Strachan received the Victoria Cross. He already held a Military Cross for his actions at St. Quentin in May 1917. Harcus Strachan was born in Scotland and immigrated to Canada in 1908. He enlisted in 1915. Strachan returned to Canada after the war, and passed away in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1982. “38 N.C.O.s and Men of Fort Garry Horse who took part in famous charge. December, 1917.” Credit: Canada. Dept. of National Defence/Library and Archives Canada/PA-002517.
Gezira Scheme The Gezira Scheme (Arabic: مشروع الجزيرة) is one of the largest irrigation projects in the world. It is centered on the Sudanese state of Al Jazirah, just southeast of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers at the city of Khartoum. The Gezira Scheme was begun by the British while the area was governed as part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Water from the Blue Nile is distributed through canals and ditches to tenant farms lying between the Blue and White Nile rivers. The Gezira (which means "island") is particularly suited to irrigation because the soil slopes away from the Blue Nile and water therefore naturally runs through the irrigation canals by gravity.[1] The soil has a high clay content which keeps down losses from seepage. Reginald Wingate, the British governor-general of Sudan, originally envisaged the farmers growing wheat but this was abandoned as the colonial authorities thought that a better cash crop was needed. When it was discovered that Egyptian-type long staple cotton could be grown, this was welcomed as a better choice as it would also provide a raw material for the British textile industry.[2] Cotton was first grown in the area in 1904. After many experiments with irrigation, 24 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi) was put under cultivation in 1914.[1] After the lowest Nile flood for 200 years, the Sennar Dam was constructed on the Blue Nile to provide a reservoir of water. This dam was completed in 1925 and is about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long. The Gezira Scheme was initially financed by the Sudan Plantations Syndicate in London and later the British government guaranteed capital to develop it. The Sudan Gezira Board took over from private enterprise in 1950[1] and was chaired by Arthur Gaitskell.[3] Farmers cooperated with the Sudanese government and the Gezira Board. This network of canals and ditches was 4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long, and with the completion in the early 1960s of the Manaqil Extension on the western side of the Gezira Scheme, by 2008 the irrigated area covered 8,800 square kilometres (3,400 sq mi), about half the country's total land under irrigation.[4] The main crop grown in this region was still cotton. See also 1. Hyslop, J. (1952) : "The Sudan Story", Chapter "The Bounteous River", The Naldrett Press, London, UK 2. Bernal, Victoria (1997). "Colonial Moral Economy and the Discipline of Development: The Gezira Scheme and "Modern" Sudan" (PDF). Cultural Anthropology. 12 (4): 447–479. doi:10.1525/can.1997.12.4.447. Retrieved 8 November 2015. 3. Rupert Hall, A.; Bembridge, B. A. (1986). Physic and Philanthropy: A History of the Wellcome Trust 1936-1986. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780521326391. 4. "Agriculture Sectors (in Sudan)". Embassy of the Republic of Sudan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2008. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
Skip to main content Nellie Griswold Beatty, Librarian While the library of the late 19th century was a flourishing and popular enterprise, it did not become a professionally managed and cataloged organization up to the standards of library science until Nellie Griswold Beatty came along. The Lawrence Public Library may have been originally founded by the delightful J.S. Boughton, but it was Nellie Beatty who turned it into the educational institution we know and love today. Young Nellie Griswold Nellie Frances Griswold was born in Lawrence On February 16, 1862. Her parents we already know well: The unfortunate Dr. Jerome Griswold and Helen M. Griswold. Nellie was only one year old at the time of the horrific events at Griswold house that left her an orphan, but she would remember her father forever, naming her own son after him. She attended the University of Kansas and on June 18, 1885 married Herbert Beatty. Together they had one son, Jerome Griswold Beatty, who would go on to become a writer. It is unclear what exactly separated Nellie from her husband, but by 1903 he had moved away from Lawrence and Nellie was living with her son in the home of Geo. A. Banks, where she grew up. It was around this time that... Nellie Beatty started work at the library where her mother had worked 30 years ago. As the library prepared to move to its new building, its librarian went back to school to study library science, the first Lawrence librarian to do so. There Nellie was educated in the Dewey Decimal System, and by the time the library moved into the Carnegie building, she had recatalogued the collection to meet modern library practices. Nellie Griswold Beatty and Assistants in the Carnegie Building Nellie Griswold Beatty (center) and assistants in the Carnegie Library Throughout the rest of her impressive tenure as a Lawrence librarian, Nellie continued to bring new innovations and conveniences to the library. A short biography on her says of her work at the library, This Mrs. Beatty regards as her life's work, and she herself takes more pride in the high status that the library has attained than in any other achievment of her life, except in being the mother of Jerome Beatty. Her wisdom in library matters is recognized among librarians, and she has always stood high in the councils of the State Library Association and has served as its secreatry for several years, and as its president. In 1917, after 15 years of serving the library, Nellie retired from the library to prepare for her wedding to Sydney Palmer early in 1918. The newly-married couple moved to Hutchinson, KS and then to Sierra Madre, CA. She died on July 23, 1939 and was buried in Oak Hill Cementery in Lawrence, where the rest of her family rested.
Show simple item record dc.contributor.advisor Engelbrecht, Derek Grosel, Joseph Ivan dc.contributor.other Dippenaar, Susan 2012-04-04T10:44:05Z 2012-04-04T10:44:05Z 2007 2007 dc.description Thesis (M.Sc.)(Molecular and Life Sciences) --University of Limpopo, 2007. en dc.description.abstract The Southern African endemic Short-clawed Lark Certhilauda chuana comprises two geographically isolated populations, consisting of a western and an eastern population. Several authors have suggested that the taxonomic status of the eastern population be verified. In an attempt to resolve the taxonomic uncertainty regarding the two populations, DNA molecular data was used in a comparative study of the two populations. The DNA sequence data was generated using standard methods of DNA extraction, PCR and automated DNA sequencing for partial sequences of the mitochondrial genes Cytochrome b and ND2. A total of 530 base pairs of the Cytochrome b gene were amplified for individuals representing both Short-clawed Lark populations. The results obtained from the amplified Cyt b sequences showed the populations to be identical. The amplified partial ND2 gene (972 base pairs) showed sequence divergence between the eastern and western populations ranging between 0.10 - 0.31%. The partial ND2 gene produced only four haplotypes for both the eastern and western individuals with a single mutational step separating each of the haplotypes. The results of the DNA analysis showed that there exists very little genetic diversity within and between the two populations. Confirmation of the taxonomic status of the two populations was supplemented by comparing selected morphometric measurements and territorial song characterization. Apart from a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the length of the tarsus, there were no other significant differences in the morphometric parameters analysed. A comparison of the territorial calls of males showed considerable individual variation between males within a population and statistically significant differences between males from the two populations for some of the parameters analysed. v The results of a habitat preference study for the eastern population was determined by analysis of the micro- and macro-habitat features within presently and historically occupied territories. It was established that as with the western population, Short-clawed Larks from the eastern population also show a fine-scale habitat preference within the broad, general habitat description of “open habitat, sparsely vegetated with small trees and shrubs”. The results of the present study explain the highly localized distribution of the species within its area of occurrence. The results also suggest that the species’ habitat preference is probably dictated as much by physiological requirements, e.g. short-grassed areas with bare ground for breeding and foraging, as it is by behavioural requirements, e.g. large open areas for aerial displays and small trees or shrubs for territorial calls. In addition to the above, surveys were conducted to determine the species’ present extent of occurrence, area of occupancy and to obtain population size estimates. The results were compared with published data from the Southern African Bird Atlas Project and showed a dramatic range reduction of this species. Possible reasons for the range reduction include habitat loss, absence of formally protected habitat and altered ecological processes such as lack of fire and bush encroachment. It is estimated that the eastern population of the species comprise fewer than 380 breeding pairs. The observed range reduction and estimated population size suggests that the eastern population of the species requires urgent protection. A comprehensive investigation of Short-clawed Lark vocalisations and displays was conducted. This study presents the first detailed analysis of the vocalisations of the Short-clawed Lark. Analysis of call data showed considerable variation in the number and placement of pulsed and whistle notes in their different calls. The extent of individual variation within the eastern population for the parameters analyzed, failed to reveal any dialects associated with the vocalisations of Short-clawed Larks from the eastern population. Although Short-clawed Larks call and display throughout the year and during most parts of the day, most vocalisations and displays peak in the first 1-3 hours after sunrise in the peak-breeding season. This information is useful for identification and monitoring purposes. This manuscript concludes with a discussion of the major threats facing the population, recommendations on how to address them, and conservation priorities for the eastern population and the species. en dc.description.sponsorship University of Limpopo en dc.format.extent xvii, 179 p. en dc.language.iso en en dc.relation.requires pdf en dc.subject Larks en dc.subject Habitat en dc.subject South Africa en dc.subject.ddc 598.825 en dc.subject.lcsh Larks en dc.title The conservation of the short clawed-lark : Certhilauda chuana en dc.type Thesis en Files in this item This item appears in the following Collection(s) Show simple item record Search ULSpace My Account
How about a peace race instead of an arms race? By Lawrence Wittner. Dated: 5/30/2019 1:40:50 PM This situation represents a double tragedy. First, in a world bristling with weapons of vast destructive power, it threatens the annihilation of the human race. Second, as vast resources are poured into war and preparations for it, a host of other problems?poverty, environmental catastrophe, access to education and healthcare, and more?fail to be adequately addressed. Melman's popular book, and particularly its rhetoric about a "peace race," quickly came to the attention of the new U.S. President, John F. Kennedy. On September 25, 1961, dismayedby the Soviet Union's recent revival of nuclear weapons testing, Kennedy used the occasion of his address to the United Nations to challenge the Russians "not to an arms race, but to a peace race." Warning that "mankind must put an end to war?or war will put an end to mankind," he invited nations to "join in dismantling the national capacity to wage war." Kennedy's "peace race" speech praised obliquely, but powerfully, what was the most ambitious plan for disarmament of the Cold War era: the McCloy-Zorin Accords. This historic US-USSR agreement, presented to the UN only five days before, outlined a detailed plan for "general and complete disarmament." It provided for the abolition of national armed forces, the elimination of weapons stockpiles, and the discontinuance of military expenditures in a sequence of stages, each verified by an international disarmament organization before the next stage began. During this process, disarmament progress would "be accompanied by measures to strengthen institutions for maintaining peace and the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means." In December 1961, the McCloy-Zorin Accords were adopted unanimously by the UN General Assembly. Although the accelerating nuclear arms race?symbolized by Soviet and American nuclear testing?slowed the momentum toward disarmament provided by the McCloy-Zorin Accords and Kennedy's "peace race" address, disarmament continued as a very live issue. The National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE), America's largest peace organization, publicly lauded Kennedy's "peace race" speech and called for "the launching of a Peace Race" in which the two Cold War blocs joined "to end the arms race, contain their power within constructive bounds, and encourage peaceful social change." For its part, the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, created by the Kennedy administration to address disarmament issues, drafted an official U.S. government proposal, Blueprint for the Peace Race, which Kennedy submitted to the United Nations on April 18, 1962. Leading off with Kennedy's challenge "not to an arms race, but to a peace race," the proposal called for general and complete disarmament and proposed moving in verifiable steps toward that goal. As is often the case, modest reform measures undermine the drive for more thoroughgoing alternatives. Certainly, this was true with respect to general and complete disarmament. Peace activists, of course, continued to champion stronger measures. Thus, Martin Luther King, Jr. used the occasion of his Nobel Peace Prize lecturein Oslo, on December 11, 1964, to declare: "We must shift the arms race into a 'peace race.'" But, with important curbs on the nuclear arms race in place, much of the public and most government leaders turned to other issues. Perhaps it's time to revive the demand for more thoroughgoing global disarmament. Why not wage a peace race instead of an arms race?one bringing an end to the immense dangers and vast waste of resources caused by massive preparations for war? In the initial stage of this race, how about an immediate cut of 10 percent in every nation's military budget, thus retaining the current military balance while freeing up $182 billion for the things that make life worth living? As the past agreements of the U.S. and Soviet governments show us, it's not at all hard to draw up a reasonable, acceptable plan providing for verification and enforcement. All that's lacking, it seems, is the will to act. —(Counter Punch) The Big Story: Death of Democracy... Read More Daily horoscope
Help make Alexa smarter on Alexa Answers. Sign in with Amazon How how does a tornado form? Tornadoes form when a thunderstorm has a particular combination of winds. Humid air rises & collides with cold air in the atmosphere above it. This creates wind shears, and the warmer air creates an updraft that takes one of the horizontal wind shears and moves it into a vertical position. {{ relativeTimeResolver(1566400029165) }} Points points 90 Rating 0 Similar Questions Sign in to view all similar questions Join Alexa Answers Help make Alexa smarter and share your knowledge with the world
Symptoms are the body's major signaling device, but symptoms often are frustratingly vague, subjective, and ill reported. In addition, challenges attend making decisions about an individual's ability to function based solely on the medical diagnosis, particularly when impairment is subtle or subjective. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a model for understanding the limits of the medical approach to determining impairment and disability. A protocol from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is used to define CFS. This protocol is not a list of diagnostic criteria, and some patients with chronic fatigue may not meet the CDC definition. The syndrome reflects dysfunction in the neuroendocrine system similar in some ways to that seen with depressive illness, and most patients seen for this condition fulfill the criteria for depression, which is another illness characterized by fatigue and somatic complaints. Physicians who evaluate and treat patients with subtle persistent illness know that employers and coworkers respond less positively to an employee's needs when illness is subtle than when impairment is obvious. Physicians must be clear about the family, job, and employment risks patients take when they stay out of work for medical reasons; they also must recognize the risk these patients take when they continue to work despite impaired performance. You do not currently have access to this content.
Midgut bacteria required for Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity. Broderick, N., a., Raffa, K., F., & Handelsman, J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(41):15196-9, 10, 2006. Midgut bacteria required for Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity. [pdf]Paper abstract bibtex Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely applied biological insecticide and is used to manage insects that affect forestry and agriculture and transmit human and animal pathogens. This ubiquitous spore-forming bacterium kills insect larvae largely through the action of insecticidal crystal proteins and is commonly deployed as a direct bacterial spray. Moreover, plants engineered with the cry genes encoding the B. thuringiensis crystal proteins are the most widely cultivated transgenic crops. For decades, the mechanism of insect killing has been assumed to be toxin-mediated lysis of the gut epithelial cells, which leads to starvation, or B. thuringiensis septicemia. Here, we report that B. thuringiensis does not kill larvae of the gypsy moth in the absence of indigenous midgut bacteria. Elimination of the gut microbial community by oral administration of antibiotics abolished B. thuringiensis insecticidal activity, and reestablishment of an Enterobacter sp. that normally resides in the midgut microbial community restored B. thuringiensis-mediated killing. Escherichia coli engineered to produce the B. thuringiensis insecticidal toxin killed gypsy moth larvae irrespective of the presence of other bacteria in the midgut. However, when the engineered E. coli was heat-killed and then fed to the larvae, the larvae did not die in the absence of the indigenous midgut bacteria. E. coli and the Enterobacter sp. achieved high populations in hemolymph, in contrast to B. thuringiensis, which appeared to die in hemolymph. Our results demonstrate that B. thuringiensis-induced mortality depends on enteric bacteria. Downloads: 0
Carbnate of Strontia Enlarge March 1. 1804. Publiſhed by Ja.s Sowerby. London. British Mineralogy Strontia carbonata Carbnate of Strontia • Class 2. Earths. • Order 1. Homogeneous. • Gen. 5. Strontia. • Spec. 1. Carbonate. • Div. 1. Crystallized. • Gen. Char. Soluble in 200 parts of whater at a temperature of 60°. Separates from a saturated solution in nitric acid, in the form of rhomboidal crystals. Promotes the fusibility of most other earths. Most of its salts tinge flame red. • Spec. Char. Combined with carbonic acid. • Syn. • Strontian earth combined with fixed air. Kirwan, v. 1. 332. • Strontian carbonaté. Haüy, v. 2. 327. This curious mineral was found some time since at Strontian in Scotland, in a lead mine which is now given up, as it would not answer to the purpose of the proprieters; but seems not to have been suspected to contain a new earth until Dr. Craufurd sent it to Mr. Kirwan in 1790. It was afterwards examined by Dr. Hope and others. We do not know that it has been found any where else. Its crystals are confusedly grouped, more or less diverging from a centre. They sometimes show the appearance of a six-sided prism, as Haüy has observed. The specimen figured was sent me by my friend Mr. Sims of Norwich. It has 6-sided prisms, terminated at one end with three faces, resembling those of carbonate of lime, with the obtuse æquiaxe termination. We have a specimen with six-sided bars quite relieved crossing an hollow: three faces of the prism are generally broader than the other three, showing faint longitudinal straiæ and fractures parallel to them; but most reaily to the three broader faces with transverse striæ, which continue to the apex of the pyramid, and occasionally form an equilateral triangle. The pyramid may be divided ina direction contrary to its faces; therefore the nucleus is a dodecaëdron with rhomboidal faces. They vary in colour from a brightish watery green to a palish brown. It differs from carbonate of barytes (with which it was confounded), by its weight, as well as by dissolving quickly, and with great effervescence, in nitric acid, without leaving a precipitate: and it is curious that a bit of paper or a wick of a candle, dipped in this solution, after being dried, causes the flame to burn beautifully red; or the substance itself in fusion by the blowpipe will do the same thing. Spec. Grav. from 3.4–3.675. Hardness 5, according to Kirwan. Scratches carbonate of lime, and is scratched by fluate of lime. Analysis by Pelletier: Strontia 62 Carbonic acid 30 Water 8 It is accompanied by carbonate of lime, sulphuret of barytes, sulphuret of lead, and harmotome of Haüy, or staurolite of Kirwan.
Does newborns change complexion over time? Another surprising fact about newborn skin: No matter what your ethnicity or race, your baby’s skin will be reddish purple for the first few days, thanks to a circulation system that’s just getting up to speed. (In fact, some babies can take up to six months to develop their permanent skin tone.) Does baby skin color change? When a baby is first born, the skin is a dark red to purple color. As the baby starts to breathe air, the color changes to red. This redness normally starts to fade in the first day. A baby’s hands and feet may stay bluish in color for several days. How long does it take for baby skin color to come in? At birth, your child’s skin is likely to be a shade or two lighter than her eventual skin color. The skin will darken and reach its natural color in the first two to three weeks. Why do babies get darker after birth? It happens because the body is breaking down red blood cells (a normal process after birth). The breakdown releases a yellow substance called bilirubin, which causes the yellow color. This substance is processed by the baby’s liver. See also How much Starbucks can I have while pregnant? Does dark ears mean dark baby? Skin color. Looking for a sign of how pigmented she’ll eventually be? Some parents swear that the ears will clue you in — check out the tops of your baby’s tiny ears, and you’ll notice that they’re darker than the rest of your newborn’s skin. There’s a good chance her skin will wind up being close to that color. How can I improve my newborn baby’s complexion? 3. Follow best practices for bathing 1. hold your baby securely and never leave them unattended. 2. use water that’s lukewarm, not hot. 3. perform the bath in a warm room. 4. keep baths short, between 5 and 10 minutes. 5. wash your baby’s eyes and face with water only. Can fair parents have a dark baby? Can a couple sire a baby that is significantly darker or lighter than either individual? The short answer is, yes! A couple can have a baby with a skin color that isn’t between their own. How can I reduce melanin in my baby during pregnancy? Try these natural remedies to manage pigmentation during… 1. Turmeric and Lemon Juice. … 2. Aloe Vera Gel. … 3. Almond and Honey Paste. … 4. Papaya-Aloe-Honey Pack. … 5. Potato. … 6. Mint leaf paste. … 7. Orange peel. … 8. Healthy diet. Which oil is best for baby skin whitening? Ideal For babies Composition almond Fragrance Almond Skin Type All Skin Type Organic Type Organic At what age can premature babies see? Seeing takes longer to mature than hearing and touch, but progress occurs rapidly between 22 and 34 weeks of gestational age (GA). At first, preemies spend only very brief periods of time with their eyes open, and do not focus on anything. By 30 weeks GA, preemies will respond in different ways to different sights. See also Question: When do headaches start in early pregnancy? Why do babies come out white? Some babies are born with a white coating called vernix caseosa, which protects their skin from the constant exposure to amniotic fluid in the womb. The vernix is washed off with the baby’s first bath. Other babies are born very wrinkled. Can a baby be darker than both parents? It is indeed possible that you can have a baby with darker skin than the parents, especially if close family members have very dark skins. Does breast milk affect baby complexion? Like this post? Please share to your friends:
The Amazing Power of Positive Thinking Are you a person whose glass is half empty or half full? Are you optimistic or pessimistic? Believe it or not, these are very important questions to ask yourself. If you are one who struggles with negative thoughts and negative self talk, your overall health may be at risk. Negative emotions and feelings are known to generate harmful toxins throughout the body. Anger, envy, jealousy and fear prompt the endocrine system to create poisons in the blood. Anxiety, depression and doubt can also produce dangerous substances which have a detrimental effect on a person’s mental and physical condition. Lengthy negative emotions are even more dangerous for your health than active, sudden negative feelings. It is a fact that negative emotions can cause anxiety and will shorten a person’s life. Those who anger easily and are under constant stress are often people who develop heart disease and other illnesses. When people think that something unpleasant is going to happen to them, it is more likely to happen because it is reflected in their unconscious. This is called “a self-fulfilling prophecy”. Amazingly, about 70% of all illnesses are psychosomatic, or caused by mental stress. On the other hand, positive thinking and an optimistic attitude helps to reduce stress and consequently, improves your health and well-being. Positive thinking people have fewer heart attacks and in general, less illness. So, if you are a negative thinker with a pessimistic attitude, is there any hope for you? Yes! The good news is that you can learn positive thinking skills. This does not mean you live an unrealistic life and ignore life’s less pleasant situations. Positive thinking means you approach the unpleasantness in a more positive and productive way. You need to think the best is going to happen, not the worst. For some, this is easier said than done. But really, what do you have to lose. God forbid, you think the best will happen and you are wrong. You have wasted all that time feeling positive about something. How can that hurt you? While doing some research on this topic, I found the Mayo Clinic promotes the idea of positive self-talk. Throughout the day a person has an endless stream of unspoken thoughts running through their head. These thoughts can be negative or positive. How can you turn a negative thought into a positive one? Just do it! There is no situation that is all negative. You have to find the positive and focus on that aspect and try to diminish the negative. This may not be easy for many, but it is worth it. I have always heard, “there is a silver lining in every dark cloud” and it is true. Some tips to overcome negative thoughts include meditation and yoga. Smile, surround yourself with positive people, change the tone of your thoughts from negative to positive, don’t play the victim, help someone. Remember that no one is perfect and allow yourself to move forward. Sing, list five things you are grateful for and read positive quotes. What do you have to lose? Be good to yourself and give this a try. Researchers continue to investigate the health effects of positive thinking and optimism. They feel at this time the benefits include: -Increased life span -Lower rates of depression -Lower levels of distress -Greater resistance to the common cold -Better psychological and physical well-being -Reduced risk of death from heart disease -Better coping skills during hardships and times of stress Over the years at the Farrar Home, I have found that residents and staff with positive outlooks on life do much better in all areas. It can be challenging to find the good in a difficult situation, but it is there. We should all try to do this not only for ourselves, but to help others focus the wonderful things in their lives. Living life to the best of our abilities and taking good care of ourselves and other people will help to make the world a better place for everyone.
How are graphite electrodes produced (3d) – forming stage the forming stage follows upon kneading and is reached by means of hot extrusion of the semi-finished electrode. Other processes used for forming graphite products (such as blocks) are explained in later articles. Extrusion forming of graphite electrodes After kneading, the paste must be brought into the characteristic electrode cylinder form. Standard sizes range from dia. 200mm to 700mm (8″ – 26″) and lengths from 1500 mm to 2700mm (60″ – 110″). The extrusion process is depicted in diagam 1. Diagram 1: Schematic of the direct, hot extrusion process. McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. The paste is loaded into a thick wall container 2. The paste is forced through an extrusion die secured in a holder. The extrusion force is applied by a ram with a reusable intermediate dummy block. Pressure is produced hydrostatically. 3. the paste flow from the extrusion die is in the same direction as the forward motion of the ram. 4. the extruded paste will be undergoing synchronous cutting Extrusion force is related to • friction between billet length and container • material • cross sectional area (=diameter) of the final product The size of the die is generally slightly bigger than that of the final product. The longer the semi finished electrode, the longer needs to be the die. After the material is cut to the desired size, it is cooled at a temperature of 100°C. Do you have any QUESTIONS until here? Please feel free to ask. How are graphite electrodes produced? ABC of graphite electrodes (3c) – kneading this article focuses on the fourth production step for making graphite electrodes >>kneading<<. The small particles whose structure and composition was formulated in step 3, are now intermingled to a paste (remember – those components were the aggregate,- binding,- and filling materials). There are different kinds of kneaders used • Sigma double arms: one pair of blades, discountinuing working mode, blades rotate in different directions with different velocities. • Eirich strong kneaders: two pairs of blades with different lengths and rotation directions, enables the material to rotate in four directions • pressurized kneaders • flaking kneaders for fine grains (up to 0.042 mm) As heating media, graphite producers use the full range of either electricity, steam or hot oil with the later consisting of Diphenyl Oxide: 26.5% Biphenyl + 73.5% Biphenyl Ether. This is added in interlayer of kneader Eirich kneaders Favorized by many graphite companies, Eirich kneaders allow for rotations in 4 directions and therefore homogeneous properties of the product. Each Eirich kneader has three characteristic components: Eirich mixer model 1, Source: Eirich GmbH, website (2018) Eirich mixer model 2, Source: sigmachina – eirichchina 1. The rotating mixing pan, which delivers the mixture into the area of the mixing tools 2. One or more mixing tools arranged eccentrically. The direction of rotation and the speed of the mixing tool(s) can be optimally adapted to the different applications. 3. The bottom/wall scraper, providing additional agitation action. It prevents cakings on the wall and bottom of the pan and facilitates discharge when the mixing cycle is complete. Kneading principles Graphite producers follow 3 principles when kneading • When kneading temperature is below the standard, the process time should be longer • When pitch’s melting point is below the standard, process time will be shorten • Process time will be longer if material particles are relatively small. I hope you enjoyed reading this article. Please SHARE! ABC of graphite electrodes: how are graphite electrodes produced? (3b) – formulation this article focuses on the third production step for making graphite electrodes >>formulation<<. Small particles are combined with larger ones to form what we call the “bonestructure and binding material” of graphite electrodes. Our goal is to create a dense grain structure keeping the formation of pores to a minimum. For each graphite electrode manufacturer this stage is a well kept trade secret. As explained in the raw material section, the most ideal raw material to produce graphite electrodes is needle coke. Therefore, electrodes of the highest quality contain as much of needle coke as possible – 100 %. However, as we will see later, there are also inferior qualities sold and so the formulation may contain petroleum coke as a substitute for needle coke. There are three components to the structure (please also compare diagram below) Screenshot (1) particle structure of graphite electrodes. Source: GES Europe • aggregate material (= bone structure) • filling material • binding material (=pitch) We call a grain size big with grain diameters is bigger than 1 mm. Medium in the range of 0,8 mm to 0,5 mm. Small grains have diameters of between 0,5 mm and 0,042 mm the last being the technical minimum at the moment. Aggregate and filling material might be either petroleum or needle coke depending on the targeted quality. The three parameters to compose a recipe are thus: choice of raw material(s), grain sizes of aggregate and filling materials, ratio of aggreate, filling and binding materials. As the name suggests, pitch is used to bind the different grains together and further increase density of the structure. It is also important for the later forming process. For the production fo graphite electrodes, this will be extrusion. Therefore, a higher content of pitch is desirable. Reason: for extrusion, bigger grain sizes are use for aggregate and filler; therefore more pitch is needed to fill up the pores. Since the most important aspect about the composition is the different grain sizes to generate a high density, there is almost no limitation to the recipe. One formulation using four different grain sizes (petroleum coke alone, needle coke alone, or a mixture of both) might read as follows: -> 0,8 mm – 40 %; 0,4 mm – 20 %; 0,2 mm – 20 %; 0,1 mm – 20 %. I hope you like this article. Please SHARE The ABC of graphite electrodes: How are graphite electrodes produced? (3a) this is part 3 of our mini series into graphite electrodes. It covers the basics of graphite electrode manufacture. Since we want to delve deeper into each phase, it will be necessary to talk about the production in several articles. This one gives you an overview of the production stages. Introduction into graphite electrode production Here is a concise overview of the production stages a) Calcination of petroleum coker & recrystallization b) form ulation c) kneading d) forming e) baking f) (impregnation) g) graphitization h) machining You may have noticed that I put the phase f) into brackets. The reasons is that some graphite electrode qualities do not undergo this step. More on this in later postings. Also, technically we can only speak of >>graphitized<< electrodes after phase g) is complete. This is when a change in molecular structure has happened from carbon to graphite. a) Calcination of petroleum coke & recrystallization The purpose of this phase is decomposition/purification of petroleum coke. To know more about petroleum coke, please have a look back on our article on the raw materials of graphite electrodes. Essentially, we try to remove organic materials and moisture (=volatiles or volatile matter) inside the petroleum coke. Before the calcination process, we typically refer to the coke as >>green coke<< or sometimes >>raw coke<<. For this process, electrode producers use a rotary kiln (diagram below). rotary kiln as a means to calcination Source: Yongchang Cai, Mathematical problems in engineering, 2017. In the kiln there are several zones inside. The petroleum coke enters the kiln in a pot (inner pot) that subsequently moves from the right to the left end on the trajectory of entry to exit in the rotary tunnel/corridor. In the first zone, called the drying or preheating zone, the pot is heated temperature is about 800°C to 900°C. The volatile matter starts evaporating at around 300°C. The calcination zone, which makes up about half of the furnaces length, is 1,200°C to 1,350°C. There is also a cooling zone (or a second kiln). It is not shown in the drawing above but just imagine a third zone with a temperature range of 800°C to 900°C. The whole process takes about 30 to 50 minutes to completion. The released volatile gases in the kiln go to a waste heat recovery boiler to produce steam and ultimately refire the kiln. The thermal treatment of petroleum coke has yet another benefit besides a mere purification: we somewhat alter the directionality and density of the petroleum coke which is important later for a superior electrical and mechanical properties. I hope you enjoyed reading this article. Please SHARE. Yongchang, Cai, Modeling for the Calcination Process of Industry Rotary Kiln Using ANFIS Coupled with a Novel Hybrid Clustering Algorithm, (2017)in: Mathematical problems in engineering 2017: Mathematical Problems in Engineering Volume 2017, Article ID 1067351, 8 pages, Graphite electrode prices on a roller-coaster ride (2) Four main factors cause graphite electrode price chaos Of the global graphite production, approximately 70% are being accumulated by China. For meeting its own steel industry’s huge demand, China is already trying to keep graphite inside of its own borders by imposing export duties. Not least these measures caused the increase of graphite electrode prices, which oscillated between 500 and 600 US-Dollars around the turn of the millenium. Reaching their peak in 2012 at roughly 3.000 US-Dollars per ton, electrode prices quickly plummeted under the level of 2.000 US-Dollars. graphite electrode prices, JAN 17 - APR 18 However, after graphite electrode prices had hit an all-time low, vast turbulences erupted in spring 2017 culminating in record high graphite electrode prices. Panic purchases by steelworks managers, unreliability of many partners and general upheaval were the consequence. But what caused those turbulences? We found a total of four main factors. 1. the decrease of available raw materials for graphite. 2. an increase in demand for steel. 3. the chinese government introduced bold restrictions. 4. partners involved acted unpredictably. As a consequence of all these factors, chaotic market situations emerged, which complicated the situation further. The common denominator? The biggest graphite producer – China! Supply, demand and governmental intervention The demand for graphite electrodes skyrocketed in 2017 due to the steel industry’s demand. Yet, the recovering global economy and thereby driven steel industry only faced empty graphite warehouses, because the producers sold most of their stocks after the lowest electrode prices in history. Everyone with stocks, had quickly sold them after the first few demand increases at relatively low electrode price levels. Just as the West, China is increasingly interested in environmental protection. For solving this tremendous task, the government tightens environmental regulations to a strangeling degree. This caused many graphite electrode producers to halt their production in favor of government inspections, shrinking the total output in spring 2017 to almost zero. Facing this supply bottleneck, end users paid double or triple of the regular electrode price, causing further electrode price increases. Some suppliers noticed that willingness, disregarded contracts and sold in favor of the highest bid. Consequences were not to be feared, since the contracting parties were to far abroad. By declaring “Force Majeure” some European contractors also ignored contracts hoping for better conditions but causing further insecurity. And – what does the future bring? So, what will the future be like? Well, even stricter environmental regulations are a heavy burden for the graphite industry. The latest example happened in northern China from 2017 to 2018, when governmental actions caused the production to stop between October and March. Furthermore, the most populated nations in the world, China and India, are experiencing the rise of an increasingly wealthy middle class, which yearns to show off their wealth in western means – how about a trendy and sophisticated electric vehicle, which communicates perfectly with the owners smartwatch and smartphone? Due to these and similar shifts, the Swiss UBS predicts a rise of global graphite demand in the next decades by an immense 264% of todays world market volume. I hope, you like this article. PLEASE SHARE. 1) „Graphit hat Zukunftspotenzial“, In:, 19.01.2018,, accessed: 22.05.2018. 2) UBS-Studie: Diese Rohstoffe profitieren vom Siegeszug der Elektroautos“, In:, 23.10.2017,, accessed: 22.05.2018.
Do newborns know when parents fight? Experimental research confirms that babies can sense when their mothers are distressed, and the stress is contagious. Experiments also show that 6-month old infants become more physiologically reactive to stressful situations after looking at angry faces (Moore 2009). Does arguing affect newborn? Arguing does impact babies In fact, their ability to sense their mother’s stress begins in the womb. A 2011 study showed that a mother’s cortisol, or stress hormone, is capable of crossing into the placenta and creating higher stress levels for the unborn baby. Can babies sense tension between parents? Can a newborn tell who his parents are? THIS IS INTERESTING: Can I give my 4 month old applesauce? Do babies remember when you get angry? Babies Know When You’re Angry, and Want to Appease You. New research finds babies won’t easily forget seeing anger-prone behavior in adults, even if that behavior is directed at someone else. A new body of research will make you think twice the next time you go to yell at your hubby in front of your baby. When do newborns know their mother? What happens when you yell at a newborn? Babies are highly sensitive to stress and it can stunt their mental development leading to later issues. The loud noise of yelling is enough, even if the child doesn’t understand the words. They understand the threatening sound. Stress is a way of life, yes, but at an early age it can be terrible for a child. What are 4 signs of stress or distress in babies? • hiccupping. • yawning. • sneezing. • frowning. • looking away. • squirming. • frantic, disorganized activity. • arms and legs pushing away. Can a baby forget his mother? THIS IS INTERESTING: Can you reset Baby Alive grows up? How far away can baby smell Mom? Why do babies sleep better next to Mom? Do newborns know their mother? Do newborns feel love? Earliest Feelings Most children form deep, loving bonds with their parents and friends from a very early age. It starts before a child can verbally express his likes or dislikes, according to Lawrence Cohen, PhD, author of Playful Parenting (Ballantine). Even newborns feel attachment from the moment they’re born! Can a baby be mad at you? Yes, it’s perfectly normal for your baby to appear angry sometimes. It can be very upsetting to see your baby distressed, but this is something most babies go through from time to time. Can a baby be traumatized? Babies and toddlers are directly affected by trauma. They are also affected if their mother, father or main caregiver is suffering consequences of the trauma. If their home and routine becomes unsettled or disrupted as a result of the trauma, babies and toddlers are also vulnerable. THIS IS INTERESTING: Does baby oil ever expire? Can my newborn feel my emotions? Your baby can: Sense Emotions Helping moms
Open Banking Explained what is open banking The concept of open banking has become one of the most revolutionary innovations in the financial industry in recent years. As a bridge between traditional banks and fintech, open banking is designed to provide better, more reliable, and modernized services to its customers. Surprisingly, a lot of business owners don’t know how open banking works. So let’s fix that. In this article, we will look at the benefits of open banking, open banking API development, and the prospects for this concept in 2021. Table of contents: 1. What is open banking and how does it work? 2. Pros and cons of open banking APIs 3. Open banking API development: security flow 4. Open banking and fintech 5. Open banking in 2021 6. Wrapping up What is open banking and how does it work? Open banking is a system in which banks open up their application programming interfaces (APIs). It allows fintech companies or other third-party services to access clients’ financial information and conduct financial transactions on the clients’ behalf. Open banking gives account holders greater financial options. The more participants in the open banking system, the greater the competition. As a result, the diversity and quality of services increase, prices decrease and end-users benefit from these changes. Open banking allows fintech companies to develop better solutions for managing personal finances and it also forces traditional operators to improve their offerings or collaborate with startups. In this way, open banking promotes competition in the banking industry. But what is API in the context of open banking? APIs are a set of codes and protocols that define how different software components should interact. Generally, they allow different applications to interact with each other. In open banking API interfaces are used to pass commands to third-party vendors. how open banking apis work APIs are necessary for the function of Banking-as-a-Service (BaaS), a key component of open banking. BaaS is an end-to-end process that connects fintech companies and others with banks' systems directly through APIs. As you can guess, it is impossible to efficiently connect banks and fintech companies without open banking API development. Today, open banking APIs can do the following: • Track multiple user accounts, providing a statistical reconciliation tool. • Automatically transmit financial information to potential lenders, minimizing paperwork in obtaining a loan. • Provide convenient and informative management of personal funds. • Facilitate asset management for small and medium-sized businesses. • Transfer funds between accounts. Pros and cons of open banking APIs The most important asset of 2021 is data. Banking data is the most valuable piece of information used to understand how consumers and businesses are spending, growing, or saving assets. Open banking allows third-party services to aggregate data from multiple financial institutions to further analyze spending and income. This analysis also makes highly accurate budget planning possible. The benefits of open banking and APIs are not limited to consumers. They also apply to service providers. This way your customers will be more satisfied with your services and you will be able to meet market demands and increase your customer base with the help of innovations. Let's take a closer look at some other benefits of using open banking. • Open banking benefits for customers. Open banking gives freedom to choose any financial service provider. It allows people to use only the banking products they want, easily manage their finances, and make informed decisions about how to do so. • Open banking benefits for banks. Open banking provides an opportunity to stay ahead of the competition by allowing banks to collaborate with financial startups and other non-financial institutions. Open banking API development helps banks increase their attractiveness as a legal entity, thereby enabling them to meet the ever-changing needs of both existing and potential customers. • Open banking benefits for fintech companies. Open banking gives limitless opportunities to fintech companies to meet consumer demands for new and better services. For instance, personal financial management, bank account comparison, and access to credit services through a single application. Contact us Open banking API development provides tremendous growth opportunities for fintech companies that offer secure payments or collect payment statistics. APIs in the context of open banking make it possible to create hybrid products that include services from different developers. Some banks already have bank-based marketplaces with ready-to-use services from different vendors. This allows customers to choose the best option, which also contributes to the development of transparency. Open banking API development: security flow Now let’s find out how open banking APIs work. At first glance, the concept of using banking APIs may seem insecure, but this is erroneous impression. In open banking, information security comes first. Open banking API works as follows: 1. Third-Party Provider (TPP) gets clients’ consent to access their data and to act on their behalf. 2. Third-Party Provider (TPP) creates a token that is valid for a limited time frame and that represents the client's consent to access his or her data as well as to act on their behalf. 3. Third-Party Provider (TPP) authenticates with the bank and sends the token. 4. The customer receives a request from a bank to authorize this token and accepts it. 5. Third-Party Provider (TPP) gets access to the clients data provided by the bank. 6. Third-Party Provider (TPP) processes the clients data and then the token expires. It can be seen that open banking ensures high security. No fintech startup can use customer data without customer consent. Nevertheless, how efficient is open banking in fintech? Open banking and fintech Fintech after Covid-19 has significantly changed thanks to open banking in particular. It encompasses various techniques to increase openness and to support collaboration in the financial sector. This includes the exchange of real-time data, provides opportunities for other companies, and collaborative analytics of the collected data. All integrations are only triggered by customers. For example, when a customer wants to transfer data on bank expenses to a budget accounting application, the bank gives him or her the right and the necessary tools to do so. The market is constantly expanding. As a result, there are intermediary services like TrueLayer that offer API platforms for fintech developers. Many companies, including PayPal, are gradually moving toward an open platform format that gives third-party developers access to payment infrastructure and data through APIs. For example, in 2019, Visa launched the Visa Next platform, which brings together payment services for banks and fintech - they can be used individually or in an integrated manner. Start your project with IdeaSoft Banks are also moving towards a single marketplace model with a wide range of services, where payments are just one of the elements. For example, QPlatform works on the two-sided marketplace principle. Banks and fintech companies can choose services from different categories: neobanking and KYC, credit pipeline and green finance, payments, and acquiring. The system works according to the App Store principle. A company selects the required solution, tests it in a sandbox, and immediately integrates it as a ready-made business unit. Another example is ING's Yolt platform, which includes both the bank's and its partners' products. Open banking in 2021-2022 Once again, open banking provides access to banking data for partner companies using APIs, so developers can create new fintech applications and services for specific banks' clients. In Europe, the idea has been promoted for several years thanks to the adoption of the PSD2-regulation directive, which obliges banks to prepare an open technical system for integration with its resources. The number of open banking users worldwide is expected to grow at an average annual rate of nearly 50 percent between 2020 and 2024, with the European market being the largest. In 2020, Europe had approximately 12.2 million open banking users. This figure is expected to reach 63.8 million by 2024. Impressive numbers, right? A single payment space has appeared in Europe and because of this customers will be able to choose attractive products and services at different banks. Also, they will be able to manage accounts from different banks in one app, pay for services through it, and receive much more personalized offers on loans, leasing, and other services. Since open banking results in competition, many financial institutions are reluctant to take the necessary steps. A key factor in the spread of open banking in many countries has been the regulation of the industry. In the UK, where open banking is gaining momentum, regulators have required the nine largest retail, small and medium-sized account operators to use open APIs to allow third parties to access customer-agreed data and initiate payments on behalf of customers. In countries with less-developed open banking legislation, including the USA, Japan, and Canada, open banking services are likely to continue to evolve only under the influence of consumer demand and competitive pressures. Wrapping up The sphere of online financial services is being transformed by open banking. So companies that want to move their businesses to the next level are discovering the opportunities of open banking API development. Summarizing all of the above, there are three conclusions: • Fintech is a real competitor to traditional institutions. However, fintech and banks should be "friends" to create the most positive customer experience. This should be facilitated by open banking. • Startups can become an intermediary between banks and consumers. In the future users will be able to use one app for all purposes. • In today's fintech, there are three areas of focus that are boosted by APIs: lending, financing, and payment systems. Products are becoming "closer to the people" and even simpler. Now allow me to explain how we can help your business grow. IdeaSoft has extensive experience in developing software solutions for the fintech industry. Working with large banks and fintech startups, our development team has formed the best practices for ensuring the highest level of security, functionality, and quality of banking software products. IdeaSoft's expertise has been cemented by more than 250 completed projects. The company can help you cope with a wide range of software development tasks, from business analysis and design to programming, testing, and support. Feel free to check out our portfolio and contact us to discuss your project. Iulia IdeaSoft Yulia Shmitko Business Development Officer Subscribe to Newsletter Successfully subscribed!
Dietary Roots of Hypertension Increase Covid Risk? Hello friends, This week I’d like to share with you an exciting new study that crossed my desk from the Salk Institute, a highly respected medical institute. It was founded by Jonas Salk, virologist, medical researcher, and developer of the first polio vaccine. Many pundits are hailing the study as proof that the vaccines are dangerous, and that may be true. While I choose not to take the “vaxine”, my purpose today is different. It’s always about DIET, DIET, DIET. The study published April 30 shows conclusively that COVID-19 is primarily a vascular disease, meaning it is a disease of the blood circulation system. Not a pulmonary or lung disease. This is exciting new information. The study shows exactly how the SARS-CoV-2 virus damages and attacks the vascular system on a cellular level. The vascular endothelial cells are the inner layer of the blood vessels. This is the soft, vulnerable tissue, the inside lining of the arteries and veins. A spike protein is the sharp bumps that protrude from the surface of the virus. They’re actually glycoproteins, meaning means they contain a carbohydrate (like sugar molecule). Spike proteins are what give corona viruses their name. Under the microscope, the spikes can appear like a crown (corona in Latin). Spike proteins play an important role in how the viruses infect their hosts. My interest here is a strong link between diet, vascular health, blood vessels, hypertension, and increased risk of Covid complications. Why Hypertension? Top Comorbidity to Covid-19. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects 1.2 billion people in the world, and it is estimated that this number will escalate to more than 1.56 billion by the year 2025! Hypertension is the main precursor for the two leading causes of death worldwide, heart disease and stroke. If you have hypertension, or a clogged vascular system, then Covid-19 can be very serious. Hypertension awareness, prevention, treatment and control is an important public health issue. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, occurs when the blood vessels are blocked with plaque or debris and have persistently raised pressure. Blood is carried from the heart to all parts of the body in the vessels. Each time the heart beats, it pumps blood through the vessels. Blood pressure is measured as the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries. The greater the buildup of debris, the higher the pressure, the harder the heart must pump. • Hypertension, or clogged arteries affects nearly half of adults in the United States (108 million, or 45%). Hypertension is increasing rapidly since 1979, perhaps in tandem with the rise of industrially processed foods. • Having hypertension puts you at risk for heart disease and stroke, which are leading causes of death in the United States. • In 2017, nearly half a million deaths in the United States included hypertension as a primary or contributing cause, causing over 1300 deaths per day. • Only about 1 in 4 adults (24%) with hypertension have their condition under control. What Causes Hypertension? The three most common things in our diets are often the very ones causing hypertension: 1. Flour 2. Sugar 3. Extracted Seed Oils Flour, sugar, and extracted seed oils combine to make that thick, fatty plaque which accumulates in the blood vessels. Combined with a lack of movement, this can create blockage in the blood vessels. Plaque is like hard plastic glue that attaches itself to the inside of the arteries, especially those coming out of the heart, so that they are stiff, smaller diameter have less capacity for blood flow. This constricted flow is called hypertension. The #1 Top Solution to Hypertension is simply to eliminate the three sticky culprits: Flour, Sugar, Extracted Seed oils. Yes. Eliminate all high glycemic foods. Skip extracted seed oils like corn, soy, canola, safflower, peanut, sunflower and “vegetable” oils. Use instead coconut oil, pure 100% olive oil, and avocado oil. Eliminate all flour, bread, crackers, chips, and low fiber foods. That’s it. Thanks for listening. Now see the Salk article below: LA JOLLA—Scientists have known for a while that SARS-CoV-2’s distinctive “spike” proteins help the virus infect its host by latching on to healthy cells. Now, a major new study shows that the virus spike proteins (which behave very differently than those safely encoded by vaccines) also play a key role in the disease itself. The paper, published on April 30, 2021, in Circulation Research, also shows conclusively that COVID-19 is a vascular disease, demonstrating exactly how the SARS-CoV-2 virus damages and attacks the vascular system on a cellular level. The findings help explain COVID-19’s wide variety of seemingly unconnected complications, and could open the door for new research into more effective therapies. Representative images of vascular endothelial control cells (left) and cells treated with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (right) show that the spike protein causes increased mitochondrial fragmentation in vascular cells. Click here for a high-resolution image. Credit: Salk Institute “A lot of people think of it as a respiratory disease, but it’s really a vascular disease,” says Assistant Research Professor Uri Manor, who is co-senior author of the study. “That could explain why some people have strokes, and why some people have issues in other parts of the body. The commonality between them is that they all have vascular underpinnings.” Salk researchers collaborated with scientists at the University of California San Diego on the paper, including co-first author Jiao Zhang and co-senior author John Shyy, among others. While the findings themselves aren’t entirely a surprise, the paper provides clear confirmation and a detailed explanation of the mechanism through which the protein damages vascular cells for the first time. There’s been a growing consensus that SARS-CoV-2 affects the vascular system, but exactly how it did so was not understood. Similarly, scientists studying other coronaviruses have long suspected that the spike protein contributed to damaging vascular endothelial cells, but this is the first time the process has been documented. “If you remove the replicating capabilities of the virus, it still has a major damaging effect on the vascular cells, simply by virtue of its ability to bind to this ACE2 receptor, the S protein receptor, now famous thanks to COVID,” Manor explains. “Further studies with mutant spike proteins will also provide new insight towards the infectivity and severity of mutant SARS CoV-2 viruses.” The researchers next hope to take a closer look at the mechanism by which the disrupted ACE2 protein damages mitochondria and causes them to change shape. Other authors on the study are Yuyang Lei and Zu-Yi Yuan of Jiaotong University in Xi’an, China; Cara R. Schiavon, Leonardo Andrade, and Gerald S. Shadel of Salk; Ming He, Hui Shen, Yichi Zhang, Yoshitake Cho, Mark Hepokoski, Jason X.-J. Yuan, Atul Malhotra, Jin Zhang of the University of California San Diego; Lili Chen, Qian Yin, Ting Lei, Hongliang Wang and Shengpeng Wang of Xi’an Jiatong University Health Science Center in Xi’an, China. The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Shaanxi Natural Science Fund, the National Key Research and Development Program, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; and Xi’an Jiaotong University. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902 Circulation Research Yuyang Lei, Jiao Zhang, Cara R Schiavon, Ming He, Lili Chen, Hui Shen, Yichi Zhang, Qian Yin, Yoshitake Cho, Leonardo Andrade, Gerald S Shadel, Mark Hepokoski, Ting Lei, Hongliang Wang, Jin Zhang, Jason X-J Yuan, Atul Malhotra, Uri Manor, Shengpeng Wang, Zu-Yi Yuan, and John Y-J Shyy Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects 1.2 billion people in the world! It is a precursor to the world’s worst killer, Heart Disease. 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Tawny Crazy Ant Actual Size: ⅛” Characteristics: Golden-brown to reddish-brown. Legs: 6 Antennae: Yes Wings: Males and females have wings, but rarely fly. Habitat: Thrive in both moist and dry environments.Will nest in electronics, underneath floorboards, trash bins, and inside car engines. • Named for their erratic, highly unpredictable movements. • Can destroy grass and lawns while displacing other insects. • Drawn to electrical equipment, they have been found in televisions, computers, and other appliances. Tawny Crazy Ants in Eastern Tennessee Also known as rasberry crazy ants, tawny crazy ants are invasive and were first introduced to the public in Texas in 2002. Since then, they’ve spread to Eastern Tennessee, invading homes, and other buildings in large numbers. Named for their butterscotch color and erratic trailing movements, tawny crazy ants follow pheromone trails like other ants. However, the movements of tawny crazy ants appear erratic because they have very long legs and move quickly. Tawny crazy ants can kill grass, displace other insects, and frequently cause malfunctions in electrical equipment. Tawny Crazy Ant Habitat Building large nests, typically near moisture, tawny crazy ants build nests in any available crack or crevice. Nests are found under leaf debris, waste material, damp soil, and other protected habitats. Although they don’t typically build colonies in homes, tawny crazy ants will venture indoors to forage for meats and sweets. Additionally, nests have been found in potted plants, stumps, and electrical equipment. Tending aphids and consuming their honeydew secretions, tawny crazy ants also prey on live animals and scavenge from dead animals. Tawny Crazy Ant Behaviors, Threats, or Dangers Although they do not have a stinger, tawny crazy ants can bite. When bitten, pain is mild and dissipates quickly. Outdoors, infested landscapes consist of several trails of ants running up trees and shrubs in yards. As they scavenge for food, tawny crazy ants invade homes, where they are drawn to electrical equipment, destroying electronics and creating a fire hazard. When these ants invade buildings, they may be attracted to sweets and to water sources, especially during periods of dry weather. Additionally, most pest control tactics that work to control other ants do not provide adequate control of the tawny crazy ant. If a tawny crazy ant infestation is suspected, it is best to consult a professional ant exterminator.
New telescopes aim to detect extraterrestrial intelligence New telescopes aim to detect extraterrestrial intelligence The Milky Way galaxy observed from both the Northern and Southern hemisphere on Earth. Credit: Nick Risinger (Photopic Sky Survey) Project researchers from UC San Diego, UC Berkeley, University of California Observatories and Harvard University recently installed the two prototype telescopes at Lick Observatory near San Jose. They are the first of hundreds of telescopes planned to be installed as part of a project called Panoramic SETI or PANOSETI, for Pulsed All-sky Near-infrared Optical SETI. Wright, an associate professor of physics at UC San Diego, serves as lead investigator. When finally assembled, PANOSETI will be the first dedicated observatory capable of constantly searching for flashes of optical or infrared light. Such pulsed signals occurring on nanosecond-to-second time scales, may be from either artificial origin (e.g., extraterrestrial communication) or astrophysical phenomena (e.g., counterparts to fast-radio bursts). Wright explained that the deployment of the two PANOSETI telescopes offers astronomers a new window into how the universe behaves at nanosecond timescales. PANOSETI explores the universe at billionth-of-a-second time scales—a time scale that has not been examined well to date, agreed Dan Werthimer, chief technologist at UC Berkeley's SETI Research Center and co-investigator. "When astronomers examine an unexplored parameter space, they usually find something surprising that no one predicted," he said. "PANOSETI could discover new astronomical phenomena or signals from E.T." "The short and correct answer is we have no idea on the likelihood of detection," said Wright. "With PANOSETI we will be observing an unexplored phase space for SETI and astronomical observations. Our goal is to make the first dedicated SETI observatory that is capable of observing the entire visible sky all of the time." Wright said that the entire project team is excited to embark on the ambitious program that has others talking. For example, according to a recent article in The Guardian, Jill Tarter, an emeritus researcher at the SETI Institute, discussed PANOSETI at the recent American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) conference in Seattle. Tarter noted that with its anticipated vast view of the sky, the instrument is positioned to uniquely spot signals like flashes from faraway lasers. "The goal is to basically look for very brief but powerful signals from an advanced civilization. Because they are so brief, and likely to be rare, we plan to check large areas of the sky for a long period of time," said Werthimer, who has been involved with SETI for the past 45 years. The initial pair of PANOSETI telescopes marks a critical milestone for testing the system and making unique observations enabling new discoveries of astrophysical transient and variable phenomena. With support from Lick Observatory staff, UC San Diego and UC Berkeley researchers can operate these dedicated telescopes and the Astrograph Dome they sit in from their campus locations. Lick Observatory is owned and operated by the University of California Observatories (UCO) for the benefit of astronomers across the UC system. PANOSETI began development in 2018, aiming to create a dedicated optical SETI observatory to image the entire observable sky—approximately 10,000 square degrees—instantaneously. The final project plans to generate hundreds of telescopes to achieve this enormous sky coverage. What distinguishes the program is that a single PANOSETI images 10 degrees by 10 degrees. For reference, the Earth's moon measures one-half degree in size. Currently, the team is characterizing the night sky and continuing to develop its large observatory mission. PANOSETI's final design will feature a dedicated observatory at each of two locations. Each observatory will contain 80 of these unique telescopes. Site selection is underway, and the research team hopes to begin construction in the next year. Explore further New technologies, strategies expanding search for extraterrestrial life Citation: New telescopes aim to detect extraterrestrial intelligence (2020, March 6) retrieved 22 September 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2020-03-telescopes-aim-extraterrestrial-intelligence.html Feedback to editors
Rainforest Animals The Great Bear Rainforest is home so much more than the iconic bears found here, all creatures big and small play an important role in this interconnected ecosystem. Bald eagles, marbled murrelets, water ouzels, loons, various ducks, and several species of gull are just a few of the bird species found in The Great Bear Rainforest. Minks, river otters, weasels, wolverines, deer, and many more species all play an important role in this rich ecosystem. When the tide is down, the table is set - Ernest Mason, Hereditary Chief Kelp forests – where would we be without them? Habitat for so many species, oxygen production, carbon dioxide buffering, navigation aid, food production, and then the astounding aesthetic beauty that bonds us from the surface to the depths. Bull kelp forests are estimated to provide habitat for some 750 species of fish and invertebrates. Sea urchins are one of those invertebrates, living in the forest and grazing on a lot of bull kelp. If otters, mink, wolf eels and other predators of urchins did not keep urchins in check, there would be reduced kelp forests. And, you can eat it! (Pickled young bull kelp anyone?!) The Marine Detective Coral Reef Discovery
Lack of Communication in a Relationship 2021-05-06 22:26:24 3 pages 567 words Type of paper: For a relationship to grow it requires fostering. There are many factors that helps in nurturing a relationship. For example, for a relationship to develop it needs love, tolerance, patience, dedication, commitment, honesty, trust and above all communication (Mostamandy 25). Communication is an essential facet since it enables individuals in a relationship to express and convey their emotions and thoughts on a given issue affects them. When couples do not communicate, they usually feel unappreciated. Thus, it is essential to analyze the reasons and effects of less or no communication in a relationship. There are many factors that cause little or no communication in a relationship. However, the factors are different based on a particular relationship. The common causes leading to reduced communication include work related stress and mistrust (Moore). Stress affect most relationship since individual undergoing stress frequently become withdrawn by keeping their thoughts to themselves. A stressed person typically feels irritated, and this influence the partner to abhor from any discussion of the relationship (Moore). Maybe because of the feeling of being fatigued to talk. Lack of trust result because of little or no communication. Lack of communication may make a partner doubt his or her spouse (Mostamandy 32). Mistrust commonly occur when a partner engages in an act that is dishonest like cheating or being affair. This only compromises trust by increasing disputes and reducing faith and belief in a relationship. Thus, mistrust happens when a spouse doubts the loyalty of the other partner in a relationship. A partner who doubts frequently begins with silent observation of the actions of the other spouse (Moore). The doubting spouse may also not show the doubts he or she is contemplating concerning their spouse. All these lead to a relationship that is unhealthy. Lack of communication leads to many effects in a relationship. These effects result from the long-term issues suppressed between the couples. One effect resulting is misunderstanding (Moore), which causes arguments between couples. The issues and problems bringing conflicts in the relationship are those that were not discussed and solved foremost. Thus, keeping a particular issue to yourself without solving it serves as an ingredient for more arguments. These arguments make people vulnerable to negative emotions that induce to hurt one another and, therefore, do not provide a solution. Lack of romance and intimacy is also a result of lack of communication (Moore). Mostly, romance and intimacy are issues that people in a relationship do not communicate about. When they do not communicate about such issues, the relationship might be destroyed completely (Mostamandy 32). The causes are accredited by the lack of communication on such problems in a relationship based on the differences existing in the relationship. Sometimes the difference is based on gender, male and female. However, men normally feel that when his partner do not communicate he might not be willing to satisfy his needs sexually. The most important thing in a relationship is communication. It leads to growth in a relationship. Some people experience problems in their relationship because they do not know how to express themselves. Couples need to understand one another as communication is not just about expression; communication is about respect, understanding and support for each other. Works Cited Moore, Ayra. The Effects of Lack of Communication in a Relationship. 24 May 2011. 28 February 2016. Mostamandy, Tamila. The Effect of Communication on Couples Relationship and Happiness. London: AuthorHouse, 2012. We can write a custom paper on any topic you need. Request Removal
The Mysterious Disappearance of Jeannette Island (on Google Maps) This island, in reality, is quite small, at only three square kilometers, and part of the De Long Island archipelago in the East Siberian Sea. The uninhabited island was not discovered until the late 19th century during the Jeannette Expedition, which tried, unsuccessfully, to reach the North Pole through the Bering Strait. Though the history of Jeannette Island is as brief as it is uninteresting, the peculiar way that Google Maps renders it has led to a plethora of conspiracy theories, ranging from the involvement of aliens to secret deals from President Obama. Missing and incomplete data on mapping services is not an uncommon occurrence, of course. In some cases, areas are censored or obscured on satellite imagery intentionally; there is a fascinating Wikipedia article listing a number of locations with intentionally or unintentionally censored or blurred locations. The reasons for obscuring some of these are self-evident — they’re nuclear power plants, prisons, etc. — while other decisions to obscure maps are political (all of Israel and Palestine, thanks to U.S. legislation). There are, hence, a few questions worth asking with regard to Jeannette’s “disappearance”: Was the blacking out of the island intentional, or is it some sort of glitch? What can we find out about this island online, both from reliable sources and, to put it mildly, unreliable ones? Aliens? A Military Base? Secret Intelligence Facilities? As it turns out, most of the bad reviews are due to the fact that the island is “hidden” on Google Earth. Other reviewers are suspicious that Russian President Vladimir Putin is up to no good there, hatching evil plans for Jeannette Island. As with many other topics, 4chan provides some of the more outlandish conspiracy fodder for Jeannette Island, as seen in a lengthy post from last year. The 4chan user in question wrote what is probably a creepypasta about how a distant relative of his had disappeared on the island in the early 2000s while serving in the Russian Navy. The Real Jeannette Island Jeannette Island, in 2011 (source) Judging by the photos of the island, it is not home to any secret military bases or missile silos — let alone extraterrestrial beings — unless they are underground or well camouflaged. Photos of a more recent expedition to the East Siberian Sea islands, including Jeannette, were uploaded recently onto Instagram. These photographs were taken during the Pax Arctica, a Russian Arctic expedition led by explorer Luc Hardy. The expedition became immortalized in a French documentary film titled Artika Incognita. During the expedition, the crew actually stepped foot on Jeannette Island, and filmed it from above. As we can see from all the photographs, videos, and other materials online, Jeannette Island is actually visited by people fairly often, including by scientists, and there are no restrictions for someone who wants to experience the “mysterious” island firsthand. So, why is the island censored on Google Maps? Jeannette Island From the Sky The source of this satellite image is from either the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and NASA with their Landsat collection, or the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Copernicus program. It most likely comes from Landsat, as there is no data visible from the Copernicus Open Access Hub for Jeannette Island. To recap, Jeannette Island clearly exists, and is visible in the low-resolution satellite imagery of the area on other sites. But why does Google Maps and Earth apparently blur out this unremarkable, uninhabited Russian island? The answer probably lies in a simple error with the USGS/NASA Landsat program. When there is data loss or errors during the capturing of satellite imagery or its transfer, various colors and shapes are used to illustrate the error. For example, Google Maps shows a strange yellow square along the border between Afghanistan and China. This is due to an error of rendering satellite imagery onto the map, rather than intentional censorship. More similar to Jeannette Island is “Sandy Island,” a “phantom island” that was represented by a black blotch on Google Maps east of Australia. Sandy Island was included in maps since the 18th century, but was “undiscovered” this decade when scientists realized that it did not actually exist. Similarly to Jeannette Island, the black marks look as if they were manually entered, though the shape of the island is much closer to the black marks in the case of Sandy Island than Jeannette (though the expected landmass shape could be complicated by the ice surrounding the island for much of the year). The satellite imagery used for this black blotch came, just as with Jeannete Island, via Landsat. Most likely, this same explanation can be ascribed for the Jeannette Island mystery: An error in the Landsat satellite image that expected to find a certain shape and set of pixels, but instead saw something else, and produced the mysterious black blotch as a placeholder. Bellingcat’s research for this publication was supported by PAX for Peace.
In order to explore the most recent developments in proteomics, this Spotlight will highlight the advances and challenges faced during method development, validation and samples analysis. Proteomics involves the analysis of proteins including their structure, function and physiological role. Over the years advances in technology and instrumentation, for example developments in mass spectrometry, bioinformatics and fractionation techniques, have enabled the more complex study and understanding of proteins. A key application of proteomics is in drug discovery enabling the comparative assessment of normal and diseased-state tissues. It is also important in understanding how small molecule drugs and biologics act on their protein targets. But what other applications could involve proteomics in the future? As part of this Spotlight, we will aim to cover a range of developments including: • Applications of proteomics, including biomarker discovery, target identification and lead optimization • Mass spectrometry techniques utilized to obtain quantitative proteomic data • Software programs for mass spectrometry results • Challenges in proteomics research
Skip to main content What is a light meter and how is it used? Light meter Light meters are not just a relic from the past. They can still do things that built in camera meters can't. (Image credit: James Artaius / Digital Camera World) In order to calculate the exposure needed for any given scene – whether that’s a wide-open landscape, a tiny insect on a flower, or a head & shoulders portrait of a friend, the camera needs to know what combination of shutter speed, aperture, and ISO is required to get the job done. This is known as the Exposure Triangle and the parameters it sets rely on a meter to measure the intensity of light first. Every modern camera has an integral light meter. Without this you simply wouldn’t be able to shoot a well-exposed photo. The light meter in your camera works by reading the light reflecting off the scene, before converting it into an Exposure Value. While a camera’s light meter is good, it’s not always 100% accurate because not all light is reflected with the same intensity. This is why Exposure Compensation is often used to ‘correct’ the camera’s in-built light meter’s minor shortcomings. Handheld light meters Modern handheld light meters are highly sophisticated. This one can take spot readings, measure incident or reflected light and also measure flash intensity. (Image credit: Sekonic) But there is another way to take a light reading and that’s with a handheld light meter. Rather than reading the light reflected off the subject (although it can do this, too), a handheld light meter is usually used to take an incident light reading. This means it calculates the Exposure Value from the light that’s falling onto the subject, making it more accurate. Incident light readings Handheld meters typically come with a diffuser that slides over the light sensitive cell to allow 'incident' light readings, which are often more accurate. (Image credit: James Artaius / Digital Camera World) To use a handheld light meter, simply hold it over the subject with the white diffuser (sometimes called the invercone) facing back towards the camera. Having already established that the sensitivity level (ISO) matches that of your camera or film, the light meter will give you a reading based on the available light. You can change the aperture depending on what depth of field you want, and the light meter reading will tell you the corresponding shutter speed. If you’re working in a studio with flash and a flash meter, you’d fire the flash to get the aperture setting that’s appropriate to the power of the flash heads. Shutter speed isn’t so important with shots lit solely by flash, as it just has to match, or be slower than, the camera’s sync speed. While an incident light reading from a handheld light meter is very accurate, it’s not always practical or necessary. In the days of film, when photographers couldn’t see results instantly or check histograms, a handheld light meter was invaluable – especially if you were using a camera without a lightmeter built in! These days it’s not an absolute must-have accessory, because even if you are shooting with an older camera without a light meter, you can always confirm the correct exposure with a digital camera and then transfer the settings. However, some photographers still love that precise measurement that an incident meter reading gives, or just enjoy the process of using them, so they’re still in use today. Read more: Best light meters Best cameras for beginners Best camera accessories DCW Dictionary of photography
The snow, the State and the public The harsh weather that has struck Greece over the past 36 hours is, indeed, severe, but this does not absolve the state authorities of responsibility for neglect or delays in tackling problems. Yet it must be said that even the most organized and best-equipped state mechanism cannot completely neutralize the effects of a natural calamity on daily life. The issue in such circumstances is not to repeat the usual accusations against the State but for everyone to adopt a responsible attitude. Both the government and local authorities must be in a complete state of readiness to deal with extreme weather conditions, especially when the Meteorology Bureau has already predicted them. And the public should also be cautious and prepared. Households in mountain and highland areas which bear the brunt of the cold weather, are experienced with it, and usually make it through without losses. Judging from the previous spell of bad weather before Christmas, most problems arose from the haphazard approach of Attica residents who set out on their holidays without making the least preparations. Despite the repeated warnings of the Traffic Police, a large percentage of drivers did not even bother purchasing snow chains. In very bad weather, the public must exercise self-control so as to avoid exposure to unnecessary risks. The Greek climate rarely produces such phenomena. And though it may sound cynical, it would be wrong for the State to acquire the number of snowplows used in northern countries to keep roads clear no matter what the weather. In those countries, heavy snowfall is a common phenomenon that the authorities are obliged to deal with. Of course, this does not mean that everything in Greece should grind to a halt in extreme weather conditions. It is totally unacceptable, for instance, that highways should be closed or the electricity supply be cut off for hours in entire areas, least of all in Attica. Unfortunately, the public often tends to waver between making extreme demands of the State and tolerating even obvious negligence. If the public voiced more specific and realistic criticism, it would be more effective.
A positron emission tomography, also known as a PET scan, uses radiation to show activity within the body on a cellular level. It is most commonly used in cancer treatment, neurology, and cardiology. Combined with a CT or MRI scan, a PET scan can produce multidimensional, color images of the inside workings of the human body. It shows not only what an organ looks like, but how it is functioning. A PET scan is used to diagnose certain health conditions, to plan treatment, to find out how an existing condition is developing, and to see how effective a treatment is. PET scanShare on Pinterest PET scans demonstrate the physical state and function of organs. In a PET scan, a machine detects radiation that is emitted by a radiotracer. A radiotracer consists of radioactive material that is tagged to a natural chemical, such as glucose. This radiotracer is injected into the body, where it travels to cells that use glucose for energy. The more energy a group of cells needs, the more the radiotracer will build up in that location. This will show up on images that are reconstructed by a computer. The cells, or activity, will show up as “hot spots” or “cold spots.” Active areas are bright on a PET scan. They are known as “hot spots.” Where cells need less energy, the areas will be less bright. These are “cold spots.” Compared with normal cells, cancer cells are very active in using glucose, so a radiotracer made with glucose will light up areas of cancer. A radiologist will examine the image produced on the computer, and report the findings to a doctor. An example of a glucose-based radiotracer is fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). In FDG, radioactive fluoride molecules are tagged to glucose to make a radiotracer. FDG is the radiotracer most commonly used today. Instead of glucose, oxygen can be used. Share on Pinterest PET scans are an important part of the diagnostic process in cancer and epilepsy, and can directly inform the next stage of treatment. PET scans are often used with CT or MRI scans to help make a diagnosis or to get more data about a health condition and the progress of any treatment. While an MRI or CT scan shows how part of the body looks, a PET scan can reveal how it is functioning. PET scans are commonly used to investigate a number of conditions. Epilepsy: It can reveal which part of the brain the epilepsy is affecting. This can help doctors decide on the most suitable treatment, and it can be useful if surgery is necessary. Alzheimer’s disease: PET scans can help diagnose Alzheimer’s disease by measuring the uptake of sugar in specific parts of the brain. Brain cells that are affected by Alzheimer’s tend to use glucose more slowly than normal cells. Cancer: PET scans can reveal the presence and stage of a cancer, show whether and where it has spread, and help doctors decide on treatment. A PET scan can give an idea of how well chemotherapy is working, and it can detect a recurring tumor sooner than other techniques. Heart disease: A PET scan can help detect which parts of the heart have been damaged or scarred, and it can help identify circulation problems in the working of the heart. This information can help plan treatment options for heart disease. Medical research: Researchers can learn vital information by using PET scans, especially about the workings of the brain. Differences between PET, CT, and MRI scans A PET scan can show how an organ works, but without a CT or MRI image, it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact location of activity within the body. Combined a PET scan with a CT scan can give a more well-rounded picture of the patient’s situation Share on Pinterest PET images show the active cells as bright or ‘hot’ spots. A PET scan is normally an outpatient procedure. Normally, the patient should not consume any food for at least 4 to 6 hours before the scan, but they should drink plenty of water. They may have to avoid caffeine for at least 24 hours before the scan. First, the doctor will inject a small amount of radiotracer into a vein. The tracer can also be breathed in as a gas, taken by mouth, or injected directly into an organ. Depending on which the organ is involved, it may take from 30 to 90 minutes for the radiotracer to reach the targeted part of the body. Meanwhile, the patient will normally be asked to stay still and not talk. Some patients may be given medication to relax. The patient will probably need to wear a gown, and they may have to remove jewelry. When the patient is ready, they will be taken to a special room scan for the scan. They will lie down on a cushioned examination table. The table slides into a large hole so that the patient is surrounded by the machine. The patient will have to stay as still as possible. They may be able to listen to music. During the scan, the machine takes images. Depending on which part of the body is being scanned, this should take about 30 minutes. It is not painful. If the patient feels unwell, they can press a buzzer to alert the staff. A qualified practitioner will watch the patient during the scan. The entire testing procedure typically takes about 2 hours. Most patients can go home as soon as the scan is finished. Patients should consume plenty of liquid to flush the radioactive drugs out of their system more quickly. The radiotracers should have left the body completely within 3 to 4 hours. There is a risk of radiation exposure. For most people, the benefits of having a PET scan outweigh the risks. However, as a PET involves radioactive material, it is not suitable for everyone. Normally, a pregnant woman should not have a PET scan, as the radioactive material may affect the fetus or the infant. If a woman is breastfeeding, she should follow directions for pumping and discarding breast milk, and ask the doctor when it is safe to resuming breastfeeding based on the test performed. Any woman who is pregnant or breastfeeding should tell her doctor straight away before having a PET scan. Following a PET scan, a patient may be advised to stay away from pregnant women, infants, and young children for a few hours, as the radioactivity poses a small risk. Very rarely, an individual may have an allergic reaction to the tracer.
Security Defined Cybersecurity EncyclopediaQu'est-ce que la prévention des pertes de données (DLP) ? Prévention des pertes de données (DLP) Qu'est-ce que la prévention des pertes de données (DLP) ? Prévention des pertes de données encompasses a set of practices and tools meant to prevent data leakage (also known as data exfiltration) by intentional and unintentional misuse. These practices and tools include encryption, detection, preventative measures, educational pop ups (for unintentional movements), and even machine learning to assess user risk scores. Over time, DLP has evolved into the realm of data protection and has become a premier feature of data protection deployment. For the sake of simplicity, we’re going to use the acronym “DLP” throughout this guide to refer to all of these measures, unless stated otherwise. dlp meaning The Need for Data Loss Prevention Losing data is bad for business. It erodes confidence in your brand and can result in financial losses from lawsuits, regulatory non-compliance fines, and exposure of intellectual property. Let’s dig a little deeper into the requirements that drive the need for DLP. 1. Compliance with industry and government regulations Many industries, including healthcare, government contractors, and financial institutions are required by law to safeguard sensitive personal data. These regulations include: • HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) • GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) • PCI DSS (Payment Card Information Data Security Standard) • CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act) • PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act) Common to all the regulations is the stipulation that sensitive data must be kept in a secure location and isolated from unauthorized users. Companies must have DLP strategies and tools in place, which prevent unintentional or malicious access to, and exfiltration from, the isolated data store. 2. Protecting proprietary information Proprietary information refers to any confidential data or knowledge about the organization and its business structure and operations, or about its clients, customers, partners, or affiliates. Examples of proprietary information include: • Internal project plans • Proprietary code • Patent information • Email communications • Business documents • Internal processes While some hackers steal information from organizations and government agencies just to see if they can, most do it for the financial benefit of selling or exposing that information. Today, many ransomware attackers not only encrypt the victim’s data and demand money for unlocking it, but also exfiltrate some of the data and demand payment for not releasing it to the public. Data loss prevention software and strategies help keep your intellectual property safe, not only from outside attacks and exfiltration, but also from unintentional data leaks caused by your own employees. The careless sharing of confidential data and information over unsecured media and public cloud accounts can cause just as much damage as malicious acts of information espionage. White Paper: Evaluating Data Loss Impact How Does Data Loss Prevention Work? There are several methods of data loss prevention, which are implemented through best practices and software tools. The best data loss prevention strategies include a variety of approaches to cover all of the potential breach vectors. The 5 types of data loss prevention 1. Data Identification: This is the process by which organizations identify sensitive information within their digital environment, whether it resides within emails, cloud storage applications, collaboration applications, or elsewhere. 2. Data Leak Identification: This is an automated process for detecting and identifying misappropriated data, whether it was exfiltrated or misplaced within an organization’s infrastructure. 3. Data-in-Motion DLP: When data is in transit between locations, DLP software employs a variety of security measures, from network protection to data encryption, to ensure that the data arrives untouched at its destination. 4. Data-at-Rest DLP: This type of protection covers data that is not currently in transit and is typically stored in some kind of database or file sharing system. It utilizes several methods to ensure safe storage of data locally and in the cloud, from endpoint protection to encryption to prevent any unauthorized use of data. 5. Data-in-Use DLP: Data that is currently in use by those within an organization must be protected from any type of potentially harmful interaction with the data, such as altering, screen-capturing, cut/copy/paste, printing, or moving information. In this context, DLP is meant to prevent any unauthorized interactions or movements of data, as well as take note of any suspicious patterns. White Paper: Protéger les données à l'aide du machine learning Datasheet: Principales questions à poser à votre fournisseur de solutions DLP cloud Best Practices: How to Prevent Data Loss 1. Educate your employees One of the most effective best practices for preventing data loss starts with training your employees everything they should and shouldn’t do when handling your organization’s precious data. Employee DLP education should include safe practices for transferring, viewing, and storing data. For maximum effect, training should be sponsored at the executive level and should be repeated at regular intervals to reinforce and update best-practice behavior. 2. Establish data handling policies A key component of DLP best practices, data handling policies include: • Where data can be stored • How data is to be transferred • Who can view certain types of data • What types of data you are allowed to store • Et bien d'autres Since these policies drive all other data handling behaviors and assessments, they should be established at your earliest opportunity. They should also be updated regularly to reflect changes in the organization, the industry, and in regulations. Once data handling policies are in place, you can move onto more technical remedies and best practices to ensure your data remains where it ought to be. 3. Create a data classification system The key to creating data loss prevention policies is to start with a data classification system. This taxonomy will provide a reference for talking about the stringency and methods of protection needed for different types of data. Common classifications include personally identifiable information (PII), financial information, public data, and intellectual property. There are many others. A unique set of protection protocols can be established for each classification. 4. Monitor sensitive data Successful data protection requires the ability to monitor your sensitive data. Data loss prevention software typically includes capabilities for monitoring all aspects of data use and storage, including: • User access • Device access • Application access • Threat types • Geographical locations • Access times • Data context As part of the monitoring process, DLP software sends alerts to relevant personnel when data is used, moved, deleted, or altered in an unauthorized manner. 5. Implement a DLP software that accommodates shadow IT It can be complicated enough to protect the data used by your known inventory of applications. But you also need to account for data accessed by shadow IT. This is the growing trove of software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications that employees subscribe to independently, without approval from the IT department—and often without its knowledge. Even if employees are thoroughly trained in DLP best practices, it is hard for them to accurately assess the safety of these cloud-based applications. Under most SaaS models, the SaaS provider is responsible for the applications themselves, but users are responsible for the data that the application uses. Users, who are focused on achieving business objectives, are not in a position to protect data from attacks that may come through a compromised SaaS application. It is up to you to hold the line on data leakage and misuse. That’s why you need a DLP software solution that is able to recognize shadow IT and prevent users from accessing data or moving data to these applications, until you can bring them out of the shadows and into the fold of secure IT operations. 6. Set up different levels of authorization and access Cette bonne pratique va de pair avec la classification des données, car la combinaison de ces deux éléments vous permettra de n'accorder l'accès aux données qu'aux personnes autorisées à y accéder. Votre logiciel DLP doit également intégrer certaines politiques de protection des données Zero Trust qui ne font pas intrinsèquement confiance aux utilisateurs et qui vérifient systématiquement les identités et les autorisations. 7. Adopt companion tools of DLP La DLP ne se fait pas en vase clos. L'ensemble du concept de DLP repose sur un écosystème d'outils qui collaborent pour fournir des informations, des plans d'action et des mesures de protection actives de vos données. Ces outils comprennent des passerelles Web sécurisées, des CASB, la sécurité des emails et des infrastructures Zero Trust. Demo Video: Advanced Cloud DLP in Action Datasheet: Netskope Data Loss Prevention Prévention des pertes de données (DLP) de Netskope Prévention des pertes de données (DLP) de Netskope Demo-Email DLP Demo - Email DLP Evaluating Data Loss Impact Evaluating Data Loss Impact Principales questions à poser à votre fournisseur de solutions DLP cloud Principales questions à poser à votre fournisseur de solutions DLP cloud Guide d'adoption SASE Guide d'adoption SASE Demo - Stop sensitive data exposure in the cloud Demo - Stop sensitive data exposure in the cloud Protéger les données à l'aide du machine learning Protéger les données à l'aide du machine learning Top 6 des questions à poser à votre fournisseur de solutions DLP cloud – Microsoft 365 Top 6 Questions to Ask Your Cloud DLP Vendor S'abonner aux rapports Threat Labs Recevez le rapport mensuel Threat Labs dès sa publication.
Show Summary Details Borkowski's Textbook on Roman Law Borkowski's Textbook on Roman Law (5th edn) Paul du Plessis Page of date: 22 September 2021 11. Roman law and the European ius communelocked 11. Roman law and the European ius communelocked • Paul du PlessisPaul du PlessisSenior Lecturer in Civil Law and Legal History, University of Edinburgh Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. The term European ius commune (in its historical sense) signifies that, from the fourteenth to the start of the sixteenth centuries, most of Europe shared a common legal tradition. Many local and regional variations on the law existed, but the terminology, concepts, and structure provided by elements of Roman law provided a common framework. This chapter traces how Justinian's codification came to influence the modern world. You do not currently have access to this chapter Sign in Please sign in to access the full content. Access to the full content requires a subscription
Numerical Problems : Gravitation Q:1. Three identical bodies, each of mass m, are separated by a distance a and are found to start moving towards one another under mutual force of gravitational attraction. If at t = t0, the separation between any two is a/2, find the speed of each body at time t0. Ans: $ \displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{2 G m}{a}}$ Q:2. If the radius and density of a planet are two times and half respectively of those of earth, find the intensity of gravitational field at planet surface and escape velocity from planet. Ans: 15.84 km/s Q:3. A mass M is split into two parts ‘ m ‘ and (M – m), which are the separated by a certain distance. What ratio of ( m/M ) maximizes the gravitational force between the parts ? Q:4. Four massive particles, each of mass m, are kept at the vertices of square of side l. With what speed should the system rotate in its plane about its centre so as to remain stable ? Ans: $ \displaystyle (\frac{G m}{\sqrt{2}l}(\sqrt{2} + \frac{1}{2}))^{1/2}$ Q:5. Two concentric spherical shells have masses M1, M2 and radii R1, R2 (R1 < R2). What is the force exerted by this system on a particle of mass m if it is placed at a distance (R1 + R2)/2 from the centre? Ans: Force exerted by M2 on m = 0 Q:6. A body stretches a spring by a particular length at the earth’s surface at the equator. At what height above the South Pole will it stretch the same spring to the same length? Assume the earth to be spherical. Q:7. Find the radius of the circular orbit of a satellite moving with an angular speed equal to the angular speed of earth’s rotation. Ans: 42297 km Q:8. What is the true weight of an object, that weighed exactly 10.0 N at the north pole, at the position of a geostationary satellite? Ans : 0.23 N Q:9. What should be the period of rotation of the earth so that every object on the equator is weightless ? Ans: 84 min Q:10. A particle is fired vertically upward with a speed 15 km/s. (a) Show that it will escape from the earth and (b) With what speed will it move in interstellar space? Assume the presence of the earth’s gravitational field only. Next Page → (Level-II) Leave a Reply
Book Excerpt from A Lab of One’s Own In chapter 16, “Lessons of Science: Learning from the Past to Improve the Future,” author Patricia Fara examines where we’ve been and where we’re going in terms of valuing the influence of women in science. Patricia Fara Feb 28, 2018 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2018The past is not dead, but is living in us, and will be alive in the future which we are helping to make. William Morris, Introduction to Medieval Lore by Robert Steele, 1893 To celebrate its 350th anniversary, in 2010 the Royal Society invited a panel of female scientists and historians to choose the ten women who have had the most influence on science in Britain. The emails soon started flying. Being pernickety academics (and here I mean myself), they naturally began by questioning the question: what does “most influence” mean? One easy choice was Dorothy Hodgkin, pioneering chemist and still the only British woman to have won a scientific Nobel Prize. But should the list include the seventeenth-century aristocrat Margaret Cavendish? In her favour, she was the first woman to enter the meeting rooms of the Royal Society—but as opponents pointed out, she... The final selection ranged from the eighteenth-century astronomer Caroline Herschel to the modern geneticist Anne McLaren, who died in 2007. All exceptional, all determined, all high-achievers, these scientific women illustrate remarkable changes in attitudes and opportunities over the last couple of hundred years. Whereas Herschel was the first woman in this country to receive a salary for her scientific research, McLaren enjoyed a distinguished career at Cambridge and the Royal Society. In the early twentieth century, female scientists were occasionally on university pay rolls, but discrimination still prevailed. Marie Curie’s close friend, the physicist Hertha Ayrton, won a Royal Society medal for her ground-breaking research into electric lighting, but in 1902 was turned down for a Fellowship on the grounds that she was married. At last, in 1945, two women were elected as Fellows of London’s Royal Society—the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale and the biochemist Marjory Stephenson. The official line at the time was that great progress had been made in opening science to everyone. Thus when the wartime poison gas expert Frances Micklethwait died five years later, her obituarist remarked that “in these enlightened days” it was far more common for a woman to embark on science than in 1898, when she had enrolled as a student. Contradicting that complacent view, during the 1960s Jocelyn Bell, the PhD student who discovered pulsars, self-protectively slipped off her engagement ring every morning before entering Cambridge’s Cavendish Laboratory because she was convinced that a fiancée would not be taken seriously. There was, and there still is, a long way to go. The chemist Kathleen Culhane, whose life spanned the twentieth century, provides a disturbing example to illustrate the problems faced by female scientists, doctors and engineers. Born in 1900, she went to university in 1918—the year of the Armistice and the female vote—and lived until 1993. Too young to benefit from the wartime boom in scientific opportunities, after graduating she found that the only way she could even get an interview for a research position was by signing herself “K. Culhane” to disguise her female identity. When that ruse failed, she resorted to teaching, obtaining laboratory experience by working for no pay in her free time. Eventually, she gained an industrial position—but as her employers blithely informed her, at a salary so low that no man would accept it. Wages were not Culhane’s only problem. Employed by a large pharmaceutical company, she was given routine tasks and banned from the staff lunch-room. When some of her experimental results proved different from those of three male colleagues, she was automatically disbelieved—and yes, hers did indeed prove to be the right ones. When she gave a public information lecture about the importance of including vitamins in margarine, a journalist focused on her appearance—a “pretty girl with blue eyes and bobbed hair.” Astonished to discover that she needed special permission to continue working after she was married, she insisted on remaining until she had children. Imagine her gall when she discovered that her male successor started at a higher salary than her own final one. Culhane’s experiences during the Second World War suggest that insufficient lessons had been learned from the previous experience. Despite the labour shortage, it was only after much badgering that she was allowed to become an assistant wages clerk. Even when she became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, she earned far less than her male equivalents—and while they travelled First Class on official business, she was left isolated in a Third Class carriage. Although no modern female scientist would encounter such a catalogue of put-downs, aspects of Culhane’s story remain familiar in the present century. Speakers at conferences—especially session chairs—are predominantly male. Many scientific departments are overwhelmingly male, with exceptions often due to the initiative of a few individuals. Presenters of television programmes on science are mostly distinguished older men—unless that is, they happen to be glamorous young women. Researchers who take maternity leave complain of being marginalised, and then face the expenses of full-time child care. Sceptical scientific mothers feel that there is only one way to reach the top: marry a house-husband. When Culhane was a baby, the electrical engineer Hertha Ayrton declared that she did “not agree with sex being brought into science at all. The idea of ‘woman and science’ is completely irrelevant. Either a woman is a good scientist, or she is not.” Well over a century has gone by, but are her words any truer now than they were then? The overt differentiation experienced by Ayrton, Culhane, and many many other women is no longer legal, but it appears that discrimination continues to be practised. In principle, equality of opportunity is now firmly entrenched, yet the problem of unequal numbers remains unresolved, especially at higher levels. Even a cursory glance at the statistics reveals that although far more young women are reading science subjects at university than ever before, they are dropping out along the route to the top. When statistics about women in scientific careers are compiled, I count as a failure. Since leaving an Oxford women-only college with a good degree in physics, I have neither carried out research in a laboratory nor been employed as a scientist: although I could have chosen post-graduate work, I opted for a different career route. I decided to include this autobiographical detail in order to make clear my own position in debates that can become vitriolic and laden with personal accusations. For my first historical projects, I strongly resisted invitations to research into gender. Determined to avoid being branded as an ardent feminist incapable of handling the masculine hard stuff, I picked topics such as magnetism and electricity, Isaac Newton and Joseph Banks. Gradually, I came to realise that for me personally, the main reason for studying the past is to understand the present—and the whole point of doing that is to improve the future. And that is why I have written this book. . . . Excerpted from A Lab of One's Own: Science and Suffrage in the First World War, by Patricia Fara. Copyright © by Patricia Fara. Used with permission of the publisher, Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
Gengma County Festivals and Events In 2010, Population of Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County was 296,300, and the population of ethnic minorities was 150,100, accounting for 50.67% of the total population. Among them Dai people was 56,900, 19.21% of total population; the population of Wa people was 45,800, 15.45% of total population. Dai and Wa are main ethnic minority groups. Festivals and Activities in Gengma County. 1. Water-splashing Festival(泼水节) The Dai is a minority that worships water, their biggest festival is water-splashing festival. It is the New Year of Dai calendar, is celebrated in the middle of April, lasting for three days. The main activities during the festival are gathering will, sand pile, water sprinkling and so on. 2. Worship to Water God(祭祀水神) It is a folk worship ceremony of Dai. At the beginning of the spring farming every year, the farm ditches should be repaired to worship the water god. It is designed to pray for a good harvest. 3. Door-opening Festival and Door-closing Festival It is the festival with faith. Buddhist culture has already infiltrated and integrated into the Dai culture. Door-opening festival and door-closing festival are the most important religious activities for the Dai people. The two festivals are mutually connected. The door-closing festival is the 15th day of lunar June. After three months of Buddha dharma teaching, the door-opening festival is coming. 4. Qingmiao Festival(青苗节) It is the traditional festival of Wa people in Sipaishan Township, Gengma County. From 20th May to 21st May, the festival is celebrated. It is a worship for local Wa people to pray for a good harvest and a prosperous future. 5. New Fire Festival Celebrated in every Lunar December or January, it is the annual festival of Wa people. It means ring out the Old Year and ring in the New Year. 6. The Sowing Festival(播种节) The Sowing festival is held around the 15th day of the 3rd lunar month every year. At this day, Wa people will choose a good day to start sowing. At night, Wa people eat and drink around the bonfire to pray for good weather for crop. 7. The New Rice Festival The festival is held in the middle of the eighth lunar month every year. When the grain begins to ripen, the head gathers the respected elders to decide a good day for celebrating the harvest. 8. Handmade Paper of Dai(傣族手工造纸) The paper making process of Dai people can be said to be the "living fossil" of paper technology. This technique, together with the Naxi handmade paper technique, entered the first national intangible cultural heritage list in 2006, named as "Dai and Naxi Handmade Paper Technique". The Dai project sites are Mangtuan Village in Mengding Town and Mangshi Village in Yongde County.
Are Tubeless Tires Right for You? One of the hot new trends in the cycling world is tubeless tires. From a performance perspective, tubeless tires are hard to beat for mountain bikers, but you will want to do your research and weigh all the pros and cons before deciding to make the switch. How Tubeless Tires Work Tubeless bike tires work very similarly to car tires. A tubeless tire doesn’t have an inner tube that inflates inside the tire. Instead, the tire, rim, and inflation valve stay airtight and inflated. Usually there is a special liquid sealant added to the inside of the tubeless tire that helps seal any air leaks. Pros of Tubeless Tires Reduces Flats: The biggest advantage of going tubeless is the reduced risk of a puncture or flat tire. Punctures happen when your tire hits a rock, crushing the tube against the rim (called a pinch flat). If there’s no tube to pinch, there’s no pinch flat! The only time tubeless tires go flat is when the tire itself is torn or punctured. Lower Tire Pressure: Tubeless tires can be used at a lower inflation pressure. Mountain bikers especially appreciate this because it improves ground contact, which offers better traction and helps absorb shock from rough trails. (Running low tire pressure in standard tube tires increases your risk of pinch flats.) Cons of Tubeless Tires Set-Up Time: Switching to tubeless tires is time consuming and can be pretty messy until you get the hang of it. The biggest challenge is getting the tire bead to seal against the wheel rim correctly. Still Have To Carry Tubes and Pump: Tubeless tires don’t get pinch flats but they are still susceptible to cuts and tears like any tire. The upside is that you can put a tube into a tubeless system if you get a flat. The down side is you’re still stuck carrying a tube, patch kit, and pump just like with standard tube tires. Sealant Is Messy: Tubeless tires have a sealant that helps create the airtight seal between the tire and rim. Adding the sealant to the tire is a messy process. You will need to top off the sealant periodically because it dissipates or dries out over time. If you live in a warmer climate you’ll likely need to add sealant every few months. People living in cool, wet climates might only need to top of the sealant once a year. They Cost More Up Front: Tubeless-ready tires and wheels do cost more (currently). But, you generally get higher quality products that tend to last longer, which helps justify the price difference over time. How to Go Tubeless There are two options if you choose to go tubeless: you can purchase tubeless-ready wheels and rims or you can purchase a kit to convert your current rims to tubeless. Option 1: Tubeless-Ready The tubeless-ready set up is generally more reliable and easier to install, but costs a bit more up front. Tubeless-ready rims usually come with an airtight rim tape and the tires are created to have a stronger seal between the tire and rim. UST stands for Universal System Tubeless and it’s the original standard for tubeless systems. UST-designated rims are usually slightly easier to mount and typically require less sealant because it is easier to get an airtight seal between the tire bead and the wheel rim. The only disadvantage of UST-designated components is that they tend to be slightly heavier than other tubeless systems. Option 2: Tubeless Conversion Kit If you don’t want to purchase tubeless-ready wheels and tires, you can convert your current wheels. Most wheels and tires (especially mountain bike) can be converted. The process is trickier, but it allows you to go tubeless without a big upfront price tag. Conversion kits sell for about $70 or you can purchase the necessary supplies separately. An air compressor makes the conversion process significantly easier. The process of converting your wheels will likely take a few days total. How to Install Tubeless Tires What you will need: • Tires • Rims (wheels) • Pump (an air compressor makes the job much easier) • Sealant • Valve core and valve core remover tool • Tire levers • Sealing tape (if converting to tubeless) If you are converting tires and rims to tubeless, check your tire and rim to make sure it says “Tubeless Ready” or “Tubeless Conversion System” (it will say on the product, in the packaging information, or you can check the manufacturer website). This means you’ll be able to get a good seal between the tire and rim. Prepare the Rim Remove any rim strip on the wheel and clean the inside of the rim with rubbing alcohol or acetone. You don’t want any oil or film left on the rim that might prevent an airtight seal. Apply Sealing Tape Choose a sealing tape that is the right width for the rim. Too narrow and it will not create an airtight seal. Tape that is too wide will go up to where the tire bead sits and not allow it to create a proper seal. Begin one spoke hole away from the valve hole (so you lay tape over the valve hole) and evenly lay the tape down the middle of the rim. Pull the tape gently as you press it down onto the rim. Don’t let the tape wrinkle or leave large bubbles. Lay the tape all the way around until you tape over the valve hole a second time. Gently cut the tape and make sure the end lays flat. Install the Valve Use a small Phillips head screwdriver to punch a round hole through the tape over the valve hole. Insert the valve through the tape and valve hole. Make sure it is aligned correctly inside the rim. Then, install the O-ring (if the valve has one), and the valve nut. Make sure everything fits snugly. The goal is that everything is airtight at the end. Install the Tire Check the tire for any arrows indicating tread direction (wheel rotation) and align the tire and rim accordingly. If you’d like to get especially picky, it can be helpful to place the recommended tire pressure marked on the tire right above the valve system for easy reference. Install one side of the tire rim (bead) all the way around the tire. Install the second bead starting at the valve. Leave a small section of the bead (tire rim) open so you can add the sealant. Add the Sealant There are two popular methods for adding sealant. The Pour Method: Measure out (with a measuring cup) and pour in the recommended amount of sealant. Carefully rotate the wheel so that the sealant stays at the bottom while you move the open section of tire to the top so you can finish installing the bead. Sometimes a little soapy water can help slide the last little section of bead over the rim. Only use a tire lever if necessary to avoid damaging the rim or the sealing tape. Inflate the tire to the maximum recommended pressure. The Injection Method: This method requires a syringe, a valve with a removable core, and an air compressor. Fill a syringe with the recommended amount of sealant. Mount both beads to the rim (the whole tire) and remove the valve core using a valve core remover tool. Inflate the tire to make sure the tire bead is set properly against the rim then inject the sealant. Replace the valve core. Check to make sure the tire bead is properly aligned all the way around. You may need to deflate the tire and reset the bead. When everything is properly aligned, spin the wheel around slowly to evenly distribute the sealant all over the inside of the tire. Make sure to do this with the tire lying horizontally and repeat the process on both sides. Check the wheel every few hours. Add air if necessary and slowly spin the wheel to continue spreading the sealant. This part will take up to a few days. Now you’re ready to hit the trails with your new tubeless tires! Have you gone tubeless? What do you think? What advice would you give to those considering making the switch? Are tubeless tires right for you? Leave a Reply
Museo Galileo - Willem Cornelisz Schouten Museo Galileo Virtual Museum Willem Cornelisz Schouten Able Dutch navigator, planned a voyage to the East without passing the Cape of Good Hope or crossing the Magellan Straits - two routes authorized only for ships of the Dutch East India Company. The expedition, of which Jacob Le Maire was also a member, left in 1615 and effectively found a new southern passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Schouten's new route came to be routinely used by the Dutch. Schouten made many other voyages to the East, and died on his way home from an expedition in 1625.
Restaurants and Birth: What’s the connection? Look into the future: It is 2035 and no one eats at home anymore. • They have never seen any other family member cook at home. • They aren’t sure they can learn how. • Because of subsidies from the food industry eating at a restaurant is less expensive. • They have gotten too busy to cook for themselves. People look back and remember, “People actually prepared meals AT HOME! It is amazing that they were willing to go through all that time and energy and that so many managed to survive.” Some still do it at home! F.B. (pg 137), No 3060, page 5 Creative Commons License photo credit: Digital Sextant There are of course a few “natural” people who still eat at home. There is a renewed interest in examining this practice, when a celebrity makes a movie called the Business of Eating Out, examining the risks of doing so and reminding people about the option of eating at home. The ACRE (American College of Restaurants and Eateries), feels threatened by this resurgence in home cooking. So they play the bad-parent card to try to scare moms. “A woman, who chooses to cook at home, puts herself and her child’s health and life at unnecessary risk. Choosing to cook at home… is to place the process of cooking over the goal of having a healthy family.” Some people may nod their head and say, “That makes sense. Chefs are TRAINED to prepare food. They have to follow certain safety guidelines to keep everything sanitary and safe.” Preparing food carries risks regardless of where it is done. But many will recognize the truth. There are risks to preparing food and eating both at home and at restaurants. Restaurants want you to believe it is safer to eat there, or they would lose business. But different studies have proven that it is no safer to eat in restaurants than at home. In fact restaurants are more likely the primary source and the greatest risk of food borne illness! The chances of these things happening in a busy restaurant is much greater than at your home. At home, you or the person doing the cooking is most likely preparing only one meal at a time and it is served immediately after it is ready. Preparation and processing at a restaurant are very different. (Food Poisoning Prevention) ACRE disputes those studies because they are not “randomized, controlled studies”. The challenge is you can not have randomized controlled studies, because who would be willing to participate? Jane – You HAVE to eat at home. Jill – You HAVE to eat out. It is too personal of a decision to force people to do one way for a study. In every other modern county they agree that good quality observational studies are the best way to determine the safety of where to eat. They find that it is just as safe if not safer for most people to eat at home. But ACRE doesn’t want to lose control. Even though it is a small number of people who are interested in eating at home, they are scared. ACRE overstepping bounds Today as we read this account of Home Cooking versus Restaurant it seems so far fetched. It is absurd and it is apparent that ACRE is overstepping their bounds. When it comes down to it, people should look at the research and know that eating is a personal decision and they are smart enough to make the decision that is best for THEM! They won’t let a group whose job is to protect the restaurants use fear to dictate their choice. For some families eating out is best and for some eating at home is. That is fine. That is the beauty of America. Freedom of choice! Today there is a Birth War Well today in America there is a Birth War going on. ACOG and other groups are trying to make homebirth illegal. A mom I know, shared this quote by her husband with me. It is what inspired this post. How can they tell us that a natural physical process is illegal to do at home? That would be like the restaurant industry getting a law passed that it was illegal to cook at home.” Sounds crazy, doesn’t it? Individualized VS Institutionalized That is the huge difference between hospital and home birth. At home, you are the only one birthing. You are getting individualized care, from a trained professional. (It would be like having a private chef coming to your house, to fix what You want, how You want it!) Riley's Arrival Creative Commons License photo credit: acroll At the hospital, there are many women birthing and you are getting institutionalized care. I think moms should birth where THEY want to and where they feel safe. But they do need to be aware, if they choose to birth in the hospital, no matter how they prepare and what birth plan they write up, it is an institution and they are limited to that type of care. Or in other words, You Can’t get Steak at Burger King! What do you think? Should homebirth be outlawed or should moms be able to choose where they birth? Sharing is caring! 8 thoughts on “Restaurants and Birth: What’s the connection?” 1. ROFL! LOVE what you’ve done here! I had my first on a hospital, and it was such a hassle-free, easy and NATURAL process I definitely want to have my second at home! I’ll be back to read all about it once I manage to get pregnant. But thanks for the support already! 2. Pingback: Birth links « Mad Dave and Lil Comments are closed.

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