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Which team did Kevin Wilkin play for in 15/06/2005?
|
June 15, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Nuneaton Borough F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6397758_P54_4
|
Kevin Wilkin plays for Grantham Town F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Nuneaton Borough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Cambridge City F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Rushden & Diamonds F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
|
Kevin WilkinKevin Wilkin (born 1 October 1967) is an English manager and former professional footballer. He is the current manager of Brackley Town.Born in Cambridge but raised in the Cambridgeshire village of Milton, Wilkin started his career with hometown side Cambridge City, before moving into the Football League and turning professional with Northampton Town. Later spells followed with Rushden and Diamonds, Nuneaton Borough, Cambridge City and Grantham Town, before returning to Nuneaton as player/assistant manager to Roger Ashby in 2004.Following the sacking of Ashby in 2006, he was appointed caretaker manager and was subsequently given the job on a permanent basis. After Nuneaton Borough were liquidated at the end of the 2007–08 season he was appointed manager of the reformed club, now known as Nuneaton Town. He guided the team to a second-place finish in the Southern League Division One Midlands and promotion at the first attempt, beating Chasetown in the play-off final. The next season, he guided the team to a second successive promotion, beating Chippenham Town in the play-off final after finishing second in the Southern League Premier Division. In 2012, Nuneaton Town finished the season in fifth place in the Conference North and won the play-off final, after beating Gainsborough Trinity 1–0, guiding them back to the Conference Premier after a nine-year absence.Wilkin was appointed manager of Nuneaton's Conference Premier rivals Wrexham on a two-year contract on 20 March 2014. Wilkin's first game in charge was against Salisbury City, where his new side drew 1–1. He made changes to the squad early, by re-signing former youngster Bradley Reid on loan, whilst releasing Brett Ormerod. He saw out the season finishing in a club record low place of 17th.Over the summer of 2014 he completely re-shaped the club, releasing Robert Ogleby, Kyle Parle, David Artell, Jay Colback and Joe Anyinsah, Kevin Thornton and Stephen Wright and Leon Clowes. Although Wilkin made attempts to negotiate renewing contracts, Johnny Hunt and Joslain Mayebi left the club. His recruitment was successful over the summer, with Blaine Hudson the first arrival from Cambridge United. More followed as Wes York and Louis Moult followed from former club Nuneaton. Others included Manny Smith, Connor Jennings and Dan Bachmann on loan from Stoke City. The season began with a win over Dartford, with Wes York bagging a brace. But the first home game of the season saw Wrexham lose 3–0 to Gateshead.League form dipped over the season, but an FA Cup run saw Wrexham reach the 3rd round, where they faced Stoke City. Mark Carrington gave Wrexham the lead against the Premier League side, but they went on to lose 3–1. Wilkin used the loan system, bringing in the likes of Scott Tancock (Swansea City), Joe Thompson (Bury), Jon Flatt (Wolves), Dan Holman (Colchester United), Sam Finley (TNS), Johnny Hunt (Cambridge United), James Pearson (Leicester City) and Kieron Morris (Walsall). Wilkin's successes in the cups continued in the FA Trophy, as he reached the Semi-Final against Torquay United. Wrexham beat them in both the home and away tie to progress to Wembley Stadium.Although doing well in the Trophy, Wrexham's form dipped, winning just twice in the seven games between the semi and the final. At Wembley Wrexham faced North Ferriby United, a part-time side from the Conference North. Wrexham lead 2–0 through Louis Moult and Jay Harris. But United came back to level at 2–2, before extra-time and penalties saw the FA Trophy go North Ferriby's way. This would be Wilkin's last game, as he was sacked by the board less than 24 hours later.On 21 September 2015, Wilkin was appointed manager of National League North club Brackley Town.
|
[
"Cambridge City F.C.",
"Grantham Town F.C.",
"Northampton Town F.C.",
"Rushden & Diamonds F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Kevin Wilkin play for in Jun 15, 2005?
|
June 15, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Nuneaton Borough F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6397758_P54_4
|
Kevin Wilkin plays for Grantham Town F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Nuneaton Borough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Cambridge City F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Rushden & Diamonds F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
|
Kevin WilkinKevin Wilkin (born 1 October 1967) is an English manager and former professional footballer. He is the current manager of Brackley Town.Born in Cambridge but raised in the Cambridgeshire village of Milton, Wilkin started his career with hometown side Cambridge City, before moving into the Football League and turning professional with Northampton Town. Later spells followed with Rushden and Diamonds, Nuneaton Borough, Cambridge City and Grantham Town, before returning to Nuneaton as player/assistant manager to Roger Ashby in 2004.Following the sacking of Ashby in 2006, he was appointed caretaker manager and was subsequently given the job on a permanent basis. After Nuneaton Borough were liquidated at the end of the 2007–08 season he was appointed manager of the reformed club, now known as Nuneaton Town. He guided the team to a second-place finish in the Southern League Division One Midlands and promotion at the first attempt, beating Chasetown in the play-off final. The next season, he guided the team to a second successive promotion, beating Chippenham Town in the play-off final after finishing second in the Southern League Premier Division. In 2012, Nuneaton Town finished the season in fifth place in the Conference North and won the play-off final, after beating Gainsborough Trinity 1–0, guiding them back to the Conference Premier after a nine-year absence.Wilkin was appointed manager of Nuneaton's Conference Premier rivals Wrexham on a two-year contract on 20 March 2014. Wilkin's first game in charge was against Salisbury City, where his new side drew 1–1. He made changes to the squad early, by re-signing former youngster Bradley Reid on loan, whilst releasing Brett Ormerod. He saw out the season finishing in a club record low place of 17th.Over the summer of 2014 he completely re-shaped the club, releasing Robert Ogleby, Kyle Parle, David Artell, Jay Colback and Joe Anyinsah, Kevin Thornton and Stephen Wright and Leon Clowes. Although Wilkin made attempts to negotiate renewing contracts, Johnny Hunt and Joslain Mayebi left the club. His recruitment was successful over the summer, with Blaine Hudson the first arrival from Cambridge United. More followed as Wes York and Louis Moult followed from former club Nuneaton. Others included Manny Smith, Connor Jennings and Dan Bachmann on loan from Stoke City. The season began with a win over Dartford, with Wes York bagging a brace. But the first home game of the season saw Wrexham lose 3–0 to Gateshead.League form dipped over the season, but an FA Cup run saw Wrexham reach the 3rd round, where they faced Stoke City. Mark Carrington gave Wrexham the lead against the Premier League side, but they went on to lose 3–1. Wilkin used the loan system, bringing in the likes of Scott Tancock (Swansea City), Joe Thompson (Bury), Jon Flatt (Wolves), Dan Holman (Colchester United), Sam Finley (TNS), Johnny Hunt (Cambridge United), James Pearson (Leicester City) and Kieron Morris (Walsall). Wilkin's successes in the cups continued in the FA Trophy, as he reached the Semi-Final against Torquay United. Wrexham beat them in both the home and away tie to progress to Wembley Stadium.Although doing well in the Trophy, Wrexham's form dipped, winning just twice in the seven games between the semi and the final. At Wembley Wrexham faced North Ferriby United, a part-time side from the Conference North. Wrexham lead 2–0 through Louis Moult and Jay Harris. But United came back to level at 2–2, before extra-time and penalties saw the FA Trophy go North Ferriby's way. This would be Wilkin's last game, as he was sacked by the board less than 24 hours later.On 21 September 2015, Wilkin was appointed manager of National League North club Brackley Town.
|
[
"Cambridge City F.C.",
"Grantham Town F.C.",
"Northampton Town F.C.",
"Rushden & Diamonds F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Kevin Wilkin play for in 06/15/2005?
|
June 15, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Nuneaton Borough F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6397758_P54_4
|
Kevin Wilkin plays for Grantham Town F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Nuneaton Borough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Cambridge City F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Rushden & Diamonds F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
|
Kevin WilkinKevin Wilkin (born 1 October 1967) is an English manager and former professional footballer. He is the current manager of Brackley Town.Born in Cambridge but raised in the Cambridgeshire village of Milton, Wilkin started his career with hometown side Cambridge City, before moving into the Football League and turning professional with Northampton Town. Later spells followed with Rushden and Diamonds, Nuneaton Borough, Cambridge City and Grantham Town, before returning to Nuneaton as player/assistant manager to Roger Ashby in 2004.Following the sacking of Ashby in 2006, he was appointed caretaker manager and was subsequently given the job on a permanent basis. After Nuneaton Borough were liquidated at the end of the 2007–08 season he was appointed manager of the reformed club, now known as Nuneaton Town. He guided the team to a second-place finish in the Southern League Division One Midlands and promotion at the first attempt, beating Chasetown in the play-off final. The next season, he guided the team to a second successive promotion, beating Chippenham Town in the play-off final after finishing second in the Southern League Premier Division. In 2012, Nuneaton Town finished the season in fifth place in the Conference North and won the play-off final, after beating Gainsborough Trinity 1–0, guiding them back to the Conference Premier after a nine-year absence.Wilkin was appointed manager of Nuneaton's Conference Premier rivals Wrexham on a two-year contract on 20 March 2014. Wilkin's first game in charge was against Salisbury City, where his new side drew 1–1. He made changes to the squad early, by re-signing former youngster Bradley Reid on loan, whilst releasing Brett Ormerod. He saw out the season finishing in a club record low place of 17th.Over the summer of 2014 he completely re-shaped the club, releasing Robert Ogleby, Kyle Parle, David Artell, Jay Colback and Joe Anyinsah, Kevin Thornton and Stephen Wright and Leon Clowes. Although Wilkin made attempts to negotiate renewing contracts, Johnny Hunt and Joslain Mayebi left the club. His recruitment was successful over the summer, with Blaine Hudson the first arrival from Cambridge United. More followed as Wes York and Louis Moult followed from former club Nuneaton. Others included Manny Smith, Connor Jennings and Dan Bachmann on loan from Stoke City. The season began with a win over Dartford, with Wes York bagging a brace. But the first home game of the season saw Wrexham lose 3–0 to Gateshead.League form dipped over the season, but an FA Cup run saw Wrexham reach the 3rd round, where they faced Stoke City. Mark Carrington gave Wrexham the lead against the Premier League side, but they went on to lose 3–1. Wilkin used the loan system, bringing in the likes of Scott Tancock (Swansea City), Joe Thompson (Bury), Jon Flatt (Wolves), Dan Holman (Colchester United), Sam Finley (TNS), Johnny Hunt (Cambridge United), James Pearson (Leicester City) and Kieron Morris (Walsall). Wilkin's successes in the cups continued in the FA Trophy, as he reached the Semi-Final against Torquay United. Wrexham beat them in both the home and away tie to progress to Wembley Stadium.Although doing well in the Trophy, Wrexham's form dipped, winning just twice in the seven games between the semi and the final. At Wembley Wrexham faced North Ferriby United, a part-time side from the Conference North. Wrexham lead 2–0 through Louis Moult and Jay Harris. But United came back to level at 2–2, before extra-time and penalties saw the FA Trophy go North Ferriby's way. This would be Wilkin's last game, as he was sacked by the board less than 24 hours later.On 21 September 2015, Wilkin was appointed manager of National League North club Brackley Town.
|
[
"Cambridge City F.C.",
"Grantham Town F.C.",
"Northampton Town F.C.",
"Rushden & Diamonds F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Kevin Wilkin play for in 15-Jun-200515-June-2005?
|
June 15, 2005
|
{
"text": [
"Nuneaton Borough F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q6397758_P54_4
|
Kevin Wilkin plays for Grantham Town F.C. from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Nuneaton Borough F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Cambridge City F.C. from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2002.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Northampton Town F.C. from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1995.
Kevin Wilkin plays for Rushden & Diamonds F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
|
Kevin WilkinKevin Wilkin (born 1 October 1967) is an English manager and former professional footballer. He is the current manager of Brackley Town.Born in Cambridge but raised in the Cambridgeshire village of Milton, Wilkin started his career with hometown side Cambridge City, before moving into the Football League and turning professional with Northampton Town. Later spells followed with Rushden and Diamonds, Nuneaton Borough, Cambridge City and Grantham Town, before returning to Nuneaton as player/assistant manager to Roger Ashby in 2004.Following the sacking of Ashby in 2006, he was appointed caretaker manager and was subsequently given the job on a permanent basis. After Nuneaton Borough were liquidated at the end of the 2007–08 season he was appointed manager of the reformed club, now known as Nuneaton Town. He guided the team to a second-place finish in the Southern League Division One Midlands and promotion at the first attempt, beating Chasetown in the play-off final. The next season, he guided the team to a second successive promotion, beating Chippenham Town in the play-off final after finishing second in the Southern League Premier Division. In 2012, Nuneaton Town finished the season in fifth place in the Conference North and won the play-off final, after beating Gainsborough Trinity 1–0, guiding them back to the Conference Premier after a nine-year absence.Wilkin was appointed manager of Nuneaton's Conference Premier rivals Wrexham on a two-year contract on 20 March 2014. Wilkin's first game in charge was against Salisbury City, where his new side drew 1–1. He made changes to the squad early, by re-signing former youngster Bradley Reid on loan, whilst releasing Brett Ormerod. He saw out the season finishing in a club record low place of 17th.Over the summer of 2014 he completely re-shaped the club, releasing Robert Ogleby, Kyle Parle, David Artell, Jay Colback and Joe Anyinsah, Kevin Thornton and Stephen Wright and Leon Clowes. Although Wilkin made attempts to negotiate renewing contracts, Johnny Hunt and Joslain Mayebi left the club. His recruitment was successful over the summer, with Blaine Hudson the first arrival from Cambridge United. More followed as Wes York and Louis Moult followed from former club Nuneaton. Others included Manny Smith, Connor Jennings and Dan Bachmann on loan from Stoke City. The season began with a win over Dartford, with Wes York bagging a brace. But the first home game of the season saw Wrexham lose 3–0 to Gateshead.League form dipped over the season, but an FA Cup run saw Wrexham reach the 3rd round, where they faced Stoke City. Mark Carrington gave Wrexham the lead against the Premier League side, but they went on to lose 3–1. Wilkin used the loan system, bringing in the likes of Scott Tancock (Swansea City), Joe Thompson (Bury), Jon Flatt (Wolves), Dan Holman (Colchester United), Sam Finley (TNS), Johnny Hunt (Cambridge United), James Pearson (Leicester City) and Kieron Morris (Walsall). Wilkin's successes in the cups continued in the FA Trophy, as he reached the Semi-Final against Torquay United. Wrexham beat them in both the home and away tie to progress to Wembley Stadium.Although doing well in the Trophy, Wrexham's form dipped, winning just twice in the seven games between the semi and the final. At Wembley Wrexham faced North Ferriby United, a part-time side from the Conference North. Wrexham lead 2–0 through Louis Moult and Jay Harris. But United came back to level at 2–2, before extra-time and penalties saw the FA Trophy go North Ferriby's way. This would be Wilkin's last game, as he was sacked by the board less than 24 hours later.On 21 September 2015, Wilkin was appointed manager of National League North club Brackley Town.
|
[
"Cambridge City F.C.",
"Grantham Town F.C.",
"Northampton Town F.C.",
"Rushden & Diamonds F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Scott Flinders play for in Feb, 2012?
|
February 27, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7436338_P54_8
|
Scott Flinders plays for Falkirk F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for Gillingham F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for Yeovil Town F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for England national under-20 association football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Scott Flinders plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Scott Flinders plays for Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Scott Flinders plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for York City F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Scott FlindersScott Liam Flinders (born 12 June 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Cheltenham Town.Flinders has played for Barnsley, Crystal Palace, Gillingham, Brighton & Hove Albion, Yeovil Town, Blackpool, Falkirk, Hartlepool United, York City and Macclesfield Town. He has also played for the England national under-20 team.Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Flinders started out at Barnsley, making his first-team debut in 2005, when he replaced the injured Ross Turnbull in the Barnsley goal. He made an instant impression, and played eleven matches in the next three months.In the 2005–06 season, he was picked to play for a "Football League XI", in a match against their Italian counterparts. He went back to being second choice at Barnsley, this time to Nick Colgan and was an unused substitute in Barnsley's play-off final win against Swansea City. Because of this, he only made a few more league and cup appearances in which he again impressed, leading to trials at Chelsea and Wigan Athletic. Flinders moved to Crystal Palace as part of a deal that took Sam Togwell to Barnsley in the summer of 2006.Flinders' transfer fee from Barnsley to Palace was believed to be for £250,000 but with a potential to rise to £1 million depending on appearances.Flinders made his competitive debut for Palace in a League Cup tie with Notts County, playing the full match as Palace were beaten 2–1. This would be his last appearance before going on loan to League One club Gillingham, where he made his debut in a 2–1 away win against Doncaster Rovers on 9 September 2006. His loan with Gillingham was extended for a second month, but this extended loan did not last its full spell. He returned to the Crystal Palace bench by 28 October.For the next match, a trip to Sheffield Wednesday, Flinders made his league debut with The Eagles, while Gábor Király was dropped to the bench for a match which ended in a 3–2 defeat. This was quickly followed by a match at Loftus Road, against Queens Park Rangers, which ended in a 4–2 loss, after which he was dropped, not returning until late December.On 20 February 2007, Flinders was sent out on loan again. He signed for Palace's rivals, Brighton & Hove Albion, after their first choice goalkeeper Michel Kuipers was injured. He made his Seagulls debut at his previous club Gillingham, a match which his new team won 1–0.Flinders was sent out on loan again in February 2008, this time to Yeovil Town, after their first choice goalkeeper Steve Mildenhall was injured. However, despite Yeovil signing him for further month loan period, on 27 March, Championship club Blackpool signed him on loan until the end of the season as competition for first-choice keeper, Paul Rachubka. With Blackpool's next match being an away match at Crystal Palace he was not allowed to make his debut for the club until after that match. However, his loan period finished without him making an appearance for Blackpool.In August 2008, Flinders signed for Scottish Premier League club Falkirk on loan until January 2009, and he returned to Palace at the end of this spell. Flinders was released by Crystal Palace on 6 May 2009.On 26 June 2009, Flinders signed for League One club Hartlepool United. He played every minute of the 2009–10 season for Hartlepool in both league and cup, the next season he was limited to 26 league appearances due to an injury in mid-September which ruled him out until February which saw Pools boss Mick Wadsworth draft in Blackburn Rovers goalkeeper Jake Kean on loan to cover for Flinders.Flinders became the first ever goalkeeper to score a goal from open play for Hartlepool when his 94th-minute header against AFC Bournemouth on 30 April 2011 gained a point for his employers on the last home match of the season. He nearly scored in consecutive home matches for the club when against Walsall on 13 August 2011, when his 5th minute clearance from 70 yards bounced over Saddlers' keeper Jimmy Walker only for striker Colin Nish to tap in on the line for Nish's first Hartlepool goal.Flinders signed a new contract with the club in May 2011. Flinders was nominated for League One's Player of the Month for September 2011, along with Hartlepool manager Mick Wadsworth being nominated for Manager of the Month, after conceding only two goals in four matches which saw his team win all four matches. However, he was unsuccessful as Preston North End striker Neil Mellor won the accolade.In January 2013, Hartlepool manager John Hughes revealed to the "Hartlepool Mail" that clubs in the higher divisions were looking to sign Flinders with Hughes saying "I know there are a lot of clubs looking at big Scotty. It's no surprise others are looking at him and we're just grateful and thankful that he's in goal for Hartlepool. The way he conducts himself in his training and preparation and his values are first class."On April 2013, prior to Hartlepool's final home match of the season, Flinders was voted Player's Player, Supporter's Player and Away Player of the Year for the 2012–13 campaign. Twelve days later, it was announced that Flinders had won the "Hartlepool Mail" SportsMail Player of the Year Award.After a 0–0 draw against Portsmouth in December 2013, Flinders broke a club record for the most clean sheets in the league for Hartlepool. Flinders became the first ever Hartlepool goalkeeper to make 200 Football League appearances for the club after a 4–0 win against Bristol Rovers in March 2014.In the 2014–15 season, Flinders captained Hartlepool to their 'great escape' from relegation to the National League. Flinders played his last game for Hartlepool in a 3–3 draw against Carlisle United.On 23 June 2015, Flinders signed for Hartlepool's League Two rivals York City on a one-year contract, with the option of a further year. He made his debut in the opening match of 2015–16, a 3–0 defeat away to Wycombe Wanderers on 8 August 2015. He made 48 appearances in 2015–16, as York were relegated into the National League with a 24th-place finish in League Two. York had the second-poorest defensive record with 87 goals conceded; however, Dave Flett of "The Press" defended Flinders, arguing that "without his saves, the club would have collected even fewer points". York exercised their option to extend his contract for 2016–17.On 23 August 2016, Flinders was suspended for five matches by the Football Association (FA) after being found guilty of racial abuse during a match against AFC Wimbledon on 19 March 2016. He was also fined £1,250 and ordered to attend an education course. Flinders was swiftly suspended by York, being told to stay away from the club completely. In September 2016, the suspension was lifted by the club and Flinders returned to training, although he had lost his place in the team to new signing Kyle Letheren. Shortly after, Flinders was found guilty of racial abuse by the FA regulatory commission, having told AFC Wimbledon player Lyle Taylor that his wife "doesn't like your kind", after Taylor grabbed Flinders' testicles and goaded him.On 20 September 2016, Flinders joined York's National League rivals Macclesfield Town on a 28-day loan until 18 October. He made his debut four days later when starting their 2–1 away win over Guiseley, finishing the loan with five appearances. Macclesfield wanted to extend his loan, but did not have the funds to do so. Flinders again lost his place in the York team in November 2016, and left the club by mutual consent on 5 January 2017.On 6 January 2017, Flinders signed for Macclesfield Town permanently on a contract until the end of the 2016–17 season. He helped Macclesfield Town reach the 2017 FA Trophy Final but ended up on the losing side, suffering a 3–2 loss against York City. He was released at the end of the season.Flinders signed for League Two club Cheltenham Town on 31 August 2017. After a few months he agreed a new contract with the club that would keep him at Cheltenham until the summer of 2019. In May 2019 he signed another new contract which extended his stay until the summer of 2021.On 4 January 2020, he suffered a broken leg during a 3–0 home win over Oldham Athletic. After nine months on the sidelines, he returned to the team in an EFL Trophy group stage win over Plymouth Argyle in October 2020.Flinders made his debut for the England national under-20 team in a 3–0 win over South Korea on 6 June 2005. He finished his under-20 career with five caps, all earned in 2005.Flinders is married with one son.Macclesfield TownIndividual
|
[
"Gillingham F.C.",
"England national under-20 association football team",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Falkirk F.C.",
"Yeovil Town F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"York City F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Scott Flinders play for in 2012-02-27?
|
February 27, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7436338_P54_8
|
Scott Flinders plays for Falkirk F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for Gillingham F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for Yeovil Town F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for England national under-20 association football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Scott Flinders plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Scott Flinders plays for Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Scott Flinders plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for York City F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Scott FlindersScott Liam Flinders (born 12 June 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Cheltenham Town.Flinders has played for Barnsley, Crystal Palace, Gillingham, Brighton & Hove Albion, Yeovil Town, Blackpool, Falkirk, Hartlepool United, York City and Macclesfield Town. He has also played for the England national under-20 team.Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Flinders started out at Barnsley, making his first-team debut in 2005, when he replaced the injured Ross Turnbull in the Barnsley goal. He made an instant impression, and played eleven matches in the next three months.In the 2005–06 season, he was picked to play for a "Football League XI", in a match against their Italian counterparts. He went back to being second choice at Barnsley, this time to Nick Colgan and was an unused substitute in Barnsley's play-off final win against Swansea City. Because of this, he only made a few more league and cup appearances in which he again impressed, leading to trials at Chelsea and Wigan Athletic. Flinders moved to Crystal Palace as part of a deal that took Sam Togwell to Barnsley in the summer of 2006.Flinders' transfer fee from Barnsley to Palace was believed to be for £250,000 but with a potential to rise to £1 million depending on appearances.Flinders made his competitive debut for Palace in a League Cup tie with Notts County, playing the full match as Palace were beaten 2–1. This would be his last appearance before going on loan to League One club Gillingham, where he made his debut in a 2–1 away win against Doncaster Rovers on 9 September 2006. His loan with Gillingham was extended for a second month, but this extended loan did not last its full spell. He returned to the Crystal Palace bench by 28 October.For the next match, a trip to Sheffield Wednesday, Flinders made his league debut with The Eagles, while Gábor Király was dropped to the bench for a match which ended in a 3–2 defeat. This was quickly followed by a match at Loftus Road, against Queens Park Rangers, which ended in a 4–2 loss, after which he was dropped, not returning until late December.On 20 February 2007, Flinders was sent out on loan again. He signed for Palace's rivals, Brighton & Hove Albion, after their first choice goalkeeper Michel Kuipers was injured. He made his Seagulls debut at his previous club Gillingham, a match which his new team won 1–0.Flinders was sent out on loan again in February 2008, this time to Yeovil Town, after their first choice goalkeeper Steve Mildenhall was injured. However, despite Yeovil signing him for further month loan period, on 27 March, Championship club Blackpool signed him on loan until the end of the season as competition for first-choice keeper, Paul Rachubka. With Blackpool's next match being an away match at Crystal Palace he was not allowed to make his debut for the club until after that match. However, his loan period finished without him making an appearance for Blackpool.In August 2008, Flinders signed for Scottish Premier League club Falkirk on loan until January 2009, and he returned to Palace at the end of this spell. Flinders was released by Crystal Palace on 6 May 2009.On 26 June 2009, Flinders signed for League One club Hartlepool United. He played every minute of the 2009–10 season for Hartlepool in both league and cup, the next season he was limited to 26 league appearances due to an injury in mid-September which ruled him out until February which saw Pools boss Mick Wadsworth draft in Blackburn Rovers goalkeeper Jake Kean on loan to cover for Flinders.Flinders became the first ever goalkeeper to score a goal from open play for Hartlepool when his 94th-minute header against AFC Bournemouth on 30 April 2011 gained a point for his employers on the last home match of the season. He nearly scored in consecutive home matches for the club when against Walsall on 13 August 2011, when his 5th minute clearance from 70 yards bounced over Saddlers' keeper Jimmy Walker only for striker Colin Nish to tap in on the line for Nish's first Hartlepool goal.Flinders signed a new contract with the club in May 2011. Flinders was nominated for League One's Player of the Month for September 2011, along with Hartlepool manager Mick Wadsworth being nominated for Manager of the Month, after conceding only two goals in four matches which saw his team win all four matches. However, he was unsuccessful as Preston North End striker Neil Mellor won the accolade.In January 2013, Hartlepool manager John Hughes revealed to the "Hartlepool Mail" that clubs in the higher divisions were looking to sign Flinders with Hughes saying "I know there are a lot of clubs looking at big Scotty. It's no surprise others are looking at him and we're just grateful and thankful that he's in goal for Hartlepool. The way he conducts himself in his training and preparation and his values are first class."On April 2013, prior to Hartlepool's final home match of the season, Flinders was voted Player's Player, Supporter's Player and Away Player of the Year for the 2012–13 campaign. Twelve days later, it was announced that Flinders had won the "Hartlepool Mail" SportsMail Player of the Year Award.After a 0–0 draw against Portsmouth in December 2013, Flinders broke a club record for the most clean sheets in the league for Hartlepool. Flinders became the first ever Hartlepool goalkeeper to make 200 Football League appearances for the club after a 4–0 win against Bristol Rovers in March 2014.In the 2014–15 season, Flinders captained Hartlepool to their 'great escape' from relegation to the National League. Flinders played his last game for Hartlepool in a 3–3 draw against Carlisle United.On 23 June 2015, Flinders signed for Hartlepool's League Two rivals York City on a one-year contract, with the option of a further year. He made his debut in the opening match of 2015–16, a 3–0 defeat away to Wycombe Wanderers on 8 August 2015. He made 48 appearances in 2015–16, as York were relegated into the National League with a 24th-place finish in League Two. York had the second-poorest defensive record with 87 goals conceded; however, Dave Flett of "The Press" defended Flinders, arguing that "without his saves, the club would have collected even fewer points". York exercised their option to extend his contract for 2016–17.On 23 August 2016, Flinders was suspended for five matches by the Football Association (FA) after being found guilty of racial abuse during a match against AFC Wimbledon on 19 March 2016. He was also fined £1,250 and ordered to attend an education course. Flinders was swiftly suspended by York, being told to stay away from the club completely. In September 2016, the suspension was lifted by the club and Flinders returned to training, although he had lost his place in the team to new signing Kyle Letheren. Shortly after, Flinders was found guilty of racial abuse by the FA regulatory commission, having told AFC Wimbledon player Lyle Taylor that his wife "doesn't like your kind", after Taylor grabbed Flinders' testicles and goaded him.On 20 September 2016, Flinders joined York's National League rivals Macclesfield Town on a 28-day loan until 18 October. He made his debut four days later when starting their 2–1 away win over Guiseley, finishing the loan with five appearances. Macclesfield wanted to extend his loan, but did not have the funds to do so. Flinders again lost his place in the York team in November 2016, and left the club by mutual consent on 5 January 2017.On 6 January 2017, Flinders signed for Macclesfield Town permanently on a contract until the end of the 2016–17 season. He helped Macclesfield Town reach the 2017 FA Trophy Final but ended up on the losing side, suffering a 3–2 loss against York City. He was released at the end of the season.Flinders signed for League Two club Cheltenham Town on 31 August 2017. After a few months he agreed a new contract with the club that would keep him at Cheltenham until the summer of 2019. In May 2019 he signed another new contract which extended his stay until the summer of 2021.On 4 January 2020, he suffered a broken leg during a 3–0 home win over Oldham Athletic. After nine months on the sidelines, he returned to the team in an EFL Trophy group stage win over Plymouth Argyle in October 2020.Flinders made his debut for the England national under-20 team in a 3–0 win over South Korea on 6 June 2005. He finished his under-20 career with five caps, all earned in 2005.Flinders is married with one son.Macclesfield TownIndividual
|
[
"Gillingham F.C.",
"England national under-20 association football team",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Falkirk F.C.",
"Yeovil Town F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"York City F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Scott Flinders play for in 27/02/2012?
|
February 27, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7436338_P54_8
|
Scott Flinders plays for Falkirk F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for Gillingham F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for Yeovil Town F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for England national under-20 association football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Scott Flinders plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Scott Flinders plays for Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Scott Flinders plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for York City F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Scott FlindersScott Liam Flinders (born 12 June 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Cheltenham Town.Flinders has played for Barnsley, Crystal Palace, Gillingham, Brighton & Hove Albion, Yeovil Town, Blackpool, Falkirk, Hartlepool United, York City and Macclesfield Town. He has also played for the England national under-20 team.Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Flinders started out at Barnsley, making his first-team debut in 2005, when he replaced the injured Ross Turnbull in the Barnsley goal. He made an instant impression, and played eleven matches in the next three months.In the 2005–06 season, he was picked to play for a "Football League XI", in a match against their Italian counterparts. He went back to being second choice at Barnsley, this time to Nick Colgan and was an unused substitute in Barnsley's play-off final win against Swansea City. Because of this, he only made a few more league and cup appearances in which he again impressed, leading to trials at Chelsea and Wigan Athletic. Flinders moved to Crystal Palace as part of a deal that took Sam Togwell to Barnsley in the summer of 2006.Flinders' transfer fee from Barnsley to Palace was believed to be for £250,000 but with a potential to rise to £1 million depending on appearances.Flinders made his competitive debut for Palace in a League Cup tie with Notts County, playing the full match as Palace were beaten 2–1. This would be his last appearance before going on loan to League One club Gillingham, where he made his debut in a 2–1 away win against Doncaster Rovers on 9 September 2006. His loan with Gillingham was extended for a second month, but this extended loan did not last its full spell. He returned to the Crystal Palace bench by 28 October.For the next match, a trip to Sheffield Wednesday, Flinders made his league debut with The Eagles, while Gábor Király was dropped to the bench for a match which ended in a 3–2 defeat. This was quickly followed by a match at Loftus Road, against Queens Park Rangers, which ended in a 4–2 loss, after which he was dropped, not returning until late December.On 20 February 2007, Flinders was sent out on loan again. He signed for Palace's rivals, Brighton & Hove Albion, after their first choice goalkeeper Michel Kuipers was injured. He made his Seagulls debut at his previous club Gillingham, a match which his new team won 1–0.Flinders was sent out on loan again in February 2008, this time to Yeovil Town, after their first choice goalkeeper Steve Mildenhall was injured. However, despite Yeovil signing him for further month loan period, on 27 March, Championship club Blackpool signed him on loan until the end of the season as competition for first-choice keeper, Paul Rachubka. With Blackpool's next match being an away match at Crystal Palace he was not allowed to make his debut for the club until after that match. However, his loan period finished without him making an appearance for Blackpool.In August 2008, Flinders signed for Scottish Premier League club Falkirk on loan until January 2009, and he returned to Palace at the end of this spell. Flinders was released by Crystal Palace on 6 May 2009.On 26 June 2009, Flinders signed for League One club Hartlepool United. He played every minute of the 2009–10 season for Hartlepool in both league and cup, the next season he was limited to 26 league appearances due to an injury in mid-September which ruled him out until February which saw Pools boss Mick Wadsworth draft in Blackburn Rovers goalkeeper Jake Kean on loan to cover for Flinders.Flinders became the first ever goalkeeper to score a goal from open play for Hartlepool when his 94th-minute header against AFC Bournemouth on 30 April 2011 gained a point for his employers on the last home match of the season. He nearly scored in consecutive home matches for the club when against Walsall on 13 August 2011, when his 5th minute clearance from 70 yards bounced over Saddlers' keeper Jimmy Walker only for striker Colin Nish to tap in on the line for Nish's first Hartlepool goal.Flinders signed a new contract with the club in May 2011. Flinders was nominated for League One's Player of the Month for September 2011, along with Hartlepool manager Mick Wadsworth being nominated for Manager of the Month, after conceding only two goals in four matches which saw his team win all four matches. However, he was unsuccessful as Preston North End striker Neil Mellor won the accolade.In January 2013, Hartlepool manager John Hughes revealed to the "Hartlepool Mail" that clubs in the higher divisions were looking to sign Flinders with Hughes saying "I know there are a lot of clubs looking at big Scotty. It's no surprise others are looking at him and we're just grateful and thankful that he's in goal for Hartlepool. The way he conducts himself in his training and preparation and his values are first class."On April 2013, prior to Hartlepool's final home match of the season, Flinders was voted Player's Player, Supporter's Player and Away Player of the Year for the 2012–13 campaign. Twelve days later, it was announced that Flinders had won the "Hartlepool Mail" SportsMail Player of the Year Award.After a 0–0 draw against Portsmouth in December 2013, Flinders broke a club record for the most clean sheets in the league for Hartlepool. Flinders became the first ever Hartlepool goalkeeper to make 200 Football League appearances for the club after a 4–0 win against Bristol Rovers in March 2014.In the 2014–15 season, Flinders captained Hartlepool to their 'great escape' from relegation to the National League. Flinders played his last game for Hartlepool in a 3–3 draw against Carlisle United.On 23 June 2015, Flinders signed for Hartlepool's League Two rivals York City on a one-year contract, with the option of a further year. He made his debut in the opening match of 2015–16, a 3–0 defeat away to Wycombe Wanderers on 8 August 2015. He made 48 appearances in 2015–16, as York were relegated into the National League with a 24th-place finish in League Two. York had the second-poorest defensive record with 87 goals conceded; however, Dave Flett of "The Press" defended Flinders, arguing that "without his saves, the club would have collected even fewer points". York exercised their option to extend his contract for 2016–17.On 23 August 2016, Flinders was suspended for five matches by the Football Association (FA) after being found guilty of racial abuse during a match against AFC Wimbledon on 19 March 2016. He was also fined £1,250 and ordered to attend an education course. Flinders was swiftly suspended by York, being told to stay away from the club completely. In September 2016, the suspension was lifted by the club and Flinders returned to training, although he had lost his place in the team to new signing Kyle Letheren. Shortly after, Flinders was found guilty of racial abuse by the FA regulatory commission, having told AFC Wimbledon player Lyle Taylor that his wife "doesn't like your kind", after Taylor grabbed Flinders' testicles and goaded him.On 20 September 2016, Flinders joined York's National League rivals Macclesfield Town on a 28-day loan until 18 October. He made his debut four days later when starting their 2–1 away win over Guiseley, finishing the loan with five appearances. Macclesfield wanted to extend his loan, but did not have the funds to do so. Flinders again lost his place in the York team in November 2016, and left the club by mutual consent on 5 January 2017.On 6 January 2017, Flinders signed for Macclesfield Town permanently on a contract until the end of the 2016–17 season. He helped Macclesfield Town reach the 2017 FA Trophy Final but ended up on the losing side, suffering a 3–2 loss against York City. He was released at the end of the season.Flinders signed for League Two club Cheltenham Town on 31 August 2017. After a few months he agreed a new contract with the club that would keep him at Cheltenham until the summer of 2019. In May 2019 he signed another new contract which extended his stay until the summer of 2021.On 4 January 2020, he suffered a broken leg during a 3–0 home win over Oldham Athletic. After nine months on the sidelines, he returned to the team in an EFL Trophy group stage win over Plymouth Argyle in October 2020.Flinders made his debut for the England national under-20 team in a 3–0 win over South Korea on 6 June 2005. He finished his under-20 career with five caps, all earned in 2005.Flinders is married with one son.Macclesfield TownIndividual
|
[
"Gillingham F.C.",
"England national under-20 association football team",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Falkirk F.C.",
"Yeovil Town F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"York City F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Scott Flinders play for in Feb 27, 2012?
|
February 27, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7436338_P54_8
|
Scott Flinders plays for Falkirk F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for Gillingham F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for Yeovil Town F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for England national under-20 association football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Scott Flinders plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Scott Flinders plays for Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Scott Flinders plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for York City F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Scott FlindersScott Liam Flinders (born 12 June 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Cheltenham Town.Flinders has played for Barnsley, Crystal Palace, Gillingham, Brighton & Hove Albion, Yeovil Town, Blackpool, Falkirk, Hartlepool United, York City and Macclesfield Town. He has also played for the England national under-20 team.Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Flinders started out at Barnsley, making his first-team debut in 2005, when he replaced the injured Ross Turnbull in the Barnsley goal. He made an instant impression, and played eleven matches in the next three months.In the 2005–06 season, he was picked to play for a "Football League XI", in a match against their Italian counterparts. He went back to being second choice at Barnsley, this time to Nick Colgan and was an unused substitute in Barnsley's play-off final win against Swansea City. Because of this, he only made a few more league and cup appearances in which he again impressed, leading to trials at Chelsea and Wigan Athletic. Flinders moved to Crystal Palace as part of a deal that took Sam Togwell to Barnsley in the summer of 2006.Flinders' transfer fee from Barnsley to Palace was believed to be for £250,000 but with a potential to rise to £1 million depending on appearances.Flinders made his competitive debut for Palace in a League Cup tie with Notts County, playing the full match as Palace were beaten 2–1. This would be his last appearance before going on loan to League One club Gillingham, where he made his debut in a 2–1 away win against Doncaster Rovers on 9 September 2006. His loan with Gillingham was extended for a second month, but this extended loan did not last its full spell. He returned to the Crystal Palace bench by 28 October.For the next match, a trip to Sheffield Wednesday, Flinders made his league debut with The Eagles, while Gábor Király was dropped to the bench for a match which ended in a 3–2 defeat. This was quickly followed by a match at Loftus Road, against Queens Park Rangers, which ended in a 4–2 loss, after which he was dropped, not returning until late December.On 20 February 2007, Flinders was sent out on loan again. He signed for Palace's rivals, Brighton & Hove Albion, after their first choice goalkeeper Michel Kuipers was injured. He made his Seagulls debut at his previous club Gillingham, a match which his new team won 1–0.Flinders was sent out on loan again in February 2008, this time to Yeovil Town, after their first choice goalkeeper Steve Mildenhall was injured. However, despite Yeovil signing him for further month loan period, on 27 March, Championship club Blackpool signed him on loan until the end of the season as competition for first-choice keeper, Paul Rachubka. With Blackpool's next match being an away match at Crystal Palace he was not allowed to make his debut for the club until after that match. However, his loan period finished without him making an appearance for Blackpool.In August 2008, Flinders signed for Scottish Premier League club Falkirk on loan until January 2009, and he returned to Palace at the end of this spell. Flinders was released by Crystal Palace on 6 May 2009.On 26 June 2009, Flinders signed for League One club Hartlepool United. He played every minute of the 2009–10 season for Hartlepool in both league and cup, the next season he was limited to 26 league appearances due to an injury in mid-September which ruled him out until February which saw Pools boss Mick Wadsworth draft in Blackburn Rovers goalkeeper Jake Kean on loan to cover for Flinders.Flinders became the first ever goalkeeper to score a goal from open play for Hartlepool when his 94th-minute header against AFC Bournemouth on 30 April 2011 gained a point for his employers on the last home match of the season. He nearly scored in consecutive home matches for the club when against Walsall on 13 August 2011, when his 5th minute clearance from 70 yards bounced over Saddlers' keeper Jimmy Walker only for striker Colin Nish to tap in on the line for Nish's first Hartlepool goal.Flinders signed a new contract with the club in May 2011. Flinders was nominated for League One's Player of the Month for September 2011, along with Hartlepool manager Mick Wadsworth being nominated for Manager of the Month, after conceding only two goals in four matches which saw his team win all four matches. However, he was unsuccessful as Preston North End striker Neil Mellor won the accolade.In January 2013, Hartlepool manager John Hughes revealed to the "Hartlepool Mail" that clubs in the higher divisions were looking to sign Flinders with Hughes saying "I know there are a lot of clubs looking at big Scotty. It's no surprise others are looking at him and we're just grateful and thankful that he's in goal for Hartlepool. The way he conducts himself in his training and preparation and his values are first class."On April 2013, prior to Hartlepool's final home match of the season, Flinders was voted Player's Player, Supporter's Player and Away Player of the Year for the 2012–13 campaign. Twelve days later, it was announced that Flinders had won the "Hartlepool Mail" SportsMail Player of the Year Award.After a 0–0 draw against Portsmouth in December 2013, Flinders broke a club record for the most clean sheets in the league for Hartlepool. Flinders became the first ever Hartlepool goalkeeper to make 200 Football League appearances for the club after a 4–0 win against Bristol Rovers in March 2014.In the 2014–15 season, Flinders captained Hartlepool to their 'great escape' from relegation to the National League. Flinders played his last game for Hartlepool in a 3–3 draw against Carlisle United.On 23 June 2015, Flinders signed for Hartlepool's League Two rivals York City on a one-year contract, with the option of a further year. He made his debut in the opening match of 2015–16, a 3–0 defeat away to Wycombe Wanderers on 8 August 2015. He made 48 appearances in 2015–16, as York were relegated into the National League with a 24th-place finish in League Two. York had the second-poorest defensive record with 87 goals conceded; however, Dave Flett of "The Press" defended Flinders, arguing that "without his saves, the club would have collected even fewer points". York exercised their option to extend his contract for 2016–17.On 23 August 2016, Flinders was suspended for five matches by the Football Association (FA) after being found guilty of racial abuse during a match against AFC Wimbledon on 19 March 2016. He was also fined £1,250 and ordered to attend an education course. Flinders was swiftly suspended by York, being told to stay away from the club completely. In September 2016, the suspension was lifted by the club and Flinders returned to training, although he had lost his place in the team to new signing Kyle Letheren. Shortly after, Flinders was found guilty of racial abuse by the FA regulatory commission, having told AFC Wimbledon player Lyle Taylor that his wife "doesn't like your kind", after Taylor grabbed Flinders' testicles and goaded him.On 20 September 2016, Flinders joined York's National League rivals Macclesfield Town on a 28-day loan until 18 October. He made his debut four days later when starting their 2–1 away win over Guiseley, finishing the loan with five appearances. Macclesfield wanted to extend his loan, but did not have the funds to do so. Flinders again lost his place in the York team in November 2016, and left the club by mutual consent on 5 January 2017.On 6 January 2017, Flinders signed for Macclesfield Town permanently on a contract until the end of the 2016–17 season. He helped Macclesfield Town reach the 2017 FA Trophy Final but ended up on the losing side, suffering a 3–2 loss against York City. He was released at the end of the season.Flinders signed for League Two club Cheltenham Town on 31 August 2017. After a few months he agreed a new contract with the club that would keep him at Cheltenham until the summer of 2019. In May 2019 he signed another new contract which extended his stay until the summer of 2021.On 4 January 2020, he suffered a broken leg during a 3–0 home win over Oldham Athletic. After nine months on the sidelines, he returned to the team in an EFL Trophy group stage win over Plymouth Argyle in October 2020.Flinders made his debut for the England national under-20 team in a 3–0 win over South Korea on 6 June 2005. He finished his under-20 career with five caps, all earned in 2005.Flinders is married with one son.Macclesfield TownIndividual
|
[
"Gillingham F.C.",
"England national under-20 association football team",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Falkirk F.C.",
"Yeovil Town F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"York City F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Scott Flinders play for in 02/27/2012?
|
February 27, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7436338_P54_8
|
Scott Flinders plays for Falkirk F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for Gillingham F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for Yeovil Town F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for England national under-20 association football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Scott Flinders plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Scott Flinders plays for Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Scott Flinders plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for York City F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Scott FlindersScott Liam Flinders (born 12 June 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Cheltenham Town.Flinders has played for Barnsley, Crystal Palace, Gillingham, Brighton & Hove Albion, Yeovil Town, Blackpool, Falkirk, Hartlepool United, York City and Macclesfield Town. He has also played for the England national under-20 team.Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Flinders started out at Barnsley, making his first-team debut in 2005, when he replaced the injured Ross Turnbull in the Barnsley goal. He made an instant impression, and played eleven matches in the next three months.In the 2005–06 season, he was picked to play for a "Football League XI", in a match against their Italian counterparts. He went back to being second choice at Barnsley, this time to Nick Colgan and was an unused substitute in Barnsley's play-off final win against Swansea City. Because of this, he only made a few more league and cup appearances in which he again impressed, leading to trials at Chelsea and Wigan Athletic. Flinders moved to Crystal Palace as part of a deal that took Sam Togwell to Barnsley in the summer of 2006.Flinders' transfer fee from Barnsley to Palace was believed to be for £250,000 but with a potential to rise to £1 million depending on appearances.Flinders made his competitive debut for Palace in a League Cup tie with Notts County, playing the full match as Palace were beaten 2–1. This would be his last appearance before going on loan to League One club Gillingham, where he made his debut in a 2–1 away win against Doncaster Rovers on 9 September 2006. His loan with Gillingham was extended for a second month, but this extended loan did not last its full spell. He returned to the Crystal Palace bench by 28 October.For the next match, a trip to Sheffield Wednesday, Flinders made his league debut with The Eagles, while Gábor Király was dropped to the bench for a match which ended in a 3–2 defeat. This was quickly followed by a match at Loftus Road, against Queens Park Rangers, which ended in a 4–2 loss, after which he was dropped, not returning until late December.On 20 February 2007, Flinders was sent out on loan again. He signed for Palace's rivals, Brighton & Hove Albion, after their first choice goalkeeper Michel Kuipers was injured. He made his Seagulls debut at his previous club Gillingham, a match which his new team won 1–0.Flinders was sent out on loan again in February 2008, this time to Yeovil Town, after their first choice goalkeeper Steve Mildenhall was injured. However, despite Yeovil signing him for further month loan period, on 27 March, Championship club Blackpool signed him on loan until the end of the season as competition for first-choice keeper, Paul Rachubka. With Blackpool's next match being an away match at Crystal Palace he was not allowed to make his debut for the club until after that match. However, his loan period finished without him making an appearance for Blackpool.In August 2008, Flinders signed for Scottish Premier League club Falkirk on loan until January 2009, and he returned to Palace at the end of this spell. Flinders was released by Crystal Palace on 6 May 2009.On 26 June 2009, Flinders signed for League One club Hartlepool United. He played every minute of the 2009–10 season for Hartlepool in both league and cup, the next season he was limited to 26 league appearances due to an injury in mid-September which ruled him out until February which saw Pools boss Mick Wadsworth draft in Blackburn Rovers goalkeeper Jake Kean on loan to cover for Flinders.Flinders became the first ever goalkeeper to score a goal from open play for Hartlepool when his 94th-minute header against AFC Bournemouth on 30 April 2011 gained a point for his employers on the last home match of the season. He nearly scored in consecutive home matches for the club when against Walsall on 13 August 2011, when his 5th minute clearance from 70 yards bounced over Saddlers' keeper Jimmy Walker only for striker Colin Nish to tap in on the line for Nish's first Hartlepool goal.Flinders signed a new contract with the club in May 2011. Flinders was nominated for League One's Player of the Month for September 2011, along with Hartlepool manager Mick Wadsworth being nominated for Manager of the Month, after conceding only two goals in four matches which saw his team win all four matches. However, he was unsuccessful as Preston North End striker Neil Mellor won the accolade.In January 2013, Hartlepool manager John Hughes revealed to the "Hartlepool Mail" that clubs in the higher divisions were looking to sign Flinders with Hughes saying "I know there are a lot of clubs looking at big Scotty. It's no surprise others are looking at him and we're just grateful and thankful that he's in goal for Hartlepool. The way he conducts himself in his training and preparation and his values are first class."On April 2013, prior to Hartlepool's final home match of the season, Flinders was voted Player's Player, Supporter's Player and Away Player of the Year for the 2012–13 campaign. Twelve days later, it was announced that Flinders had won the "Hartlepool Mail" SportsMail Player of the Year Award.After a 0–0 draw against Portsmouth in December 2013, Flinders broke a club record for the most clean sheets in the league for Hartlepool. Flinders became the first ever Hartlepool goalkeeper to make 200 Football League appearances for the club after a 4–0 win against Bristol Rovers in March 2014.In the 2014–15 season, Flinders captained Hartlepool to their 'great escape' from relegation to the National League. Flinders played his last game for Hartlepool in a 3–3 draw against Carlisle United.On 23 June 2015, Flinders signed for Hartlepool's League Two rivals York City on a one-year contract, with the option of a further year. He made his debut in the opening match of 2015–16, a 3–0 defeat away to Wycombe Wanderers on 8 August 2015. He made 48 appearances in 2015–16, as York were relegated into the National League with a 24th-place finish in League Two. York had the second-poorest defensive record with 87 goals conceded; however, Dave Flett of "The Press" defended Flinders, arguing that "without his saves, the club would have collected even fewer points". York exercised their option to extend his contract for 2016–17.On 23 August 2016, Flinders was suspended for five matches by the Football Association (FA) after being found guilty of racial abuse during a match against AFC Wimbledon on 19 March 2016. He was also fined £1,250 and ordered to attend an education course. Flinders was swiftly suspended by York, being told to stay away from the club completely. In September 2016, the suspension was lifted by the club and Flinders returned to training, although he had lost his place in the team to new signing Kyle Letheren. Shortly after, Flinders was found guilty of racial abuse by the FA regulatory commission, having told AFC Wimbledon player Lyle Taylor that his wife "doesn't like your kind", after Taylor grabbed Flinders' testicles and goaded him.On 20 September 2016, Flinders joined York's National League rivals Macclesfield Town on a 28-day loan until 18 October. He made his debut four days later when starting their 2–1 away win over Guiseley, finishing the loan with five appearances. Macclesfield wanted to extend his loan, but did not have the funds to do so. Flinders again lost his place in the York team in November 2016, and left the club by mutual consent on 5 January 2017.On 6 January 2017, Flinders signed for Macclesfield Town permanently on a contract until the end of the 2016–17 season. He helped Macclesfield Town reach the 2017 FA Trophy Final but ended up on the losing side, suffering a 3–2 loss against York City. He was released at the end of the season.Flinders signed for League Two club Cheltenham Town on 31 August 2017. After a few months he agreed a new contract with the club that would keep him at Cheltenham until the summer of 2019. In May 2019 he signed another new contract which extended his stay until the summer of 2021.On 4 January 2020, he suffered a broken leg during a 3–0 home win over Oldham Athletic. After nine months on the sidelines, he returned to the team in an EFL Trophy group stage win over Plymouth Argyle in October 2020.Flinders made his debut for the England national under-20 team in a 3–0 win over South Korea on 6 June 2005. He finished his under-20 career with five caps, all earned in 2005.Flinders is married with one son.Macclesfield TownIndividual
|
[
"Gillingham F.C.",
"England national under-20 association football team",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Falkirk F.C.",
"Yeovil Town F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"York City F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Scott Flinders play for in 27-Feb-201227-February-2012?
|
February 27, 2012
|
{
"text": [
"Hartlepool United F.C."
]
}
|
L2_Q7436338_P54_8
|
Scott Flinders plays for Falkirk F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for Gillingham F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for Yeovil Town F.C. from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Scott Flinders plays for England national under-20 association football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005.
Scott Flinders plays for Hartlepool United F.C. from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2015.
Scott Flinders plays for Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007.
Scott Flinders plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2006.
Scott Flinders plays for Crystal Palace F.C. from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2009.
Scott Flinders plays for York City F.C. from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
|
Scott FlindersScott Liam Flinders (born 12 June 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Cheltenham Town.Flinders has played for Barnsley, Crystal Palace, Gillingham, Brighton & Hove Albion, Yeovil Town, Blackpool, Falkirk, Hartlepool United, York City and Macclesfield Town. He has also played for the England national under-20 team.Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Flinders started out at Barnsley, making his first-team debut in 2005, when he replaced the injured Ross Turnbull in the Barnsley goal. He made an instant impression, and played eleven matches in the next three months.In the 2005–06 season, he was picked to play for a "Football League XI", in a match against their Italian counterparts. He went back to being second choice at Barnsley, this time to Nick Colgan and was an unused substitute in Barnsley's play-off final win against Swansea City. Because of this, he only made a few more league and cup appearances in which he again impressed, leading to trials at Chelsea and Wigan Athletic. Flinders moved to Crystal Palace as part of a deal that took Sam Togwell to Barnsley in the summer of 2006.Flinders' transfer fee from Barnsley to Palace was believed to be for £250,000 but with a potential to rise to £1 million depending on appearances.Flinders made his competitive debut for Palace in a League Cup tie with Notts County, playing the full match as Palace were beaten 2–1. This would be his last appearance before going on loan to League One club Gillingham, where he made his debut in a 2–1 away win against Doncaster Rovers on 9 September 2006. His loan with Gillingham was extended for a second month, but this extended loan did not last its full spell. He returned to the Crystal Palace bench by 28 October.For the next match, a trip to Sheffield Wednesday, Flinders made his league debut with The Eagles, while Gábor Király was dropped to the bench for a match which ended in a 3–2 defeat. This was quickly followed by a match at Loftus Road, against Queens Park Rangers, which ended in a 4–2 loss, after which he was dropped, not returning until late December.On 20 February 2007, Flinders was sent out on loan again. He signed for Palace's rivals, Brighton & Hove Albion, after their first choice goalkeeper Michel Kuipers was injured. He made his Seagulls debut at his previous club Gillingham, a match which his new team won 1–0.Flinders was sent out on loan again in February 2008, this time to Yeovil Town, after their first choice goalkeeper Steve Mildenhall was injured. However, despite Yeovil signing him for further month loan period, on 27 March, Championship club Blackpool signed him on loan until the end of the season as competition for first-choice keeper, Paul Rachubka. With Blackpool's next match being an away match at Crystal Palace he was not allowed to make his debut for the club until after that match. However, his loan period finished without him making an appearance for Blackpool.In August 2008, Flinders signed for Scottish Premier League club Falkirk on loan until January 2009, and he returned to Palace at the end of this spell. Flinders was released by Crystal Palace on 6 May 2009.On 26 June 2009, Flinders signed for League One club Hartlepool United. He played every minute of the 2009–10 season for Hartlepool in both league and cup, the next season he was limited to 26 league appearances due to an injury in mid-September which ruled him out until February which saw Pools boss Mick Wadsworth draft in Blackburn Rovers goalkeeper Jake Kean on loan to cover for Flinders.Flinders became the first ever goalkeeper to score a goal from open play for Hartlepool when his 94th-minute header against AFC Bournemouth on 30 April 2011 gained a point for his employers on the last home match of the season. He nearly scored in consecutive home matches for the club when against Walsall on 13 August 2011, when his 5th minute clearance from 70 yards bounced over Saddlers' keeper Jimmy Walker only for striker Colin Nish to tap in on the line for Nish's first Hartlepool goal.Flinders signed a new contract with the club in May 2011. Flinders was nominated for League One's Player of the Month for September 2011, along with Hartlepool manager Mick Wadsworth being nominated for Manager of the Month, after conceding only two goals in four matches which saw his team win all four matches. However, he was unsuccessful as Preston North End striker Neil Mellor won the accolade.In January 2013, Hartlepool manager John Hughes revealed to the "Hartlepool Mail" that clubs in the higher divisions were looking to sign Flinders with Hughes saying "I know there are a lot of clubs looking at big Scotty. It's no surprise others are looking at him and we're just grateful and thankful that he's in goal for Hartlepool. The way he conducts himself in his training and preparation and his values are first class."On April 2013, prior to Hartlepool's final home match of the season, Flinders was voted Player's Player, Supporter's Player and Away Player of the Year for the 2012–13 campaign. Twelve days later, it was announced that Flinders had won the "Hartlepool Mail" SportsMail Player of the Year Award.After a 0–0 draw against Portsmouth in December 2013, Flinders broke a club record for the most clean sheets in the league for Hartlepool. Flinders became the first ever Hartlepool goalkeeper to make 200 Football League appearances for the club after a 4–0 win against Bristol Rovers in March 2014.In the 2014–15 season, Flinders captained Hartlepool to their 'great escape' from relegation to the National League. Flinders played his last game for Hartlepool in a 3–3 draw against Carlisle United.On 23 June 2015, Flinders signed for Hartlepool's League Two rivals York City on a one-year contract, with the option of a further year. He made his debut in the opening match of 2015–16, a 3–0 defeat away to Wycombe Wanderers on 8 August 2015. He made 48 appearances in 2015–16, as York were relegated into the National League with a 24th-place finish in League Two. York had the second-poorest defensive record with 87 goals conceded; however, Dave Flett of "The Press" defended Flinders, arguing that "without his saves, the club would have collected even fewer points". York exercised their option to extend his contract for 2016–17.On 23 August 2016, Flinders was suspended for five matches by the Football Association (FA) after being found guilty of racial abuse during a match against AFC Wimbledon on 19 March 2016. He was also fined £1,250 and ordered to attend an education course. Flinders was swiftly suspended by York, being told to stay away from the club completely. In September 2016, the suspension was lifted by the club and Flinders returned to training, although he had lost his place in the team to new signing Kyle Letheren. Shortly after, Flinders was found guilty of racial abuse by the FA regulatory commission, having told AFC Wimbledon player Lyle Taylor that his wife "doesn't like your kind", after Taylor grabbed Flinders' testicles and goaded him.On 20 September 2016, Flinders joined York's National League rivals Macclesfield Town on a 28-day loan until 18 October. He made his debut four days later when starting their 2–1 away win over Guiseley, finishing the loan with five appearances. Macclesfield wanted to extend his loan, but did not have the funds to do so. Flinders again lost his place in the York team in November 2016, and left the club by mutual consent on 5 January 2017.On 6 January 2017, Flinders signed for Macclesfield Town permanently on a contract until the end of the 2016–17 season. He helped Macclesfield Town reach the 2017 FA Trophy Final but ended up on the losing side, suffering a 3–2 loss against York City. He was released at the end of the season.Flinders signed for League Two club Cheltenham Town on 31 August 2017. After a few months he agreed a new contract with the club that would keep him at Cheltenham until the summer of 2019. In May 2019 he signed another new contract which extended his stay until the summer of 2021.On 4 January 2020, he suffered a broken leg during a 3–0 home win over Oldham Athletic. After nine months on the sidelines, he returned to the team in an EFL Trophy group stage win over Plymouth Argyle in October 2020.Flinders made his debut for the England national under-20 team in a 3–0 win over South Korea on 6 June 2005. He finished his under-20 career with five caps, all earned in 2005.Flinders is married with one son.Macclesfield TownIndividual
|
[
"Gillingham F.C.",
"England national under-20 association football team",
"Crystal Palace F.C.",
"Falkirk F.C.",
"Yeovil Town F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.",
"Barnsley F.C.",
"York City F.C."
] |
|
Which employer did John Pople work for in Jun, 2003?
|
June 07, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Northwestern University"
]
}
|
L2_Q233973_P108_3
|
John Pople works for National Physical Laboratory from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961.
John Pople works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1993.
John Pople works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.
John Pople works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1958.
|
John PopleSir John Anthony Pople (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, and attended the Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons.After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge. In 1958, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:Pople's early paper on the statistical mechanics of water, according to Michael J. Frisch, "remained the standard for many years. This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones.In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" with W.G. Schneider and H.J. Bernstein.He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital (MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules, and other developments in computational chemistry. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book "Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory" describing these methods.Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program. Prof. Pople's departure from Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book "Ab initio molecular orbital theory" by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School, as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Carnegie Mellon University",
"National Physical Laboratory"
] |
|
Which employer did John Pople work for in 2003-06-07?
|
June 07, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Northwestern University"
]
}
|
L2_Q233973_P108_3
|
John Pople works for National Physical Laboratory from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961.
John Pople works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1993.
John Pople works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.
John Pople works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1958.
|
John PopleSir John Anthony Pople (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, and attended the Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons.After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge. In 1958, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:Pople's early paper on the statistical mechanics of water, according to Michael J. Frisch, "remained the standard for many years. This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones.In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" with W.G. Schneider and H.J. Bernstein.He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital (MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules, and other developments in computational chemistry. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book "Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory" describing these methods.Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program. Prof. Pople's departure from Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book "Ab initio molecular orbital theory" by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School, as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Carnegie Mellon University",
"National Physical Laboratory"
] |
|
Which employer did John Pople work for in 07/06/2003?
|
June 07, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Northwestern University"
]
}
|
L2_Q233973_P108_3
|
John Pople works for National Physical Laboratory from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961.
John Pople works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1993.
John Pople works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.
John Pople works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1958.
|
John PopleSir John Anthony Pople (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, and attended the Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons.After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge. In 1958, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:Pople's early paper on the statistical mechanics of water, according to Michael J. Frisch, "remained the standard for many years. This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones.In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" with W.G. Schneider and H.J. Bernstein.He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital (MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules, and other developments in computational chemistry. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book "Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory" describing these methods.Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program. Prof. Pople's departure from Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book "Ab initio molecular orbital theory" by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School, as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Carnegie Mellon University",
"National Physical Laboratory"
] |
|
Which employer did John Pople work for in Jun 07, 2003?
|
June 07, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Northwestern University"
]
}
|
L2_Q233973_P108_3
|
John Pople works for National Physical Laboratory from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961.
John Pople works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1993.
John Pople works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.
John Pople works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1958.
|
John PopleSir John Anthony Pople (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, and attended the Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons.After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge. In 1958, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:Pople's early paper on the statistical mechanics of water, according to Michael J. Frisch, "remained the standard for many years. This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones.In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" with W.G. Schneider and H.J. Bernstein.He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital (MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules, and other developments in computational chemistry. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book "Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory" describing these methods.Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program. Prof. Pople's departure from Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book "Ab initio molecular orbital theory" by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School, as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Carnegie Mellon University",
"National Physical Laboratory"
] |
|
Which employer did John Pople work for in 06/07/2003?
|
June 07, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Northwestern University"
]
}
|
L2_Q233973_P108_3
|
John Pople works for National Physical Laboratory from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961.
John Pople works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1993.
John Pople works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.
John Pople works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1958.
|
John PopleSir John Anthony Pople (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, and attended the Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons.After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge. In 1958, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:Pople's early paper on the statistical mechanics of water, according to Michael J. Frisch, "remained the standard for many years. This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones.In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" with W.G. Schneider and H.J. Bernstein.He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital (MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules, and other developments in computational chemistry. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book "Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory" describing these methods.Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program. Prof. Pople's departure from Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book "Ab initio molecular orbital theory" by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School, as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Carnegie Mellon University",
"National Physical Laboratory"
] |
|
Which employer did John Pople work for in 07-Jun-200307-June-2003?
|
June 07, 2003
|
{
"text": [
"Northwestern University"
]
}
|
L2_Q233973_P108_3
|
John Pople works for National Physical Laboratory from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1961.
John Pople works for Carnegie Mellon University from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1993.
John Pople works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2004.
John Pople works for University of Cambridge from Jan, 1954 to Jan, 1958.
|
John PopleSir John Anthony Pople (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, and attended the Bristol Grammar School. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946. Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company. He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons.After obtaining his PhD, he was a research fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge. In 1958, he moved to the National Physical Laboratory, near London as head of the new basics physics division. He moved to the United States of America in 1964, where he lived the rest of his life, though he retained British citizenship. Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist, but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number. In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962. In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death.Pople's major scientific contributions were in four different areas:Pople's early paper on the statistical mechanics of water, according to Michael J. Frisch, "remained the standard for many years. This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones.In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook "High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" with W.G. Schneider and H.J. Bernstein.He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital (MO) calculations, starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G. Parr on pi electron systems, and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. Subsequently, he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO) (in 1965) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules, and other developments in computational chemistry. In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book "Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory" describing these methods.Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods, called ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function. While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform, the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today. He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages, the Gaussian suite of programs, including coauthorship of the first version, Gaussian 70. One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules. His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 (G1) and Gaussian-2 (G2). In 1991, Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed (with others) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program. Prof. Pople's departure from Gaussian, along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists, including himself, from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community.The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book "Ab initio molecular orbital theory" by Warren Hehre, Leo Radom, Paul v.R. Schleyer and Pople.Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1961. He was made a Knight Commander (KBE) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School, as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002. Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004. He was survived by his daughter Hilary, and sons Adrian, Mark and Andrew. In accordance with his wishes, Pople's Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009.
|
[
"University of Cambridge",
"Carnegie Mellon University",
"National Physical Laboratory"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Baring Wall hold in Dec, 1839?
|
December 16, 1839
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q21165490_P39_7
|
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Aug, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Oct, 1853.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
|
Charles Baring WallCharles Baring Wall (1795 – 14 October 1853) was at various stages throughout the 19th century the Member of Parliament for Guildford, Wareham, Weymouth and Salisbury. Wall was initially a Conservative but shifted to the Whigs as an MP for Guildford. He then belonged to the Peelite faction and died while MP for Salisbury.He was the son of Charles Wall and Harriet Baring. His maternal grandfather was Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.He did not marry. His property included the Norman Court estate, straddling the Hampshire/Wiltshire border.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Baring Wall hold in 1839-12-16?
|
December 16, 1839
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q21165490_P39_7
|
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Aug, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Oct, 1853.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
|
Charles Baring WallCharles Baring Wall (1795 – 14 October 1853) was at various stages throughout the 19th century the Member of Parliament for Guildford, Wareham, Weymouth and Salisbury. Wall was initially a Conservative but shifted to the Whigs as an MP for Guildford. He then belonged to the Peelite faction and died while MP for Salisbury.He was the son of Charles Wall and Harriet Baring. His maternal grandfather was Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.He did not marry. His property included the Norman Court estate, straddling the Hampshire/Wiltshire border.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Baring Wall hold in 16/12/1839?
|
December 16, 1839
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q21165490_P39_7
|
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Aug, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Oct, 1853.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
|
Charles Baring WallCharles Baring Wall (1795 – 14 October 1853) was at various stages throughout the 19th century the Member of Parliament for Guildford, Wareham, Weymouth and Salisbury. Wall was initially a Conservative but shifted to the Whigs as an MP for Guildford. He then belonged to the Peelite faction and died while MP for Salisbury.He was the son of Charles Wall and Harriet Baring. His maternal grandfather was Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.He did not marry. His property included the Norman Court estate, straddling the Hampshire/Wiltshire border.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Baring Wall hold in Dec 16, 1839?
|
December 16, 1839
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q21165490_P39_7
|
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Aug, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Oct, 1853.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
|
Charles Baring WallCharles Baring Wall (1795 – 14 October 1853) was at various stages throughout the 19th century the Member of Parliament for Guildford, Wareham, Weymouth and Salisbury. Wall was initially a Conservative but shifted to the Whigs as an MP for Guildford. He then belonged to the Peelite faction and died while MP for Salisbury.He was the son of Charles Wall and Harriet Baring. His maternal grandfather was Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.He did not marry. His property included the Norman Court estate, straddling the Hampshire/Wiltshire border.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Baring Wall hold in 12/16/1839?
|
December 16, 1839
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q21165490_P39_7
|
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Aug, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Oct, 1853.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
|
Charles Baring WallCharles Baring Wall (1795 – 14 October 1853) was at various stages throughout the 19th century the Member of Parliament for Guildford, Wareham, Weymouth and Salisbury. Wall was initially a Conservative but shifted to the Whigs as an MP for Guildford. He then belonged to the Peelite faction and died while MP for Salisbury.He was the son of Charles Wall and Harriet Baring. His maternal grandfather was Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.He did not marry. His property included the Norman Court estate, straddling the Hampshire/Wiltshire border.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Charles Baring Wall hold in 16-Dec-183916-December-1839?
|
December 16, 1839
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q21165490_P39_7
|
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Aug, 1831 to Dec, 1832.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1852 to Oct, 1853.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1837 to Jun, 1841.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1819 to Feb, 1820.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1832 to Dec, 1834.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1847 to Jul, 1852.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1835 to Jul, 1837.
Charles Baring Wall holds the position of Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1841 to Jul, 1847.
|
Charles Baring WallCharles Baring Wall (1795 – 14 October 1853) was at various stages throughout the 19th century the Member of Parliament for Guildford, Wareham, Weymouth and Salisbury. Wall was initially a Conservative but shifted to the Whigs as an MP for Guildford. He then belonged to the Peelite faction and died while MP for Salisbury.He was the son of Charles Wall and Harriet Baring. His maternal grandfather was Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.He did not marry. His property included the Norman Court estate, straddling the Hampshire/Wiltshire border.
|
[
"Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 14th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 15th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet hold in Jan, 1922?
|
January 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7528711_P39_3
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st BaronetSir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet (6 March 1844 – 4 November 1929) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who set in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1906 to 1922. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Partick from 1906 to 1918, and for or Glasgow Partick from 1918 to 1922.He was born in Pilmuir, Largo, Fife in 1844, a son of James Balfour. He was educated at Madras College in St Andrews. He married Josephine Maria Beazley of Liverpool. They had two sons.In 1863 he joined the merchant firm Balfour, Williamson & Co. From 1869 to 1893, he was stationed in San Francisco. From 1893 to 1899 he was based in Liverpool and then in London from 1899.In 1906 he was elected Member of Parliament in Glasgow;He was re-elected at the following election;He was re-elected at the following election;At the following General Election in 1918, he supported the Coalition government of Lloyd George, and was awarded the 'coupon';He retired from parliament just before the 1922 General Election.He was created a Baronet on 3 February 1911. The baronetcy became extinct on his death in 1929.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet hold in 1922-01-18?
|
January 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7528711_P39_3
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st BaronetSir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet (6 March 1844 – 4 November 1929) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who set in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1906 to 1922. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Partick from 1906 to 1918, and for or Glasgow Partick from 1918 to 1922.He was born in Pilmuir, Largo, Fife in 1844, a son of James Balfour. He was educated at Madras College in St Andrews. He married Josephine Maria Beazley of Liverpool. They had two sons.In 1863 he joined the merchant firm Balfour, Williamson & Co. From 1869 to 1893, he was stationed in San Francisco. From 1893 to 1899 he was based in Liverpool and then in London from 1899.In 1906 he was elected Member of Parliament in Glasgow;He was re-elected at the following election;He was re-elected at the following election;At the following General Election in 1918, he supported the Coalition government of Lloyd George, and was awarded the 'coupon';He retired from parliament just before the 1922 General Election.He was created a Baronet on 3 February 1911. The baronetcy became extinct on his death in 1929.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet hold in 18/01/1922?
|
January 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7528711_P39_3
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st BaronetSir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet (6 March 1844 – 4 November 1929) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who set in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1906 to 1922. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Partick from 1906 to 1918, and for or Glasgow Partick from 1918 to 1922.He was born in Pilmuir, Largo, Fife in 1844, a son of James Balfour. He was educated at Madras College in St Andrews. He married Josephine Maria Beazley of Liverpool. They had two sons.In 1863 he joined the merchant firm Balfour, Williamson & Co. From 1869 to 1893, he was stationed in San Francisco. From 1893 to 1899 he was based in Liverpool and then in London from 1899.In 1906 he was elected Member of Parliament in Glasgow;He was re-elected at the following election;He was re-elected at the following election;At the following General Election in 1918, he supported the Coalition government of Lloyd George, and was awarded the 'coupon';He retired from parliament just before the 1922 General Election.He was created a Baronet on 3 February 1911. The baronetcy became extinct on his death in 1929.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet hold in Jan 18, 1922?
|
January 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7528711_P39_3
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st BaronetSir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet (6 March 1844 – 4 November 1929) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who set in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1906 to 1922. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Partick from 1906 to 1918, and for or Glasgow Partick from 1918 to 1922.He was born in Pilmuir, Largo, Fife in 1844, a son of James Balfour. He was educated at Madras College in St Andrews. He married Josephine Maria Beazley of Liverpool. They had two sons.In 1863 he joined the merchant firm Balfour, Williamson & Co. From 1869 to 1893, he was stationed in San Francisco. From 1893 to 1899 he was based in Liverpool and then in London from 1899.In 1906 he was elected Member of Parliament in Glasgow;He was re-elected at the following election;He was re-elected at the following election;At the following General Election in 1918, he supported the Coalition government of Lloyd George, and was awarded the 'coupon';He retired from parliament just before the 1922 General Election.He was created a Baronet on 3 February 1911. The baronetcy became extinct on his death in 1929.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet hold in 01/18/1922?
|
January 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7528711_P39_3
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st BaronetSir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet (6 March 1844 – 4 November 1929) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who set in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1906 to 1922. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Partick from 1906 to 1918, and for or Glasgow Partick from 1918 to 1922.He was born in Pilmuir, Largo, Fife in 1844, a son of James Balfour. He was educated at Madras College in St Andrews. He married Josephine Maria Beazley of Liverpool. They had two sons.In 1863 he joined the merchant firm Balfour, Williamson & Co. From 1869 to 1893, he was stationed in San Francisco. From 1893 to 1899 he was based in Liverpool and then in London from 1899.In 1906 he was elected Member of Parliament in Glasgow;He was re-elected at the following election;He was re-elected at the following election;At the following General Election in 1918, he supported the Coalition government of Lloyd George, and was awarded the 'coupon';He retired from parliament just before the 1922 General Election.He was created a Baronet on 3 February 1911. The baronetcy became extinct on his death in 1929.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet hold in 18-Jan-192218-January-1922?
|
January 18, 1922
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7528711_P39_3
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1906 to Jan, 1910.
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
|
Sir Robert Balfour, 1st BaronetSir Robert Balfour, 1st Baronet (6 March 1844 – 4 November 1929) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who set in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1906 to 1922. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Partick from 1906 to 1918, and for or Glasgow Partick from 1918 to 1922.He was born in Pilmuir, Largo, Fife in 1844, a son of James Balfour. He was educated at Madras College in St Andrews. He married Josephine Maria Beazley of Liverpool. They had two sons.In 1863 he joined the merchant firm Balfour, Williamson & Co. From 1869 to 1893, he was stationed in San Francisco. From 1893 to 1899 he was based in Liverpool and then in London from 1899.In 1906 he was elected Member of Parliament in Glasgow;He was re-elected at the following election;He was re-elected at the following election;At the following General Election in 1918, he supported the Coalition government of Lloyd George, and was awarded the 'coupon';He retired from parliament just before the 1922 General Election.He was created a Baronet on 3 February 1911. The baronetcy became extinct on his death in 1929.
|
[
"Member of the 28th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Albert Roberts hold in Sep, 1952?
|
September 30, 1952
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4711120_P39_0
|
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
|
Albert Roberts (British politician)Albert Roberts (14 May 1908 – 11 May 2000) was a British Labour politician.Roberts was educated at Whitwood Technical College and worked as a mining engineer and mines inspector for the Yorkshire Safety Board 1941–51. He was elected a councillor on Rothwell Urban District Council 1937–51, serving as chair in 1948.Roberts was Member of Parliament for Normanton from 1951 to 1983. His career was controversial for his support for Francisco Franco, his relationship with the corrupt architect John Poulson and his regular votes in favour of capital punishment. His successor was Bill O'Brien.He was vice-chairman of the British branch of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Albert Roberts hold in 1952-09-30?
|
September 30, 1952
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4711120_P39_0
|
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
|
Albert Roberts (British politician)Albert Roberts (14 May 1908 – 11 May 2000) was a British Labour politician.Roberts was educated at Whitwood Technical College and worked as a mining engineer and mines inspector for the Yorkshire Safety Board 1941–51. He was elected a councillor on Rothwell Urban District Council 1937–51, serving as chair in 1948.Roberts was Member of Parliament for Normanton from 1951 to 1983. His career was controversial for his support for Francisco Franco, his relationship with the corrupt architect John Poulson and his regular votes in favour of capital punishment. His successor was Bill O'Brien.He was vice-chairman of the British branch of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Albert Roberts hold in 30/09/1952?
|
September 30, 1952
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4711120_P39_0
|
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
|
Albert Roberts (British politician)Albert Roberts (14 May 1908 – 11 May 2000) was a British Labour politician.Roberts was educated at Whitwood Technical College and worked as a mining engineer and mines inspector for the Yorkshire Safety Board 1941–51. He was elected a councillor on Rothwell Urban District Council 1937–51, serving as chair in 1948.Roberts was Member of Parliament for Normanton from 1951 to 1983. His career was controversial for his support for Francisco Franco, his relationship with the corrupt architect John Poulson and his regular votes in favour of capital punishment. His successor was Bill O'Brien.He was vice-chairman of the British branch of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Albert Roberts hold in Sep 30, 1952?
|
September 30, 1952
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4711120_P39_0
|
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
|
Albert Roberts (British politician)Albert Roberts (14 May 1908 – 11 May 2000) was a British Labour politician.Roberts was educated at Whitwood Technical College and worked as a mining engineer and mines inspector for the Yorkshire Safety Board 1941–51. He was elected a councillor on Rothwell Urban District Council 1937–51, serving as chair in 1948.Roberts was Member of Parliament for Normanton from 1951 to 1983. His career was controversial for his support for Francisco Franco, his relationship with the corrupt architect John Poulson and his regular votes in favour of capital punishment. His successor was Bill O'Brien.He was vice-chairman of the British branch of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Albert Roberts hold in 09/30/1952?
|
September 30, 1952
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4711120_P39_0
|
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
|
Albert Roberts (British politician)Albert Roberts (14 May 1908 – 11 May 2000) was a British Labour politician.Roberts was educated at Whitwood Technical College and worked as a mining engineer and mines inspector for the Yorkshire Safety Board 1941–51. He was elected a councillor on Rothwell Urban District Council 1937–51, serving as chair in 1948.Roberts was Member of Parliament for Normanton from 1951 to 1983. His career was controversial for his support for Francisco Franco, his relationship with the corrupt architect John Poulson and his regular votes in favour of capital punishment. His successor was Bill O'Brien.He was vice-chairman of the British branch of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Albert Roberts hold in 30-Sep-195230-September-1952?
|
September 30, 1952
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4711120_P39_0
|
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1966 to May, 1970.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1970 to Feb, 1974.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Sep, 1964.
Albert Roberts holds the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1964 to Mar, 1966.
|
Albert Roberts (British politician)Albert Roberts (14 May 1908 – 11 May 2000) was a British Labour politician.Roberts was educated at Whitwood Technical College and worked as a mining engineer and mines inspector for the Yorkshire Safety Board 1941–51. He was elected a councillor on Rothwell Urban District Council 1937–51, serving as chair in 1948.Roberts was Member of Parliament for Normanton from 1951 to 1983. His career was controversial for his support for Francisco Franco, his relationship with the corrupt architect John Poulson and his regular votes in favour of capital punishment. His successor was Bill O'Brien.He was vice-chairman of the British branch of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
|
[
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which team did Ángel Bernuncio play for in Jun, 1990?
|
June 09, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"Club Atlético Lanús"
]
}
|
L2_Q8076806_P54_1
|
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Textil Mandiyú from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for San Lorenzo de Almagro from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Toros Neza from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Barcelona S.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Necaxa from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Juventud Antoniana from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Atlético Lanús from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
|
Ángel BernuncioRamón Ángel Bernuncio Almaraz (born 15 June 1965 in Buenos Aires), also known as Ángel Bernuncio, is a retired Argentine football midfielder who played for several clubs in Argentina and Mexico, including San Lorenzo, Lanús and Club Necaxa. Bernuncio has managed several clubs after finishing his playing career, including Club Almagro, Barcelona S.C. and Tigres de la UANL. Actually is DT of Club Atlético All Boys.
|
[
"Toros Neza",
"Club Necaxa",
"San Lorenzo de Almagro",
"Textil Mandiyú",
"Club Olimpo",
"Juventud Antoniana",
"Barcelona S.C."
] |
|
Which team did Ángel Bernuncio play for in 1990-06-09?
|
June 09, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"Club Atlético Lanús"
]
}
|
L2_Q8076806_P54_1
|
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Textil Mandiyú from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for San Lorenzo de Almagro from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Toros Neza from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Barcelona S.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Necaxa from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Juventud Antoniana from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Atlético Lanús from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
|
Ángel BernuncioRamón Ángel Bernuncio Almaraz (born 15 June 1965 in Buenos Aires), also known as Ángel Bernuncio, is a retired Argentine football midfielder who played for several clubs in Argentina and Mexico, including San Lorenzo, Lanús and Club Necaxa. Bernuncio has managed several clubs after finishing his playing career, including Club Almagro, Barcelona S.C. and Tigres de la UANL. Actually is DT of Club Atlético All Boys.
|
[
"Toros Neza",
"Club Necaxa",
"San Lorenzo de Almagro",
"Textil Mandiyú",
"Club Olimpo",
"Juventud Antoniana",
"Barcelona S.C."
] |
|
Which team did Ángel Bernuncio play for in 09/06/1990?
|
June 09, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"Club Atlético Lanús"
]
}
|
L2_Q8076806_P54_1
|
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Textil Mandiyú from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for San Lorenzo de Almagro from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Toros Neza from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Barcelona S.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Necaxa from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Juventud Antoniana from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Atlético Lanús from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
|
Ángel BernuncioRamón Ángel Bernuncio Almaraz (born 15 June 1965 in Buenos Aires), also known as Ángel Bernuncio, is a retired Argentine football midfielder who played for several clubs in Argentina and Mexico, including San Lorenzo, Lanús and Club Necaxa. Bernuncio has managed several clubs after finishing his playing career, including Club Almagro, Barcelona S.C. and Tigres de la UANL. Actually is DT of Club Atlético All Boys.
|
[
"Toros Neza",
"Club Necaxa",
"San Lorenzo de Almagro",
"Textil Mandiyú",
"Club Olimpo",
"Juventud Antoniana",
"Barcelona S.C."
] |
|
Which team did Ángel Bernuncio play for in Jun 09, 1990?
|
June 09, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"Club Atlético Lanús"
]
}
|
L2_Q8076806_P54_1
|
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Textil Mandiyú from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for San Lorenzo de Almagro from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Toros Neza from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Barcelona S.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Necaxa from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Juventud Antoniana from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Atlético Lanús from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
|
Ángel BernuncioRamón Ángel Bernuncio Almaraz (born 15 June 1965 in Buenos Aires), also known as Ángel Bernuncio, is a retired Argentine football midfielder who played for several clubs in Argentina and Mexico, including San Lorenzo, Lanús and Club Necaxa. Bernuncio has managed several clubs after finishing his playing career, including Club Almagro, Barcelona S.C. and Tigres de la UANL. Actually is DT of Club Atlético All Boys.
|
[
"Toros Neza",
"Club Necaxa",
"San Lorenzo de Almagro",
"Textil Mandiyú",
"Club Olimpo",
"Juventud Antoniana",
"Barcelona S.C."
] |
|
Which team did Ángel Bernuncio play for in 06/09/1990?
|
June 09, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"Club Atlético Lanús"
]
}
|
L2_Q8076806_P54_1
|
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Textil Mandiyú from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for San Lorenzo de Almagro from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Toros Neza from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Barcelona S.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Necaxa from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Juventud Antoniana from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Atlético Lanús from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
|
Ángel BernuncioRamón Ángel Bernuncio Almaraz (born 15 June 1965 in Buenos Aires), also known as Ángel Bernuncio, is a retired Argentine football midfielder who played for several clubs in Argentina and Mexico, including San Lorenzo, Lanús and Club Necaxa. Bernuncio has managed several clubs after finishing his playing career, including Club Almagro, Barcelona S.C. and Tigres de la UANL. Actually is DT of Club Atlético All Boys.
|
[
"Toros Neza",
"Club Necaxa",
"San Lorenzo de Almagro",
"Textil Mandiyú",
"Club Olimpo",
"Juventud Antoniana",
"Barcelona S.C."
] |
|
Which team did Ángel Bernuncio play for in 09-Jun-199009-June-1990?
|
June 09, 1990
|
{
"text": [
"Club Atlético Lanús"
]
}
|
L2_Q8076806_P54_1
|
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Textil Mandiyú from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for San Lorenzo de Almagro from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1990.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Olimpo from Jan, 1996 to Jan, 1997.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Toros Neza from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Barcelona S.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1992.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Necaxa from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Juventud Antoniana from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 1999.
Ángel Bernuncio plays for Club Atlético Lanús from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991.
|
Ángel BernuncioRamón Ángel Bernuncio Almaraz (born 15 June 1965 in Buenos Aires), also known as Ángel Bernuncio, is a retired Argentine football midfielder who played for several clubs in Argentina and Mexico, including San Lorenzo, Lanús and Club Necaxa. Bernuncio has managed several clubs after finishing his playing career, including Club Almagro, Barcelona S.C. and Tigres de la UANL. Actually is DT of Club Atlético All Boys.
|
[
"Toros Neza",
"Club Necaxa",
"San Lorenzo de Almagro",
"Textil Mandiyú",
"Club Olimpo",
"Juventud Antoniana",
"Barcelona S.C."
] |
|
Who was the head of Hamburg in Nov, 1937?
|
November 26, 1937
|
{
"text": [
"Carl Vincent Krogmann"
]
}
|
L2_Q1055_P6_0
|
Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2011 to Mar, 2018.
Ole von Beust is the head of the government of Hamburg from Oct, 2001 to Aug, 2010.
Klaus von Dohnanyi is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1981 to Jun, 1988.
Kurt Sieveking is the head of the government of Hamburg from Dec, 1953 to Nov, 1957.
Hans-Ulrich Klose is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1974 to May, 1981.
Peter Tschentscher is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Paul Nevermann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jan, 1961 to Jun, 1965.
Henning Voscherau is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1988 to Oct, 1997.
Ortwin Runde is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1997 to Oct, 2001.
Max Brauer is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1946 to Dec, 1953.
Christoph Ahlhaus is the head of the government of Hamburg from Aug, 2010 to Mar, 2011.
Rudolf Petersen is the head of the government of Hamburg from May, 1945 to Nov, 1946.
Peter Schulz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1971 to Nov, 1974.
Herbert Weichmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1965 to Jun, 1971.
Carl Vincent Krogmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 1933 to May, 1945.
|
HamburgHamburg (, , ; ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (; ), is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 7th largest city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million and its metropolitan area is home to more than five million people. The city lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries, the River Alster and the River Bille. One of Germany's 16 federated states, Hamburg is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south.The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign city state, and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or . Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.Hamburg is Europe's third largest port, after Rotterdam and Antwerp. Major regional broadcaster NDR, the printing and publishing firm and the newspapers and are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, , , , and Unilever. Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as and the G20. Both former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, were born in Hamburg.Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination. The and were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the and concert halls. It gave birth to movements like and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's is among the best-known European entertainment districts.Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharhörn, and Nigehörn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg.The neighborhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the "Altes Land" (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at AMSL. Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies. Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred, the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of . The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of .Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva.The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name "Hammaburg", "burg" meaning castle or fort. The origin of the "Hamma" term remains uncertain, but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Domplatz.In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants. In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg. This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a "hanse" in London. This was the first time in history that the word "hanse" was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League.In 1270, the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg, "Jordan von Boitzenburg", wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the "Ordeelbook" ("Ordeel": sentence). On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: "Rezeß", literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first constitution of Hamburg.In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France.When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" ("Neustadt") whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (mediatised), but became a sovereign state with the official title of the "Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg". Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866).In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.After periodic political unrest, particularly in 1848, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port. The Hamburg-America Line, with Albert Ballin as its director, became the world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.In Nazi Germany (1933–1945), Hamburg was a "Gau" from 1934 until 1945. During the Second World War, Hamburg suffered a series of Allied air raids which devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, Royal Air Force (RAF) and United States Army Air Force (USAAF) firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the "Hauptbahnhof" (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook, Billbrook and Hamm South. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known.About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg.At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels by the RAF at the end of the war.Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps. Most deported persons perished in the Holocaust. By the end of 1942 the "Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg" was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the Reichssicherheitshauptamt dissolved the "Reichsvereinigung" by a decree. The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt, where most of them perished.Hamburg surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945, three days after Adolf Hitler's death. After the Second World War, Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation; it became a state of the then Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.From 1960 to 1962, the Beatles launched their career by playing in various music clubs like the Star Club in the city.On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.The Inner German border – only east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic states into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of . The population density was . The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to 5,107,429 living on .There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig Holstein, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246). Immigrants come from 200 different countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as followsLike elsewhere in Germany, Standard German is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is Low German, usually referred to as "Hamborger Platt" (German "Hamburger Platt") or "Hamborgsch". Since large-scale standardization of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-colored dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such Missingsch varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois "Hanseatendeutsch" (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation. All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the famous sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.Less than half of the residents of Hamburg are members of an organized religious group.In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the Roman Catholic Church. 65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions.According to the publication "Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland" ("Muslim life in Germany") estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (counting in nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008. About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in the number of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg. There are several mosques, including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque, which is the oldest in the city, the Islamic Centre Hamburg, and a Jewish community.The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to the one of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the Hamburg Rathaus (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament. From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust, who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party. Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on November, 28. 2010. On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition.Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: "Bezirke") and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: "Stadtteile"). There are 181 localities (German: "Ortsteile"). The urban organization is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws. Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona, Harburg and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg. The "Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg" established Hamburg as a state and a municipality. Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: "Bezirksversammlung") and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: "Bezirksamtsleiter"). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate. The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.In 2008, the boroughs were Hamburg-Mitte, Altona, Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Nord, Wandsbek, Bergedorf and Harburg."Hamburg-Mitte" ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof and Wilhelmsburg. The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg."Altona" is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Bahrenfeld, Ottensen, Othmarschen, Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, Lurup, Nienstedten, Blankenese, Iserbrook, Sülldorf, Rissen, Sternschanze."Bergedorf" consists of the quarters Allermöhe, Altengamme, Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, Billwerder, Curslack, Kirchwerder, Lohbrügge, Moorfleet, Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, Ochsenwerder, Reitbrook, Spadenland and Tatenberg."Eimsbüttel" is split into nine-quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Rotherbaum, Schnelsen and Stellingen. Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel."Hamburg-Nord" contains the quarters Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery, Uhlenhorst and Winterhude."Harburg" lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are Altenwerder, Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, Gut Moor, Harburg, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Moorburg, Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf and Wilstorf."Wandsbek" is divided into the quarters Bergstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Eilbek, Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, Jenfeld, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Tonndorf, Volksdorf, Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no skyscrapers (see List of tallest buildings in Hamburg). Churches are important landmarks, such as St Nicholas', which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches ("Hauptkirchen") St Michael's (nicknamed "Michel"), St Peter's, St James's ("St. Jacobi") and St. Catherine's covered with copper plates, and the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).The many streams, rivers and canals are crossed by some 2,500 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam and Venice put together. Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world. The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, and Lombardsbrücke and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.The town hall is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897.The tower is high. Its façade, long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor. The Chilehaus, a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the HafenCity, will house about 10,000 inhabitants and 15,000 workers. The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano. The Elbphilharmonie "(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)", opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects "Herzog & de Meuron".The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the "Stadtpark", the Ohlsdorf Cemetery and Planten un Blomen. The "Stadtpark", Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest planetaria. The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s.The lavish and spacious "Planten un Blomen" park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the "Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg", which is a historic botanical garden that now consists primarily of greenhouses.The "Botanischer Garten Hamburg" is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the "Planten un Blomen" park from May to early October.Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs. In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events. More than 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts and literature. There are five companies in the creative sector per thousand residents (as compared to three in Berlin and 37 in London).Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.The state-owned "Deutsches Schauspielhaus", the Thalia Theatre, Ohnsorg Theatre, "Schmidts Tivoli" and the "Kampnagel" are well-known theatres.The English Theatre of Hamburg near U3 Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-speaking theatre in Germany, and has exclusively English native-speaking actors in its company.Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the Kunsthalle Hamburg with its contemporary art gallery ("Galerie der Gegenwart"), the Museum for Art and Industry ("Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe") and the Deichtorhallen/House of Photography. The Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the Archaeological Museum Hamburg ("Archäologisches Museum Hamburg") in Hamburg-Harburg, the Hamburg Museum of Work ("Museum der Arbeit"), and several museums of local history, for example the Kiekeberg Open Air Museum ("Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg"). Two "museum ships" near Landungsbrücken bear witness to the freight ship ("Cap San Diego") and cargo sailing ship era ("Rickmer Rickmers"). The world's largest model railway museum Miniatur Wunderland with total railway length is also situated near Landungsbrücken in a former warehouse."BallinStadt (Emigration City)" is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The city's other well-known orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie. Before it was the Laeiszhalle, "Musikhalle Hamburg". The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the Hamburger Symphoniker. György Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer Oscar Fetrás, who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.Since the German premiere of "Cats" in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including "The Phantom of the Opera", "The Lion King", "Dirty Dancing" and "Dance of the Vampires (musical)". This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company "Stage Entertainment" being based in the city.In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theaters, the cityscape is characterized by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 110 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organizers based in Hamburg. Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena, the Bahrenfeld harness racing track and Hamburg City Park.Hamburg was an important center of rock music in the early 1960s. The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St. Pauli.Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are Udo Lindenberg, Deichkind and Jan Delay. The singer Annett Louisan lives in Hamburg. An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub Onkel Pö, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighborhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included Otto Waalkes, Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer Inga Rumpf.Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "Hamburger Schule", a term used for bands like Tocotronic, Blumfeld, Tomte or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica, Mladen Solomun and Helena Hauff.Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include Warner Music, Kontor Records, PIAS, , Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include Audiolith, Dial Records, Grand Hotel van Cleef, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label L'Age D'Or also belonged to these.In addition, Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene, which gathers around the Rote Flora, a squatted former theatre located in the SternschanzeThe city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s. Helloween, Gamma Ray, Running Wild and Grave Digger started in Hamburg. The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal.In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like Beginner shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as Fünf Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Fettes Brot and 187 Strassenbande.Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as Spirit Zone.Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the gay pride "Hamburg Pride" festival or the Alster fair (German: "Alstervergnügen"), held at the "Binnenalster". The "Hamburger DOM" is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year. "Hafengeburtstag" is a funfair to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade. The annual biker's service in Saint Michael's Church attracts tens of thousands of bikers. Christmas markets in December are held at the Hamburg Rathaus square, among other places. The "long night of museums" (German: "Lange Nacht der Museen") offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight. The sixth "Festival of Cultures" was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life. The Filmfest Hamburg — a film festival originating from the 1950s "Film Days" (German: "Film Tage") — presents a wide range of films. The "Hamburg Messe and Congress" offers a venue for trade shows, such "hanseboot", an international boat show, or "Du und deine Welt", a large consumer products show. Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, the Hamburg Marathon, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin, the tennis tournament Hamburg Masters and equestrian events like the Deutsches Derby. Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events. Hamburg's festivals include the Elbjazz Festival, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbor and HafenCity.For contemporary and experimental music, the "blurred edges" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the MS Dockville music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the Wilhelmsburg district. This is followed at the end of September by the , which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide. In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.Original Hamburg dishes are "Birnen, Bohnen und Speck" (green beans cooked with pears and bacon), "Aalsuppe" (Hamburgisch "Oolsupp") is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" ("Aal"/"Ool" translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon "allns" , meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners. There is "Bratkartoffeln" (pan-fried potato slices), "Finkenwerder Scholle" (Low Saxon "Finkwarder Scholl", pan-fried plaice), "Pannfisch" (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce), "Rote Grütze" (Low Saxon "Rode Grütt", related to Danish "rødgrød", a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish "rødgrød med fløde") and "Labskaus" (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian "lapskaus" and Liverpool's lobscouse, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas)."Alsterwasser" (in reference to the city's river, the Alster) is the local name for a type of shandy, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade ("Zitronenlimonade"), the lemonade being added to the beer.There is the curious regional dessert pastry called Franzbrötchen. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar streusel. The name may also reflect to the roll's croissant-like appearance – "franz" appears to be a shortening of "französisch", meaning "French", which would make a "Franzbrötchen" a "French roll".Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is "Schrippe" (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, "Rundstück" ("round piece" rather than mainstream German "Brötchen", diminutive form of "Brot" "bread"), a relative of Denmark's "rundstykke". In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark, especially of Copenhagen, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.The American hamburger may have developed from Hamburg's "Frikadeller": a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked stale bread, egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a "Hamburger steak" in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America. The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the HafenCity.Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of St. Pauli, Sternschanze and Altona are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.During the 2017 G20 summit, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club e.V., Professional Women's Forum, The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850 within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany under the United Grand Lodges of Germany works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at "".American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e.V., the American Women's Club of Hamburg, the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club, and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. "The American Chamber of Commerce" handles matters related to business affairs. The International School of Hamburg serves school children.William Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg.Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt."A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."A memorial for successful English engineer William Lindley, who reorganized, beginning in 1842, the drinking water and sewage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall train station in Vorsetzen street.In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" "(Stolpersteine)" were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.The Gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 59,600 € or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average. The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The average income in 2016 of employees was €49,332.The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of Northern Germany. The city is the seat of Germany's oldest bank, the Berenberg Bank, M.M.Warburg & CO and Hamburg Commercial Bank. The Hamburg Stock Exchange is the oldest of its kind in Germany.The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016. International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm + Voss.Hamburg, along with Seattle and Toulouse, is an important location of the civil aerospace industry. Airbus, which operates the Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder, employs over 13,000 people.The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the Hamburg-Mitte district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island Grasbrook, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city center, west and south by the Elbe and to the east, bounded by the upper harbor, Rothenburgsort. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometers.HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighborhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialization of HafenCity, "HafenCity Hamburg GmbH", half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.Many companies operating in E-Commerce have moved into HafenCity or started there. In addition to cruise agents, many start-up companies that have no direct connection to the port or ships can be found in HafenCity.In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city. The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in revenue of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern +33%).A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church St. Michaelis (called the "Michel"), and visiting the old warehouse district ("Speicherstadt") and the harbour promenade ("Landungsbrücken"). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours ("Große Hafenrundfahrt", "Fleetfahrt") which start from the "Landungsbrücken". Major destinations also include museums.The area of Reeperbahn in the quarter St. Pauli is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars and nightclubs. The singer and actor Hans Albers is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight") in the 1940s. The Beatles had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood "Schanze" with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's famous zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg. The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from Denmark (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), Switzerland (340,156 overnight stays), Austria (about 252,397 overnight stays) and the Netherlands (about 182,610 overnight stays). The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).The "Queen Mary 2" has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.Media businesses employ over 70,000 people. The Norddeutscher Rundfunk which includes the television station NDR Fernsehen is based in Hamburg, including the very popular news program "Tagesschau", as are the commercial television station "Hamburg 1", the Christian television station "Bibel TV" and the civil media outlet "Tide TV". There are regional radio stations such as Radio Hamburg. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, Axel Springer AG, Gruner + Jahr, Bauer Media Group are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines such as "Der Spiegel" and "Die Zeit" are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as "Financial Times Deutschland". "Hamburger Abendblatt" and "Hamburger Morgenpost" are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as Warner Bros. Records Germany, and ICT firms such as Adobe Systems and Google Germany.A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city. The and the Clubkombinat represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by RockCity Hamburg e.V..Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film "Tomorrow Never Dies". The "Reeperbahn" has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film "Backbeat". The film "A Most Wanted Man" was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in "An American Tail" where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds. The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four Autobahnen (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the old Elbe Tunnel ("Alter Elbtunnel") or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the Elbe Tunnel ("Elbtunnel") the crossing of a motorway.Hamburg Airport is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation. There is also the smaller Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport, used only as a company airport for Airbus. Some airlines market Lübeck Airport in Lübeck as serving Hamburg.Hamburg's licence plate prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by Hanover since 1956); Public transport by rail, bus and ship is organised by the "Hamburger Verkehrsverbund" ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport. The S-Bahn (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the U-Bahn four lines – "U-Bahn" is short for "Untergrundbahn" (underground railway). Approximately of of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as "Hochbahn" (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the "Hamburger Hochbahn". The AKN railway connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG and the regional "metronom" trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Except at the four bigger stations of the city, Hauptbahnhof, Dammtor, Altona and Harburg regional trains do not stop inside the city. The tram system was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses. Hamburg has no trams or trolleybuses, but has hydrogen-fueled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on some so-called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes. On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer, on normal days (Monday-Friday) the normal buses stop running at night. (MetroBuses run all around the clock, every day at the year at least every half-hour.)There are eight ferry lines along the River Elbe, operated by "HADAG", that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.The international airport serving Hamburg, Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt (IATA: HAM, ICAO: EDDH) is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like Newark, New Jersey on United Airlines, Dubai on Emirates, and Tehran on Iran Air. Hamburg is a secondary hub for Lufthansa, which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in Hamburg-Finkenwerder, officially named Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (IATA: XFW, ICAO: EDHI). It is about from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the Airbus plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after Toulouse, and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after Seattle and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for A318, A319, A320, A321 and A380 aircraft.The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by "Vattenfall Europe", formerly the state-owned "Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke". Vattenfall Europe used to operate the Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant and Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant, both taken out of service as part of the nuclear power phase-out. In addition, E.ON operates the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant near Hamburg.There are also the coal-fired Wedel, Tiefstack and Moorburg CHP Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. "VERA Klärschlammverbrennung" uses the biosolids of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the "Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht" is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is "Müllverwertung Borsigstraße".In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz"). This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition "Tschuess Kohle ("Goodbye Coal")." Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with Namibia, which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from encroacher bush as replacement of coal.Hamburger SV is a football team playing in the 2. Bundesliga (as of 2018). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the Bundesliga in 2018. HSV is a six-time German champion, a three-time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, and has played in the group stages of the Champions League twice: in 2000–01 and in 2006–07. They play at the Volksparkstadion (average attendance in the 12–13 season was 52,916). In addition, FC St. Pauli was a second division football club that came in second place in the 2009–10 season and qualified to play alongside Hamburger SV in the first division for the first time since the 2001–02 season. St. Pauli's home games take place at the Millerntor-Stadion.The Hamburg Freezers represented Hamburg until 2016 in the DEL, the premier ice hockey league in Germany.HSV Handball represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German handball league. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the O2 World Hamburg the same year. The most recent success for the team was the EHF Champions League win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season. But due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016 however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016-2018) and in second division (since 2018).The "BCJ Hamburg" played in the Basketball Bundesliga from 1999 to 2001. Since then, teams from Hamburg have attempted to return to Germany's elite league. The recently founded Hamburg Towers have already established themselves as one of the main teams in Germany's second division ProA and aim to take on the heritage of the BCJ Hamburg. The Towers play their home games at the "Inselparkhalle" in Wilhelmsburg.Hamburg is the nation's field hockey capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.The Hamburg Warriors are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs. The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).Hamburg Blue Devils was one of the prominent American Football teams playing in German Football League before its exit in 2017. Hamburg Sea Devils is a team of European League of Football (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe. The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.There are also the Hamburg Dockers, an Australian rules football club. The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four cricket clubs.The Centre Court of the Tennis Am Rothenbaum venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.Hamburg also hosts equestrian events at "Reitstadion Klein Flottbek" (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and "Horner Rennbahn" (Deutsches Derby flat racing). Besides Hamburg owns the famous harness racing track "Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008 23,230 participants were registered. World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, and the triathlon ITU World Cup event "Hamburg City Man" are also held in here.Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the 2006 World Cup. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the UEFA Europa League in the arena.Hamburg made a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a referendum in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city Kiel voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training ("Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung"). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016. There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students. Six universities are public, including the largest, the University of Hamburg (Universität Hamburg) with the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, the University of Music and Theatre, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, the HafenCity University Hamburg and the Hamburg University of Technology. Seven universities are private, like the Bucerius Law School, the Kühne Logistics University and the HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the Helmut Schmidt University (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the International School of Hamburg.Hamburg is twinned with:
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[
"Henning Voscherau",
"Christoph Ahlhaus",
"Ole von Beust",
"Herbert Weichmann",
"Max Brauer",
"Peter Tschentscher",
"Kurt Sieveking",
"Hans-Ulrich Klose",
"Peter Schulz",
"Rudolf Petersen",
"Klaus von Dohnanyi",
"Paul Nevermann",
"Olaf Scholz",
"Ortwin Runde"
] |
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Who was the head of Hamburg in 1937-11-26?
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November 26, 1937
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{
"text": [
"Carl Vincent Krogmann"
]
}
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L2_Q1055_P6_0
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Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2011 to Mar, 2018.
Ole von Beust is the head of the government of Hamburg from Oct, 2001 to Aug, 2010.
Klaus von Dohnanyi is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1981 to Jun, 1988.
Kurt Sieveking is the head of the government of Hamburg from Dec, 1953 to Nov, 1957.
Hans-Ulrich Klose is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1974 to May, 1981.
Peter Tschentscher is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Paul Nevermann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jan, 1961 to Jun, 1965.
Henning Voscherau is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1988 to Oct, 1997.
Ortwin Runde is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1997 to Oct, 2001.
Max Brauer is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1946 to Dec, 1953.
Christoph Ahlhaus is the head of the government of Hamburg from Aug, 2010 to Mar, 2011.
Rudolf Petersen is the head of the government of Hamburg from May, 1945 to Nov, 1946.
Peter Schulz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1971 to Nov, 1974.
Herbert Weichmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1965 to Jun, 1971.
Carl Vincent Krogmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 1933 to May, 1945.
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HamburgHamburg (, , ; ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (; ), is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 7th largest city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million and its metropolitan area is home to more than five million people. The city lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries, the River Alster and the River Bille. One of Germany's 16 federated states, Hamburg is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south.The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign city state, and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or . Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.Hamburg is Europe's third largest port, after Rotterdam and Antwerp. Major regional broadcaster NDR, the printing and publishing firm and the newspapers and are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, , , , and Unilever. Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as and the G20. Both former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, were born in Hamburg.Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination. The and were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the and concert halls. It gave birth to movements like and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's is among the best-known European entertainment districts.Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharhörn, and Nigehörn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg.The neighborhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the "Altes Land" (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at AMSL. Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies. Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred, the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of . The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of .Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva.The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name "Hammaburg", "burg" meaning castle or fort. The origin of the "Hamma" term remains uncertain, but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Domplatz.In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants. In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg. This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a "hanse" in London. This was the first time in history that the word "hanse" was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League.In 1270, the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg, "Jordan von Boitzenburg", wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the "Ordeelbook" ("Ordeel": sentence). On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: "Rezeß", literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first constitution of Hamburg.In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France.When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" ("Neustadt") whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (mediatised), but became a sovereign state with the official title of the "Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg". Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866).In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.After periodic political unrest, particularly in 1848, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port. The Hamburg-America Line, with Albert Ballin as its director, became the world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.In Nazi Germany (1933–1945), Hamburg was a "Gau" from 1934 until 1945. During the Second World War, Hamburg suffered a series of Allied air raids which devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, Royal Air Force (RAF) and United States Army Air Force (USAAF) firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the "Hauptbahnhof" (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook, Billbrook and Hamm South. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known.About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg.At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels by the RAF at the end of the war.Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps. Most deported persons perished in the Holocaust. By the end of 1942 the "Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg" was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the Reichssicherheitshauptamt dissolved the "Reichsvereinigung" by a decree. The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt, where most of them perished.Hamburg surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945, three days after Adolf Hitler's death. After the Second World War, Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation; it became a state of the then Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.From 1960 to 1962, the Beatles launched their career by playing in various music clubs like the Star Club in the city.On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.The Inner German border – only east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic states into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of . The population density was . The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to 5,107,429 living on .There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig Holstein, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246). Immigrants come from 200 different countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as followsLike elsewhere in Germany, Standard German is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is Low German, usually referred to as "Hamborger Platt" (German "Hamburger Platt") or "Hamborgsch". Since large-scale standardization of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-colored dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such Missingsch varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois "Hanseatendeutsch" (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation. All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the famous sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.Less than half of the residents of Hamburg are members of an organized religious group.In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the Roman Catholic Church. 65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions.According to the publication "Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland" ("Muslim life in Germany") estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (counting in nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008. About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in the number of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg. There are several mosques, including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque, which is the oldest in the city, the Islamic Centre Hamburg, and a Jewish community.The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to the one of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the Hamburg Rathaus (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament. From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust, who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party. Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on November, 28. 2010. On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition.Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: "Bezirke") and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: "Stadtteile"). There are 181 localities (German: "Ortsteile"). The urban organization is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws. Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona, Harburg and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg. The "Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg" established Hamburg as a state and a municipality. Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: "Bezirksversammlung") and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: "Bezirksamtsleiter"). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate. The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.In 2008, the boroughs were Hamburg-Mitte, Altona, Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Nord, Wandsbek, Bergedorf and Harburg."Hamburg-Mitte" ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof and Wilhelmsburg. The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg."Altona" is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Bahrenfeld, Ottensen, Othmarschen, Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, Lurup, Nienstedten, Blankenese, Iserbrook, Sülldorf, Rissen, Sternschanze."Bergedorf" consists of the quarters Allermöhe, Altengamme, Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, Billwerder, Curslack, Kirchwerder, Lohbrügge, Moorfleet, Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, Ochsenwerder, Reitbrook, Spadenland and Tatenberg."Eimsbüttel" is split into nine-quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Rotherbaum, Schnelsen and Stellingen. Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel."Hamburg-Nord" contains the quarters Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery, Uhlenhorst and Winterhude."Harburg" lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are Altenwerder, Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, Gut Moor, Harburg, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Moorburg, Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf and Wilstorf."Wandsbek" is divided into the quarters Bergstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Eilbek, Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, Jenfeld, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Tonndorf, Volksdorf, Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no skyscrapers (see List of tallest buildings in Hamburg). Churches are important landmarks, such as St Nicholas', which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches ("Hauptkirchen") St Michael's (nicknamed "Michel"), St Peter's, St James's ("St. Jacobi") and St. Catherine's covered with copper plates, and the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).The many streams, rivers and canals are crossed by some 2,500 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam and Venice put together. Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world. The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, and Lombardsbrücke and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.The town hall is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897.The tower is high. Its façade, long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor. The Chilehaus, a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the HafenCity, will house about 10,000 inhabitants and 15,000 workers. The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano. The Elbphilharmonie "(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)", opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects "Herzog & de Meuron".The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the "Stadtpark", the Ohlsdorf Cemetery and Planten un Blomen. The "Stadtpark", Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest planetaria. The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s.The lavish and spacious "Planten un Blomen" park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the "Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg", which is a historic botanical garden that now consists primarily of greenhouses.The "Botanischer Garten Hamburg" is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the "Planten un Blomen" park from May to early October.Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs. In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events. More than 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts and literature. There are five companies in the creative sector per thousand residents (as compared to three in Berlin and 37 in London).Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.The state-owned "Deutsches Schauspielhaus", the Thalia Theatre, Ohnsorg Theatre, "Schmidts Tivoli" and the "Kampnagel" are well-known theatres.The English Theatre of Hamburg near U3 Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-speaking theatre in Germany, and has exclusively English native-speaking actors in its company.Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the Kunsthalle Hamburg with its contemporary art gallery ("Galerie der Gegenwart"), the Museum for Art and Industry ("Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe") and the Deichtorhallen/House of Photography. The Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the Archaeological Museum Hamburg ("Archäologisches Museum Hamburg") in Hamburg-Harburg, the Hamburg Museum of Work ("Museum der Arbeit"), and several museums of local history, for example the Kiekeberg Open Air Museum ("Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg"). Two "museum ships" near Landungsbrücken bear witness to the freight ship ("Cap San Diego") and cargo sailing ship era ("Rickmer Rickmers"). The world's largest model railway museum Miniatur Wunderland with total railway length is also situated near Landungsbrücken in a former warehouse."BallinStadt (Emigration City)" is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The city's other well-known orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie. Before it was the Laeiszhalle, "Musikhalle Hamburg". The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the Hamburger Symphoniker. György Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer Oscar Fetrás, who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.Since the German premiere of "Cats" in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including "The Phantom of the Opera", "The Lion King", "Dirty Dancing" and "Dance of the Vampires (musical)". This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company "Stage Entertainment" being based in the city.In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theaters, the cityscape is characterized by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 110 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organizers based in Hamburg. Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena, the Bahrenfeld harness racing track and Hamburg City Park.Hamburg was an important center of rock music in the early 1960s. The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St. Pauli.Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are Udo Lindenberg, Deichkind and Jan Delay. The singer Annett Louisan lives in Hamburg. An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub Onkel Pö, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighborhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included Otto Waalkes, Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer Inga Rumpf.Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "Hamburger Schule", a term used for bands like Tocotronic, Blumfeld, Tomte or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica, Mladen Solomun and Helena Hauff.Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include Warner Music, Kontor Records, PIAS, , Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include Audiolith, Dial Records, Grand Hotel van Cleef, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label L'Age D'Or also belonged to these.In addition, Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene, which gathers around the Rote Flora, a squatted former theatre located in the SternschanzeThe city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s. Helloween, Gamma Ray, Running Wild and Grave Digger started in Hamburg. The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal.In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like Beginner shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as Fünf Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Fettes Brot and 187 Strassenbande.Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as Spirit Zone.Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the gay pride "Hamburg Pride" festival or the Alster fair (German: "Alstervergnügen"), held at the "Binnenalster". The "Hamburger DOM" is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year. "Hafengeburtstag" is a funfair to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade. The annual biker's service in Saint Michael's Church attracts tens of thousands of bikers. Christmas markets in December are held at the Hamburg Rathaus square, among other places. The "long night of museums" (German: "Lange Nacht der Museen") offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight. The sixth "Festival of Cultures" was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life. The Filmfest Hamburg — a film festival originating from the 1950s "Film Days" (German: "Film Tage") — presents a wide range of films. The "Hamburg Messe and Congress" offers a venue for trade shows, such "hanseboot", an international boat show, or "Du und deine Welt", a large consumer products show. Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, the Hamburg Marathon, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin, the tennis tournament Hamburg Masters and equestrian events like the Deutsches Derby. Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events. Hamburg's festivals include the Elbjazz Festival, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbor and HafenCity.For contemporary and experimental music, the "blurred edges" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the MS Dockville music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the Wilhelmsburg district. This is followed at the end of September by the , which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide. In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.Original Hamburg dishes are "Birnen, Bohnen und Speck" (green beans cooked with pears and bacon), "Aalsuppe" (Hamburgisch "Oolsupp") is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" ("Aal"/"Ool" translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon "allns" , meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners. There is "Bratkartoffeln" (pan-fried potato slices), "Finkenwerder Scholle" (Low Saxon "Finkwarder Scholl", pan-fried plaice), "Pannfisch" (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce), "Rote Grütze" (Low Saxon "Rode Grütt", related to Danish "rødgrød", a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish "rødgrød med fløde") and "Labskaus" (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian "lapskaus" and Liverpool's lobscouse, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas)."Alsterwasser" (in reference to the city's river, the Alster) is the local name for a type of shandy, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade ("Zitronenlimonade"), the lemonade being added to the beer.There is the curious regional dessert pastry called Franzbrötchen. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar streusel. The name may also reflect to the roll's croissant-like appearance – "franz" appears to be a shortening of "französisch", meaning "French", which would make a "Franzbrötchen" a "French roll".Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is "Schrippe" (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, "Rundstück" ("round piece" rather than mainstream German "Brötchen", diminutive form of "Brot" "bread"), a relative of Denmark's "rundstykke". In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark, especially of Copenhagen, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.The American hamburger may have developed from Hamburg's "Frikadeller": a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked stale bread, egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a "Hamburger steak" in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America. The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the HafenCity.Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of St. Pauli, Sternschanze and Altona are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.During the 2017 G20 summit, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club e.V., Professional Women's Forum, The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850 within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany under the United Grand Lodges of Germany works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at "".American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e.V., the American Women's Club of Hamburg, the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club, and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. "The American Chamber of Commerce" handles matters related to business affairs. The International School of Hamburg serves school children.William Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg.Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt."A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."A memorial for successful English engineer William Lindley, who reorganized, beginning in 1842, the drinking water and sewage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall train station in Vorsetzen street.In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" "(Stolpersteine)" were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.The Gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 59,600 € or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average. The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The average income in 2016 of employees was €49,332.The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of Northern Germany. The city is the seat of Germany's oldest bank, the Berenberg Bank, M.M.Warburg & CO and Hamburg Commercial Bank. The Hamburg Stock Exchange is the oldest of its kind in Germany.The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016. International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm + Voss.Hamburg, along with Seattle and Toulouse, is an important location of the civil aerospace industry. Airbus, which operates the Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder, employs over 13,000 people.The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the Hamburg-Mitte district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island Grasbrook, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city center, west and south by the Elbe and to the east, bounded by the upper harbor, Rothenburgsort. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometers.HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighborhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialization of HafenCity, "HafenCity Hamburg GmbH", half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.Many companies operating in E-Commerce have moved into HafenCity or started there. In addition to cruise agents, many start-up companies that have no direct connection to the port or ships can be found in HafenCity.In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city. The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in revenue of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern +33%).A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church St. Michaelis (called the "Michel"), and visiting the old warehouse district ("Speicherstadt") and the harbour promenade ("Landungsbrücken"). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours ("Große Hafenrundfahrt", "Fleetfahrt") which start from the "Landungsbrücken". Major destinations also include museums.The area of Reeperbahn in the quarter St. Pauli is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars and nightclubs. The singer and actor Hans Albers is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight") in the 1940s. The Beatles had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood "Schanze" with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's famous zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg. The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from Denmark (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), Switzerland (340,156 overnight stays), Austria (about 252,397 overnight stays) and the Netherlands (about 182,610 overnight stays). The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).The "Queen Mary 2" has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.Media businesses employ over 70,000 people. The Norddeutscher Rundfunk which includes the television station NDR Fernsehen is based in Hamburg, including the very popular news program "Tagesschau", as are the commercial television station "Hamburg 1", the Christian television station "Bibel TV" and the civil media outlet "Tide TV". There are regional radio stations such as Radio Hamburg. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, Axel Springer AG, Gruner + Jahr, Bauer Media Group are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines such as "Der Spiegel" and "Die Zeit" are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as "Financial Times Deutschland". "Hamburger Abendblatt" and "Hamburger Morgenpost" are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as Warner Bros. Records Germany, and ICT firms such as Adobe Systems and Google Germany.A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city. The and the Clubkombinat represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by RockCity Hamburg e.V..Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film "Tomorrow Never Dies". The "Reeperbahn" has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film "Backbeat". The film "A Most Wanted Man" was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in "An American Tail" where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds. The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four Autobahnen (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the old Elbe Tunnel ("Alter Elbtunnel") or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the Elbe Tunnel ("Elbtunnel") the crossing of a motorway.Hamburg Airport is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation. There is also the smaller Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport, used only as a company airport for Airbus. Some airlines market Lübeck Airport in Lübeck as serving Hamburg.Hamburg's licence plate prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by Hanover since 1956); Public transport by rail, bus and ship is organised by the "Hamburger Verkehrsverbund" ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport. The S-Bahn (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the U-Bahn four lines – "U-Bahn" is short for "Untergrundbahn" (underground railway). Approximately of of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as "Hochbahn" (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the "Hamburger Hochbahn". The AKN railway connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG and the regional "metronom" trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Except at the four bigger stations of the city, Hauptbahnhof, Dammtor, Altona and Harburg regional trains do not stop inside the city. The tram system was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses. Hamburg has no trams or trolleybuses, but has hydrogen-fueled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on some so-called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes. On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer, on normal days (Monday-Friday) the normal buses stop running at night. (MetroBuses run all around the clock, every day at the year at least every half-hour.)There are eight ferry lines along the River Elbe, operated by "HADAG", that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.The international airport serving Hamburg, Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt (IATA: HAM, ICAO: EDDH) is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like Newark, New Jersey on United Airlines, Dubai on Emirates, and Tehran on Iran Air. Hamburg is a secondary hub for Lufthansa, which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in Hamburg-Finkenwerder, officially named Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (IATA: XFW, ICAO: EDHI). It is about from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the Airbus plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after Toulouse, and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after Seattle and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for A318, A319, A320, A321 and A380 aircraft.The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by "Vattenfall Europe", formerly the state-owned "Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke". Vattenfall Europe used to operate the Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant and Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant, both taken out of service as part of the nuclear power phase-out. In addition, E.ON operates the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant near Hamburg.There are also the coal-fired Wedel, Tiefstack and Moorburg CHP Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. "VERA Klärschlammverbrennung" uses the biosolids of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the "Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht" is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is "Müllverwertung Borsigstraße".In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz"). This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition "Tschuess Kohle ("Goodbye Coal")." Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with Namibia, which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from encroacher bush as replacement of coal.Hamburger SV is a football team playing in the 2. Bundesliga (as of 2018). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the Bundesliga in 2018. HSV is a six-time German champion, a three-time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, and has played in the group stages of the Champions League twice: in 2000–01 and in 2006–07. They play at the Volksparkstadion (average attendance in the 12–13 season was 52,916). In addition, FC St. Pauli was a second division football club that came in second place in the 2009–10 season and qualified to play alongside Hamburger SV in the first division for the first time since the 2001–02 season. St. Pauli's home games take place at the Millerntor-Stadion.The Hamburg Freezers represented Hamburg until 2016 in the DEL, the premier ice hockey league in Germany.HSV Handball represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German handball league. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the O2 World Hamburg the same year. The most recent success for the team was the EHF Champions League win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season. But due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016 however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016-2018) and in second division (since 2018).The "BCJ Hamburg" played in the Basketball Bundesliga from 1999 to 2001. Since then, teams from Hamburg have attempted to return to Germany's elite league. The recently founded Hamburg Towers have already established themselves as one of the main teams in Germany's second division ProA and aim to take on the heritage of the BCJ Hamburg. The Towers play their home games at the "Inselparkhalle" in Wilhelmsburg.Hamburg is the nation's field hockey capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.The Hamburg Warriors are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs. The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).Hamburg Blue Devils was one of the prominent American Football teams playing in German Football League before its exit in 2017. Hamburg Sea Devils is a team of European League of Football (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe. The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.There are also the Hamburg Dockers, an Australian rules football club. The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four cricket clubs.The Centre Court of the Tennis Am Rothenbaum venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.Hamburg also hosts equestrian events at "Reitstadion Klein Flottbek" (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and "Horner Rennbahn" (Deutsches Derby flat racing). Besides Hamburg owns the famous harness racing track "Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008 23,230 participants were registered. World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, and the triathlon ITU World Cup event "Hamburg City Man" are also held in here.Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the 2006 World Cup. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the UEFA Europa League in the arena.Hamburg made a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a referendum in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city Kiel voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training ("Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung"). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016. There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students. Six universities are public, including the largest, the University of Hamburg (Universität Hamburg) with the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, the University of Music and Theatre, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, the HafenCity University Hamburg and the Hamburg University of Technology. Seven universities are private, like the Bucerius Law School, the Kühne Logistics University and the HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the Helmut Schmidt University (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the International School of Hamburg.Hamburg is twinned with:
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[
"Henning Voscherau",
"Christoph Ahlhaus",
"Ole von Beust",
"Herbert Weichmann",
"Max Brauer",
"Peter Tschentscher",
"Kurt Sieveking",
"Hans-Ulrich Klose",
"Peter Schulz",
"Rudolf Petersen",
"Klaus von Dohnanyi",
"Paul Nevermann",
"Olaf Scholz",
"Ortwin Runde"
] |
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Who was the head of Hamburg in 26/11/1937?
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November 26, 1937
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{
"text": [
"Carl Vincent Krogmann"
]
}
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L2_Q1055_P6_0
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Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2011 to Mar, 2018.
Ole von Beust is the head of the government of Hamburg from Oct, 2001 to Aug, 2010.
Klaus von Dohnanyi is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1981 to Jun, 1988.
Kurt Sieveking is the head of the government of Hamburg from Dec, 1953 to Nov, 1957.
Hans-Ulrich Klose is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1974 to May, 1981.
Peter Tschentscher is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Paul Nevermann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jan, 1961 to Jun, 1965.
Henning Voscherau is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1988 to Oct, 1997.
Ortwin Runde is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1997 to Oct, 2001.
Max Brauer is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1946 to Dec, 1953.
Christoph Ahlhaus is the head of the government of Hamburg from Aug, 2010 to Mar, 2011.
Rudolf Petersen is the head of the government of Hamburg from May, 1945 to Nov, 1946.
Peter Schulz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1971 to Nov, 1974.
Herbert Weichmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1965 to Jun, 1971.
Carl Vincent Krogmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 1933 to May, 1945.
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HamburgHamburg (, , ; ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (; ), is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 7th largest city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million and its metropolitan area is home to more than five million people. The city lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries, the River Alster and the River Bille. One of Germany's 16 federated states, Hamburg is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south.The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign city state, and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or . Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.Hamburg is Europe's third largest port, after Rotterdam and Antwerp. Major regional broadcaster NDR, the printing and publishing firm and the newspapers and are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, , , , and Unilever. Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as and the G20. Both former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, were born in Hamburg.Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination. The and were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the and concert halls. It gave birth to movements like and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's is among the best-known European entertainment districts.Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharhörn, and Nigehörn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg.The neighborhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the "Altes Land" (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at AMSL. Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies. Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred, the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of . The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of .Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva.The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name "Hammaburg", "burg" meaning castle or fort. The origin of the "Hamma" term remains uncertain, but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Domplatz.In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants. In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg. This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a "hanse" in London. This was the first time in history that the word "hanse" was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League.In 1270, the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg, "Jordan von Boitzenburg", wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the "Ordeelbook" ("Ordeel": sentence). On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: "Rezeß", literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first constitution of Hamburg.In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France.When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" ("Neustadt") whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (mediatised), but became a sovereign state with the official title of the "Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg". Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866).In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.After periodic political unrest, particularly in 1848, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port. The Hamburg-America Line, with Albert Ballin as its director, became the world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.In Nazi Germany (1933–1945), Hamburg was a "Gau" from 1934 until 1945. During the Second World War, Hamburg suffered a series of Allied air raids which devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, Royal Air Force (RAF) and United States Army Air Force (USAAF) firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the "Hauptbahnhof" (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook, Billbrook and Hamm South. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known.About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg.At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels by the RAF at the end of the war.Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps. Most deported persons perished in the Holocaust. By the end of 1942 the "Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg" was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the Reichssicherheitshauptamt dissolved the "Reichsvereinigung" by a decree. The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt, where most of them perished.Hamburg surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945, three days after Adolf Hitler's death. After the Second World War, Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation; it became a state of the then Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.From 1960 to 1962, the Beatles launched their career by playing in various music clubs like the Star Club in the city.On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.The Inner German border – only east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic states into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of . The population density was . The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to 5,107,429 living on .There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig Holstein, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246). Immigrants come from 200 different countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as followsLike elsewhere in Germany, Standard German is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is Low German, usually referred to as "Hamborger Platt" (German "Hamburger Platt") or "Hamborgsch". Since large-scale standardization of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-colored dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such Missingsch varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois "Hanseatendeutsch" (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation. All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the famous sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.Less than half of the residents of Hamburg are members of an organized religious group.In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the Roman Catholic Church. 65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions.According to the publication "Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland" ("Muslim life in Germany") estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (counting in nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008. About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in the number of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg. There are several mosques, including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque, which is the oldest in the city, the Islamic Centre Hamburg, and a Jewish community.The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to the one of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the Hamburg Rathaus (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament. From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust, who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party. Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on November, 28. 2010. On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition.Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: "Bezirke") and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: "Stadtteile"). There are 181 localities (German: "Ortsteile"). The urban organization is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws. Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona, Harburg and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg. The "Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg" established Hamburg as a state and a municipality. Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: "Bezirksversammlung") and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: "Bezirksamtsleiter"). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate. The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.In 2008, the boroughs were Hamburg-Mitte, Altona, Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Nord, Wandsbek, Bergedorf and Harburg."Hamburg-Mitte" ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof and Wilhelmsburg. The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg."Altona" is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Bahrenfeld, Ottensen, Othmarschen, Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, Lurup, Nienstedten, Blankenese, Iserbrook, Sülldorf, Rissen, Sternschanze."Bergedorf" consists of the quarters Allermöhe, Altengamme, Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, Billwerder, Curslack, Kirchwerder, Lohbrügge, Moorfleet, Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, Ochsenwerder, Reitbrook, Spadenland and Tatenberg."Eimsbüttel" is split into nine-quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Rotherbaum, Schnelsen and Stellingen. Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel."Hamburg-Nord" contains the quarters Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery, Uhlenhorst and Winterhude."Harburg" lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are Altenwerder, Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, Gut Moor, Harburg, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Moorburg, Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf and Wilstorf."Wandsbek" is divided into the quarters Bergstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Eilbek, Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, Jenfeld, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Tonndorf, Volksdorf, Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no skyscrapers (see List of tallest buildings in Hamburg). Churches are important landmarks, such as St Nicholas', which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches ("Hauptkirchen") St Michael's (nicknamed "Michel"), St Peter's, St James's ("St. Jacobi") and St. Catherine's covered with copper plates, and the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).The many streams, rivers and canals are crossed by some 2,500 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam and Venice put together. Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world. The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, and Lombardsbrücke and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.The town hall is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897.The tower is high. Its façade, long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor. The Chilehaus, a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the HafenCity, will house about 10,000 inhabitants and 15,000 workers. The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano. The Elbphilharmonie "(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)", opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects "Herzog & de Meuron".The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the "Stadtpark", the Ohlsdorf Cemetery and Planten un Blomen. The "Stadtpark", Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest planetaria. The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s.The lavish and spacious "Planten un Blomen" park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the "Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg", which is a historic botanical garden that now consists primarily of greenhouses.The "Botanischer Garten Hamburg" is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the "Planten un Blomen" park from May to early October.Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs. In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events. More than 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts and literature. There are five companies in the creative sector per thousand residents (as compared to three in Berlin and 37 in London).Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.The state-owned "Deutsches Schauspielhaus", the Thalia Theatre, Ohnsorg Theatre, "Schmidts Tivoli" and the "Kampnagel" are well-known theatres.The English Theatre of Hamburg near U3 Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-speaking theatre in Germany, and has exclusively English native-speaking actors in its company.Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the Kunsthalle Hamburg with its contemporary art gallery ("Galerie der Gegenwart"), the Museum for Art and Industry ("Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe") and the Deichtorhallen/House of Photography. The Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the Archaeological Museum Hamburg ("Archäologisches Museum Hamburg") in Hamburg-Harburg, the Hamburg Museum of Work ("Museum der Arbeit"), and several museums of local history, for example the Kiekeberg Open Air Museum ("Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg"). Two "museum ships" near Landungsbrücken bear witness to the freight ship ("Cap San Diego") and cargo sailing ship era ("Rickmer Rickmers"). The world's largest model railway museum Miniatur Wunderland with total railway length is also situated near Landungsbrücken in a former warehouse."BallinStadt (Emigration City)" is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The city's other well-known orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie. Before it was the Laeiszhalle, "Musikhalle Hamburg". The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the Hamburger Symphoniker. György Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer Oscar Fetrás, who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.Since the German premiere of "Cats" in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including "The Phantom of the Opera", "The Lion King", "Dirty Dancing" and "Dance of the Vampires (musical)". This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company "Stage Entertainment" being based in the city.In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theaters, the cityscape is characterized by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 110 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organizers based in Hamburg. Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena, the Bahrenfeld harness racing track and Hamburg City Park.Hamburg was an important center of rock music in the early 1960s. The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St. Pauli.Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are Udo Lindenberg, Deichkind and Jan Delay. The singer Annett Louisan lives in Hamburg. An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub Onkel Pö, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighborhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included Otto Waalkes, Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer Inga Rumpf.Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "Hamburger Schule", a term used for bands like Tocotronic, Blumfeld, Tomte or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica, Mladen Solomun and Helena Hauff.Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include Warner Music, Kontor Records, PIAS, , Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include Audiolith, Dial Records, Grand Hotel van Cleef, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label L'Age D'Or also belonged to these.In addition, Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene, which gathers around the Rote Flora, a squatted former theatre located in the SternschanzeThe city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s. Helloween, Gamma Ray, Running Wild and Grave Digger started in Hamburg. The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal.In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like Beginner shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as Fünf Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Fettes Brot and 187 Strassenbande.Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as Spirit Zone.Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the gay pride "Hamburg Pride" festival or the Alster fair (German: "Alstervergnügen"), held at the "Binnenalster". The "Hamburger DOM" is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year. "Hafengeburtstag" is a funfair to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade. The annual biker's service in Saint Michael's Church attracts tens of thousands of bikers. Christmas markets in December are held at the Hamburg Rathaus square, among other places. The "long night of museums" (German: "Lange Nacht der Museen") offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight. The sixth "Festival of Cultures" was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life. The Filmfest Hamburg — a film festival originating from the 1950s "Film Days" (German: "Film Tage") — presents a wide range of films. The "Hamburg Messe and Congress" offers a venue for trade shows, such "hanseboot", an international boat show, or "Du und deine Welt", a large consumer products show. Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, the Hamburg Marathon, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin, the tennis tournament Hamburg Masters and equestrian events like the Deutsches Derby. Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events. Hamburg's festivals include the Elbjazz Festival, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbor and HafenCity.For contemporary and experimental music, the "blurred edges" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the MS Dockville music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the Wilhelmsburg district. This is followed at the end of September by the , which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide. In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.Original Hamburg dishes are "Birnen, Bohnen und Speck" (green beans cooked with pears and bacon), "Aalsuppe" (Hamburgisch "Oolsupp") is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" ("Aal"/"Ool" translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon "allns" , meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners. There is "Bratkartoffeln" (pan-fried potato slices), "Finkenwerder Scholle" (Low Saxon "Finkwarder Scholl", pan-fried plaice), "Pannfisch" (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce), "Rote Grütze" (Low Saxon "Rode Grütt", related to Danish "rødgrød", a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish "rødgrød med fløde") and "Labskaus" (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian "lapskaus" and Liverpool's lobscouse, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas)."Alsterwasser" (in reference to the city's river, the Alster) is the local name for a type of shandy, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade ("Zitronenlimonade"), the lemonade being added to the beer.There is the curious regional dessert pastry called Franzbrötchen. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar streusel. The name may also reflect to the roll's croissant-like appearance – "franz" appears to be a shortening of "französisch", meaning "French", which would make a "Franzbrötchen" a "French roll".Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is "Schrippe" (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, "Rundstück" ("round piece" rather than mainstream German "Brötchen", diminutive form of "Brot" "bread"), a relative of Denmark's "rundstykke". In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark, especially of Copenhagen, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.The American hamburger may have developed from Hamburg's "Frikadeller": a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked stale bread, egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a "Hamburger steak" in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America. The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the HafenCity.Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of St. Pauli, Sternschanze and Altona are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.During the 2017 G20 summit, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club e.V., Professional Women's Forum, The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850 within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany under the United Grand Lodges of Germany works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at "".American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e.V., the American Women's Club of Hamburg, the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club, and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. "The American Chamber of Commerce" handles matters related to business affairs. The International School of Hamburg serves school children.William Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg.Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt."A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."A memorial for successful English engineer William Lindley, who reorganized, beginning in 1842, the drinking water and sewage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall train station in Vorsetzen street.In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" "(Stolpersteine)" were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.The Gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 59,600 € or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average. The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The average income in 2016 of employees was €49,332.The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of Northern Germany. The city is the seat of Germany's oldest bank, the Berenberg Bank, M.M.Warburg & CO and Hamburg Commercial Bank. The Hamburg Stock Exchange is the oldest of its kind in Germany.The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016. International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm + Voss.Hamburg, along with Seattle and Toulouse, is an important location of the civil aerospace industry. Airbus, which operates the Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder, employs over 13,000 people.The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the Hamburg-Mitte district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island Grasbrook, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city center, west and south by the Elbe and to the east, bounded by the upper harbor, Rothenburgsort. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometers.HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighborhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialization of HafenCity, "HafenCity Hamburg GmbH", half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.Many companies operating in E-Commerce have moved into HafenCity or started there. In addition to cruise agents, many start-up companies that have no direct connection to the port or ships can be found in HafenCity.In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city. The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in revenue of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern +33%).A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church St. Michaelis (called the "Michel"), and visiting the old warehouse district ("Speicherstadt") and the harbour promenade ("Landungsbrücken"). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours ("Große Hafenrundfahrt", "Fleetfahrt") which start from the "Landungsbrücken". Major destinations also include museums.The area of Reeperbahn in the quarter St. Pauli is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars and nightclubs. The singer and actor Hans Albers is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight") in the 1940s. The Beatles had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood "Schanze" with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's famous zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg. The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from Denmark (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), Switzerland (340,156 overnight stays), Austria (about 252,397 overnight stays) and the Netherlands (about 182,610 overnight stays). The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).The "Queen Mary 2" has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.Media businesses employ over 70,000 people. The Norddeutscher Rundfunk which includes the television station NDR Fernsehen is based in Hamburg, including the very popular news program "Tagesschau", as are the commercial television station "Hamburg 1", the Christian television station "Bibel TV" and the civil media outlet "Tide TV". There are regional radio stations such as Radio Hamburg. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, Axel Springer AG, Gruner + Jahr, Bauer Media Group are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines such as "Der Spiegel" and "Die Zeit" are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as "Financial Times Deutschland". "Hamburger Abendblatt" and "Hamburger Morgenpost" are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as Warner Bros. Records Germany, and ICT firms such as Adobe Systems and Google Germany.A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city. The and the Clubkombinat represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by RockCity Hamburg e.V..Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film "Tomorrow Never Dies". The "Reeperbahn" has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film "Backbeat". The film "A Most Wanted Man" was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in "An American Tail" where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds. The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four Autobahnen (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the old Elbe Tunnel ("Alter Elbtunnel") or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the Elbe Tunnel ("Elbtunnel") the crossing of a motorway.Hamburg Airport is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation. There is also the smaller Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport, used only as a company airport for Airbus. Some airlines market Lübeck Airport in Lübeck as serving Hamburg.Hamburg's licence plate prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by Hanover since 1956); Public transport by rail, bus and ship is organised by the "Hamburger Verkehrsverbund" ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport. The S-Bahn (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the U-Bahn four lines – "U-Bahn" is short for "Untergrundbahn" (underground railway). Approximately of of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as "Hochbahn" (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the "Hamburger Hochbahn". The AKN railway connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG and the regional "metronom" trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Except at the four bigger stations of the city, Hauptbahnhof, Dammtor, Altona and Harburg regional trains do not stop inside the city. The tram system was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses. Hamburg has no trams or trolleybuses, but has hydrogen-fueled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on some so-called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes. On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer, on normal days (Monday-Friday) the normal buses stop running at night. (MetroBuses run all around the clock, every day at the year at least every half-hour.)There are eight ferry lines along the River Elbe, operated by "HADAG", that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.The international airport serving Hamburg, Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt (IATA: HAM, ICAO: EDDH) is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like Newark, New Jersey on United Airlines, Dubai on Emirates, and Tehran on Iran Air. Hamburg is a secondary hub for Lufthansa, which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in Hamburg-Finkenwerder, officially named Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (IATA: XFW, ICAO: EDHI). It is about from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the Airbus plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after Toulouse, and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after Seattle and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for A318, A319, A320, A321 and A380 aircraft.The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by "Vattenfall Europe", formerly the state-owned "Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke". Vattenfall Europe used to operate the Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant and Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant, both taken out of service as part of the nuclear power phase-out. In addition, E.ON operates the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant near Hamburg.There are also the coal-fired Wedel, Tiefstack and Moorburg CHP Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. "VERA Klärschlammverbrennung" uses the biosolids of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the "Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht" is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is "Müllverwertung Borsigstraße".In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz"). This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition "Tschuess Kohle ("Goodbye Coal")." Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with Namibia, which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from encroacher bush as replacement of coal.Hamburger SV is a football team playing in the 2. Bundesliga (as of 2018). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the Bundesliga in 2018. HSV is a six-time German champion, a three-time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, and has played in the group stages of the Champions League twice: in 2000–01 and in 2006–07. They play at the Volksparkstadion (average attendance in the 12–13 season was 52,916). In addition, FC St. Pauli was a second division football club that came in second place in the 2009–10 season and qualified to play alongside Hamburger SV in the first division for the first time since the 2001–02 season. St. Pauli's home games take place at the Millerntor-Stadion.The Hamburg Freezers represented Hamburg until 2016 in the DEL, the premier ice hockey league in Germany.HSV Handball represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German handball league. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the O2 World Hamburg the same year. The most recent success for the team was the EHF Champions League win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season. But due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016 however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016-2018) and in second division (since 2018).The "BCJ Hamburg" played in the Basketball Bundesliga from 1999 to 2001. Since then, teams from Hamburg have attempted to return to Germany's elite league. The recently founded Hamburg Towers have already established themselves as one of the main teams in Germany's second division ProA and aim to take on the heritage of the BCJ Hamburg. The Towers play their home games at the "Inselparkhalle" in Wilhelmsburg.Hamburg is the nation's field hockey capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.The Hamburg Warriors are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs. The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).Hamburg Blue Devils was one of the prominent American Football teams playing in German Football League before its exit in 2017. Hamburg Sea Devils is a team of European League of Football (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe. The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.There are also the Hamburg Dockers, an Australian rules football club. The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four cricket clubs.The Centre Court of the Tennis Am Rothenbaum venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.Hamburg also hosts equestrian events at "Reitstadion Klein Flottbek" (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and "Horner Rennbahn" (Deutsches Derby flat racing). Besides Hamburg owns the famous harness racing track "Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008 23,230 participants were registered. World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, and the triathlon ITU World Cup event "Hamburg City Man" are also held in here.Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the 2006 World Cup. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the UEFA Europa League in the arena.Hamburg made a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a referendum in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city Kiel voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training ("Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung"). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016. There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students. Six universities are public, including the largest, the University of Hamburg (Universität Hamburg) with the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, the University of Music and Theatre, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, the HafenCity University Hamburg and the Hamburg University of Technology. Seven universities are private, like the Bucerius Law School, the Kühne Logistics University and the HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the Helmut Schmidt University (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the International School of Hamburg.Hamburg is twinned with:
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[
"Henning Voscherau",
"Christoph Ahlhaus",
"Ole von Beust",
"Herbert Weichmann",
"Max Brauer",
"Peter Tschentscher",
"Kurt Sieveking",
"Hans-Ulrich Klose",
"Peter Schulz",
"Rudolf Petersen",
"Klaus von Dohnanyi",
"Paul Nevermann",
"Olaf Scholz",
"Ortwin Runde"
] |
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Who was the head of Hamburg in Nov 26, 1937?
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November 26, 1937
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{
"text": [
"Carl Vincent Krogmann"
]
}
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L2_Q1055_P6_0
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Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2011 to Mar, 2018.
Ole von Beust is the head of the government of Hamburg from Oct, 2001 to Aug, 2010.
Klaus von Dohnanyi is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1981 to Jun, 1988.
Kurt Sieveking is the head of the government of Hamburg from Dec, 1953 to Nov, 1957.
Hans-Ulrich Klose is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1974 to May, 1981.
Peter Tschentscher is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Paul Nevermann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jan, 1961 to Jun, 1965.
Henning Voscherau is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1988 to Oct, 1997.
Ortwin Runde is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1997 to Oct, 2001.
Max Brauer is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1946 to Dec, 1953.
Christoph Ahlhaus is the head of the government of Hamburg from Aug, 2010 to Mar, 2011.
Rudolf Petersen is the head of the government of Hamburg from May, 1945 to Nov, 1946.
Peter Schulz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1971 to Nov, 1974.
Herbert Weichmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1965 to Jun, 1971.
Carl Vincent Krogmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 1933 to May, 1945.
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HamburgHamburg (, , ; ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (; ), is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 7th largest city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million and its metropolitan area is home to more than five million people. The city lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries, the River Alster and the River Bille. One of Germany's 16 federated states, Hamburg is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south.The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign city state, and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or . Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.Hamburg is Europe's third largest port, after Rotterdam and Antwerp. Major regional broadcaster NDR, the printing and publishing firm and the newspapers and are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, , , , and Unilever. Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as and the G20. Both former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, were born in Hamburg.Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination. The and were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the and concert halls. It gave birth to movements like and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's is among the best-known European entertainment districts.Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharhörn, and Nigehörn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg.The neighborhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the "Altes Land" (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at AMSL. Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies. Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred, the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of . The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of .Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva.The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name "Hammaburg", "burg" meaning castle or fort. The origin of the "Hamma" term remains uncertain, but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Domplatz.In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants. In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg. This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a "hanse" in London. This was the first time in history that the word "hanse" was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League.In 1270, the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg, "Jordan von Boitzenburg", wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the "Ordeelbook" ("Ordeel": sentence). On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: "Rezeß", literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first constitution of Hamburg.In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France.When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" ("Neustadt") whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (mediatised), but became a sovereign state with the official title of the "Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg". Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866).In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.After periodic political unrest, particularly in 1848, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port. The Hamburg-America Line, with Albert Ballin as its director, became the world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.In Nazi Germany (1933–1945), Hamburg was a "Gau" from 1934 until 1945. During the Second World War, Hamburg suffered a series of Allied air raids which devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, Royal Air Force (RAF) and United States Army Air Force (USAAF) firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the "Hauptbahnhof" (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook, Billbrook and Hamm South. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known.About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg.At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels by the RAF at the end of the war.Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps. Most deported persons perished in the Holocaust. By the end of 1942 the "Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg" was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the Reichssicherheitshauptamt dissolved the "Reichsvereinigung" by a decree. The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt, where most of them perished.Hamburg surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945, three days after Adolf Hitler's death. After the Second World War, Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation; it became a state of the then Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.From 1960 to 1962, the Beatles launched their career by playing in various music clubs like the Star Club in the city.On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.The Inner German border – only east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic states into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of . The population density was . The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to 5,107,429 living on .There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig Holstein, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246). Immigrants come from 200 different countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as followsLike elsewhere in Germany, Standard German is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is Low German, usually referred to as "Hamborger Platt" (German "Hamburger Platt") or "Hamborgsch". Since large-scale standardization of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-colored dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such Missingsch varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois "Hanseatendeutsch" (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation. All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the famous sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.Less than half of the residents of Hamburg are members of an organized religious group.In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the Roman Catholic Church. 65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions.According to the publication "Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland" ("Muslim life in Germany") estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (counting in nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008. About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in the number of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg. There are several mosques, including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque, which is the oldest in the city, the Islamic Centre Hamburg, and a Jewish community.The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to the one of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the Hamburg Rathaus (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament. From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust, who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party. Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on November, 28. 2010. On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition.Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: "Bezirke") and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: "Stadtteile"). There are 181 localities (German: "Ortsteile"). The urban organization is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws. Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona, Harburg and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg. The "Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg" established Hamburg as a state and a municipality. Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: "Bezirksversammlung") and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: "Bezirksamtsleiter"). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate. The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.In 2008, the boroughs were Hamburg-Mitte, Altona, Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Nord, Wandsbek, Bergedorf and Harburg."Hamburg-Mitte" ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof and Wilhelmsburg. The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg."Altona" is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Bahrenfeld, Ottensen, Othmarschen, Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, Lurup, Nienstedten, Blankenese, Iserbrook, Sülldorf, Rissen, Sternschanze."Bergedorf" consists of the quarters Allermöhe, Altengamme, Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, Billwerder, Curslack, Kirchwerder, Lohbrügge, Moorfleet, Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, Ochsenwerder, Reitbrook, Spadenland and Tatenberg."Eimsbüttel" is split into nine-quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Rotherbaum, Schnelsen and Stellingen. Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel."Hamburg-Nord" contains the quarters Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery, Uhlenhorst and Winterhude."Harburg" lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are Altenwerder, Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, Gut Moor, Harburg, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Moorburg, Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf and Wilstorf."Wandsbek" is divided into the quarters Bergstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Eilbek, Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, Jenfeld, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Tonndorf, Volksdorf, Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no skyscrapers (see List of tallest buildings in Hamburg). Churches are important landmarks, such as St Nicholas', which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches ("Hauptkirchen") St Michael's (nicknamed "Michel"), St Peter's, St James's ("St. Jacobi") and St. Catherine's covered with copper plates, and the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).The many streams, rivers and canals are crossed by some 2,500 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam and Venice put together. Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world. The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, and Lombardsbrücke and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.The town hall is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897.The tower is high. Its façade, long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor. The Chilehaus, a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the HafenCity, will house about 10,000 inhabitants and 15,000 workers. The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano. The Elbphilharmonie "(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)", opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects "Herzog & de Meuron".The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the "Stadtpark", the Ohlsdorf Cemetery and Planten un Blomen. The "Stadtpark", Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest planetaria. The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s.The lavish and spacious "Planten un Blomen" park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the "Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg", which is a historic botanical garden that now consists primarily of greenhouses.The "Botanischer Garten Hamburg" is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the "Planten un Blomen" park from May to early October.Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs. In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events. More than 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts and literature. There are five companies in the creative sector per thousand residents (as compared to three in Berlin and 37 in London).Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.The state-owned "Deutsches Schauspielhaus", the Thalia Theatre, Ohnsorg Theatre, "Schmidts Tivoli" and the "Kampnagel" are well-known theatres.The English Theatre of Hamburg near U3 Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-speaking theatre in Germany, and has exclusively English native-speaking actors in its company.Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the Kunsthalle Hamburg with its contemporary art gallery ("Galerie der Gegenwart"), the Museum for Art and Industry ("Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe") and the Deichtorhallen/House of Photography. The Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the Archaeological Museum Hamburg ("Archäologisches Museum Hamburg") in Hamburg-Harburg, the Hamburg Museum of Work ("Museum der Arbeit"), and several museums of local history, for example the Kiekeberg Open Air Museum ("Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg"). Two "museum ships" near Landungsbrücken bear witness to the freight ship ("Cap San Diego") and cargo sailing ship era ("Rickmer Rickmers"). The world's largest model railway museum Miniatur Wunderland with total railway length is also situated near Landungsbrücken in a former warehouse."BallinStadt (Emigration City)" is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The city's other well-known orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie. Before it was the Laeiszhalle, "Musikhalle Hamburg". The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the Hamburger Symphoniker. György Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer Oscar Fetrás, who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.Since the German premiere of "Cats" in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including "The Phantom of the Opera", "The Lion King", "Dirty Dancing" and "Dance of the Vampires (musical)". This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company "Stage Entertainment" being based in the city.In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theaters, the cityscape is characterized by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 110 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organizers based in Hamburg. Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena, the Bahrenfeld harness racing track and Hamburg City Park.Hamburg was an important center of rock music in the early 1960s. The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St. Pauli.Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are Udo Lindenberg, Deichkind and Jan Delay. The singer Annett Louisan lives in Hamburg. An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub Onkel Pö, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighborhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included Otto Waalkes, Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer Inga Rumpf.Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "Hamburger Schule", a term used for bands like Tocotronic, Blumfeld, Tomte or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica, Mladen Solomun and Helena Hauff.Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include Warner Music, Kontor Records, PIAS, , Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include Audiolith, Dial Records, Grand Hotel van Cleef, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label L'Age D'Or also belonged to these.In addition, Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene, which gathers around the Rote Flora, a squatted former theatre located in the SternschanzeThe city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s. Helloween, Gamma Ray, Running Wild and Grave Digger started in Hamburg. The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal.In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like Beginner shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as Fünf Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Fettes Brot and 187 Strassenbande.Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as Spirit Zone.Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the gay pride "Hamburg Pride" festival or the Alster fair (German: "Alstervergnügen"), held at the "Binnenalster". The "Hamburger DOM" is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year. "Hafengeburtstag" is a funfair to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade. The annual biker's service in Saint Michael's Church attracts tens of thousands of bikers. Christmas markets in December are held at the Hamburg Rathaus square, among other places. The "long night of museums" (German: "Lange Nacht der Museen") offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight. The sixth "Festival of Cultures" was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life. The Filmfest Hamburg — a film festival originating from the 1950s "Film Days" (German: "Film Tage") — presents a wide range of films. The "Hamburg Messe and Congress" offers a venue for trade shows, such "hanseboot", an international boat show, or "Du und deine Welt", a large consumer products show. Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, the Hamburg Marathon, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin, the tennis tournament Hamburg Masters and equestrian events like the Deutsches Derby. Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events. Hamburg's festivals include the Elbjazz Festival, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbor and HafenCity.For contemporary and experimental music, the "blurred edges" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the MS Dockville music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the Wilhelmsburg district. This is followed at the end of September by the , which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide. In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.Original Hamburg dishes are "Birnen, Bohnen und Speck" (green beans cooked with pears and bacon), "Aalsuppe" (Hamburgisch "Oolsupp") is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" ("Aal"/"Ool" translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon "allns" , meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners. There is "Bratkartoffeln" (pan-fried potato slices), "Finkenwerder Scholle" (Low Saxon "Finkwarder Scholl", pan-fried plaice), "Pannfisch" (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce), "Rote Grütze" (Low Saxon "Rode Grütt", related to Danish "rødgrød", a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish "rødgrød med fløde") and "Labskaus" (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian "lapskaus" and Liverpool's lobscouse, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas)."Alsterwasser" (in reference to the city's river, the Alster) is the local name for a type of shandy, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade ("Zitronenlimonade"), the lemonade being added to the beer.There is the curious regional dessert pastry called Franzbrötchen. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar streusel. The name may also reflect to the roll's croissant-like appearance – "franz" appears to be a shortening of "französisch", meaning "French", which would make a "Franzbrötchen" a "French roll".Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is "Schrippe" (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, "Rundstück" ("round piece" rather than mainstream German "Brötchen", diminutive form of "Brot" "bread"), a relative of Denmark's "rundstykke". In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark, especially of Copenhagen, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.The American hamburger may have developed from Hamburg's "Frikadeller": a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked stale bread, egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a "Hamburger steak" in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America. The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the HafenCity.Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of St. Pauli, Sternschanze and Altona are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.During the 2017 G20 summit, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club e.V., Professional Women's Forum, The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850 within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany under the United Grand Lodges of Germany works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at "".American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e.V., the American Women's Club of Hamburg, the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club, and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. "The American Chamber of Commerce" handles matters related to business affairs. The International School of Hamburg serves school children.William Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg.Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt."A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."A memorial for successful English engineer William Lindley, who reorganized, beginning in 1842, the drinking water and sewage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall train station in Vorsetzen street.In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" "(Stolpersteine)" were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.The Gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 59,600 € or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average. The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The average income in 2016 of employees was €49,332.The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of Northern Germany. The city is the seat of Germany's oldest bank, the Berenberg Bank, M.M.Warburg & CO and Hamburg Commercial Bank. The Hamburg Stock Exchange is the oldest of its kind in Germany.The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016. International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm + Voss.Hamburg, along with Seattle and Toulouse, is an important location of the civil aerospace industry. Airbus, which operates the Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder, employs over 13,000 people.The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the Hamburg-Mitte district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island Grasbrook, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city center, west and south by the Elbe and to the east, bounded by the upper harbor, Rothenburgsort. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometers.HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighborhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialization of HafenCity, "HafenCity Hamburg GmbH", half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.Many companies operating in E-Commerce have moved into HafenCity or started there. In addition to cruise agents, many start-up companies that have no direct connection to the port or ships can be found in HafenCity.In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city. The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in revenue of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern +33%).A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church St. Michaelis (called the "Michel"), and visiting the old warehouse district ("Speicherstadt") and the harbour promenade ("Landungsbrücken"). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours ("Große Hafenrundfahrt", "Fleetfahrt") which start from the "Landungsbrücken". Major destinations also include museums.The area of Reeperbahn in the quarter St. Pauli is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars and nightclubs. The singer and actor Hans Albers is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight") in the 1940s. The Beatles had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood "Schanze" with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's famous zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg. The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from Denmark (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), Switzerland (340,156 overnight stays), Austria (about 252,397 overnight stays) and the Netherlands (about 182,610 overnight stays). The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).The "Queen Mary 2" has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.Media businesses employ over 70,000 people. The Norddeutscher Rundfunk which includes the television station NDR Fernsehen is based in Hamburg, including the very popular news program "Tagesschau", as are the commercial television station "Hamburg 1", the Christian television station "Bibel TV" and the civil media outlet "Tide TV". There are regional radio stations such as Radio Hamburg. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, Axel Springer AG, Gruner + Jahr, Bauer Media Group are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines such as "Der Spiegel" and "Die Zeit" are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as "Financial Times Deutschland". "Hamburger Abendblatt" and "Hamburger Morgenpost" are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as Warner Bros. Records Germany, and ICT firms such as Adobe Systems and Google Germany.A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city. The and the Clubkombinat represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by RockCity Hamburg e.V..Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film "Tomorrow Never Dies". The "Reeperbahn" has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film "Backbeat". The film "A Most Wanted Man" was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in "An American Tail" where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds. The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four Autobahnen (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the old Elbe Tunnel ("Alter Elbtunnel") or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the Elbe Tunnel ("Elbtunnel") the crossing of a motorway.Hamburg Airport is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation. There is also the smaller Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport, used only as a company airport for Airbus. Some airlines market Lübeck Airport in Lübeck as serving Hamburg.Hamburg's licence plate prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by Hanover since 1956); Public transport by rail, bus and ship is organised by the "Hamburger Verkehrsverbund" ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport. The S-Bahn (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the U-Bahn four lines – "U-Bahn" is short for "Untergrundbahn" (underground railway). Approximately of of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as "Hochbahn" (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the "Hamburger Hochbahn". The AKN railway connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG and the regional "metronom" trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Except at the four bigger stations of the city, Hauptbahnhof, Dammtor, Altona and Harburg regional trains do not stop inside the city. The tram system was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses. Hamburg has no trams or trolleybuses, but has hydrogen-fueled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on some so-called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes. On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer, on normal days (Monday-Friday) the normal buses stop running at night. (MetroBuses run all around the clock, every day at the year at least every half-hour.)There are eight ferry lines along the River Elbe, operated by "HADAG", that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.The international airport serving Hamburg, Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt (IATA: HAM, ICAO: EDDH) is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like Newark, New Jersey on United Airlines, Dubai on Emirates, and Tehran on Iran Air. Hamburg is a secondary hub for Lufthansa, which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in Hamburg-Finkenwerder, officially named Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (IATA: XFW, ICAO: EDHI). It is about from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the Airbus plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after Toulouse, and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after Seattle and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for A318, A319, A320, A321 and A380 aircraft.The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by "Vattenfall Europe", formerly the state-owned "Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke". Vattenfall Europe used to operate the Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant and Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant, both taken out of service as part of the nuclear power phase-out. In addition, E.ON operates the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant near Hamburg.There are also the coal-fired Wedel, Tiefstack and Moorburg CHP Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. "VERA Klärschlammverbrennung" uses the biosolids of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the "Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht" is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is "Müllverwertung Borsigstraße".In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz"). This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition "Tschuess Kohle ("Goodbye Coal")." Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with Namibia, which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from encroacher bush as replacement of coal.Hamburger SV is a football team playing in the 2. Bundesliga (as of 2018). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the Bundesliga in 2018. HSV is a six-time German champion, a three-time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, and has played in the group stages of the Champions League twice: in 2000–01 and in 2006–07. They play at the Volksparkstadion (average attendance in the 12–13 season was 52,916). In addition, FC St. Pauli was a second division football club that came in second place in the 2009–10 season and qualified to play alongside Hamburger SV in the first division for the first time since the 2001–02 season. St. Pauli's home games take place at the Millerntor-Stadion.The Hamburg Freezers represented Hamburg until 2016 in the DEL, the premier ice hockey league in Germany.HSV Handball represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German handball league. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the O2 World Hamburg the same year. The most recent success for the team was the EHF Champions League win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season. But due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016 however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016-2018) and in second division (since 2018).The "BCJ Hamburg" played in the Basketball Bundesliga from 1999 to 2001. Since then, teams from Hamburg have attempted to return to Germany's elite league. The recently founded Hamburg Towers have already established themselves as one of the main teams in Germany's second division ProA and aim to take on the heritage of the BCJ Hamburg. The Towers play their home games at the "Inselparkhalle" in Wilhelmsburg.Hamburg is the nation's field hockey capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.The Hamburg Warriors are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs. The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).Hamburg Blue Devils was one of the prominent American Football teams playing in German Football League before its exit in 2017. Hamburg Sea Devils is a team of European League of Football (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe. The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.There are also the Hamburg Dockers, an Australian rules football club. The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four cricket clubs.The Centre Court of the Tennis Am Rothenbaum venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.Hamburg also hosts equestrian events at "Reitstadion Klein Flottbek" (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and "Horner Rennbahn" (Deutsches Derby flat racing). Besides Hamburg owns the famous harness racing track "Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008 23,230 participants were registered. World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, and the triathlon ITU World Cup event "Hamburg City Man" are also held in here.Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the 2006 World Cup. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the UEFA Europa League in the arena.Hamburg made a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a referendum in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city Kiel voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training ("Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung"). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016. There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students. Six universities are public, including the largest, the University of Hamburg (Universität Hamburg) with the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, the University of Music and Theatre, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, the HafenCity University Hamburg and the Hamburg University of Technology. Seven universities are private, like the Bucerius Law School, the Kühne Logistics University and the HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the Helmut Schmidt University (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the International School of Hamburg.Hamburg is twinned with:
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[
"Henning Voscherau",
"Christoph Ahlhaus",
"Ole von Beust",
"Herbert Weichmann",
"Max Brauer",
"Peter Tschentscher",
"Kurt Sieveking",
"Hans-Ulrich Klose",
"Peter Schulz",
"Rudolf Petersen",
"Klaus von Dohnanyi",
"Paul Nevermann",
"Olaf Scholz",
"Ortwin Runde"
] |
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Who was the head of Hamburg in 11/26/1937?
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November 26, 1937
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{
"text": [
"Carl Vincent Krogmann"
]
}
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L2_Q1055_P6_0
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Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2011 to Mar, 2018.
Ole von Beust is the head of the government of Hamburg from Oct, 2001 to Aug, 2010.
Klaus von Dohnanyi is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1981 to Jun, 1988.
Kurt Sieveking is the head of the government of Hamburg from Dec, 1953 to Nov, 1957.
Hans-Ulrich Klose is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1974 to May, 1981.
Peter Tschentscher is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Paul Nevermann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jan, 1961 to Jun, 1965.
Henning Voscherau is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1988 to Oct, 1997.
Ortwin Runde is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1997 to Oct, 2001.
Max Brauer is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1946 to Dec, 1953.
Christoph Ahlhaus is the head of the government of Hamburg from Aug, 2010 to Mar, 2011.
Rudolf Petersen is the head of the government of Hamburg from May, 1945 to Nov, 1946.
Peter Schulz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1971 to Nov, 1974.
Herbert Weichmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1965 to Jun, 1971.
Carl Vincent Krogmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 1933 to May, 1945.
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HamburgHamburg (, , ; ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (; ), is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 7th largest city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million and its metropolitan area is home to more than five million people. The city lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries, the River Alster and the River Bille. One of Germany's 16 federated states, Hamburg is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south.The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign city state, and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or . Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.Hamburg is Europe's third largest port, after Rotterdam and Antwerp. Major regional broadcaster NDR, the printing and publishing firm and the newspapers and are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, , , , and Unilever. Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as and the G20. Both former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, were born in Hamburg.Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination. The and were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the and concert halls. It gave birth to movements like and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's is among the best-known European entertainment districts.Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharhörn, and Nigehörn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg.The neighborhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the "Altes Land" (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at AMSL. Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies. Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred, the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of . The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of .Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva.The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name "Hammaburg", "burg" meaning castle or fort. The origin of the "Hamma" term remains uncertain, but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Domplatz.In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants. In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg. This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a "hanse" in London. This was the first time in history that the word "hanse" was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League.In 1270, the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg, "Jordan von Boitzenburg", wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the "Ordeelbook" ("Ordeel": sentence). On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: "Rezeß", literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first constitution of Hamburg.In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France.When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" ("Neustadt") whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (mediatised), but became a sovereign state with the official title of the "Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg". Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866).In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.After periodic political unrest, particularly in 1848, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port. The Hamburg-America Line, with Albert Ballin as its director, became the world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.In Nazi Germany (1933–1945), Hamburg was a "Gau" from 1934 until 1945. During the Second World War, Hamburg suffered a series of Allied air raids which devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, Royal Air Force (RAF) and United States Army Air Force (USAAF) firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the "Hauptbahnhof" (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook, Billbrook and Hamm South. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known.About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg.At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels by the RAF at the end of the war.Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps. Most deported persons perished in the Holocaust. By the end of 1942 the "Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg" was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the Reichssicherheitshauptamt dissolved the "Reichsvereinigung" by a decree. The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt, where most of them perished.Hamburg surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945, three days after Adolf Hitler's death. After the Second World War, Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation; it became a state of the then Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.From 1960 to 1962, the Beatles launched their career by playing in various music clubs like the Star Club in the city.On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.The Inner German border – only east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic states into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of . The population density was . The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to 5,107,429 living on .There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig Holstein, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246). Immigrants come from 200 different countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as followsLike elsewhere in Germany, Standard German is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is Low German, usually referred to as "Hamborger Platt" (German "Hamburger Platt") or "Hamborgsch". Since large-scale standardization of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-colored dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such Missingsch varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois "Hanseatendeutsch" (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation. All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the famous sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.Less than half of the residents of Hamburg are members of an organized religious group.In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the Roman Catholic Church. 65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions.According to the publication "Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland" ("Muslim life in Germany") estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (counting in nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008. About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in the number of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg. There are several mosques, including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque, which is the oldest in the city, the Islamic Centre Hamburg, and a Jewish community.The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to the one of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the Hamburg Rathaus (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament. From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust, who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party. Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on November, 28. 2010. On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition.Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: "Bezirke") and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: "Stadtteile"). There are 181 localities (German: "Ortsteile"). The urban organization is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws. Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona, Harburg and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg. The "Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg" established Hamburg as a state and a municipality. Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: "Bezirksversammlung") and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: "Bezirksamtsleiter"). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate. The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.In 2008, the boroughs were Hamburg-Mitte, Altona, Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Nord, Wandsbek, Bergedorf and Harburg."Hamburg-Mitte" ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof and Wilhelmsburg. The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg."Altona" is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Bahrenfeld, Ottensen, Othmarschen, Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, Lurup, Nienstedten, Blankenese, Iserbrook, Sülldorf, Rissen, Sternschanze."Bergedorf" consists of the quarters Allermöhe, Altengamme, Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, Billwerder, Curslack, Kirchwerder, Lohbrügge, Moorfleet, Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, Ochsenwerder, Reitbrook, Spadenland and Tatenberg."Eimsbüttel" is split into nine-quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Rotherbaum, Schnelsen and Stellingen. Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel."Hamburg-Nord" contains the quarters Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery, Uhlenhorst and Winterhude."Harburg" lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are Altenwerder, Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, Gut Moor, Harburg, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Moorburg, Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf and Wilstorf."Wandsbek" is divided into the quarters Bergstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Eilbek, Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, Jenfeld, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Tonndorf, Volksdorf, Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no skyscrapers (see List of tallest buildings in Hamburg). Churches are important landmarks, such as St Nicholas', which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches ("Hauptkirchen") St Michael's (nicknamed "Michel"), St Peter's, St James's ("St. Jacobi") and St. Catherine's covered with copper plates, and the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).The many streams, rivers and canals are crossed by some 2,500 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam and Venice put together. Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world. The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, and Lombardsbrücke and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.The town hall is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897.The tower is high. Its façade, long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor. The Chilehaus, a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the HafenCity, will house about 10,000 inhabitants and 15,000 workers. The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano. The Elbphilharmonie "(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)", opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects "Herzog & de Meuron".The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the "Stadtpark", the Ohlsdorf Cemetery and Planten un Blomen. The "Stadtpark", Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest planetaria. The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s.The lavish and spacious "Planten un Blomen" park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the "Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg", which is a historic botanical garden that now consists primarily of greenhouses.The "Botanischer Garten Hamburg" is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the "Planten un Blomen" park from May to early October.Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs. In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events. More than 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts and literature. There are five companies in the creative sector per thousand residents (as compared to three in Berlin and 37 in London).Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.The state-owned "Deutsches Schauspielhaus", the Thalia Theatre, Ohnsorg Theatre, "Schmidts Tivoli" and the "Kampnagel" are well-known theatres.The English Theatre of Hamburg near U3 Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-speaking theatre in Germany, and has exclusively English native-speaking actors in its company.Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the Kunsthalle Hamburg with its contemporary art gallery ("Galerie der Gegenwart"), the Museum for Art and Industry ("Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe") and the Deichtorhallen/House of Photography. The Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the Archaeological Museum Hamburg ("Archäologisches Museum Hamburg") in Hamburg-Harburg, the Hamburg Museum of Work ("Museum der Arbeit"), and several museums of local history, for example the Kiekeberg Open Air Museum ("Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg"). Two "museum ships" near Landungsbrücken bear witness to the freight ship ("Cap San Diego") and cargo sailing ship era ("Rickmer Rickmers"). The world's largest model railway museum Miniatur Wunderland with total railway length is also situated near Landungsbrücken in a former warehouse."BallinStadt (Emigration City)" is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The city's other well-known orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie. Before it was the Laeiszhalle, "Musikhalle Hamburg". The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the Hamburger Symphoniker. György Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer Oscar Fetrás, who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.Since the German premiere of "Cats" in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including "The Phantom of the Opera", "The Lion King", "Dirty Dancing" and "Dance of the Vampires (musical)". This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company "Stage Entertainment" being based in the city.In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theaters, the cityscape is characterized by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 110 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organizers based in Hamburg. Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena, the Bahrenfeld harness racing track and Hamburg City Park.Hamburg was an important center of rock music in the early 1960s. The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St. Pauli.Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are Udo Lindenberg, Deichkind and Jan Delay. The singer Annett Louisan lives in Hamburg. An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub Onkel Pö, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighborhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included Otto Waalkes, Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer Inga Rumpf.Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "Hamburger Schule", a term used for bands like Tocotronic, Blumfeld, Tomte or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica, Mladen Solomun and Helena Hauff.Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include Warner Music, Kontor Records, PIAS, , Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include Audiolith, Dial Records, Grand Hotel van Cleef, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label L'Age D'Or also belonged to these.In addition, Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene, which gathers around the Rote Flora, a squatted former theatre located in the SternschanzeThe city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s. Helloween, Gamma Ray, Running Wild and Grave Digger started in Hamburg. The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal.In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like Beginner shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as Fünf Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Fettes Brot and 187 Strassenbande.Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as Spirit Zone.Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the gay pride "Hamburg Pride" festival or the Alster fair (German: "Alstervergnügen"), held at the "Binnenalster". The "Hamburger DOM" is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year. "Hafengeburtstag" is a funfair to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade. The annual biker's service in Saint Michael's Church attracts tens of thousands of bikers. Christmas markets in December are held at the Hamburg Rathaus square, among other places. The "long night of museums" (German: "Lange Nacht der Museen") offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight. The sixth "Festival of Cultures" was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life. The Filmfest Hamburg — a film festival originating from the 1950s "Film Days" (German: "Film Tage") — presents a wide range of films. The "Hamburg Messe and Congress" offers a venue for trade shows, such "hanseboot", an international boat show, or "Du und deine Welt", a large consumer products show. Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, the Hamburg Marathon, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin, the tennis tournament Hamburg Masters and equestrian events like the Deutsches Derby. Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events. Hamburg's festivals include the Elbjazz Festival, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbor and HafenCity.For contemporary and experimental music, the "blurred edges" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the MS Dockville music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the Wilhelmsburg district. This is followed at the end of September by the , which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide. In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.Original Hamburg dishes are "Birnen, Bohnen und Speck" (green beans cooked with pears and bacon), "Aalsuppe" (Hamburgisch "Oolsupp") is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" ("Aal"/"Ool" translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon "allns" , meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners. There is "Bratkartoffeln" (pan-fried potato slices), "Finkenwerder Scholle" (Low Saxon "Finkwarder Scholl", pan-fried plaice), "Pannfisch" (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce), "Rote Grütze" (Low Saxon "Rode Grütt", related to Danish "rødgrød", a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish "rødgrød med fløde") and "Labskaus" (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian "lapskaus" and Liverpool's lobscouse, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas)."Alsterwasser" (in reference to the city's river, the Alster) is the local name for a type of shandy, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade ("Zitronenlimonade"), the lemonade being added to the beer.There is the curious regional dessert pastry called Franzbrötchen. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar streusel. The name may also reflect to the roll's croissant-like appearance – "franz" appears to be a shortening of "französisch", meaning "French", which would make a "Franzbrötchen" a "French roll".Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is "Schrippe" (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, "Rundstück" ("round piece" rather than mainstream German "Brötchen", diminutive form of "Brot" "bread"), a relative of Denmark's "rundstykke". In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark, especially of Copenhagen, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.The American hamburger may have developed from Hamburg's "Frikadeller": a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked stale bread, egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a "Hamburger steak" in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America. The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the HafenCity.Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of St. Pauli, Sternschanze and Altona are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.During the 2017 G20 summit, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club e.V., Professional Women's Forum, The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850 within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany under the United Grand Lodges of Germany works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at "".American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e.V., the American Women's Club of Hamburg, the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club, and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. "The American Chamber of Commerce" handles matters related to business affairs. The International School of Hamburg serves school children.William Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg.Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt."A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."A memorial for successful English engineer William Lindley, who reorganized, beginning in 1842, the drinking water and sewage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall train station in Vorsetzen street.In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" "(Stolpersteine)" were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.The Gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 59,600 € or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average. The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The average income in 2016 of employees was €49,332.The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of Northern Germany. The city is the seat of Germany's oldest bank, the Berenberg Bank, M.M.Warburg & CO and Hamburg Commercial Bank. The Hamburg Stock Exchange is the oldest of its kind in Germany.The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016. International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm + Voss.Hamburg, along with Seattle and Toulouse, is an important location of the civil aerospace industry. Airbus, which operates the Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder, employs over 13,000 people.The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the Hamburg-Mitte district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island Grasbrook, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city center, west and south by the Elbe and to the east, bounded by the upper harbor, Rothenburgsort. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometers.HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighborhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialization of HafenCity, "HafenCity Hamburg GmbH", half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.Many companies operating in E-Commerce have moved into HafenCity or started there. In addition to cruise agents, many start-up companies that have no direct connection to the port or ships can be found in HafenCity.In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city. The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in revenue of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern +33%).A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church St. Michaelis (called the "Michel"), and visiting the old warehouse district ("Speicherstadt") and the harbour promenade ("Landungsbrücken"). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours ("Große Hafenrundfahrt", "Fleetfahrt") which start from the "Landungsbrücken". Major destinations also include museums.The area of Reeperbahn in the quarter St. Pauli is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars and nightclubs. The singer and actor Hans Albers is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight") in the 1940s. The Beatles had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood "Schanze" with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's famous zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg. The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from Denmark (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), Switzerland (340,156 overnight stays), Austria (about 252,397 overnight stays) and the Netherlands (about 182,610 overnight stays). The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).The "Queen Mary 2" has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.Media businesses employ over 70,000 people. The Norddeutscher Rundfunk which includes the television station NDR Fernsehen is based in Hamburg, including the very popular news program "Tagesschau", as are the commercial television station "Hamburg 1", the Christian television station "Bibel TV" and the civil media outlet "Tide TV". There are regional radio stations such as Radio Hamburg. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, Axel Springer AG, Gruner + Jahr, Bauer Media Group are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines such as "Der Spiegel" and "Die Zeit" are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as "Financial Times Deutschland". "Hamburger Abendblatt" and "Hamburger Morgenpost" are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as Warner Bros. Records Germany, and ICT firms such as Adobe Systems and Google Germany.A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city. The and the Clubkombinat represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by RockCity Hamburg e.V..Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film "Tomorrow Never Dies". The "Reeperbahn" has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film "Backbeat". The film "A Most Wanted Man" was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in "An American Tail" where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds. The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four Autobahnen (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the old Elbe Tunnel ("Alter Elbtunnel") or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the Elbe Tunnel ("Elbtunnel") the crossing of a motorway.Hamburg Airport is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation. There is also the smaller Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport, used only as a company airport for Airbus. Some airlines market Lübeck Airport in Lübeck as serving Hamburg.Hamburg's licence plate prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by Hanover since 1956); Public transport by rail, bus and ship is organised by the "Hamburger Verkehrsverbund" ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport. The S-Bahn (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the U-Bahn four lines – "U-Bahn" is short for "Untergrundbahn" (underground railway). Approximately of of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as "Hochbahn" (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the "Hamburger Hochbahn". The AKN railway connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG and the regional "metronom" trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Except at the four bigger stations of the city, Hauptbahnhof, Dammtor, Altona and Harburg regional trains do not stop inside the city. The tram system was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses. Hamburg has no trams or trolleybuses, but has hydrogen-fueled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on some so-called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes. On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer, on normal days (Monday-Friday) the normal buses stop running at night. (MetroBuses run all around the clock, every day at the year at least every half-hour.)There are eight ferry lines along the River Elbe, operated by "HADAG", that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.The international airport serving Hamburg, Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt (IATA: HAM, ICAO: EDDH) is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like Newark, New Jersey on United Airlines, Dubai on Emirates, and Tehran on Iran Air. Hamburg is a secondary hub for Lufthansa, which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in Hamburg-Finkenwerder, officially named Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (IATA: XFW, ICAO: EDHI). It is about from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the Airbus plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after Toulouse, and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after Seattle and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for A318, A319, A320, A321 and A380 aircraft.The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by "Vattenfall Europe", formerly the state-owned "Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke". Vattenfall Europe used to operate the Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant and Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant, both taken out of service as part of the nuclear power phase-out. In addition, E.ON operates the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant near Hamburg.There are also the coal-fired Wedel, Tiefstack and Moorburg CHP Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. "VERA Klärschlammverbrennung" uses the biosolids of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the "Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht" is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is "Müllverwertung Borsigstraße".In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz"). This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition "Tschuess Kohle ("Goodbye Coal")." Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with Namibia, which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from encroacher bush as replacement of coal.Hamburger SV is a football team playing in the 2. Bundesliga (as of 2018). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the Bundesliga in 2018. HSV is a six-time German champion, a three-time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, and has played in the group stages of the Champions League twice: in 2000–01 and in 2006–07. They play at the Volksparkstadion (average attendance in the 12–13 season was 52,916). In addition, FC St. Pauli was a second division football club that came in second place in the 2009–10 season and qualified to play alongside Hamburger SV in the first division for the first time since the 2001–02 season. St. Pauli's home games take place at the Millerntor-Stadion.The Hamburg Freezers represented Hamburg until 2016 in the DEL, the premier ice hockey league in Germany.HSV Handball represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German handball league. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the O2 World Hamburg the same year. The most recent success for the team was the EHF Champions League win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season. But due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016 however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016-2018) and in second division (since 2018).The "BCJ Hamburg" played in the Basketball Bundesliga from 1999 to 2001. Since then, teams from Hamburg have attempted to return to Germany's elite league. The recently founded Hamburg Towers have already established themselves as one of the main teams in Germany's second division ProA and aim to take on the heritage of the BCJ Hamburg. The Towers play their home games at the "Inselparkhalle" in Wilhelmsburg.Hamburg is the nation's field hockey capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.The Hamburg Warriors are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs. The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).Hamburg Blue Devils was one of the prominent American Football teams playing in German Football League before its exit in 2017. Hamburg Sea Devils is a team of European League of Football (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe. The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.There are also the Hamburg Dockers, an Australian rules football club. The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four cricket clubs.The Centre Court of the Tennis Am Rothenbaum venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.Hamburg also hosts equestrian events at "Reitstadion Klein Flottbek" (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and "Horner Rennbahn" (Deutsches Derby flat racing). Besides Hamburg owns the famous harness racing track "Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008 23,230 participants were registered. World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, and the triathlon ITU World Cup event "Hamburg City Man" are also held in here.Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the 2006 World Cup. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the UEFA Europa League in the arena.Hamburg made a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a referendum in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city Kiel voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training ("Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung"). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016. There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students. Six universities are public, including the largest, the University of Hamburg (Universität Hamburg) with the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, the University of Music and Theatre, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, the HafenCity University Hamburg and the Hamburg University of Technology. Seven universities are private, like the Bucerius Law School, the Kühne Logistics University and the HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the Helmut Schmidt University (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the International School of Hamburg.Hamburg is twinned with:
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[
"Henning Voscherau",
"Christoph Ahlhaus",
"Ole von Beust",
"Herbert Weichmann",
"Max Brauer",
"Peter Tschentscher",
"Kurt Sieveking",
"Hans-Ulrich Klose",
"Peter Schulz",
"Rudolf Petersen",
"Klaus von Dohnanyi",
"Paul Nevermann",
"Olaf Scholz",
"Ortwin Runde"
] |
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Who was the head of Hamburg in 26-Nov-193726-November-1937?
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November 26, 1937
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{
"text": [
"Carl Vincent Krogmann"
]
}
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L2_Q1055_P6_0
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Olaf Scholz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2011 to Mar, 2018.
Ole von Beust is the head of the government of Hamburg from Oct, 2001 to Aug, 2010.
Klaus von Dohnanyi is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1981 to Jun, 1988.
Kurt Sieveking is the head of the government of Hamburg from Dec, 1953 to Nov, 1957.
Hans-Ulrich Klose is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1974 to May, 1981.
Peter Tschentscher is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Paul Nevermann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jan, 1961 to Jun, 1965.
Henning Voscherau is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1988 to Oct, 1997.
Ortwin Runde is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1997 to Oct, 2001.
Max Brauer is the head of the government of Hamburg from Nov, 1946 to Dec, 1953.
Christoph Ahlhaus is the head of the government of Hamburg from Aug, 2010 to Mar, 2011.
Rudolf Petersen is the head of the government of Hamburg from May, 1945 to Nov, 1946.
Peter Schulz is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1971 to Nov, 1974.
Herbert Weichmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Jun, 1965 to Jun, 1971.
Carl Vincent Krogmann is the head of the government of Hamburg from Mar, 1933 to May, 1945.
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HamburgHamburg (, , ; ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (; ), is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 7th largest city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million and its metropolitan area is home to more than five million people. The city lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries, the River Alster and the River Bille. One of Germany's 16 federated states, Hamburg is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south.The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign city state, and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or . Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.Hamburg is Europe's third largest port, after Rotterdam and Antwerp. Major regional broadcaster NDR, the printing and publishing firm and the newspapers and are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, , , , and Unilever. Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as and the G20. Both former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, were born in Hamburg.Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination. The and were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the and concert halls. It gave birth to movements like and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's is among the best-known European entertainment districts.Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharhörn, and Nigehörn, away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg.The neighborhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the "Altes Land" (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at AMSL. Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies. Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred, the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of . The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of .Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva.The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name "Hammaburg", "burg" meaning castle or fort. The origin of the "Hamma" term remains uncertain, but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Domplatz.In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants. In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg. This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a "hanse" in London. This was the first time in history that the word "hanse" was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League.In 1270, the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg, "Jordan von Boitzenburg", wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the "Ordeelbook" ("Ordeel": sentence). On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: "Rezeß", literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first constitution of Hamburg.In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France.When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" ("Neustadt") whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (mediatised), but became a sovereign state with the official title of the "Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg". Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866).In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.After periodic political unrest, particularly in 1848, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port. The Hamburg-America Line, with Albert Ballin as its director, became the world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.In Nazi Germany (1933–1945), Hamburg was a "Gau" from 1934 until 1945. During the Second World War, Hamburg suffered a series of Allied air raids which devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, Royal Air Force (RAF) and United States Army Air Force (USAAF) firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the "Hauptbahnhof" (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook, Billbrook and Hamm South. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known.About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg.At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the bombing of Kriegsmarine evacuation vessels by the RAF at the end of the war.Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps. Most deported persons perished in the Holocaust. By the end of 1942 the "Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg" was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943 the Reichssicherheitshauptamt dissolved the "Reichsvereinigung" by a decree. The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt, where most of them perished.Hamburg surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945, three days after Adolf Hitler's death. After the Second World War, Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation; it became a state of the then Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.From 1960 to 1962, the Beatles launched their career by playing in various music clubs like the Star Club in the city.On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.The Inner German border – only east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic states into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of . The population density was . The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to 5,107,429 living on .There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig Holstein, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246). Immigrants come from 200 different countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as followsLike elsewhere in Germany, Standard German is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is Low German, usually referred to as "Hamborger Platt" (German "Hamburger Platt") or "Hamborgsch". Since large-scale standardization of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-colored dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such Missingsch varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois "Hanseatendeutsch" (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation. All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the famous sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.Less than half of the residents of Hamburg are members of an organized religious group.In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the Roman Catholic Church. 65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions.According to the publication "Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland" ("Muslim life in Germany") estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (counting in nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008. About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in the number of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg. There are several mosques, including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque, which is the oldest in the city, the Islamic Centre Hamburg, and a Jewish community.The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to the one of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.Since 1897, the seat of the government has been the Hamburg Rathaus (Hamburg City Hall), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament. From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust, who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party. Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on November, 28. 2010. On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition.Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: "Bezirke") and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: "Stadtteile"). There are 181 localities (German: "Ortsteile"). The urban organization is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws. Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona, Harburg and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg. The "Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg" established Hamburg as a state and a municipality. Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: "Bezirksversammlung") and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: "Bezirksamtsleiter"). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate. The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.In 2008, the boroughs were Hamburg-Mitte, Altona, Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Nord, Wandsbek, Bergedorf and Harburg."Hamburg-Mitte" ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof and Wilhelmsburg. The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg."Altona" is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Bahrenfeld, Ottensen, Othmarschen, Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, Lurup, Nienstedten, Blankenese, Iserbrook, Sülldorf, Rissen, Sternschanze."Bergedorf" consists of the quarters Allermöhe, Altengamme, Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, Billwerder, Curslack, Kirchwerder, Lohbrügge, Moorfleet, Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, Ochsenwerder, Reitbrook, Spadenland and Tatenberg."Eimsbüttel" is split into nine-quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Rotherbaum, Schnelsen and Stellingen. Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel."Hamburg-Nord" contains the quarters Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery, Uhlenhorst and Winterhude."Harburg" lies on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are Altenwerder, Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, Gut Moor, Harburg, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Moorburg, Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf and Wilstorf."Wandsbek" is divided into the quarters Bergstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Eilbek, Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, Jenfeld, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Tonndorf, Volksdorf, Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and no skyscrapers (see List of tallest buildings in Hamburg). Churches are important landmarks, such as St Nicholas', which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches ("Hauptkirchen") St Michael's (nicknamed "Michel"), St Peter's, St James's ("St. Jacobi") and St. Catherine's covered with copper plates, and the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).The many streams, rivers and canals are crossed by some 2,500 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam and Venice put together. Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world. The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, and Lombardsbrücke and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.The town hall is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897.The tower is high. Its façade, long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor. The Chilehaus, a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the HafenCity, will house about 10,000 inhabitants and 15,000 workers. The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano. The Elbphilharmonie "(Elbe Philharmonic Hall)", opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects "Herzog & de Meuron".The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the "Stadtpark", the Ohlsdorf Cemetery and Planten un Blomen. The "Stadtpark", Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest planetaria. The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s.The lavish and spacious "Planten un Blomen" park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the "Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg", which is a historic botanical garden that now consists primarily of greenhouses.The "Botanischer Garten Hamburg" is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are the famous water-light-concerts in the "Planten un Blomen" park from May to early October.Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums and 100 music venues and clubs. In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events. More than 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts and literature. There are five companies in the creative sector per thousand residents (as compared to three in Berlin and 37 in London).Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.The state-owned "Deutsches Schauspielhaus", the Thalia Theatre, Ohnsorg Theatre, "Schmidts Tivoli" and the "Kampnagel" are well-known theatres.The English Theatre of Hamburg near U3 Mundsburg station was established in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-speaking theatre in Germany, and has exclusively English native-speaking actors in its company.Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the Kunsthalle Hamburg with its contemporary art gallery ("Galerie der Gegenwart"), the Museum for Art and Industry ("Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe") and the Deichtorhallen/House of Photography. The Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the Archaeological Museum Hamburg ("Archäologisches Museum Hamburg") in Hamburg-Harburg, the Hamburg Museum of Work ("Museum der Arbeit"), and several museums of local history, for example the Kiekeberg Open Air Museum ("Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg"). Two "museum ships" near Landungsbrücken bear witness to the freight ship ("Cap San Diego") and cargo sailing ship era ("Rickmer Rickmers"). The world's largest model railway museum Miniatur Wunderland with total railway length is also situated near Landungsbrücken in a former warehouse."BallinStadt (Emigration City)" is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The city's other well-known orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie. Before it was the Laeiszhalle, "Musikhalle Hamburg". The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the Hamburger Symphoniker. György Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of the famous waltz composer Oscar Fetrás, who wrote the well-known "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.Since the German premiere of "Cats" in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including "The Phantom of the Opera", "The Lion King", "Dirty Dancing" and "Dance of the Vampires (musical)". This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company "Stage Entertainment" being based in the city.In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls and theaters, the cityscape is characterized by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 110 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organizers based in Hamburg. Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena, the Bahrenfeld harness racing track and Hamburg City Park.Hamburg was an important center of rock music in the early 1960s. The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St. Pauli.Hamburg has produced a number of successful (pop) musicians. Among the best known are Udo Lindenberg, Deichkind and Jan Delay. The singer Annett Louisan lives in Hamburg. An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub Onkel Pö, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighborhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included Otto Waalkes, Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer Inga Rumpf.Hamburg is famous for a special kind of German alternative music, the "Hamburger Schule", a term used for bands like Tocotronic, Blumfeld, Tomte or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the in Altona's old town near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Well-known artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica, Mladen Solomun and Helena Hauff.Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include Warner Music, Kontor Records, PIAS, , Believe Digital and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include Audiolith, Dial Records, Grand Hotel van Cleef, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label L'Age D'Or also belonged to these.In addition, Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene, which gathers around the Rote Flora, a squatted former theatre located in the SternschanzeThe city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s. Helloween, Gamma Ray, Running Wild and Grave Digger started in Hamburg. The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal.In the late 90s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like Beginner shaped Hamburg's hip-hop style and made the city a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues." In addition to Beginner, several successful German hip-hop acts hail from Hamburg, such as Fünf Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Fettes Brot and 187 Strassenbande.Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as Spirit Zone.Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the gay pride "Hamburg Pride" festival or the Alster fair (German: "Alstervergnügen"), held at the "Binnenalster". The "Hamburger DOM" is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year. "Hafengeburtstag" is a funfair to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade. The annual biker's service in Saint Michael's Church attracts tens of thousands of bikers. Christmas markets in December are held at the Hamburg Rathaus square, among other places. The "long night of museums" (German: "Lange Nacht der Museen") offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight. The sixth "Festival of Cultures" was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life. The Filmfest Hamburg — a film festival originating from the 1950s "Film Days" (German: "Film Tage") — presents a wide range of films. The "Hamburg Messe and Congress" offers a venue for trade shows, such "hanseboot", an international boat show, or "Du und deine Welt", a large consumer products show. Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, the Hamburg Marathon, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin, the tennis tournament Hamburg Masters and equestrian events like the Deutsches Derby. Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 - 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events. Hamburg's festivals include the Elbjazz Festival, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbor and HafenCity.For contemporary and experimental music, the "blurred edges" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the MS Dockville music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the Wilhelmsburg district. This is followed at the end of September by the , which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide. In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.Original Hamburg dishes are "Birnen, Bohnen und Speck" (green beans cooked with pears and bacon), "Aalsuppe" (Hamburgisch "Oolsupp") is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" ("Aal"/"Ool" translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon "allns" , meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners. There is "Bratkartoffeln" (pan-fried potato slices), "Finkenwerder Scholle" (Low Saxon "Finkwarder Scholl", pan-fried plaice), "Pannfisch" (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce), "Rote Grütze" (Low Saxon "Rode Grütt", related to Danish "rødgrød", a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish "rødgrød med fløde") and "Labskaus" (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian "lapskaus" and Liverpool's lobscouse, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas)."Alsterwasser" (in reference to the city's river, the Alster) is the local name for a type of shandy, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade ("Zitronenlimonade"), the lemonade being added to the beer.There is the curious regional dessert pastry called Franzbrötchen. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, it is similar in preparation but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar streusel. The name may also reflect to the roll's croissant-like appearance – "franz" appears to be a shortening of "französisch", meaning "French", which would make a "Franzbrötchen" a "French roll".Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is "Schrippe" (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, "Rundstück" ("round piece" rather than mainstream German "Brötchen", diminutive form of "Brot" "bread"), a relative of Denmark's "rundstykke". In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark, especially of Copenhagen, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.The American hamburger may have developed from Hamburg's "Frikadeller": a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked stale bread, egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a "Hamburger steak" in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America. The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the HafenCity.Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of St. Pauli, Sternschanze and Altona are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.During the 2017 G20 summit, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club e.V., Professional Women's Forum, The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850 within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany under the United Grand Lodges of Germany works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at "".American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e.V., the American Women's Club of Hamburg, the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club, and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. "The American Chamber of Commerce" handles matters related to business affairs. The International School of Hamburg serves school children.William Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg.Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt."A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf." ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas."A memorial for successful English engineer William Lindley, who reorganized, beginning in 1842, the drinking water and sewage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall train station in Vorsetzen street.In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" "(Stolpersteine)" were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.The Gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 59,600 € or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average. The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The average income in 2016 of employees was €49,332.The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of Northern Germany. The city is the seat of Germany's oldest bank, the Berenberg Bank, M.M.Warburg & CO and Hamburg Commercial Bank. The Hamburg Stock Exchange is the oldest of its kind in Germany.The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide with transshipments of of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016. International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm + Voss.Hamburg, along with Seattle and Toulouse, is an important location of the civil aerospace industry. Airbus, which operates the Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder, employs over 13,000 people.The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the Hamburg-Mitte district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island Grasbrook, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city center, west and south by the Elbe and to the east, bounded by the upper harbor, Rothenburgsort. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometers.HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighborhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialization of HafenCity, "HafenCity Hamburg GmbH", half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.Many companies operating in E-Commerce have moved into HafenCity or started there. In addition to cruise agents, many start-up companies that have no direct connection to the port or ships can be found in HafenCity.In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city. The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in revenue of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern +33%).A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church St. Michaelis (called the "Michel"), and visiting the old warehouse district ("Speicherstadt") and the harbour promenade ("Landungsbrücken"). Sightseeing buses connect these points of interest. As Hamburg is one of the world's largest harbours many visitors take one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours ("Große Hafenrundfahrt", "Fleetfahrt") which start from the "Landungsbrücken". Major destinations also include museums.The area of Reeperbahn in the quarter St. Pauli is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars and nightclubs. The singer and actor Hans Albers is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight") in the 1940s. The Beatles had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood "Schanze" with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's famous zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg. The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from Denmark (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), Switzerland (340,156 overnight stays), Austria (about 252,397 overnight stays) and the Netherlands (about 182,610 overnight stays). The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).The "Queen Mary 2" has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.Media businesses employ over 70,000 people. The Norddeutscher Rundfunk which includes the television station NDR Fernsehen is based in Hamburg, including the very popular news program "Tagesschau", as are the commercial television station "Hamburg 1", the Christian television station "Bibel TV" and the civil media outlet "Tide TV". There are regional radio stations such as Radio Hamburg. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, Axel Springer AG, Gruner + Jahr, Bauer Media Group are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines such as "Der Spiegel" and "Die Zeit" are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as "Financial Times Deutschland". "Hamburger Abendblatt" and "Hamburger Morgenpost" are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as Warner Bros. Records Germany, and ICT firms such as Adobe Systems and Google Germany.A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city. The and the Clubkombinat represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by RockCity Hamburg e.V..Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film "Tomorrow Never Dies". The "Reeperbahn" has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film "Backbeat". The film "A Most Wanted Man" was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in "An American Tail" where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds. The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four Autobahnen (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the old Elbe Tunnel ("Alter Elbtunnel") or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name) which opened in 1911, now is major tourist sight, and the Elbe Tunnel ("Elbtunnel") the crossing of a motorway.Hamburg Airport is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation. There is also the smaller Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport, used only as a company airport for Airbus. Some airlines market Lübeck Airport in Lübeck as serving Hamburg.Hamburg's licence plate prefix was "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947 (used by Hanover since 1956); Public transport by rail, bus and ship is organised by the "Hamburger Verkehrsverbund" ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.33 mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport. The S-Bahn (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the U-Bahn four lines – "U-Bahn" is short for "Untergrundbahn" (underground railway). Approximately of of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as "Hochbahn" (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the "Hamburger Hochbahn". The AKN railway connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG and the regional "metronom" trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Except at the four bigger stations of the city, Hauptbahnhof, Dammtor, Altona and Harburg regional trains do not stop inside the city. The tram system was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses. Hamburg has no trams or trolleybuses, but has hydrogen-fueled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on some so-called MetroBus routes as often as every 2 minutes. On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or longer, on normal days (Monday-Friday) the normal buses stop running at night. (MetroBuses run all around the clock, every day at the year at least every half-hour.)There are eight ferry lines along the River Elbe, operated by "HADAG", that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.The international airport serving Hamburg, Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt (IATA: HAM, ICAO: EDDH) is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like Newark, New Jersey on United Airlines, Dubai on Emirates, and Tehran on Iran Air. Hamburg is a secondary hub for Lufthansa, which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in Hamburg-Finkenwerder, officially named Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (IATA: XFW, ICAO: EDHI). It is about from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the Airbus plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after Toulouse, and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after Seattle and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for A318, A319, A320, A321 and A380 aircraft.The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by "Vattenfall Europe", formerly the state-owned "Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke". Vattenfall Europe used to operate the Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant and Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant, both taken out of service as part of the nuclear power phase-out. In addition, E.ON operates the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant near Hamburg.There are also the coal-fired Wedel, Tiefstack and Moorburg CHP Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. "VERA Klärschlammverbrennung" uses the biosolids of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the "Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht" is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is "Müllverwertung Borsigstraße".In June 2019 City of Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz"). This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of the popular petition "Tschuess Kohle ("Goodbye Coal")." Hamburg Ministry for Environment and Energy in 2020 announced a partnership with Namibia, which is a potential supplier of woody biomass from encroacher bush as replacement of coal.Hamburger SV is a football team playing in the 2. Bundesliga (as of 2018). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963 until a change of results saw them relegated from the Bundesliga in 2018. HSV is a six-time German champion, a three-time German cup winner and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, and has played in the group stages of the Champions League twice: in 2000–01 and in 2006–07. They play at the Volksparkstadion (average attendance in the 12–13 season was 52,916). In addition, FC St. Pauli was a second division football club that came in second place in the 2009–10 season and qualified to play alongside Hamburger SV in the first division for the first time since the 2001–02 season. St. Pauli's home games take place at the Millerntor-Stadion.The Hamburg Freezers represented Hamburg until 2016 in the DEL, the premier ice hockey league in Germany.HSV Handball represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German handball league. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the O2 World Hamburg the same year. The most recent success for the team was the EHF Champions League win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season. But due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016 however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016-2018) and in second division (since 2018).The "BCJ Hamburg" played in the Basketball Bundesliga from 1999 to 2001. Since then, teams from Hamburg have attempted to return to Germany's elite league. The recently founded Hamburg Towers have already established themselves as one of the main teams in Germany's second division ProA and aim to take on the heritage of the BCJ Hamburg. The Towers play their home games at the "Inselparkhalle" in Wilhelmsburg.Hamburg is the nation's field hockey capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. Hamburg hosts many top teams such as Uhlenhorster Hockey Club, Harvesterhuder Hockey Club and Club An Der Alster.The Hamburg Warriors are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs. The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).Hamburg Blue Devils was one of the prominent American Football teams playing in German Football League before its exit in 2017. Hamburg Sea Devils is a team of European League of Football (ELF) which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe. The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.There are also the Hamburg Dockers, an Australian rules football club. The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four cricket clubs.The Centre Court of the Tennis Am Rothenbaum venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.Hamburg also hosts equestrian events at "Reitstadion Klein Flottbek" (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and "Horner Rennbahn" (Deutsches Derby flat racing). Besides Hamburg owns the famous harness racing track "Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008 23,230 participants were registered. World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, and the triathlon ITU World Cup event "Hamburg City Man" are also held in here.Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the 2006 World Cup. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the UEFA Europa League in the arena.Hamburg made a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a referendum in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city Kiel voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training ("Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung"). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016. There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students. Six universities are public, including the largest, the University of Hamburg (Universität Hamburg) with the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, the University of Music and Theatre, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, the HafenCity University Hamburg and the Hamburg University of Technology. Seven universities are private, like the Bucerius Law School, the Kühne Logistics University and the HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the Helmut Schmidt University (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the International School of Hamburg.Hamburg is twinned with:
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[
"Henning Voscherau",
"Christoph Ahlhaus",
"Ole von Beust",
"Herbert Weichmann",
"Max Brauer",
"Peter Tschentscher",
"Kurt Sieveking",
"Hans-Ulrich Klose",
"Peter Schulz",
"Rudolf Petersen",
"Klaus von Dohnanyi",
"Paul Nevermann",
"Olaf Scholz",
"Ortwin Runde"
] |
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Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in Jan, 1893?
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January 03, 1893
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{
"text": [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
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L2_Q7593650_P39_3
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in 1893-01-03?
|
January 03, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7593650_P39_3
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in 03/01/1893?
|
January 03, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7593650_P39_3
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in Jan 03, 1893?
|
January 03, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7593650_P39_3
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in 01/03/1893?
|
January 03, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7593650_P39_3
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
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St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton hold in 03-Jan-189303-January-1893?
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January 03, 1893
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q7593650_P39_3
|
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1900 to Jan, 1906.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1895 to Sep, 1900.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1880 to Nov, 1885.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1892 to Jul, 1895.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1886 to Jun, 1892.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1897 to Jan, 1897.
St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton holds the position of Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1885 to Jun, 1886.
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St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of MidletonWilliam St John Fremantle Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, KP, PC, DL (14 December 185613 February 1942), styled as St John Brodrick until 1907 and as Viscount Midleton between 1907 and 1920, was a British Conservative and Irish Unionist Alliance politician. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1880 to 1906, as a government minister from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1900, and as a Cabinet minister from 1900 to 1905.Brodrick came of a mainly south-west Surrey family who in the early 17th century, in Sirs St John and Thomas Brodrick, were granted land in the south of Ireland, mainly in County Cork. The former settled at Midleton, between Cork and Youghal in 1641; and his son Alan Brodrick (1660–1728), Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was created Baron Brodrick in 1715 and Viscount Midleton in 1717 in the Irish peerage.In 1796 the title of Baron Brodrick in the Peerage of Great Britain was created. The English family seat at Peper Harrow, near Godalming, Surrey, was designed by Sir William Chambers. His father The 8th Viscount Midleton was a conservative in politics, holding seats West Surrey and Guildford in the House of Commons (November 1885January 1906), and who was responsible in the House of Lords for carrying the Infant Life Protection Act, 1872, which helped regulate the practise of baby farming. William was educated at Windlesham, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he served as president of the Oxford Union. He was awarded a Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College, Dublin. He owned, in submissions from his landowning heyday, about .He maintained three homes: Peper Harow (House); 34 Portland Place, London (telephone number on the Langham exchange); Midleton (House), Ireland. His family-settled land was probated before his widow's death in 1943 at and £55,624 in other assets in 1942.Brodrick entered Parliament as Conservative member for West Surrey in 1880.In 1883 he was appointed to a Royal Commission examining the condition of Irish prisons. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office 1886–92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895–1898; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898–1900; Secretary of State for War, 1900–1903; and Secretary of State for India, 1903–05.He was Secretary of State for War during most of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He thus had the responsibility of defending the British use of concentration camps in parliament. The conflict itself showed that the British army was not prepared for the guerrilla war of the Boers. He therefore initiated (though successors played a bigger part) a period of reform of the British army, which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. In September 1902, Brodrick and Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief of the army, visited Germany as guests to attend the German army maneuvers.In 1904, during a crisis in British relations with Russia, he became the first member of a Cabinet since 1714 to attend a meeting of the Privy Council without being summoned to it by the monarch. At the general election of January 1906, the outcome of which was a Liberal win (the biggest landside except for that of the 1931 National Government's Conservatives), he lost his Parliamentary seat, at Guildford, which he had held since 1885. From March 1907 to 1913 he was an alderman of London County Council.From 1910 he was regarded as the nominal leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) in Southern Ireland, while Sir Edward Carson led the party in Ulster (the Ulster Unionist Council). Many Irish followers and sympathisers saw him as remote or condescending, reliant on a few intimates and suspected he was more interested in promotion in British politics. In 1916 Midleton's lobbying helped to defeat an attempt to implement immediate Home Rule with Ulster exclusion; this was supported by the Ulster leader Edward Carson and the Home Ruler John Redmond, but Midleton believed it would be disastrous for the Southern Unionist minority, and called attention to the need to protect them from discriminatory taxation.In 1918, during the second, final year of his service on the Irish Convention, he tried to reach a compromise with Redmond which would allow Home Rule without partition subject to certain financial restrictions. This was rejected both by Redmond's followers (who saw it as too restrictive) and the hardline IUA rank-and-file, who deposed Midleton. He and his followers then formed the Unionist Anti-Partition League, an elite body mainly concerned with lobbying. It had some influence on the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, but none of the safeguards for Southern Unionist interests which it sought were included in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Successful lobbying by Midleton and associated Southern Unionists was instrumental in ensuring their representation in the Seanad of the Irish Free State.His speeches and/or questions in Parliament were in each year from 1880 to 1941 except 1906 when he held no seat, and numbered 7,584, the last of which was a tribute to the passing of Lord Baden Powell.Midleton was sworn into the Privy Counsel as of 1897. During his 1902 visit to Germany, he received the Grand Cross of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.He received the Honorary Freedom and was appointed a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers in 1902, his family having been associated with the company since the early 17th century.He was appointed a Knight of the Order of St Patrick (KP) on 18 April 1916.In the 1920 New Year Honours he was elevated in the British peerage system to Earl of Midleton, which became extinct with the death of his son in 1979. From 1930 he was High Steward of the Borough of Kingston upon Thames.He was included in W.T. Pike's Contemporary Biographies published in Cork (1911).He married, first in 1880, Lady Hilda (died 1901), daughter of The 10th Earl of Wemyss, by whom he had five children; and secondly in 1903, Madeleine Stanley, daughter of The Baroness St Helier by her first husband. His children by the first wife were:His grandson Sir Julian St. John Loyd (by Lady Moyra) became land agent to Queen Elizabeth II at Sandringham. His daughter, Alexandra (Mrs Duncan Byatt), was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.His sister, Marian Cecilia married Sir James Whitehead, son of the inventor Robert Whitehead. Sir James Whitehead was to become the British Ambassador to Austria, and his niece Agathe was the first wife of Georg von Trapp; the story of their children and his second wife, Maria von Trapp, was the basis of the musical "The Sound of Music".Another, Albinia, became an early supporter of Sinn Féin and became well known in Ireland under the name Gobnait Ní Bhruadair.Another, Edith later Mrs. Lyttleton Gell was a published author of at least 24 works such as "The Cloud of Witness: A daily sequence of great thoughts from many minds" and autobiography, "Under Three Reigns: 1860-1944".
|
[
"Member of the 27th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 26th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 22nd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 23rd Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 24th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Edward Buckley hold in Nov, 1856?
|
November 05, 1856
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q26260973_P39_0
|
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1865.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1853 to Mar, 1857.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
|
Edward Pery BuckleyEdward Pery Buckley (7 November 1796 – 28 May 1873) was a British Liberal and Whig politician.Buckley was the son of his namesake, Edward Pery Buckley, and Lady Georgiana West. He married Lady Catherine Pleydell-Bouverie, daughter of William Pleydell-Bouverie, 3rd Earl of Radnor and Lady Catherine Pelham-Clinton, in 1828, and together they had six children: Frances Gertrude (died 1921); Alfred (1829–1900); Edward William (1829–1840); Duncombe Frederick (1831–1855); Felix John (1834–1911); and Victor (1838–1882).He was first elected Whig MP for Salisbury at a by-election in 1853—caused by the death of Charles Baring Wall–and, becoming a Liberal in 1859, held the seat until the 1865 general election, when he did not seek re-election.Outside of his political career, Buckley also became Colonel in the 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot.
|
[
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Edward Buckley hold in 1856-11-05?
|
November 05, 1856
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q26260973_P39_0
|
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1865.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1853 to Mar, 1857.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
|
Edward Pery BuckleyEdward Pery Buckley (7 November 1796 – 28 May 1873) was a British Liberal and Whig politician.Buckley was the son of his namesake, Edward Pery Buckley, and Lady Georgiana West. He married Lady Catherine Pleydell-Bouverie, daughter of William Pleydell-Bouverie, 3rd Earl of Radnor and Lady Catherine Pelham-Clinton, in 1828, and together they had six children: Frances Gertrude (died 1921); Alfred (1829–1900); Edward William (1829–1840); Duncombe Frederick (1831–1855); Felix John (1834–1911); and Victor (1838–1882).He was first elected Whig MP for Salisbury at a by-election in 1853—caused by the death of Charles Baring Wall–and, becoming a Liberal in 1859, held the seat until the 1865 general election, when he did not seek re-election.Outside of his political career, Buckley also became Colonel in the 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot.
|
[
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Edward Buckley hold in 05/11/1856?
|
November 05, 1856
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q26260973_P39_0
|
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1865.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1853 to Mar, 1857.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
|
Edward Pery BuckleyEdward Pery Buckley (7 November 1796 – 28 May 1873) was a British Liberal and Whig politician.Buckley was the son of his namesake, Edward Pery Buckley, and Lady Georgiana West. He married Lady Catherine Pleydell-Bouverie, daughter of William Pleydell-Bouverie, 3rd Earl of Radnor and Lady Catherine Pelham-Clinton, in 1828, and together they had six children: Frances Gertrude (died 1921); Alfred (1829–1900); Edward William (1829–1840); Duncombe Frederick (1831–1855); Felix John (1834–1911); and Victor (1838–1882).He was first elected Whig MP for Salisbury at a by-election in 1853—caused by the death of Charles Baring Wall–and, becoming a Liberal in 1859, held the seat until the 1865 general election, when he did not seek re-election.Outside of his political career, Buckley also became Colonel in the 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot.
|
[
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Edward Buckley hold in Nov 05, 1856?
|
November 05, 1856
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q26260973_P39_0
|
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1865.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1853 to Mar, 1857.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
|
Edward Pery BuckleyEdward Pery Buckley (7 November 1796 – 28 May 1873) was a British Liberal and Whig politician.Buckley was the son of his namesake, Edward Pery Buckley, and Lady Georgiana West. He married Lady Catherine Pleydell-Bouverie, daughter of William Pleydell-Bouverie, 3rd Earl of Radnor and Lady Catherine Pelham-Clinton, in 1828, and together they had six children: Frances Gertrude (died 1921); Alfred (1829–1900); Edward William (1829–1840); Duncombe Frederick (1831–1855); Felix John (1834–1911); and Victor (1838–1882).He was first elected Whig MP for Salisbury at a by-election in 1853—caused by the death of Charles Baring Wall–and, becoming a Liberal in 1859, held the seat until the 1865 general election, when he did not seek re-election.Outside of his political career, Buckley also became Colonel in the 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot.
|
[
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Edward Buckley hold in 11/05/1856?
|
November 05, 1856
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q26260973_P39_0
|
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1865.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1853 to Mar, 1857.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
|
Edward Pery BuckleyEdward Pery Buckley (7 November 1796 – 28 May 1873) was a British Liberal and Whig politician.Buckley was the son of his namesake, Edward Pery Buckley, and Lady Georgiana West. He married Lady Catherine Pleydell-Bouverie, daughter of William Pleydell-Bouverie, 3rd Earl of Radnor and Lady Catherine Pelham-Clinton, in 1828, and together they had six children: Frances Gertrude (died 1921); Alfred (1829–1900); Edward William (1829–1840); Duncombe Frederick (1831–1855); Felix John (1834–1911); and Victor (1838–1882).He was first elected Whig MP for Salisbury at a by-election in 1853—caused by the death of Charles Baring Wall–and, becoming a Liberal in 1859, held the seat until the 1865 general election, when he did not seek re-election.Outside of his political career, Buckley also became Colonel in the 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot.
|
[
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Edward Buckley hold in 05-Nov-185605-November-1856?
|
November 05, 1856
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q26260973_P39_0
|
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1859 to Jul, 1865.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 16th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1853 to Mar, 1857.
Edward Buckley holds the position of Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1857 to Apr, 1859.
|
Edward Pery BuckleyEdward Pery Buckley (7 November 1796 – 28 May 1873) was a British Liberal and Whig politician.Buckley was the son of his namesake, Edward Pery Buckley, and Lady Georgiana West. He married Lady Catherine Pleydell-Bouverie, daughter of William Pleydell-Bouverie, 3rd Earl of Radnor and Lady Catherine Pelham-Clinton, in 1828, and together they had six children: Frances Gertrude (died 1921); Alfred (1829–1900); Edward William (1829–1840); Duncombe Frederick (1831–1855); Felix John (1834–1911); and Victor (1838–1882).He was first elected Whig MP for Salisbury at a by-election in 1853—caused by the death of Charles Baring Wall–and, becoming a Liberal in 1859, held the seat until the 1865 general election, when he did not seek re-election.Outside of his political career, Buckley also became Colonel in the 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot.
|
[
"Member of the 18th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 17th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Austen Hudson hold in Jul, 1951?
|
July 05, 1951
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4822860_P39_0
|
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
|
Austen HudsonWalter Richard Austen Hudson (8 December 1894 – 21 August 1970) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull North at the 1950 general election, and held the seat until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1959 general election.
|
[
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Austen Hudson hold in 1951-07-05?
|
July 05, 1951
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4822860_P39_0
|
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
|
Austen HudsonWalter Richard Austen Hudson (8 December 1894 – 21 August 1970) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull North at the 1950 general election, and held the seat until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1959 general election.
|
[
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Austen Hudson hold in 05/07/1951?
|
July 05, 1951
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4822860_P39_0
|
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
|
Austen HudsonWalter Richard Austen Hudson (8 December 1894 – 21 August 1970) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull North at the 1950 general election, and held the seat until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1959 general election.
|
[
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Austen Hudson hold in Jul 05, 1951?
|
July 05, 1951
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4822860_P39_0
|
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
|
Austen HudsonWalter Richard Austen Hudson (8 December 1894 – 21 August 1970) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull North at the 1950 general election, and held the seat until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1959 general election.
|
[
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Austen Hudson hold in 07/05/1951?
|
July 05, 1951
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4822860_P39_0
|
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
|
Austen HudsonWalter Richard Austen Hudson (8 December 1894 – 21 August 1970) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull North at the 1950 general election, and held the seat until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1959 general election.
|
[
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Austen Hudson hold in 05-Jul-195105-July-1951?
|
July 05, 1951
|
{
"text": [
"Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
}
|
L2_Q4822860_P39_0
|
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.
Austen Hudson holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.
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Austen HudsonWalter Richard Austen Hudson (8 December 1894 – 21 August 1970) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull North at the 1950 general election, and held the seat until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1959 general election.
|
[
"Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which employer did Jacob Bronowski work for in Sep, 1939?
|
September 21, 1939
|
{
"text": [
"University of Hull"
]
}
|
L2_Q374117_P108_0
|
Jacob Bronowski works for University of Hull from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1942.
Jacob Bronowski works for Salk Institute for Biological Studies from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1974.
Jacob Bronowski works for Home Office from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1945.
Jacob Bronowski works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1953.
Jacob Bronowski works for UNESCO from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Jacob Bronowski works for National Coal Board from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
|
Jacob BronowskiJacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-British mathematician and historian. He is best known for developing a humanistic approach to science, and as the presenter and writer of the thirteen-part 1973 BBC television documentary series, and accompanying book, "The Ascent of Man", which led to his regard as "one of the world's most celebrated intellectuals".Bronowski's family moved to Germany and then to England while he was a child. In England, he won a scholarship to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge. His interests have been described as ranging "widely, from biology to poetry and from chess to Humanism". He taught mathematics at the University College Hull between 1934 and 1942. During World War II he led the field of operations research and worked to increase the effectiveness of Allied bombing. After the war he headed the projects division of UNESCO. Bronowski wrote poetry and had a deep affinity with William Blake. From 1950 to 1963 he worked for the National Coal Board in England. From 1963 he was a resident fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, until his death in 1974 in East Hampton, New York, just a year after the airing of his "Ascent of Man".Jacob Bronowski was born to a Polish-Jewish family in Łódź, Congress Poland, in 1908. His family moved to Germany during the First World War, and to Britain in 1920, Bronowski's parents having been married in Britain in the London house of his maternal grandfather in 1907. Although, according to Bronowski, he knew only two English words on arriving in Great Britain, he gained admission to the Central Foundation Boys' School in London and went on to study at the University of Cambridge, where he graduated as Senior Wrangler.As a mathematics student at Jesus College, Cambridge, Bronowski co-edited—with William Empson—the literary periodical "Experiment", which first appeared in 1928. Bronowski would pursue this sort of dual activity, in both the mathematical and literary worlds, throughout his professional life. He was also a strong chess player, earning a half-blue while at Cambridge and composing numerous chess problems for the "British Chess Magazine" between 1926 and 1970. He received a Ph.D. in mathematics at Cambridge in 1935, writing a dissertation in algebraic geometry. For a time in the 1930s he lived near Laura Riding and Robert Graves in Majorca. From 1934 to 1942, he taught mathematics at the University College of Hull. Beginning in this period, the British secret service MI5 placed him under surveillance believing he was a security risk, which may have restricted his access to senior posts in the UK.During the Second World War, Bronowski worked in operations research for the UK's Ministry of Home Security, where he developed mathematical approaches to bombing strategy for RAF Bomber Command.At the end of the war, Bronowski was part of a British team of scientists and civil engineers that visited Japan to document the effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the purpose of studying the effects of the atomic bomb and its implications for future UK civil defence. Bronowski, in conjunction with Professor W. N. Thomas of the University of Cardiff, subsequently produced the secret ""Report of the British Mission to Japan on an Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bombs Dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki"" which was passed to various government departments and consulted in the design of future UK public buildings.Following his experiences of the after-effects of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings, he discontinued his work for British military research and turned to biology, as did his friend Leó Szilárd, and many other physicists of that time, to better understand the nature of violence. Subsequently, he became Director of Research for the National Coal Board in the UK, and an associate director of the Salk Institute from 1964.In 1950, Bronowski was given the Taung child's fossilised skull and asked to try, using his statistical skills, to combine a measure of the size of the skull's teeth with their shape in order to discriminate them from the teeth of apes. Work on this turned his interests towards the biology of humanity's intellectual products.In 1967 Bronowski delivered the six Silliman Memorial Lectures at Yale University and chose as his subject the role of imagination and symbolic language in the progress of scientific knowledge. Transcripts of the lectures were published posthumously in 1978 as "The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination" and remain in print. He first became familiar to the British public through appearances on the BBC television version of "The Brains Trust" in the late 1950s. His ability to answer questions on many varied subjects led to an offhand reference in episode 22 of "Monty Python's Flying Circus" ("Penguin on the Television Set") where one character states that "He knows everything."Bronowski is best remembered for his thirteen part series "The Ascent of Man" (1973), a BBC television documentary about the history of human life and scientific endeavour. This project was intended to parallel art historian Kenneth Clark's earlier "personal view" series "Civilisation" (1969) which had covered cultural history.During the making of "The Ascent of Man", Bronowski was interviewed on the British chat show "Parkinson". Host Michael Parkinson later recounted that Bronowski's description of a visit to Auschwitz, where he had lost many of his family during the Holocaust, was one of Parkinson's most memorable interviews.Bronowski married Rita Coblentz in 1941. The couple had four children, all daughters, the eldest being the British academic Lisa Jardine and another being the filmmaker Judith Bronowski. He died in 1974 of a heart attack in East Hampton, New York, a year after "The Ascent of Man" was completed, and was buried in the western side of London's Highgate Cemetery, near the entrance. Rita Bronowski died in California in September 2010, aged 92.
|
[
"UNESCO",
"Home Office",
"Salk Institute for Biological Studies",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"National Coal Board"
] |
|
Which employer did Jacob Bronowski work for in 1939-09-21?
|
September 21, 1939
|
{
"text": [
"University of Hull"
]
}
|
L2_Q374117_P108_0
|
Jacob Bronowski works for University of Hull from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1942.
Jacob Bronowski works for Salk Institute for Biological Studies from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1974.
Jacob Bronowski works for Home Office from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1945.
Jacob Bronowski works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1953.
Jacob Bronowski works for UNESCO from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Jacob Bronowski works for National Coal Board from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
|
Jacob BronowskiJacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-British mathematician and historian. He is best known for developing a humanistic approach to science, and as the presenter and writer of the thirteen-part 1973 BBC television documentary series, and accompanying book, "The Ascent of Man", which led to his regard as "one of the world's most celebrated intellectuals".Bronowski's family moved to Germany and then to England while he was a child. In England, he won a scholarship to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge. His interests have been described as ranging "widely, from biology to poetry and from chess to Humanism". He taught mathematics at the University College Hull between 1934 and 1942. During World War II he led the field of operations research and worked to increase the effectiveness of Allied bombing. After the war he headed the projects division of UNESCO. Bronowski wrote poetry and had a deep affinity with William Blake. From 1950 to 1963 he worked for the National Coal Board in England. From 1963 he was a resident fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, until his death in 1974 in East Hampton, New York, just a year after the airing of his "Ascent of Man".Jacob Bronowski was born to a Polish-Jewish family in Łódź, Congress Poland, in 1908. His family moved to Germany during the First World War, and to Britain in 1920, Bronowski's parents having been married in Britain in the London house of his maternal grandfather in 1907. Although, according to Bronowski, he knew only two English words on arriving in Great Britain, he gained admission to the Central Foundation Boys' School in London and went on to study at the University of Cambridge, where he graduated as Senior Wrangler.As a mathematics student at Jesus College, Cambridge, Bronowski co-edited—with William Empson—the literary periodical "Experiment", which first appeared in 1928. Bronowski would pursue this sort of dual activity, in both the mathematical and literary worlds, throughout his professional life. He was also a strong chess player, earning a half-blue while at Cambridge and composing numerous chess problems for the "British Chess Magazine" between 1926 and 1970. He received a Ph.D. in mathematics at Cambridge in 1935, writing a dissertation in algebraic geometry. For a time in the 1930s he lived near Laura Riding and Robert Graves in Majorca. From 1934 to 1942, he taught mathematics at the University College of Hull. Beginning in this period, the British secret service MI5 placed him under surveillance believing he was a security risk, which may have restricted his access to senior posts in the UK.During the Second World War, Bronowski worked in operations research for the UK's Ministry of Home Security, where he developed mathematical approaches to bombing strategy for RAF Bomber Command.At the end of the war, Bronowski was part of a British team of scientists and civil engineers that visited Japan to document the effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the purpose of studying the effects of the atomic bomb and its implications for future UK civil defence. Bronowski, in conjunction with Professor W. N. Thomas of the University of Cardiff, subsequently produced the secret ""Report of the British Mission to Japan on an Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bombs Dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki"" which was passed to various government departments and consulted in the design of future UK public buildings.Following his experiences of the after-effects of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings, he discontinued his work for British military research and turned to biology, as did his friend Leó Szilárd, and many other physicists of that time, to better understand the nature of violence. Subsequently, he became Director of Research for the National Coal Board in the UK, and an associate director of the Salk Institute from 1964.In 1950, Bronowski was given the Taung child's fossilised skull and asked to try, using his statistical skills, to combine a measure of the size of the skull's teeth with their shape in order to discriminate them from the teeth of apes. Work on this turned his interests towards the biology of humanity's intellectual products.In 1967 Bronowski delivered the six Silliman Memorial Lectures at Yale University and chose as his subject the role of imagination and symbolic language in the progress of scientific knowledge. Transcripts of the lectures were published posthumously in 1978 as "The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination" and remain in print. He first became familiar to the British public through appearances on the BBC television version of "The Brains Trust" in the late 1950s. His ability to answer questions on many varied subjects led to an offhand reference in episode 22 of "Monty Python's Flying Circus" ("Penguin on the Television Set") where one character states that "He knows everything."Bronowski is best remembered for his thirteen part series "The Ascent of Man" (1973), a BBC television documentary about the history of human life and scientific endeavour. This project was intended to parallel art historian Kenneth Clark's earlier "personal view" series "Civilisation" (1969) which had covered cultural history.During the making of "The Ascent of Man", Bronowski was interviewed on the British chat show "Parkinson". Host Michael Parkinson later recounted that Bronowski's description of a visit to Auschwitz, where he had lost many of his family during the Holocaust, was one of Parkinson's most memorable interviews.Bronowski married Rita Coblentz in 1941. The couple had four children, all daughters, the eldest being the British academic Lisa Jardine and another being the filmmaker Judith Bronowski. He died in 1974 of a heart attack in East Hampton, New York, a year after "The Ascent of Man" was completed, and was buried in the western side of London's Highgate Cemetery, near the entrance. Rita Bronowski died in California in September 2010, aged 92.
|
[
"UNESCO",
"Home Office",
"Salk Institute for Biological Studies",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"National Coal Board"
] |
|
Which employer did Jacob Bronowski work for in 21/09/1939?
|
September 21, 1939
|
{
"text": [
"University of Hull"
]
}
|
L2_Q374117_P108_0
|
Jacob Bronowski works for University of Hull from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1942.
Jacob Bronowski works for Salk Institute for Biological Studies from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1974.
Jacob Bronowski works for Home Office from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1945.
Jacob Bronowski works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1953.
Jacob Bronowski works for UNESCO from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Jacob Bronowski works for National Coal Board from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
|
Jacob BronowskiJacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-British mathematician and historian. He is best known for developing a humanistic approach to science, and as the presenter and writer of the thirteen-part 1973 BBC television documentary series, and accompanying book, "The Ascent of Man", which led to his regard as "one of the world's most celebrated intellectuals".Bronowski's family moved to Germany and then to England while he was a child. In England, he won a scholarship to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge. His interests have been described as ranging "widely, from biology to poetry and from chess to Humanism". He taught mathematics at the University College Hull between 1934 and 1942. During World War II he led the field of operations research and worked to increase the effectiveness of Allied bombing. After the war he headed the projects division of UNESCO. Bronowski wrote poetry and had a deep affinity with William Blake. From 1950 to 1963 he worked for the National Coal Board in England. From 1963 he was a resident fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, until his death in 1974 in East Hampton, New York, just a year after the airing of his "Ascent of Man".Jacob Bronowski was born to a Polish-Jewish family in Łódź, Congress Poland, in 1908. His family moved to Germany during the First World War, and to Britain in 1920, Bronowski's parents having been married in Britain in the London house of his maternal grandfather in 1907. Although, according to Bronowski, he knew only two English words on arriving in Great Britain, he gained admission to the Central Foundation Boys' School in London and went on to study at the University of Cambridge, where he graduated as Senior Wrangler.As a mathematics student at Jesus College, Cambridge, Bronowski co-edited—with William Empson—the literary periodical "Experiment", which first appeared in 1928. Bronowski would pursue this sort of dual activity, in both the mathematical and literary worlds, throughout his professional life. He was also a strong chess player, earning a half-blue while at Cambridge and composing numerous chess problems for the "British Chess Magazine" between 1926 and 1970. He received a Ph.D. in mathematics at Cambridge in 1935, writing a dissertation in algebraic geometry. For a time in the 1930s he lived near Laura Riding and Robert Graves in Majorca. From 1934 to 1942, he taught mathematics at the University College of Hull. Beginning in this period, the British secret service MI5 placed him under surveillance believing he was a security risk, which may have restricted his access to senior posts in the UK.During the Second World War, Bronowski worked in operations research for the UK's Ministry of Home Security, where he developed mathematical approaches to bombing strategy for RAF Bomber Command.At the end of the war, Bronowski was part of a British team of scientists and civil engineers that visited Japan to document the effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the purpose of studying the effects of the atomic bomb and its implications for future UK civil defence. Bronowski, in conjunction with Professor W. N. Thomas of the University of Cardiff, subsequently produced the secret ""Report of the British Mission to Japan on an Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bombs Dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki"" which was passed to various government departments and consulted in the design of future UK public buildings.Following his experiences of the after-effects of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings, he discontinued his work for British military research and turned to biology, as did his friend Leó Szilárd, and many other physicists of that time, to better understand the nature of violence. Subsequently, he became Director of Research for the National Coal Board in the UK, and an associate director of the Salk Institute from 1964.In 1950, Bronowski was given the Taung child's fossilised skull and asked to try, using his statistical skills, to combine a measure of the size of the skull's teeth with their shape in order to discriminate them from the teeth of apes. Work on this turned his interests towards the biology of humanity's intellectual products.In 1967 Bronowski delivered the six Silliman Memorial Lectures at Yale University and chose as his subject the role of imagination and symbolic language in the progress of scientific knowledge. Transcripts of the lectures were published posthumously in 1978 as "The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination" and remain in print. He first became familiar to the British public through appearances on the BBC television version of "The Brains Trust" in the late 1950s. His ability to answer questions on many varied subjects led to an offhand reference in episode 22 of "Monty Python's Flying Circus" ("Penguin on the Television Set") where one character states that "He knows everything."Bronowski is best remembered for his thirteen part series "The Ascent of Man" (1973), a BBC television documentary about the history of human life and scientific endeavour. This project was intended to parallel art historian Kenneth Clark's earlier "personal view" series "Civilisation" (1969) which had covered cultural history.During the making of "The Ascent of Man", Bronowski was interviewed on the British chat show "Parkinson". Host Michael Parkinson later recounted that Bronowski's description of a visit to Auschwitz, where he had lost many of his family during the Holocaust, was one of Parkinson's most memorable interviews.Bronowski married Rita Coblentz in 1941. The couple had four children, all daughters, the eldest being the British academic Lisa Jardine and another being the filmmaker Judith Bronowski. He died in 1974 of a heart attack in East Hampton, New York, a year after "The Ascent of Man" was completed, and was buried in the western side of London's Highgate Cemetery, near the entrance. Rita Bronowski died in California in September 2010, aged 92.
|
[
"UNESCO",
"Home Office",
"Salk Institute for Biological Studies",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"National Coal Board"
] |
|
Which employer did Jacob Bronowski work for in Sep 21, 1939?
|
September 21, 1939
|
{
"text": [
"University of Hull"
]
}
|
L2_Q374117_P108_0
|
Jacob Bronowski works for University of Hull from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1942.
Jacob Bronowski works for Salk Institute for Biological Studies from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1974.
Jacob Bronowski works for Home Office from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1945.
Jacob Bronowski works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1953.
Jacob Bronowski works for UNESCO from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Jacob Bronowski works for National Coal Board from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
|
Jacob BronowskiJacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-British mathematician and historian. He is best known for developing a humanistic approach to science, and as the presenter and writer of the thirteen-part 1973 BBC television documentary series, and accompanying book, "The Ascent of Man", which led to his regard as "one of the world's most celebrated intellectuals".Bronowski's family moved to Germany and then to England while he was a child. In England, he won a scholarship to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge. His interests have been described as ranging "widely, from biology to poetry and from chess to Humanism". He taught mathematics at the University College Hull between 1934 and 1942. During World War II he led the field of operations research and worked to increase the effectiveness of Allied bombing. After the war he headed the projects division of UNESCO. Bronowski wrote poetry and had a deep affinity with William Blake. From 1950 to 1963 he worked for the National Coal Board in England. From 1963 he was a resident fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, until his death in 1974 in East Hampton, New York, just a year after the airing of his "Ascent of Man".Jacob Bronowski was born to a Polish-Jewish family in Łódź, Congress Poland, in 1908. His family moved to Germany during the First World War, and to Britain in 1920, Bronowski's parents having been married in Britain in the London house of his maternal grandfather in 1907. Although, according to Bronowski, he knew only two English words on arriving in Great Britain, he gained admission to the Central Foundation Boys' School in London and went on to study at the University of Cambridge, where he graduated as Senior Wrangler.As a mathematics student at Jesus College, Cambridge, Bronowski co-edited—with William Empson—the literary periodical "Experiment", which first appeared in 1928. Bronowski would pursue this sort of dual activity, in both the mathematical and literary worlds, throughout his professional life. He was also a strong chess player, earning a half-blue while at Cambridge and composing numerous chess problems for the "British Chess Magazine" between 1926 and 1970. He received a Ph.D. in mathematics at Cambridge in 1935, writing a dissertation in algebraic geometry. For a time in the 1930s he lived near Laura Riding and Robert Graves in Majorca. From 1934 to 1942, he taught mathematics at the University College of Hull. Beginning in this period, the British secret service MI5 placed him under surveillance believing he was a security risk, which may have restricted his access to senior posts in the UK.During the Second World War, Bronowski worked in operations research for the UK's Ministry of Home Security, where he developed mathematical approaches to bombing strategy for RAF Bomber Command.At the end of the war, Bronowski was part of a British team of scientists and civil engineers that visited Japan to document the effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the purpose of studying the effects of the atomic bomb and its implications for future UK civil defence. Bronowski, in conjunction with Professor W. N. Thomas of the University of Cardiff, subsequently produced the secret ""Report of the British Mission to Japan on an Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bombs Dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki"" which was passed to various government departments and consulted in the design of future UK public buildings.Following his experiences of the after-effects of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings, he discontinued his work for British military research and turned to biology, as did his friend Leó Szilárd, and many other physicists of that time, to better understand the nature of violence. Subsequently, he became Director of Research for the National Coal Board in the UK, and an associate director of the Salk Institute from 1964.In 1950, Bronowski was given the Taung child's fossilised skull and asked to try, using his statistical skills, to combine a measure of the size of the skull's teeth with their shape in order to discriminate them from the teeth of apes. Work on this turned his interests towards the biology of humanity's intellectual products.In 1967 Bronowski delivered the six Silliman Memorial Lectures at Yale University and chose as his subject the role of imagination and symbolic language in the progress of scientific knowledge. Transcripts of the lectures were published posthumously in 1978 as "The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination" and remain in print. He first became familiar to the British public through appearances on the BBC television version of "The Brains Trust" in the late 1950s. His ability to answer questions on many varied subjects led to an offhand reference in episode 22 of "Monty Python's Flying Circus" ("Penguin on the Television Set") where one character states that "He knows everything."Bronowski is best remembered for his thirteen part series "The Ascent of Man" (1973), a BBC television documentary about the history of human life and scientific endeavour. This project was intended to parallel art historian Kenneth Clark's earlier "personal view" series "Civilisation" (1969) which had covered cultural history.During the making of "The Ascent of Man", Bronowski was interviewed on the British chat show "Parkinson". Host Michael Parkinson later recounted that Bronowski's description of a visit to Auschwitz, where he had lost many of his family during the Holocaust, was one of Parkinson's most memorable interviews.Bronowski married Rita Coblentz in 1941. The couple had four children, all daughters, the eldest being the British academic Lisa Jardine and another being the filmmaker Judith Bronowski. He died in 1974 of a heart attack in East Hampton, New York, a year after "The Ascent of Man" was completed, and was buried in the western side of London's Highgate Cemetery, near the entrance. Rita Bronowski died in California in September 2010, aged 92.
|
[
"UNESCO",
"Home Office",
"Salk Institute for Biological Studies",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"National Coal Board"
] |
|
Which employer did Jacob Bronowski work for in 09/21/1939?
|
September 21, 1939
|
{
"text": [
"University of Hull"
]
}
|
L2_Q374117_P108_0
|
Jacob Bronowski works for University of Hull from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1942.
Jacob Bronowski works for Salk Institute for Biological Studies from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1974.
Jacob Bronowski works for Home Office from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1945.
Jacob Bronowski works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1953.
Jacob Bronowski works for UNESCO from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Jacob Bronowski works for National Coal Board from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
|
Jacob BronowskiJacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-British mathematician and historian. He is best known for developing a humanistic approach to science, and as the presenter and writer of the thirteen-part 1973 BBC television documentary series, and accompanying book, "The Ascent of Man", which led to his regard as "one of the world's most celebrated intellectuals".Bronowski's family moved to Germany and then to England while he was a child. In England, he won a scholarship to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge. His interests have been described as ranging "widely, from biology to poetry and from chess to Humanism". He taught mathematics at the University College Hull between 1934 and 1942. During World War II he led the field of operations research and worked to increase the effectiveness of Allied bombing. After the war he headed the projects division of UNESCO. Bronowski wrote poetry and had a deep affinity with William Blake. From 1950 to 1963 he worked for the National Coal Board in England. From 1963 he was a resident fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, until his death in 1974 in East Hampton, New York, just a year after the airing of his "Ascent of Man".Jacob Bronowski was born to a Polish-Jewish family in Łódź, Congress Poland, in 1908. His family moved to Germany during the First World War, and to Britain in 1920, Bronowski's parents having been married in Britain in the London house of his maternal grandfather in 1907. Although, according to Bronowski, he knew only two English words on arriving in Great Britain, he gained admission to the Central Foundation Boys' School in London and went on to study at the University of Cambridge, where he graduated as Senior Wrangler.As a mathematics student at Jesus College, Cambridge, Bronowski co-edited—with William Empson—the literary periodical "Experiment", which first appeared in 1928. Bronowski would pursue this sort of dual activity, in both the mathematical and literary worlds, throughout his professional life. He was also a strong chess player, earning a half-blue while at Cambridge and composing numerous chess problems for the "British Chess Magazine" between 1926 and 1970. He received a Ph.D. in mathematics at Cambridge in 1935, writing a dissertation in algebraic geometry. For a time in the 1930s he lived near Laura Riding and Robert Graves in Majorca. From 1934 to 1942, he taught mathematics at the University College of Hull. Beginning in this period, the British secret service MI5 placed him under surveillance believing he was a security risk, which may have restricted his access to senior posts in the UK.During the Second World War, Bronowski worked in operations research for the UK's Ministry of Home Security, where he developed mathematical approaches to bombing strategy for RAF Bomber Command.At the end of the war, Bronowski was part of a British team of scientists and civil engineers that visited Japan to document the effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the purpose of studying the effects of the atomic bomb and its implications for future UK civil defence. Bronowski, in conjunction with Professor W. N. Thomas of the University of Cardiff, subsequently produced the secret ""Report of the British Mission to Japan on an Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bombs Dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki"" which was passed to various government departments and consulted in the design of future UK public buildings.Following his experiences of the after-effects of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings, he discontinued his work for British military research and turned to biology, as did his friend Leó Szilárd, and many other physicists of that time, to better understand the nature of violence. Subsequently, he became Director of Research for the National Coal Board in the UK, and an associate director of the Salk Institute from 1964.In 1950, Bronowski was given the Taung child's fossilised skull and asked to try, using his statistical skills, to combine a measure of the size of the skull's teeth with their shape in order to discriminate them from the teeth of apes. Work on this turned his interests towards the biology of humanity's intellectual products.In 1967 Bronowski delivered the six Silliman Memorial Lectures at Yale University and chose as his subject the role of imagination and symbolic language in the progress of scientific knowledge. Transcripts of the lectures were published posthumously in 1978 as "The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination" and remain in print. He first became familiar to the British public through appearances on the BBC television version of "The Brains Trust" in the late 1950s. His ability to answer questions on many varied subjects led to an offhand reference in episode 22 of "Monty Python's Flying Circus" ("Penguin on the Television Set") where one character states that "He knows everything."Bronowski is best remembered for his thirteen part series "The Ascent of Man" (1973), a BBC television documentary about the history of human life and scientific endeavour. This project was intended to parallel art historian Kenneth Clark's earlier "personal view" series "Civilisation" (1969) which had covered cultural history.During the making of "The Ascent of Man", Bronowski was interviewed on the British chat show "Parkinson". Host Michael Parkinson later recounted that Bronowski's description of a visit to Auschwitz, where he had lost many of his family during the Holocaust, was one of Parkinson's most memorable interviews.Bronowski married Rita Coblentz in 1941. The couple had four children, all daughters, the eldest being the British academic Lisa Jardine and another being the filmmaker Judith Bronowski. He died in 1974 of a heart attack in East Hampton, New York, a year after "The Ascent of Man" was completed, and was buried in the western side of London's Highgate Cemetery, near the entrance. Rita Bronowski died in California in September 2010, aged 92.
|
[
"UNESCO",
"Home Office",
"Salk Institute for Biological Studies",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"National Coal Board"
] |
|
Which employer did Jacob Bronowski work for in 21-Sep-193921-September-1939?
|
September 21, 1939
|
{
"text": [
"University of Hull"
]
}
|
L2_Q374117_P108_0
|
Jacob Bronowski works for University of Hull from Jan, 1934 to Jan, 1942.
Jacob Bronowski works for Salk Institute for Biological Studies from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1974.
Jacob Bronowski works for Home Office from Jan, 1942 to Jan, 1945.
Jacob Bronowski works for Massachusetts Institute of Technology from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1953.
Jacob Bronowski works for UNESCO from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1950.
Jacob Bronowski works for National Coal Board from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1964.
|
Jacob BronowskiJacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-British mathematician and historian. He is best known for developing a humanistic approach to science, and as the presenter and writer of the thirteen-part 1973 BBC television documentary series, and accompanying book, "The Ascent of Man", which led to his regard as "one of the world's most celebrated intellectuals".Bronowski's family moved to Germany and then to England while he was a child. In England, he won a scholarship to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge. His interests have been described as ranging "widely, from biology to poetry and from chess to Humanism". He taught mathematics at the University College Hull between 1934 and 1942. During World War II he led the field of operations research and worked to increase the effectiveness of Allied bombing. After the war he headed the projects division of UNESCO. Bronowski wrote poetry and had a deep affinity with William Blake. From 1950 to 1963 he worked for the National Coal Board in England. From 1963 he was a resident fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, until his death in 1974 in East Hampton, New York, just a year after the airing of his "Ascent of Man".Jacob Bronowski was born to a Polish-Jewish family in Łódź, Congress Poland, in 1908. His family moved to Germany during the First World War, and to Britain in 1920, Bronowski's parents having been married in Britain in the London house of his maternal grandfather in 1907. Although, according to Bronowski, he knew only two English words on arriving in Great Britain, he gained admission to the Central Foundation Boys' School in London and went on to study at the University of Cambridge, where he graduated as Senior Wrangler.As a mathematics student at Jesus College, Cambridge, Bronowski co-edited—with William Empson—the literary periodical "Experiment", which first appeared in 1928. Bronowski would pursue this sort of dual activity, in both the mathematical and literary worlds, throughout his professional life. He was also a strong chess player, earning a half-blue while at Cambridge and composing numerous chess problems for the "British Chess Magazine" between 1926 and 1970. He received a Ph.D. in mathematics at Cambridge in 1935, writing a dissertation in algebraic geometry. For a time in the 1930s he lived near Laura Riding and Robert Graves in Majorca. From 1934 to 1942, he taught mathematics at the University College of Hull. Beginning in this period, the British secret service MI5 placed him under surveillance believing he was a security risk, which may have restricted his access to senior posts in the UK.During the Second World War, Bronowski worked in operations research for the UK's Ministry of Home Security, where he developed mathematical approaches to bombing strategy for RAF Bomber Command.At the end of the war, Bronowski was part of a British team of scientists and civil engineers that visited Japan to document the effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the purpose of studying the effects of the atomic bomb and its implications for future UK civil defence. Bronowski, in conjunction with Professor W. N. Thomas of the University of Cardiff, subsequently produced the secret ""Report of the British Mission to Japan on an Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bombs Dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki"" which was passed to various government departments and consulted in the design of future UK public buildings.Following his experiences of the after-effects of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings, he discontinued his work for British military research and turned to biology, as did his friend Leó Szilárd, and many other physicists of that time, to better understand the nature of violence. Subsequently, he became Director of Research for the National Coal Board in the UK, and an associate director of the Salk Institute from 1964.In 1950, Bronowski was given the Taung child's fossilised skull and asked to try, using his statistical skills, to combine a measure of the size of the skull's teeth with their shape in order to discriminate them from the teeth of apes. Work on this turned his interests towards the biology of humanity's intellectual products.In 1967 Bronowski delivered the six Silliman Memorial Lectures at Yale University and chose as his subject the role of imagination and symbolic language in the progress of scientific knowledge. Transcripts of the lectures were published posthumously in 1978 as "The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination" and remain in print. He first became familiar to the British public through appearances on the BBC television version of "The Brains Trust" in the late 1950s. His ability to answer questions on many varied subjects led to an offhand reference in episode 22 of "Monty Python's Flying Circus" ("Penguin on the Television Set") where one character states that "He knows everything."Bronowski is best remembered for his thirteen part series "The Ascent of Man" (1973), a BBC television documentary about the history of human life and scientific endeavour. This project was intended to parallel art historian Kenneth Clark's earlier "personal view" series "Civilisation" (1969) which had covered cultural history.During the making of "The Ascent of Man", Bronowski was interviewed on the British chat show "Parkinson". Host Michael Parkinson later recounted that Bronowski's description of a visit to Auschwitz, where he had lost many of his family during the Holocaust, was one of Parkinson's most memorable interviews.Bronowski married Rita Coblentz in 1941. The couple had four children, all daughters, the eldest being the British academic Lisa Jardine and another being the filmmaker Judith Bronowski. He died in 1974 of a heart attack in East Hampton, New York, a year after "The Ascent of Man" was completed, and was buried in the western side of London's Highgate Cemetery, near the entrance. Rita Bronowski died in California in September 2010, aged 92.
|
[
"UNESCO",
"Home Office",
"Salk Institute for Biological Studies",
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
"National Coal Board"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg in Jan, 2016?
|
January 03, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"André Roeltgen"
]
}
|
L2_Q2024546_P488_2
|
André Roeltgen is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2019.
Nora Back is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
John Castegnaro is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 2004.
Jean-Claude Reding is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2014.
|
Independent Luxembourg Trade Union ConfederationThe Independent Luxembourg Trade Union Confederation (Luxembourgish: "Onofhängege Gewerkschaftsbond Lëtzebuerg", German: "Unabhängiger Gewerkschaftsbund Luxemburg"), also OGBL or OGB-L, is a Luxembourgish trade union confederation. It is open to all workers and pensioners, and is based in Esch-Alzette. It is divided into 15 professional trade unions, according to the different employee groups.The OGBL publishes the members' magazine "Aktuell" in multiple languages.
|
[
"Nora Back",
"Jean-Claude Reding",
"John Castegnaro"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg in 2016-01-03?
|
January 03, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"André Roeltgen"
]
}
|
L2_Q2024546_P488_2
|
André Roeltgen is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2019.
Nora Back is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
John Castegnaro is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 2004.
Jean-Claude Reding is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2014.
|
Independent Luxembourg Trade Union ConfederationThe Independent Luxembourg Trade Union Confederation (Luxembourgish: "Onofhängege Gewerkschaftsbond Lëtzebuerg", German: "Unabhängiger Gewerkschaftsbund Luxemburg"), also OGBL or OGB-L, is a Luxembourgish trade union confederation. It is open to all workers and pensioners, and is based in Esch-Alzette. It is divided into 15 professional trade unions, according to the different employee groups.The OGBL publishes the members' magazine "Aktuell" in multiple languages.
|
[
"Nora Back",
"Jean-Claude Reding",
"John Castegnaro"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg in 03/01/2016?
|
January 03, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"André Roeltgen"
]
}
|
L2_Q2024546_P488_2
|
André Roeltgen is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2019.
Nora Back is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
John Castegnaro is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 2004.
Jean-Claude Reding is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2014.
|
Independent Luxembourg Trade Union ConfederationThe Independent Luxembourg Trade Union Confederation (Luxembourgish: "Onofhängege Gewerkschaftsbond Lëtzebuerg", German: "Unabhängiger Gewerkschaftsbund Luxemburg"), also OGBL or OGB-L, is a Luxembourgish trade union confederation. It is open to all workers and pensioners, and is based in Esch-Alzette. It is divided into 15 professional trade unions, according to the different employee groups.The OGBL publishes the members' magazine "Aktuell" in multiple languages.
|
[
"Nora Back",
"Jean-Claude Reding",
"John Castegnaro"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg in Jan 03, 2016?
|
January 03, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"André Roeltgen"
]
}
|
L2_Q2024546_P488_2
|
André Roeltgen is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2019.
Nora Back is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
John Castegnaro is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 2004.
Jean-Claude Reding is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2014.
|
Independent Luxembourg Trade Union ConfederationThe Independent Luxembourg Trade Union Confederation (Luxembourgish: "Onofhängege Gewerkschaftsbond Lëtzebuerg", German: "Unabhängiger Gewerkschaftsbund Luxemburg"), also OGBL or OGB-L, is a Luxembourgish trade union confederation. It is open to all workers and pensioners, and is based in Esch-Alzette. It is divided into 15 professional trade unions, according to the different employee groups.The OGBL publishes the members' magazine "Aktuell" in multiple languages.
|
[
"Nora Back",
"Jean-Claude Reding",
"John Castegnaro"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg in 01/03/2016?
|
January 03, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"André Roeltgen"
]
}
|
L2_Q2024546_P488_2
|
André Roeltgen is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2019.
Nora Back is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
John Castegnaro is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 2004.
Jean-Claude Reding is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2014.
|
Independent Luxembourg Trade Union ConfederationThe Independent Luxembourg Trade Union Confederation (Luxembourgish: "Onofhängege Gewerkschaftsbond Lëtzebuerg", German: "Unabhängiger Gewerkschaftsbund Luxemburg"), also OGBL or OGB-L, is a Luxembourgish trade union confederation. It is open to all workers and pensioners, and is based in Esch-Alzette. It is divided into 15 professional trade unions, according to the different employee groups.The OGBL publishes the members' magazine "Aktuell" in multiple languages.
|
[
"Nora Back",
"Jean-Claude Reding",
"John Castegnaro"
] |
|
Who was the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg in 03-Jan-201603-January-2016?
|
January 03, 2016
|
{
"text": [
"André Roeltgen"
]
}
|
L2_Q2024546_P488_2
|
André Roeltgen is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2019.
Nora Back is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
John Castegnaro is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 2004.
Jean-Claude Reding is the chair of Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Luxembourg from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2014.
|
Independent Luxembourg Trade Union ConfederationThe Independent Luxembourg Trade Union Confederation (Luxembourgish: "Onofhängege Gewerkschaftsbond Lëtzebuerg", German: "Unabhängiger Gewerkschaftsbund Luxemburg"), also OGBL or OGB-L, is a Luxembourgish trade union confederation. It is open to all workers and pensioners, and is based in Esch-Alzette. It is divided into 15 professional trade unions, according to the different employee groups.The OGBL publishes the members' magazine "Aktuell" in multiple languages.
|
[
"Nora Back",
"Jean-Claude Reding",
"John Castegnaro"
] |
|
Where was Joëlle Elvinger educated in Nov, 2001?
|
November 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Paul Cézanne University"
]
}
|
L2_Q16439127_P69_1
|
Joëlle Elvinger attended Lycée de garçons Luxembourg from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1999.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Paul Cézanne University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Queen Mary University of London from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Joëlle ElvingerJoëlle Elvinger, (born January 6, 1980) is a lawyer and politician from Luxembourg. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2019. .Joëlle Elvinger was born in Luxembourg City to René Elvinger, an industrialist and president of Cebi International. Today, Joelle sits on the board of directors for Cebi International. Politically, her father was involved with the Democratic Party's youth wing and her uncle sits on the Communal Council for Walferdange.Elvinger received her master's degree in business law from Paul Cézanne University in Marseille and a "Master of Laws" at Queen Mary University of London.Elvinger first ran in the 2005 communal elections and was elected to the Communal Council of Walferdange, where she became échevin in 2011. On January 18, 2016, she was sworn in as mayor of the commune, a position she held until November 30, 2017.Following the 2013 Luxembourg general election and the appointment of Corinne Cahen to the Xavier Bettel government, Elvinger entered the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency as a member of the Democratic Party. Notably, she was a member of the Budget and Finance Committee, the Labor, Work and Social Security Committee and served as rapporteur for the 2018 Budget.In November 2019, Elvinger was elected to replace Henri Grethen in the European Court of Auditors, taking her seat on January 1, 2020. Her position in the Chamber of Deputies was filled by Claude Lamberty and her communal seat was filled by Gallinaro.
|
[
"Queen Mary University of London",
"Lycée de garçons Luxembourg"
] |
|
Where was Joëlle Elvinger educated in 2001-11-24?
|
November 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Paul Cézanne University"
]
}
|
L2_Q16439127_P69_1
|
Joëlle Elvinger attended Lycée de garçons Luxembourg from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1999.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Paul Cézanne University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Queen Mary University of London from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Joëlle ElvingerJoëlle Elvinger, (born January 6, 1980) is a lawyer and politician from Luxembourg. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2019. .Joëlle Elvinger was born in Luxembourg City to René Elvinger, an industrialist and president of Cebi International. Today, Joelle sits on the board of directors for Cebi International. Politically, her father was involved with the Democratic Party's youth wing and her uncle sits on the Communal Council for Walferdange.Elvinger received her master's degree in business law from Paul Cézanne University in Marseille and a "Master of Laws" at Queen Mary University of London.Elvinger first ran in the 2005 communal elections and was elected to the Communal Council of Walferdange, where she became échevin in 2011. On January 18, 2016, she was sworn in as mayor of the commune, a position she held until November 30, 2017.Following the 2013 Luxembourg general election and the appointment of Corinne Cahen to the Xavier Bettel government, Elvinger entered the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency as a member of the Democratic Party. Notably, she was a member of the Budget and Finance Committee, the Labor, Work and Social Security Committee and served as rapporteur for the 2018 Budget.In November 2019, Elvinger was elected to replace Henri Grethen in the European Court of Auditors, taking her seat on January 1, 2020. Her position in the Chamber of Deputies was filled by Claude Lamberty and her communal seat was filled by Gallinaro.
|
[
"Queen Mary University of London",
"Lycée de garçons Luxembourg"
] |
|
Where was Joëlle Elvinger educated in 24/11/2001?
|
November 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Paul Cézanne University"
]
}
|
L2_Q16439127_P69_1
|
Joëlle Elvinger attended Lycée de garçons Luxembourg from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1999.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Paul Cézanne University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Queen Mary University of London from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Joëlle ElvingerJoëlle Elvinger, (born January 6, 1980) is a lawyer and politician from Luxembourg. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2019. .Joëlle Elvinger was born in Luxembourg City to René Elvinger, an industrialist and president of Cebi International. Today, Joelle sits on the board of directors for Cebi International. Politically, her father was involved with the Democratic Party's youth wing and her uncle sits on the Communal Council for Walferdange.Elvinger received her master's degree in business law from Paul Cézanne University in Marseille and a "Master of Laws" at Queen Mary University of London.Elvinger first ran in the 2005 communal elections and was elected to the Communal Council of Walferdange, where she became échevin in 2011. On January 18, 2016, she was sworn in as mayor of the commune, a position she held until November 30, 2017.Following the 2013 Luxembourg general election and the appointment of Corinne Cahen to the Xavier Bettel government, Elvinger entered the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency as a member of the Democratic Party. Notably, she was a member of the Budget and Finance Committee, the Labor, Work and Social Security Committee and served as rapporteur for the 2018 Budget.In November 2019, Elvinger was elected to replace Henri Grethen in the European Court of Auditors, taking her seat on January 1, 2020. Her position in the Chamber of Deputies was filled by Claude Lamberty and her communal seat was filled by Gallinaro.
|
[
"Queen Mary University of London",
"Lycée de garçons Luxembourg"
] |
|
Where was Joëlle Elvinger educated in Nov 24, 2001?
|
November 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Paul Cézanne University"
]
}
|
L2_Q16439127_P69_1
|
Joëlle Elvinger attended Lycée de garçons Luxembourg from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1999.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Paul Cézanne University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Queen Mary University of London from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Joëlle ElvingerJoëlle Elvinger, (born January 6, 1980) is a lawyer and politician from Luxembourg. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2019. .Joëlle Elvinger was born in Luxembourg City to René Elvinger, an industrialist and president of Cebi International. Today, Joelle sits on the board of directors for Cebi International. Politically, her father was involved with the Democratic Party's youth wing and her uncle sits on the Communal Council for Walferdange.Elvinger received her master's degree in business law from Paul Cézanne University in Marseille and a "Master of Laws" at Queen Mary University of London.Elvinger first ran in the 2005 communal elections and was elected to the Communal Council of Walferdange, where she became échevin in 2011. On January 18, 2016, she was sworn in as mayor of the commune, a position she held until November 30, 2017.Following the 2013 Luxembourg general election and the appointment of Corinne Cahen to the Xavier Bettel government, Elvinger entered the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency as a member of the Democratic Party. Notably, she was a member of the Budget and Finance Committee, the Labor, Work and Social Security Committee and served as rapporteur for the 2018 Budget.In November 2019, Elvinger was elected to replace Henri Grethen in the European Court of Auditors, taking her seat on January 1, 2020. Her position in the Chamber of Deputies was filled by Claude Lamberty and her communal seat was filled by Gallinaro.
|
[
"Queen Mary University of London",
"Lycée de garçons Luxembourg"
] |
|
Where was Joëlle Elvinger educated in 11/24/2001?
|
November 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Paul Cézanne University"
]
}
|
L2_Q16439127_P69_1
|
Joëlle Elvinger attended Lycée de garçons Luxembourg from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1999.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Paul Cézanne University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Queen Mary University of London from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Joëlle ElvingerJoëlle Elvinger, (born January 6, 1980) is a lawyer and politician from Luxembourg. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2019. .Joëlle Elvinger was born in Luxembourg City to René Elvinger, an industrialist and president of Cebi International. Today, Joelle sits on the board of directors for Cebi International. Politically, her father was involved with the Democratic Party's youth wing and her uncle sits on the Communal Council for Walferdange.Elvinger received her master's degree in business law from Paul Cézanne University in Marseille and a "Master of Laws" at Queen Mary University of London.Elvinger first ran in the 2005 communal elections and was elected to the Communal Council of Walferdange, where she became échevin in 2011. On January 18, 2016, she was sworn in as mayor of the commune, a position she held until November 30, 2017.Following the 2013 Luxembourg general election and the appointment of Corinne Cahen to the Xavier Bettel government, Elvinger entered the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency as a member of the Democratic Party. Notably, she was a member of the Budget and Finance Committee, the Labor, Work and Social Security Committee and served as rapporteur for the 2018 Budget.In November 2019, Elvinger was elected to replace Henri Grethen in the European Court of Auditors, taking her seat on January 1, 2020. Her position in the Chamber of Deputies was filled by Claude Lamberty and her communal seat was filled by Gallinaro.
|
[
"Queen Mary University of London",
"Lycée de garçons Luxembourg"
] |
|
Where was Joëlle Elvinger educated in 24-Nov-200124-November-2001?
|
November 24, 2001
|
{
"text": [
"Paul Cézanne University"
]
}
|
L2_Q16439127_P69_1
|
Joëlle Elvinger attended Lycée de garçons Luxembourg from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1999.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Paul Cézanne University from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2003.
Joëlle Elvinger attended Queen Mary University of London from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
|
Joëlle ElvingerJoëlle Elvinger, (born January 6, 1980) is a lawyer and politician from Luxembourg. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2019. .Joëlle Elvinger was born in Luxembourg City to René Elvinger, an industrialist and president of Cebi International. Today, Joelle sits on the board of directors for Cebi International. Politically, her father was involved with the Democratic Party's youth wing and her uncle sits on the Communal Council for Walferdange.Elvinger received her master's degree in business law from Paul Cézanne University in Marseille and a "Master of Laws" at Queen Mary University of London.Elvinger first ran in the 2005 communal elections and was elected to the Communal Council of Walferdange, where she became échevin in 2011. On January 18, 2016, she was sworn in as mayor of the commune, a position she held until November 30, 2017.Following the 2013 Luxembourg general election and the appointment of Corinne Cahen to the Xavier Bettel government, Elvinger entered the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency as a member of the Democratic Party. Notably, she was a member of the Budget and Finance Committee, the Labor, Work and Social Security Committee and served as rapporteur for the 2018 Budget.In November 2019, Elvinger was elected to replace Henri Grethen in the European Court of Auditors, taking her seat on January 1, 2020. Her position in the Chamber of Deputies was filled by Claude Lamberty and her communal seat was filled by Gallinaro.
|
[
"Queen Mary University of London",
"Lycée de garçons Luxembourg"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Jan, 2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Aragua FC",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Estrella Roja FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_8
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in 2009-01-01?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Aragua FC",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Estrella Roja FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_8
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in 01/01/2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Aragua FC",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Estrella Roja FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_8
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in Jan 01, 2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Aragua FC",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Estrella Roja FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_8
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in 01/01/2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Aragua FC",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Estrella Roja FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_8
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Which team did Rafael Mea Vitali play for in 01-Jan-200901-January-2009?
|
January 01, 2009
|
{
"text": [
"Aragua FC",
"Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana",
"Estrella Roja FC"
]
}
|
L2_Q1459111_P54_8
|
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Union Atlético Maracaibo from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2008.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for SV Waldhof Mannheim from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Asociación Civil Mineros de Guayana from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Sportfreunde Siegen from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Estrella Roja FC from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Aragua FC from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2012.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Venezuela national football team from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Metropolitanos FC from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for New Jersey Stallions from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2000.
Rafael Mea Vitali plays for Caracas Fútbol Club from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2006.
|
Rafael Mea VitaliRafael Loreto Mea Vitali (born 17 February 1975, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan football defender who made a total number of 11 appearances for the Venezuela national team between 2001 and 2002.He started his professional career at Caracas FC and actually coaches for CIEX Sports Academy.
|
[
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela",
"SV Waldhof Mannheim",
"Metropolitanos FC",
"New Jersey Stallions",
"Sportfreunde Siegen",
"Venezuela national football team",
"Caracas Fútbol Club",
"Union Atlético Maracaibo",
"Atlético Venezuela"
] |
|
Where was Zhang Zetian educated in Oct, 2008?
|
October 17, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Nanjing Foreign Language School"
]
}
|
L2_Q9202202_P69_0
|
Zhang Zetian attended Barnard College from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Zhang Zetian attended Nanjing Foreign Language School from Sep, 2005 to Jul, 2011.
Zhang Zetian attended Tsinghua University from Aug, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
|
Zhang ZetianZhang Zetian (; born 18 November 1993), also known as Nancy Zhang, is a Chinese businesswoman and investor who is the chief fashion adviser of the luxury business of JD.com. She gained initial fame from the popularity of a photograph of her holding milk tea, and was nicknamed "Sister Milk Tea" (). She later married JD.com's billionaire founder Liu Qiangdong, and became an investor in several companies. She has been included in the list of Chinese billionaires by "New Frontier" and is considered to be China's youngest female billionaire.Zhang initially gained fame when a photograph of her holding a cup of milk tea went viral on the internet. This led to her nickname of "Sister Milk Tea". She went on to appear in a promotional video supporting the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing but turned down an offer to appear in the film "The Flowers of War" by director Zhang Yimou.She attended Tsinghua University. While in the United States, she met Liu Qiangdong for the first time, as she was studying at Barnard College. They initially stated that they were only studying together. The pair married in Sydney in 2015 after dating for three years. It had originally been rumored that the duo were planning to marry in Beijing, after they were photographed at a marriage registry in the city. In March 2016, Zhang gave birth to a daughter.When the magazine "New Fortune" published a top 500 Chinese rich list in May 2017, Zhang was the youngest woman on the list. Zhang and Liu share several investments, including holdings in companies such as Uber China and a 17.3% stake of baby food company Bubs Australia via Zhang's investment company. Zhang uses her followers on social media to promote companies she is involved with, which includes her Instagram account and 1.3 million followers on Sina Weibo.
|
[
"Tsinghua University",
"Barnard College"
] |
|
Where was Zhang Zetian educated in 2008-10-17?
|
October 17, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Nanjing Foreign Language School"
]
}
|
L2_Q9202202_P69_0
|
Zhang Zetian attended Barnard College from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Zhang Zetian attended Nanjing Foreign Language School from Sep, 2005 to Jul, 2011.
Zhang Zetian attended Tsinghua University from Aug, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
|
Zhang ZetianZhang Zetian (; born 18 November 1993), also known as Nancy Zhang, is a Chinese businesswoman and investor who is the chief fashion adviser of the luxury business of JD.com. She gained initial fame from the popularity of a photograph of her holding milk tea, and was nicknamed "Sister Milk Tea" (). She later married JD.com's billionaire founder Liu Qiangdong, and became an investor in several companies. She has been included in the list of Chinese billionaires by "New Frontier" and is considered to be China's youngest female billionaire.Zhang initially gained fame when a photograph of her holding a cup of milk tea went viral on the internet. This led to her nickname of "Sister Milk Tea". She went on to appear in a promotional video supporting the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing but turned down an offer to appear in the film "The Flowers of War" by director Zhang Yimou.She attended Tsinghua University. While in the United States, she met Liu Qiangdong for the first time, as she was studying at Barnard College. They initially stated that they were only studying together. The pair married in Sydney in 2015 after dating for three years. It had originally been rumored that the duo were planning to marry in Beijing, after they were photographed at a marriage registry in the city. In March 2016, Zhang gave birth to a daughter.When the magazine "New Fortune" published a top 500 Chinese rich list in May 2017, Zhang was the youngest woman on the list. Zhang and Liu share several investments, including holdings in companies such as Uber China and a 17.3% stake of baby food company Bubs Australia via Zhang's investment company. Zhang uses her followers on social media to promote companies she is involved with, which includes her Instagram account and 1.3 million followers on Sina Weibo.
|
[
"Tsinghua University",
"Barnard College"
] |
|
Where was Zhang Zetian educated in 17/10/2008?
|
October 17, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Nanjing Foreign Language School"
]
}
|
L2_Q9202202_P69_0
|
Zhang Zetian attended Barnard College from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Zhang Zetian attended Nanjing Foreign Language School from Sep, 2005 to Jul, 2011.
Zhang Zetian attended Tsinghua University from Aug, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
|
Zhang ZetianZhang Zetian (; born 18 November 1993), also known as Nancy Zhang, is a Chinese businesswoman and investor who is the chief fashion adviser of the luxury business of JD.com. She gained initial fame from the popularity of a photograph of her holding milk tea, and was nicknamed "Sister Milk Tea" (). She later married JD.com's billionaire founder Liu Qiangdong, and became an investor in several companies. She has been included in the list of Chinese billionaires by "New Frontier" and is considered to be China's youngest female billionaire.Zhang initially gained fame when a photograph of her holding a cup of milk tea went viral on the internet. This led to her nickname of "Sister Milk Tea". She went on to appear in a promotional video supporting the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing but turned down an offer to appear in the film "The Flowers of War" by director Zhang Yimou.She attended Tsinghua University. While in the United States, she met Liu Qiangdong for the first time, as she was studying at Barnard College. They initially stated that they were only studying together. The pair married in Sydney in 2015 after dating for three years. It had originally been rumored that the duo were planning to marry in Beijing, after they were photographed at a marriage registry in the city. In March 2016, Zhang gave birth to a daughter.When the magazine "New Fortune" published a top 500 Chinese rich list in May 2017, Zhang was the youngest woman on the list. Zhang and Liu share several investments, including holdings in companies such as Uber China and a 17.3% stake of baby food company Bubs Australia via Zhang's investment company. Zhang uses her followers on social media to promote companies she is involved with, which includes her Instagram account and 1.3 million followers on Sina Weibo.
|
[
"Tsinghua University",
"Barnard College"
] |
|
Where was Zhang Zetian educated in Oct 17, 2008?
|
October 17, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Nanjing Foreign Language School"
]
}
|
L2_Q9202202_P69_0
|
Zhang Zetian attended Barnard College from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Zhang Zetian attended Nanjing Foreign Language School from Sep, 2005 to Jul, 2011.
Zhang Zetian attended Tsinghua University from Aug, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
|
Zhang ZetianZhang Zetian (; born 18 November 1993), also known as Nancy Zhang, is a Chinese businesswoman and investor who is the chief fashion adviser of the luxury business of JD.com. She gained initial fame from the popularity of a photograph of her holding milk tea, and was nicknamed "Sister Milk Tea" (). She later married JD.com's billionaire founder Liu Qiangdong, and became an investor in several companies. She has been included in the list of Chinese billionaires by "New Frontier" and is considered to be China's youngest female billionaire.Zhang initially gained fame when a photograph of her holding a cup of milk tea went viral on the internet. This led to her nickname of "Sister Milk Tea". She went on to appear in a promotional video supporting the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing but turned down an offer to appear in the film "The Flowers of War" by director Zhang Yimou.She attended Tsinghua University. While in the United States, she met Liu Qiangdong for the first time, as she was studying at Barnard College. They initially stated that they were only studying together. The pair married in Sydney in 2015 after dating for three years. It had originally been rumored that the duo were planning to marry in Beijing, after they were photographed at a marriage registry in the city. In March 2016, Zhang gave birth to a daughter.When the magazine "New Fortune" published a top 500 Chinese rich list in May 2017, Zhang was the youngest woman on the list. Zhang and Liu share several investments, including holdings in companies such as Uber China and a 17.3% stake of baby food company Bubs Australia via Zhang's investment company. Zhang uses her followers on social media to promote companies she is involved with, which includes her Instagram account and 1.3 million followers on Sina Weibo.
|
[
"Tsinghua University",
"Barnard College"
] |
|
Where was Zhang Zetian educated in 10/17/2008?
|
October 17, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Nanjing Foreign Language School"
]
}
|
L2_Q9202202_P69_0
|
Zhang Zetian attended Barnard College from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Zhang Zetian attended Nanjing Foreign Language School from Sep, 2005 to Jul, 2011.
Zhang Zetian attended Tsinghua University from Aug, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
|
Zhang ZetianZhang Zetian (; born 18 November 1993), also known as Nancy Zhang, is a Chinese businesswoman and investor who is the chief fashion adviser of the luxury business of JD.com. She gained initial fame from the popularity of a photograph of her holding milk tea, and was nicknamed "Sister Milk Tea" (). She later married JD.com's billionaire founder Liu Qiangdong, and became an investor in several companies. She has been included in the list of Chinese billionaires by "New Frontier" and is considered to be China's youngest female billionaire.Zhang initially gained fame when a photograph of her holding a cup of milk tea went viral on the internet. This led to her nickname of "Sister Milk Tea". She went on to appear in a promotional video supporting the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing but turned down an offer to appear in the film "The Flowers of War" by director Zhang Yimou.She attended Tsinghua University. While in the United States, she met Liu Qiangdong for the first time, as she was studying at Barnard College. They initially stated that they were only studying together. The pair married in Sydney in 2015 after dating for three years. It had originally been rumored that the duo were planning to marry in Beijing, after they were photographed at a marriage registry in the city. In March 2016, Zhang gave birth to a daughter.When the magazine "New Fortune" published a top 500 Chinese rich list in May 2017, Zhang was the youngest woman on the list. Zhang and Liu share several investments, including holdings in companies such as Uber China and a 17.3% stake of baby food company Bubs Australia via Zhang's investment company. Zhang uses her followers on social media to promote companies she is involved with, which includes her Instagram account and 1.3 million followers on Sina Weibo.
|
[
"Tsinghua University",
"Barnard College"
] |
|
Where was Zhang Zetian educated in 17-Oct-200817-October-2008?
|
October 17, 2008
|
{
"text": [
"Nanjing Foreign Language School"
]
}
|
L2_Q9202202_P69_0
|
Zhang Zetian attended Barnard College from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Zhang Zetian attended Nanjing Foreign Language School from Sep, 2005 to Jul, 2011.
Zhang Zetian attended Tsinghua University from Aug, 2011 to Jan, 2013.
|
Zhang ZetianZhang Zetian (; born 18 November 1993), also known as Nancy Zhang, is a Chinese businesswoman and investor who is the chief fashion adviser of the luxury business of JD.com. She gained initial fame from the popularity of a photograph of her holding milk tea, and was nicknamed "Sister Milk Tea" (). She later married JD.com's billionaire founder Liu Qiangdong, and became an investor in several companies. She has been included in the list of Chinese billionaires by "New Frontier" and is considered to be China's youngest female billionaire.Zhang initially gained fame when a photograph of her holding a cup of milk tea went viral on the internet. This led to her nickname of "Sister Milk Tea". She went on to appear in a promotional video supporting the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing but turned down an offer to appear in the film "The Flowers of War" by director Zhang Yimou.She attended Tsinghua University. While in the United States, she met Liu Qiangdong for the first time, as she was studying at Barnard College. They initially stated that they were only studying together. The pair married in Sydney in 2015 after dating for three years. It had originally been rumored that the duo were planning to marry in Beijing, after they were photographed at a marriage registry in the city. In March 2016, Zhang gave birth to a daughter.When the magazine "New Fortune" published a top 500 Chinese rich list in May 2017, Zhang was the youngest woman on the list. Zhang and Liu share several investments, including holdings in companies such as Uber China and a 17.3% stake of baby food company Bubs Australia via Zhang's investment company. Zhang uses her followers on social media to promote companies she is involved with, which includes her Instagram account and 1.3 million followers on Sina Weibo.
|
[
"Tsinghua University",
"Barnard College"
] |
|
Who was the head of Lintgen in Dec, 1963?
|
December 23, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"Jean Donnersbach"
]
}
|
L2_Q985395_P6_8
|
Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918.
Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.
Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825.
Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972.
Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909.
Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991.
Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926.
Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986.
Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912.
Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866.
Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861.
|
LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.
|
[
"Nicolas Petges",
"Pierre Pesch",
"Albert Stoffel",
"Pierre Weicherding",
"Johann Peter Heuardt",
"Gérard Schoellen",
"Antoine Wolff",
"Henri Wurth",
"Charles Reiffers",
"Henri Witry",
"Gusty Casagranda",
"Ambroise Heuardt"
] |
|
Who was the head of Lintgen in 1963-12-23?
|
December 23, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"Jean Donnersbach"
]
}
|
L2_Q985395_P6_8
|
Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918.
Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.
Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825.
Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972.
Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909.
Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991.
Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926.
Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986.
Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912.
Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866.
Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861.
|
LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.
|
[
"Nicolas Petges",
"Pierre Pesch",
"Albert Stoffel",
"Pierre Weicherding",
"Johann Peter Heuardt",
"Gérard Schoellen",
"Antoine Wolff",
"Henri Wurth",
"Charles Reiffers",
"Henri Witry",
"Gusty Casagranda",
"Ambroise Heuardt"
] |
|
Who was the head of Lintgen in 23/12/1963?
|
December 23, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"Jean Donnersbach"
]
}
|
L2_Q985395_P6_8
|
Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918.
Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.
Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825.
Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972.
Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909.
Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991.
Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926.
Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986.
Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912.
Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866.
Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861.
|
LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.
|
[
"Nicolas Petges",
"Pierre Pesch",
"Albert Stoffel",
"Pierre Weicherding",
"Johann Peter Heuardt",
"Gérard Schoellen",
"Antoine Wolff",
"Henri Wurth",
"Charles Reiffers",
"Henri Witry",
"Gusty Casagranda",
"Ambroise Heuardt"
] |
|
Who was the head of Lintgen in Dec 23, 1963?
|
December 23, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"Jean Donnersbach"
]
}
|
L2_Q985395_P6_8
|
Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918.
Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.
Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825.
Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972.
Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909.
Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991.
Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926.
Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986.
Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912.
Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866.
Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861.
|
LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.
|
[
"Nicolas Petges",
"Pierre Pesch",
"Albert Stoffel",
"Pierre Weicherding",
"Johann Peter Heuardt",
"Gérard Schoellen",
"Antoine Wolff",
"Henri Wurth",
"Charles Reiffers",
"Henri Witry",
"Gusty Casagranda",
"Ambroise Heuardt"
] |
|
Who was the head of Lintgen in 12/23/1963?
|
December 23, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"Jean Donnersbach"
]
}
|
L2_Q985395_P6_8
|
Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918.
Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.
Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825.
Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972.
Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909.
Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991.
Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926.
Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986.
Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912.
Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866.
Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861.
|
LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.
|
[
"Nicolas Petges",
"Pierre Pesch",
"Albert Stoffel",
"Pierre Weicherding",
"Johann Peter Heuardt",
"Gérard Schoellen",
"Antoine Wolff",
"Henri Wurth",
"Charles Reiffers",
"Henri Witry",
"Gusty Casagranda",
"Ambroise Heuardt"
] |
|
Who was the head of Lintgen in 23-Dec-196323-December-1963?
|
December 23, 1963
|
{
"text": [
"Jean Donnersbach"
]
}
|
L2_Q985395_P6_8
|
Pierre Pesch is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1918.
Henri Wurth is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1994.
Ambroise Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1808 to Jan, 1825.
Jean Donnersbach is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1945 to Jan, 1972.
Pierre Weicherding is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
Gérard Schoellen is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1898 to Jan, 1909.
Gusty Casagranda is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1991.
Antoine Wolff is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1918 to Jan, 1926.
Charles Reiffers is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1973 to Jan, 1986.
Nicolas Petges is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1912.
Albert Stoffel is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1944 to Jan, 1945.
Henri Witry is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1861 to Jan, 1866.
Johann Peter Heuardt is the head of the government of Lintgen from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1861.
|
LintgenLintgen () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Mersch. It is situated on the river Alzette., the town of Lintgen, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,686. The number of inhabitants keeps on increasing, therefore ten years later, in 2015 there are approximately 2,798 people living in Lintgen. Another town within the commune is Gosseldange.
|
[
"Nicolas Petges",
"Pierre Pesch",
"Albert Stoffel",
"Pierre Weicherding",
"Johann Peter Heuardt",
"Gérard Schoellen",
"Antoine Wolff",
"Henri Wurth",
"Charles Reiffers",
"Henri Witry",
"Gusty Casagranda",
"Ambroise Heuardt"
] |
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